# RealUFO

> Searchable archive of 613 declassified UAP/UFO records (410 PDFs, 165 videos, 38 images) from the Pentagon (Department of War PURSUE releases), AARO, CIA, FBI, NASA and the National Archives, with full text, case files, a sighting map and anonymous discussion boards.

All files are public-domain U.S. government records mirrored verbatim. Each file has a page at `/doc/<file id>` (e.g. `/doc/DOW-UAP-D084`) with the official title, agency, incident date, location, release, official summary, an AI summary and the extracted full text. `/api/file/<file id>` serves the original PDF, video or image. For PDFs, `/doc/<file id>/text` serves its full text page by page as Markdown, each page linked as `/doc/<file id>?p=N` (`?format=json` for JSON).

This file holds every record in full; the index is at https://realufo.org/llms.txt.

## 059uap00011 — State Department UAP Cable 003, Tbilisi, Georgia, October 30, 2001

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/059uap00011
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/059uap00011
- Agency: Department of State
- Incident date: 10/28/2001-10/29/2001
- Location: Georgia
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Georgia’s 2001 UFOs had better PR than the Russian jets.

- State Department UAP Cable 003, Georgia, dated October 30 2001, from Moscow embassy
- Reports Georgian claim Russian planes bombed Kodori Gorge, Russians suggest UFOs, cites Russian “bold lie” habit
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On October 28-29, there was an incident alleged by the Georgian Foreign Ministry that Russian aircraft had violated Georgian airspace and bombed areas of the Kodori Gorge.  Russians denied any of the claims and said that it could have been UFOs.  Cable authors note that Russians typically engage in the “bold lie” when they wish to conceal actions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

COt~FIDEMTIAL
IUNCLASSI Fl ED

CONFIDENTIAL

01 MOSCOW 13169
Oct 30, 2001 / 3000002 Oct 01
AMEMBASSY MOSCOW
WASHDC, SECSTATE ROUTINE
Unknown
PREL, MARR, KCFE, UN, OSCE, GG, RS
(A) MOSCOW 13072 (B) TBILISI 3087
UFOS OVER GEORGIA: STRANGE ENCOUNTERS OF AN MFA KIND

MRN:
Date/DTG:
From:
Action:
E.0.:
TAGS:
Reference:
Subject:

cormDEIHIAL

PTQ6889

MOSCOW 13169 01 OF 02 3017542
PAGE 01
ACTION 10-00
INFO LOG-00 NP-00 AID-00 ACQ-00 CIAE-00 DOEE-00 DOTE-00
SRPP-00 DS-00 EB-00 EUR-00 OIGO-00 FAAE-00 FBIE-00
VC-00 H-01 TEDE-00 INR-00 LAB-01 L-00 VCE-00
MOFM-05 MOF-03 M-00 AC-01 DCP-01 NRRC-00 NSAE-00
NSCE-00 OIC-02 OMB-01 PA-00 PC-01 PM-00 PRS-00
ACE-00 P-00 SCT-00 SP-00 SS-00 TRSE-00 T-00
USIE-00 SA-00 BBG-00 SNIS-00 NISC-00 SSD-00 PMB-00
DSCC-00 PRM-00 DRL-02 G-00 NFAT-00 SAS-00 SWCl-00
/018W
--3782F8 3017542/38
P 3017412 OCT 01
FM AMEMBASSY MOSCOW
TO SECSTATE WASHDC PRIORITY 1142
INFO AMEMBASSY TBILISI PRIORITY
USMISSION USUN NEW YORK PRIORITY
MOSCOW POLITICAL COLLECTIVE
AMEMBASSY BAKU
AMEMBASSY YEREVAN
USMISSION USOSCE
SECDEF WASHDC
JOINT STAFF WASHDC
CO Pd FIDE Pd TI AL SECTION 01 OF 02 MOSCOW 013169
E.O. 12958: DECL: 10/29/21
TAGS: PREL, MARR, KCFE, UN, OSCE, GG, RS
SUBJECT: UFOS OVER GEORGIA: STRANGE ENCOUNTERS OF AN MFA
COPdFIDEIHIAL
PAGE 02

MOSCOW 13169 01 OF 02 3017542

Declassified in Full / Release in Full
John Powers, Acting-Director
US Department of State
2/25/2026
IUNCLASSI Fl ED
COMFIDEMTIAL

Pagel of 5

#### Page 2

CQtqflDDHIAL

IUNCLASSI FlED

KIND
CLASSIFIED BY POLMINCOUNS GEORGE KROL. REASON 1.5 (B/D).
REF: (A) MOSCOW 13072 (B) TBILISI 3087
1. J,f2'[ SUMMARY: DEPUTY FOREIGN MINISTER MAMEDOV TOLD
AMBASSADOR VERSHBOW OCTOBER 30 THAT ACCORDING TO THE
RUSSIAN MINISTRY OF DEFENSE, NO RUSSIAN PLANES FLEW OVER OR
BOMBED POSITIONS IN THE KODORI GORGE OCTOBER 28-29, DESPITE
GEORGIAN ACCUSATIONS TO THE CONTRARY. MFA GEORGIA DESK
CHIEF TEREOKEN ECHOED MAMEDOV'S STATEMENT. TEREOKEN
FURTHER CONFIRMED THAT ONE RAILWAY CAR FULL OF RUSSIAN
MILITARY EQUIPMENT LEFT GUDAUTA BASE AND ENTERED RUSSIA
OCTOBER 29 (REF A) AND THAT TWO OTHER RAILWAY CARS ARE
LOADED AND AWAITING ABKHAZ PERMISSION TO LEAVE FOR RUSSIA.
THERE ARE NO PLANS TO WITHDRAW PERSONNEL UNTIL TBILISI
AGREES THAT APPROXIMATELY 340 RUSSIAN "GUARDS" CAN REMAIN
AT GUDAUTA. TEREOKEN SAID THAT ABKHAZ AUTHORITIES WOULD
NOT ALLOW ANY OUTSIDE OBSERVERS TO WITNESS THE WITHDRAWAL.
TEREOKEN TERMED GEORGIAN PARLIAMENTARY SPEAKER ZVANIA'S
OCTOBER 25-28 VISIT TO MOSCOW POSITIVE IN TONE BUT EMPTY OF
RESULTS. ACCORDING TO THE GEORGIAN EMBASSY, ZVANIA AND
RUSSIAN DUMA SPEAKER SELEZNEV AGREED THAT BOTH SIDES SHOULD
AVOID RECRIMINATIONS. TEREOKEN DENIED MEDIA REPORTS THAT
DEFENSE MINISTER SERGEY IVANOV WAS PLANNING TO VISIT
TBILISI SOON BUT DID NOT RULE OUT A VISIT COMPLETELY. END
SUMMARY
2. ~ ON OCTOBER 30, DURING A PREVIOUSLY SCHEDULED
MEETING, AMBASSADOR VERSHBOW RAISED REFTEL B REPORTS
eer~FIBEl~TIAL
PAGE 03
MOSCOW 13169 01 OF 02 301754Z
ALLEGING RUSSIAN PLANES HAD VIOLATED GEORGIAN AIRSPACE AND
BOMBEDAREASOFTHEKODORIGORGE. THEAMBASSADORSTRESSED
THAT SUCH INCIDENTS, IF TRUE, AND IF CONTINUED, COULD BE
DISASTROUS FOR U.S.-RUSSIAN RELATIONS AND SPOIL THE
UPCOMING SUMMIT MEETING OF OUR PRESIDENTS IN THE U.S.
MAMEDOV AGREED THAT SUCH INCIDENTS WOULD HAVE A NEGATIVE
EFFECT ON THE SUMMIT, BUT QUOTED THE RUSSIAN MINISTRY OF
DEFENSE AS CATEGORICALLY DENYING THAT RUSSIAN PLANS WERE
INVOLVED IN ANY INCIDENTS IN GEORGIAN AIRSPACE.
3. Jj&'J MFA GEORGIA DESK CHIEF TEREOKEN, ECHOING MAMEDOV'S
CLAIMS, DENIED TO US OCTOBER 30 REPORTS OF RUSSIAN PLANES
BOMBING KODORI GORGE IN ABKHAZIA. HE ALSO DENIED THAT
THERE WERE ANY RUSSIAN VIOLATIONS OF GEORGIAN AIRSPACE,
SAYING THAT THERE HAD BEEN NO RUSSIAN PLANES FLYING NEAR
THE AREA ON EITHER OCTOBER 28 OR 29. ACCORDING TO
TEREOKEN, THERE WERE CREDIBLE REPORTS OF ABKHAZ HELICOPTERS
BOMBING THE AREAS "WHERE THE TERRORISTS WERE" BUT THAT
REPORTS OF PLANES IN THE AREA MIGHT AS WELL HAVE BEEN ABOUT
"UFOS." MOSCOW, HE EXPLAINED, DOES NOT HAVE THE TECHNICAL
CAPABILITY TO DETERMINE WHETHER THERE WERE FOREIGN PLANES
IN THE REGION. UNDERSCORING THAT HE "WAS NOT ACCUSING

IUNCLASSI FlED
COMFIDEMTIAL

Page 2 of 5

#### Page 3

CQtqflDDHIAL

IUNCLASSI FlED

ANYONE," TEREOKEN ADDED THAT IT WAS POSSIBLE THAT "ANY
SIDE" HAD SENT PLANES OVER KODORI.
4. ~ ASKED ABOUT PLANS TO WITHDRAW FROM GUDAUTA (REF
A), TEREOKEN CONFIRMED THAT ONE TRAINLOAD OF MILITARY
EQUIPMENT HAD DEPARTED THE BASE AND HAD ENTERED RUSSIA THE
MORNING OF OCTOBER 29. TWO MORE TRAINS HAVE BEEN LOADED
AND ARE AWAITING PERMISSION FROM ABKHA2 AUTHORITIES TO MOVE
TO RUSSIA. MEMBERS OF THE RUSSIAN GENERAL STAFF ARE IN
eorqflEJEM'rli\L
MOSCOW 13169 01 OF 02 3017542
PAGE 04
SUKHUMI TO COORDINATE THESE MOVES.
5. j,{d'[WE ASKED WHY OUTSIDE OBSERVERS HAD NOT BEEN INVITED
TO INSPECT THE WITHDRAWALS. TEREOKEN CLAIMED THAT THE
ABKHAZ AUTHORITIES LIKELY WOULD NOT TOLERATE THE PRESENCE
OF OUTSIDERS GIVEN THE TENSE SITUATION WITH TBILISI. THE
RUSSIANS, HE ADDED, HAD NO TIME TO INVITE OUTSIDE OBSERVERS
BECAUSE "WE DIDN'T KNOW UNTIL THE LAST MINUTE" THAT THE
WITHDRAWAL OF ONE TRAINLOAD OF EQUIPMENT WOULD PROCEED. WE
ARGUED THAT MOSCOW NOW HAS TIME IF IT HAS ALREADY LOADED
TWO OTHER TRAINS BUT IS WAITING FOR ABKHAZ PERMISSION TO
WITHDRAW. THE LACK OF TRANSPARENCY MIGHT RAISE QUESTIONS
ABOUT THE GOR'S INTENTIONS, WE NOTED. WE ASKED ABOUT PLANS
TO WITHDRAW TROOPS. TEREOKEN SAID THAT APPROXIMATELY 600
RUSSIAN PERSONNEL REMAIN AT GUDAUTA. MOSCOW CONTINUES TO
INSIST ON KEEPING ABOUT 340 THERE AS "GUARDS." TBILISI, HE
NOTED, CONTINUES TO WANT A MUCH LOWER FIGURE.
6. Ge'.) WE ASKED TEREOKEN ABOUT GEORGIAN PARLIAMENTARY
SPEAKER 2URAB 2VANIA'S VISIT TO MOSCOW LAST WEEK. HE
CONFIRMED THAT THE TONE OF 2VANIA'S VISIT WAS POSITIVE. HE
NOTED, HOWEVER, THAT THE VISIT "HAD NO PRACTICAL OUTCOME."
THE GEORGIAN EMBASSY TOLD US OCTOBER 26 THAT GEORGIAN
ZVANIA'S VISIT WAS GOING WELL (NOTE: 2VANIA DEPARTED
MOSCOW OCTOBER 28). ACCORDING TO GEORGIAN POLCOUNS
CHKHEID2E, 2VANIA AND RUSSIAN DUMA SPEAKER GENNADIY
eormeerrnit1:t
eorqflEJElq'fli\L

PTQ6891

PAGE 01
MOSCOW 13169 02 OF 02 3017542
ACTION 10-00
INFO LOG-00 NP-00 AID-00 ACQ-00 CIAE-00 DOEE-00 DOTE-00
SRPP-00 DS-00 EB-00 EUR-00 OIGO-00 FAAE-00 FBIE-00
TEDE-00 INR-00 LAB-01 L-00 VCE-00
VC-00 H-01
MOFM-05 MOF-03 M-00 AC-01 NRRC-00 NSAE-00 NSCE-00
OIC-02 OMB-01 PA-00 PC-01 PM-00 PRS-00 ACE-00
P-00 SCT-00 SP-00 SS-00 TRSE-00 T-00 USIE-00
SA-00 SNIS-00 NISC-00 SSD-00 PMB-00 DSCC-00 PRM-00
DRL-02 G-00 NFAT-00 SAS-00 SWCl-00 /017W
----378300 3017542/38
P 3017412 OCT 01

!UNCLASSIFIED
COMFIDEMTIAL

Page 3 of 5

#### Page 4

CQtqflDDHIAL

!UNCLASSIFIED

FM AMEMBASSY MOSCOW
TO SECSTATE WASHDC PRIORITY 1143
INFO AMEMBASSY TBILISI PRIORITY
USMISSION USUN NEW YORK PRIORITY
MOSCOW POLITICAL COLLECTIVE
AMEMBASSY BAKU
AMEMBASSY YEREVAN
USMISSION USOSCE
SECDEF WASHDC
JOINT STAFF WASHDC
CO fd FIDE fd TI AL JECTION 02 OF 02 MOSCOW 013169

E.O. 12958: DECL: 10/29/21
TAGS: PREL, MARR, KCFE, UN, OSCE, GG,RS
SUBJECT: UFOS OVER GEORGIA: STRANGE ENCOUNTERS OF AN MFA
KIND
COfdFIDEffflAL
PAGE 02

MOSCOW 13169 02 OF 02 301754Z

SELEZNEV AGREED THAT BOTH COUNTRIES NEEDED TO DISCUSS THEIR
DIFFERENCES CALMLY AND WORK ON A GENERAL TREATY.
7. -"3'J TEREOKEN DISMISSED PRESS REPORTS THAT DEFENSE
MINISTER SERGEY IVANOV HAD AGREED TO VISIT TBILISI VERY
SOON BUT NOTED HE COULD NOT ENTIRELY RULE OUT A VISIT IN
THE COMING WEEKS. HE CLAIMED THERE ARE PLANS FOR A
POSSIBLE MEETING BETWEEN SHEVARDNADZE AND PUTIN ON THE
MARGINS OF THE NOVEMBER 30-DECEMBER 1 CIS SUMMIT IN MOSCOW,
BUT NOTED NOTHING IS YET CONFIRMED.
8. -"3'J COMMENT: IT IS HARD TO ACCEPT OFFICIAL RUSSIAN
DENIALS THAT RUSSIAN PLANES WERE NOT INVOLVED. TO POSIT
THAT THEY COULD BE UFOS WOULD BE HUMOROUS IF IT WERE NOT
FOR THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE VIOLATIONS. MOST LIKELY THE
RUSSIANS WANT TO KEEP THE PRESSURE ON THE GEORGIANS AND THE
CHECHENS IN THE GORGE IN AN UNSUBTLE EFFORT TO PREVENT
THESE GROUPS' MOVEMENT TO ABKHAZIA OR TO RUSSIA. THEIR
OFFICIAL DENIALS REFLECT A TRADITIONAL RUSSIAN PENCHANT TO
AVOID AN AWKWARD ADMISSION WITH A BOLD LIE. AS FOR
GUDAUTA, THE GOR LIKELY IS USING THE CONTINUED PRESENCE OF
ITS 600 TROOPS THERE AS A BARGAINING CHIP TO TRY TO GET
CONCESSIONS FROM TBILISI ON BOTH THE BODEN PAPER ON
ABKHAZIA AND ON CLAMPING DOWN ON CHECH ENS INSIDE GEORGIA.
VERSHBOW
COfdFIDDdTIAL

« END OF DOCUMENT »

Info:

TBILISI, AMEMBASSY ROUTINE

!UNCLASSIFIED
COMFIDEMTIAL

Page 4 of 5

## 059uap00012 — State Department UAP Cable 004, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, November 5, 2004

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/059uap00012
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/059uap00012
- Agency: Department of State
- Incident date: 11/5/04
- Location: Turkmenistan
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing needing clearance was their newsletter, not the UFOs.

- State Dept UAP Cable 004, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, dated Nov 5 2004.
- Describes Turkmenabat UFOlogists NGO aiding businesses, NGOs, and planning a locally‑approved newsletter.
- Concludes the group is a reliable partner for U.S. efforts in Turkmenistan.

### Official summary

UFOlogists of Turkmenistan has gained a positive reputation as a reliable partner for the United States in Turkmenistan to the bemusement of the cable’s author in the build up of civil society organizations within the country.  The reputation has become earned because everyone in Turkmenistan, apparently, “is interested in UFOs.”

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED
51,-tj

UNCLASSIFIED
Sftt,

MRN:
Date/OTG:
From:
Action:

E.O.:
TAGS:
Captions:
Subject:

04 ASHGABAT 1028
Nov 12, 2004 / 1208512 NOV 04
AMEMBASSY ASHGABAT
RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC ROUTINE
12958
AORC, TSPA, PREL, PGOV, EAID, OSCI, TX
SEMSl'fl'v'E
TURKMENISTAN, CIVIL SOCIETY AND UFOS

R 1208512 NOV 04
FM AMEMBASSY ASHGABAT
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 5085
INFO RUCNCIS/CIS COLLECTIVE
RUEHVEN/USMISSION USOSCE 1267
RUEHGV/USMISSION GENEVA 0905
RUEHBS/USEU BRUSSELS
RUEAIIA/CIA WASHDC
RUEKDIA/DIA WASHDC//DHO-2/REA/NMJIC-J2//
RHEHNSC/NSC WASHDC
RUCAACC/USCENTCOM MACDILL AFB FU/CCJ2/HSE/CCJ5//
RUEKJCS/SECDEF WASHINGTON DC
RUEKJCS/JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J5/RUE//
BT
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 02 ASHGABAT 001028

SDISITl',16
DEPT FOR EUR/CACEN (RUBIN)
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: AORC, TSPA, PREL, PGOV, EAID, OSCI, TX
SUBJECT: TURKMENISTAN, CIVIL SOCIETY AND UFOS
REF:

A) Ashgabat 989 (NOTAL)
B) Ashgabat 406 (NOTAL)
C) Ashgabat 291 (NOTAL)
D) Ashgabat 234 (NOTAL)

ODW ITl'~E BUT UtWLAOOIFIED - PLEASE HANDLE ACCORDINGLY

Summary

1. ~ Yes, UFOs. Somehow, over time, the Union of

Released in Full
John Powers, Acting-Director
US Department of State
2/25/2026
UNCLASSIFIED
51,-tj

Pagel of 5

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED
51,-tj

UFOiogists of Turkmenabat has established a reputation as
a reliable NGO partner for a variety of activities from
assisting with small and medium businesses, to
distributing humanitarian assistance, to assisting NGOs
with registering under the 2003 NGO law. The UFOiogists
have developed a good rapport with local authorities,
they say, and are able to accomplish their tasks because
&quot;everyone is interested in UFOs.&quot; The UFOiogists next
initiative is to publish an independent newsletter, the
first in independent Turkmenistan.
2. ~ In the appearances-are-deceiving world of
Turkmenistan, it almost seems fitting that one of the
USG&apos;s most reliable implementers is equally committed to
looking for life on another planet. End Summary.
UFOs in Turkmenabat

3. ~ On November 5, DCM and USAID Director met with
the Board and interested members of the Union of
UfOlogists (UOU) of Turkmenabat, Lebap Welayet
(province). The Union of UFOiogists is working on an
$8,532 grant to assist other local NGOs navigate the NGO
registration process of the new NGO law (reftels). The
UOU was the first NGO to register after independence in
1992 and was the first independent NGO to reregister
successfully under the new 2003 NGO law.
4. ~ Though the Union first was established to
pursue the study of life on other planets, over time its
activities became more &quot;practical,&quot; Board members told
the DCM. Members of the Union have attended
international UFO fora and published on the subject, but
most members assured the DCM, they had limited or no
interest in the subject at all. UOU President Ovezberdy
Muradov said the Turkmen military and government
authorities had consulted him about mysterious
occurrences in Turkmen airspace, but he said there had
been no confirmed sightings of UFOs in Turkmenistan.
Peace on Earth

5. ~ Instead, the Union has attracted a local brain
trust of lawyers, scientists, computer experts,
accountants, teachers and others who had joined together
to &quot;do good things.&quot; Pointing to their mission statement
in English, Russian and Turkmen hanging on the wall of
their office, members assured the DCM that any assistance
they provided would fit their mission. According to
their statement, the UFOiogists &quot;help spread the ideas
about the struggle for peace and human coexistence on
Earth and in the Universe.&quot; Because of their diverse
activities, the UOU has become an umbrella organization
with at least nine member organizations running

I

Released in Fulll

UNCLASSIFIED
51,-tj

Page 2 of 5

#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED
51,-tj

activities from sport, to youth, to business consulting.
The Union has over 1000 members including some individual
members from other welayets.
Registering Small and Medium Businesses
-------------------6. ~ Members told the DCM they first started the
&quot;practical&quot; side of their work shortly after independence
by assisting small and medium-sized businesses register
with local authorities. According to the UOU President,
during the '90&apos;s the Union assisted 187 enterprises in
registering ranging from farmers unions to joint
enterprises to a shoe factory. The UOU told the DCM all
ASHGABAT 00001028 002 OF 002

this consulting was done pro bono. The Union made money
over the years, however, by running for-fee computer,
accounting and other &quot;non-traditional&quot; courses such as
UFOiogy and massage.
7. ~ UOU President Muradov told the DCM the Union
had been successful in this effort because it had the
respect of local authorities. According to Muradov,
&quot;everyone is interested in UFOs&quot; and local authorities
were eager to assist and also learn more about UFOs. The
Union also regularly ran UFO-related seminars and talks,
which were well attended.
8. ~ In addition to commercial work, the UOU
obtained experience in humanitarian goods distribution
when it became a partner of the State Department funded
CHAP humanitarian assistance program administered by
Counterpart International. UOU facilitated humanitarian
assistance to refugees from the civil war in Tajikistan
and also with Afghan refugees. Muradov said the Union
was eager to continue with such work, should the need
arise.
Assisting NGOs

9. ~ Because of their established track record and
their success in re-registering after the austere 2003
NGO law was passed, USAID, through Counterpart
International, is considering a $15,000 grant to assist
the UOU with internal capacity building. The grant
passed the local grants committee and has been forward to
the regional committee for consideration. The UOU
already has successfully registered an NGO and is working
on the registration documents of four others.
Next, an Independent Newsletter

IReleased in Fulll
UNCLASSIFIED
51,-tj

Page 3 of 5

#### Page 4

UNCLASSIFIED
51,-tj

10. ~ USAID was presented with a grant proposal by
the UOU for a $30k grant for printing equipment for the
UOU to establish its own newsletter. Though printing of
independent media is illegal in Turkmenistan, the UOU
assured DCM it already had advance approval from local
authorities because a license was needed for anything
over 1000 copies and the UOU only planned to publish 999
copies. UOU members said the content of the newsletter
would be nonpolitical and only would describe the
activities of the Union. If members wanted to make
additional copies, the UOU told DCM, &quot;that is up to
them.&quot; Eventually subscribers would be charged for the
newsletter, which would then become self-sustaining,
according to the UOU plan. USAID has requested that the
UOU submit a stronger, more cost-effective proposal.
11. ~ The UOU also is considering opening chapters
in other welayets because &quot;our services are in so much
demand.&quot;
Comment

12. ~ Crazy? Like a fox; and worthy of USG
attention and support. End Comment.
13. (U) Minimize considered.
JACOBSON
BT
#1028

NNNN

Signature:

JACOBSON

Info: RUEHVEN/USMISSION USOSCE ROUTINE; RUEHGV/USMISSION GENEVA ROUTINE;
RUEHBS/USEU BRUSSELS ROUTINE; RUEAIIA/CIA WASHDC ROUTINE; RUEKDIA/DIA
WASHDC//DHO-2/REA/NMJIC-J2// ROUTINE; RHEHNSC/NSC WASHDC ROUTINE;
RUCAACC/USCENTCOM MACDILL AFB FU/CCJ2/HSE/CCJ5// ROUTINE; RUEKJCS/SECDEF
WASHINGTON DC ROUTINE; RUEKJCS/JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//JS/RUE// ROUTINE;
CIS COLLECTIVE ROUTINE
XMT: ST PETERSBURG, AMCONSUL
Dissemination Rule:

Archive Copy

I Released in Fulll
UNCLASSIFIED
51,-tj

Page 4 of 5

## 059uap00013 — State Department UAP Cable 005, Mexico, September 16, 2003

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/059uap00013
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/059uap00013
- Agency: Department of State
- Incident date: 9/12/03
- Location: Mexico
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2003 cable makes those alleged alien corpses feel like decade‑old Halloween decorations.

- State Department cable 005, Mexico, PDF, dated September 16 2003.
- Reports Mexican congressional hearing on UAP, experts showed alleged alien corpses and pilot videos.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On September 12, 20023 the Mexican Congress heard testimony on UAP from experts related to the debate about an Aerial Space Protection Law, which, if approved, would make Mexico the first country to formally acknowledge the presence of alien life on earth. Experts asked legislators to recognize UAP, guarantee airspace security, and allow UAP to be studied.  They presented to alleged alien corpses and videos of Mexican pilot’s encounters with fast-moving flying objects during flight. Disagreement about the efficacy and validity of the purported alien corpses.

### AI summary

This document is a U.S. Department of State cable dated September 16, 2023, from the American Embassy in Mexico to Washington, D.C. It reports on political developments in Mexico, including challenges to the MORENA party's presidential selection, the resignation of the Mexico City Security Secretary, the appointment of a new security official, and a former MORENA leader's decision not to run for office. It also mentions a congressional hearing on unidentified aerial phenomena, where experts testified about UAP and presented alleged alien remains. The cable was released in full on February 25, 2026.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLA~RED

UNCLASSIFIED

SBt!

MRN:

23 MEXICO 2544

Date/DTG:

Sep 16, 2023 / 160150Z SEP 23

From:

AMEMBASSY MEXICO

Action:

WASHDC, SECSTATE Routine

E.O:

13526

TAGS:

PGOV, PREL, ASEC, TSPA,KJUS, KCRM,MX

Captions:

SEPISITl~'E

Reference:

A) 23 MEXICO 2468
B) 23 MEXICO 2166
C) 23 MEXICO 2346

Subject:

(U) Mexico: Weekly Political Blotter, Sep 11-15

(U} Mexico: Weekly Political Blotter, Sep 11-15

1. ~ This edition of Mission Mexico's Political Blotter features:
• Ebrard Challenges MORENA Election, Threatens to Leave Party
• INE Names Commission Members Ahead of 2024 Election
• Mexico City Security Secretary Steps Down, Might Run for Mexico
City Head of Government
• Pablo Vazquez Becomes Mexico City's New Security Secretary
• Former MORENA Senate Leader Ricardo Monreal Will Not Run for
Mexico City Head of Government
• Criminals Targeting and Killing Prosecutors in Guerrero
• Guadalajara Mayor Launches Gubernatorial Campaign
• Mexican Congress Hears Testimony on Alien Life
fS6\:ij Ebrard Challenges MORENA Election, Threatens to Leave Party

2. ~ Former Foreign Secretary Marcelo Ebrard announced September 11 he
wou ld challenge the results of MORENA's presidential contender selection

Released in Full
John Powers, Acting-Director
US Department of State
2/25/2026
UNCLA~RED

Page1of7

#### Page 2

UNCLA~RED

process, alleging irregularities. On September 10, Sonora Governor and MORENA
National Council President Alfonso Durazo formally certified the results of the
party's selection process; while Durazo indicated he would continue to examine
Ebrard's complaints, he also indicated he did not assess that the end results
would change in light of Ebrard's allegations. Ebrard said he expected the
MORENA Honesty and Justice Committee (responsible for solving intra-pa rty
conflicts) to hear his challenge, but also added he would "not be interested in
remaining in MORENA" if the party rejected his allegations. He announced he
would travel across the country starting September 18 to meet with supporters
and formalize the creation of a new national political movement. Some outlets
reported Ebrard created a new political party, but electoral laws would not allow
this until 2026.
3. ~ Comment: Having moved on from its contender selection process,
MORENA is unlikely to validate any of Ebrard's challenges and therefore his
options seem limited: he could join Citizen's Movement (MC) as its presidential
candidate (despite some strong opposition within MC, especially from the party's
Jalisco w ing), rema in with and create a new "Ebrardista current" within MORENA,
or join the opposition Broad Front alliance. He cannot form a new party in time
for the June 2024 elections, and the last day to register as an independent
candidate (September 8) came and went without his taking action. His latest
statements and attacks on MORENA's leadership however, increasingly make it
impossible for him to remain in the party: the party has certified Sheinbaum as its
candidate, Sheinbaum has embarked on a nationwide tour, and there is no sign
whatsoever that there will be a do-over of the poll, as Ebrard desires. Ebrard
retains the support of dozens of MORENA and allied party legislators, but even
they seem reluctant to leave the party, which limits his leverage. End comment.

fSB¼:ij INE Names Commission Members Ahead of 2024 Election
4. ~ The INE council approved the designation of presidents and members of
key INE commissions September 9 who will oversee the 2024 elections. After a
contentious session where some councilors seemed at odds on the designations
(pro-MORENA councilors opposing anti-MORENA councilors, according to
analysts), INE agreed on the makeup of the commissions that will be in place until
September 2024. Analysts considered the designations a defeat for MORENA
because, although its bloc obtained the presidency of key commissions (for

I
UNCLA~RED

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example the auditing commission, tasked with reviewing party expenditures), the
pro-MORENA bloc still does not have a majority in them. Notably, the complaints
committee (tasked with analyzing electoral violations and which previously had a
pro-MORENA majority) now has an anti-MORENA majority.
fS&l:ij Mexico City Security Secretary Steps Down, Might Run for Head of
Government

5. f5Btfl After expressing interest in a possible run for Mexico City head of
government last week (ref A), Mexico City Security Secretary Omar Garcia Harfuch
resigned September 9, saying in a video he would "collaborate with Claudia
Sheinbaum, who with her vision and leadership will give continuity to the
country's transformation." Mexico City's constitution requires officials with a role
in police forces to step down before the electoral process begins (September 10)
if they intend to run for public office in the city. Garcia Harfuch leads potential
MORENA and opposition candidates in almost every poll.
fS&l:ij Pablo Vazquez Becomes Mexico City's New Security Secretary

6. f5Btfj Mexico City Head of Government Marti Batres announced September 9
Under Secretary of Citizen Participation and Crime Prevention Pablo Vazquez
Camacho would replace Garcia Harfuch as Security Secretary. Vazquez has
worked four years for Mexico City's Secretariat of Citizen Security (SSC). In his
role as Under Secretary, Vazquez implemented and coordinated violence
prevention and reintegrat ion programs, including the "Cease Fire" program to
reduce gun violence and homicides and the "Reconnect" program to prevent
recidivism in first time criminal offenders, according to media outlets Milenio and
La Silla Rota. Prior to SSC, Vazquez worked for the federa l Security Secretariat
(SSPC) and in the then-Prosecutor's General Office. Outside of government, he
has been a guest criminology professor at the National Institute of Criminal
Sciences in Mexico City. Vazquez has a bachelor's degree in international
relations from the Mexico Autonomous Institute of Technology and a master's
degree in criminology from the London School of Economics and Political Science,
according to press reports. La Silla Rota reported Vazquez also studied organized
crime in Sicily and Macedonia.

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~ Former MORENA Senate Leader Ricardo Monreal Will Not Run for Mexico

City Head of Government

7. ~ After finishing last in the MORENA presidential contender selection
process and after Omar Garcia Harfuch's resignation and potential entry to the
Mexico City head of government race, former MORENA Senate Leader Ricardo
Monreal announced September 12 he would not run for Mexico City head of
government. Predicting the candidate selection would come down to either
Garcia Harfuch or lztapalapa Mayor Clara Brugada and noting he had no chance of
winning the MORENA nod, Monreal said he did not want to cause divisions within
the party. In a series of interviews, Monreal also said he had no interest in
serving as a cabinet member in a potential Sheinbaum administration and would
now focus on teaching, writing, and "hop[ing] for better times." Yet on the same
day Sheinbaum announced Monreal as her campaign's organization and territorial
coordinator, and former Interior Secretary Adan Augusto Lopez as her political
coordinator.
8. ~ Comment: Monreal went from being one of the most powerful figures in
the ruling coalition to an outcast in only a few years, mostly because of his open
disagreements with Lopez Obrador. His addition to Sheinbaum's campaign
despite having a close relationship with her shows he is willing to collaborate,
although likely in exchange for positions for his close advisors. On September 12,
media reported Monreal's daughter would run for mayor of Cuauhtemoc, the
Mexico City borough where Monreal served 2015-2018. Meanwhile current
mayor of Cuauhtemoc Sandra Cuevas (PRO), who reportedly also has close ties
with Monreal, is trying to secure the opposition's candidacy for Mexico City head
of government. End comment.
~ Criminals Targeting and Killing Prosecutors in Guerrero

9. ~ Criminals killed two Guerrero prosecutors within a week's time mid­
September following attacks against two other prosecutors in July (ref B) and
August. Criminals assassinated the state delegate of the Federal Attorney
General's Office (FGR) in Guerrero, Fernando Garcia Fernandez, while he drove his
vehicle to his office in Chilpancingo September 12. First reports noted armed
men appeared to coordinate the attack as they shot at Garcia from two
vehicles. In addition, criminals kidnapped from his home and then killed the

I

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#### Page 5

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recently appointed Guerrero state attorney general's office (FGE) regional
prosecutor for the Tierra Caliente region, Victor Manuel Salas Cuadras, in Coyuca
de Catalan September 9, according to Proceso. Security officials found Salas' body
with approximately 50 gunshot wounds. In a separate late August incident, media
reported 20 armed commandos kidnapped Patricia Jacqueline Salgado, recently
appointed as head FGE prosecutor in Coyuca de Catalan. Authorities later located
Salgado alive but have made no arrests thus far. Interior Secretary Luisa Maria
Alcalde said during the September 11 presidential press conference there was a
pattern of attacks against prosecutors in Guerrero in recent months, which was
related to recent law enforcement arrests and seizures.
fSBtii Guadalajara Mayor Launches Gubernatorial Campaign

10. ~ Guadalajara Mayor Pablo Lemus (MC) launched his campaign for Jalisco
governor during his second annual mayoral address on September 12. "I want to
ask for your support to build a social and collective project," Lemus announced.
He called for party unity, and specifically welcomed MC national coordinator
Dante Delgado's representative despite the rift that emerged in August between
Jalisco MC and the national party (ref C). Jalisco Governor Enrique Alfaro, Nuevo
Leon Governor Samuel Garcia, Monterrey Mayor Luis Donaldo Colosio, and other
MC leaders from Jalisco and Nuevo Leon (the two states MC governs) all attended
the event. Lemus highlighted the presence of former Jalisco Governor Emilio
Gonzalez (National Action Party - PAN) and University of Guadalajara (UdeG)
Rector Ricardo Villanueva (Hagamos, affiliated with UdeG). Polls show Lemus
holds a commanding lead over rivals from across the political spectrum.
(U) Mexican Congress Hears Testimony on Alien Life

11. (U) Congress heard testimony on unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP)
September 12, from experts including from Mexican journalist Jaime Maussan
and former U.S. Navy pilot Ryan Graves, who previously testified before the U.S.
Congress. The hearing was to debate language on UAP in the Aerial Space
Protection Law which, if approved, would make Mexico the first country to
formally acknowledge the presence of alien life on Earth. Experts asked
legislators to recognize UAP, guarantee airspace security, and allow UAP to be
studied. Experts also presented to Congress two alleged alien corpses and videos
of Mexican pilots' encounters with fast-moving flying objects during flight. After

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the hearing, Graves lamented the display took away from his and other pilots'
experiences with UAP and expressed disappointment with Maussan's
"unsubstantiated stunt." Scientists have discredited previous alleged alien
corpses Maussan presented as evidence of alien life.

(U) Figure 1: Mexican journalist Jaime Maussan presented the alleged remains of non-human beings to
Congress. (Photo credit: Reuters)

Signature:
Drafted By:

SALAZAR
MEXICO:Moreno, Sergio A
POL:Cortazar, Eduardo
POL:Karimi, Amanda
EXEC:Tejeda, Maria de los Angeles

Cleared By:

POL:Naranjo, Brian
POL:Karimi, Amanda
ECON:Conlon, Steven
PD:Harder, J
INL/PROG:Okwuje, lfeoma
CONS/AG:Bernsteen, Gregory

Approved By:

EXEC:Johnson, Mark

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Released By:

MEXICO:Moreno, Sergio A

Info:

NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL WASHINGTON DC Routine; WHITE HOUSE
OFC OF THE VICE PRESIDENT WASHINGTON DC Routine; DNI
WASHINGTON DC Routine; CIA WASHINGTON DC Routine; DIA
WASHINGTON DC Routine; HQ USNORTHCOM Routine; DEPT OF
HOMELAND SECURITY WASHINGTON DC Routine; DEPT OF JUSTICE
WASHINGTON DC Routine; HQ USSOUTHCOM MIAMI FL Routine; WESTERN
HEMISPHERIC AFFAIRS DIPL POSTS Routine; ALL US CONSULATES IN
MEXICO COLLECTIVE Routine

XMT:

CARACAS,AMEMBASSY
UNCLASSIFIED
SBtl

Released in Full

UNCLA~RED

Page?of?

## General 1946-7 Vol 2 (National Archives RG 18)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/18100754General1946-7Vol2
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/18100754General1946-7Vol2
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 12/30/47
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 1947 memo took longer to file than the sightings lasted.

- Title 18_100754_ General 1946-7_Vol_2, DoW PDF, incident 12/30/47 (1947).
- Contains memorandums on flying disc sightings, declares phenomenon real, describes shape, size, possible controls.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This file contains memorandums and correspondence related to flying disc/saucer sightings and that those are a matter of concern for the Air Materiel Command.

### AI summary

This document is a classified report from the Air Materiel Command, dated November 18, 1947, addressed to the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force. It discusses reports of flying discs and includes an opinion from the command based on interrogation data and preliminary studies. The report states that the phenomenon is real, notes the possible shape and size of the objects, and suggests some incidents could be natural phenomena. It also considers the possibility that the objects are controlled manually, automatically, or remotely. The report recommends a detailed study of the matter and a directive for priority and security classification.

### Full text

#### Page 1

HqAMC ~•,_ No. 1~4 (Rev It Sep 46)

Wf-1,.7 JAN q

HEADQUARTERS
IN IIULT AODRUS IOTM
COMMUN ICATION AND EN­
VELOPE TO COMMANDING
0 ENE RA L, AIR MATER IEL
COMMAND, ATTENTION
fOLLOWINO OFFICE STMIIOL:

NND 700188

AIR MATERIEL COMMAND
TSDIN/HUM/ig/6-4100
WIICJHT FIELD, DAYTON, OHIO

TSDIN

DEC l 9 A.:if/1
SUBJECT:

Flying Discs

TO:

Chief of Staff
United States lir Force
Washington 25, n. c.
ATTENTION: Director, Research & Developnent
Major General L. c. Craigie

J.

1.
Confirming the recent conversation of ihe undersigned nth
1.ajcr General L. c. Craigie, 9 December 1947, attached as listed below
are copies of the reports from this Headquarters concerning Flying

Discs .
2.
Comments of Headquarters, dr Force on these letters have
never been received by this Command. Conti nued and recent reports
from qualified observers concerning this phenomenon sti.ll makes this
matter one of concern to Headquarters , Air Mat eriel Command. Intelli­
gence Department of this Command i s continuing the collection and
analysis of all available reports.

..

300M

F<R THE CObllANDING GENERAL:

~-~c:On
Colonel, USAF
Chief of Intelligence

2 Attach:
cc ltr to CG, AAF, dtd. 23 .sept 47
subj " ,UC Opinion Concerning
°Flying Discs 11 11
cc ltr to CG, AAF, dtd 24 Sept 47
subj "Flying Discs"

U-53791

#### Page 6

C0 1'-TFIDENTIAL
HEADQUARTERS FOURTH AIR FORCE

Offico of the Assistant Chiof of Starr. A-2
Intolligence
Hrunilton Fie ld. Cnli£ornia

SUBJECT,

Flying Disc.

TOa

Chief of Staff
United States Air Foroo
naBhington 25. D. c.
ATTNt Dir ector of Intelligence

• ------

•

· 1. The attached photographs were forwarded to this office
ya very roliable sourc~ of information, obtninod from a l!o.ry L.
rren...-1728 S. W. Bidwell Avenu_e. Portland 2. Orogon. Siic>advises
eae photographs were talcen eome time betTTeen November 5th nnd
12th. 1946 . in the vicinity of Jefferson, Oregon, nnd points out
the formation in the photograph~ ns being objects she did not recall
seeing hersolf but oho thought might possibly be flying discs .

2 . Tho objects roforrad to appear in the sky aroa of eaoh
a.ooor.ipanyinr, photograph. The uniformity of tho markines would
tend to indicate that the cQrtorn or f'ilm used to tnke these pictures
was possibly defootive. lfo incidents of' flying discs have
been reported from that vicinity on or about the inclusive dates
named above •
3. llrs. lierren baa requested the ret:irn of the negatiTea. If
desired. this office will obtain the negatives and forward them at
your request.

DONALD L. SPRIRGER
3 I nclat

Lt. Colonel, USAF
AC of' s. A-2

Photograph, .

<

C~T\IFIDEN'f AL

#### Page 7

•

HEADQUARTERS

'

AIR MATERIEL COMMAND

IN REPL~ Y -DRESS BOTH
COMIAUNIC
QN AND ENVELOPE
ATTENTION OF
FOLLO NG OFFIC~
MBQL:

TSNAD-2B/ACL/Qlllb
WRIGHT FIELD, DAYTON, OHIO

TSNAD- 2B

18 NOV 1947
SUBJECT:

Flying Discs

TO:

Chier of Staff
United States Air Force
Washington 25, D. c.
ATTENTION; Offi ce. Directer 0£ Intel ligence
Lt Col onel George Garrett, Jr.

1, -- 1 tf-S-

1. The inclosed newspaper clippings are submitted fer your informa.­
t i on and comment. The incident reported in Seattle appeared in the " Dayton
Journal" on 12 November 1947, and should be followed up if possibl e.
•

2 . The story by Lionel Shapi ro r egarding wa.r weapons developed i n
Spain evidently was printed in a number of leading newspapers throughout
the country. The significance of this article wi ll be dependent upon cert~in essenti a l e l ements for such alleged important devel opments, such-as
funds, m.a.terials, experimental t esting faci lities, and technological
" Jcnow- howll. The latter is supposed to be suppUed by German scientists.
The German scientists a.t this Hq indicate that no i mportant scientists
from Germany are worlci.ng in Spain, and those mentioned in this article
are not lalown to them.

r-....

'-._;.

;; . If possible, th,re:t'ore . &n. e:t'tort should be made to obta.in names,
~\
qual ifications, or any ini'ormation that might help to identify the alleged \'
German scientists working in Spain.
~

J

"

1

4. A brief statement was nads in a recent intelligence report .from
Bq USAF, AC/AS-2, reg&rding a f lying diso incident in Al aska in September.
Tb; close range sighting reported should render a mor e detailed observati n
than what was reported, which also suggests a fo ll~-up .

s. It is .further requested that this office be advised as to progresa
being m,ade on the plot ting of all f l ying disc i ncidents to date, particularly in North America. It was understood that Dr. Carroll was goint to
~ •the ,e incidents, but no further word was received regardi"l: this 0£(

J

R THE COMMANDING G~La

r::CifG- 1 ',;\>/ ef._~. ~
/ .ik/-71/47"
~
k ,,R.,

l

1,...t

1

clippings

tP

H. M. McCOY

·,

olonel. Air Corpe
Chi e ~~ Intelligenoe
S Jr:_
.JL~ i
{b I....

~~

#### Page 8

HqAMC Form No. 10-.5 14 (Rev. 1 Aug 45)

HEADQUARTERS

AIR MATERIEL COMMAND
IN REPLY A DDRESS BOTH
COMMUNICATION AND EN­
V ELO PE TO

ATTENTION

TSNAD- 2B/A.CL/e.mb

OF

FOLLOWING OFFICE SYMBOL:

WRIGHT FIHD, DAYTON, OHIO

'.l.'SNAD- 2B
SUBJECT:

TO:

24 NOV 1947

Flyinr; Discs

/ -Y" ~

Chief of Staff
United States Air Force

Washin~ton 25,. D. c.
ATTENTI0:N s

•

Office ., Director of Intel li~ence
Lt Colonel Georie Garrett., Jr •

Reference l etter,. subject as aboTe, dated 18 November 1947,. it is
requested that i mmediate action be taken to appropriately mark or stBITtp
this cor respondence with the classification "secret'' • This classi1"1ca­
tion number is as fo llows, U-48983
FOR TilE COMMANDING GENERAL ;

~.
H. •
olonel, USAF
Chief of Intelligence

WF-L.29 APR 46 300M

#### Page 9

..

WF-L-7 JAN 47 300M

.~ ., H~.C. .£(.ml· No: f ~14 (Rev \0 Sep 46)

SECREI
HEADQUARTERS

IN REPLY ADDRESS BOTH
COMMUNICATION AND EN•
VELOPE TO COMMANDING
GENER A L, AIR MATERIEL
COMMAND, ATTENTION
FOLLOWING OFFICE SYMBOL:

AIR MATERIEL COMMAND

TSDIN/HJAM/ig/6-4100
WRI GHT FIELD, DAYTON, OHIO

TSDIN

' £? /4 31947
SUBJECT:

AMC Opinion Concerning "Flying Discs

TO:

c'onmanding General
Arn\Y' Air Forces
Washington 25, D. c.
ATTENTIOO : Brig. General George Schulgen
AC/ AS-2

11

l. As requested by AC/AS-2 there is presented below the considered
opinion of this Conmand concerning the so-called " F ~ Discs11 • Thi s
opinion is based on interrogation report data furnished by AC/AS-2 and
pr eliminary studies ey personnel of T-2 and Aircraf t Laboratory, Engineer-_____ ing Divisicn T-3. This opinion was arri ved at in a conference between
persormel from the Air Institute of Technology, Intelligence T-2, Office,
Chief of Engineering Division, and the Aircraft, Power Plant and Propeller
Laboratories of Engineering Division T-;.
2.

It is the opinion that:

a.
The phenoioonon reported is something real and not visioruu7
or fictitious.
b.
'Illere are objects probably approximat ing the shape of a
disc, of such appreciable size as to appi ar to, be a s large as man-made
aircraf t .
c•
There is a possibility that some of the incidents may be
caused by natural phenomena, such as meteors.
d.
The reported operating characteristics such as extreme
r at es of climb, maneuverability (particularly in roll), and action which
must be considered evasive when sighted or contact ed by friendly air­
craft and r adar, lend belief to the possibil ity that some of the objects
are controlled either manually, automatical.47 or remote:cy-.
e.

The appar ent common description of the objects is as follows: ­
(1)

Metallic or light ref lecting surf ace .

•

U-39552
SECHE-f

#### Page 10

SECRE'r

.....

.. .. ,

Basic Ltr fr CG, AMC, WF to CG, AAF, Wash. D. C. subj "AID Opinion Con­
cerning • Flying Discsu.
(2)

Absence of trail, except in a few instances when the
object apparently was operating under hi gh perfor­
mance conditions.

(3)

Circular or elliptical in shape, flat on bottom and
domed on top.

(4) Several reports of well kept f ormation f lights varying
from three to nine objects.
(5)

Normally no associated sound, except in three instances
a substantial rumbling r oar was noted.

(6)

Level flight speeds norma~ above 300 knots are estimat ed.
,

f.
It i s possi ble within the pr esent u. s. knowledge - pro­
vided extensive detailed development is undertaken - to construct a
piloted aircraft which has the general description of the object in sub­
paragr aph (e) above which would be capable of an approximate r ange of
7000 miles at subsonic speeds.
g.
Any developments in this country along the lines indicated
would be extremely expensi ve, t ime consuming and at the considerable ex­
pense of current projects and t herefore, if directed, should be set up in­
dependently of existing projects.
h.

3.

Due consideration must be given the follovring:(1)

The possibility that these objects are Qf domestic
origin - the product of some high seclll1.ty project
not known t o AC/AS-2 or this Cormnand.

(2)

The Jack of physical evidence in the shape of crash
recovered exhibits which 'WOUld undeniably prove the
existence of these objects.

(3)

The possibility that some foreign nation has a form
of propulsion possibly nuclear, which is outside of
our domestic knowledge.

It is recomnended that~-

a. Headquarters, Arn\r Air Forces issue a directive assigning
a priority, security classification and Code Name f or a detailed stucy- of
thiS matter to incl ude the pr eparation of complete sets of all available
and pertinent data "flhich will then be nade available to the ArrfU~ Naq,
Atomic Energy Commission, JRDB, the Air Force Scientific Advisory Group,
NACA, and the RAND and NEPA projects for comments and r ecoDDJ1eniations,
-,dth a preliminary r eport to be forwarded within 15 days of receipt of
the data and a detailed report thereafter evecy- 30 days as the 1nvesti-

SE.CRQ
-2-

U-39552

#### Page 11

SECRET

Basic Ltr fr CG, AMC, i1F to CG, AAF, Wash. D.C. subj 11.AMC Opinion Con­
cerning "Flying Discs"
gation develops.

A complete :interchange of data should be effected.

4.

Awaiting a specific directive AMC will contimle the investi ­
gation within its current resources in order to more closely define the
nature of the phenomenon. Detailed Essential EleIOOnt s of Infarrration
will be formulated immediatezy for transmittal thru channels •

.

• F. 'IWINillG

Lieutenant General, u.s.A.
Comrratrill€

tJ-39552

#### Page 12

TSDIN/HMU/ig/6-4100
23 September 1947
TSDIN

SUBJECT:

AMC Opinion Concerning "Flying Discs 11
Commanding_ General

TO:

Arizy Air Forces

Was ~.ington 25, n. c.
ATTENTION: Brig. G~neral George Schul gen

AC/AS-2
1.
As requested by AC/AS-2 there is presented below the considered
opinion of this Command concerning the so-called 11 Flying Discs11 •
This
opinion is based on interrogation report data furnished by AC/AS-2 and
preliminary studies by personnel of T-2 am ~ircraft Laboratory, Engineer­
ing Division T-3. This opinion was arrived at in a conference between
personnel from the Air Institute of Technology, Intelligence T-2, Office,
Chief of Engineering Division, am the Aircraft, Power Plant and Propeller
Laboratories of Engineering Division T-3.

2.

It is the opinion that:

a.
The phenomenon r e ported is something real and not visionary
or fictitious.
b.
There are objects probably approximating the shape of a
disc, of such appreciable size as to appear to be as 1a rge as man-made
aircraft.
c.
There is a possibility that soroo of the incidents may be
caused by natural phenomena, such as meteors.

d. The reported operating characteristics such as extreme
rates of climb, maneuverability (particularly in roll), and action 'Which
must be considered evasive when sighted or contacted by friendly air­
craft ans radar , land belief to the possibility that sona of the objects
are controlled either manually, automatically or remotely.
e.

The apparent common description of the obje cts is aa follows:
(1)

Metallic or light r eflecting surface.

)

u-39552

#### Page 14

Basic Ltr fr CG, AMC, WF to
cerning 11 Flying Discs"

gation develop:3.

en, AAF, Wash . D.C. Subj

0

AMC Opinion Con­

A. complete interchange of data should be effected.

4. Awaiting a si;eci.fic directive .AMc w.i.11 continae the investi­
gation within its current resources in order to more closely define the
nature of the i;ehnomenon. Detailed Essential Elements of Information
will be formulated immediately for transmittal t hru channels.

N. F. TWINING

Lieutenant General, U.S. 4 •
C9fflillanding

..

#### Page 15

r

TSNAD-2B/ACL:eec

24 .5ept ember 1947
TSNAD-2B

SUBJECT:

"Fl ying Dis c"

TO:

Commanding General
A.rm::! Air Forces

Washington 25, D. C,
ATTN:

A.C/AS-2

Major Gere ral George McDom ld

l.
In compliance with Gener al McDonald's tel ephone conversa­
tion, t his date, t o Col onel H. M. McCoy, T-2, Hq. AMC, attached
herewith 1s a copy of a draWing entitled, "Loedding Flying Dis c",
des ignated LD-2. Because of patent rigbts invol ved, it is reques­
ted that a record be kept of all persons reviewing this drawing by
witnessing with signatures and dates directly on the drawing,
2.
Thi s drawing should be returned to t h is offi ce when it
has served its purpose so that it can be turned over to the Patent
Office Hq. Al(C for off:i,,9ial record.
../) •
~~ ~ ~ 1 •
/\ 1

-I ,.. ' I

-uvr~ ...~

3. I nclosed herewith is al so a report prepared by t he Royal
Aircr~f t Est ablishment, Technical Note, AERO 1703, which describes
the lforte~ess aircraft_ '!be follo,ing references are invited
whic1i'"'I's""considered sibrnificant in relating the Horten brothers per­
spective thinking and accomplishments toward the alleged "Flying
ucer" cas e:

a.

Page 5, Paragrapli 4 and 6.

b.

Page 6, Paragraph lam 7.

c.

Page 26, Paragrai;h 3 and 10.

d.

Page 27, Paragraph 12.

e.

Page 2g, Paragr,phs 1 t hrough 5.

f.

Page 54, Photograph of Horten "Parabola".

COPY

,-

/ , • '"'

U-39942

#### Page 16

Basic ltr, dtd 24 Sep 47, to CG, Hq AAF, Wash, subjt "Flying Disc"

g.

Page 69, The Horten VI I I.

h.

Pages 71 and 72, Photogra}:ils of the Horten IX Versions .

i.

Page 74, Dral'ling or the "Parabolaf.

This document should also be returned when it has served, its-, i ntended

ye, .

•

{ L,Lsca. I~~-~~

purpose.

4. A recent report f'rom the u. ;:;. Military attac~ }los cow, USSR,
dated 9 June 1947, indicates that 1800 afrcraft, directly or indirectly
based on the Horten VIII design ( six engi ne pusher, having a l'fing spread
of 131 feet and a gross weight of approXimately thirty-three thousand
pounds) are being built for bomber squadron use. The Russian version,
however, is jet propelled, reference report whose identification No. is

\

XO r 5

v-,2291-8.

5. The T-2 r e port "German Flying \\ings Designed by Horten Brothers" ....,.
No. F-SU-1110-Hd, also inclosed her ewith, may be :n:tained tfy your office
if desired.
FOO THE COW!A'NDING GENERAL:

H. M. McCOY
Colonel, nir Corps
Deputy Commanding General
Ihtelligence (T-2)

3 Incls:
1. Dravting
2.

3.

]

RAE Tech Note, AERO 170~
T-2 Rpt, No. F-SU-1110-HD

u

#### Page 17

,

"ORM NO. MR• l (2)

30 Oct 47

INDEX :

000,9 Fl3'iJlg Saucer - Hlena::iena

jll

TO :
FROM :

..

Sl,IMMARY:

CSGIJ>, PlamJ and Collecticm Bra...ch

Chief~ Air Intoll~ Roqdr01nents Division, AC/S-2
lnt&Uigenaa Requirements on Flying Sauaer 'l'ypG Ail'craft

D/F

Fl LED:
INDEXER:

350.09 Intelligence
-C

REMARKS:

I

HEADQUART ERS ARMY A I R FO RCES

CORRESPONDENCE REFERENCE FORM

#### Page 19

Hee.dquartere
'AIR :iATERIEL C ~ D

TSNAD-2B/\CL/a.'llc
,1right Field, Dayton, Ohio

SUBJECT:

''Flying Di sea"

TO:

Chief of St~ff
United States Air ~o rce
~ash ircton 25, D, c,
ATn1 :

13 Oct 1947

AC/AS-2

Lt Col George Garrett
1,
!ttached copies of communications are self-explanatory
end indicate action taven to obtain additional information regarding
subject. Assistance shown from Lt Col Herbert c. Gee was with
reference to the social standing and character of t'rs. tJerchant to
determine justification for further investigation of her theories .

2.
In view of Lt Col Gee ' s transfer to ,fashington, D. c . ., it
is suggested that a representative from Headouarters , AC/aS- 2 con­
tact and interview him.

3.
General Brentnall stated that Mrs . Merchant was extr emely
talkative and seemed quite intent on promoting a personal enterprise
inste~d of cooperating to help solve an intelligence problem .
4,
Co, nents and sugt:;estions, therefore, regardin 6 further
action to interrogate 1!rs . Merc~ant would be appreciated in order to
close this case as soon as possible.
FOR T£IB co~~ff~DING GENER.AL:

2 Incls
1. Cy 11 C, T-2 .i..tr, 9/29/47,
"Flyinr; Discs''
2. Cy 1st Ind , 10/2/47, fr
Fq. Kirtland Field,
lbuquerque, New~exico

•
/s/ " . R. Clingernan, Col., A. C.
for
H. r.~. 1rcDOY

Col onel, :ir Corps
Deputy CoMmanding CTeneral
Intellirence (r-2)

C

0

p
y

#### Page 20

..
C
0

p
y

29 September 1947
13 Oct 1947
SUBJECT:

''r lyin~ Discs"

TO:

Co'Tl.~andinc Officer
Operating Location No. 16 of

731st A.~FBU {101st A.Ji.CS Sq)
l(irtland li'ield

Albuquerque, New Mexico

ATTN :

C,ol. Howard .G. Bunker

1.
General "Rrentno.11, duri~t, n recent visit nt Las Vesas,
wa.s cortacted b~ a J.: rs. ·adeline Gwynne Kerchant, 3ante E'o, :rei:r
liexico, w:no described rhat !!lay be termed .,_ novel theory concerninc
"Flyin._. tiscs".
1

2.
.,.ccording to her thoery, "Fl~·inE, ,.,iscs'' are being f'irod
fro~ a locality in Centrrl Mexico fro~ a laboratory which is
being operFted by the ttus~inns. She clqims thQy ure beiPg ~i~cd
at the Fnited stctes for the purpose of sighting in on importo.nt
atomic energy and aircraft iostallations.

3.
General Brentnall states thnt he does not have any
further interest in o.n interrot;a.tion of !!rs. JJerchant since ,it is
not a.n engineerinc matter. Fowover • he recommends thl'lt if H:;t, nir
Mo.teriel Co•:uno.nd, 1'-2, wi:ihes to sponsor an interrot;&.tion of this
r.etura thot Col. Ho,:e.rd Bunkor sho•..1ld be cor.tacted to determine
the name o.nJ e.ddress of the colo::1el at Las Vegv s v,ho has knov;ledge
of this case. In view of Gencrcl Brentnall ' s suggestion, no
direct con tact will be '!lade with l'rs. llerchant.

4.
It is requested, therefore, tr~t the r ne and address of
the ~povo mer.tioned colonel be ~ade available tc this office as
soon o.s possible so that f'urther action, as deemed advjsable, can
be to.ken .
F, R 1'FJ.; CO' 'ANDING GENAA~.L:
/s/

}.~ . E . Goll
tr. ;,r . l'cCOY
Colonel, Jir Corps
' ueput;y Commandine Genernl

In~elligence (T·2}
C
0
p
y

#### Page 21

B/L fr 'Iqs 1 .JtMC, ~.right Fiold. , Dayton, Ohio, File ':.'Si'AD-2B, 29 Sep 47 ,
Subj : ''Flying Dices"
lat Ind
HGll : ns
i]"EAD~UARTERS, Kirtland. Field, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2 October 1947
TO:

Co!lUllandini; 0enera.l, :1.ir •!ntericl Command,
ATTErTic~i: T-2

lr.ight lisld, Ohio

1.
The o~ficer. referred to in Par. 3 is Lt . Col~ Horbert C. Gee,
0-19717, who v,as f'ornerly ComMD.ndine; O!'.!'icer at Los .~lamos rather than
Las Vegas, as stated. Lt. Col. Gee is now stationed in the office,
Chiai' of' ngineers, .::ivil 11orks Division, ,ashir- 6 ton, I) , C.

2.
There is no repl~cement for Lt. Col . Gee at Los llanos ruid no
ir.fcrmation is available to indicate that any individual in this vicinit,/
has ~ore information concerning wra. Merchant ' s theory than Brig. Gen .
Brentnall of N'C vrho personally conducted an interview with her .

H0,7A,.1D G. -aUNKEI{

Co l onel ,

•

C

#### Page 26

µ . RQ.-J 3 (20 MAY 44 )

RESTRICTED

HEADQUARTER S ARMY AIR FORCES

ROUTING

AND

TALLY
NO.

RECORD SHEET

FILE
NO.

·I

Flying Saucer Phenomena

ro ,

Deputy Chief of Air Staff for Research & Development

FROM:

AC/AS-2, Air Intelligence Requirements Division
Collection Branch

DATE

22 August 1947

COMMENT No. --"1,---....,....

Lt Col Garrett/nc/4544

1. From a detailed study of certain reported observations on the flying saucers,
selected for their veracity and reliability, it is appar ent that s everal aspects of
their appearance have a common patterne
2 . Before pursuing its investigation of these objects any further, this Office
r equests assurance that no research project of the Army Air Forces, at present being
t-flown, has the following characteristics and that it may therefore be assumed
recent flying saucer 11 .ll\Ystery11 is not of United States origin:
•
a.

Surface is metallic - indicating a metallic skin, at least.

When a trail is observed, it is a lightly col ored blue-brown haze, similar
to a rocket engine's exhaust. Contrary to a rocket of the solid type, one observati on
indicates that the fuel may be throttl ed, which would indicate a liquid rocket engine.
b.

c. As to shape, all ob@ervationo @tate that the object i a circular,
least ellipticai, r i at on the bottom and s11ght1y domed on the top.

d.

or at

Size estimates pl ace it somewhere near the size of a C-54 or Constellation

as they would appear while flying at 10,000 •.
•

e. Some repor ts describe t wo tabs located at the rear and symmet rical about
a,d.s of flight motions
Flights have been r eported containing f rom thr ee t o nine objects, flying
good formation on each other, with speeds always above 300 knots.
f.

g.

The discs oscillate laterally while flying along, which could be snaking.

~~Q~-s~
ROBERT TAYLO!i 3RD
Colonel, Air Corps
Chief, Collect ion Branch
Air Intelligence Requirements Division

AC/ AS-2

RESTRICTED
PAGE_

J•ll e,f .

1-F ( • t t

20 IIA V 44 }

#### Page 27

FORM NO. MR·1 (•)

D ATE:

I N D EX :

TO:

FROM:
SUMMARY:

5 Aug 47

000 . 9

Phenomena

Chief, Intelligence Group, Intell.' L ence Division, \':ar Dept Gen Staff
Executive, Air Intel, Requirements Div:i sion, AC/1.S- 2
Request for F. B. I. Investj gation on Background of Certt.in \'1itnesses
to ''Flying Discs 11 •
Memo

FILED:
I NDEXER:

333~5

Investigstion

ejb

REMARKS:

H EADQUARTERS ARMY Al R FORCES

~ORRESPONDENCE REFERENCE FORM

#### Page 28

RESTRICTED
HEADQUARTERS ARMY AIR FORCES

ROUTING

AND

RECORD

TALLY
NO.

SHEET

FILE
NO.

SUBJECT :

Flying Saucer Phenomena
Air Intelligence Requirezrents Division, AC/.AS- 2
Attn: Collection Branch

FROM :

Deputy Chief of Air staff for Research & Developroont

DATE

AUG 2 9 1947

COMMENT No. -----'2.c.__

fr R~
•

mo/73/421

~~

The Arrrry Air Forces has no research II' oject viith the characteristics described
in Comm3nt No. 1.

cAw.RENCE:

AFDRE C

~

p/J,,.. -1--t .(/

I~ E•." i,~i,ij,y (J_,J

~

Maj or General, U. S. Ar my
Deputy Chief of Air Staff for
Research and De velopment

JiFD.'fZ-2~ ­
AFD..11E- 3-"~H,1,¥f-''---~=-;.-.;-·-

-

-

-

-

AFDRE- 4

G,/4,Z.... ~ ,,-

•

RtSiffitrto

1•11 09 .

AP (REY 2 0 MAY 44 )

## General 1948 Vol 1 (National Archives RG 18)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/186369445General1948Vol1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/186369445General1948Vol1
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 6/15/48
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

March 1948 paperwork: when “flying discs” needed a memo, not a runway.

- 18_6369445_General_1948_Vol_1, DoW, March 1948, U.S. Air Force headquarters
- Mandates Air Materiel Command to gather, evaluate, and forward flying‑disc sighting reports
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This file contains memorandums, correspondence, and forms related to the reporting of information on flying discs and investigations into sightings.

### Full text

#### Page 1

AFeIR-00/Lt Co1 Garrett/1wd/4544
DECLASSIFIED CONFIDENTIAL 14 June 48
Authority:
NND 760191
Basic Ltr fn Hq. Eleventh Air Foree, Harrisburg, Pa., dtd (undated),
subj: Neport of "Flying Discs"
AFOIR-CO-5 (L-6-29) lst Ind. 18 JUN 1948
Dept. of the Air Force, Hq. USAF, Washington 25, D. C.
TO: Cammanding General, Air Matoriel Camand, Wright-Patterson Air
Force Eaue, Dayton, Chio 1/wom
ATTH: MCI
4 Inels.
n/o
way
P102375
HQ. USAF
1 5 JUN 1943
CAG-MAIL BRANOH
CONFIDENHAL
OFFICE SYMBOL AFOIR 2. 3. 5.
GRADE AND wectly
SURNAME OF
COORDINATING
OFFICERS Garrett

#### Page 2

1612 South Cameron Street
Harr::.sburb, Pe nns~ lvania

WD

...,~l:.F, JT :

Hef.>ol't of J1Flying Jiscs 11

TG:

Chief of ~taff
United States Air Force
1vashington 25, 0 . C.
.
R.':rft~ : Director of Intelligence,
rtequiraments Division

1. In canpliance with paragrc;.ph l a , ,.DC Letter 45- 5, 25 i...arch
1948, the' following information relative to II Flying uiscs" is hereby
subllitted. -The attached report was r e ceived this Headquarters Z1 klay
1948, £rem ;;,pecial ttgent, D. K. b~own, Federal Bureau of Investigation,
Cleve l and, ei-i.io. 'I'his Headquarters has no further information and is
not initiating any investigation in accor dance wit h par agraph 2, AUC
Ltr , 45-5 , .t1.n y additional information received by this headquarters
will be :immediately forHarded to your Headquart ers . Copies of report
hav.e been forwarded to t!q . n ir .... at eriel Corun.and and hq . n.ir Def~nse
Command as directed in above mentioned directive .
a.

Location and t:iine of s i ghting - Hobson , ~hio; night of
8 Lay 48 .

b.

11eath er .at the time - unknown by this Hq .

c.

l~ames , occupations , and addresses of v,itnesses - ilddresses
oen uu;)e, New :lork ventral "yste1.. Ca r l.nspector
unknown.
~arl rt.oush
u
u
II
n
"
oob .,hite , Yard Clerk, u . Y. 1;.
C • .tC Hite, 1,..atrolman, r•. ~ . <., .
1:.

'

d.

t-'hotogra.iJhS of objects , if available - unJmo.-n t bis Hq ,

e.

&ketches of obj ia cts configuration - unfcnown this hq , ~

f.

0bjects sighted :
(1) Number - not known tbis l•eadquarters

(i) ~hape - round
(3) ...ize - appeared t o be nine inches in d:iarneter from
ground level.

#### Page 3

CONEIDENTIAL
EAFD
Subj: Report of "Flying Discs"
(4) Color - phosphorescent
(5) Speed e Great amount of speed
(6) Heading - 90
(7) Lanueverability - not known
(8) Altitude - 6 to 8 miles
(9) Sound - unknown to this Hq.
(l0) Exhaust trail or not - rhosphorescent trail in the sky
FOR THE COMMANDING GENERAL:
/s/h. B. WAX
Lt COl., USAF
AC of S, 4-2
4 Incls.
FEI Itr., Cleveland, Chio, 25 hgy 48
2. N.Y. Central System Ltr., Columbus, Chio
8x 15 May 48
3. N.Y. Central System Ltr., Hobson, Chio
4. N.Y. Central System Ltr., 2l May 48
File 22.00
2

#### Page 4

It

SE:6RE1F

\

llFOirt

\' •

Lt Col Earle/mcb/6548"-\
/t/ 4 June 48
~~

lat Ind.

AFOIR

Dopt. of tho Air Force, Hq. USAF, Waoh1niton 2ij, D. C.

,.,---­
. .. JlJN

Cc:rmna.11<ilnt:; General, Air l!ateriel Command, ..rlght­

Forco Baso , Dayton, Ohio
T-i Report ~German Flyiue ing• Designed by Horten Drother1" has
been retained by this offioe.
BY C<llaWfD OF THE CHI~ OF STAFF:
OF FICE SYMBOL

I.

2.

3.

#### Page 5

SECRET
AIR MATERIEL COMMAND
TSNAN-2B/ACL:CeO
Wright Field, Dayton, O.
TENAD-2B 24 Soptomber 19k7
"Flying Diee"
Commanding Goneral
Arny Air Forces
Washington 25, D. C.
ATTH: AC/AS-2
Major Coneral Oeorge MeDonald
l. In compliance with Ceneral MeDonald's telephone converss-
tion, this dnte, to Colonel H. M. MoCoy, T-2, Hq. 4G, attached
horoni th is a copy of a drawing entitlod, "Loedding Fiying Mse",
designated LDe. Because of patent rights involved, it is reques-
tod that a record be kept of all persons reviowing this drawing by
wi tneusing with mignatures and dabee directly on tho drming.
2. This drawing should be rebuned to this office whon it
ham sorved ito purpose so that it can be turned over to the Patent
office Hq. Ac for official record.
3. Incloned herewith is also a report propared by the Royal
Aircraft Establishmont, Technical Note, AFno 17o3, which describes
the Horten tellless aircraft. The following references are invited
which is comsidered significant in relating the Horten brothers per-
spective thinking and accomplishments toward the alleged "Flying
Saucer" Cnse:
8. Pngo 5. Paragraph 4 and 6.
b. Page 6, Parngraph I and 7.
C. Page 26, Parngraph 3 md 10.
d. Pago 27, Paragraph 12.
e. Page 8, Paragrephs 1thurough 5.
f. Page 5hh, Photograph of Horten "Parabola".
SECRET U.39942
dll

#### Page 6

SECRET
Basie Itr, dbd 24. Sop l7, to CO, Bq AF, Wash, subj: Flying Dise"
C. Page 69, The Horten VII.
h. Pages 71 and 72, Photogrmphs of the Horton Ix Veralons.
i. Pege 74, Deawing of the "Parabola".
Thie doeunont should aleo be returned when it has sorved its intended
purpose,
4. A recont roport from tho U. S. Military attache, Moscow, Uson,
dabed 9 June 19l7, indicates that LE00 airernft, direetly or indireotly
besed on the Horten ViII deaign (six engine pushor, having a wing sprond
of il feet mid a gross weight of approxdmataly thirty-three thounnnd
pounds) are being built for bomber squadron use. The Russien version,
however, is jot propelled, reference report whope idanti.fication No, is
V32291
5. The Ti2 report "German Flying Wings Deslgned by Horten Brothora",
Mo, F-Su-Illo-Nd, also inclosed herewith, mny be retained by your office
if doaired.
FOR THE COMIAMDING CENERALS
egd
H. M. MeDOY
Colonel, Air Corps
Deputy Commanding Coneral
Intelligonce (T-2)
3 Inolss
Drering
RAE Tech Note, ARo 1703
3. 2-2 Rpt, Mo. FU-1110D
SECRET V.39942

#### Page 7

AFoIR-Ce/Lt Col Garrett/lwd/6282
AF HQ-44 SEORET 12 may 48
3 Dec 1947
AFOIR-CO-5
T 3 MAY 1948
SUBJECT: Flying Discs
TO: Ccmmanding General, Air Materiel Command, Wright-
Patterson Air Force, Dayton, Chio
ATTN: MCI
Forwarded for your information.
ET CCDLAND OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF:
GEORGE D. GARRETT, JR.
I Incl. Lieutennt Colonel, USAF Acting Cirief, Collection Branch
ID No. 456982 Air Intelilecncy .e ucements Division
(4 copies) Directorate of Inte.l-gence
BQ USAP 000
DO 1 3 MAY 1948
CAG-MAIL BRANCH
P101459
2. SEGRET 3.
OFFICE SYMBOL 1AFOIR-CO 5.
GRADE AND Col Taylop
SURNAME OF
COORDINATING
OFFICERS Lt Col Garrett
10-20243-2 0. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

#### Page 8

r

AFC AO- 10

(l~e.• , 13 0 Ct 47)

DATE:

INDEX: 000 .75 Clippings
TO:

FROM:

SUMMARY=

28 Apr /4}3

CG, Air I!iateriel Command, Wright- Patterson AFB , Dayton, Ohio

Air Intelligence Requirements Division; Directorate of Intelligence

Clippings Service for Project 11SIGN11

ltr

FILED= 380 Project
INDEXER= c
REMARKS:

HEADQUARTERS

UNITED

STATES

AIR

FORCE

CORRESPONDENCE REFERENCE FORM
8-3867, AF

#### Page 9

,.,. '

~.

&FHQ•'1.4

. .

J

'

.\FOIR- CO/Lt . Col . Garrett/jh/4544

8 ~eC,\?'~

26 Apr 48

Easic ltr, subj :

Peoort of Information on 11 Flying Disc" dated 12 Apr 48
1st Ind

HF.M)0lJAR~S, T!!~ !-.IR Ul'HVF.RSITY , lfax•iell Air Force Base, Alabama
TO:

Chief ofStaff, USAF, Washington 25, D. C., Attn:

Dir of Intelligence l-4 Ap

Forv1ar ded in accordance with par agr aph 4 of letter cited in basic
communication .

•

/s/ F. :C . LANKSTON

1 Incl:
n/c (1 cy w/d)

AFOIR-C0-5

H4JOR, AGD
ASS 1 T. ADJ . GEN.

2nd Ind.

Department or tho Air Force., Hq. USJ\F, a~initon 25, D. C.
TO: Co.m.anding Genoral, ili l!ateriel Corn..ar.d, ,right-P4tteraon Air Force
Base, Da;,,ton, Chio
/

ATTH:

l!CI

l Incl

n/c

Reference:

Ltr frm Hq Tyndall AFB, dated 12 Apr 48, subject as above.
1st Ind frm Hq Uaxwell Air FB, to C/S, USAF, dated 14 Apr 48.

P10093 8

3.

OFFICE SYMBOL
GRADE AND

SURNAME OF
COORDINATING
OFFICERS

Lt. Col.

4.

5.

#### Page 10

COPY

h

HEAD"UAPTERS
500th AIR uNIVERSm 1'JING
TYIIDILL AIR fQ'PCE BASE
PANfJ'11. CITY, FLORIDA

(H- 4) ~J/al/R

12 April 1948

•

SUBJECT :

Report of Information on "Flying Disc"

THRU

Commanding Ger.eral
Air University
~•ell Air Force Base
Montgomer y , Alabama
ATTN: AC of S, A- 2

TO

Coavnanding General
United States Air Force
'Vashington 25, D. C.
ATTN: Director of i ntelligence

subj:

The attached information is fon,arded in compli,mce with USAF Letter,
"Reporting of Information on "flying Discs ", dtd 6 February 1948.
FOP THE CO!iltA!-'DI NG GENERAL :

1 Incl MOlC and Exhibit I. (in dup)
Distribution:
1 cy ea:
c/s USAF

/S/ J . B. PRICE
Major, USAF
Adjutant

CG, AMC
CG, AU

CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 11

AFOIR-00/Lt . Col. Garrett/jh/4544
2 Apr 48

\

AFOIR-00-5

DUBJECT:
TO

:

Flying Dines
Com.T.andin! Goneral

Air liateriel Command
r.rigbt-Patterson Air Force Baao
Dayton, Ohio
ATTN:

l!CI

Forwarded for your information.
7 :t!O OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF•

l Incl
Ltr frm CSOID, 25 Var
(dup)

ROBERT TAYLOR 3rd
Colonel, U.9AF
Chief, Collection Branch
Air Intelligence ~e,1uir~.ent:> Divieion
Directorate or Intelligenco

l)x;
If

Reference: DF frm Hq USAF, Comment No. 1 to CSGIO dtd 27 Feb 48.
DF frm CSGID, Co11DD.e nt No. 2, to Hq USAF, dtd 25 Mar 48.

OFFICE SYMBOL

GRADE ANO
SURNAME OF
COORDINATING
OFFICERS

..

1.

AF0IR-C0

2.

3.

s.

4.

Col. Tay
Lt. Col.
~

u. 1. GOVtlNMUIT "'•Tue._. r,,ce:

#### Page 12

Dept. of the Ai ~ ·Force
&Booll!>1F.lm«

J

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION ( l f onv)

DISPOSITION FORM
SUBJECT

FILE No.

Reporting of Inf'onnation on "Fl ying Discs. 11
FROM
- AFOIR
DATE
2 7 FEB 194A COMMENT No. 1
Plans & Collection
Lt .Col. Garre~/dk/4544
Branch
Lt.Col• .Smith

AFOIR-C0-5
TO

1. It is Air Force policy not to ignore reports of s ightings and phenomena in
the atmosphere, but to r ecognize t hat part of its mission is to collect, collate,
evaluate, and act on information of- this nature~
2. In Implementing this policy the Air Materiel Comnand has been designated
A the Air Force agency to collect, collate, evaluate and distribute to interested
1"vernment agencies and contractors all information concerning sightings and pheno­
mena in the atmosphere vhich can be construed to be of concern to the national security

3. All Air Force installations within anc_l outs~d7 Zone of Interior and Alaska

have been instructed to report all s ightings, or information concerning sightings

which comes to their attention, direct t o the Conmandirig Genercµ, Air Materiel Com­
mand, ~right-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Attn: l,'l;I .

4. Air Materiel Conmand has been authorized direct contact with all Air Force
installations whenever required to develop ·additional information on the flying discs.
5. It is requested that all Department of the Army installations also be instruct­
ed to report such occurrences directly to Air Materiel Comnand and that they be in­
formed that Air Y.ateriel Conmand is authorized to contact them direct when necessary
in connection with such occm:-rences.

6. If possible, reports to Air Materiel C01T11na.'1d should inclnde the following
information:

a . Location arrl time of sighting
b.

c.
d.
e.

g.

~leather at the time
Names, occupations, and addresses of witnesses
Photographs of objects, if available
Object sighted:
(1) Numbe r
(4) Color
(7) :Maneuverability (10) Exhaust trail
or not
(2) Shape
(5) Speed
(8) Altitude
(3) Size
( 6) Heading (9) Sound
General remarl<E

FOR Tifr: CHIBF OF STAFF:
C. P. CAB( / .l ? < - 1 ~,c.c..~<:..,.,~-­

Major General, U.S.A.F.
Chief, Air Intel. Req. Div.

Directorate of Intelligence

rBISDI

#### Page 13

7 000.9 AFOIR-CO-5
RESTRICTED It.Col.Garrett/dk/4544
25 Feb 48
AFOIR-CO-5 Reporting of Information on "Flying Dises.
GSGID H. USAF - AFOIR
Attn: Plans & Collection 27 FEB 1948
Branch Lt.Ool.Garrett/dk/4544
Lt. Col. Smith
L. It is Air Force policy not to ignore reports of sightings and phoncmena in
the atmcsphere, but to recognize that part of its mission is to collect, collate,
evaluate, and act on informaticn of this nature.
2. In Implementing this policy the Air Materiel Comand has been designated
tho Air Force agency to collect, collate, evaluate, and distribute to interested
ernment agencies and contractors all informatien concerning sightings and pheno-
mona in the atmosphere which can bo construed to be of concern to the national seeurity.
3. All Air Force installations within and outside Zone of Interior and Alaskn
have been instructed to report all sightings, or informetion concerning sightings
which comes to their attention, direct to the Comanding General, Air Materiel Com-
mand, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Chic, Attn: MCI.
4. Air Materiel Command has boen authorized direct contact wieh all Air Force
installations whenever required to develop additional information on tho flying discs.
5. It is requested that all Department of the Army installations also be instruct-
ed to report such ccourrences direetly to Air Materiel Goimand and that Chey be in-
formed that Air Materiel Coumand is authorized to ccntact them direct whien neeessary
in corncction with such occurrences.
6. If posaible, reports to Air Materiel Comnand should inelude tho following
information: HQ. USAF
a. Location and time of sighting 2 7 FEB 1948
b. Weather at the timo
c. Names, cocupations, and addresses of witnesses CAG-MAIL BRANCH
d. Photographs of objects, if available
o. Object sighted:
(1) Number (4) Color (7) Maneuverability (lo) Exhaust trail
Shape (6) Speed (8) Altitude or not
(3) Size Heading Sound
C. General remaris C. P. CABELL
FOR THE CHIEF OF STAFF: Mapdi-General, U.S.A.F.
Chief, Air Intel Req- Div.
Directorate of Intelligence
OFFICE SYMBOL "AFOIR-CO 2. AROIR 3. 4. 5.
GRADE AND Col.Taylor III
SURNAME OF
COORDINATING
OFFICERS Lt.Col Garret .Man Wen UBAS
RESTRICTED

#### Page 14

StT.BJECT:

COOil) 350. 05

TO:

HQ, USAF, AFOm

FRCM :

D/I , GSUSA

Re:porting of In:f'orma.tion on
''Flying Discs"
DATE :

25 Mar 4-RA ~ <M'1EN'I' NO. 2
Lt . Col. ~th/2931/ jes

l . Action on Comment No. 1 has been complet ed by request f'or inf'orma.tion
at Inclosure l. •

2. I t 1s requested that Air Materiel Command be directed to transmit to
the Director of Intelligence, GSUSA, an infol'Illation co:py of each cannmmi ~at ion
r eceived from or sent t o commands subordinat e to the Department of the Army in
connection wit h s o-cal.l ed 11flying disc" r e:ports .

FOR THE DIRECTOR OF DT.ELLIGENCE :

·-

/

2 Incle :
1. Req for Info (10 c opies )
2 . ICM 7 (2 copies )

- ~•,N
Colonel, GSC Colml, GSC
Chief, Intel ~euce l&.tteu11 lrou~. IO

?

✓

SECRE. '7 f ~ Cfb Cf? 7

#### Page 15

AFOIR-CO/Lt. Col. Garrett/5h/4544
AF1Q-14 2 Apr 48
3 Deq1e7 -CONFIDENTIAL
Ltr frm Ha 4th AF, dated ll Mar 48, subject: "Investigation of Flying Dise"
AFOIR-CO-5 Lst Ind. APR194
Dopartment of the Air Force, Hq. USAF, Washington 25, D. C.
TO: Commanding General, Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, Dayton, Chio
P100259 000
HQ UBAF
CA': 2=APR 1948
-BRANCH
OFFICE SYMBOL 1AFOIR-CO 3. 5.
GRADE AND Col. Taxher
SURNAME OF
COORDINATING
OFFICERS Lt. Col. Garreto CONFIDENTIAL
16-20242- U. S. COVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

#### Page 16

COPY

HEADQUARTERS FOURTH AIR FORCE
Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, A-2
Intelligence
Hamilton Field, California
4AFDA-3/1208-I

Mar 11, 1948

SUBJECT:

Investigation of Flying Disc.

TO:

Chief of Staff
United States Air Forces
Washing§on, D. c.
ATTN: Directorate of Intelligence
Air Intelligence Requirements Division

1. Incident reported on 9 March 1948, this headquarters, per
telephone call from S[t. A. M. Larsen, Sheriff's office, Bakersfield,
California.

a. Observation by Mr. Les Buchner, Bakersfield, California,
of t~o objects falling to earth from unknown source on 5 March 1948
between 1610 and 1655 hours. Description of objects simihr to falling
aircraft with smoke and debris trailing. Observation made at Bakersfield
with objects sighted southwest toward Buena Vista Lake, California.

.'

b. Observation by Mr. Denio, employee of the Pacific General
Electric Company, Bakersfield, California, of two objects which fell to
earth from unknown source north of Bakersfield, California, 8 March 1948.
One object seemed to be on fire with red and black smoke trailing behind.
2. Informant Larsen stated that searching parties, aircraft and
rescue units have made numerous attempts to locate these reported objects
without success.

3. Investigation of incident has been initiated by this headquarters.
Report will follow.

.,

.•.

/s/ DONALD L. SPRINGER
Information to:
ADC, Mitchel Fld, N.Y.
FBI, San Francisco
G-2, Sixth Army
DIO, San Francisco (12th Nav. Dist)

Lt. Colonel, USAF
AC of S, A-2

#### Page 17

AFOIR-CO-5/Lt.Col.Garrett/dk/
SEORET 4544
9 March 48
AFOIE-CO-5 1 7 MAR 1948
SUBJECT: Flying Dises
TOs Commanding Goneral
Air Materiel Command
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Dayton, Ohio
ATTN: MCI
l. Reference is made to Colonel MeCoy's informal proposal
that certain fighter airoraft be mintained on a continuous alert
status, within the Zone of the Interior, to aid in gathering in-
fomation on Flying Discs.
2. This proposal is congidered unfeasible for the folloving
reasons:
a. The outlay of aireraft and persornel would be too
great in relation to the results obtained.
b. Proper intercepticn is not possible, except by acci-
dent, without complete radar coverage. The Air Force is incapable
of providing such coverage.
e. It is doubt.ul if fighter aircraft would bo able to
follow up reports emnating, for the most part, from eivilian sources.
BY COMAND OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF:
80 09AP GEORGE C. McDONALD
1 YMAR.3M8 Major General, USAF Director of Intelligence, Office of
MAlL aNA Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations
P80
P 99846 recomemended
alon anse ly RbR
Cuttr 3war To D/I USAF
"AFOIR-CO 2. AFOIR 3. aFOIN a 5.
OFFICE SYMBOL
GRADE AND olaFayZoRIII C. . CABELD
SURNAME OF
COORDINATING Mag. GOn. USAB
OFFICERS LtCol.Garrett
18-20242-2 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

#### Page 18

HEADQUARTERS ARMY AIR FORCES

ROUTING
SUBJECT :

AND

TALLY
NO.

RECORD SHEET

FILE
NO.

Flying Discs
Director of Plans and Operations

FROM :

CJ (1 Q

Director of Intelligence

DATE

12 FEB 1948

COMMENT ..No . 1
Lt. Col Garrett1/l.,\ii/-+4,..,5..,.44-.--

1. By letter fran this Headquarters, dated 30 December 1947 \dth subject
as above, the Canmanding General, Air liateriel Command is instructed to 11 set up
a project whose purpose is to collect, collate, evaluate and distribute to
interested government agencies and contractors all information concerning s i ght­
ings and phenanena in the atmosphere which can be construed to be of concern to
the national security".
2. The Commanding General, hir Materiel Command feels that the responsibility
assigned to him for collecting and developing i nformation and intelligence on the
11 flying dis cs II should be complemented by a ·requirement that all Air Force installa­
tions in the United states and Alaska prov i de a minimum of one each f i ghter or
night interceptor type aircraft, with necessary crews, on a continuous alert basis,
These aircraft should be equipped with gun camera, and such annament as deemed
advi .sable, in order to secure photographs necessary to the obtairment of all
possible data on arry reported and sighted unusual phenanena, of the "flying disc"
type, i n the atmosphere.

3. It is envi saged that each Ai r For ce installati on maintaining aircraft on
an al ert basis for this purpose would i nvestigate all unusual fzy i ng objecte
reported fran any source in any area over which it has cognizance. Such a program
would obviously require a detailed Standar d Operating Procedure, in the preparation
of which Air Materiel COOlllla.nd should cooperate.
4.

Your comments and/or concurrence are r~quested.

C. P. CABELL
Brigadie~ General, U. S.A .F.
Chief , Air Int el. Req. Div .
D1reotorat e of Int el ligenao

. ' ...

#### Page 19

Ill"'"

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE & C T
-.

TALLY
NO.

ROUTING

AND

RECORD

SHEET

.......
"-

~

FILE
NO.

SUBJECT :

FROM:

Director of Intelligence

DATE

Director of Plans and Operations

Major Cook:csk 7223;

3 MAR 1948

COMMENT No. ~2----..,.,~

1. The proposal of Air !fateriel Command for stationing fighter aircraft at all
bases on a continuous alert status is not considered feasible for the followiQ5 reasons:
a . The outlay of aircraft and personnel would be too great consistent m.th
the results to be obtained.

A
b. Proper interception is not possible, except by acci dent, without complete
. _dar coverage which the Air Force is not capable of providirg.
c. It is doubtful if fighter aircraft would be able to follow up reports
emanatir:g, for the most part, from civilian sources.

2. It is recommended that Air Materiel Command's responsibility for 11 collectirg"
information on unusual phenomena in the at~osphere be confined to the establishment of
direct channels for the receipt of such information.

J. It is f1.irther recommended that in lieu of the proposal of Air Materiel Command,
all other maj or commands be directed to cooperate with Air Materiel Command and t o che.nn 1
information directly to that command .

S • E. ANDERSON

Major General, U. S. A.F.
Director of Plans &m Operations .

PAGE _ _

#### Page 20

AFOI-CU/Lt. Co1 Garrett/lwd/4544
4 March 48
B/L Em Hq. Tenth Air Force, Brooks Fld, San Antonio, fexas, dtd
7 Jan 48, subj: "Flying Disks"
AFCIR-CO-5 lst Ind.
Dept. of the Air Force, Hc. USaF, Washington 25, D. C. MAR 1948
TO: Commanding General, Air Materiel Cammand, Vright-Patterson Air
Force Base, Baytcn, Chic
ATTN: TSDIN
Forwarded as a matter pertaining to your Cammand.
EX CCALLAND OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF:
I Incl. DOUGLASS W. EISEMAW
n/e Et. Colonel, U.S.A.F.
Executive, Air Intelligonce Requirements Div.
Dirgoterete of Intelliganoe
N 0 0
SQ ORAP
Cas-Mail SRaNon 1=HAR1043
CDC
P 99606
Ref: B/L fm lOth A.F/ dtd 7 Jan 48, subj: as above
CONEIDENTI
2, AFUIR 3. 4. 5.
GRADE ANDLool Taylor C. P. CARRLS
SURNAME OF
COORDINATING USAP
OFFICERS MLt. Col Garret
10-2U2E2 2 U. B. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

#### Page 21

.
IIEAD"UA1\T.c,.iS
TENTH :.Ill F(m.Cu
RflCOKS FLLD, .:,, r M1TCJ!iIU, T"~S
D 333 , 5

7 January 1948

SU'BJBCT:

11

Flying visks 11
Chief of Staff
United States Air Force

Tv:

Washington 25, D. C.

A"TN :

Director of ~ntelligence

Ccmnading General
Air Jefense Command
Mitchel Field, Mew York
hTTN: .t\SSt Chief of Staff, A- 2
Ccmrnanding General
r'ourth ,.nny
'Ft . ~am Houston, Texas

ATTN:

Asst Chief of Staff, G-2

Inclosed is &um.mary of lnfonnation prepared by the Tenth hir Force
hesictent ,\gent at houston, Texas covering a report of ".!"lying Disks 11
received by the Fol Office at Houston, TeXas.
Fort 'i'iil Cuk.JJ!DING c.,~..NEi.,~:

..

/s/ ,.AYl..vtrn D. vT.C:PH.,1W
1 Incl
Sum.r.;ery of Inform,

haj or, USAf'
Actg Asst ~'hief of vtatt, ~-2

subj: "Flying Disk"
175th aF~l:J, hllingt'on Fld,
dtd 19 Dec 47

C
0 •

r
y

/

#### Page 22

AFCIR-CO/Col Garrett/1md/4544
2 March 48
AFOIR-CO-5
4 MAR 1946
SUBJECT: Flying Dises
TO: Commanding General, Air Materiel Command, iright-Patterson
Air Force Base, Dayton, Chio
ATTN: TADIN
Attached report from Military Air Attache, Canada, eloses the
Ancident reported by Johnson and Harrison.
BY CCLUAND OF THE CHUEF OF STAFF:
DOUGLASS W. EISEMAN
Lt. Colonel. U.S.A.B. I. alligence Requirements Div.
1 Ined. Executive,
MAA Canada Rpt. Direutorate or Intelligence
dtd 2 Feb 48
P 99514
5=MAR 1943
ORET 0AG-MA C
7
OFFICE SYMBOL APCIR AFOIR 3.
GRADE AND Epl TayIor lseman
SURNAME OF O. P. CABELL
COORDINATING May ten. USA
OFFICERS Col Garret
16-20242-2 0. 6. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

#### Page 23

AFOIR-Co/Lt. Col. Garrett/jh/4544
16 Feb 48
AFOIR-00-5
24 FEB 1948
SUBJECT: Flying Discs
TO Commanding General
Air Materiel Command
Wright-Patterson Air Forcs Base
Dayton, Chio
ATTN: TSDIN
L. Attached, for your information, is copy of Collection Memorandum
Number 7, which was forwarded to field collection agencies for action on
above subject.
2. This Directorate has been advised that contact has beon made with
the lorton Brothers, and the Aesistant Chief of Staff, G-2, of European
Command has accordingly been advisod by Telecon to use this Memorandum
as the basis for interrogation.
3. The results of this interrogation will be forwarded to your
Headquartere as soon as received.
BY COMMAND OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF:
1 Inel
Col Memo 7 C.P. CABELL
dtd 21 Jan 48 Major General, U.S.A.F.
Chiof Air Intel. Req. Div.
Directorate of Intelligencs
p 99247 ROOMAP
24FEB 190
AG-MAIL CRANCH
OFFICE SYMBOL 1·AFOIR-CO 2. 3. 5.
GRADE AND Col. Taylor
SURNAME OF P.
COORDINATING
OFFICERS

#### Page 24

AFCA0-10 ( Re T 1 3 o c t

4 7)

DAT E:

INOE X:___o:..:o:..:o~...:..9---=P:...;h..;.;;e;.;;.;n;.;.o;;;;.
me;;.;n.;;.;:a,;,...__ _ _ _ __

to:

FROM:

SUMMARY:

13 Februa?"J 1948

Commandi ng -General , Air Materiel Command, Wright- Patterson Air
Force Base , Dayton, Ohio.

)

Executive, Air Intelligence Requirements Div., Direc tora te of
In telligence.

"Project SIGN"
"Flying Discs"

1st I nd

FILED:

380 .Pr oject

INDEXER=

rg

REMARKS:

HEADQUARTERS

UNITED

STATES

AIR

FORCE

CORRESPONDENCE REFERENCE FORM

#### Page 25

AFG MR - 60

{ REV. OCT . 1947)

000.9

TO:

FROM:

SUMMARY~

Flying Discs

DATE: 12 February 1948

CommP nding General , Air Materiel Command, Wri ght-Patterson Air Force,
Base, Dayton, Ohio.

Sxecut i ve, Air Intelligence Requir ements Div. Directorate of
• I nt elligence.

Project 11 SIGN11 •

1 st I nd

FILED:

380 Project

INDEXER=

rg

REMARKS:

HEADQUARTERS

UNITED STATES

AIR

FORCE

CORRESPONDENCE REFERENCE FORM

#### Page 26

AFOIR-CO/Col. Garrett/jh/4544
CONPISENTAL 4 Feb 48
00D
AFOIR-CO-5 lst Ind.
Dept. of the Air Force, Hq. UsaF, Washington 25, D. C. 6 - FEB 1940
TO: Commanding General, Air Materiel Command, Mright-Pattereon Air Force
Base, Dayton, Chie
ATTN: TSDIN
Forwarded as a matter pertaining to your Command.
BY COMMAND OF THE OHIEF OF STAFF:
P 97897 DOUGLASS W. EISEMAN
Lt. Colonel, U.S.A.F.
1 Inel Executive, Air Intelligence Requirements Div.
n/c Directorate of Intelligence
CFEB 1919
040-Man. shanos
OFFICE SYMBOL 1'AFOIR-CO 2. AFOIR 3. 5.
GRADE AND Col. TayLo C. P. CABELL
SURNAME OF
COORDINATING Brdg. Gone, Usar
OFFICERS Col, Garrett

#### Page 27

BEADQU.n.TEns FOURTH Am ronct
O£fice of '.,he Assist,mt Chi cf of Steff, A-2

IntelU. ( tEmce
Hamilton Field, California

JAN 1 5 1948

Qlde1: of S tef
Um.tad. Statoa
Uasningi;on, D.
'

Atteched report ~or your information.

l Incls
Rp~ of F ~ Diec .

/SJ Donald L. Springer
DONALD L. SF'RDIGER
Lt. Colonel, US.AP
AC of S, A- 2

' .

,..,

I

I

.

#### Page 28

AFCA0-10

(Re•

1 3 Oct 47)

INDEX = 000. 9 Phenomena

DATE:

6 February 1948

TO: Cor.una nding Gener al , Air Materiel Command , Wri ght- Patter son Air Force Ba se,
Dayton, Ohio.

FROM: Execu t ive , Ai r I nt elligence Requir ement s Div., Direc t or a te of I ntel ligence .

'

SUMMARY: Fl y i ng Di s cs.

Ltr

FILED: 312. 3

Channels
,

INDEXER= r g
REMARKS:

HEADQUARTERS

UNITED

STATES

AIR

FORCE

CORRESPONDENCE REFERENCE FORM
8-S867,&F

## 2024-04-30-composite-sketch — FBI September 2023 Sighting - Composite Sketch

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/2024-04-30-composite-sketch
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/2024-04-30-composite-sketch
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 9/1/23
- Location: United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The object was 130–195 feet, so it clearly missed the height limit for a billboard.

- FBI pdf, September 2023 incident, United States location.
- Shows bronze ellipsoid 130‑195 ft, materializing from bright light, then vanishing instantly.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Actual site photo with FBI Lab rendered graphic overlay depicting corroborating eyewitness reports from September 2023 of an apparent ellipsoid bronze metallic object materializing out of a bright light in the sky, 130-195 feet in length, and disappearing instantaneously.

## UFO's and Defense What Should we Prepare For (National Archives RG 255)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/255413270UFOsandDefenseWhatShouldwePrepareFor
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/255413270UFOsandDefenseWhatShouldwePrepareFor
- Agency: NASA
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

July 1999: the report’s deadline beat the UFOs’ speed.

- PDF from NASA, containing COMETA report originally published July 1999 in VSD (France).
- Reports Institute of Higher Studies for National Defence study, analyzing sightings, testimonies, hypotheses, and strategic implications.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

This file contains an independent report on UFOs written by the French association COMETA (previously published in the French magazine VDS in 1999), which details the results of a study by the Institute of Higher Studies for National Defence. The file also includes a letter from Carol Rosin in which she notes that she was spokesperson for von Braun during the last years of his life.

### Full text

#### Page 2

•

498 Manzanita Ct.
Ventura, CA 93001
April 30, 2001
Hi Dan
Jon (Cypher) and I look forward to seeing you on Friday at 3:30pm in your office.
Jon, you probably recall, is an actor who starred on "Hillstreet Blues" and "Major Dan,"
among many other TV shows, Broadway (wish you could hear him sing ''The Impossible
Dream" which he sang on Broadway in La Mancha), and movies. He's aJso a scholar
(and sings opera in four languages), and speaks eloquently about space. We've been
married for fifteen years.
Since I closed down the Institute for Security and Cooperation in Outer Space a few years
ago, which I founded in '83, we've both been searching for our role in promoting the
space program.
As you know, I was spokesperson for von Braun during the last years of his life. He had
me commit to finding the path to open the doors to space .. . with his full and unlimited
vision. I think I've found a way to do it.

•

We're bringing you a package that will give you the idea. (Don't worry, it won't cost
you or NASA a dime.) And we'll only take as much time as you want ... even just a few
short minutes as I know how busy you are. But it's going to be worth this trip to hand
this to you in person.
Also, we'd love to take you (and yours) to lunch or dinner during the week we'll be in
DC. Possible?
See you Friday.
My best,

~~

Carol Rosin
805-641-1999
Cell 805-340-5121
Rosin@west.net
PS. The photo was taken at the US Space Foundation where we were keynote speakers.

#### Page 3

TUES-
DAN- AS PROMISED, HERE
IS THE FRENCH COMETA REPORT
YOU WIL NOTE THE PREACE BY
YOUR FORMER COUNTERPART ANDA
LISTOF CONTRIBUTORS ON P5.
I MISSPOKE-ITISAPRINATE-
NOT GOVERNMENT-REPORT BUT
THE QUALITY AND SOBER NATUNE
OF THE PARTKIPANTS STILL, I
THINK, RECAMMENDS 1T TOYOU.
ARTICLES ARE INCLUDED FOR
YOUR PERUSAL. ON PUZ5 OF
THE LARGE DOCOMENT WE GAVE
YOU IS A SUMMARY OF THE REPORT.
IALWDEDTO
JOHN CALLAHAN'S TESTMONYWITH
MS SOPPORTINGDOCUMEUTATION
IS ON PZ. SENIORAIR TRAFFIC
CONTROLLER AT MEX GTYINTERNA
TIONAL AIRPORT -ENRIQUE KOLBECK-
13 OU P.IO5-PLEASE READ THE
HOWEVER. ENTIRE RADAR SECTION FION P6Z
For Reservations Call 1-800-HOTELS 1

#### Page 4

I ALUSAS THINKC OF HAMLET'S
"THERE ARE MORE THINGS TWIXT
HEANENAND HELL THANARE
DREAMED OF IN YOUR BHILOSOPHY,
HORATIO."
THANKS PEAIN FOR SEEING US
AND IF THERE ARE QUESTIONS-
OF COURSE CALL THE RENAISSANCE
AT 999 9Th Nw -202 898.9000
ITWAS GOOD TO SEE YOU
En Ceppher
For Reservations Call 1-800-HOTELS 1

#### Page 5

I
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I
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I

I
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UFOs and Defense:
·What Should We Prepare For?

-An independent report on UFOs written by the French association
COMETA. This report details the results of a study by the Institute of
Higher Studies for National Defence.-

I
I

I
I

I
I
I
I
I

I

This paper originally appeared in a special issue of the magazine VSD
published in France in July 1999.

#### Page 7

r-

I
I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I

I
I

I
I

I
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I

"Stripping the UFO phenomenon ofits irralional layer"

Foreword by Professor Andre Lebeau, Former chairman of the Centre National

d'Etudes Spatiales
(CNES) (French National Center for Space Studies]
It is not looked on highly in certain scientific circles to be preoccupied with phenomena
that are deemed to come under the heading of popular mythology or that are, at any rate,
outside the realm ofscience. Such was the case with stones falling from the sky, which
was long considered in our country to be the stuffoffable. However, the day that a
meteorite shower over the town of Laigle permitted a collective and indisputable
observation, it entered into the domain of science. One century later NASA, no doubt
hastily, elevated these stones to proof of the existence of primitive life on Mars.
_Phenomena ofthis type pose a preliminary problem for the scientific approach: does a
scientific fact exist?
•
When the phenomenon is a matter of experimentation, the criterion to be used is simple~
the reproducibility of the experiment is the touchstone and furnishes the fact that must
then be interpreted. But the situation is more difficult when the phenomenon is not open
to experimentation, when repeated observation is the only basis on which one can go, as is
the case in astronomy and for the most part in geophysics. However, when the fact, albeit
rare, is collectively and indisputably visible, it is easy to elevate it to the status ofscientific
object. The existence of eclipses, comets, and novas has been recognized_since ancient
times,._even though their interpretation long contained - and sometimes still contains - a
religious dimension. Thus collective and simultaneous observation plays the same role as
the reproducibility of experiments.
This is not true when the event is not only rare but discrete as well, and when there is a
very small amount of evidence at each occurrence, which opens the door to various
suspicions. Unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, fall into this category. One runs up
against additional difficulties in the case of UFOs, firstly that of how many human
activities, especially since the beginning of the space age, have generated atmospheric
phenomena the origin of which is not immediately ascertainable by those who observe
them. In any case, UFOs, the origin of which cannot be attributed to either a human
source or a natural mechanism that has been identified by science, are mixed in with a
background noise the origin of which, although difficult to identify, is not at all
mysterious.
Moreover, and above all, the existence of unexplained manifestations, both in the
atmosphere and occasionally on the surface of the earth, inevitably gives rise to a
fundamental question: are we alone in the universe? Could some of these phenomena be
the work of extraterrestrial beings? This question gives the UFO issue a sociological,
media-related, and even religious dimension in a domain that is not that of science and
scientific methods. And it is the very existence of this dimension that elicits reactions of
rejection in the scientific community.
However, a dispassionate examination of the situation should lead those who believe in
the value of scientific method to consider that the very existence ofa strong irrational
environment is another reason to apply the precepts of this method to the issue of UFOs.
COMETA has tried its luck at this in the report that it is presenting, supported, namely,
by the work performed by GEPAN, which later became SEPRA. The significant place
granted to sightings, to testimonies, and to the analysis ofcases that have been explained
shows the major role played here by the establishment of facts. But we also find in this

#### Page 8

document a reflection on the hypothesis of extraterrestrial intelligence and of the
importance that it could have if studies came together to confirrn it.
This report is useful in that it contributes toward stripping the phenomenon of UFOs of
its irrational layer. When aJI is said and done, the question of detennining whether or not
those who created this report believe in the exi~tence ofextraterrestrial visitors, concealed
in a variety of phenomena that are surprising in appearance but commonplace with respect
to their cause, is of no real importance. What a scienti?t believes is important in the
conducting of his research because this is what motivates and drives him. But his beliefis
not important to the results of his research nor does it have any effect on those results if he
is rigorous.

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Table of Contents

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Page 5
PREFACE
Page 6
FOREWORD
Page 7
INTRODUCTION
PART l
FACTS AND TESTIMONIES
Page 9
Chapter 1 Testimonies of French Pilots
Chapter 2 Aeronautical Cases Throughout the World
Page 12
Page 17
Chapter 3 Sightings from the Ground
Page 20
Chapter 4 Close Encounters in France
Chapter 5 Counterexamples of Phenomena That Have Been Explained
Page 24

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PART 2
Chapter 6

i

Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
PART3
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14

THE EXTENT OF OUR KNOWLEDGE
Organization of the Research in France
Page 27
Methods and Results ofGEP AN/SEPRA
UFOs: Hypotheses, Modeling Attempts
Organization of the Research Abroad

Page 31
Page 35
Page 42

UFOs AND DEFENSE
Strategic Planning
Aeronautical Implications
Scientific and Technical Implications
Political and Religious Implications
Media Implications

Page 55
Page 59
Page 62
Page 64
Page 69

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Page 71

APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Radar Detection in France
Page 74
Appendix 2 Astronomers' Sightings
Page 74
Appendix 3 Life in the Universe
Page 75
Appendix 4 Colonization of Space
Page 75
Appendix S The Roswell Affair - Disinforrnation
Page 77
Appendix 6 The Long History of the UFO Phenomenon - Elements ofa

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Chronology
Appendix 7 Reflections on Various Psychological, Sociological,
and Political Aspects of the UFO Phenomenon

Page 80
Page

82
REFERENCES
GLOSSARY

Page 87
Page 90

The photo section from pages 43 to 50, as well as pages 2 and 91, were not part of
the initial report.
Publication of:
[G.S. Presse Communication logo] 79-83, rue Baudin, 92309 Levallois-Perret Cedex.01
55 21 00 50, fax: 01 55 21 00 55. Societe anonyme with FF 250,000 in capital, in business
for 99 years. Sole Chief Executive Officer: Daniel Denis. Publication Director: Daniel
Denis. Art Director: Richard Y otis. Editorial Assistant: Jacques Peron. Illustrations and
Technical Consulting: Bernard Thouanel. Editorial Dept. 0 1 55 21 00 50. E-mail:
vsd_hs@worldnet.fr. Public Relations Agent: Image7/Isabelle de Segonzac 01 44 15 93
94. Sales and restocking: MEP, 01 42 56 12 26,
UFOs AND DEFENSE
What should we prepare for?
COtviETA, an association governed by the Law ofJuly 1, 190 1.
All reproduction, in whole or in part, translation, and adaptation rights reserved for all
countries. Copyright 1999.
terminal ELL. Photoengraving: Key Graphic. Printing: Berger Levrault, 34, avenue du
Roule, 92220 Neuily-sur-Seine. Joint Appeals Board No.: 59521. ISSN 1278-916 X.
Copyright deposit: July 1999.
© G.S. Presse Communication. The editorial department is not responsible for the loss of
or damage to texts or photos that are sent to it for consideration. Reproduction in whole
or in part ofany material published in the magazine is prohibited.

Cover:
Photo taken on September 4, 1971, directly over the Tilaran range in Central America
by an airplane from the National Geographic Institute ofCosta Rica (Bernard Thouanel
collection).

#### Page 10

"Concrete problems are raised that call for a response
in terms ofaction"
by General Bernard Norlain,
Former director of the lnstitut des Hautes Etudes de Defense
Nation ale
(Institute for Advanced National Defense Studies
(IBEDN)]

When General Letty visited me in March I 995 at my office at IHEDN to explain to me
his project for creating a new committee for study of UFOs, I assured him of my interest
and referred him to the management ofthe IHEDN Auditors Association (AA), which •
gave him its support. Knowing that some twenty years earlier the AA had produced and
published a preliminary report on the subject in its bulletin, it was but time to update it.
Denis Letty seemed to me to be the perfect one to spearhead this task~ one month
earlier, in February, he had organized, within the framework of the Ecole de l' Air [Air
Force Academy] Alumni Association, a conference on unidentified aerospace phenomena.
Before a large public, some of our comrades, former pilots, spontaneously related their
encounters with UFOs. The person in charge of studying these phenomena at the CNES
then presented his results, and a well-known astronomer described a scientifically
acceptable version of the extraterrestrial hypothesis.
The fields of knowledge affected by the UFO phenomenon are very diverse, and
General Letty was able to find within the AA, but on the outside as well, numerous
experts whose efforts h~ coordinated. The list of high-level civilian and military degrees
of the members of his committee is very impressive: officers, engineers, and specialists in
physics, life sciences, and social sciences were able to deal with all aspects of the study.
This is not a purely academic study. Concrete problems are raised, and not only for
civilian and military pilots, that call for a response in tenns of action. The makeup of
COMETA [Committee for In-Depth Studies], which is the name ofthe committee, took
these into account. Almost all of its members have, or had during the course of their
careers, important responsibilities in defense, industry, teaching, research or various
central administrations.
I express the wish that the recommendations of COMETA, which are inspired by good
sense, will be examined and implemented by the authorities of our country. The first
report of the AA favored the creation within CNES of the only civilian government agency
known in the world dedicated to the study of UFOs. May this new report, which is much
more in-depth, give new impetus to our national efforts and to indispensable international
cooperation. IHEDN will then have well served the nation and, perhaps, humanity.

"Consider all oftile hypotheses"

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by Denis Letty,
Air Force General, 2nd Section, AA (35)
The accumulation of well-documented sightings made by credible witnesses forces us
to consider from now on all of the hypotheses regarding the origin of unidentifiedflying
objects, or UFOs, and the extraterrestrial hypothesis, in particular. UFOs are now a part
ofour media environment; the films, television broadcasts, books, advertisements, etc.,
dealing with UFOs amply demonstrate this.
Although no characterized threat has been perceived to date in France, it seemed
necessary to the former auditors of the Institut des Hautes Etudes de Defense Nationale
(IHEDN) to take stock of the subject. Along with qualified experts from extremely varied
backgrounds, they are grouped together to forrn a private in-depth fact-finding committee,
which was christened COMETA.
This committee was transformed into a COMETA association, which I chair. I would
like to thank General Bernard Norlain, former director of IHEDN, and Mr. Andre Lebeau,
former chairman of the Centre National d' Etudes Spatiales, without whom COMETA
would not have been born.
In addition, I wish to acknowledge the various people who agreed to give their
testimony or to contribute to this study, and namely:
Jean-Jacques Velasco, Head of SEPRA at CNES,
Fran~ois Louange, Chief Executive Officer of Flex.image,
Jean-Charles Duboc, Jean-Pierre Fartek, Rene Giraud, civilian and military
pilots,
Edmond Campagnac, former technical director of Air France at Antananarivo,
Michel Perrier, Squadron Commander, Gendannerie Nationale
M. Soun, ofthe Direction Generale de !'Aviation Civile [Civil Aviation Agency]
Joseph Domange, Air Force General, Auditors Association delegate general.
I must also thank the commander of the Afr Force Air Operations Command Center for
its participation during the investigation into flight AF 3532 on January 28, 1994.
Among the members ofCOMETA who spared no effort for close to three years, it is
possible for me to list:
Michel Algrin, State Doctor of Political Science, attorney-at-law, AA (35), (1)
Pierre Bescond, Weapons Engineer General, 2nd Section, AA (48),
Denis Blancher, Chief of Police, Police Nationale, Ministry of the Interior,
Jean Dunglas, Doctor of Engineering (Ret.), in Water and Foredtry Management AR
(48)
Bruno Le Moine, Air Force General, 2nd Section, AA (41 ),
Fran~oise Lepine, Fondation pour Jes Etudes de Defense [Foundation for Defense
Studies], AA (33),
Christian Marchal, Chief Mining Engineer, Research Director at ONERA
(National Aerospace Study and Research Office),
Marc Merlo, Admiral, 2nd Section, AA (35),
Alain Orszag, Doctor of Physical Sciences, Weapons Engineer General, 2nd
Section.

#### Page 12

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(/): AA or AR xx: auditor of national or regional promotion no. xx.

INTRODUCTION
In 1976, a committee of the Institut des Hautes Etudes de Defense Nationale (IHEDN)
chaired by General Blanchard1 of the Gendarmerie Nationale1 opened the unidentified
flying objects file. The objective: to make proposals for organizing research and the
collection of data on these phenomena. The-goal was achieved, because the
recommendations of this cornm.ittee were followed b, the creation of the Groupe d'Etude
des Phenomenes Aerospatiaux Non Identifies (GEPAN) [Unidentified Aerospace
Phenomena Study Group], the precursor to the current Service d'Expertise des
Phenomenes de Rentree Atmospherique (SEPRA) [Atmospheric Reentry Phenomena
Consulting Department], a division of the Centre National d ' Etudes Spatiales (CNES),
which is in charge of this file. Twenty years later, it seemed useful to us to take stock
once again of the knowledge regarding these sightings, which are becoming of greater and
greater interest to a large public that is often convinced of the extraterrestrial origin of
UFOs. Just look at the number offilms or television broadcasts on this subject.
For the sake ofconvenience with respect to language, we will use the term UFO
(Unidentified Flying Object) generally1 instead of the more scientific term UAP
(Unidentified Aerospace Phenomenon).
Without a doubt, the phenomenon remains and the number of sightings, which are
completely unexplained despite the abundance and quality of data, is growing throughout
the world. On the ground, some sightings, like the Trans-en-Provence sighting in 1981,
have been the subject of in-depth studies proving that something did in fact land on the
ground and parked there. Civilian and military pilots have provided gripping visual
testimonies, often corroborated by radar recordings, as was the case recently in France. In
view of the lack of irrefutable proof regarding the origin of these phenomena, the need for
understanding persists.
We will devote the first part of this report to several particularly remarkable French and
foreign cases.
In the second part, after having recalled the current organization of the research on
these phenomena in France and abroad, we will evaluate the work being done by scientists
worldwide who are interested in UFOs and are proposing, as we will see, partial
explanations that are based on known laws of physics.
Some of these (propulsion systems, non lethal weapons, etc.) could become realities in
the short, medium and long term.
We will review the principal global explanations proposed, focusing on those that are in
keeping with the current scientific data, which range from secret weapons to
extraterrestrial manifestations.
The UFO phenomenon involves defense in the broad sense and calls for a certain
number of measures, which we will examine in the last part:
- [providing] civilian and military pilots with sufficient information to teach them an
adapted conduct when faced with these phenomena and, more generally, [providing] the
public and decision-makers with information,
- developing the actions of SEPRA and promoting supplemental scientific monitoring,
or even research, actions,
- considering the strategic, political, and religious consequences of a possible
confirmation of the extraterrestrial hypothesis, the bizarre connotation of which it is
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advisable to eliminate here and now.

PART I
Facts and Testimonies

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Before going further, it seems worthwhile to us to present several facts and testimonies
that in themselves justify the interest of the in-depth study that we are going to develop
below:
- three testimonies of French civilian and military pilots who encountered UFOs in flight,
- five major aeronautical cases in the world,
- three sightings frQm the ground,
- four cases ofclose encounters in France.
These few examples are among the hundreds of remarkable, that is to say credible and
well-documented, cases observed around the world in recent decades. None of these
cases has been explained, whereas the majority ohimes the investigations enable the origin
of the phenomena observed by the witnesses to be determined; we will give two significant
examples of this.

Chapter 1 - Testimonies of French Pilots
Three French pilots who encountered UFOs in flight came to testify before the
committee. Their testimonies are all the more interesting because they can be eva1uated
better than other aerial phenomena since they pertain to the aeronautic world.

1.1 M. Giraud, Mirage IV pilot (March 7, 1977).
The sequence of events of this incident was reconstructed from radio exchanges
between the pilot and the controller, which are routinely recorded and kept for a specific
period of time in accordance with the procedure in force at all control centers. The
incident occurred on March 7, 1977, at around 2100 hours local time during the Dijon
flyover when the Mirage IV was returning, the automatic pilot engaged, to Luxeuil after a
night mission. [The aircraft was] at an altitude of9600 m and flying at a speed of"Mach
0.9." The flight conditions were very good. The pilot (P), Herve Giraud, and his
navigator (N) observed a very bright glow at "3 o'clock" (time code) from their aircraft,
at the same altitude, coming on a collision course and approaching very rapidly. We will
designate it "assailant" (A1) in the rest of the account. P queried the Contrexeville
military radar station that controlled them to ask whether they had a radar contact on the
aircraft coming towards them. In fact, P and N thought that it was an air defense
interceptor, as is currently being used, that was seeking to intercept their aircraft to then
identify it with its identification beacon.
The radar controller (C), who did not have a corresponding radar contact on his scope,
gave a negative response and asked the pilots to check their oxygen. This request on the
part of the controller is a standard emergency procedure; it shows that the controller is so

#### Page 14

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surprised by the crew's question that he suspects an oxygen problem capable of causing a
"hallucination."
"Assailant A I " maintained its course towards the Mirage IV. P initiated a bank to the
right toward A 1, a bank which he was forced to keep tightening (3 to 4 g) in order to try
to maintain visual contact on A I and to keep it from positioning itself to the rear. Despite
this maneuver, A I moved behind the Mirage IV at an estimated distance of 1500 m. At
this point P reversed his bank to regain visual contact on A 1. He saw the glow move
away to " 11 o 'clock." He resumed course to Luxeuil. But 45 seconds after he resumed
course to Luxeuil, feeling like he was being "watched" according to his own words, P
told N, "you wait and see, it's going to come back." And in fact, an identical glow,
which we will call A2, appeared at "3 o'clock."
P then initiated a very tight bank (6.5 g) to disengage his aircraft from what he now
considered to be a real threat. The glow followed the Mirage !Y's maneuver in order to
position itself to the rear at an estimated distance of 2000 m. P reversed, as before, and
once again saw the glow disappear under the same conditions. C still did not have a radar
contact on "assailant A2." P and N continued their flight and returned nonnally to the
Luxeuil base.
Those are the facts. Two points should be emphasized:
- only a combat aircraft could have had performance comparable to that of A 1 and A2
(speed, maneuverability). In this case, C would have had a radar contact on this aircraft,
especially at that altitude, a contact that he would have seen all the better since there was
no other traffic in the vicinity of the Mirage lY .
• - given the apparent maneuvers of Al and A2, regardless of whether or not they were
the same craft, their speed could only be supersonic, which, in the case ofcombat aircraft,
would be manifested on the ground by a very loud sonic boom due to the phenomenon of
the focusing of the shock wave generated by the bank. Th.is would have been noticed in
the surrounding area, especially since it was nighttime. But no sound was heard in the
region.

1.2 Testimony of a Fighter Pilot (March 3, 1976)
Since this pilot (P) wanted to preserve his anonymity, the following lines are extracted
from the written deposition that he wished to send to us (he revealed his name
subsequently~he is Colonel Claude Bose). On March 3, 1976, P, then a student pilot at
the Combat Flight School at Tours, was making a solo night flight in a T-33 training
aircraft. The mission consisted of navigating at an altitude of 6000 m following a Rennes­
Nantes-Poitiers itinerary, then landing at Tours. Several aircraft were following the same
itinerary at 5-minute intervals. The night was dark but cloudless, and the towns could be
detected very clearly at the flight altitude in question. Visibility was greater than 100 km.
While he was flying stabilized at an altitude of 6000 m, at a speed of 460 km/h, P first saw
straig ht ahead, very far off in the distance (at the detection limit oflights on the ground)
what he at first thought was the launching ofa green signaling flare.
In 1 to 2 seconds, this flare exceeded the altitude of his aircraft by 1500 m and seemed
to level off in space before descending in his direction. It approached at a dizzying speed
on a collision course with the aircraft and fi lled the entire front windshield of the cockpit.
Th.inking that impact was inevitable, P let go of the joystick and crossed his arms in front
of his face in a reflex protection gesture. The aircraft was completely enveloped in a very
bright and phosphorescent green light. P saw a sphere (S) that avoided his aircraft at the

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very last moment and passed over his right wing grazing it, all within a fraction ofa
second. P retained the following memory of this incident:
- S was not very large ( l to 2 m in diameter),
- S was extended by a tail, which was comparable to that on a comet, that was also a
fluorescent green color,
- the center of S consisted ofa very bright white light (magnesium-fire type),
- the sighting lasted a total of less than 5 seconds.
P, who was very shocked by this phenomenon, informed the radar controller (-)
ensuring the control of the mission on the ground; the controller had not detected anything
on his radar scope. Upon return, two other pilots who had followed the same itinerary as
P stated that they had seen the phenomenon, but from a distance.

1.3 Air France Flight AF 3532 (January 28, 1994)
Jean-Charles Duboc (P), captain of Air France flight AF 3532, was assisted by Copilot
Valerie Chauffour (CP) in making the Nice-London connection on January 28, 1994. At
1314 hours, while they were cruising at an altitude of 11,900 m in the vicinity of
Coulommiers in Seine-et-Mame [Department] under excellent meteorological conditions,
the chief steward, who was present in the cockpit at the time, pointed out a phenomenon
that appeared to him to be a weather balloon. His sighting was immediately confinned by
the copilot. P, who in tum saw it, first thought that it was an aircraft banking at a 45°
angle. Very quickly, however, all three agreed that what they were seeing did not
resemble anything that they knew of The excellent visibility and the presence of
altocumulus clouds permitted P to estimate that the phenomenon was at an altitude of
l 0,500 m and at a distance of approximately 50 km. Taking into account its apparent
diameter, they deduced that the craft was large. They were struck by the changes in the
shape ofthe craft, which first appeared in the form of a brown bell before transforrning
into a chestnut brown lens shape, then disappearing almost instantaneously on the left side
of the aircraft, as if it had suddenly become invisible. P reported to the Reims Air
Navigation Control Center, which had no information on any mobile air presence in the
vicinity. However, following the existing procedure, Reims informed the Tavemy Air
Defense Operations Center (CODA) ofthe sighting made by the crew and asked P to
follow the "Airmiss" procedure upon landing.
CODA did in fact record a radar track initiated by the Cinq-Mars-la-Pile control center
at the same time that corresponded in location and time to the phenomenon observed.
This radar track, which was recorded for 50 seconds, did cross the trajectory offlight AF
3532 and did not correspond to any flight plan filed. It should be noted that the
phenomenon disappeared from the view of the crew and the radar scopes at the same
instant. The investigations conducted by CODA enabled both the hypothesis of a weather
balloon to be ruled out and the precise crossing distance of the two trajectories to be
determined, consequently bringing the approximate length of the craft to 250 min length.
It should be noted that the Northern Regional Air Navigation Center (CRNA), which
handles 3000 movements per day, has investigated only three cases over the last seven
years, one of which was that of flight AF 3532.

Chapter 2 - Aeronautic Cases Throughout the World

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.,
It is appropriate to specify that those cases that have been sighted from aircraft are
considered to be aeronautic cases. This chapter describes five significant cases that
occurred in different parts of the world and which were the subject of an investigation by
the authorities of the countries in question. In four cases, the objects were detected both
visually and by radar. In the fifth case, they were observed by a number of independent
witnesses.
2.1 Lakenheath (United Kingdom) (August 13-14, 1956)

The joint USAF - U.S. Air Force - and RAF [Royal Air Force] military bases of
Lakenheath and Bentwaters are located 30 km northeast of Cambridge with respect to the
first and near the coast to the east of this city with respect to the second. Unknown aerial
objects followed by their radars during the night of August 13 to 14, 1956, were judged
··11nide111ified'' by the report published in 1969 by the Condon Commission tasked with

(Text continues in the original file: 94 pages.)

## Numeric Files 1944–1945 37153 German Armament Equipment Documents (National Archives RG 331)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/331120752NumericFiles1944194537153GermanArmamentEquipmentDocuments
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/331120752NumericFiles1944194537153GermanArmamentEquipmentDocuments
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/18/45
- Location: Germany
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the 1945 memo couldn't date‑stamp the lights.

- 331_120752_Numeric_Files_1944–1945_37153_German_Armament_Equipment_Documents, DoW PDF, March 18 1945, Germany
- Reports SHAEF messages on phenomena, foofighters, flak rockets, cylindrical objects, blinking lights observed by 415th Night Fighter Squadron
- Phenomena remain unexplained; no definitive explanation provided

### Official summary

This file contains SHAEF messages and memorandums related to "night phenomena (foofighters)," flak rockets, unidentified cylindrical objects, and blinking lights. The documents include multiple references to the observations of the 415th Night Fighter Squadron.

### Full text

#### Page 1

DECLASSIFIED FILE COPY
Authority:
NND 947020
AIR STAFF
SUPRELE HEADQUARRS
ALLID EPDNTICAY FORCE
(PORAND)
REP:-BAMF/A/T6.37153/A.2. 16orch 1945.
SuB:-light Phenonera.
TO:- Firet Tactical ir Force (Prov.). ATO 37, US ARY.
1. With reference to roports foawerded from the Xitth
Tactical Air Command through youe Hendqusrtere on tie mulbject of
night phenemomn (foodighter), and further to thin Hoodquarterg'
Letter of cven reference dnted Il Febrvnry, a reply has now been
received from the Air ilniotay who nny that Bosbor Comaind orewn
Have for some tline boen roporting slandlar phononeme.
2. The Air Hniotry Vew Lo tat a fow of the alleged
aircraft mey have been o.262'o and forthn reot, flLak rockety
are eliggested an the nont Ilrely eaplanation.
3. It is regretted that no furrther, or more definite,
infortation can be given.
for the Deputy Supene Camander,
C.M. CRDRION
Adr Commmore
A.C. of B. A-2
2354
4336

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Orierson:t. '
A.G. of S. A-2
Air Staff S . H. A, ~

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Air Ministry. D.D.I.2.

ff

Date :

13th March, l94J .

Ref :

·111/ 45/DD:E2~AR194'1

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BALtlS CF FIRE_ __ RJ.,}2.

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The papers dealing with
the abo e subject which you en­
closed 1th your memo SHAEF Air/
TS.37153/A2 dated 11th February,
have been carefully examined and
discussed with the various other
Departments concerned.
Bomber commRnd crews have

ror some time been report1n~ s1m1lar phenonema. A rew of the
alleged aircraft may have been ue.
262 and for the re~t, flak rockets
are suggested aa the most likely
explanation.
The whole affair is
still something of a mystery and
the evidence ie very sketchy and
varied eo that no definite and
satisfact ory explanat
?o !
can~yet
1t
be

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E. D. . Hop!lirts
Croup Cftf)tai,

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SUPR &l.i.!! HC:.J DQ.Uh.RT .:.'R S
ALLI.;<.;n 3XP~'HTI O.L.,_~y F0°C5 (FO~, ARD )

Office of t he J4SSi stant Chi Jf of .::it 11f f , - 2
P3F

14 A\ar ch 1945

SHI W/AI RjS . 37lB3/A- 2

SUBJ~CT: Request f or Phot o, r aphs .

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L a~. 1ST OS. TAC. A. F.
Att ontion AC of s. A- 2•

~e.r-,r Jnoe your l etter daten 12 .Maroh ns ki ne; that
phot os be furnished a s msntioned in our Si -na l 1 . I . ~80
r' r,t ad 4 t ~r ch, thi!'" offi ce has sinc'3 been i nfo ru. .. ri by In .

1

IX TAC. Thnt t h-3 pi ctures of "Long oylindriMl objaots 1'
cl nimci by tn'3 107th _.,. R. Squnt'l rou p i lot prov,,' ·, o Oil u n s uccessful .

?or cho neput y Su prem9 Comman~ er s

T. G. ,,.i.;;s.
Lt-Col . AC .
A- 2 "D8CCC:.

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2356

#### Page 4

R.A.F. Form 96. DESSAGE FORM Signal File No. 58.A
IN No.of Office Date Stamp
37153 Groups
Messa GR
OUT SIGNALS OFFICE
HEaDing -5 MAR 1945
SIGNALS READQUARTERS
FROM (Above tins hne is Lor Signals use ouiy)
AIR STAFF, SHAMF. (FORNARD).
TO AIR MONISTRY, WHTTEHAIL.
REPEATED
inaor's Number Date (Wrie horizoutally)
A.I. 321 5 MARCH 19.5. YOUR AX 222 4TH MARCH(. 5
UNDERSTAND EROMIDI2 VISITIG HIKE TODAY THAT ALL 10
AVAILABLE DOB TORFEDOES FROL TRIPPELVERKE 15
-MOLSFNDN HAXALDAMYBEST 1 HCHICIRCH() DDT2 20
WILLCIECKIURTEERELSIUSSTAF AD REPCRT On RETURNT TO 25
-U.K.ADOOPSTE_MARCE 30
35
40
45
50
May be sent AS WR!TTEN (1) By-ANY Signal Method Send in CYPHER *(I) By ANY Signal Date-Time Croup
) NOT by Wireless Method O5 1700%
*(3) But if liable to Interceptias NOT by Wireless
o Capture SEND IN CYPHER Originatòr's Instructions
Signature.. /erih Signature 2359 Degree of Priority
Rank Mank.. IPORTAT
(".Strike out methods which do not apply. Below this line is for Signals use only)
Systeto Time System Time System Time T.O.R.
is in Reader Sender out ouf Reader Sender- out eader Sender 0517,6
724899 Wt. 49887/03734 497.000 Pads 3/44 MP 51·8336

#### Page 5

22
ASDS 0414324
AIR MINISTRY WHITEHALL
TO S.H.A.E.F. (FORWARD) FOR AIR COMMODORE GRIEE PHAEFM
5MAR1945 fiwd
ABLE XRAY TWO TWO TWO FOURTH MARCH SEOREP PD 11C
REFERENCE MIKESUGARWIILIAM SIX DATED SECOND JANUARY ONENINEFOURFIVE FROM VCAS
TO AIR MARSHAL ROBB STRESSING IMPORTANCE OF RECOVERING BULK STOCKS OF GERMAN
BOMB TORPEDOES FROM TRIPPEIWERKE MOLSHEIM AND REPIN JIG MIKE ROGER SLANT
ONE TWO TWO DATED SECOND JANUARY BULK DELIVERIES HAVE NOT REPEAT NOT YEF mMB.9871
AIR STAFF
BECUN FD PLEASE INVESTIGATE AS STOCKS ARE REQUIRED URCENTLY. DISTRIBUTION
ACTION .NFOR.
A-? A-2
2360 A.3 A-3
PRIORITY IMPORTANT A-4 -4
ir. S11
4345 IMPORTANT SMC0

#### Page 6

IMMEDIATE B5MAR1945
A
HIAEPNLN8Wd 90
5MAR1945
10c.A 37153 A R STAFE
DISTRIBUTION
ACTION .NFOR.
2 989/21
GZO-NR-ITS-21-OPOP
FROM: HQ IX TAC 0S1102A
TO: AIR STAFF S.H.A.E.F. FORWARD
SEGRET QQY BT
REFERENCE YOUR MESSAGE AI.320 DATED 041745A: PHOTOS OF LONG CYLINDRICAL
OBJECTS TAKEN BY 67TH TAC/R PILOTS 011030 VICINITY F-5710 WERE UNSUCC
ESSFUL, FULL WRITTEN REPORT WILL FOLLOW.
QUESADA
BT 051102A
DRP AR
AFF R .....05/1132 KS AR
2361
4346 1136

#### Page 7

R.A.F. Form 96. MESSAGE FORM Signal Office File No.
Office Date Stamp
MESSAGE
OUT SIGNALSOFFICE
Heading 4 MAR1945
UL.S-HENDQUARTERS
(Above tha hiae is for Signals use only)
FROM AIR STAFF S.H.A.E.F. FORWARD.
TO (M)nd T.A.F./)ST TAC A.F.
AIR MINISTRY. USSTAF. H.Q. IXTH TAC.
REPEATED NINTH AIR FORCE. (M)
O or's Number Date (Write horizontally
AI. 320 4 MARCH 1945 FOLLOWING RECEIVED FROM H.. NNTH 5
TAC AIR COMMAND DATED 1 MARCH QUOTE PILOTS REPORT FOLLOWING AN ALUMINUM 10
COLOURED CYLINDER SHAPED OBJECT COMMA ABOUT 12 FEET LONG 15
AND I FOOT IN DIAMETER WAS OBSERVED FLOATING IN THE ATR AT 20
_9,000 FEET () IT APPEARED TO BE SUSPENDED VERTICALLY 25
WITH SMALL FINS AND A MAST PROJECTING FROM THE LOWER 30
END) THE OBJECT WAS ATTACKED AND PARTIALLY DEFLATED 35
COMMA A RED FLAME RESULTED WITHOUT SMOKE (.) THE CYLINDER 40
DID NOT. DISINTECRATE (.) PHOTO TAKEN BY 107 SQ. 45
OF 67 TAC/R GROUP AT O11030 HOURS VIC F-5710 UNQUOTE .) 50
May be sent AS WRITTEN *(1) By ANY Signal Method Sendin CYPHER (l) By ANY Signal Date-Time Group
() NOT by Wireless Method
(3)But if liable to Interceptio NOT by Wireless
or Capture SEND in CYPHEr 2362 Originator's Instructions
Signature. Gignature. IMMEDATE - of Priority
Rank heank
(.Strike out meihods which do not apply. Below this line is for Sugnats use only)
System Time Systemo Time Sysem Time T.O.R.
in in Reader Sender out out Reader Sender out Out Reader Sender
4347
724899 WL. 49887/03734 497,000 Pads 3/44 MP 51-8336 .

#### Page 8

in Syster Rank Signature (.) AI.
_REPORTED (.). ALSO FULL PHOTOS TO TO FROM Heading MEssace
in Time 'or's Number REPEATED R.A.F. Form 96.
724899 Wt. 49887/03734 497,000 Pads 3/44 MP 51-8336 Reader May be sent AS WRITTEN *(1) By ANY Signal Method OUT IN
Sender terer FURTHER WRITTEN 4 MARCH
2 (2) NOT by Wireless AIR MINISTRY Date
out System or Capture SEND IN CYPHER *(3) But if liable to Inierceptio
out Tume
Reader (Strike out methods which do not appiy. Below this line is for Signals use only ) Mank INSTANCES. REPORT BY COMMA (Wrate horizontally) - PAGE 2 -
Sender Signature (Above Lihus hine is lor Signats use outy) MESSAGE FORM
out System PILOTS USSTAF
out Time 2363 ) NT by Wireless Sendin CYPHER *(i) By ANY Signal Date-Time Group ALSO..TO Groups No. of
Reader Method AND ignal Office File No.
Sender IMMEDIATE 041745A. BE
T.O.R SEORET Degree of Priority Originator's Instructions CONCERNED 15 A.C.I.U. Office Date Stamp
V
$\Af$ 0 S

#### Page 9

SECRET SEC
SHAEF
STAFF MESSAGE CONTROL
INCOMING MESSAGE
TOR O1210OA MARCH
TO0 Ol1g47a MARCH mhm Ol2115A MARCH
) E P R I R I T) HAEFM fud
Q -2MAR1945
FROM : HQ IX TAC SIGNED QUESADA 37153
:GG SHAEF MAIN ATTN A-2, CG NINTH AF ADV ATTN A-2
REF NO : NONE, 1 MARCH 1945
Pilots report the following:
An alumlnum colored cylindes shaped object,
about l2 ft long and i ft in dlameter was observed floating in the
sir at 9,Ooo ft, It appeared to be suspended vertlcally With smell
Tins and a mast projecting from the lower end, The: object was sttacked
and partlally deflated, a red flame resulted without smoke. The
Cylinder did not disintegrate).
Photo taken by lo7 SQ of 67 TAc/R Group at Oll030
hours vle F-57l0,
ACTION : AIR STAFF MB.1604/14.
INFORMATION : Gm2 AIR STAFF
SHAEF FORWARD DISTRIBUTION
AG RECORDS ACTION .NFOR.
A-2 A-
A.3 A-3
A-4 A-
sil
AG
2364
SMC IN 310 1 MAR 45 2200A AGD/wml REF NO: NONE
SECRET COPY NO. 8
THE MAKING OF AN EXACT COPY OF THIS MESSAGE IS FORBIDDEN

#### Page 10

SEG5A OrO
:- A.D. I.(K), Air Ministry.
To:- A/Car. Grierson, S.H.A.E.F.Main,
(Air Div.).
Copy to C.I.O. 2nd T.A.F.
Date:; 17th February 1945. SIA
Reference your SHAEF AIR/S.37153/A.2
dated 14th February 1945 with the attached
CX report, this probably refers to"Flak Bombe"
mentioned in A.D.I.(K) Report No. 562/1944,
paragraphs 128 and 129.
SI-IAEFMAIN FW7
21 FEB 1945
37153
S.D.Felkin,
Wing Commander.
SDF/GJ 2365
4350

#### Page 11

AIR STAFF
SUREME HEADQUARTERS E8A
ALLIED AXPRDITICNARY FORCE.
REP: SHAEF ATR/T8.37153/A-2. 11 February 19.5.
SUBJECT: Night Phenonena.
TO: Headcuarters, U.S.S. T.A.F
(For attention of Chief Teobtical Intelligence
Officer, Col. Bradley).
Attached are copies of papers received fror the Virst
Tac. Air Force (Frov). From the number of reports cuoted in
the 2nd W/Ind from the 4l5th Night Fighier Souadron, it would
seem that there must be something more than here imagination
behind the matter, and in view of the foot that pilots ond crews
are becoming alightly vorried by them, it is considered that
everything possible should be done to get to the root of the
motter.
2. Copies of the reports have been sent to the Air Ministry
for their consideration, and the Scientific Inves igation
Division of this Headquarters (iir. Roberteon) has also been asked
to corisider the problem.
3. In ths meantine, it is suggeeted thet it night bo as well
for an Air Tochnical Intelligence Officer to visit the Unit
concerned and obtain reports and imprersions at first hand from
aircrew persomel
For the Deputy Supreme Comnander
C.M. GRTERSON,
2402 Air Commodore,
A.C. of S., A-2,
Alr Staff, STArF
4.91

#### Page 12

FILT COPY
AIR STAFF 47A
SUPREME HEADQUARTERS
ALLIED EXPEDITTONARY FORCE
REF:- 37153 11 February 1945.
TO:- First Tactical Air Force (Prov.), APo 374, U.S. ARY.
l. Reference to your 3rd Indorsement on the subjeet of
night phenomenon originated by the 4l5th Night Fighter
Squadron, there is no information at this Headquarters
which might explain the nature and cause of the lighis
and other phenomena described by the pilots of this
Squadron.
2. The matter is, therefore, being referred to the
Air Ministry in order to find out whether any fupthes also
Officer from UssTAF to visit the Unit concerned.
For the Deputy Suprene Commander,
C.M. GRIERSON,
Air Courodore,
A.C. of S., A-2.
2403
4392

#### Page 13

t

~

1

•

5"J .!!ld.9.!! £!

~

~Al-~
2nd Ind .

~t

0
~ ~- ,1- 2

HEADQUARTERS XII TACTICAL AI R COUMAf!!) (ADV), APO #374 , U,. S . Army_ ,
1 Febr u ary 1 945 .
"''k ~I\ P:: r;
I

-~,'\

Commanding General , Fi rs t Tactic al Air Forc e (Prov) gflm3)1~ 4 ,
U. S . Army. At tn : A/ C of S , A - 2 .
,s c

TO:

A..

Attent i on is invited to 2nd W/Ind.
J rj

,~

~

c. c.u-- <> ~v;-­

/ IBAVITT CORNING , JR .,

Lt .

Colonel, G. S .
A/C of S, A- 2 .

}rd Ind.

c. ,

D- Y-1

HEADQUARTERS, FIRST TACTICAL AIR FORCE (PROV), APO }74, U S Army, 5 Februa ry 1945.
TO:

Chief Intelligence Of ficer, Air Staff SHAEF,
1.

APO 757•

Forwar ded for your information.

2 . Thia headquarters has no further i nformati on or explanation in connection
with t hese phenomena.

; . It i s bel ieved that furthe r investigation i s warranted . Si nce app ropriate
technical personnel are not avail able within the First Tactical Air Force, the matter
i s f orwa rded f or such further investi gation as may be advisable.

1 Incl.

#1 - l et & 2nd W/I nd, 23 Jan 45
and ; o Jan 45.

:SGRE4'
-S --

4393

2404

101

-

#### Page 14

SECRET

HEADQUA.11TERS XII TACTICAL AIR COMMAND (ADV)
•
Office of the A/C of S, A-2

D-C-1

APO 374, US Army,

16 January 1945.

SUBJECT:

Night Phenomenon.

TO

Commending General, First Tactical Air Force (Prov),
APO 374, US Army.
Attn: A/C of S, A-2.

:

1. The following is quoted from training and tactical
information supplied by the 415th Night Fighter Squadron ~or
the month of December 1944:
"We have encountered a phenomenon which we cannot
explain; crews have been followed by lights that blink on and
off changing colors etc. The lights come very close and fly
formation with our planes. They are agitating and keep the
crews on edge when they encounter them, mainly because they
cannot explain them. It is requested further information be
furnished on this subject, such as similar experiences of other
night uni ts 11 •

2.

Further information is requested.

LEAVITT CORNING, JR.,

Lt. Colonel, G. S. C.,

A/c of s, A-2.

lat Ind
D-B-1
HEADQUARTERS, FI RST TACTICAL AIR FORCE (PROV ), AO of S A-2, APO 574, US Army,
20 January 1945
TO:

AO of S A-2, XII Tactical Air Command, APO 574, US Army
1.

There have been no instances reported as above.

2. Before an inveati~ation can be made it will be necessary to have
more complete information, such as colors of the lights, their intensity,
size, duration, and at what altitudes seen ; also i f t he lights are observed
at any specific hours. Do subject lights cross Allied lines and in what
direction are they seen to tra vel? Also, has it been noted o~ what part of
the aircraft are they carried, i .e. wing, tail, prop; and how close do they
approach our aircraft?

For t he Assi stant Chief of Staff

2405 - 1-

SECRET

A~2:

/4
\J ~ ~• }'I.LA. _
4J95 s ·v a~ v~-~
Major AC
Executive Officer

#### Page 15

1st W/Ind.
HEADQUARTERS XII TACTICAL AIR COMMAND, APO #374, u.s. Army, 23 January 1945.
TO:

S-2, 415 Night Fighter Squadron.
Forwarded for compliance with paragraph 2 of 1st Ind.

E. ~

TT CORNING, JR .,

olonel, G. s. c.,
A/C of S, A-2.
2nd. W/I nd.

415th. llI GRT FI GHTER ~U.AD:RON, APO 1/374, U. S. Army, 30 J a nuary 1945.

TO:

AC of S A-2

XII Tactical Air Command, APO 374 , U. S. Army.

1. In compliance with par agr aph 2 of 1st. I nd . , the f ollowing extracts from
t he Sortie Reports of var ious pilots who have encountered the Night Phenomenon
are submitted for your information.
Night of 14- 15 December 1944 - "In vicinity of Ert1tein {V-9381) flyi ng at
1000 ft. observed large red light at 2000 ft . going East a t 18: 40 h r s .
Travelling at appr ox imatel y 200 MFR"
N1ght of 16-17 Decembe r 1944 - " 20 mi lee North of ~re i sach (W-0173) a t
800 ft. observed 5 or 6 flash ing red end gr een lights in "T" shape .
Tl ought they we re flak . .About 10 minute e later se w the same l i ghts much

closer a nd behind me. r.e turned port a nd Sta rboa rd and the light s
followed. They closed in to about 8 O' clock and 1000 ft. and r emained
in that po~-:ition f or sever al minutes and then di sappeared. "
Night of 22-23 December 1944 - "Patro l l ing a t Anpel s 10 from Sarrebourg
to StrnGb ourg lforth a nd South of h i i;hwe.y . At 06: 00 hrf. eaw two l1 ght e
coming towar ds A/O f r om the ground. Upon reachi ng elt1tude of plane ,
t hey l evel ed off nnd r,t ~yed on my tail for appro7 1ma tely 2 minutes.
L1~h a-ppea.red to 'bo e. lar ge oran..-e 1 1oTT . After iitoying "11th A/C for
approx i cately 2 oinut es , t hey would peel off and turn away, f lt a long
level for a few minutoc and th~n go out . They appeared to oe under ~erfect
control c.t all times. L1ghts were 8e en some,·,bere in vicinity of lle.genau."

SEGH13'P
------

2406

#### Page 16

S*E-C-R-E-T

•

2 nd . VI/Ind., 415th . Ni ght Fighter Squadron 30. January 1945 con 1 t.
Night of 23-24 December 1944 - 11 0bserved r eddi sh colored flames a t
considerable di stance a nd at approx imately 10 ,000 ft."
Ni gh t of 23- 24 December 1944 - "Approximatel y 10 miles South of Point X (Q6745)
noticed to NE approxi matel y 5 mile s a glo~ing r ed obj e ct shooting s tra i ght
up. 0hanged suddenly to pl ane view of A/C doing a wing over and go i ng
into a dive a nd di sappearing ."
Ni ght of 26-27 December 1944 - 11 At 01: 45 hrs . saw two yellorr streaks of
f l ame flying a t ~ame l eve l at approx imatel y 3000 ft . off port s ide . We also
saw red balls of f ire that stayed up for 10 seconds approximatel y 45 miles
away . .After seeing yeliow s treaks, made s tarboa rd vector l os t a l titude
and st reaks disappeared f rom vi ew . Cal led GCI Blunder and a sked if any E/A
Vlere in vicinity . They answered No. Instru~d to return to Angel s 10.
We felt what was tho~t to . be prop wash; very di st inct. Noticed several
groups of lights off port while patrolling in vicinity of Q-9050 and R-1556
Lights made di stinct lines somewhat like arrows ."
Night of 26-27 December 1944 ·- 11 Vihi le on vector 0 90 near V-7050 duri ng
patrol we . observed a irbo rne whi te l ights . They were staggered evenly
vertical l y and we could see f rom 1 to -4 S\'ling at once. They appeared
stationary at 10,000 ft. 11
Ni g1 t of 26-27 December 1944 - "Observed light a t same altitude while in
vicinity of Wor ms
Observer saw light come withi n 100 f t. Peeled off and
took evasive action but light contiilll.ed to follow fo r 5 minutes . Light
then pulled up rap idly and went out of s i ght . 11
.I.

N ght of 27-28 December 1944 - 11 \7b.ile on North headi ng in patrol area
noticed in vicinity of ~-1378 lights suspended i t air moving slowly and
V1Uu.ld then disappear . Were orange in color•. Lights a ppeared singly and i n
pa irs . Observed these lights four or f ive t i me s during period. "
Night of 27-28 December 1944 - 11Eight- mil-es NE of LunevBle a t 19:10 hrs .
saw three sets of three lights ( red and white ) one on starboard and one on
port from 1000 ft. to 2000 f t. to r ear and clmsing in a t Angels 10. Pulled
up to Angels 8 and light s went out. Called Churchman to see if there ~1ae
anything in area. Received a negative r eply. "
Night of 30-31 December 1944 - 11 Saw a group of lights f l ying through the
a i r 30 or 40 miles East of base while f lying at Angels 9 - 10. 11
Ni ght of 1-2 J anuary 1945 of Saverne" .

11

SawltFoofighters North of Stra sbou rg and North

Night of 14-15 J anuary 1945 - "Observed a lar ge ora nge ~low in sky approx .
5 ft. in diameter in vi cinity of I ngweiller a.t 6000 f t. a t 20:00 hr s. "

'

2407

S-E- C- R-E- T

#### Page 17

•

9E8RB'f

•

2nd . Y( /Ind . , 415th. Night Fight e r Squa dron, 30 J anuary 1945 eon' t.

Night of 29- 30 January 1945 - 11 At about 00: 10 hrs. sighted a. Foofighter
about half way between Ueissembourg and Landau. Foofi ghter was off to
the starboard and rear at Angels 2 . Lights ue r e amber and one wa s 20 50 ft . above t he other and of about 30 seconds duration. Foofighter wa s
about 1000 ft . away and foll owing . The lights vrere about a f oot i n
diameter. Lights disappeared when Travel 34 turned int o them. 11 •
2.

I n every ca$e where pi l ot ca lled GCI Control and a sked if t here was a
Bogey A/C in t he a rea he received a negative answer.

~~

Ca;ptain , A. 8. ,
l ntelligence ·offi cer .

/

* Fbofight ers is t he mame given thes e phenomenon by combat crev,s of this
Squadron.

2408

## Records Relating to the Collection and Dissemination of Intelligence 1948-1955-TS CONT No.2 2-5300-2-5399 (National Archives RG 341)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/341110448RecordsRelatingtotheCollectionandDisseminationofIntelligence1948-1955-TSCONTNo22-5300-2-5399
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/341110448RecordsRelatingtotheCollectionandDisseminationofIntelligence1948-1955-TSCONTNo22-5300-2-5399
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 11/8/48
- Location: Netherlands
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The report predates the sighting—apparently their clocks ran faster than the craft.

- DoW pdf titled 341_110448, Air Force intelligence, dated 11 Aug 1948, about Netherlands.
- Describes 307th Bomb Group Sep 5 1948 jet‑propelled craft off Holland, plus other saucer sightings.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

An Air Force intelligence report from November 1948 relating to unidentified flying objects and flying saucers.

### Full text

#### Page 1

DECLASSIFIED
Authority:
TOP SECRET NND 843014
SECURITY INFORMATION
Directorate of Intelligence
Headquarters, U. S. Air Foree
4B-854 Pentagon
All documents filed in numerical sequence according to Top Secret Control Number.
TS 30NT. NO. 2-5300 - 2-5399
Nov 48
TOP SECRET
SECURITY INFORMATION
NW 90307
Docld:34714985 Page 1

#### Page 2

2-5317
AFOIN-4 (Rev 5 Dee 47) COVER SHEET T.S. Cont. #
L-Hq, USAP
* *
RECORD OF BASIC CORRESPONDENCE OR REQUEST b. CLASSIFICATION:
FROM: DATE: 8 Ner548
* AFOIR-CO TYPE: TOP STCRET
SUMMARY: Extrects fram T #1524
D/I, HQ.USAF ~ A-2, USAFE SUSPENSE
DATE
*
ASGD BY
DATE RECEIVED DIR/INT NO.
c.TOL AFOIR SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS - REMARKS DATE 8NOw 48
1.Suithed far in fornatio
2. All items have beem ditailuted NO.
3.Dtem uSAFE 14 hashe ditaibuteL to CIAt, AMC,+
armament Dmtelligence Branch , Des/M.
4. Stem USAFE 1 hes hem datributedto oIR-SR.
USE OTHER SIDE THIS SHEET FOR ADDITIONAL REMARKS Co-12
TO BR. TO TO DIV. TO TO DIR/INT TO
DOWN UP DOWN UP DOWN UP
OIP-PP
0IP-FL AFOIP ASST EXEC
ADMIN
OIR-CO ASST EXEC 348
OIR-DD 10No
OIR-AA AFOIRVLS
OIR-CM EXECUTIVESU
OIR-RC 8NOV
OAI-OA DIR/INT
OAI-DA
OAI-AE AFOAI
OAI-AF
OAI-SV
OCI-IS
OCI-RR AFOCI
OCI-CI
...... Action
...... 376
Coordination
DATE REC'D BR DISPATCH FILE
ACTION ASGD TO DATE DISPATCHED BY TO
SIGNEDWonDATE DATE DISPATCHED
8-3477,AF
NW 90307
DocId:34714985 Page 2

#### Page 3

BE
USAFE 2

TT 1524

S!CRE'f

~!;
~.\~

4 Nov 48

To Gen Cabell
We now have one complete set of all reports prepared by special

intelligence organization of the European Command from its conception to
present date.

We are forwarding these reports for your inspection and

final disposition.

We are of the opinion that inspection of these reports

will lend weight to arguments for allocating Air Force funds to this

organization.

Advise caution in utilizing these reports as mst of them.

were forwarded as received.

{END OF ITEM)

NW90307
Docld:34714985 Page 3

#### Page 4

USAFE 10

'lT 1524

OONPIDEN!:I:AL

4 Nov 1948

From OI OB
Following report on unidentified aircraft sighting comes from 307th Bomb
Group which participated in operation daggar.

Unidentified aircraft was

sighted by three crews of the group at 14022 5 Sep 48 off west coast of Holland,

5155N/0355E. Altitude of all aircraft was 30,000 feet. When first sighted
the unidentified A/C was cruiamng at a normal jet speed, heading 120 degrees.
Soon after f'ir~t. seen, A/C began leaving smoke trails and condensation trails
accompanied by sudden acceleration and then climb.

Generali agreed by

observers that it was a single jet propelled A/C employing probably rocket
assists with tremendous reserve power, more than normal curising speed tor
jets of the 1947 variety.

Never within identification range; its course

did not indicate its purposeo
Our evaluation of the above:
(iND OF ITDI)

I
I

NW90307

Docld:34714985 Page 4

B-2.

#### Page 5

TOP SECRET
USAFE l4

ff 1524

!OP SSCRET

4 Nov 1948

From OI OB
For some time we have been concerned by the recurring reports on .f'lying
saucers. They periodically continue to cbp up; during the last week., one was
observ·ed hovering over Neubiberg Air Base tor ab:>ut thirt-7 minutes. Th9J'
have been reported by so many sources and from such a variet7 of places that
we are convinced that they cannot be disregarded and mu.st be explained on eom.e
basis wh.£ch is perhaps slightly beyond the eeope o t our present intelligeace
thinking O
•
When officers of this Directorate recently visited the Swedieh Air
Intelligence Service. This question was put to the Swedes. Their answer
was that soma reliable and fully technically qualified people have reached
the conclusion that "these phenomena are obviouel;r the result of a high
••ohnical skill which cannot be credited to any- presently known culture on
e~.n Thq1are therefore assuming that these objects originate from eome
previous4" unknown or unidentified technology, possibly outside the earth.

One of these objects was observed by a Swedish technical expert near
his .home on the edge of a lake. The object crashed or landed in the lake
and he car16ully noted its azimuth trom his point or observa:tion. Swedish
intelligence was sufficiently confident in his observation that a naval
salvage team was sent to the lake. Operations were 'Wlderw81' during the
visit ot USAF1~ officers. Divers had discovered & previosul.y uncharted
crater on the floor ot the lake. No further information is anilable, bat
we have been promised knowledge of the resultao In their opinion., the
observation was reliable, and they- believe that the depress.ion on the floor
ot the lake, 'Which did not appear on current IJdrographic charts, was in
fact caused by a flying saucer.
•
Although accepting this theory of the origin of these objects posea a
who,le new group of questions and puts much of our think:i.ng in a changed
light, we are inclined not to discredit entirely this somewhat spectacular
theory, meantime keeping an open mind on the subject. What are your
reactions?
TOP
(Effl) OF USAPB ITEM: 14)

NW90307
Docld:34714985 Page 5

#### Page 6

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poSoduo aa anq fauoupod au qnt Aanp uo ae uotarsod qmoy spq Adnoo
soutdom aou) oowtd uy md out qew goumn Tossop oa anorarm pue fooay jo
aunorq oy Tony pus uado en uy poxaed ore arerorro fouoraetrgsuy ou
sey Atauaurno ptoprrte ou pooumoo aen sey xon se qoorqns ou umou ere
eTrenep on pretrape eun jo Crepunoq qhaen odn apteand posonrgsuoo Supeq et
Aamumt pansd anq e/s saoqou ott q s/n saegou 0o9 ornqeed Toaet rdrts
Atauredde raumo or ptor su ptetrrry potou 3o 3oaqns eyn u
Arogorystes ueeq eary o4 poogsropum euon satasex anq "Burason ro sAep Moy
roarv poAcror oaon saey Aeuae Teureaxe Trs v Jo uorulTogatt ota poaToaurT
quowdynbe sjux quaurtaox sT yo Z-nL pue Lyot x ano popareoetem (ootaep
Supurea TT v) aepex ouroqrre yar saueurtrode "rougmd guouriredmoo
poguoT '(7-) "H0 *g ed1 AT 4aT p0aT3 r 38og 89 Jo Z-n1 TTv
"audmos eq Trtn streg op rey md ure3tepum toao e.rom
seousy roanr yo saury auure ou soreq "eregoot ot oq o ofue
mnurpaceu oar neaorreq oy auu? pur "oad oyg anoyanor preptrens st 3os ed4g
su seasttoq oy sogus au dn wu poxotd ue goe oun uoq arono ooos
on poqurto uou oq "euoronrgeur Suprorton "sregew ooet go epnanTe pum
uT "arearre on L76t BuTady u eprotoyy poavot asrty s goo eu2
courre sroavredo non oun upern oq Arqumso.rd qes oyn unra sestaroxo
uoraerodooo Surpty poaonpuco quutde sT urea.roo 3ou y qnq 'ond oq
pouTese "Axre oq on gos sTn yo TOuosred soueTTeq oH nanpok. pOTT
oT qe oda oTuI (vTuotouN 1o umo oy Jou "pToTraTy 30 M RX 9)

#### Page 7

SECRET
USAFE 16 TT 1524 4 Nov 48
CIC source reports that the Ruseians have ordered Cak Missions in foreign
countries to purchase radar tubes in large quantities regardless of costs,
Kission also instructed to purchase a complote radar set.
(Bval C-3)
(END Or ITDM)
SECRET
NW 90307
Docld:34714985 Page 7

## Numerical File, 5-2500 (National Archives RG 341)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/341110677NumericalFile
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/341110677NumericalFile
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 10/14/55
- Location: Azerbaijan
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

October 14, 1955—so vintage the pilot probably called in on a rotary phone.

- 341_110677_Numerical_File,_5-2500, DoW pdf, incident 10/14/55, Azerbaijan.
- Eye‑witness report of ascent and flight of an unconventional aircraft over trans‑Caucasus USSR.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Air Intelligence Information Report, 14 October 1955, Report of eye witness account of the ascent and flight of a unconventional aircraft in the trans-Caucasus region on the USSR.

### Full text

#### Page 2

82%
A
rone imda etrerant me borosbed byuehnee nigaly relonte bnitad atanes
asl dbuorvem rmracanay donuihoed that pley Seu a"
anen da gying dtagebao ielonnanngl bgcuredrao igio hong
Od des atrcrart asgondad airost eerttoalig,ad a reasinay aion apy mde
pchdns ses epond then insgcned aamiy as ia kodiai dorpie
coffares tan abote lsaladleausosth et the ratayiins mhere tvg secolias
MA
Thls document cons ista of 9
Copy No. Copiar
INW.91377
Dodld:e474 9n08 Paue 2

#### Page 3

CMOUNAMNONOOTOLNOTSSTDAT CHSIEH
THONL
WUSRTIHORTRGSNOISMUIOUEONLN
P NO SMEVAS IAVA aTCOEt ANE JOL NO DAVNOTLVS SUNOIT ONI NIN CM
OSIC LAVIY AINNIT ENO ITTVOTLUEA LSONTY SLO DNITME NEAS ARIET SIID
ONTTL CO SOSIC ONLITE DICTTGUSAU IMUDAIV TMOINHANOON UUTNOIOY
I ONL NOIDEI SNSVORVD SAML NL ILVRLY OULLAVENG ULAV TTYA IS SELNNI
CNON OTGT JM SS
ismottoy qmg pure Cot-g sy requmu Torauod varvsn sgaoo Ct uo avsn ebh o4
b. SS-C6T
(NdoyON)

#### Page 5

roachinae2a09.
roby naticabio bobrben ascont and lovalsei
conld searthg talco-ger on tho horizon to dur loft or south
PiThu dide roselih thb cane posi tion as it Nasiin aheh itsped
thg atii buds or the flying diso uas sadd do resamble
vraluahlen technical detailg
aboae
PARTEODSERVATIONSNTBARU
A long Nn train comurised of rlat cars waa secn gutsiderot
as belngaplaboonrsice,uwith a slotin Mhe reartorran pntboard 8%
wiolnity.
hihower
K
WARNiNG. Thie douument contains Intormation affecting the netlonal deremse or tha Undted States within the mpaning of the
Eosionage Iawa, Tarie 18, U, S, G., Sentionh 7ey and 794, Jra transmisaion or the revolation or iheldontenre Ho ahr blonner ta an
waauthorized person is ntohibited by Jea Ir mar not be reproducud in whole or in part, br other than Uinited Stares Ay Fores
Asanolaaexeeptby permibabnorhe Ditnotar orLatellidence,USAp
AF, 60 1112a REPLACES AE FORMIZ-SART D, I JUN S, CLASSIFISATION (SECUNITY INRORMATTON WHOR AeN )
WHICH WAY BRUSEDS
Sa
NW.91377
DodId:34749008 Page 5.

#### Page 6

28
saru gou pup r rgt-pnr aun treyn aarteus inurua eug ap roaudrn tuis oug qeur
eun euttiugo Aameut sn stoo sugaeg aen I uota dnuocep eua ro our oun 4n
nsprsronpuromalouco
SUL PTeT
"pton rejoustmoo oud uoug Aan bun wd nytd Jo bs rgjou no oug uo pocoed su
b 55-861 21
ON ANONTU

#### Page 8

Cardbouets wbnon hudand loeatedinthohure Rn yards.There were
Fon iinutesbltor.
were tud thacks and possibly three.
Hon Kosics on HathawayStatedthathconstruabion waswgoinnpn
the construction onets,usingua prerabrieated
588
wora spotted alongtherrirhttot mmy rthenaithisuprefabrioationitasttaling
place. Cnble reelb and staelto af netal tonara Mero seany the touers
iycorolabod-al
94888
ahions of onr ocrice im Praguey no moro dan bo. reporit
trom.thaas.cncellonbraourous.
ClCLUSAF
DECLASSIFIED
NAD857013
MARA D5126
REPRONUCTION OFTHIS DOCUNENNT IN HNOLN
OR IN PANT IS PNONIEITED EXCEPT WIE
PERMISSION OF THE ISSUING OFFICE
WARNzivG: This documenr contains dnformation afeoting the national defense of the United States within the bneaniag of the
Bupionade Laws, Tiele I8, W, S, O Seorlons 793 and 7o4. Ite transmission or the revelationt of Wes contenies in any mannol to on
Unaushorized porsom is prohibited br law. It may not bo roprdduced in whole br in part, by other than United States dir Foree
AF 112a REPLACES AF FORM JR-PART B T JUN . CLASsMoAmION (SECURITYINFORMATION WheN GHELIN)
WHICH MAY BE USSD.
BSOVENMENY PRINTING OATOR 20-170
NW.91377
Dodd:04749008 Page 8

#### Page 9

DNIEPERPETROVSK AIRFIELD
JET BOMBER PROFILE -q0cT.55
8
COCKPIT CANVAS
SET FORWARD COVERED
SWAYBACK
APPEARANCE
SS-E6I 8 HERE SILVER (NOT GLASS)
BULGE
LOW SET TAIL PLANE
-NOse SEVERE
WHEEL ENGINES
CANVAS SWEEP
COVERED To MID-WING
ON WINGS
DESIGN
OF BRICK
ON RAMP
AT AIRFIELD
ASPHALT SEAMS
22816 MN

#### Page 10

Dood&4749008 Page 10 NW:91377
AF 1 0 112a znauthorisodporsbnue Eapionage Zaws WARNgNG: Thie dooument rontains dnferm
WHICH MAY DE USED. REPLACES AF FORM UZ-PART 3. 1 JUN 4. Agencies, oxcept br permiasion of the Direotor of Inteligonce, prohibited by Iam. Aod dvyL USAIRA
NEONIO
NOONL
SERSANIN (SECURITY INFORWATION whON BEd in)
MUN
H7325 REPORT NO. SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
CLASSIPICATION IR NO.I MASTER OZ.
It may noz be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Porce tron aifeeting the hatronat dorense of the Unided Stares mirhin the moamd 193-53 of 2 MASTERS
PAGE
(SECURIDK INFORMATYON whEN ASE In) yood
S561 120 T1 2

## 319.1 Flying Discs 1949 (National Archives RG 342)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/342HS1-4165112283191FlyingDiscs1949
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/342HS1-4165112283191FlyingDiscs1949
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1/9/50
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the 1949 radar couldn't spell out that white cloud's autograph.

- 342_HS1-416511228_319.1 Flying Discs 1949, DoW PDF, incident 1/9/50, includes Japan weather station data
- Reports radar interference on RB‑29 test flight and white billowing substance at high altitude
- No malfunctions found; nature of phenomena undetermined

### Official summary

This file primarily contains incident reports on Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) written in compliance with the 1948 Flight Service Regulation (FSR) 200-4. The incidents were witnessed by military sources, as well as by some Civilian Aviation Authority (CAA) ones. The reports typically include information such as dates, locations, weather, and altitude, plus detailed descriptions of appearance and movement. Some messages from the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) and Army Airways Communications System (AACS) are also included, as well as additional military intelligence reports, several diagrams, and a report from a weather station in Japan.

### AI summary

This document is a classified report from the Military Air Transport Service, dated 16 June 1949, detailing observations of unidentified aerial phenomena. It includes a radar operator's account of interference detected during a test flight of an RB 29 aircraft and a sighting of a white, billowing substance at high altitude. The report was submitted as part of a semi-monthly intelligence summary and includes a radar scope diagram. The document notes that no malfunctions were found in the radar equipment and that the nature of the observed phenomena could not be determined.

### Full text

#### Page 10

•

estricted
4

UB

CT:

n1

r.

ly

n t1f1ed

Obj ct a

hted :

One .

(l)
(2)

s

(3 )

"' ze;
hundr
e ti
8 t ..

ti
10

Color:

n in~

(4)

ircul r.

p :

ty

r

a.

(

five (5) t

r l ur.

From north to

( '1)

b111ty:

{9 )

ted

Obj

lu

(

'

en (15)

{

t

( )

ound: 'h
1 er tt .

ound

a

11 or

t:

( 0)

1n t · o
on d
1
t t
outs
p
0

to

h
Ce

or

2

Restricted

d not

t d t n (10) thou

t1

) bun•

uth.

0 j c

l t ltud r

fe t .

o one
e.n

(

i

d

un'

t

)

ugu t 1.9

23

ct

j

1

an uver.
nd

r to n. j e t

tr 11

#### Page 38

•

000.92
S ' j:
donti!'i d

(3)

ject

lying

(10 Juno 49)

Clock Po 1 ion o!' object tr
ircra.f't :

s . a proximately G mil

1200

in £ ·ont

ov r aircro.tt .

c.

Sea
·ot appU.cab l •
(1)

a.

s.

o fo

ormation tn>11:

Distance o • o ject ro

tion.

ob eM"Ora

Six (6) milo

rpendioulAr
olevation rr

horizon:

c.

lt tude

so. ooo i'oet .

6.

Ti

in

l.ot atl tod.

7.

Ap earanoe o
•

b.

ight:

ot:

o

Color t

:bite

S

Tubular

:

•

:pparor:.t

•

Size:

on

100

o oninio

u.otion:

et long

s.

Dirootion of flight 1

9.

Tactics or

330 de rees - 340 de rees .

uvers:

ono
.om

10.

•

Color or

5

oko I

b.

Lcil{;th and· idtb:

C.

Odor I

~Ono

Unknown

of ova oration:

Uiilc:r.lown

C ~ Fl EN I
2

d

#### Page 39

,.
T

•

19.1

Subj:

CO F/.. E, l'

ntifiod Flyi

o.

Doos tr 11 vary ~

11 .

•.f.feot on clou

12 .

ights:

1 .

s pporti

-·

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1

0

. ,.one

ro
.ono

• Prop ller or
b.
own .

•

nknown

j

d.

15.
l

•
b.

Unknown

s~l..

(1)

own

(2)

(3)

16.

T

ti.on•

,ot observed.

ir D ota:
•

lot

i

b.

17.

ed -

18.

Sounds

own

:te

19.

a.cy-r

20.

r or dis pe

0

to b

obsorveds

ot ob

ot tated.

• E lode
(l)

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-~
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~d.

#### Page 40

.

.

•

000. 92 ,
Subj I Unadentifi d Flyi

b.

_ a.dad fr

o.

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jocta

view:

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d obsta.cl :

1.

t •ir hba

l t

rver :

•

tts
3.

c, ation•

4.

Place of' ~

ine

5.

Hobbie :

ot

pplioable

6.

bil1ty

o deto

·ne:

7.

Reli bility or ob er~ ra

8.

ote

r le.ti~

a.

Si hting

b.

own
Io o inion

o observer on
in ge

ral:

one

o a-!itention
flight path.

dra

~

(1)

ounds

wn

(2)

otion:

(3)

11

o·u

objects: · Directly in

o

li ..

on canopy.

ntell

nee

nd c

Gli-

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9.

Ono

of'

10. Comments o... inter og tor re
erso 1 tarro
d: ·o o inion.

l.

Re radar• n

2.

I

op rati

airborne • w n obj ct

on ground:
as

ighted:

C , Fl :.

o

r

or dar sight-nga .

ot appl" C hle .

#### Page 41

'

t

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j s

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ntif'ied •lyine;

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25., 000

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ot give •

inds alort i: por :

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o thor conditi

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a· rcrru. t i'lyi ,,. in vioin ty at
4.

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r

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li~

in vioini ty s ent
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. t

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th

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Obtain photo

•

ot obtainod•

DISTRD3

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ar other aircraf'~ or k:no
ier

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#### Page 46

4.µth&>rized by

Gr7"7J1 /.rb-¥9
QUARTERS
2143D

WGI

IR

.

CtJ 2 l

-

J

uJ
¥ 1 di A Ui

EA.TEER WING
O 925

16 JUN 1949

3f O •

SUBJECT :

Semi- ontbly ' Intelligence Summary

TO

Commanding General
ilitary Air Transport Service
Washington 25 , D.C.

:

In ac cordance with provisions of letter, Headquarters , ir eather
Service , subject as above, file - 2, WEA 350 . 05, the following r eport is
submitted for the period ending 15 June 1949.

l )'. During a test hop of an RB 29, ~ radar operator from the 514th
Reconnaissance Squadron (VLR) Weathe~Amade the following observation,: a-ed
~

~ ~-A-

,, )'I

• ..

2n-1~ ryf,-,. .don Monday, the 2nd of May , 1949, we took off' ±n aircraft number
45-21824~for the purpose of test hopping the ship . Take off was made at
approximatel y ~500K. The radar ~J,~~s turned on at approximately 1515K
and was tuned in. Guam and Rota were picked up by radar and after about
ten (10) minutes of operation some type of interference was noticed on
the scope . It came in in the same form as a regular range marker except
that the pulses were approximately ten (10) miles apart . They only covered
the area covered by Guam plus about five (5) degrees on either side of the
island . The scope was on the one hundred (100) mile range .
s the range wa~JJ:,.d,~ed the interference grew larger on the scope .
~hee
9Mp'm""7there is & sketch of the scope as it appeared
with the interference drawn in. I d~ne't believed that what was picked up
on this flight was intentional jamming.it._
e,11>7,>_. Jtll

The operator who made the above observation is one of the 514th Reconnaissance
Squadrons ' most experienced radar operators and is very proficient in the
operation of radar equipment . He checked the set after landing and could find
no malfunctions .
L. ~ . On the 8th of June 1949, at a position of 12° 25 1 N and 1400 20 1 E,
an RB 29 aircraft from the 514th Reconnaissance Squadron made the following
sighting :

t ll09Z while flying a heading of 80 degrees , at 18500 ft on a
routine Vulture Baker weather reconnaissance mission, a white billowing
s ubstance was sight ed at an altitude of 30000 t o 35000 ft . The sighting
was made by two crew members , 1st Lt . Ernest Swanson, weather observer and
Sgt ialter ~ogers e ngineer . What appeared to be a traveling contrail was

#### Page 48

~uthj}')j~ ~u/<,)
Ltr to CG

TS fr Hq, 214, ~

? ~u~j :

as emi-Monthly Intelligenc e Summary"

moving from east north east to west south west at an estimated speed of 4200
miles per hour , this speed was determined by means of triangulation, the sub­
stance was observed at a relative bearing of approximately 45 degrees to the
heading of the aircraft at a distance of 30 miles, substance disappeared
from view approximately one minute after first sighting at a relative bearing
of approximately 160 degrees . The substance was traveling in a straight line
and was definitely white , a three quart er moon made visibility excellent . No
sketches or photographs are available .
The above informat on wa
ea t her Viing, Tin¥er ir,

ent by radio from the 514th to the Continental
prce Base, Oklahoma.

(

11~-

1 Incl :
1 . Radar Scope
Diagram

THOMA"'. S. MOOR AN
C OL. USAF

COMMANDI NG

J R.

#### Page 52

•

COIWIDEl!TIAL

DIO-l'rnD. Zerial 13-49
:ubjocts

us/ALAO.Y.

23 April 1940
-

Ueteorolo_;;ical Phenomena ... llloinous Enercy

called tho :re.val Air Base and lea ned the:-e ero no aircrnrt or any deecrlption
in the air in tho vicinity or the lklvo.l A:lr :tution..
2. Lieutenant COT.1r.ander D. ~IIBP/.RD, U!>~.. OporatioD.B O!"ficor, u.r:. !~aval
Opora·liinf; Daso,. Kodicu:0 Al11a;:a,. roportod that while stnndill{; near the !:OB Post
Office i10 had observed "a stro.DGe o· ject streo.ki~ aoroBS tho sky. near Old
~ioman I:Ountain "• o:o. 8 April 1949 at npproxiJ":iatel 2040 hours. Lieutenant
Commanuor S7:ErJ\RD described the objG t as a reddish b 11 or fire approximately
two (2) feet in diameter trawlinc f1~m ~est to Etet &tan estimated 2,500 feet
altitude., 'The object was a brilliant color., without a tail 0 traveller; with a
flat trnjootory or decline batween 21 and 20 degreeao It seemed to diBintegrat
over Chiniak Bayn was Lieutenant Commander SilEPARD 1a report of his obsorvationo
llo opinion ao to the nature or the obj ct n"&S advanced by Lieutenant Cor:unander
SUEPARD..,
3., l&wrenco B,, SHA.V: 9 ta:doab driver, Arrow (.'.ab Kodiak. Ale.ska., Etnted that
he was enrou.te i'rom tho L:l1listed :.:ens Club to the Administration BuUJing on
8 April 1949. \men he aaw a strange bri~at blue ~bjeot streak acroos the ky at
approximately 20S5 hours" To SIIAi'i. the objaot appear d to be nbout l-l/2 t'eot
in diameter trniled by a three (3) :root streamer which waa "pinkbh in sho.dlDG "•
Thia object, stated SIIA~. appeared in the sky over Old ~omen Uountain travolinc
on a \'/eat to Ea t course at an estimnted altitude or 2,500 feet. It was losinc
altitude at an estimated 26 deirees and. il~ it continue:! on it's course, it
would hnvc struck Chiniak Bay off Nyoan Pe nsulao fo SHAr:. tho object appoared
to disintecrate as bright po.rtiolea f'lew fr m tl.a object as it pGH~d beyond
Nyman Peninsula. SHAr: was o!' the !'inn opinion that the objeo~j he saw \'/8.S not a
meteor or shooting ater which he has seen on numerous c,ccasicns..

4,, Paul KREUGER, Bus Driver. U.,So Naval O;?eratiug
86',> t..odio.ki, Alaska.,
reported that he • • driving his bus on 8 Apri 194 , whei.i. at 2045 hours, he
observed a atrango creonish=bluo objact flash acroas tho sky from the vicinity
o!' Old r:oman U:>untain to Nyman Peninsula (~·:eat to East direction).. ltnEUGI!R
dasoribod the object as boinc 1-1/2 !'eot in di~tor and ppr~ximatoly 10 feet
longo Jls stated the object was approximately 500 feet high ai.' it passed over
han~r 1;~ of' the Air Station and it would haw landed in Chin1·9.lc Bay orr ?;yman
Peninaula but it faded £ro hh view when it pasaed over the Pt:ninsula. "It
had the appearance of
la r&• greoni.ah tracer shell"» a tated xnr:UOER.
60
u~ So Navy ilanther Central, Uc:1Sc Navnl Operating Base 11 Kodb.k, Alas!~ •
reported the woather for 8 April 1949 at 2000 hours no follows,

Ceiline,
Visibility,
:'i"inds

Ter.iporature s

Go

3,000 feet. scattered clouds 9 3/10 coverag~.
15 mileso
?Jorth Northv10st, 15 knotso
27 degrees.
0

no emission of noiso by tho object Yras reported by tho observers.

As tho above stnt81ll8nts are o.pproxir.Jately tho aamo in position, altitu..e.,
courae nnu time or the luminous TT11.nifost~tion 0 it's :cistenoo hos been e
ted
ao probable. Howevcr 9 as the shape. si:o and oolor. of the objoct hnvo been
variously doscribod and Q& unauccoosful orror'cm have boen nado to deter.u e the
nnture of tho phenomena with no further in!'ormation available. no valuation of.'
the no.tu.re of tho o.tmosphcric diaturbo.nco has been oadeo

CONFIDElIT !AL

#### Page 60

<:.-

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~

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8\E~l

~NBR

IIILITARY AIR 1RANS>CR'f SERVICE

MG

INCOHING CLASSIFIED HESSAGES

•

13/26

25J 61,Sz

~ ll81fflt!E

FRO.I:

NBC FT PEPPERREL ST JOHNS, NFLD

TO

HQ MATS
AMC, WRIGHT PATTERSCN AFB, OHIO
HQ USAF (ATTN CHIEF INTELLIGNECE DIV CMA :MA'r S)
(ATTN MCIAX0-3) (DIRECTCR OF INTELLIGBNCE)

:

_ SH

REF Nm: EN694
..1-.1.

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REF :tJi,'.,G HlOM ONE TWO '!WO SEVEN AB GP GOOSE BAY CMA LAB DATED 'IWO ONE ONE NINE 'IHREE

ZERO ZEBRA IBB FOlR NlNE 'PD INCIDENT REPORT NOT IN PlRVIEW OF USAF AIR IIITELL
ONE
REQUIRElIBNTS MEMORANDUM NUMBER FOUR DATED ONE FIVE FEN FOUR NINE THEREFCRE WRIT1EN
'

REPORT MENTIONED IN GOOSE BAY MESSAGE AS FCRTH,rCQMING NOT BEING SUBMI'ITED

J

, .11Sf81ED

-►--..... -

:~..Lo.&~,2_::,
HATS CH-IN

B~ SERVICED ~ DESIRED'l

◄---

"
Form Hq-AG -54
(28 June ~948)

#### Page 62

CT

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~

IIILITARY AIR 1RN&1CRI' smNICE

• _ _05/2?;,
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_____ _ _ _ __
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COPIES OF V.HICH WERE ADDRESSED YOlR HQ PD INFCRMATION AVAILABLE AT THIS HQ I NDICATES
REPCRTED FLIGHTS DID NOT CRIGINATE OR TERMmATE IN THIS CO:MD AREA PD REPCRTS
INDICATE ACTrVI'.rY REPCRTED IN GREENLAND LAST SUMMER MAY HAVE BEEN EXTENDED OR
SHIFTED TO NORTH Al:iERICAN COOTINmT PD REQUEST YOUR HQ CHECK APPROPRIATE UNITED
STATES AND CA..~ADIAN SOURCES OF ELIGHTS THAT MAY HAVE ENTERED SPECIFIED AREA AT
TD!ES INDICATED IN REFERENCED MESSAGES CMA EVALUTATE INFCRMATION AND ADVISE THJS
HQ RESULTS

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( 28 June i 948 )

#### Page 63

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IN TELL DIV MA rs AN'D ABLE CHARLIE SLA JT SUGAR INTELL NBC .

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THOUS.A11D FEET ALT PD ESTIMATED SPEED 'IWO HUNDRED MILES PER HOUR PD DlREC TION OF
ELIGHT 'AS WEST TO EA51t CM!. REMAINED IN SIGHT FOR APPROX THREE MI NUTES PD NO
SOUND WAS HEARD PD OBJECT SIGHTED BY FOUR RELI ABLE WI TI!ESSES PD ADDITIONAL IN FO
WILL BE .FURN ISHED UPON COMPLETION OF INVESTIGATION FROM TIUS STATION.

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( 28 June 1 948 )

#### Page 69

l'/ Iebru ry

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#### Page 75

RfSTRJCTEO
HFAD UARTERS 6TH mrATHER SQUADRON
Albrook Air Force Base
Canal Zone
17 February 1949

'322..
SUBJET:

Unidentified erial Objects Vicinity of San Andres Islands,
Caribbean Sea

TO:

Commanding General
Military Air Transport Service
Washington 25, D. c.
ATTENTION: AC/S, A- 2

1. In accordance with Rest ricted l etter, Headquarters, 2108th Air
eather Group, subject: Report on Information on "Flying Discs", dated
24 March 1948, the following report is submitted.
2.
t 2030 hours on 8 February 1949, Captain McBride of the S . s.
Antigua, A United Fruit vessel, berthed at Cristobal pier area, Canal
Zone, was interviewed by Intelligence personnel, Caribbean Air Command,
concerning three aerial objects sighted by officers of his ship on voyage to Canal Zone from New Orleans, Louisiana.
•

3 . Captain :cBride stated that the first object, which appeared to
be a disc, was sight ed at 1630 on 6 February 1949 at 12 degrees 30 minutes
north latitude, 81 degrees 10 minutes west latitude, in the close vicinity
of the San Andres Islands . The S. s. Antigua's course was 152 degrees at
16 knots. Vihen sighted, the obj ect was at an altitude of 60 degrees f r om
the horizon as determined by the ship's sextant in. the direction of 120
degrees. As it µ:i.ss es directly over the ship, several officers described
it as a round, silver-colored sphere. Although McBride had di£f'iculty in
determining its height, he estimated the diameter as 12 to 14 inches. As
it pass ed overhead, bearing 310 degrees, it changed color from silver to
yellow to red and went out of sight in the dusk at an altitude of 22 de­
gre es . The wind at the time was estimated at force four, approximat ely
29 .
4.
t 1700 on the same date two more objects were sighted, one off'
the pert bow at an altitude between 50 and 60 degrees, and the other, off
the starboard bow bearing 201 degree s at an altitude of 47 degre es . Both
disappeared abeam in the dusk . None showed any luminousity or motivating
power.
5 . The circumstances described suggest a pos s ibility that these
objects are some type of weather balloons . A study made by this head­
quarters of the prevailing winds at all altitudes during the period 4-6
February 1949 virtually eliminate any possibility 0£ a radiosonde instru­
ment being the object sighted . The only release point which might ha ve

R(ST lCTtD

#### Page 77

•

I

RESTRICTED

resulted in a balloon being in t h e area of the San Andres Islands is that
located at Managua, Nicaragua. However, since no objects were seen to be
attached to the discs, it seems improbabla that a r adiosonde train might
have beert involved. There is a possibility that a balloon broke free
prior to release and subsequently developed a leak which caused it to
drift into the area of the sighting. However, none o:f these possibili­
ties account for the sighting of three obj ects within a thirty minute
period.
6. On 7 February 1949 two Russian JOO-ton sloops (Omar and Blesk)
arrived at Colon, Republic o:f Panama, :from St. Thomas, Virgin Islands,
enroute to Valdivostok via Honolulu, Hawaii. The backtrack computation
of wind and course and point o:f sighting lend a possibility that the
objects were in free flight after release from these ships which :followed
a direct course from St Thomas to Colon. These two vessels are present­
ly awaiting rep:iirs at Colon. Two other vessels of the same type are
presently in st Thoipas undergoing rep:iirs. Any further developments will
,,---b- e reparted promptly.
7. 'l'he above report has already been submitt ed to Headquarters
ir Materiel Command and Headquarters Unit ed States Air Force by the
Caribbean Air Command.

~\I\.-.__

Info cys to:
Chief, liS
co, 2108th Air

j

W MOXON
, USAF

Commanding
ea Gp

#### Page 81

.

PARTMENT OF THE ARMtl
STAFF MESSAGE CENTER

INCOMING CLASSIFIED
GCI!F .DBNTIJlL

PRIORITY
From:

COMT~NJ\MC Wright-Patterson AFB Ohio cite COWPPFSC

Tot

CO Flight Sorv1ce Wash DC

Nr.

AT-542

7 Fe fruar 9 1949

, Unjdent1f1ed flying object report.
Location and time of' slghtirtg:Godman AFB Ft Kno
eather at the time: 0?30
eastern weather clear 10 miles visibility 1016.3 NB-, temp
3.. , ·e',I; point 29, wind eat north west at 7, Ko].zman
setting 29.99. 0330 eastern eather: clear 10 iles
visibility 1016.9 rm, temp 29, dew point 26, wi g north
t-1€St at 4, Kolzman setting 30.0l.

7 Feb J.949 0250 eastern.

Narnes occupations and addr~saes of w1tn ases:
i.; Ledbetter Tower Operator Fort Knox Ky, PFC
Richard G Dumphy Weather Observer Fort Knox Ky, PFC Ric
E PetArman Weather O server Fort Knox KY, Cpl Charles L
Rogers occupation unknown Fort Knox Ky.
Sgt Donald

Photographs of objects 1~ available: ncne available.
Sketches of obJ-cts con!' guration: none. Object sighted:
number: 1. Shae: no report, size: no report, color: br
green y.110·1 red, spned: unknown, heading: south· st f'rom
Godman Field, maneuverability: object appeared t be rot
g,
attitud~, horizontal angle 242.5 degrees~~ rtical angl~
03.6 degrees. Sound: no
port, exhaust trail o. not: none.
General remarks: at 0250 eastern bright object sighted s
J
we st of' Fort Knox Ky by w. other observers. TracP.d on
·J
Theodolite. Ob ect appeared to be rotating with green,
yello and red colors. Te object were dimmer cs ~~me
passe j . At 0310 eastern object disappeared in south west
complet~lY afte. a serie:3 of bright flashes .

7

. ACTION:

INFO

AF

. ID, PO

CM IN 1714

GPO

c6-l&-53108-l

(8 Feb 49)

#### Page 83

FEB3- u49
J f{. 5
SUBJECT
TO

Report of Sighting of Unidenti.i'ied Pb no enon
• Comina ding 0
·ar Ea t ir
APO 9.25
ATT h

AC/S,

a
-2

1 . In accordance with the provleion of letter, Headquarter,
United Stat
ir orce, subj eta •Reporting of Infor t-ion on • lying
Diecs• , 26 February 1948, the tollo ing infor tion is fo
rded:
a . Inclosur 1 , 2 and .3 are reportei received by th Japan se
teorological Observatorr in Toi;yo . The observations indic ted
in these r ports 11ere taken by J pan se ea.th r personnel t the r .sp ct1
stations .

Central

'

b . Inclosuro 4 indicates the location of th stati n which
obe rved the object and it's probable path and point o exploeion or
disappear nee.
•
c . Inclosur s 5 nd 6 are urfac synoptic charts• w
th•
weather xist1ng ov r Japan t 0600'l and 1200'L on 25 Janu!lry, 11hicb times
re app:ro::d t ly four and one half (4½) hours before and one and one. half
(l½) hourc
er the unident1!1 d obj ect a 1g ted .
No information 112.s b en

c.

,ceive

t~ Japan ee .

6 Incls1
l.
2.

3.
4.

5.
6.
cc I

Rpt - tikuehi
Rpt - Iida, Suw and·
no
Rpt - Taks.,rama nd Gli"u
Chart - ObaerYO.t-ion and Patb
X Chart- 25o600Z
x Chart• 2,12ooz

Commanding General
U1t.ary Air Tr nepc:>rt Senice

aab1ngton 25, D. C.
Afl'Jh

Chief, Intelli

nee Div.

.

~r ' than that report d 'by-,

#### Page 85

ADDITIONAL RE.J?m.r W THE_GL
J'an. 27~, 1949•
OMO., Taeyo

In

dditim to the preTious. report on the ,gla, fl:0111 the
r St i , we have - receiTed report alao ~ran
taticns on the same phenanencn, s.tating aa f ollow,u

~a.
the other

I

er st tion.
ha'fe observed in thia district · a pb.enananon,

ru.
imoba.blY. b
it

of

or.

The- foll Offing is the re.port t

6m Joa, ~ pale gl.:oir:
obsernd 1n the
direction or Northoo t , at an eJ.t1tude ot 35° aliove t:
which mov .d lni t horizo tally th.rough north toward
at. and
then di p uec.u·ctu.•
a
ow
as great 8'3 one and a half of
the moon i ·n dianeter , ith conaiderablet brightness.
t about
19h .5,0m, a n
• ound .a heard end doors trembled. This phenomenon. baT been ob ~ d in many places in the district of thia
atai.ion, at

hich .roport; will be, made after inv: tigation..
'

~

2.
, ath r Station.
At 19h 5
en 25th, a pw.e gl
like meteor with a ound was
ob.sen
t Su • This. glow appeared in a distance of a few
degree ~o t' north-narth- eaat of Bctelguc e in· the Orion C
lation and
d
t to aouthea t-, attaining 1ts maxirium

brigb.tnes

al.ti tude or about 60° abav horiaal.

a

It shined
intenai ty of 'ffhich waa such that
obje,cta an t
oun.d
the obaerver
re clearly discernible
tar a. manen illuminated by 1 t . ·Thereafter. it beeame yell ish

with palish

t

colour, th

1n coloo.r, . th.en ei O'i7iBh r
p sing
point in the 600.thwes.t
and at; an
ti tud 0£ about 40°, and f.inatly di,s.appeax,ed. The

time elap eo.

or

e

ove

as 3 or 4 aeconds .

out l minute

mblµig t.o a distant thunder traS heard,
which continued for about l,5 seo-onda.

• thereafter,

ounil r

3.

on J"anuary 25th, a pi namonon, probably be
ound like that ar explosion was observe in
near t • station.
ccording to the observation taken
by Yasuo • yw o o,
JOOinber of this station, a glo , a.p a.red
·1 n the dir
ion or eaat-south- eaat and at, a -point at medium
altitude ~b
horizon, hioh .aOllad aend;ing out palish white
light t ow
a point in the direction of weat~aouth-west, ~here
it.. disap_w
d
low the horizon. This. g).011 continued about
t

teor,
• many plac

•.

5, minutes..
exl.)lc:eian

bout 3 minutes thereafter, a. sound like that at
heard in the direction d
est- aouth• st.

#### Page 86

REEORT QF., .AN ABNORMAL .HIENCMENON

JTan. 26.

194.9.

GMO •• Tokyo.

A. telegJram waa receiTed tran the.. Takayama lfeather staitia:i

to the: aoutheaat; of thia.. ata'td.an.

Thia gl.os mo,ed aou.thwe.at;­

war.d& and. 'then disappeared toll011ed by:r a. sound like thunder

af'ten- a. telfl Jllnute:a.

Thia sound waa rdher lowt in the, 'ftc.tini'tiy

ct Ollakai. 'llown near 'bhia ata.tion.
Miya Village, the glOWI appeared there, ail.m.cat; O't&rhead a.ind', a

tes .minute-. later, a. aound resembling to thunder waa heard
tl!Clll

the south.

Smvn1 ng up the.. reporta by e.ye-wi tnes sea, thia

pienanenon might be the expl..oaian of a me-teor•.

.ta.o at:. GU'u, a, gl. c,w; was aeen to the: north.-narth-eaat at;
abouts the same. inatance, aa aho:Ye, whil.- 1n the: Nag,oya Iliatr:1.ct:;

c·e ntral &tte<mological Observat:cmy, no such at inenanencn .a
obs.eilVed•

:T,, a I

J

#### Page 90

STANDARD FORM NO . 64

•

-

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO

MATS A-2, ATTN:

FROM

AACS A-2

SUBJECT :

Capt. Hathaway

DATE : 7

Yebruary 1949

AACS/A-2/CCR/mlb/2113
COMMENT NO. 1

Sighting of Unidentified Air Object

Following information received from the 1810th AACS Group, Hickam AFB, re­
garding the sighting of an unidentified air object, is quoted for your informa­
tion:

"ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO CHECK CHARLIE FIVE FOUR SUSPECTED OF RELEASING
SIGHTED OBJECT BUT NO CHARLIE FIVE FOUR CONTACTED OR IN AREA AT ONE FOUR
ZERO SEVEN LOCAL TIME PD HOWEVER THERE WERE TWO ROGER FIVE DOGS IN AREA
WHICH IS NAVAL DESIGNATION FOR CHARLIE FIVE FOUR PD ONE LANDE:D AT ONE FIVE
ZERO SIX BEARING NUMBER ZERO EIGHT SEVEN SEVEN AND TAKE OFF HAD BEEN FROM
EWA MARINE BASE PD NOT LIKELY IN THE AREA AT ONE FOUR ZERO SEVEN PD SECOND
ROGER FIVE DOG LANDED AT ONE FIVE FOUR EIGHT PD NUMBER SIX FOUR EIGHT SIX
PD ALSO DEPARTED FROM EWA AND NOT LIKELY IN AREA PD ONLY OTHER CONTACT WAS
CHARLIE FIVE FOUR AT ZERO NINE ZERO NINE LOCAL TIME AND WAS '!RANS-PAC SHIP
DEPARTING FOR JOHNSTON ISLAND PD IN VIEW OF LARGE NUMBER OF AIR FIEIDS IN

THIS AREA IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT OTHER CONTACTS WITH
OTHER TOWERS WERE MADE AT THE TIME PD HOWEVER HICKAM CONTACTS DO NOT REVEAL
ANY FURTHER INFO. tt

~
Colonel, USAF
_
Assistant Chief of Staff
Intelligence & Security

I

.

..

#### Page 91

)

~

. :T~NDARD F ORM NO . 64

- ✓

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO

MATS A-2, ATTN:

Capt. Hathaway

F ROM

AACS A-2

SU BJ EC T :

Sighting of "Flying Discs"

D A TE :
8 l''ebruary 1949
AACS/A-2/CCR/mlb/2113

COMMENT NO. 1

A strong possibility exists that the "flying disc" might have been a piece of
cardboard, or light metallic substance carried aloft by the funneled air currents
over Hickam.

The nearby cane fields give off a considerable amount of moisture, thereby
creating a "dead space." The prevailing winds striking this area are directed up­
ward over the field, and hence could carry inanimate objects up with them.
Then, too, the altitude given could be considerably off, inasmuch as the ob­
ject sighted was thin. Judging heights of such objects is difficult enough, even
if the object were 3 - 4 feet in thickness.
Suggest you check records of Air Weather Service for confirmation of wind
peculiarities over Hickam.

I

/

2 Incls
1. Cy itr, 1810th AACS Gp,
8 Jan 49, w/2 ind
2. Cy msg, 71st AACS Gp,
050330Z Jan

(..,1.

¼

C. RO
Captain 11 USAF

~

~·

~lE@lffirET

.
NSON

#### Page 92

AIRWAYS AND AIR COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE
HEADQUARTERS, 1810th AACS GROUP
APO 953, c/o PM, San Francisco, California
C-1/bc
AACS 350.09
SUBJECT:

Sighting of "Flying Disc"

THRU:

Commanding Officer
1808th AACS Wing
APO 925, c/o PM
San Francisco, California
ATTN: A-2

TO:

Commanding General
Air ~.ateriel Command
Wright Patterson AFB
Dayton, Ohio
ATTN: MCIAX0-3

8 January 1949

1. In compliance with directives received from higher headquarters,
forwarded herewith is complete information as received from a witness who
viewed an object presumed to be a "flying disc" over Hickam Field. This
object was first seen by Capt. Paul R. Stoney, AO 36278, on 4 January
1949 at 1407 local time and went out of sight at approximately 1435 local
time. The object was first sighted by Capt. Stoney when it was approxi­
mately 25 miles due east of Hickam. There were scattered clouds at 3500
feet (base) and the visibility at the time was approximately 20 miles plus.
Capt. Stoney is the Assistant S-2 Officer of the 1810th AACS Group located
at Hickam Field, T. H., and is also a twin-engine pilot. No photographs
are available due to the fact that Capt. Stoney was not in possession of a
camera at the time and had no idea that he would have sufficient time to
procure one. In the words of Capt. Stoney, the object appeared to be a
large round piece of flat white cardboard, oscillating continually. The
object sighted was the only one seen and appeared to approximate the size
of an AT-6. Capt. Stoney stated that the object se~med to be extremely
white on the underside, while the topside portion of the object seemed to
have a dark, non-reflecting surface. The speed of the object was approxi­
mated at 85 miles per hour. Capt. Stoney further stated that the object
circled the area, ma.king right circles and left circles at approximately

#### Page 93

COP Y

AACS 350.09
Subject: Sighti ng of "Flying Disc"

8 January 1949

3000 feet, continually gaining altitude and then suddenly departed, still
climbing on a straight course of 25 degrees magnetic. It is the opinion
of the witness that the object had limited maneuverability, and that no
audible sound emanated from the object. There was no exhaust trail visible.
2. The witness was much impressed by the brilliance of the whiteness
of the underside of the object and stated that prior to the disappearance
of the object at a distance of 40 to 50 miles from Hickam Field, the object
still seemed to give off a blinking whitish reflection and, according to the
witness, this blinking seemed to go on and off with decided regularity.

3. Capt. Stoney reported the presence of a C-54 type aircraft in the
vicinity of Hickam Field at the time of the initial sighting of the object,
and he stated that he was almost convinced that this object was released
from or by this C-54 aircraft.
4. Capt. Stoney reported that, at all times and during the departure
of the object, the undulation of the object was extremely rhythmical and
that this rhythmical cycle was completed approximately once every second .
•
5. When object ultimately departed on a straight course, it appeared
to increase speed and also to increase the angle of climb so that the angle
of climb approximated 25 degrees. Witness stated that it was extremely
difficult to approximate the rate of speed during departure due to the dis­
tance involved and the intermittency of the reflection. Witness stated
that it was his opinion that this object was under absolute control at all
times and that definite gyrations were being executed. The turns were ex­
tremely wide and decisive.

6. The opinion of Capt. Stoney on this subject is considered to be
worthy of consideration as this officer is an extremely cool and level­
headed person, who is not given to the making of rash statements or using
poor judgment.
7. In the event that further information is desired by your headquar­
ters concerning the object as reported, this headquarters will be ready to
cooperate in every way possible.
FOR THE COMMANDING OFFICER:
/s/ George E. Murray
®RGE E. MURRAY

Captain, USAF
Security & Intelligence Officer
2

#### Page 94

BASIC:

Ltr frm 1810 AACS Gp, 8 Jan 49, -subj:

AACS 350.09

"Sighting of "Flying Disc"'

1st Ind

Cl/dms

HQ 1808TH AACS WING, APO 925, c/o PM, San Francisco, California,
17 January 1949
TO:

Commanding General, Airways & Air Communications Service,
Washington 25, D.C., Attn: A/C of S, A-2

(Text continues in the original file: 143 pages.)

## Incident Summaries 1-100 (National Archives RG 38)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/38143685box7IncidentSummaries1-100
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/38143685box7IncidentSummaries1-100
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The file number’s longer than most UFO sightings.

- PDF titled 38_143685_box7_Incident_Summaries_1-100, DoW, date unspecified, location unspecified
- Contains 100 incident summaries with UFO check‑lists, witness statements, and narratives
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Each of these incident summaries includes a "Check-List - Unidentified Flying Objects" that contains details about the incident. Many summaries also include witness lists or statements and other narrative reports or descriptions.

### Full text

#### Page 2

CONFID
CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
. Date 8 July 1947 Incidont # 1
2. Time 0930
3. Location Muroc Air Field, Muroc, Calif
4. Name of observer lst Lt Joseph C. McHenry
5. Occupation of obsorvor Billeting Officer in Charge, Muroc AAFld.
6 Address of observor Muroc, AAFld
7. Placo of observation ground - Muroc, AAFld
8. Number of objocts 2 at first - 1 sometime later
9. Distance of objoct from observer N/S
10. Timo in sight N/S
11. Altitude Approx 8000 ft
12. Speod 300 MPH
13. Diroction of flight 320° tue north heading
14. Tactics Performed a tight circle
15. Sound N/S
16. Size N/s
17. Color Silver
18. Shapo disc-like or spherical
19. Odor dotected N/S
20. Apparent construction N/S - Apparently metallic
21. Exhaust trails N/S
22: Weathorconditions N/s
23. Effoct on clouds N/S
24. Sketches or photographs None
25. Manner of disappeerance in distence
26 Romarks:
(over)
L

#### Page 3

CONEIREAITIN
enroute to his office and before entering heard one of dhe local aircreft
in the traffic pattern. Looking up he observed the aircraft and slightly
moving about 300 MPH at approximately g000 ft hesding ebout 320° due north.
He immediately calledS/Sgt Gerald E. Neuman, T/Sgt Joseph Ruvolo and Miss
Jannette Marie Scotte. Witnesses all verified the sighting and the direction
of the objects - all three stated that the objects were moving towerd Mojave,
Calif.
Witness was sure it was not an optical illusion or that the objects were not
weather balloons since they traveled against prevailing wind and since the
speed at which they traveled and the horizontal direction taken indicated
that they were not weather balloons. Furthermore they could not remain at
the same altitude so consistently if they were weather balloons.
Witness then attempted to get personnel (medical officers) to further varify
the sighting but by the time the additionel personnel had arrived at the
sone the original objects had diseppeared due to the speed at which they were
traveling. However, two of them sighted a third object of a silver spherical
or disc-like nature at approximately gooo ft traveling in circles over the
north end of the airfield. Five out of the seven personnel saw this object
All looked awey from the object several times to make sure there was no eye
strain, He stated that this object performed too tight a circle to be
any type of known aircreft.
Evaluation: Confirmed by other sources.
Witnesses: S/Sgt Gerald E. Neumen
T/Set Joseoh Ruvolo
Miss Jannette Marie Scotte
con
AFAEAITAN

#### Page 4

CONEID AETFE
CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
1. Datò 8 July 47 Incidont # le
2. Time 10:00
3. Location Muroc Army Air Field, Muroc, Calif
4 Name of observer Jannette Marie Scott
5. Occupation of obsorver Secretary to lst Lt J. C. McHenry, Billeting
Officer
6.Address of observer Muroc AAFld, Muroc, Calif.
7. Placo of observation Ground - Muroc
8. Number of objocts 3 - two the first time -l later
9. Distance of object from observer N/s
10. Timo in sight N/S
11. Altitude Approx 8,000 ft
12. Speod 300 to 400 MPH
13. Diroction of flight Northwest - toward Mojave, Calif.
14. Tacties First 2 maintained straight horizontal course; the last
performed a tight circle
15. Sound none - Witness heard no drone such as would come from any
aircraft
16. Size N/S
17. Color Silver
18. Shape Disc
19. Odor detected N/S
20. Apparent construction N/S Apparently metallic
21. Exhaust trails N/S
22. Woathor conditions Sunlight
23. Effect on clouds N/S
24. Sketches or photographs N ne
25. Manner of disappoarance N/S - apperntly in the distance
26 Romarks: Witness was called by Lt McHenry together with T/Sgt
(over)
ENTIAL

#### Page 5

-
Joseph Ruvolo and S/Sgt. Gerald E. Nauman to the front of the B.O.Q. "A" Bldg.
Pointing up in a direction directly above the group he asked them to expláin
what they saw. Witness states that she saw 2 silver-colored dise-like objects
flying toward Mojave, Calif, one directly back of the other, at a speed of
sbout 3o0 to ho0 MPH at an altitude of approximately 8,O00 ft. She listened
cerefuily for a few mimutes but could hear no drone such as occasioned by any
aircreft. Casting her eyes for a moment in another direction and then looking
back to the same spot she was able to distinguish the seme objects again.
Assured that it was not eye-strain, she wes convinced the objects were not
weather balloons due to the horizontal position in which they traveled. Nor
could they have been birds dince they reflected the sun's rays.
Some three or four mimes after the objects had nearly disaypeared she saw
another flying object similar to the above-mentioned objects. It was silver
colored and dise-like in shape. Unlike the first two, it flew in a tight circle,
neither losing nor gaining altitude, at approximately 8,Oco ft. She thought
it performed too tight a circle to have been any type aircraft with which she
was familiar.
Evaluation: Confirmed by other sources
EIBEATIAI

#### Page 6

AAI
CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
1. Date S July 47 Incidont # lc
2. Time 0945
3 Location Muroc AAFla, Muroc, Calif 34° 54' N 117° 53' W
4Name of observer S/Sgt Joseph Ruvolo
5. Occupation of obsorver NOO Cherge Billeting Office
6. Address of obsorvor Muroc Air Fld., Muroc, Calif
7. Placo of observetion Ground - Muroc
8. Number of objocts 2
10. Timo in sight n/s
11. Altitude Between 7500 or 8000 ft
12. Speed 350 - 400 MPH
13. Direction of flight Northwestern
14. Tactics N/S
15. Sournd None
16. Size N/S
17. Color Silver
18. Shapo Saucer or Disc shaped
19. Odor dotected N/S
20. Apparent construction N/S - 'Apparently metallic
21. Exhaust trails N/S
22. · Woathor conditions N/S
23.Effect on clouds n/s
24. · Skotches orphotographs None
25. Manner of disappearance N/S
26. Romarks: Witness, NCo in charge of Billeting Office, Muroc AF Base,
(over)
ARTPIAE
RT

#### Page 7

B2A
About O945 Lt McHenry, Billeting Officer in Charge, upon returning from the
Post Exchange contacted the witness, Sgt Ruvol and asked him to look up in
the sky. Witness observed two (2) flying objects which appeared like two
flying discs or saucer-shaped silver-colored objects flying in a northwestern
direction at approximately 350 to 400 MPH at an altitude of about 7500 or
gooo ft. He could hear no motor roar and was positive that it was not a
balloon.
He states: "I am of good health and sound mind and this was no hallucination"
Eveluation: Confirmed by other sources.
ETEA

#### Page 8

ANEIRERTIAI
CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
Date 8 July 1947 Incidont #
2. Time Approximately noon
3. Location Muroc Army Air Field, Muroc, California.
4. Namo of observer Major Richard R. Shoop
5. Occupation of obsorvor Employed in Office of Chief of Tech. Engineering Div
Major-
6. Address of observor Muroc Army Air Field, Muroc, California.
7. Placo of observation Ground
8. Numbor of objocts One (1)
9.I Distanco of object from observer Five (5) to eight (8) miles.
10. Timo in sight Eight (5) minutes
11. Altitude fairly high altitude
12. Speod slowly
13. Direction of flight North
The object moved from an intermediate altitude in an oscillating
14. Tactics fashion, almost to the surface of the ground and then started
climbing again.
15. Sourd not stated
16. Size pursuit airplane
17. Color aluminum colored surface
18. Shapo unconventional shape
19. Odor dotected not stated
20. Apparent construction apparently metallic
21. Exhaust trails not stated
22. Woathor conditions not stated
23. Effoct on clouds not stated CONEIDFATIAI
24. Sketches or photographs none
25. Manner of disappearance moved off slowly in the distance
26. Remarks: At approximately noon on 8 Jul 19l7, Major Shoops, at the
attention of Col. Gilkey observed five.(5) to_eight (g) miles to the_north
what appeared to be a thin metallic object. It appeared to be metallic
because the method in which it was flying the sun was reflected from an
apparently aluminim colored surface.

#### Page 9

COPT
RANFIREN
CHECK-LIST UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
Incidont # 3.
Dato 7 July 1947
Timo 10410
3. Location Murce Army air Field, Muroc, California.
4. Hamo of observer Major d. C. Wiso,
Oceupation of obsorver Test Pilot
6. Address of observor Muroe AAF, Muroe, California.
7. Placo of observation Ground - Muroc. AAF, Muroe, California
8. Numbor of objoots One (1)
Distance of object from observor Off to the north about 10, 000 to 12,000
feet altitude.
10. Timo in sight not stated
11. Altitude 10,000 to 12,000 feet
12. Speod 200 to 225 MPH
13. Diroction of flight heading from west to east
14. Tactics Oscillating in a forward whirling movement without losing altitude
15. Sound not stated
16. Size Five5)to(lofeet in diameter
17. Color yellowish white
18. Shapo sphere
19. Odor dotected not stated
20. Apparent construction assumed at first to be a weather balloon
21. Exhaust trails not stated
22. Woathor conditions not stated
23. Effoct on clouds not stated
24. Skotches or photographs none
25. Manner of disappoerance not stated
26. Romarks: FTHAI
Over

#### Page 10

REMARKS:
Statement given by Major J. C. Wise, Test Pilot, Muroe Army Air Field,
Muroc, California.
On 7 July l9h7, at approximately l0:lo, while running up the XP-4 on
the ground I noticed everyone ims looring up into the air. Off to the
north about lo,ooo to 12,ooo feet alti tude, was an object that I assumed
at first to be a weather balloon, but after looking at it for a while I
notieed that it was oscillating in a forward whirling movement without
losing altitude. It was traveling about 200 to 225 MPH, and heading from west
to east.
The object was yellowish white in color and I would estimate that
it was a sphere about 5 to lo feet in diameter.
CONIEIRTNTIAL
9

#### Page 11

CHECK -LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
Dato 8 July 1947 Incidont #4.
2. Time 11:50
Location Aren # 3, Rogers Dry Lake, California.
Mamo of observer Captain Bohn Paul Strapp
5. Ocoupation of obsorvor ·Fight Test
Address of observor Muroe Army Air Field, Muroe, Californim.
7. Placo of observation Observation Truck, Area #3, Rodgers Dry Lake, Galif.
8. Numbor of objocts One (1)
9. Distanco of object from observor 20,000 feet
10. Timo in sight 90 seconds
11. . Altitude Lower than 20,000
12. Speod slower than the maximam veloeity 5e-S0 aircraft
13. Direction of flight Slightly north of due west against prevailing wind
14. Tactics rotation or oscillation of slow type
15. Sound not stated
16. Sizo About 50
17. Color silvery
18. Shape resembled a parachute canopy at first then assumed ovalar shepe
19. Odor dotected not stated
It presented a
20. Apparent construction pro jections on the upper suriace which might have
been thiek fins or nobs. These erossed each other at
21. Exhaust trails of slow typg- intervals, suggesting either rotation or oscillation
Hone
22. Woather conditions not stated
23. Effoct on clouds not stated
211. Sketches or photographs none
25. Manner of disappeerance Dropped to a level sach that comes into line of vision of the mountain tops.
26. Romarks: (over)
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 12

AANEIRENTIAI
On the 8 July l9h7 at ll 50 the undersigned was sitting in an observation
truck located in Area #3, Rogers Dry Lake, mas gasing upward toward a formation
of two (2) P-82's and an A-25 aireraft fiy ing at 20,oo0 feet, preparing the carry
out of a seat ejection experiment, when I observed a rounded object, white
alumimum in color, which at first resembled a parachute canopy. The first im-
pression was that a premmture ejection of the seat and dummy had occurred. This
body was ejeoted at a determined height lower than 20,ooo feet, and was falling
at three () times the rate observed for the parachute which ejected thirty
minutes later. As it fell it drifted slightly north of due west aganist the
prevailing wind, toward Mount Wilson. The speed, horigontal motion could not
be determined, but appeared slower than the maximim velocity F-So aireraft.
As this object descended through a low enough level to permit observation
of its lateral silhouette, it presented a distinet ovular outlins, with two (2)
projections on the upper surface which might have been thich fins or nobs. These
crossed each other at intervals, suggesting either rotation or oscillation of slow
type.
No smoke flames, propellar arks, engine noise, or other elasuable or visible
mens of propubsion were noted. The color was silvery, resembling aluminum painted
fabrie, and did not appear as dense as a parachute canopy.
When the object dropped to a level suoh that comes into line of vision
of the mountain tops, it was lost to the vision of the observer.
It is estimated that the objeet wes in line of vision about 9o seconds.
Of the five (5) people sitting in the observation truck, four (4) observed
this object and made remarks about it. These people include:
Mr. Lens - Civilian, Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio.
(Other names not given)
The following is my own personal opinions about this object:
l. I think it ws a manpmade object, as evidenced distaintly by the
outline and functional appearance.
2. It's sise was not far from 25 feet with a parachute canigy.
3. The path followed by this objeet appeared as though it might have
been dropped from a great height.
Seeing this was not a hallucination or other fancies of a sense.
a
I

#### Page 13

CHECK-LIST - UNIDENT IFIED FLYING OBJECTS
4 July 1947 Incident #5
1. Date
Time 1305
3. Location Portland, Oregon
Name of observer Kenneth A. MeDowell
Occupation of obsorvor Patrolman, Portland City Peliee
Address of observer Portland City Police Dept.. Portland, Oregon
7. Placo of observation Parking lot back of police station
8. Numbor of objeets 5
9. Distanco of objoct from obsorvor x/s
10. Timo in sight 1/s
11. Altitude 1/s
12. Spcod Great speed
13. Diroction of flight 2 discs flying south, 3. in easterly direstion
14. Tactics Dipped up and down in oseillating motion at great speed
15. Sound Hone
16. Size m/X Large
17. Color Could not be determined
18. Shapo Round - dise-shaped
19. Odor dotected x/s
20 Apparent construction n/s
21.. Exhaust trails n/S - Mo visible mesns of propulsion observed
22. Woather conditions n/s
23. Effect on clouds x/s
24. Skotches or photographs None
25. Manner of disappearanco Quickly - betre any detailed observation
could be made
26. Romarks: FINENTIAI

#### Page 14

Officer MeDowell stated that at epprorimately 1305. 4 Jaly 1947 while
lot back of the station he noticed that the pigeons become quite exeited
over something and flattered in the air. Officer MeDewell in looking
around to see what had disturbed them saw 5 large dises in the air east
of Portland: two dises flying south and three flying in an easterly direetion.
He stated he could determine no color to the dises but advised they were
dipping in an up and down oseillating motion and were traveling at great
speed. He was unable to give an estimate of the speed or altitude of the
disss as they were out of sight before any detailed observation could be
made. Officer MeDowell advised that he notified the Police Radio who
imsediately broadeast an alert. He saw no indication of any motivating
foree nor heard any sound soming from the dises and eould give no deseription
other tham round.
MEIREATRAI

#### Page 15

CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS REGTTID
Date 4 July 1947 Incidont #
Time 1305
3. Location Oregon
4. Name of observer Earl E. Patterson
5. Occupation of obsorvor Patrolman - former Air Corps pilot
6Address of observor 124 Southeast 13th Avemue, Portland, Cregon
7. Placo of observation Southeast s2d and Foster Road, Portland
8. Numbor of objocts
. Distance of object from observer N/s
10.
11. Altitude Axprox 30,000 ft
12. Speed Terrifie - faster then any epeed witness had ever seen
13. Direction of flight Southwesterly direction over Portlend
14. Tactics xixx Performed 90° angle without difficalty - thought to be
radio controlled
15. Sound None
16. Size N/S
17. Color Alwaiman
18. Shapo dise
19. Odor dotected m N/S
20. Apparent construction N/S Apgrently metallic or eggshell white
didn't reflect light
21. Exhaust trails None
22.
23. Effoct on clouds N/s
24. Skotches or photographs Mone
25. Manner of disappearance N/S
26. Romarks: (over) REOTRICTED
4

#### Page 16

REGTRICTED
Witness was getting out of his car when he observed one dise flying in a
Southwesterly direetion over Portland. Disc was alunimum in color and
traveled at terrific speed - faster than any flying object witness had ever
seen - It left no vapor trail or smoke trail. Itxnaetrarakingxatxtarrifks
xxnaa, Estimated altitude aprox 3O, Ooo ft. Thought the disc was definitely
some type of aircraft but could not give further description as speed
made observation difficult. No sound was heard from the flying object.
He thought it appeared radio-controlled because the dise could chenge
direction at a 9o angle without difficulty.
RESTRICTED

#### Page 17

UGARICT
CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
4 July 47 Incidont # 6
1. Date
2. Time 1305
3. Location Milwaukes, Oregon
4. Name of observer Sergeant Clende Cross
Occupation of obsorvor Oregon State Police Officer
6. Address of observor Distriet #1, Milwankie, Oregon
7. Placo of observation Folice station
8. Numbor of objocts 3
Distance of object from observer x/s
10. Timo in sight E/S
11. Altitude Undetermined
12. Speod XAx Terrific
13. Direction of flight Northwest
14. Tactics Three discs following each other at terrifie speed
15. Sound None
16. Size n/S
17. Color Whitish brown glint as the sun was reflected from them
18. Shapo Dise
19. Odor dotectod E/s
20. Apparent construction n/S
21. Exhaust trails n/S
22. Woathor conditions N/s
23. Effect on clouds n/s
24. Skotches or photographs None
25. Manner of disappearance N/S
26. Remarks: (over) RESTRNCTED
16

#### Page 19

CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS RESTRICIED
4 July 47 Incidont #
Date
Time 1305
Location Portland, Oregon
Name of observer W. A. Lisey
5. Occupation of obsorver Patrolman - also a private pilot
6 Address of observor Portland City Police Deyt.
7. Placo of observation ground
8. Numbor of objocts
Distance of object from observer N/S
10. Timo in sight F/S
11.. Altitude 40,000 ft
12. Speed terrific
13. Direction of flight South
14. Tactics Straight-line formation except last dise fluttered to side in arc
15. Sound None
16. Size x/s
17. Color white
18. Shape dise
19. Odor dotected n/s
20.
21. Exhaust trails None
22. Woathor conditions Cleer - with little or no cloud formations visible
from ground
23. Effoct on clouds N/S - no clouds
24. Sketches or photographs None
25. Manner of disappearance n/s
26. Romarks: (Over) RESTRICTED

#### Page 20

RESTRICTED
Patrolman W. A. Lissy of the Portland City Police Depertment
possesses a private pilot license. He perceived three flat
round discs which flew at terrific soeed in straight line formation
the last disc fluttering very rapidly in a side-way arc. They
saw no evidence of any motivating powers and there were no vapor
or smoke trails. No sound could be heard. Ground temperatur@
was 82oF with little cr no cloud formation.
NOTE: Corroroborated account. W Witnessed by Patrolaan D. W. Ellis
(also a private pilot) Both very dependable & trustworthy
officers.
RESTRICTED

#### Page 21

RESTRICTED
CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
4 July 47 Incidont # 8a
Date
2. A Time 1305
3. Location Portlend, Cregon
4. Name of observer D. W. Ellis
5. Occupation of obsorvor Patrolman
Address of observor Portland City Police Dept., Oregon
7. Placo of observation Portland, Oregon
8. Numbor of objocts
9. Distanco of object from observer n/s
10. Timo in sight n/s
11. Altitudo Approx 40,000 ft
12. Speod terrific
13. Direction of flight South
14. Tactics Straight-line forwation except last which flutter to side in erc
15. Sound None
16. Sizo N.S
17. Color White
18. Shapo Disc
19. Odor dotectod E/S
20. Apparent construction M/S
21. Exhaust trails None
22. Woathor conditions Clear - with little or no cloud formation visible
from ground
23. Effoct on clouds N/S - no clouds
24. Skotches or photographs None
25. Manner of disappeerance n/s
26. Romarks: RESTRICTED (over)
20

#### Page 22

STOICTED
Patrolman D. M. Ellis (also a private pilot) perceived three
flat round discs which flew at terrific speed in straight line
formation, the last disc fluttering very rapidly in a side-way
are. He sew no evidence of any motiveting powers and there
were no vapor or smoke trails. No sound could be heard.
Ground tenperature was g2oF with little or no cloud formetien.
Nore:Corroborated sccount. Witnessed by Patrolman W. A. Lissy
(also a private pilot) Both very dependable & trustworthy officers
RESTRICTED

#### Page 23

CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS RESTRICTED
Date 4 July 1947 Incidont #9
. Time 1305
3. Location Poriland, Oregon
4 Name of observor Cept. K. A. Prehn
5. Occupation of obsorvor Harbor Pilot,
6. Address of observor Ft Nw Irving St.. Portland
7. Placo of observation
8Numbor of objocts 3 to 6 - unable to ascertain
9. Distance of object from observer x/s
10. Timo in sight M/s
11. Altitude High
12. Speod terrifie
13. Direction of flight South over the Globe Mills
Tactics oseillated, wobbled, disappeared & reappeared.
15. Sound N/s
16. Size x/s
17. Color r chromium - shiny
18. Shapo full dise, half-moon shape, then nothing.
19. Odor dotected N/s
20. Apparent construction /s
21. Exhaust trails N/s
22. Woathor conditions m/s
23. Effoct on clouds w/s
24. Skotches or photographs x/s
25. Manner of disappearance disappeared and reappeared
26. Remarks: (over) RESTRICTED

#### Page 24

RESTRIOTED
Members of the harbor patrol at the foot of Nw Irving Street stepped out
when they heard the all-car alert. Capt. K. A. Prehn, Harbor Pilot, A.T.
Austed and Patrolnen K. C. Hoff, all saw the objects and said they appeared
to be going south high over the @love Mills at terrifie speed. Capt. Prehn
said the flashes kept them from ascertaining whether there were three or six.
"The discs would oseillate and sometimes we would see a full disc, then a
half-moon shape, then nothing at all," he reported. The objects looked gore
like a shiny chromium hub cap off a car which wobbled, disappeared and reappeared!
There was a plane in the sky at the time, but all were emphatie that the dises
were not planes.
RELIABILITY: Corroborated report
RESTRICTED
2.3

#### Page 25

FIDEA
CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
Date 4 July 1947 Incidont# 10
2 Time 8:04 P.M.
3. Location Skartiy Boise, Idaho
4 Name of observor Capt E. J. Smith
5. Occupation of obsorvor UAL Pilot
Address of observor UAL Office Boise
7. Placo of observation Air - aterobeen Over Eunett, Ida.
8. Numbor of objocts 9 - 5 at first. then 4 more
9 Distance of object from observor n/s
10. Timo in sight n/s - but followed them for about 45 miles
11. Altitudo n/s
12. Speed /s
13. Direction of flight Morthwest
14. Tactics preserved "loose formation"
15. Sound /s
16. J Size m/s
Color n/s
18. Shapo Gould not be ascertained but appeared thin and smooth on the
bottom and rough on the top
19. Odor dotectod /s
20. Apparent construction n/s
21.
22. Woather conditions x/s however, a sunset wes mentioned
23. Effoct on clouds W/s
24. Skotches or photographs Mone
25. Manner of disappearance Could not be ascertained
26. Romarks: (over)
NTINEATIA
24

#### Page 26

DAEIDTOISIAN
Gapt E. J. Smith, VAL Pilot, emroute to Seattle reported that he and the
mmett, Idaho. As first he saw 5 discs flying what appeared to be a
loose formation. " They called Marty Morrow, Stewardess, to the cockpit
to verify that they were setually seeing the discs. She saw them too.
Then they saw 4 more of them, three eluster together, and a 4th flying
by itself, way off in the distance.
Capt Seith deseribed then as follows:
5 "somethings" whieh were "thin and smooth on the bottom and rough
sppearing on top.
took off at 8:04 p. . "We saw tham elearly. " he reported.
them in a northwesterly direetion for abcut l45 miles. Finally they
disappeared. We were umable to tell whether they outsped the plane or
disintegrated.
He couldn't determine the shape "We can's say whether they were saucer-
like, oval or anything else," *But whatever they were, they were not
other aireraft, nor were they smoke er elouds."
RELIABILITY: Corroborated report by a UAL Pilot
DEAITIAI

#### Page 27

CHECK-LIST RESTRICTED UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
Date 4 July 47 Incident # 11
Time Evening
3. Location Lake City, Seattle Wash
Name of observor Frank Ryman
Occupation of obsorvor Coast Guardsnan
Address of observor Lake City, Seattle, Waah.
Placo of observation Ground - Lake Gity
3 Numbor of objocts
9. Distance of object from observer x/s
10. Timo in sight 10 mimates
11. Altitude x/s
12. Speod 1/s
13. Direction of flight over north end of Lake Washington
14. Tactics Horizontal flight
15. Sound x/s
16. Size x/s
17. Color "whito"
18. Shapo seucer or ball shaped
19. Odor dotected w/s
20. Apparont construction W/s
21. Exhaust trails w/s
22. Woathor conditions x/s
23. Effoct on clouds /s
24. Skotches or photographs l aews photographx
25. Manner of disappearance x/s
26. Romarks: (over) RESTRICTED

#### Page 29

CHECK-LIST RESTRICTED UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
1. Date 4 July 1947 Incidont# 12
2. Time 1305
3. Location Vancouver, Weshington
Namo of observer John Sullivan
5. Occupation of obsorvor Sheriff's Deputy
6. Address of observor Vancouver, Washington
7. Placo of observation Vancouver, Washington, "ground"
8. Numbor of objocts 20 to 30
9. Distance of object from observer 3 to 5 miles away over Portland
10. Timo in sight N/S
11. Altitude n/s
12. Speod
13. Diroction of flight N/S
14. Tactics n/S
15. Sound low hunming sound
16. Size n/S
17. Color N/S
18. Shapo "y" shaged - like flock of geese
19. Odor dotectod N.S
20. Apparent construction x/A
21. Exhaust trails n/s
22. Woathor conditions n/S
23. Effect on clouds N/S
24. Skotches or photographs None
25. Manner of disappearance N/S
26. Romarks: (over) RESTRICTED
2

#### Page 31

RESTRICTE
CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
Date 4 July 1947 Incident # 13
Time 1400
3. Location Portland, Oregon
Name of observer E. A. Evans
Address of observor 3433 SW Macadan Ave.
Placo of observation Portland, Oregon - ground
8. Numbor of objects I at first 2 later
9.I Distance of object from observer n/s
10. Timo in sight 2 -4 seconds
11. Altitude one object eppeared not too high, 2 others appeared far away
& very high
12. Speod very fast
13. Diroction of flight 1, west to east, 2 - north
14. Tactics n/s
15. Sourd n/s
16. Sizo n/5
17. Color Resembled metallic discs glinting in sunlight
18. Shapo dise
19. Odor dotected n/s
20. Apparent construction n/s - unless metellic
21. Exhaust trails N/S
22. Woathor conditions N/S
23. Effoct on clouds N/S
241. Skotches or photographs None
25. Manner of disappearance out of sight within 2 to 4 seconds
26. Remarks: (over) RESTRIOTED
30

#### Page 32

RESTRICTED
Three discs were observed by E. A. Evans & neighbors, one object appeared
very high end two others appe red far away end very high. One
traveled from west to east, two others traveled north. They resesbled
netallic discs glinting in the sunlight. They first aypeared in the
west and were out of sight in the east in 2 to 4 seconds.
RESTRICTED

#### Page 33

CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS RESTRICTED
1 ·Date 44 July 47 Incidont #14
2. Time 1630
3. Location Poriand, Cregon
4. Namo of observor Mrs. Lawrence J. Haywerd
5. Occupation of obsorvor N/S
6 Address of observor 6124 N. E.2lst Ave., Portland
7. Placo of observation Portland, Oregon - ground
8. Numbor of objocts 1
. Distanco of object from observor N/s
10. Timo in sight N/S
11. Altitude E/S
12. Speod Slow
13. Direetion of flight E/S
14. Tactics Flipping around
15. Sound n/S
16. Size dino
17. Color silvery
18. Shapo round
19. Odor dotectod n/s
20. Apparent construction N/S - syparently metallic
21. Exhaust trails
22.
23. Effect on clouds x/s
24. Skotches or photographs None RESTRICTED
25. Manner of disappearance E/S
26. Romarks: At 4:30 P. M. Mrs Lawrence J. Hayward, 6124 NE 2lst Ave.
reported sighting a disc "like a new dine flipping around" in the air over the
Sandy distriet. She said it seemed to be moving slowly.
32

#### Page 34

RESTRICTED
CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
Date 4 July 1947 Incidont # 15
2. Time 1700
3 Location Portland, Oregon
Name of observer Thomas W. Dwyer
5. Occupation of obsorvor n/s
Address of observor 1232 N. E. 59th Ave
7. Placo of observation Portland, Oregon
8. Numbor of objocts
9. Distance of objoct from observor N/S
10. Timo in sight N/S
11. Altitude high
12. Speod N/S
13. Diroction of flight I - southesst; 2- northeast
14. Tactics N/3
15. Sound N/S
16. Size M/S
17. Color silver
18. Shape n/s
19. Odor dotected N/S
20. Apparent construction N/S
21. Exhaust trails N/s
22. Woathor conditions N/S
23. Effoct on clouds N/S
24. Skotches or photographs N/S
25. Manner of disappearance N/s
26. Remarks: One object was he ding southeast and two others were
going northeast. RESTRICTED

#### Page 35

RESTRICTED
CHECK-LIST UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
1. Date 4 July 1947 Incident # 16
2. Time 1100
3 Location Mt Jefferson, Oregon
Name of observer C. J. Bogne
5. Occupation of obsorvor 1/s
Address of observor Tigard, Oregon
7. Placo of observation Near Redmond - ground
8. Number of objccts
9. Distance of object from observer N/s
10. Timo in sight N/S
12. Speod x/s
13. Direction of flight N/s
14. Tactics 1/3
15. Sound N/s
16. Size N/S
17. Color N
18. Shapo dise
19. Odor dotectod n/s
20. Apparent construction N/S
21. Exhaust trails N/S
22. Woather conditions N/8
23. Effoct on clouds N/S
24. Sketches or photographs MXX None RESTRICTE
25. Manner of disappearance N/s
26 Remarks: C. J. Begne, Tigard reported that four discs flew
past Mt Jefferson at ebout il a. m., while he was driving near Recmond.

#### Page 36

CHECK-LIST . - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
Dato 24th June 1947 Incident #17
2. Time 1500
3.. Location Mt. Ranier, Washington
4 Name of observor Lenneth Arnold
Occupation of obsorver Dealer in fire control supplies holds private
pilot's license
Address of observor Box 387, Boise. Idmbh
Placo of observation Neer Mimeral, Washingtom
8. Number of objects 9
9. Distance of object from observer 20 to 25 miles
10. Timo in sight 2-1/2 to 3 mimutes
11. Altitude 9.500 ft
12. Speod Approx 150 MPH
13. Direction of flight North to South at 170
14. Tactics Horizontal flight
15. Sound /s
16. Size Approximately that of DC-4 - 45 to 50 ft
17. Color mirror like
18. Shapo Approrimately circular
19. Odor dotectod n/s
20. Apparont construction /s
21. Exhaust trails /s
22.

(Text continues in the original file: 209 pages.)

## Incident Summaries 101-172 (National Archives RG 38)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/38143685boxIncidentSummaries101-172
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/38143685boxIncidentSummaries101-172
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

1946 fireball was so vivid it likely outshone the B‑29 cockpits.

- PDF of DoW incident summaries (cases 101‑172) covering 1946‑1948, United States.
- Reports multi‑colored fireball near B‑29s, cigar‑shaped object in Ohio, yellowish light, golden saucer.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Each of these incident summaries includes a "Check-List - Unidentified Flying Objects" that contains details about the incident. Many summaries also include witness lists or statements and other narrative reports or descriptions.

### Full text

#### Page 3

STRICTED
CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
. Date 18 February 1948 Incidont #101
2. Time 5:01 P.M.
3. Location Norcatur, ansas
4. Namo of observor M. R. Krehbiel account (taken from newspaper)
5. Occupation of obsorvor Editor
6Address of observor Norton, Kansas
7. Placo of observation Norcatur, Kansas
8. Numbor of objocts ne
9. Distance of object from observer N/S
10. Timo in sight N/S
11. Altitude 30 - 35 miles above earth
12. Speod N/S
13. Direction of flight N/S
14. Tactics N/S
15. Soumd One big explosion - "afterwards a lot of little explosions"
16. Sizo N/S
17. ColorI Bluish-white smoke smudge
18. Shape Mushroom
19. Odor dotocted N/S
20. Apparont construction Meteor
21. Exhaust trails Nans Bluish-white smoke smudge RESTRICTED
22.
23. Effoct on clouds N/S
24. Skotches or photographs Photo of vapor trail left in sky by explosion
25. Manner of disappearance Disintegration
26. Romarks: Oscar Monnig, of the Texus Observers, Amateur Astronomy, lolo
Morningside Drive, Ft. erth, ffers tangible proof that the fireball

#### Page 4

RESTRICTED
of February l8 over nor thern Kansas was just that, inasmuch as meteorites
have been recovered from it." There were found, beginning April 24, first
several smaller fragments up to one of 4 l/2 pounds. Then a disturbed
spot in a clover field led to the digging up of a piece of some lo9 pounds
embedded about two feet in the soil. The stone is what is termed as an
"achondrite", a technical name for an unusual type of stony meteorite.
It is reported to be of a type which will deteriorate rapidly.
A photograph of the trail of the meteor, made by amateur photographer
Duane W. Wray of Norton, shows the vapor trail left in the sky by the
explosion of a meteor which was seen in Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado,
Kansas, and "ebraska. It was made at Wray's home, nine miles north of
Norton, just four minutes after the meteor exploded. A smud ge of blue-
white smoke remained in the sky for an hour February l&th. This photo-
graph is in file under Incident #lol.
Further remarks are contained in supplement.
STRICTED

#### Page 5

01
EXHIBIT B
Statement taken from Leland Sammons
My name is Leland Sammons, and I live on a farm l4 miles west of Stockton
and 1 mile north, off Us 24.
On February 18 at about 5 P.M., I was standing near my hog-pen about lo0:
east of my house, when I heard the pheasants raising a disturbance and the
chickens all rushed to the chicken-house. I looked around toward the house
to see what was causing it and saw something hovering just above the house.
I ran towardthe house, and it then lowered over the north end of the house
and settled toward the ground. I was then very near it, approximately 6'
when it stopped about level with my face, and just wobbled around for an
instant, fire belching out of it and sucking back in. The thing was about
4' long, shaped something like a funnel. There was a pipe sticking out the
back of it, and once as it wobbled around, the pipe was sticking right at
my belly. Suddenly there was a lot of sparks showered from it, and the fire
increased as if a fuse might have lighted, and it took off in a north-westerly
direction very fast, gaining altitude as it went. My wife heard it leave and
ran out where I stood, and we watched it go, leaving a trail of smoke all the
way. Suddenly there was a great cloud of smoke in the sky, not more than
40 seconds after it left my yard, and in a few seconds or more, we heard an
explosion. I then stepped off from my house to where it had been, and it
was five steps. Yes, it was hot, I could feel the hear from it. Had I not
been washing my car prior to the occurrence, wetting the ground, there would
have been a bare spot in the yard where the thing started up because there was
a great rush of fire from it when it left. It must have been quite high when
it exploded.
Kenneth "ays, son of Floyd Hays, l4 miles east of Norton on US 36, at the Jct.
of K-60, south side of highway. At about 5 to 5:30 P.M., not sure of time,
was riding his horse in a pasture, when he heard something queer in the sky.
Looking up to the south-west, he saw what appeared to him to be a rocket,
just like he had seen during the war in Europe. It startled him, and he
jumped off the horse. He then remounted, watched its course, almost on
a level but losing altitude a little, and it then exploded with a big cloud
of smoke, apparently over Norton, from where he was, south of Prairie View.
He rode on toward home a ways, when suddenly the sound and jar of the explosion
reached him. Mrs. Hays was home in the house, when s he heard and felt something
like a truck might have struck the house. She ran out of the house and then
first saw the huge cloud of smoke. About 40 minutes later, a part of the
smoke cloud dirfted directly over their house, and went on east over
Phillipsburg.
Ralph New, postmaster at Norcatur, stated that at about 4:50 P.M. he was
standing just inside the front window of the postoffice in Norcatur, when
he observed a blinding flash as if someone had taken a flashlight picture.
He could locate no one with a camera, but noticed several men walking to the
center of the street and looking up. He then walked out to where they were
and looking up, saw a high cloud of smoke in the sky almost diredtly overhead

#### Page 6

(COPY) 101
323 W. Tenth St.,
Pueblo, Colorado
February 20, 1948
Office of the Chief. of Staff
U. S. Army
Washington, D. C.
Subject: Explosion in the sky near Norcatur, ans
4:00 p.m. (MST) February 18, 1948
Purpose: To call attention to some peculiarities
in connection, whether coincidental or not
According to an AP bulletin appearing in the Pueblo CHIEFTAIN
for February l8, l9lg, some object was seen moving eastward
across the sky on the late afternoon of February lth, and
when this thing reached a position approximate to Norcatur,
Kansas, exploded, or disrupted, or disappeared. The ex-
plosion is said to have been terrific.
Directions given as to the progress of this appearance in-
dicate that it moved from west to east.
Information contained in the dispatch under a Denver dateline
indicate that while many would call this object a bolide
e.g., exploding meteor - the astronomers of Chamberlin
Observatory (Denver) did not so assess it: it is said in
the dispatch that these officials could offer no explanation
of it.
If this is the case, the apparance is anomalous, and may lend
itself to other meteorie explanation.
A sketch-diagram of the earth and moon's orbit reveals a pe-
culiarity in connection with the appearance, which may be
significant.
If a line is stricken at right-angles across the meridional
position of the site of explosion of this meteor at hour
angle four o'clock (local time) and this line be considered
the west-to-east course of the object, then it will be seen
that if this line is continued outward into space toward the
orbit of the moon it will intersect the lunar orbit at a
place near to where the moon would be at from go to one hundred
hours after the explosion took place.
New moon occurred at 9 D lo H 2 M February; First Quarter
at l7D 8H M. February -- the moon moves approximately
12.5 degrees per day along its orbit.

#### Page 7

1018
It is held by rocketry experts (example, WILLy LEy - see
his RoCKETS, p. l92, diagram and note in connection there-
with) that it would take about loo hours for a rocket-craft
to negotiate the distance from Earth to Moon.
Prior to its explosion over Norcatur, this object of Feb.
l8th was variously reported as a "falling plane", a "jet
plane", and a "ball of fire". It is said by some to have
left a trail of smoke behind it.
It is the suggestion of this writer that the Army collect
and assimilate reports on this object, with a view to
determining where it was seen as an object trailing smoke
and where as a ball of fire.
If this thing is a rocket of some kind headed for the moon,
it might first have been seen as a streak of smoke, then
later as a ball of fire, and lastly as a tremendous ex-
plosion when it at last reached sufficient speed and eleva-
tion for take-off.
The writer has in mind the various and unexplained reports
on "flying saucers", and bases this speculation upon a
long consideration of various oddments of reports whose
significance might be of space-craft from other worlds of
space.
The so-called "meteoric procession" which crossed Toronto
in February l9l3, consisted of a number of groups of
illimumated bodies traveling in groups of three and moving
in "rigid formation", all pursuing a course across the
same straak of the earth's surface. if a line is projected
backward along this line of flight it will be seen that
this line "comes out" at the position of the moon at the
time. The l9l3 phenomenon occurred in the mid-period of
a series of reports on dirigible aircraft of appearance
like zeppelins which were seen over England and whose
appearance terminated - or reports on the appearances
stopped - just prior to the inferior conjunctiori of Venus
of April 24, 1913.
The writer begs to call attention to the fact that the
times prior to and just after inferior conjunction of Venus
are prolific in reports of strange things seen in the sky.
Also that lights have been reported on the moon from time
to time, back for at least a century.
If in the future of military experiment the moon is selected
as a base for the launching of rockets (which has been
suggested by some writers), it may be well to look first
2

#### Page 8

into reports like this one on the explosion over Norcatur
and the direction of the object involved.
There is a possibility, however remote this may seem, that
the moon is either inhabited or in use by other than human
beings.
lours,
/s/ NORMAN GARRETT MARKHAM
It may do not harm to
watch the moon for
possible arrival of
this thing in the quarter
at 8o to loo hours after
"its Departure".
NGM

#### Page 9

(COPY)
101d
FILE REF: -SIGGE-M-1 March 14, 1948
From: Norman G. Markham
MAIN HOTEL, Pueblo, Colo
To: Chief Signal Officer
U. S. Army, Washington, D. C.
Subject: Norcatur, Kans., sky explosion
of 18 February, 1948
Purpose: To show a speculation regard-
ing the above phenomenon and
another one of earlier date
and to call attention to
occurrences between the two
which have an appearance of
relationship whether coinci-
dental or not.
The geographical position of the Norcatur explosion suggests possible
linkage with other occurrences happening inside latitudinal limits arbitrarily
demarkable between 43° 36' North (which is the latitude of Boise, Idaho)
miles wide. and 36 l0' North (the latitude of Nashville, Tenn.), a belt about 485
This suggestion is gained from positions given for occurrences
happening between June 24, 1947 and February 18, 1948, as shall be
hereinafter briefly described.
THE BOISE (Idaho) OBJEcT--This was seen either beginning or ending at 330 pm
24 June 1947 and was visible for 20 minutes. It was in the western sky,
was of comet-like appearance, and settled gradually toward the horizon as
planetary bodies set. It was seen by Lt. Gov. Whitehead and Chief Justice
Lampert. Its nature was unknowm.
The peculiarity which connects this object, for speculative purposes, with
the explosion of some unknown object over Noreatur, Kans., on 1s February
l9lg is the seeming of a relationship between the positions of the moon for
the two phenomena:
In the former case the moon was at the date of phenomenon, about 7%, 63
before the positionof First Quarter; on the second case it was about 8%.73
beyond the position of first quarter.
Since the Boise object was visible for 20 minutes before it sank this
argues it was about ten degrees above the horizon when first seen. Now
if a line be drawm westward and at ten degrees zenithward from the

#### Page 10

01
horizon of Boise at 3:30 p.m. and another line be drawn from the position
of the moon at one hundred hours before the sighting of the Boise object,
and projected to the center of the earth, it will be seen that this ten-
degrees-altitude and the moon-earth line intersect as a place far above
a geographical position considerably to the west of Cape Blance, in the
neighborhoodof about 7o0 miles off the coast.
The Boise object in its appearance suggests a rocket-typeof craft possibly
using reaction blasts to brake itself dowm for a landing on the earth.
The bright point and plumy tail of the description suggest this, as also
its apparent fixity in space.
HOLLE'S "SHIP IN FLAMES" - Nine days after the sighting of the Boise
object a forest lookout named Earl Holle saw at or soon after 4:oo p.m.,
3rd July, l947, something he took to be a "tanker in flames". This was
seen horizon-ward from a point in Sonoma County, California, near to Fort
Ross. A search was insti tuted by the Navy or Coast Guard, and nothing was
found. The soviet tanker ELBRUZ, which had been in the vicinity, was
queried and found to be all right. This was not explained.
If this apperance had been on the horizon, there is no telling how far
it may have been from the observer.
CAPE MENDOCINO BLIMP INCIDENT -- Not far from the location of Holle's
"burning ship" an accident occurred to a navy blimp, l4 July l9l7, off Cape
Mendocino.
This blimp suddenly settled into the water, slipped out its crew and rose
again.
The anomaly here is that one would not expect to find drastic down-drafts
of such violence as to thus upset a lighter than air craft. Possibly a
downdraft accounted for the accident - but if the Signal Officer will look
up the incident of the British steamer Talma which, at the time of the
sighting of a luminous wheel-like phenomenon in the Gulf of Martaban,
reported a slowing of the engines from some unknown cause, it may be seen
that possibly forces are generated in some manner by certain unknowm
objects at times in the ocean, which may have physical attraction for
material objects. This blimp accident occurring in waters where occurred
other phenomena shortly to be mentioned, seems to have a doubtful side
to it.
THE OAKIAND OBJECT -- Early on the morning of 13th October, 1947, a
photographer named Ben Dobus togehter with a taxidriver named A. J.
Goldman saw a thing "that looked like Saturn wi th a ring around it."
It shot at terrific speed WEsTWARD across the sky of the Bay area, and was
seen shortly after midnight.

#### Page 11

This may have been heading in the general direction of what may have been
the goal of two later objects which roughly resemble it in description.
THE TICONDEROGA OBJECTS -- According to the tanker Ticonderoga's
second officer, two "flying discs" were seen heading SOUTHwEST when the
ship was in 43 degrees fifteen minutes north and l2h degrees 54 minutes
west, at 0620 GCT, 12th November 1947.
These may have been heading for the object seen in the Pacific off the
Golden Gate, not long afterward - or possibly at the same time, if earlier
reports on this are consulted.
THE PHANTOM REEF - On November 24, 1947, the Navy denied that it had
found a phantom reef or other obstruction to navigation at a point about
400 miles west of San Francisco. The Navay Survey ship MaurY, sent out
there in response to reports of ships that some hugh object had been
seen in the water in that neighborhood, reported that when in the
approximate 1 titude and longitude of the supposed obstruction they
picked up an echo from something in the water l6oo yards from the
ship; but that when they had steamed to within Lo0 yards of this, the
echo vanished.
There seems a possible connectability between the various elements so
far considered.
Later on January_7, l9ls, there were occurrences in the neighborhood of
Wilmington, O., Ft. Knox, Ky., Franklin, Ky., and Nashville, Tenn., all of
which must be now familiar to the archivists of the Signal Office.
Something like a "flying disc" was pursued by one Lt. Mantell and two
other pilots, "antel being killed while in the process of attempting to
gain altitude to get close to whatever it was he was chasing.
Also, in this connection, it may not be amiss to mention the deaths of
two military officers who were said to have been bringing back material
evidence from "flying discs" one of which was said to have met with some kind
of accident over Maury Island, Puget Sound, around June, l947.
It will be seen on inspection that the geographical locales of these
incidents fit inside the belt of latitudes hereinbefore mentioned.
THE NORCATUR EXPLOSION was described in a previous letter of this
writer, and it was shown in that letter that a line tangential to the
meridian of Norcatur, Kans., at hour-angle 2:20 p.m., would if con-
tinued outward into space to the orbit of the moon, intersect the
moon's orbit at a point where the moon would have been at about loo
hours after the time of the explosion.
According to rocketry theory, it would take a reaction-propelled
craft of the rocket type about loo hours to reach the moon.

#### Page 12

I submit there is a likelihood that on June 24, l947, something like a
space-ship came here from the moon and upon February 18, l9ls, returned
to the moon.
This is of course speculation.
But has anyone yet explained the "flying discs" in terms of all the
pretty-well proven facts in connection with them?
Has anyone yet devised a fuel powerful enough to kick a rocket from
Earth to the Moon?
There have been hundreds of reports, during the past century, on
occurrences which imply this world is visited from outside space.
Absence of contact by these postulatable visiting entities may imply a
state of culture far beyond ours, to the point where it would be inex-
pedient for their members to have to do with us en-masse.
These reports have never been seriously considered by science, which
in general ignores them.
However, according to Dr. Rocht of Chamberlin Observatory, Denver, there
is nothing in astronomy to explain the thing which exploded over Norcatur.
Dr. Nininger's idea that the thing was a meteor flatly disregards Dr. Rocht's
opinion, which may have been based on the Denver Posts' statement that a
Denver woman saw the Norcatur object twenty minutes before the explosion
occurred.
I submit that the Army needs men who are capable of recognizing the anomalies
beforementioned when they occur, evenif only to aid in speculation regarding
them.
The undersigned offers his services to that end, if the Army may wish to
avail itself of them.
/s/ N. G. MARKHAM

#### Page 13

101h
Excerpt of letter dated April ll, 1948 from Dr. Lincoln LaPaz, Director,
Institute of Meteorities, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New
Mexico, to the Deputy Executive Director, Committee on Geophysical
Sciences, Research and Development Board:
Thank you for the surprising documents sent me under date of March
30. As you remark, certain aspects of Markham's letters are fantastic
(for example: (1) the fireball procession of l9l3, February 9, was
genuinely meteoric, although a rare type of chain fall; (2)no astronomer
could take seriously Markham's "invasion by beings from Venus or the Moon"-
theory: (3) he appeals to, and biases in his favor, such untrustworthy
evidence as newspaper stories, e.g., the absurd statement attributed to
Dr. Rocht of the Chamberlin Observatory). Nevertheless, Markham is justi-
fied in calling attention to certain incidents as unexplained, for example,
the "flying lenses" (in my opinion 99% hoax and imagination and 1% real).
As regards the Norcatur, Kansas incident, I remain convinced that,
like the Four Corners incident, it was a genuine meteorite fall, although
one of exceptional size (again like the Four Corners fall). However,
there are many curious aspects of both these falls, some of an objective
nature, like the singular fact that in spite of intensive searches (ad-
mittedly under bad terrain and weather conditions), not a trace of meteoritic
material has so far been found; some of a non-objective nature, like the
amazing testimony given b y Mr. Leland Sammons, Mr. Alfred Glenn, and other
witnesses of the Norcatur incident, both to members of the State Highway
Commission of Kansas and to Institute of Meteoritics field survey parties.
(See exhibits A, B, and C enclosed.)
Some comment on such testimony as appears in A,B, and C would seem
desirable:
1. Glenn first reported the battery case as red hot. When I pointed
out that the paper on it was not charred, his account was changed to
"too hot to handle". The Institute of Meteoritics party found only two
men, not four, who saw the battery case fall. The battery case has been
examined by Dr. Victor Regener, Department of Physics, University of
New Mexico, who s tates that it appears to be identical with the small
batteries used in portable radios.
2. K. Hays' identification of the Norcatur object as a rocket has
the following support: On the morning of February l9, I talked to the
towerman and two assistants at the Air Base at McCook Field, Nebraska.
All three denied the Norcatur object was a fireball and described it as
a black object with an extremely bright jet of flame pouring out of the
rear. Furthermore, a ll4-year old, and presumably unbiased, schoolgirl
in Oberlin, Kansas wrote me a similar description of the "Fireball."

#### Page 14

T012
3. A determined effort is under way to check up on Sammons' veracity
(and sanity!) I have neither seen nor _talked to Sammons, but another member
of the Institute of Meteoritics party (Dr. D. M. Gragg, an Instructor in the
Department of Mathematics) who did so believes Sammons (who is a well-to-do
farmer) to be sincere and very badly scared. Of course nearness to a big
meteorite fall would scare one as badly as an atom bomb; but how could it
produce such testimony as Sammons"
The "meteoritic" incidents from the great fall of l945, November 29
(from which no meteorites have been recovered either!) through the sequence
of similar falls culminating in the Four Corners and Norcatur incidents,
coupled with such t ings as the Ussuri incident, convince me that ei ther
the earth is under a most unusual cosmic bombardment or many of the
fireballs are not meteorites at all. While I still cling to the meteoritic
hypothesis, it is clear that which ever alternative is the right one, the
situation cries aloud for thorough investigation.

#### Page 15

(COPY)
EXHIBIT A
Roy W. Cox, Director of Highways
STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSI ON
OF KANSAS
Division 3
Norton
NOTES TAKEN AT NORCATUR, KANSAS, Night of Feb 18
Mr. Ralph New, Postmaster at Norcatur, tells us that at approximately 4:5o PM
he was standing in the north window of the post office in Norcatur looking
toward the City Hall when he was suddenly illuminated very brightly by some
terrific light.
He ran outside into the street where others were looking toward the northeast
at a very large cloud of white smoke high in the sky. He stated that in about
a minute and a half, there was a terrific explosion followed by a heavy
rumbling noise like thunder and that the smoke cloud was growing larger all
the time. Also there was a white smoke trail in the sky from the southwest
where the missile had come from.
He said that from the ceriter of the street, the explosion and the first big
mushroom of smoke was directly overhead and at a tremendous height.
Another man in Norcatur stated that just prior to the explosion, he had heard
the motors of an airplane.
Chief Scott learned from some man in Norton that just following the explosion,
something fell at his feet on the street and he picked it up, to find that it
was a small flashlight battery resembling those used in 'fountain pen
flashlights' and that it was red hot. After a crowd of men gathered and
examined it, he was unable to findit and thinks that someone took it.
Kenneth Hays of east of "orton was about 5 miles south of Prairie View when
he heard something roaring in the sky to the west of him, far away and very
high. He says that it resembled a rocket traveling northeast toward Norton
direction, and that suddenly there was a terrific explosion followed by a
mushroom of white smoke andthat there followed other explosions or something
resembling explosions. When he saw it, it was nearing the ground or horizon,
in other words, losing altitude.
Edgar Young's boy at Reager, was standing beside the Reager elevator and heard
something high over head, looked up to see a very bright flash of light and
then a loud explosion followed by a big cloud of smoke.
The airport at Norton thought about 20,oo0 feet, time 4:50. Checked but no
planes missing.

#### Page 16

but slightly east. Suddenly, about l and l/2 minutes after he had seen the
flash, there was a terrific explosion and jar, shaking the ground and causing
the windows all around to rattle. Following the explosion, there were several
loud reverberating rumblings across the heavens. He stated that the explosion
must have been very high.
Edgar Young, a boy living at Regar, just east of Norcatur, was outside the
elevator, when he observed the explosion, looked up and saw the huge cloud
of smoke. He stated that it was almost overhead but slightly west of him.
He said that it was a big explosion. The elevator man was out in the
elevator, when he heard the explosion. He t ought that his oil-burner had
exploded in the office and ran in to see about it. Finding it O.K., he ran
outside to see what had exploded, saw the big cloud of smoke high overhead,
slightly west.
Eastern Kansas newspaper carried a story about 6 days ago of one just
like this one, coming from the south to vicinity of Iola, kansas, where it
turned west and disappeared into the sky.
Check with Chief Scott of Norton about a burned flashlight battery
which fell in the street of Norton just after the explosion. It was too
hot to be picked up for several minutes. Chief Scott has it.
Note: A copy of Exhibit "C" referred to in letter from Dr. LaPaz, was
not received.

#### Page 17

CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
Date 18 February 1948 Incidant # 102
Time 1500 MST
3. Location KExratoicyxkaneax Air Near Green River, Utah
4. Name of observer Lenord P. Marchese (B-29 Pilot, Lt. 28 Bomber Gp)
Carl W. Stucki, Lt., Co-Pilot, (see reverse side
5. Occupation of obsorver Pilot for other witnesses)
6. Address of observor 77th Bomb Sq, 28th Bomb Gp (VH), Weaver AFB, S.D.
7. Placo of obsorvetion 39° N - loo°w - near Green River, Utah
8. Numbor of objocts One
9. Distance of object from obsorvor 100 miles
10. Timo in sight N/S
11. Altitude 20,000 feet
12. Speed Very high
13. Direction of flight Southeast of Limon, Colorado
14. Tactics Explosion rate
15. Sourd Could not be determined due to B-29 engine noise
16. Size Huge
17. Color Multi-colored ball of fire
18. ShapoHuge multi-eolored ball of fire and dense cloud of smoke
19. Odor dotected N/S
20. Apparent construction N/S
21. Exhaust trails Vapor trail with ball of fire at head of trail
22. Woathor conditiohs Clear
23. Effoct on clouds N/S
24. Skotches or photographs None
25. Mannor of disappcarance N/S
26. Romarks: Xaxax Over

#### Page 18

A llUge IIIUl ti-colored ball of f1re tra111Jlg a dense olOUd of IIIX>l<e

•

- • sigb.ted at approx 1500 hour• MST 18 Feb 46, 39• N-100° W at
approx 20,000 ' by ho :S-."9 airer.rt of the 28th l!ombS'-nt Gronp (VH),
It was seen eome 100 mllee southeast of the B-29s. Size we.a eetimct.ed
as huge altho impo ■aible to determine accurately due to the dietWJ.ce.
It was traTeling at Ter:, b1gh speed and h e ~ southeast of LiJoon,
Color
• at approx 20,CXX) ft.

i.

#### Page 19

RESTRICTED CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
Date 18 February 1948 Incidont # 103
Time 1500 MST
3. Location Nexeaxmcyxkacrzax Air near Green River Utah
Name of observers Capt. Howard H. Berodt - Capt Maurice T. Ritenour
(See Inc lo2 - corrdbration)
5. Occupation of obsorvor Pilots
Address of observor 718th Bomb Sq, 28th Bomb Gp (VH) Weaver AFB, S.D.
7. Placo of observation 39° N - loo°W - Near Green River, Utah
Numbor of objocts One
Distance of object from observer 100 miles
10. Timo in sight N/S
11. Altitude 20,000 feet
Speod Very high
13. Direction of flight Southeast (of Limon, Colorado)
14. 2 Tactics Explosion rate
15. Sourd Could not be determined due to B-29 engine noise
16. Size Huge (Seen lo0 miles west of the B-29's)
17. Color Multi-colored ball of fire
18. Shapo Hugh milti-colored ball of fire and dense cloud of smoke followed
19. Odor dotectod N/S
20. Apparent construction N/S
21. Exhaust trails Vapor trail with a ball of fire at the head of trail
22. Woathor conditions Clear
23. Effoct on clouds N/S
24. Skotches or photographs None
25. Manner of disappearance N/S
26. Romarks: baxmser Same as incident 102 which see
RESTRICTED

#### Page 20

RESTRICTED
CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
1. Date 7 Mar 48 Incident # 104
2. Time 2055 C
3. Location Smyrna, Tenn.
Name of observor Frank L. Fenn, Maj, USAF, C, Smyrna AF Base
Cpl Richard C. Pettingill & Pvt Frank C. Johnson,
5. Occupation of obsorvor s @ of Smyrna & radio and tower operators
AACS Station
6Address of observor Smyrna AAF, Eray Smyrna, Tenn
7. Placo of observation Smyrna AAF - 6 miles from (ground)
8. Number of objoctsl
9. Distance of object from observor 6 miles
l0. Timo in sight 45 minutes
11. Altitude About 5° above horizon
12. Speed very slow
13. Direction of flight WNW away from Smyrna
14. Tactics N/S Faded away
15. Sound None
16. Size Unknown
17. Color yellow-orange
18. Shapo oval
19. Odor dotected n/S
20. Apparent construction N/S - seemed to be flare
21. Exhaust trails None
22. Woathor conditions CAVU - 10 miles
23.
24. Sketches or photographs Figs (2) showing yellow orange flame-like oval
25. Manner of disappearance faded into horizon
26. Romarks: (over)
RESTRICTED

#### Page 22

RESTRICTED
CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
Date 8 Mar 48 Incidont # 105
2 Time 1100
3. Location Belmont, N. C.
4 Name of observer Mr. A. C. Morrieon
5. Occupation of obsorvor Supt. Meter Dept, Duke Power Co., Charlotte, N. C,
6. Address of observor Charlotte, N. C. (Duke Power Co.)
7. Placo of observation Belmont, N. C. (Sighted from ground)
8. Numbor of objocts
9. Distance of object from observer N/S
10. Timo in sight about 10 seconds
11. Altitudo N/S - could not be estimsted
12. Speod Around 600 MPH
13. Direction of flight Easterly
14. Tactics None - moved in straight line at constant speed without
change in altitude or direction
15. Sound None
16.

(Text continues in the original file: 178 pages.)

## Incident Summaries 173-233 (National Archives RG 38)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/38143685boxIncidentSummaries173-233
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/38143685boxIncidentSummaries173-233
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

1948: when UFOs were still just shiny new model cars in the sky.

- PDF titled 38_143685_box_Incident_Summaries_173-233, DoW, compiled mid‑20th century, references 1948 US sightings
- Contains check‑list summaries, witness statements of silver plane‑like object, bright ocean light, glowing sky object
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Each of these incident summaries includes a "Check-List - Unidentified Flying Objects" that contains details about the incident. Many summaries also include witness lists or statements and other narrative reports or descriptions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

DECLASSIFIED
Authority
NND 917033
SECET
113-233.nd.
EXHTBIT #529 teeret R/s S-02378 of 3-9-49
Hqd Air Vaterial Comand Dayion
Subject: Transmittal of Incident Summary
Sheete 173 thru 233.
REPORT FILED M-5 AIRCRAFT - UNIDENTTEIED
JONES
2-27-50
RMARY LISTS 2
Lode1 Best Possible Image SECRET 22 MAR 1949 5-20300

#### Page 3

NOIAIT SUNRY GET
Incident No. 174
Date and Time of Observation: 1 Oot 4s (Fridag morning) o5k0
2. Where Sighted:
3. Observer's Position: 50 miles from lew Orleans. Le - round
(i. e. ground, tir, control tower, ete.) crounl
14. Nane and Aiirest of Cbserver: B. B. Williams, Pres, United Lead Co.
Occupation and/or hobbies: 219 Dryades St.. Mew Orleans. RA 0515
considerable flying experience
6.Attention Attricted by: m/s
7.Mumber of Cbject() Seen: 1
g. Size of Objoct(s):Approximately the length of a passenger aireraft
9. Color of Cbjret(s): white-bot
10. Shape (Sk tch if Poerible) cone-shaped -
11. Nsture of Luminosi ty: Seemed to be a white-bot cone. The object dis-
12. Al ti tude of 0b,j. et: 1500 to 2000 ft Did not light up the area.
(stinatrd)
25. Betirated Dietane. of bjuet from Cbeery ri 3/4 milee away
14. Eatins ted d of Objuct: Approx 200 MPH
15. Time in Sighti Sufficiently long to emable Williams to make a fairly
16. Tuetics: Straight and level flight detailed observation. Approximately l0 seconds.
17. Sound:de b Cbj ct(s): soundless
18. Dircction of Flignt of Cbjeet(e) last
19. Apparent Constructi n: Mane"
20. Effect on Clouds: /s
21. Exhaust Treil Color of): red flames
22. Mener of Dempp eronce: x/s
23. Weather Conditions at Time of Sighting! Mo elouds with wind fairly calm
24. Peculieritics Koted: Objeet lef's no trail of amy kind and did not
25. Surmmary of Incident: light up the area
(over)
(See etteched pego)
SECRET 5-20300

#### Page 4

Ineident: 174
At the time of the sighting observer was standing on a little
ridge facing south in the midst of a clearing some twenty feet
wide. It was too dark for hunting in the woods but wes sufficiently
light for nim to mee the time by his watch. At O5ko bours iiliame
wes looking to the eouth and saw an object which resembled an ice
cream cone treve ing eaet with tne Larger end in front. The
front end appeared white hot (like the mantels in a gasoline lantern)
Toward the reer it got gradually darker red. There was no vieible
metal or other m trrial and no projections of any kind, only fire.
he object made absolutely no noise and lef't no trail of any kind.
It was treveling in a straight line from west to east and did not
guin or lore altitude. There was no visible memns of propulsion.
It appeared to be about 3/4 miles awsy and at an elevation of a:grox-
imately 25o0 feet, Kr wliliams stated he wms looking uo at an angle
of about 3o° relative to the ground and observed the object for
aporoxi-ately lo seconds befare it wn- obscured by ome trees.
It apeared to be about the sire of the average airliner and was
traveling approrimately 3oo M it. The larger end of the cone aopeared
thicker than the average airliner is thrugh the fuselege but it wes
about the sane length. The object displayed no lights other than it
appeared encased in flams. It did not light un the area. There
wae mo vieible moans of support and no control surfaces. There
were no clouds and the wind wme fairly calm.
wi'liams stated that he was a etudent pilot but could not get
pilotl- license becmuse of poor muecular coordination in his eyes.
His color perception wae normal and his hearing is excellent.
Investigative personnel stated thst Mr williems seesed a reliable
level headed person. He appeored conscientious and desired no publicity
stating that he did not desire bie friends and businens aoquaintances
to josh him concerning the matter.

#### Page 6

SRCIDANT SUNARY SIT
1. Date and Tice of Observation: 23 Sept 1948
0945
Where Sighted: Sante Fe. New Mexico
(i. e. ground, ui, Corrtot eaughweat from Plaze of Sante Fe. K. M.
Nane ad Alire-s of Cbserver: A. Mable Angier. 2620 Proctor St, Waco. Texas
5.Occupation and/or botbies: Meon Sign Mamufacturer - ow employer
6. Attention Attracted by: A pilot since 1928 - not a hobby
Saw object glint while watching another airaraft
7. Number of Cbject(d Seen: 1
g. sire of Objoct(s): At leaat 100 to 150 feet in dimeeter
9. Color of Coject(s): white
10. Shace (Sketch if Porrible) perfeetly flat in mppearance - compared to
11. Nature of Luminosity: dime in sky.
(dir. ct A bo of ligat . - Sighted in daylight
12. Altitude of (bj ct: 25,000 to 30,000 feet
(estinated)
13. Estirated Dirtanc of bjeet from Cbs rv r: /s
14. Estimeted a td of Objeet: Stationary at time sighted
15. Time in sight:1 15 or 20 mimtes
16. Ttctics: Very little novenent if any notioed
17. Sond bb ct(): o sound daterimined at time of alghting 18. I
Dircetion of Flignt of Cbjeet(e) Stationary - Seemed to ove in a semi-
circle. from S. to. M. and finally· to k. May have deen optical illusion.
20. Effeet on Clouds: Bo clouds
1. Exnsust Trail Coler of): Mo evidanoe of exhaust notioed
22. smner of Disrpperrance: Still in viow when observer left
23.
24 Peculi:ritits Boted: Gave the appearence of being flat
25. Sumary of Incident:

#### Page 7

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#### Page 8

LCIBST SUCARY JE'T
Incident No. 175a
1. Date and Tine of Observation: 23 Sept 4s 0930
2. Were Sighted: Seata Jo, H. K.
3. Observer's Fositiont
Nace und Address of Observer: Mr Jobn C. Fairchild
5. Occuration and/or hobbies: Building Superintendant
6. Attention Attrected by: drawing. mechanical inclinations also woodworking
Olint of light photography
7. Number of Object() Seen: 1
. sire of Object(s): 150 - 200 foet stimated sive
9. Color of Cbjret(s): dright silvery object
10. Sane (Skrtch if Focible) oblong egg shape
l1. Neture of Luminosity: sew just a silver streak
(direeted beom of ligt?)
12. Altitude of (bj ct: 30,000 feet
(rstinated)
13. Estiat d Diutanee of bjeet from Cberv r: 7 miles
14. Estiaeted Bad of Oljuct: 700 or 800 MPH
15. Time in Si,at: /s
16. Tuetics: Straight course
17. Sound ade b. Cbj ct(s): Hone
18. Dircction of Fligut of Chjcct(s) Bortheast - Southwest
19. Apparint Cons ructi n: Uakmon
20. Effeet on Clouds: Mear
. Exnaust Trail Color of): Muiah appearence to rear
22. mner of Miscppeerence: Paded froa view
23. Wucth r Conditions at Nise of Sighting: caw
24. Peculicritics Noted: Sort of a sunflower shape at the end of object
seemed to be apart from object but close on its tail
25. Surmary of Incidenti (over)
(See ctti ched pege)

#### Page 9

Incident: 175s
Statement of Mr John C. Pairehild does not tally with that of
A. Eable Angier. See Incident 175
Mr Fairchild saw a bright silvery oblong or egg-shaped object
whioh a e red to have a speed of 700 to 800 MPHand which seemed to
have a zort of unflow'r shape t the end of it but spart from the
object and close on its tail. de perceived a bluish ape rance to
resr of the object wich could bave been exhaust. To him the object
appeared silvery instead of woite and oblong rather than round.
Mr Angier thought the object remained stationary. However the dis-
crepancy in tine could have accounted for taie. Apparently ir Fair-
child observed the ob ject some 15 mimutes before Mr Angier obgerved
it. Also it would seen thet be watcned it for a greater length of time
in that he mentions thet it faded from view wherens Mr Angier stated
that it was still in view when heleft.

#### Page 10

INCIDNT SCMARY SENT
Incident No. 176
1. Date and Time of Otservation: 23 Sept 48 Approx 1200
Where Sighted: Castro' Ranch - 4 miles cue esst of San Pablo, Calif and
Hel miles South of Pinole, Calif
Observer's Position: ground
(i. e. ground, air, contrel tower, ete.)
4 Nare and Alire-s of Cbserver: Morace S. Pakdins. Col.. U. S. Army (RET)
l024 Eether Drive, Walmut Creek, Calif.
5. Occuration and/or bocbies: Retired aray colouel formerly a veterinarian
presently empl yed as a Meat Inspector by Calif State Dept of Agr.
6. Attention Attricted by: Was observing an Army bomber when he observed
7.Mumber of Cojeet() Seen: an unknown objeet flying above the bomber
1
g. sire of Objoct(e): About the sise of a l-engine bomber - longer than wide
Color f C, ot (s): Main part of body tranaluoent and of a dirty gray color
spherical having the shape and depth similar to globe - like anoeba
l. Leture of Luminosityi Did not reflect or give off light of any type
(dir.cted tiin of ligt?)
12. Altitude of Objct: Over a mile
(ustiated)
1. Estiat d i tanc. of bj ot from be rv r: Over a mile directly above
1. Estirated Sped of Object: very fast speed
15. Time in sight: Could not estimate
16. Tactics: Appeadagee seemed to flap or oscillate while center
portion remained stable
17. Sound ide b: Cbj ct(s): o noise
18. Dirtction of Flig.t of Cbjoct(s) Mearly due east
19. Apgtrint Cons ructi n: Phought main part of objeet appeared like caavas
20. Effect on Clouds: /s
11. Examst Trail Color of): Mo evidence of exhamst
2. nner of Discpp erence: Just disappeared from sight in a very sort time
23.
24. Peculitritis Noted: See drewring attacbed
25. Suramry of Incident: (over)
(See attrched pacc)

#### Page 11

Inci. t: 176
While watching an Aray bomber which was flying rather low, Col Eakins
observed above and going nearly cue east an unknown object. He asked
his companion, Mr Bentham, if he were seeing things. Bentham substantiated
the fact that there was an object above the bomber. Col Eakine described
the object as being epprorinately the size of a large four-engined bomber.
It appeared undulating in shape resembling an ameeba (See aketch inclosed).
The object apeared to have 3 appendages forward and 2 aft wnich seemed to
be flapoing or oscillating wnile the center portion reained etable. Col
Nakins toought it was a mile or more above the bomber. In the center of
the object there appeered a round, dark circle which, in Col Eakins' opinion,
seemed to be above the main body of the objeot. Purther it appeared that
the main part of the object was translucent and of a dirty gray color and
that the dark, circular portion appeared to grow more dense in color as
it approncbed the center. Prom this observetion Col Eakins conclu ed that
the dark portion was woberical having the shape and depth of a globe.
He further stated that the main part of the object appesred like canvas.
He could not estimnte the seed of the object but sais it wis traveling
at a far greater speed than the bomber or anything else he had ever seen.
There was no noise of any type and no evidence of exhaust or trail.
The objeut did not reflect or give off light of any type.
Col Eakins prior to his retiresent in l9hs was on duty in Panama as a
veterinarian with the Army mission. He retired because of personal
reasons and not becuse of physieal defects. However, Col Eakins is
far-sighted and nas to wear glaeres. Neighbors and business a sociates
@stablished t e frct that he is highly thought of and is reliable in all
his dedl ings and associations with toem. He impressed the investigator
as being stable, intellient and above average in comon sense.

#### Page 12

MCINT SUART SET
Incident No. 176a
1. Cate and ine of Otservation: 23 Sept 48 Approx 1230
2. Where Sigited: Castro'• Ranch - 4 miles de sast of San Pablo. Calif a
3. Obcerver's Fosition: 4.l miles south of Pinole, Calif.
ground
(i. e.. ground, tir, control tower, ete.)
4. Name and Addres of Cbserver: Mr Sylvester Bentham, 2655 Dam Road
5. Occmation ani/or hotbies: Richmond, Calif.
retired butcher
6. Attention Attricted by: Col Rekins calling hie attention to the object
7. Mumber of Cbjeet() Seen: 1
C. size of Objeet(r): Appeared from observer's viewpoint to be 2 inches by
I inch by l inch.
.Color f Clject(s): Baff or ray in color
10. Sace (Skten if Posritle) rectangular outline with shary oorners
1. Neture of Ddminoeity; (See attached draing)
(dir.cted beor of ligt7) /s
12. Altitude of (bj ct: Very high
(estimat.d)
13.9 Estimated D fanec of bj t fron Cbe ry r:
1. Estime ted etd of Ouject: faster than any plane he had ever seen
15. Time in Sight: At least 3 mimtes
16. Tuctics: horisontal flight
17. Sound :adk b: Cbj ct(s): : ao moise
18. Dircction of Fligat of Ctject(s) northweet then turned north
19. Appernt Consiructi n: Seemed to de covered with a translucent material
20. Effect on Clouds: 1/8
1. Exisist Treil Coler f: Left no exchamet or trall
2. nn r of iscterence: few out of eight gradually fading from view.
23. Wecth r Conditi ns at Tine of Sighting: /s
24. Peculi:ritits loted: Seened like a vegetable crate flying thru the air
25. Surmiry of Incident: (over)
(Se ettached poge)

#### Page 13

Incident 176
On 23 Set 194g Mr Sylvester Bentham was talking to Col
Bakins when the Col nel called Benthan's attention to a
single object in the sky. Object first appeared in the
northeaet and wes moving faster than any airplane that
Bentham had ever seen. Object aypeared very high. Both
Eakins and Bentham watched it for at least mimutes. It
moved toward the northwest in a straight line at a constant
speed finally turning to the Morth and faded fron view.
To Bentham the object appeared to have a regulsr rectangular
outline with sharp corners. It waa buff or gray in color
with several darker vertical lines like ribs. (See drawing
attached.) Object eppeared like a "vegetable crate" flying
thru the air and seened to e covered with a tranelucent
material. It mede no noise and left no exhaust or trail.
Aparent size was approximately ? inches by I inch by I inch.
Ar Benthem's desaription as to the shape, direction and over-
all apve rance of tais object i in direct contr diction with
statenents made by Col Horace Dakins.
Mr Bentham further stated that neither he nor col Sakine were
wearing glarses at the tine and that he weare glasses only for
reading. Mr. Bentham is 70 years of age. He is a retired
butcher.

#### Page 14

LCITNT SUNARY JET
Incident No. 1IL
Date and Tine of Ocservation! 5 Sept 48 detween 3i00 and 3:30 P. M.
2. Where Sighted: Lentwood, La.
3. Observerts Fosition: ground
(i. e., ground, uir, control tower, ete.)
Name snd A ire-s of Cbsorver: Mrs Elmm MeDaniel & damghter Mildred
Occupation and/or botbies: /s
6 Attention Attricted by: Tangipahoa, La.
7. 1 Number of Cbject() Seen: Object not seem
siz of Object(r): /s
9. Color of Cuject(s): /s
10. Shape (Sketcn if Poerible) w/s
11. Neture of Luninosity: /s
(direoted becm of lig.t?)
12. Altitude of (bjrct: very high altitude
(.stimal.d)
13. Estirated Di tene of bjeat from Cbsrn r: 1/s
14. Estin ted Jeed of Objucti terrific
15. Tive in si at: Object not seen
16. Tactics: 1/s
17. Sound by Cbj ct(e): Unlike sny made by knowm airoreft
Dircction of Fligat of (bject(s) vest
Appernt Constructi n: W/s
20. Effect on Clouds: w/s
1. Exhomust Frail Colar of): /s
22. Vamner of Distpperence: /8
23. Wecth r Conditi ns at Rine of Sighting: W/s
24. Peculiaritits Noted: Umsual sound
2Surnry of Incident: Objeet wae mot peroeived as it was too high ad going
(See attrcuod pegc) (orer)

#### Page 15

Inc. sat: 177
at a terrific rate of speed. Witness states she has heard many planes
but could not describe the sound.
Subeequent investig tion of this incident reveals that according to.
neighbors Mrs McDaniel possesses a vivid imagination and that the
daughter ws inclined to take after the mother. Neither of the neigh-
bora heard any umuaal noi es in the vioinity.

#### Page 16

LNCISNT SUELARY SUT
Incident No. 178
1. Date and Tine of Observation: 1705 - 1715 H3T 1 Oetober 1948
Where Sighted: Homolulu. 1. H.. 158° •21° 5' 1
Obterver's Position: Oround
4. iane and Alirest of Observer: 2737 Pacifie Bgt. Rd, Honolulu
5. Occupation and/or hocties; Major, USAP - rated pilot
Attention Attracted by: /s
7. Mumber of Cbject() Seen: I eem interdttently 4 tives or i ceparate signting
Sige of Ocject(s): Appeared 4 or 5 inches in dia from odeerver's viewpoint
Betimated sises l0 to 15 feet in diame ter
. Color f Cbjcet(s): dright silver - comparable to alumimas in aireraft
1 Shace (Ske te if For itle) round or elliptieal
il. Nature of Luminoaltyr. x/sx o Plame or lighte observed
(directei betm of ligat?)
12. Alti tud of (0. ct: 10.000 to 14,000 1eet
(estiantid)
1). Ssti ated cigtane: of bj of from be rv r: /s
14. Estieted 3ed of Ojet: 200 NFR
15. Tine in sight: Obeerved intermittently. one time for 4 seconds, another
for ló seconds, the longest period.
16. Tuetics: Mo mensuvering - observed horisontal flight
17.. Soundad b. Cbjet(s): Ho sound noticed
18. Dircction of Flig.t of (bjcet(e) Mortheast on steady course
19. Apperent Constructi n: etallie
0. Effct on Clcuis: cloud formation blecked vision of observer as object was at an altitade between the two cloud formations (See attached drwg)
1. Exunet Trail Color of): o emhaust trail
22. mr of Disapperrence: w/s
High brokan clouds 3. 500 f3: 1/10s
24. Poculi:ritics lotod: Was not conventional craft Visibility: 15 m.
25. Surmory of Incident:
(See ettiched pagc)

#### Page 17

ancident: 178
On the af ternoon of 18 October 1948 at approximmtely 1705 hours Maj
Robert O. Drum stated that he had observed a strangely ahsped glistening
object in the north sector of the aky which was moving in a northeasterly
direction at an estimated altitude of l0, Ooo ft. A stratus layer of clouds
was situated above the object at an spproximate altitude of l4,ooo feet.
The disc or discs were moving below thie layer of elouds in that it was noted that on two occasions that the highest formation of clouds was at a greater
altitude than the object observed and that the lower cloud formation blocked
the vision of the observer tius placing the object betwoen the two cl ud
formations or levels. Because of this lower broken cumuius clouds at
a very low altitude wnien was oving in a southwesterly direction, tne Major could not ascertain whether he aaw the sane dise four different times or
four different disce. Over a period of le mimates the disc or discs were sighted four times. The longest period of observation wes estimatel as 10
seconds. The object or object(s) appeared bright silver in color and circular
were observed. No sound wae heard. Speed was estimated as 2O.MPH by using or elliptical in shape. No vapor or exhaust was present and no fave or lights
an estimated bo l factor in the swirling build-up of cumulus clouds.
Maj Drum compared the discs with a silver dollar slightly turned from a flat
cosition. giving the object a diso-shepe when held at arms length at a 45e
angle above eye level. Maj Drum thought that the elliptical erfe t could a ve resulted from the sngle at which the ob erv r and object were located. Maj
Drum stat d that he was certain the object was not a conventional cr ft.
One B-26 and one B-l7 and one Ph5 were flying in the vicinity during the por1od 0230/2 to 033/2.
The above sighting was also observed by Mrs. Drua (Maj Drum': wife) and by
his -yr old daughter. Both repeated preciaely the same observations stated by the Major.

#### Page 19

•

Obte"6T
• wlldnc thru the Golden Got p le, wh he ObE:erve a
~ste-riou Ught that 1llwniu.ted tbe entire ocean ( 10so! ~• oe c.ould
e) He !el 10 thuic "like an lectr1c arc which e d to hs.N the
powe-.r to lower hh band 1 like a aaclt o! 9hot•.' Observer state s that he
1@ subject to bro.hes aad vbere the th.tac eeaed to hsv co taeted h
he noticed a 'bru1,.. the followiac day that bad not been tber before.

Ee stat d toot be c:ouldn' t fiAd COW'II• t.o report tn• incideJlt aince
he didn't 'belien ru11one would believe the story. Re does not ...,hb a
fllrtber inveeti&ation.
oori:

'Ihe accoimt 1e wry incoherent ud the ob TTer apparently
not wall ed.u.ceted.. A.a xtrem&ly unreUabl.e aecoWlt •

•

..

#### Page 20

LNCIDNT SUMARY SET
Incident No. 180
Date and Time of Otservation:
Where Sighted:
Observer's Fositicn:
(i. e. eround, uir, control tower, ete.)
Mace and Alirest of Cbeerver: Mr Woite Smith
Occupation and/or hobbies: Body Nork Lannger, Studebaker Plant,
6. South Bend, Indiana
Attertion Attricted by:
7. Mumber of Objeet(Seen:
2. Size of Object(s):
9. Color of Cbject(s):
10. Shaco (Sketch if Poerible)
(dircotei beem of light?)
l2. Altitute of (bj ct:
(stizted)
13. Estimated Dirtane. of bj et from Obe rv r:
14. Estimeted Jteed of Oujuct:
15. Time in si,nt:
lé. Taetics:
17. Sonndid b. Cbj ct(s):
18. Dircction of Flig.t of (bject(s)
19. Apparent Cons ructi n:
20. Effeet on Clcuis:
l. Exhamust Trail Cdh r of):
22. mner of Distpperrence:
23. Wunth r Conditi ns at Tiae of Sighting:
24. Peculitritics Noted:
25. Surmory of Incident:
(Sce attiched page)
No report on this as yet.

#### Page 21

CIDEN, SWOARY SNEET
('o he filled out and retained in riles)
1. Date of Cbservation.4 Qetoker 19hs.. Incident 181
2. Tine of Cbservation . Ayhrox 1430 hours loeal time
3.Whure w Chject(s) Sichted .. Meer.Derton.Ooie ........
......... ..·.…..
4 Cserver's Pociin. Prom 4 c-47.a 6.0oo teet. ...
(i.e. (roud, air, control tower, ete.)
Naa ard Addrers of server. Md 0.. Smartt.Blt. 23 ordanca Ramilton AF Base
6. Cccupation ond/or Hobbies . Pilot and Ordnance Offieer ... ........
....... . ..........
Atra d ors d doi Ouine close enough to canse his to
d. Mauher of Objoct(s) Sighted . Threq or fqur
Siz t()-/2 f 1ong.d 9.nheq ro. . .. ...
...
13. Estimated Distance of Olject from Cbserver Semed fdrly plpes
1. Sd C t(. 4p. red to de traeling egy s.
15. Time in Si it . . scoand
16. Tactics.... Traveled in strhight line ip gradual depeent. . . . .
...
18. Diroction of Flight of Objuct(s).. ....
19. Apraront Construction (of thit Material or Substance) . .Metellie. . ....
.
. except for slight tail on teag-drop objeet .
Micath of Dsegarmacel Mesppeured wader wing of aireraft.....
.….....................................
......................
.........................
...........................
(Attach a Soparate Sheot if Additional Space is Needed)

#### Page 22

Objects seened to take no definite course but flew in a general easterly
direction in a gradual descent. A few came elose enough to ca se the
pilot & co-pilot to duck as it appe red they aight come thru the nose of
the plane. Maj Srartt's analogy is as follows: Take about l/2 gallon
of water and hunp it 200 yarde in front of an approaoning airoreft about
20 feet above it, wit the water taking the shape of a teardrop. These
objects appe red to trevel in a straight line toward the aircreft and
gradually descended. passing from view under the wing of the Odi7. Ie
apparent speed of these objects arpe, red quite iigh as they remained in
view for only a second. They were sighted one at a tire at intervals of three or four mimtes.
Macrepancies noted: In first report Maj Smartt rerorted seeing 15 to 20
objects. Later he reorts seeing three or four.
In first report he states that they pureued no
definite course in tnat some traveled downwerd
and sone tra eled upward. In last report he
does not mention that ny purued an wowerd course.
The analogy of comparing sighting of these objects
to 1/2 gallon of water humped approximately 200
yaris in front of is aircraft and trat teardrop
objects ware formed ·seems to indicate an i pression
of a group of objects seen at one time (as first
recorted) and not singly at intervals of three or
four mimutew.

#### Page 24

Incident: 182
A bright object similar in shspe to the moon but with a distinct
bright center was observed by the master of the S/s "Gulfcort"
The object gradually grew darker as daylight faded. Size was that
of l/4 of a full moon. It was traveling southeast by west.
First bearing: 2220 GMT - 3500 10.18
2d bearing 2230 GMT - aci 358
3d bearing: 2254 GMT 050 57.05
Disappe red at 2310 GMT.

#### Page 25

MOIINT SOMARY GET
Incident No. 13
Date and Time of Otservation: 15 Oot 19hs - aight
2. Where Sigited: Julclaka Arae betweea nigamo Shime 33° ho' x by 1)° O'E
3.
(i. e., ground, dir. ntrol tower, etc.)
4. Nase and Adiress of Cbserver: /3
Occupation and/or hotbies: rilot and reder obeerver
6. Attention At tracted by: pip of mbnowa adrerefs appering an airborne radar
7. Number of Cbject() Seen: 1 posadbly a
8. Sire of Objoct(s): Could not be estimated
9.Color of Cljct(e):
10. Shape (Skatcn if Pocitle) Could not bo detarrined
11.
12. Altitute of (bjct:
(cstimeted)
13. Sstiat d Diotanc. of bjet from Cberv r: 9 m1es to 12.000 ft
14. Eatiteted atad of Object: Much gre ter than F-61.
15. Time in sight: 2/s
16. Tictics: Basiva
17. So nd : b: Ctj ct(s): /s
18. Dircction of Hig t of Ctjcet(s) m3
19. Apparnt Cons ructi ni /s
20. Iffeet on Clcuds: 1/3
1. Exicast Triil Color f): Bo exhamst flames or trails ween
22. mn r of Discup rence: Acceler ted epeed aad ws lost to airborne radar-
23. Worto r Conditi ns at Ti: of Sigli:ing: Auluoka Area: Vallindted eelling.
24.
scatt red.
25 Sumery of Incident: aseent, cognirance of F-6l'• loeation at all times.
(over)
(see ottrened page)

#### Page 26

Incident: 183
A cable from FeA reported that an unidentified aircraft was
sighted both visually and by rader by the pilot and radar
observer of an F-6l on 15 Oct 4s. The observers think it
possible that 2 unidentified aircraft were involved in the
interception. The sightings oocurred at night; owever, there
wis ufficient wonligit to perit a silhouette to be discerned
altnought no detiils wore okrerved. It was inossible to e-
timete tne size of the siroraft or whether it was jot or prn-
peller driven. No trails or exkamat flames were seen. me
qeed of t is direraft was reported ae mach greater than that
of tne F-ol. It also osi a nigh rate of accelere tion and cwld
The object seemed cognizant of the wnereabouts of the F-fl t go al ost straight up or down out of redar slevaticn linits.
all tiees wich pight inlic te that it carried rad:r enipment.
The F-pl interceptor aircr ft was visible to ground radar only
periodically as it flew in and out of the pernanent ground return
area in w ich search was being conducted. The only object picked
u. by the ground rarlor was tue P-él. Ceiir ad distence befween
intereentor (F-6l) ani objects in e e signting is as follows:
Viret pickea up at I miles and Lo * .00 foet. ..
ird picked un at ailes and lost at io miles.
Four, five and sixt all picked wn at 9 iler an io t at lao ft.
The last three sightings took place during a l0 mimute period. In
eadh instance the F-6l detected the object approrimately 9 miles
ahead. slowly clored to witnin 12.xx feet when the object wo ld
suddenly accelerate speed, dive and disappesr from the airborne
rudarscope. Interceptor attemptrd to effect a normal pickam by
diving aftor ob ject but in e ch case was unnuccesaful. After six
sightings had been lost, the object was not again detected altnough
interceptor continund to search the orea until approximately Ol30.

#### Page 27

INCIMST SUCARY JET
Incident No. 14
1. Date ond Tine of Otservation: 20 Oot 19ls 0600
2. Where Sighted: cleer Winona, Mimnesota
3.Obgerver's Fosition: ground
(i. e., cround, air, control tower. ete.)
4. Name und Addre-t of Cbserver: Dr F. T. Benoit & Peul Zenk,
5. Occupation and/or kobbies: /s
Attertion Attricted by: /s
7. Mumber of Objrot() Seen: 1
2. sire of Otject(e): 25 feet long by 8 feet wide
. Color f Cb,(ct(s): W/3
10. Sace (Sketen if Poswitle) /s
11. Nature of Luminoaity: "sparka"
(Jir-oted bium of lignt?)
12. Altitude of (bjct: 1/3
(.stiuted)
13. Sstiated Di-tance of bjet trom (b rv r:
14. Estieted of Ojuet: Slow
15. Time in si at: W/s
16. Tactics: Broke up into mmerous bright particles
17. Sound de b Cbj ct(e): /s
18. Dircetion of Fligt of Cbject(e) m/s
19. Apperent Constructi n: "a bunch of eparke wi th a tail
20. Effeet on Clcuds: W/s
1. Exnsust Treil Coler f): tafl
22. amner of Msoppaerince: broke up into mumerous bright particles
Wath r Conditians at Tine of Sighting: W/s
24. Peculitrities loted: alow speed and the faet that it broke into moserous
25. Surmary of Incident:
(Sre ottrcued poce)

#### Page 28

Incident: 184
Takon from Minneapolis Morning fribune
21 Oetober 1948
DUCK! IT'S TO SAUCMRS AGAIN
... At Winona, Minn., Paul Zenk and Dr. F. T. Benoit aaid they saw a
slowly traveling object wich broke up into namerous bright particles over
the towm at 6 A. M. 20 Oot 48.
They asid it was about 5 feet long and elght feet wide and appeared
to be a bunch of sparks with a tail.
NOTEA The above witneuses were not contected from Wold Chamberlain Fid, Jee Incident l85 for rerort of L. A. dan en
Minneapolis, Minn.
nd Harold Oliver.

#### Page 29

ACIMT SLAAY SCT
Incident No. 155
1. Date and Tine of Observation: 20 Oetober 19kd at epprex 0550 hours
. Where Sighted: Mimneapolis, Mimmesota
3. Otgerver's Position:
Lawrenoe A. Hansen. 1hgs E. Albert St, St Paul
5. Occupation and/cr hobbies: L. Lamsens teletype operator
H. Oliver: Mailmam
6. Attention Attrectod by: /s
7. Mumber f Cbject() Seen: 1 (seem at two different locatioms, in Mimneapolis)
3. size of Object(s): 6 feet
.Color of Cet(s): oramge nlame celered
10. Shape (Sketch if Pocible) round with tail 1/3 again as long as diameter of
1. Nature of Lumingaity: object. See attached drawings
12. Altitute Cb ct: Prom 5.00oo to 10,000 feet
(istiut.d)
15. Satirated Dirtanc of bj f from Cbe rv r: 1/s
1. Estine ted Speed of Uljuct: 3 times that of jet adreraft
15. Time in sight: 1/s
l. Tctics: Seemed to follow a stralght course, in a horisontal attitude
losing very little altitude,
17. Sound ade b coj cl(): Ho sound
18. Dirtction of Flignt of Cejeet(s)s South southwest to north mortheest.
19. Apperent Cons ructi n: Mame
Ffect on Clouis: Dasppe red behiad cloud beaks to the aorth northeast
1. Ehsust Treil Colar of): bolling aheete of fame
22. amn r of Discpperrence: Benind eloud benk to the north northeast
33. Weeth r Conditi ns at Nise of Sighting: Ws
24. Peculirritics Noted: Froat of the object seemed blurred as if eaveloped
25. Surmery of Incident: in smoke - the rest of the main body was a fiery
orange calor
(S e cttrcned page)(over)

#### Page 30

Incident: 185
and 4th Ave., Minneapolis, by Lewrence A. Bansen, teletype operator and Object wms sighted from 13th snd Lake Street, Minneapolis & at 7th Street
Harold Oliver, Mailmen, at approximately O550 hours 20 October 194s. Witnesses stories eeem to conform in pattern throughout. The front of

(Text continues in the original file: 144 pages.)

## SP 16 [7.18.1963] (National Archives RG 59)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/59214434SP167181963
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/59214434SP167181963
- Agency: Department of State
- Incident date: 7/18/63
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

July ’63 memo: the only thing longer than the paperwork is the ‘low‑but‑not‑zero’ hope.

- 59_214434_SP 16 [7.18.1963] PDF from DoS, dated 7/18/63, Executive Office memo
- Discusses alien‑intelligence scenarios, plans, Mars life speculation, and diplomatic policy
- Concludes alien‑race probability low but non‑zero, warrants attention

### Official summary

This memorandum, dated July 18, 1963, from the Executive Office of the President, National Aeronautics and Space Council, relates to thoughts on the space alien race question. Included are details relating to plans if alien intelligence is discovered, expanding scientific knowledge, the possibility of life on Mars, and diplomatic policy.

### AI summary

This document is a memorandum from the Executive Office of the President, dated July 18, 1963, addressed to Mr. Robert F. Packard. It discusses the possibility of encountering an alien intelligence in space, noting that scientific consensus considers the likelihood of an alien race in our solar system to be negligible. The memo explores theories about the formation of planetary systems and the potential for life beyond Earth. It also references claims about Mars and the moon, suggesting that while some believe in extraterrestrial activity, scientific evidence remains inconclusive. The document concludes that while the probability of finding an alien race is low, it is not zero and should not be ignored.

### Full text

#### Page 1

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EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDEN T
NATION AL

AERO N A UT I C S

and

SP A CE

WASIDNGTON

18, 1963

MEMORANDUM FOR
Mr. Robert F . Packard
Office of International Scientific Affairs
Department of State
W a s h i Y ' 2 ~/
SUBJECT:

---- -

Thoughts on the Space Alien Race Question

During recent discussions the question has occasionally, though
rarely, arisen that perhaps we should consider the policy question
of what to do if an alien intelligence is discovered in space. Some
discussion of this occurred, as you will recall, during deliberations
on BNSP Task I. This memo contains some miscellaneous thoughts
on t he question.
The consensus of scientific view says, with quite good reasons, that
the p~ssib.lity of running across an alien intelligent race in our solar
system • s negligible. This is due primarily to the presumed unsuitabili
of conditions upon other planets to support life as we know it.
The..!.!Ying saucer advocates claim, of course, that the scientific
viewpoint ~ s e n s e, and that there is overwhelming evidence of
such beings. In my own mind, I find it difficult to side with the flying
saucer advocates, but the almost total impossibility envisioned by
most scientists also is disturbing. Therefore, I present t h e problem
in current perspective, as I see it.

f

-

Up until a few decades ago it seemed very improbable that intelligent
life existed anywhere outside of the solar system. The chief reasons
for this were a combination of scientific theory, scientific knowledge,
and rel igious belief. The most widely accepted scientific theory as
to the formation of the solar planetary system held that it was a result of the near collisfon of two stars. Since such a p r ~cise ne: r-miss

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#### Page 2

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- 2 of two stars would be an extremely rare event, it followed that there
would be very few other planetary systems in the universe and, indeed, perhaps this was the only one. Religious belief said, furthermore, that life was a gift bestowed by God. This was a relatively
undisputed point since no scientific data existed to bridge the gap
between non-living and living materials.
The situation today is vastly changed in these respects. The most
widely held theory of stellar formation would predict the formation of
planetary systems to be a natural consequence of stellar evolution.
On this basis, most stars would possess planetary systems, and the
number of habitable planets in our galaxy would be tremendous. Our
biggest telescopes cannot resolve planets at the distances even of the
nearest stars, so no direct confirmation is yet available. In my own
mind, however, the wide prevalence of multiple stars is an overwhelming hint in support of this theory. In addition, the biological sciences
have almost completely traced a series of natural occurrences which
lead from inanimate molecules to elementary living viruses. Thus,
we have the current scientific theory and data not only that there are
a huge number of planets in the galaxy, but that life is quite likely to
arise spontaneously on a large number of these. This, of course, does
not necessarily imply intelligent life. Modern theology is not necessarily
incompatible with this. The description in Genesis of the Creation certainly is a better picture of the current theory than of a stellar collision,
and since God only spent seven days on this system, He has clearly had
lots of time to create many more systems.
Even granting a probable existence of much life in the galaxy, there is
still the question of whether another intelligent race exists in our solar
system. There are, of course, two methods of its establishment in our
system. One of these is that it originated on some other planet, for
instance, Mars. Some of the spectacular markings of Mars have been
interpreted as indicating intelligence. In particular, the famous 11 Canali 11
are rather narrow, and always run from one prominent marking to
another, frequently with round splotches at intersections. As far as I
know, no one has discovered a II Canali11 which goes nowhere. This has
quite understandably stimulated much conversation. In fact, a number
of decades ago, when scientists thought that any life on other stellar
systems was very remote, they seemed to feel that intelligent life

iJ~FICIAL USE ONtV--

#### Page 3

I ISF ONLY
- 3 probably existed on our other planets. Some of the discussions about
life on Mars at the turn of the century seem to indicate a strong urge
to want to find intelligent life elsewhere. Today, the situation is
completely reversed, and although intelligent life is considered quite
probable among the stars, it is held to be quite unlikely within the
solar system. We seem more eager to listen with Ozma than to look
closely at Canali.
One school of flying saucer advocates claims that the Martians have
been mining our moon for natural resources for some time. At first
thought, one would think they would rather mine earth. It is interesting
to speculate, however, upon space flight from the point of view of a
Martian. The escape speed of Mars is only 161 500 fps, and, of course,
braking speed on our moon is less than 10, 000 fps. Thus, Martians looking at earth would tend to view it the same way Terrestrials look at Jupiter.
Our moon might not be less work to get to, since atmospheric braking to
earth is possible, but would be very much easier to return from, while
the energy requirements to go to and return from the surface of the earth
might well be so high as to discourage interest, at least initially,. Interestingly enough, even a normal high energy chemical rocket could make
a trip from Mars to our moon at favorable times while carrying almost
10% of its gross weight in payload. Space flight starting from Mars,
then, is a much easier prospect than starting from Terra. If a suitable
refueling base had been painfully established on our moon, the operation
could be done quite commendably with merely chemical energy. (The aforementioned high energy chemical rocket could carry at favorable times
almost 50% payload back to Mars.) Of course, many flying saucer advocates claim that the discovery of both Martian moons within a week in the
latter part of the Nineteenth Century indicates that they are large artificial
space stations, otherwise they would have been found earlier. If we were
to discover Martians on the moon, it would result in surprisingly little readjustment of our scientific thinking. The biggest question would be why
they were there rather than among the Asteroids.
In fact, if we were not as scientifically sure of ourselves as we are, three
recent events would be hailed as broad hints of intelligent life on the moon.
( 1) The discovery of hot gasses eminating from the crater Alphonsus when
the moon was supposedly dead. This would be considered evidence of civilization and, since Alphonsus is close to the visible edge, interpreted to mean
that the other side of the moon was teaming with population which had begun

Off ft.;1 ''E U~O~I LY
_,,,

#### Page 4

- 4 to spill around to this side. (2) The infra-red scans which show hot
spots. These would be interpreted as indications of cities or at least
mining camps. (3) The fact that no lunar or planetary probe of significance has been successful, in spite of major efforts on the part of
two very successful earth orbitfaring nations. It would be supposed
that someone was denying us deep space. (The other-side-of-the-moon
pictures from Lunik III show no details of consequence, and the same
can be said of the data from Mariner II compared to what we had already
known about Venus from earth-based measurements.) Should the Martians
have colonized the moon without discovering nuclear energy, then they
represent no real problem, and our current national policy would be
made to order for the situation. If all of this were true, of course, I
would expect the Martians to be scared to death of what they have seen
recently on this planet, and would expect that the highest priority development program in the solar system is being conducted by the Atomic
Energy Commission of Mars.
Even if we are secure in our belief that intelligent life never would develop
on Mars or some other solar planet, there is still the question of visitors
to the solar system from other stellar systems. This is normally written
off as an extremely low probability, due to the tremendous distances between stars, and the Einstein limitation on travel faster than the speed
of light. Therefore, even if there are a large number of intelligent life
forms in the galaxy, and even if they are continuously searching for other
races, the frequency of investigation of any stellar system would be only
on ce in many thousand of years and contact would rarely, if ever, be
achieved. It might never be achieved, since presumably intelligent races
die out. (What happened to the planet whose pieces now are spread around
the Asteroid Belt? Or, for that matter, why is Uranus lying on its side?)
I am not sure that this travel restriction is quite as infallible as it sounds.
I believe that it is possible with what we n ow know about nuclear energy
to envision ships driven at half to three- quarters of the speed of light.
This, since the galaxy is 100,000 light-years across, still does not make
a search of the entire galaxy feasible within the life span of the average
man. But suppose some race under pressure of population explosion were
expanding as fast as technically feasible from star to star throughout the
galaxy. If their ships averaged half the speed of light, and if, on the average,
they stopped every 10 light-years for a twenty-year stay at a stellar system
to d eposit colonists, refuel, and build extra ships, they would only take
two hundred thousand years, starting at the center of the galaxy, to spread

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#### Page 5

Olf lCiAL
- 5 throughout the whole system. Since the earliest known remains of
man have recently been dated at approximately one million sevenhundred thousand years, a sustained drive for merely two hundred
thousand years may not be unreasonable. Of course, if we were to
run across representatives of this kind of interstellar race, they
would not be nearly as tame as the previously hypothesized chemical
Martians, and our policy would need to be revised accordingly.
Fortunately, travel time restrictions would inhibit their ability to
bring all forces to bear, in case we should develop differences of
viewpoint.
The third possibility, scientifically abhorrent, is that the Einstein
theory may only be an approximation, and an alien race which actually
travels faster than light exists. If we were to meet such a race, our
policy had better be to negotiate fast, because the implications of their
far better understanding and control of the fundamental forces of nature
would be obvious. If all the scientific speculation were to turn out wrong
and we were to stumble across an alien race, we would want to know
as quickly as possible which of the three types I have indicated it was,
as our diplomatic policy would damned well be influenced by the results.

CONCLUSIONS
Although all plausible scientific thinking suggests that we will not find
any other intelligence race, the probability that we will is finite, and
perhaps should not be completely ignored. Were we to find one, the
question of whether it was a race with primitive chemical space flight,
space flight equivalent to our best understanding of nuclear energy, or
space flight based on physics beyond Einstein should be ascertained as
rapidly as possible, since our policies would be affected in the most
drastically possible way. In any event, a policy of the immediate burying
of all Terrestrial hatchets would likely be in order. Even if we only
found tame chemical Martians, or merely the debris from some intraglactic survey mission, it would be a good idea to proceed on the assumption that the human race would finally have found a bigger problem than
the ones it has created for itself. There likely is nothing to be done at

9FFIC~E ONLY

#### Page 6

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' ... ' .

OfFl~,AL USE ONLY ,
- 6 the moment to prepare for these possibilities (the only body of writing
on the subject available in an eme rgency is science fiction), because
no one of consequence is going to take this rubbish seriously unless
it happens. At that point, our policy will be determined in the traditional manner of grand panic.

Maxwell W. Hunter, II
Member, Professional Staff

SFRCc.LA-11Ati--t--rrUS.,E ~onrNLY
v----

## 711.5612[7-2852 (National Archives RG 59)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/596463471156127-2852
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/596463471156127-2852
- Agency: Department of State
- Incident date: 7/28/52
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Two pages from 1952, and the mystery still isn’t on the next page.

- 59_64634_711.5612[7-2852, DoS pdf, incident 7/28/52
- Reports rising UFO sightings, cites tech advances, historic reports, Air Force opinions
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This two page memorandum, dated July 28, 1952, relates to increased reports of unidentified flying objects (UFOs). Included in the record are possible explanations of increased sightings, such as technological improvements, historical records of UFOs, and U.S. Air Force opinions on UFOs.

### AI summary

This is a two-page internal government document dated July 28, 1952, written by F.H. and addressed to Jir. A~rong. It discusses the Air Force's perspective on flying saucers, based on a conversation with General Samford. Samford states that flying saucers remain an enigma, with reports dating back over 100 years. He attributes the increase in sightings to better observation and reporting methods, including radar and pilot reports, as well as media attention. The Air Force considers them a threat due to their unknown nature and frequency, but no definitive explanation is provided. The document was declassified under number NND 852931.

### Full text

#### Page 1

A.F.

. ..

July 28, 1952

MElmRANDUU

To:

\

Jir. A~rong

Paul Nitze asked me what the Air Force thought about tLe flying
saucers , and I susooct that the others would be interested. I recommend,
therefore , vhat you pass on the gist of the attached at the ~orning
meeting tonorrow. Samford gave it to me at the IAC .

r .a ..

Att.

DECLASSIFIED NND 852931

#### Page 2

..

. ...

July 28, 1952

UE~.IORANDU?.'!

Subject :

Flying Saucers

General Samford, 1 - 2, in response to my inquiry, said that there is
very little that can be said to clarify the flying saucer business :
It is still a complete enigma.
He did, hOivever, point out that phenomena falling ?athin the
general description of flyin~ saucers have actually been known to exist
and have been reported one way or another for over 100 years . The
increase in observation and in reporting and publicity on the su~ject
is probably attributable in the main to vastly inproved r.iethods of
observation and reportin~, including not only radar but the reporting
systems used bv civilian and military pilots . It is also attributable
in some measure to the publicity which is given it, which takes on certain
elements of a II fad . 11
There is no question, according to Samford, that "credible observers
are reporting the incredible . 11 The radar observation may have elements
of "electronic fluke , 11 but is sufficiently tied in with pilot observation
so that it cannot be attributed entirely to this . The Air Force views
the flying saucers as a threat only because they are not understood and
they are sufficientl; .:r.rtJquentas a phenomena to mean that they will give
great attention to them until they understand them.
General Samford did not say anything about the possibility that they
were man- made or controlled, friend or foe , but the whole implication of
his remarks 1"1"as that this possibility was ~
emote~ not te be se?iotmfy
considered.
tfM\. ,t

F.H.

DECLASSIFIED NND 852931

~

## FBI file 100-DE-18221, Serial 844

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-101634279-100-de-18221-serial-844
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-101634279-100-de-18221-serial-844
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 4/17/58
- Location: Detroit, MI
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The dome was so clear, even the 1958 paperwork needed glasses.

- File 65_HS1-101634279_100-DE-18221_Serial_844, FBI, 1958‑04‑17, Detroit, MI.
- Reports 23‑year‑old Weaver saw circular object with crystal‑type dome moving north across city.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

An FBI memo from 1958 reporting a UFO sighting by a Detroit man who described a "circular object with a crystal-type dome," and recommending that the information be forwarded to "proper air force authorities."

### AI summary

This is an office memorandum from the FBI in Detroit, dated April 17, 1958. It reports that a man named Weaver saw a circular object with a crystal-like surface reflecting light in the sky. The object was moving north from the southwest and crossed the city three blocks south of Six Mile at Lamphere Street. Weaver tried to contact Selfridge Field to reach the Air Force but was unsuccessful. He then informed the office of the sighting. Weaver was 23 years old, the son of a Detroit policeman, and had previous experience with the Civil Air Patrol but was not familiar with aircraft identification. The document advises contacting proper air force authorities.

### Full text

#### Page 1

.Office Memorandum • uNITED sTATEs aovERNMENT
TO

SA C, ":>ETROIT

FROM

SA RC>B.J::RT "'10S

DATE :

April 17 , 19~8

R~YNOLDS

SUBJECT :

~...-__.,__....,.~ 1 ~801 -~co~ta , Detroit , Michi g an, r ele p hone
No .
- 7546, telephonically a dvise ri t h i~ off ice at h : 08 . . ,..,. .,
to d ay , that e ba a jugt s e en an ob j e ct in the ~ky 1 escri hed a~ a
circular ob j e ct with a crystal- type 0ome t hat reflect e d lig ht! .
He ~aid this o b ject wa! pas~ing in a northern d irection from
southwest and cros s e d t he City three block~ s outh of Six Mi l e
at Lamphere Street .
ri/EAVER a dvised that he att err1p ted to call Selfridg e Fie l d
to p,et in touch with the Air ~orce b ut hi ~ at t empts were un­
p roiuct i ve . He t he n called the off ice t o f urn t s h t he a bo ve
information .
1

~EAVER sat i he wa~ ?3 years of a g e , wa~ t he ~on of a De tr o i t
policeman , and that he had previous exp erience wtth t he Civil , ir
Patro l ( CAP) ; however , he wa~ not too familiar with the l denti­
fication o f aircraft .
1EAV~R s t ated he was on hi~ way home from
his employment in ,)e troit when he ohcerve d i netant object .

Adv l se p roper air fo rc e ,i authorities .

RRR/ mac

(1 )

)
IERIAUZfD....

....1 II.ID... .......

APRl 71958
FBI • DETROIT

NW 90288

Docld:34715588 Page 1

..

## FBI file 100-DE-26505

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-101634279-100-de-26505
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-101634279-100-de-26505
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 11/7/57
- Location: Germany
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out the 1944 ride was just a wartime elevator test.

- File 65_HS1-101634279_100-DE-26505, FBI PDF, incident 11/7/57, Germany.
- Reports Wladyslaw Krasuski recounting a large circular vehicle rising vertically near a German military compound in 1944.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

An FBI report from 1957 detailing the interview with Wladyslaw Krasuski, who recounted seeing a large, circular, vertically-rising vehicle in 1944 Germany near a German military compound.

### Full text

#### Page 1

CLASSIFICATION NO. oy *
Volume Number
Auoune uoneouissepad onewony l8y woy peaved reping uoneoyissepe ( Serials
,
3713
a3
go
wOd.
gat
DE - DETROIT FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER
Class / Case # Sub
Vol. Serial # +55√
0100 26505
OPEN
8/08/374524
1AHAN dq # 91035202-6 41
3 peuealog RRP000 PJD9
* 5 SON
I osie
06Z06 MN

#### Page 7

Record Request

FD-125 (5-27-55)

I I Birth D Credit
CJ ·Death ..____ Marriage•

D

Motor Vehicle

INS

To:
Return to:
Fi le number

Buded

Name and aliases of subject, app1icant or employee & spouse

/(t<A

51(1

Addresses
Residence
Business
Former
*Date and place of marriage
(it pertinent)
Race

w
Age

sc::r::-ex
Male
CJ Female
Height

8 i rth date

I
Weight

Birthplace

~Hair

Fingerprint Classi ti cation

Arrest Number

'

Cr hninal Specialty
Spec it ic intormat ion deaired

(See reverse side for results of chetk)

Page7

Eyes

======-----

FOIA(b)(6)

#### Page 8

URGENT

11-6-57

5-40 Pt~

cs

TO SAC, DETROIT
FROtv1

DI RECTOR

1P
,;CJ,

MR.

w.

SKI,

~~~-~

CAMPAU, DSTROIT El'tVSN tt:ICHIGAN,
MDRSSSED LETTER DATED NOVErB[R FOURTH TO ROBERT CUTL~R,
WHO IS SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT, STATING QUOTE I
.
~IGHT HAVS SOME INFORMATION ABOUT TH~ ROCKET IN TEXAS. I
HEARD ABOUT IT ON THE POLISH RADIO PROGRAM.
• 'iO

KNOW TO WHOM I COULD SPEAK TO.

UNQUOTE.

I WOULD LIK~
Itv't1 EDIATELY

INTERVISW KIASUSKI FOR ANY iNFORMATION HE rAY HAVE.
REFLECT NO INFOR~ATION RE KIASUSKI.

BUFIL~S

SUTEL.

END ACK PLS
OK FBI DE JH

i
(

NW90290
Docld:34714592 Page 8

#### Page 9

Detroit 3l, Michigan
November 7,1957
ALL INFORMATION CONTAINED
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
In response to a letter directed by him to Mr.
Robert Cutler, Special Assistant to President Dwight D.
Eisenhower,reflecting that he "might have some information
Joseph Campau, Detroit, was interviewed November 7, i957, about the rocket in Texas," Wladyslaw Krasuski, 5457
and furnished the following information: 7FOIA(b)(6)
Born in the State of
Krasuski was brought from Poland as a Prisoner of War to
Gut Alt Golssen,approximately 30 miles east of Berlin, Germany,
in May, l942, where he remained until a few weeks after the
end of World War II. He spent the following years at
Displaced Persons Camps at Kork, Strasburg, Offenburg, Milheim
and Freiburg, Germany. He attended a radio technician school
at Freiburg and for about a year was employed in a textile
mill at Laurachbaden, Germany. He arrived in the United
States at New York, May 2, l95l, via the "S.S. General Stewart"
as a Displaced Person, destined to the Reverend Father Petro
(b) (6) Walkowiak, Hamtramck, Michigan; his alien registration number -
Since May, l95l, he has been employed at the Gobel
Brewery, Detroit.
News report of mysterious vehicle in Texas causing
engines to stali prompted him to communicate with the
United States Government concerning a similar phenomenon
observed by him in l944 in the area of Gut Alt Golssen.
According to Krasuski, during l944, month not recalled,
while enroute to work in a field a short distance north of
Gut Alt Golssen, their tractor engine stalled on a road through
a swamp area. No machinery or other vehicle was then visible
although a noise was heard described as a high-pitched whine
similar to that produced by a large electric generator.
Bureau (RM) Detroit (100-26505) 1μ4-26505-2
CR:JLK Searched
Serialized.
Indexed
Filed.
NW 90290
Docld:34714592 Page 9

#### Page 10

..

A:A "8·S•

rd appear•• ancl talked brietl7 with the German

dr1nr
the, tractor, who waited five to t•n al.nut•••
at'ter which the noi•• ateppe4 alld. the tractor• ne waa
.._.... noraally. Approxillate J hours later 1n the ....
••••• ar•• • bu,t away trGIII the road where th• work crew wae

cutt
"
• he aUJTeptitioualy • beeauae ot th• German,
1a charge ot th• crew and "SS• .u~1rc 1D. the otherwiae d.esert,ecl

area, observed a oircular eneloeure approximately 100 ~o
l
YU"aa in diu.eter protected trom Yiewera bf a tar ul.in­
type wall approxima•ely SO reat high! from which a Ye icl•
•••· •••n•d to a lowly r1e• Yert1oal y to a height au.f ficient
\o olear the wall and then to move slowly horisontally a
abort d1atanee out of bi• view, which waa obstructed by
nearby tr••••
Thia Tebicle, observed from approx1aa\•l7
SOO feet, was <.iesor1bed as circular 1n ahape, 75 to 100
rartla in diameter, an4 about ll+ feet hi
conaieting ot
dark gray stationar7 top and bottom aeotiona, fiYe to six
feet hi I The approxiaate three toot middle section a ea.red
to be a rapidly •oving component produo • a continuoua lur
similar to a.n aerop,1,1m,e propeller, but enending the cir•
cwn.terance ot the Yehiole ao far ae could be obaerTed. The
noise eaanating from the Yehiole waa similar but ot somewhat
lower pitch than the ao1•• previously beard. Th• en ine ot
the tractor acain atall•4 on this occasion a11d no e ort
waa rude by ttbe German dr1Ter to start the engine until the
no1•• stopped, after which the en ne atartecl nor11ally.

Uaiulalat.ed ••tal, possibly copper,
cable• one and one-half.inch to two inch•• in diameter, on
and under th• aurtace or the ground. in eome places coYered
by water, were obaerve4 on this and preTious occasion.a,
apparentl7 runn
bet.ween the •nclosur• and a aaall
concrete colwan-1 e struoture between the road and enclosure.
Tb.1a area waa not visited
lraaueki
again until shortly after the end ot World War
), when it
wa• observed the Ill-lea bad been removed and the previous
locations of the concrete structure and the enclosure were
covered by wa~•r• lraau•k1 stated he haa not been in .
c011111unication s1.nce 1945 with any of the work crew of 16
or 18 ••n• ecmaiet
of iu•aian, i'rench and Polish POWa,

who had diacuseed th.ia 1ncide11t. uong theaselvea many ti••••

Howenr, o.f! th•••• lruu8ki waa able to recall by naae
only Franoiaaek Grabowakl 1 no addrees known, described a•
tben about SO r•ara of age and presumed by Krasuski to have
returned to Po and alter 194S.

NW90290

Docld:34714592 Page 10

#### Page 12

11/7/57
AIRTEL
AMSD - RM
TO: DIRECTOR, FBI
ALL INPORMATION CONTAINED
FROM: SAC, DETROIT (100-26505) HEREIN 1S UNCLAS A. SSIPIED
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS; IS X. DATE2/1 BY
FLYING OBJECTS; X. "
Interview of WLADYSLAw KRASUSKI, aka, WALTER KRASUSKI
reported in Blank Memo, five copies of which are enclosed
herewith for the Bureau, Was conducted by SA CASsIUS RATHBUN.
No indication of irrational or otherwise abnormal behavior
KkAsuSkI was observed during the interview.
KRASuSKI advised that his communication was directed to Mr.
ROBERT CUTLER rather than to President EISENHOWER after
seeing Mr. CUTLER's picture and identification with the
President's Office in a local paper.
KRASUSKI resides with his wife, nee JOANN wISNIEWSKI,
married in l952 at Detroit, and four small children,in a
single residence in an old Polish neighborhood at 5i57 Jos.
Campau Avenue, Detroit. No previous record located in Detroit
Indices identifiable with KRASuSkI or his wife.,
On ll/7/57, WILLIAM RECKNAGEL, Manager, adviSed IC PAUL DESMOND
that records of the Mich. Merchants Credit Association, reflect
only credit inquiries concerning WALTER KRASUSKI during 6/56
and 3/57 and 6/57, which confirm his local address and employment.
Bureau (Encls.5)(RM)
Detroit
C mm
IM-26505-3
salche
Serialized.
ndexed.
Filed.
NW 90290
DocId:34714592 Page 12

#### Page 13

FD-36 (Rev. 3-13-56)
FBI
Date: 11/7/57
Transmit the following message via TELETYPE
URGENT
(Priority or Method of Mailing)
TO: DIRECTOR, FBI 5 ALL INPORMATION CONTAINED
FROM: SAC, DETROIT
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS; IS - X.
REBUTEL NOV. SIX LAST. WLAYSLAW KRASUSKI, AKA. WALTER KRASUSKI,
WAS FOIA(b)(6)
GERMAN POW MAY, NINETEEN FORTY TWO, UNTIL SUMMER OF NINETEEN
FOURTY FIVE. ARRIVED NY MAY TWO, NINETEEN FIFTY ONE, AS DP,
AR NO. (b) (6) KRASUSKI UPON
INTERVIEW ADVISED THAT WHILE GERMAN POW DURING NINETEEN FORTY FOUR,
OBSERVED A VEHICLE DESCRIBED AS CIRCULAR IN SHAPE, SEVENTY FIVE
TO ONE HUNDRED YARDS IN DIAMETER, APPROXIMATELY FOURTEEN FEET
HIGH. THE VEHICLE WAS OBSERVED TO SLOWLY RISE VERTICALLY TO
HEIGHTS SUFFICIENT TO CLEAR FIFTY FOOT WALL AND TO MOVE SLOWLY
HORIZONTALLY A SHORT DISTANCE OUT OF VIEW OBSTRUCTED BY TREES.
ENGINE OF TRACTOR FAILED TO OPERATE DURING THIS PERIOD AND ONZ
SEVERAL OTHER OCCASION WHEN HIGH PITCHED WHINLING NOISE HEARD N
IN AREA. NO INDICATION OF MENTAL INSTABILITY DURING INTERVIEW.
FURTHER DETAILS FOLLOW AMSD.
WLS:JLK lm.26505-4
DE 100-26505
(1)
Searctiel
Seriehed.
Indexed
hied WAH
Approved: Sent _M Per
Special Agent in Charge
NW 90290
Docld:34714592 Page 13

#### Page 14

Kerry Liesch, Director
3539 N. W. 53rd
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Bob Stamps, Co-Director
5024 N. W. 20th
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

October 2, 1966
:FBI OPPICE

913 Federal Building
Detroit, Michigan

Dear Sirs:
H7 organization would appreciate any information
that 7ou could send us on Unidentified Flying
Objects, specifically thoae aigb.t1nga in
7our area in early spring of thia 7ear.
We will greatly appreciate any information that
7ou could send us on this subject. I thank 7ou
for your time, and co-operation.

a

Sincerely:
Kerry Lieach
Director, O.U.F.O.B.A.
KKL/lw

OCT
FBI - DiTROIT

Page 14

#### Page 15

Post Office Box 2l18
Detroit, Michigan 48231
October 11, 1966
Mr. Kerry Liesch
Director
The Oklahoma UFO
Research Association
3539 N.W. 53rd
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Dear Mr. Liesch:
This is to acknowledge your letter of October 2,
1966.
Please be advised that this office does not have
the information you have requested. It is possible that
the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, Dayton, Ohio, may be the proper agency to contact.
Very truly yours,
Paul H. Stoddard
Special Agent in Charge
1-Addressee ALL INFORMATION CONTAINED
1-Detroit (100-26505) HEREIN
IRA:frq
(2) 10026505-6
:
SERIALLZED indexEd
FilED
NW 90290
Docld:34714592 Page 15

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Section 1

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-1
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the priest’s disc didn’t make the FBI’s July 1947 inbox.

- 65_HS1-834228961_62-HQ-83894_Section_001, FBI case file, covering June 1947‑July 1968, United States
- Memo July 1947 discusses alleged disc near Grafton, WI, priest Reverend Joseph Brasky’s claim, no FBI report received
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

4-506 (Rev, 3-20-79)
RTMENT OF JUSTICE 23
0062 83894 Class / Case # HQ - HEADQUARTERS MOVED FROM OR ADDED TO TH SERIALS 1-52 HQ-83894
Sub AL BUREAU
RRP003IXH5 8/11/1274199 Vol. FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER OF
Serial # TIGATION
QUARTERS SECTION 1
DO NOT
DESTROY
FOIPA #993087 FOIPA# 13ld6404 DESTROY SERIALS 152 SECTION 1
from FBl Automatic Declassification Declassification authority derived Guide, issued May 24, 2007. PICKETT STREET DO NOT
Transfer - Call 3421
Use Care in Handling this File

#### Page 2

•

:::

,,,,.I

'

(

~

72055
~•

~ A.bout Saucers

Pitest Finds 'Whirring·' Disc s?''
In. Yard and Holds It for FBI
~
Chicago, July 6 (U.Pj.-A Catho• FBI oftice ~:iid he hadn't lw:3rd
.
.
~ - d yet about the d1,{' lmt that an offi~pnes~ at Gnfton, Wis., sa1 cial ,•f!~rl might be a.!Jj~ce.
tonight th a 1·ound, ffl'e~sc.l 1he flying discs ha, e been re­
wiilch..,.m1g
,e nneo-Y'tlw-Tll'l'i:tcr• po1·tcd "~een'' by pers,ms ill 30
ious \'Jlyi:n!t u rs:-l'ra'd'_:-crnstred States. l>ltt Brasky's disc was the
Tnto 1\S P• ' •b~•r,.r anc ftiiit'_Jic tirbl one that actuall~• had been
18
oldln 7frer the ffw.ral found-if that is whal wa· found .
Bu ~ <'· lm-est~1•
}Lis report cam~ ll few hours
he 1) . Jo~eph; ~raskY of St. after a military pl:ine made 1111
J seplfi! t hm·ch at Grafton_. 45 unsuccessful speed oash in an a\•
1 Hes ,,c ·th of :\lilwaukce, said _he tempt to track uo\\ t one o( the!
eard
swishing ~nd wlurnng discs and the Army and scit'i\fo;LSI
(11oise ~hi~ morning. A second later.l 50ught to ascerta111 \\hether coM'·
he 1,:ud, he hea1·d a thud and alto-coast l'cporls a icut the d1sc,1mild explosion.
zooming lb.rough t:1e sky were fact
He in\'estigaled and found a or fancy.
~heel metal disc !\bout 18 inches in Army planes scoured the northdiameter, resembling a circularlwest Pacific skies for them without
saw blade.
success today and one "eyewitness"
•·Tlte object ,-till was warm,1 even reported ha, illf. seen one of
weighed about four or five pounds the disc~ take off in Arizona. A
and was about one eighth of an St. Louis railroad man exhibited
inch thick," he said.
some paper "discs·• he ~aiil he had
1
There was a hole about one seen floating over St. Louis.
, inch in diamete1· in tbe middle o(
.
•
the disc, he said, and in the open- The flymg saucers which ha,·e
Ing were •·gadget~ and some been reported ~}timming tlu·ough
wires.''
•
Amedca's skin at speeds up lo
The priest ~aid l\e did not know l200 mile!I have elucled the usual­
\ i { his disco~ery. were important \lJ keen eye of radar.
a • whethe1•. 1t ~ugllt be an _e1ab- Capt. Tom Bi·own of the Army
,rate p1·achcal Joke. He s~hc Air Forces public relations st f
:md nQiilled the 'FBI or"Jii~,,.d.,
J:f.""K. Johnson 0£ the ~mw,m~ee See SA\TCERS, Page 3, Col.
11

L••r.0

___
Mr. N l. C'
Mr. Ros n _ _ _
Mr. T racy
Mr. Ca r son
Mr . E gan
Mr. He ndon
Mr. Penn ington_
Mr. Qui nn Tamm
Mr.

l

0

I

l

~

/2y;
~

(
j"

.., .

1.~£-R(:-g!!~% 1 _. I
82 JUL 10 1947

-----

JlJL,.,
WASHHT!'J'GT0 N POW"

Page_ _ _ _-=--::...

Kmm -

,{fr. Cl egg
Mr. Coffey __ ·_ .
Mr . Glavi n

\' .!!!r.

/.p

Tolson~
E. A.

#### Page 4

er
,ussil
of 12(
"There's t
about g•1idec

,:,. Q'.RS-•'ro,11 Pagi

. F•ut£l s ' ..
rie:st.
P+-.-.
In Yar,l

I said
\\ ," he

J

( t n d H o ~ lte
sa~~\\.ard w Rlakeslee, A :soci.
.
.
ated Prl'ss i-cieuce editor. sal i the
01
~aid the Army Airway~ Comm um- 1n tbe v.ue
we e nr.,w,.e~ t- whole business may be an orUcal
.
.
]
,tness accounts came a new ~enes -~.
.
cations Service had reported ate i comment~ and «-xplanatiuns, but illusion.
.
.
•·At a~r .distance .,,1~1ch 1~ close
yestHday that ,o far IL~ rada.r most or them were tinged with a
scopes throughout the country slight tendency to laugh off the to thr l11111l of ho,~ far a person
ca11 ~ee," hi' ,uote, "~11 obJ.~cl,s
have been .unable to. pick up any lwhole thing.
stra11ge obJecls In ~ltgbt.
Dr. Winfred Overholser. nation• app, ar round or near!) ~o. I h '
And in the Pacific Northwest- ally known psychiatrist and super• law of sight covers bolh smi:11
where most of the fl~-happy plat-lintendent of St. Elizabetbs Hos- h I \ 5 seen nearby and large
. ,
ters have been r.eportid-the Ai·mylpital here, said it "has some of the t g
has radar equipment which ~an earmarks of being national hys- at gre •l di st an<" •
pierct> fog and darkness and pick teria."
"Tht> ont> out~tand111g fact 11hout
up objects in the sky 200 miles "Everytime someone come, up ,•irtually all the ~au,·ers is that
a,, ay.
with a sea-!<erpent ~ton·." said Dr.
d
~truclure - they
.t.Hn so. B10\\n acknowledged Overholser, "other~ with vivid they ha
no •
that the Air Jo'orces had decided imal(inations are .sure they ha,1' seemed merely round and flat.
"there's something to thi!!" andlscen the same thing.
That de~<'l'iption fit~ exactly with
"The critical faculty ln m~n, thel the trick~ that eyes play. 'l'hi~
had been ehe~klng It f~r 10 days.
"And we still haven t the i.llght- Ja~t one he recewed, 1s shll nott . .
.
.
est idea what they could be," he vei-v well developed. Scratc-h the tnckme~s varies. with d_lfference!
surface and you find the s~e mas• in weather an_d hghlmg.
.
added.
And a ne\\ wrinkle-the rcp~rt.· hysteria w~ich prrdominat,ed dur- 1 Howe~er, !'.ova Ha.rt. St. L~.ub
ed landing of a fleet of eight bktm- ing thP witchcraft scare. Some ,mechanic who was 11 amed du1 ing
ming platters-was reported from , persons are quite ready to scr service in the war to spot all types
of aircraft, yesterday offered a
Idaho in full view of 10 per~ons. A. thing~ and follow beliefs."
Dishman. Idaho housewife, said Dr. Overholser •aid that ,1 hen minute descdption of one o( the
she and 0U1e1-s In her party had he made his roun<l~ or the mental flying patterns whkh he claimed he (
seen the saucer~ land on a moun- patient, yesterday at St. F.liza- ~aw flying at an altitude oC about!
tainside near Sl. Maries, Idaho. I beths not a one cC1mmented on the 300 feet.
Reporter Rees One
he said they came into view at flying saucers sto•y.
a extreme ~pee.d, suddenly slowed. "I think they may ~e a little
He described it a~ clrcular with
a
then "fluttered like leaves to skepticaf." he adUl d.
.
a ribbed framework and silver
to~1·eve~. Dr. O~•erl_1olser ~aid h~ gray in color. He said it appear('d
t ground.''
The mysterious part wai; th w . 11 t trymg to dmni~s the mattei to have a motor with a propeller
we couldn't se~ them after th
a a Joke ''becaus..i the.re arc ~0 attached in the center and that It
landed." she said. •·we coul_d ,t
any strange thi~!{~ gomg ,?n to- kept. turning Jike an airplane do•
them flutter down lnto the limb.
~• t~at one can , be sure. 1.
ing a slow roll.
:,et \\e couldn't see that they did
~f l, Alexander P. de Sever••y. \ \.It hough ma n y explanations
1
no d aircrart designer, told 'he ha~·e been offered. none has bel'~
anything to the trees."
She said she hoped to hike h~to Po l hy telephone from New ork ciwinciug. A Los Angeles news
the \lmbe1· tomorrow and search th unhl he ,l'e, a flying ~aucer p. per quoted an unnamed nuclea
fo1• the objects which sh~ said were he •·wouldn't like to •pa~~ judg- p ysicist as saying the silveq- di~c
saucer-shaped but resemoled wash"
r ulled from e:,pcnments m th.
.. ransmutation o( a,omic energy.''
tubs more than disks and were ment.
"about the size o[ a five-room
Ile agreed wi I h Dr'.' OverholRer '\ Thi~ report wa\ rapidly herded
house."
that mu<'h H not all of the story into the hoax .::olumn by Davld
Lilieuthal. chairman of the Atomic
Locally. Hazen Kennedy of 2615 may be because uf hysteria.
Uh st. ne. reported he had seen
"After all,. he said •·we are ' Energy Commi~s,on.. an.d ~everal
'
. ' . . ,. prominent atomic &c1ent1sts,
•
one passing over the :-;ortheast
section of the city at about 8:40 mo~·e or less an hflile~1e~l Nation. Starr l'xpects Word
p. m
l\~aJor de Sever~l<y n1d 1t was p~s- 1 Loui~ E. Staie, national comThis would be the first one re- s1ble that the per~ons who claim ~ mandei· or the Vetrran~ of 1''ore1g11
h0
ported O\'er the DiSlrict, alt ugh to have seen the aerial dis<.'s have Wars, announced Saturday at Co•
others have been repo1·tcd oYer
nearby Maryland.
instead glimpsed the exhaust of )umb~;• Ohio. that .~e ~vas expettmg
mo~entari\y rnformat1on
Kennedy, who has 125 hours jet-propelled planCF
·
·
t d t ·1 l ·n Ile conceded too , that they from Washington Y.hkh would ex­
might be guided missiles let loo~e ph,:n the dashing.discs. But the
flymg timeAi~sFa. s u tenhi p1 o d\'
the Army l 01ees o s ere 1 ·,
.
.•
messa!(e never arnvcd.
~aid he belle\'ed the saucer be as part of an expeumenl, but
.
1'he A'1r F 01ce~
sa1'd th a t Gc n•
•
" . 11, addtd·
had seen was traveling at we '
•
Cnrl Spaatz Air Force« chief was
over" 1000 miles an hour at an "I don't think the Government in the Pa~ifie 1'.orth~est \~here
al\itude o! between 1200 and 1500 would fire th em so pr~nuscuousl>·· most of the saucers have been re­
!hey would lest them. 111 one spot. ported, but added that hi~ trip
fert.
"The best way T can describe It," I III an 1so_lated ar~a. like the) did tllere was planned two months
ago, long before the ,aucers scare.
~aid Kennedy, "was that it looked 1the a\omic bomb,,'
like an orange lamp bulb without )laJ. Gen. Curt1~ E. Le)~ay. who General Spaatz is expected back in
the socket. It was going faster than a~ Deputy Chief of Air Staff for 'J'ashington late tomorrow.
Rescar~h and Deveio~ment would
:'.\luroc Army Ail· Field in Callany jet, plane I've eve1· seen."
11 Ha,zerstown, ~id.. Mrs. J\taj
kno_w 1f lbe ~aucers mvolv.cd. ex- i'urnia had a P-80 je~ fighter stanw
n Ganoe, 30, ~aid sl1e had ~e<' perunents \11th gmded 1nlss1les, Lig by, and the National Guard
e of the discs, racin& in 2-1 commented:
<'rcgon had prepart'd six regul r
"Whatever these people have fighters tn give chase shou :I
•mation at "lenific speed," fro
e1· backporch. ''They sounded Ii' seen it hasn't been anyth111~ re- sai•ccn be reported nearby, •
a faraway ll'ain,'' she said.
~ulling from experiments by the
•
• "
Anny Air Forces. As tor as I'm
concerned there's nothini; to it
at all. The whole ~i•=-...:

t

1

I

t.

{vl't'!lli

#### Page 8

Mr. Tolson
Mr. E. A. Tamm
PEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION Mr. Clegg
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Glavin
COMMUNICATIONS SEGTION Ladd
Mr. Nichols
JUL 8 1947 Mr. Rween
Mr. Trecy
Ovn Mr, Egan
TELETYPE Mr. Garnea
Mr. HarSo
Mr. Mole
Mr. Pennington
Mr. Quien Tamm
Mr. Nease
FBI MEW ORLEANS 7-8-47 11-22 AM TMC
DIRECTOR ROUTEIN
DIsC
RE FLYING DISCS, MISCELLANEOUS.
REVEALED TO BE PRANK.
Flying O Saucers
WEEKS HB
END Wher RECORSED 4062-83894-3
9 aN 30 INDEXED 29 JUL 10 1947
1-24 PM OK FBI WA BW 98
V 15
37JUL18 1947 14

#### Page 10

-

)

BI SPECIAL MESSENGER

August 5, 1947

Director of Intelligence
War Department aeneral Stat!
Tbe Pentagon

ashington 25 1 D. c.

Attention:

Colonel L. R. Forney, Chief, Security Group

John Edgar Hoover - Director, Federal Bureau ot Investigation
FRED R. Rr.'!801,D

#### Page 11

WahingtonOC ly Aics
an entlenan:
Gitle Aiffen, my motherin luw 0nJul4 7k 1947,10:0 P.m.
and I wctneed a flamng obpect
whech droppe in streef in povr
of our house ay 231s Kimbaughave
Donake Nebr. t
Upon exarenation the ofpecs
was sold and had foum f round
aulr dire, eppibxenally the
14" thck furung with extrime
hear. RECORDED
senk óus.
cwalpt In the mean time a boy ficked

#### Page 13

the offect pven aad is fell ento •
precds.
IWhen the uposter asever he
scooped up the fragments and
You attention is devctei to
attalhed analyss.
Shore were sex pepee who
actually saw the ofpecr ard
dn teatipy to the Extreine hear
as whilt is wer burmeq
We ded nos clam is ivar
one o the to Cacled flpig saucer"
o2 kiny sech phenomna bur we
bed wone soe find g a vasomle
expontor becuse y the opect
had dipped on a doog top is
woud have Certaenly ser pire.
We con depextely ody ir

#### Page 14

way nor tobacce asher ai
inperred by be. Keuny.
I fhrnes with such extme
hear os to scoh payerae on and
near pagemrs where is ber
Possdly thes coula have
been e late Fourthg fuly
Fire wok o onetlg gier
buv ar any sate ve 'ane calung
is to yur alttention asthe
ansoke the "learned"De Kenn
gave ar Lung pipe asher s ful
of sidiculk in enterely unatfosty 0V
Jous sencerely
FREDR BEIBOLD
Fred Keibold
2315 Kimefaugh ave

#### Page 15

• •

·.ti1ying Saucer' Just
Someone's Pipe Drearn'

I

The "flying saucer" that fell
near 2319 Himebaugh Avenue
' Monday evening was nothing
but "ashes from somebody's pipe
dream."
/
So says Dr. C. L. Kenny, head
of the chemistry department at
the Creighton College of Den­
tistry. He had two students an­
alyze the ashes. They found so­
dium, Potassium, iron, alumi­
n..im, carbonate, suiphate and I.Ill•
bul'~_carbon, he said.
' ~nis is the same analysa ;vou
would get from ordinary pJpe tobacco,'' Dr. Kenny said.
.

J
(!

#### Page 16

G.I.R.
KEEP ENVELOPT
it wes ise the air at the same level as
tiwo obviovs partione of light in the
Toearcl light beams from the air field
erLake . clair. 9 was sltting on my
parch at sthe time. eou few truckes could could
pame illusion. therer were two cliarly

#### Page 20

•

.,,.

•
July 11, 1947.

- Dear Sir:
Have you seen one of the mysterious "Saucers"?
What did it look like?
Do you think these strange, celestial manifesta­
tions are harbingers of a better day?
Do you believe it means that a new and revolutionary
I

advance is coming?
Will it make your life brighter, happier, more
useful?
We believe one of these startling discs is on its
way to you.

Then the secret will be out.

The Combined and Amalgamated Committee
of Sky-Scanners, Disc Decipherers and
New-Product Introducers.

G. I. R.

#### Page 24

STANDARD FORM NO. 64

•

•

•

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERN:ENT' .
TO

,

MR. D. II. LAD,

FROM

/4

SUBJECT:

H. B. FLETC~ I

DATE:

~

July?, 1942. Tolson . , - - - Ill' , E, .I., Tam.

V

:::8½:~vn
llr, Lad
llr, N1c
llr, Ro
llr. Tra

=--- ii:: ~_:on._
__
llr. ourn:=
••=====

:::: ll:rnt::----

At 10:45 a.m., July?, 1947, I talked to SAC Johnson of the
Milwaukee Office concerning the United Press item appeari~ in the
Washington Post for Mond~, July 7, with reference to a flying disc
or flying sau
allegedly reported to the Milwaukee Office by
Reverend Josep
asky of st. Joseph's Church, Grafton, Wisconsin.

:::
~~,=-Tele. Roo•·-===

f'+

Ill' , l i e U . : - - -

~=

SAC Johnson advised that the Associated Press and the Unittod
Press between the hours 1:00 and 6:00 a.m. tod~ had made inquiry 01£
him as to whether anything had been reported to the Milwaukee Offic e,
He declined to comment. He stated as a matter of fact the priest haa
not made aey contact with him, and he learned from the Associated Press
that the priest was intoxicated and as far as the Associated Press was
concerned they were not releasing the story because all that· was involved
was a circular saw. Mr. Johnson stated the Milwaukee Sentinel apparently
sent the report out and that they handled United Press service. He stated
a photograph of the priest was in this morning's paper holding a circular
saw which apparently covers the body of the priest from arm pit to arm pit.
Attached to the saw are several wires and two small tubes described as
about three inches long and one inch in diameter. The news i tern in the
Milwaukee Sentinel indicates it was believed some prankster had thrO\'fn it
into the yard, perhaps with a firecracker attached. Mr. Johnson stated the
Milwaukee Sentinel had stated the priest would make a report of this matter
today to the Milwaukee Office. I instructed SAC Johnson in the event the
priest made a report to furnish details of the report immediately, but in
view of the nature of the information in his possession, no inquiry should
be conducted at the present.

HBF:cmw

•

#### Page 25

thed
RECEIVED-TA 7-16l
IECEINV DIREUTOR
Ju 7 121 PM 47 J.S. DEPT. OF JUSTIC: D
ECEIVEJ JUL 7 5 52 PM 47
8
JU 8 10 09 AM 7 USON
T JUSTICE
RECEI U.S.DEPT.
Bacur:
bitee mage Lehor po Inbr dsreTta ot gpeLebontqrdpeja pheit
spone fidea Tuoges Tobl ati oue geoy gu dretieren ipe beud Tper Yu #ye
aeup pa rebd one Si poa fueiloNggeq firreq greoB atAgde He spspq
1I2T054720
mhenkee
AMILTD.RFVLEE:COAEFTNEN

#### Page 26

CIVIL AEROHAUTICS ADH MHENTOFCOMMER
JUL 15 8 44 AM 47 a
MAIL ROOM - WASHINGTON
w yoakum, ily,12.1947
X RECEIVED 2.(120,1
JUL 15 1947
B lemen
KELYINGFIRE
I do send to you
sumeting new from
texas 'Flying,
/fire cr-
Ced arufd Othe Pa
lestine and the
prle arg afred of
and eroundk Ciere
Noakim 4 db v-
lichgt frors
O abmay got in
thatt enamy
5or Magi mof and
want ruind the
Texal, RECORDED & 62-83894-9
INDEXED EBI
- 54 34 JUL 17 1947
FIVE

#### Page 28

9
They did start in
Jexan city demach
the Factory.
In the Private part
of srafum aiyprt
dr B rvad cdsliing
Stativ are, sch alne-
like that, We do
now got ne
airoplas here su
hangars and Briad
casting tower witk
lichat 1
are /like
meedles Ito ow
eyes of the lichats
and
arvud
12024 and fro the
Drunig
2

#### Page 29

the elecktrie and
make us sick.
gid the aie is hul
dnig is rin Thre
bald from thlefar
box ik the ptore
away abave hall
The dportis co-
secktedlwith alame
Kegister in sin an-
tohii ay peoprek are
shop kobdrt Luiey
ce andl in talking with
M In the Broad cast.
ing Itation and
alahr Begiiter pires,
3

#### Page 30

4
and with the old
and bith the Cat
dralepriests.
The alans Brad
gernhanaed
ase nvusick
and thiy tolk miths u
and thfer are twr men
more dnd they are fi.
tinrg and forifng togethre
titem.
the arbisteap is ba
ind working nothring.
all work, is don by
the Cathedial Bdard
4

#### Page 32

6
the Cathedral
Board are men ar
prerstogerma,ad
they all ars workind
bor:germany
Sde such Itresh peopl
we got intexaand
that is saint
kas pearl4
he mexhiah
Santa ana.
watldsi with
Keeminber Alanr
anrd texar City.
/
Mr.Aming B.enyx
MRS. ANNA-BENYS
MR. TOE BENYS

#### Page 34

D-TIMES
5 CENTS PER COPY. No. 91 PAGE 1
eet Home Boy FIRST ITS FLYING DISKS - NOW
Winmer In ITS "FIRE BALLS" PEOPLE SEE
say Contest A lot of Texans are disk gust- It was the first time the serial
ed with the flying saucers, but cbjects were reported in that a-
others are just plain disk-furbed: rea. Residents of the Brushy
he second time in the past Flying balls of fire circled a Creek community, 15 miles north-
of moaths a Sweet Home wide area around Palestine, and east of Palestine. called Sheriff
has brought honor to his some negrocs, believing the end Stanford about 8:30 last night,
unity by winning literary of the world waa near, began saying 12 balls were flying in a
holastic acclaim. praying. A white man grabbed straight line over the community.
st to achieve himself was a rifle and shot at the myster- Then, they reported, the balls
in Anthony Matusek, Yoa- ious objects. formed a eircle which began mov-
High School graduate who Sheriff Paul Stanford of An- ing toward Palestine.
a schelarship to A, and M. derson County described them as By 9 p. m. hundreds of Pales-
ge. Now word reaches us orange basketballs of fire. tine spectators reported seeing as
Dannis Brenek, eleven-year- many as three balls in the sky
son of Mr. and Mrs. Ed. Revealing Flying at once, moving in a cirele, Sher-
nek of Sweet Home ,has been iff Stanford discounted any sug-
eded a prize of-a $25 Savings gestion that the balls originated
I in the KTRH Farm Essay from a spotlight.
est. Disk Data May Bud Everett, druggist, chased
annis won sixth place with bis them for a better view. He said
on the subject "How Radio they finally disappeared about 11
Best Serve the Farm and Bring Prosecution p. m.
Farm Home.'" In commenting Mrs. Horace Valenting said she
this essay, George Roesner, saw two perfectly round balls
Anyone willfully communicat- that "nearly seared me to death"
H Farm and Ranch Director ing information bearing on the when they appeared ovar her
d"Your essay contained
excellant ideas whieh _we even in time of peace - is be playing with each other, the
s. et to use in future farm pro- subjeet to a fine of $10,00o and way they jumped around.
imprisonment of 10 years, accord- Her husband and Lee Chavers
inning contests is nothing ing to Assistant United States shot a box of ,22 rifle bullets
to Dennis, who, in 1946, won Distriet Attorney Joseph W Cash. without any effeet on the objeets.
istered pig with an essay If the present mystery of fly- Mrs, Valentine said neighbor-
ed in the Sears-Roebuck con- ing disks are conneeted with ra- ing negro families thought the
Again, in February 1947, he dar or guide 1 missile experiments, world was coming to an end,
ed a calf in the Hallettsville the law might apply, he said. and began praying as the balls
Cluh Show, and out of 12 The law applies whether the of fire gamboled overhead.
S awarded he took fifth information is released accident- Mrs. Lorens Shrader, Big
ally, "through gross negligence,' Springs reported she saw a fiery
5. Brenek is Sweet Home's or '"with intent to injure the U- red ball streaking overhead last
nistress. nited States or aid some foreign night.
nation," according to the act. Mrs. Marian Reed, farm wife,
The Atomie Energy Act of 1946 found what she believed was part
provides even strieter penalties of a flying disk. It landed in her
Growing for revealing information, Mr. back yard while she was hanging
Cash said. Publie Law 585 of the out the elothes vesterday after-
Seventy-Ninth Congress proyides noon. She admitted she was
death or life imprisonment, after frightened. She deseribed it as a
mateurs' Display due proeess of law, for diselosing round piece of tinfoil eight inch-
atomie information with intent to es wide, scorched or burned a-
injure the United States. round the edges. Both sides were
For accidental disclosures a shiny, but one side was marked
cellent Form fine of up to s20,000 and im- with black, steneiled lines a quar-
prisonment up to 20 years are ter-inch apart. She said the tin-
provided, Mr. Cash pointed out. foil dropped ctraight down from
akum softball teams showed the sky.
of good playing in the gemes She lifted it with a stick, pit
d at the Bulldog Stadinm Gas Truck Hits it in a tin can, and droye five
week. miles to Gunter, 20 miles south-
west of Sherman, Scores crowded
teams, organized by var- Local Station about to see it.
merchants and concerns in At Melissa, Collin County, Mrs.
1, are composel of members Marie Killian and Mrs. Kay Craft
amateur standing who have A gasolime trailer truck of the reported seeing a strange objeet
some previous experience with Texas Consolidated Transport Co. at 8:40 p. m. yesterday.
I-lot or school ball playing. Charles Calhoum, and his fath-
yever, some of the players ran into a heavy pipe upright in er, W. J. Calhoun, prominent
shown sueh expert ball. front of Rohan's Service Station Grayson County farmers, said
Mling and sportamanship that Monday, doing some damage to they saw a disk yesterday near
hard to believe they are not the station and more to the Sherman.
essionals out of place. The truck.
chants who organized these The truck was ceming from
s are eertainly doing their town, along West Grand, and Cuero Residents
e toward providing reereation turned into the station. As the
lities for the young people of driver ent the eab back to swing
community, and are to be the trailer into position, the cab See Flying Disc
plimented on their fine work. skidded into the steel pipe roof
or merchants or coneerns who support on the right of the truck.
to organize a team may bending it considerably. The Cuero has finally produced its
n all the particulars from truck itself suffered a bent bum- first flying dise.
ph MeMaster af the Firestone per and a smashed fender. A It was reported by Mrs. F. W.
re on Lott Street, or from gasoline pump direetly behind the Haak of 410 Stockdale street, and
R. C. MeClendon at Lack's upright was not damaged by the both she and her husband saw it.
ociate Store on West Grand. crash. However, Mrs. Haak's flying
boys or men wishing to play dise is nc particular mystery to
one of the teams may make Lions To Make her. She thinks she knows just
lieation at the Firestone Stors, what causel it.
k's. Rohan's Service Station, It was simply a reflection from
Hamilton's Jewelry Store, de- an airplane, she said.
ding on the player's choice of Farmer Award Sitting on the porch with her
eam to play with. There is husband about 4 p:m. Sunday,
plenty of room for good Mrs. Haak said she heard a
rers, so anyone interested is The Lions Club has announced strange noise from the sky, and
ed to contact one of these that at its regular noon meeting looked up, Soon an airplane came
ns. Tuesday, July 15th, it will pre- into view, high in the clouds. It
Inly one game is definitely sent to Lee Pargmann of Route was very small, but plainly dis-
eduled for next week, and that 5, the plaque for the Outstanding cernable as a plane, she said. It
Monday night, when The Fire- Farmer for the Middle Guadalupe was coming from the east.
ue Store will tangle with the Basin Soil Conservation Distriet. Soon it turned north, and just
izales Dr. Peppers. Tuesday The plaque is given each gear after that a perfect dise was vis-
it Lack's Associate Store will to the farmer from eaeh conser- ible some distance from where
y, but their opponent has not vation distriet who has contribut- the plane disappeared into the
n named yet. Also, on Thurs- ed most to the soil conservation clouds.
night the Firesfone team will projects in the particular distriet. The dise appeared bright and
in play a game, but no team The award is sponsored by a numi- very silvery. It appearod to Be
been stated to oppose them ber of organizations, among them smaller in size than an ordinary
On Friday night of this week, the Lions Clnbs of the various steering wheel of a ear, Mrs.
ame will E played, but the towns, Sinee the Lions do play an Haak reperted. It seemed to be
is who will partieipate have active part in sponsoring this a- "floating' across the heavens.
been listed yet. ward, the loeal elub is given the She called her husband's at-
hese games will start about privilege of presenting the plaque tention to it. They both saw it.
each Light. Evervone is in- to Mr. Pargmann. After about five seconds the
I to come and chcer for his Representatives of the Soil Con- dise was gone. The plane and the
No adrission will be eharg- servation Service will be present sound disappeared.
to make short congratulatory and Mrs. Haak is convineed tha
explanatory speeches on the giv- flying saucer was reflected from
CURITY MAN ing of the annual award. the airplane. This theory also has
BE HERE been advanced by others.
purpose of receiving claims and The flying dise mystery has the
diseussing Old Age and Survivors nation in a dither with reports
II. Davis, field representa- Insurance with all who wish to coming from all seetions on the
I San Antonio Social Seeu- contact him. strange objects. Mrs. Haak's ex-
ffice, will be in Yoakum at Davis will not be able to fur- planation is as reasonable as any
ty Hall at 8:30 a.m., Wed- nish information concerning Old yet put forth, and may be the
July 23, 1947, for the Age Assistance pensions. solution to the "'phenomenon,"

#### Page 35

Yoakum

YOAKUM
1-{ERALD - TIMES

.,
Br

owned t,y

IJOW CAN

WAY

Norman Thomas
<lt)SEPH J. l.U.LEC,
,
debate about Kussia,
1
Editor-Manager
~.
;
¥ " ' - . . t ) ~ ::i~ ~
mas quest10ns gav~
!.argc;,t g-ui.rameed circulation of,1 John L. Lewis calls
the,
.ny :publication in tbis section. new labor law a •·slave law" I
"T seriously ques
.:erald Est. - - - - - -1807 ' T
J. t
b
I ested in world domina
·.:.'in,es Est. - - - - - -18\12 j 'he ~ig _ruS t s_ Iiad u nd0u t- ing to rehabilitate the
, ,
••
• d at ect O<:t . .,z5, 1 9,;,o
edly. the same idea about .the 1I, says Wallace, J·ust \'/Ill
,,or,;-;on
Wh
E:~osc,fiption Ra,,e ___ -$2.50 1 anti trust laws when first I
Pr,blisl,ed cvny Tuesday and Fri- introduced. And what are ths I'J
at hadppehnctdt
"ay i ·rung
810 310 L 0 t' ~•
...ungary, an w a
r
u ur.
• "'
l . . . .,
trusts
comnared
to
the
harm
'
t
"l
•
t
:for:k~..~- •fexas.
.
;.,:.
. I coun ry, .,,10uld be b a
., D e \....
C11~cr:.:ng Lavll.ca an.,
v1tt , the umons Clill do with tJ1eir what the Reds
• say' 1
Cou11tieo.
strikes?
"And, on:!e agai
!\1ALEC PUBLISHING CO.

- Ev W. M. r~ ~ .

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..;r.ter~;t as sec"nd-class ma.L:ter at~
!'lie Post Cft:ce, Yoakum, Texas, '
mder the Act of March 3, HW'l. t

f .

,,

If the aew labor laws ference hetween the
of Hitler Gennany,
are "slave .:aw~", so are
in g.'.>vernment struc'
WIIEN' ADVERTISING crncu- J the anti-trust laws and aa.y
·w hat Hitler stc
LA'I',OH OOUNTS - TRY THE 1 0U1e1· laws fior the p1·-0tec­
HERALD-Tl.MES.
simi;le,
and far mon
___ ........_ _ _
I ticn ot people agarllSt a­
age. But when Russia
buses by any gl'Oup. So far the same.
POLITICAL
, the people were utterly
_L\.NNOUNCEMENTS ! helpless against the lab0tr
As to Russian tac
For Sana.tor, 18th Dist.
they
don't difier grea
, power.
When
independence is
JOHN J. BELL
* l'J -~
and maintained in -Gr,ee
l Such labor dictators as ing to Wallace's reasor
MOTIRIS ROBERTS
- - - - - - - - - - - - - , Lewis, Petrillo, others, have
~~~ 1 a far gr.eater power to harm
But since the Rec
SPECIALIZE tlus country than the British mocracy, it's very sim1
to suit the purpose. E,
1l1
king ever had. This is juSt Moscow's fifth column,
\Vhisldes, Wines
I as unfolerable today
as it
was then.
. Wallace talks of h,
, a1,d Gins
I
* r:~ ,,.
s1stance and sincere pl1
R. :: • DARLING
I La.st Sunday was, for the '- peor
le " How ca n. W a 11
t- •
P ACKJ~GE STORE British, a nat10nal 'Day of
Russia will take ,
1
1
~ra.!!ftm£!1Xlrfi:a:n:i~ni:ltii. ,P·~~~r '1') ~ kini wjth Prima without changing in ti
-- ·~-•
I Minister Attlee
and other 1Anct now can 11e 'Lct.:i'll. -.
-•
• govel'nment leade:'s went to when there cannot be
Chas. Micek
St. Paul's Cathedral to pr~y less, ~~iceles~, and cut
Your WATKINS
with the natwn for help m any Inendsh1p reach t
City Dealer
' these ominous times.
1
Wallace is not sc
Phone 599-W
"' ~ .,.
d I polities evidently mea1
Not s.o tong ago Englau
helping to divide Ame1
, went tlmough the most most.
I de.sperate sb·uggle iu her·
r.nll
• lnil.ill ' wlrnie history. The peace
~ - - - - ~ - j! is not yet establishe.1 ani
e\'cn a greatel' mcnac~
by
threatens the people ,of
•
•
Eagland and elsein,here to

(Text continues in the original file: 185 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Section 10

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-10
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-10
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Hoover’s reply arrived just before the 1966 heatwave—still no hot leads.

- 65_HS1-834228961_62‑HQ‑83894_Section_010, FBI, September 6 1966, Washington, D.C.
- Letter shows Mrs. Florence C. Dow worries AFSCA’s UFO group may be communist‑linked.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 2

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September 6,

Mrs.• Levi Cnow
Goffstown, New Hampshire 03045
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Dear Mrev. Dow:
'

Your letter of August 31st, with enclosures,
has been received and I appreciate the interest which prompted
you to write.
In response to your inquiry, this Bureau is
strictly an investigative agency of the Federal Government
and, as such, neither makes evaluations nor draws conclusions
as to the character or integrity of any organization, publication
or individual. I am sorry I cannot be of assistance to you;
however, you may be sure your communication will be made a
matter of record.
::0
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Sincerely yours,

C")

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NOTE: Bufiles contain no record of correspondent o~im.add
F)¥ing Saucer Cl~s ~mericaJ Inc. ~" ' /,
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10276101000 DOM INTELL DIV. REC'D RECEIVED-DIRECTOR
SEP 7 I1 56 AM '66 SEP 6 2 59 PM '66 F.B.I.
n:16@) SEP 6 11 26 '66
REC'D DE LOACH
WAITED Eb BJaee COWN-EBI 12966 CF B I DIOLET BOIGB-GOM
nopnggaeoof
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#### Page 4

-·I". •
TRbE COPY

August 31, 1966

J . E. Hoover, F. B. I. Director
Wash. D. C.

Dear Sir:
I a ~ member of "Nicap" and am very much
interested in U. F. <!1-.fF lying Saucers)
Several weeks ago a fellow employee received a
letter (business) from Arizona with a stamp on the back (see
enclosed)
Being interested in U. F. 0' s I asked for the stamp
& sent $3. 00 for the 12 issues of AFSCA.
Having received & read my first issue I feel it isn't
just what it appears on the surface. I can't say just why, but with
my limited idea of how communists operate it strikes me it is backed
by them.
My reason for writing this is that I consider myself
a true American, I am told my ancestors go back to a Gr Gr Gr
Grandmother who was an Indian Squaw & I'm proud of it. If, by
writing for this AFSCA Report, my name could in anyway be aligned
with the communist party, I would like to know if there is any way I ,. ,,,c../
can get things straightened 01:1t.
I may be all wrong about my interpretation of this
report but l'.d like to be sure since I expect I will get the other issues
as they come up.
\\tC 9&,.:, --- . l' -. ,. / _ y...,/
I will be 63 yrs old in a few days. My husband passed
away 4-30-65 I have worked as Mgr of Reins Dept for the N. H. Ins
Co in Manchester N. H 44 years this month
Mrs. Levi J. Dow
Goffstown
New Hampshire 030~5
1-.J<: l~/J,t,._ 9/d2./ ~ ?

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Very truly yours,
(Mrs) Florence C. Dow

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SEP 8 ,_,

---

#### Page 5

8.6.Hoonei 4.B:d directe Cugut 31 1966
Wash W.c.
Leaw Sir: Iam a menbev of Niap aud aun rery mu
inlereated in U1. 64.0 (brlegiy Saucee)
Seeal eks aqe a fell endge received a lette (buies)
frm Arijma vnth a stamp on the facke (aee endned)
Beigineed in U. ased o the tamp a t3.
staing peceived read iny pist issue of fel it ient juet fo the 12 lieues of AFSCA.
what it appeals on the sufale.cl cant pay just why, tit
atrucke me it is lacked tythes.
My an fo wrt ths is that condmp a
true Anerie an, I ain told my ancectou q bach to a
He t o Mvaudmothu who wae an cldean Squaw
my mame corld in anyuay he aligned inth the cimprond ofit. f by writug fo ths AFscA Repact,
Commemitay. wl lihto le if the is any
Imay he ald wring alnt my interpitati of th report way e can get thinrs atraugftend out.
uy hubaud paed away 4-30165 Q dillbe le3yr ald in afew day. XDENCE
manchsth. 44 yea thu month
MRS Levi J. Dow Very truly yous,
New Hampshire 3045 Goffstown (ms) + loreeee C. Iow

#### Page 8

AFSCA 's

LD~ - i ~ i 9 +-- 1+1--t
(Amalgamated Flying Sau(er Clubs of Ameri(a )

3rd Nation a I

fl YING SAUCER
SAUCER
,:, MOVIES
,:, SLIDES
>:< EXHIBITS
,:, BOOKS
>:< LITERATURE

CONVENTION

REGISTER ~ ­
- 9 A. M. $2. 00 per day

At The Beautiful, New
CENTENNIAL
COLISEUM (4590 S. Virginia St.)

, Re ,"Io i He,, fJ da = Ju I y 8, 9, 1IJ, 19 6 6

J

Program: 10 A.M. to 11 P.M.
SPEAKERS ARE: Wayne S. Aho, Carl A. Anderson, Orfeo Angelucci, Michael "X" Barton,
Wesley Bateman, Marianne Francis, Dr. Daniel W. Fry, Calvin C. Girvin, Gabriel Green,
Dr. George King, Hanno Mayberry, Howard Menger, Laura Mundo, Mel Noel, Sidney Padrick,
Chief Standing Horse, Dr. Frank E. Stranges, Mollie Thompson, Hope Troxell, George W.
Van Tassel, Hal Wilcox.

,..;-;

Amazing experiences with spacecraft from other planets and their occupants by the
greatest assembly of contactee-speakers since our Los Angeles convention in 1959
at the Statler-Hilton.
SEE:
Startling new photographic evidence -the biggest collection of Flying Saucer photos
on display in the hi story of the saucer movement. Actual color movies and new still
photos of Flying Saucers.
MEET: IN PERSON, PEOPLE WHO HAVE HAD ACTUAL CONTACTS WITH SPACESHIPS
AND THEIR CREWS FROM OTHER WORLDS.
LEARN: tb~~; ~7!!};1portant subject which is so vital to the welfare and survival of humanity
HEAR:

ATTEND: AFSCA's 3rd National Convention. You'll be glad ybu did!
Registration form below. Do it Now!
For Motel & Hotel room information, write to:

Fill out the Advance

The Greater Reno Chamber of Commerce
P.O. Box 2109; Reno, Nevada

AFSCA 3rd NATIONAL CONVENTION ADVANCE REGISTRATION FORM
To: AFSCA Headquarters; 2004 N. Hoover St., Los Angeles, Calif. 90027. Phone: 662-4404.
Yes, count me inr I don't want to miss joining with you at this important convention
and helping to support this vital movement. Here is my $"""""""---=---.-· Please send me
Advance Reservation tickets ($5. 00 for the 3 days, or $2. 00 per day). IMPORTANT: I_a_m
__
also enclosing a stamped, self-addressed envelope for the return of my tickets. ADVANCE
REGISTRATIONS must be received at AFSCA Headquarters no later than JUNE 30th!!!
Name

Street

-------------------

City

State

-----------------

--------------------

------------

Zip Code

--------

J:

N
T
E
R
N

Official Journal of the

Amalgamated Flying Saucer Clubs of America, Inc.

A

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SPECIAL AFSCA THI RD NATIONAL

ISSUE NO. 24

FLYING SAUCER CONVENTION ISSUE

JULY, 1966

soc

#### Page 9

•,,.

r

SPECIAL

AFSCA

CONVENTION

BRIGHT WORLD IN HANDS OF SAUCER MOVEMENT
(Editor's Note: This special message was
received from Master Kalen-Li Retan (head of the
planet Korendor, about 400 light years distant) on
May 4, 1966 via special directional short-wave radio
by Bob Renaud, the young electr_onic-technician whose
remarkable story =e prip.i>,;;u 1n issues #18, 19, 20, 21,
"'~.., co"', c,.nd which will be continued in our next issue.
Since Bob's initial radio contact in 1961, he has
talked with the crew of a spacecraft as he watched
them on his special TV screen in his home - and
eventually met his contacts in-person; visited their
undersea and underground bases on our planet; was
taken aboard many of their spaceships; and was
actually allowed fo pilot two of their small scout
craft - one on a short solo flight.)

--

"Kalo (Hello), friends. We will get directly to
the point of our message to you. Frankly, we are
appalled at the state of Earth at present. Despite our
constant warnings and even our actual intervention in
some instances, the condition upon your planet grows
- steadily worse.
One subject on everyone's lips these days is
Vietnam. From a little civil war, it has grown
steadily and inexorably into a full scale conflict
between the world's three major powers: the United
States, the Soviet Union, and Communist China.
Many influential people have used the approach
of patriotism and love of God and Country to twist
decent human feelings into dangerous channels of
thought and action. With their charges of treason and
sympathy with the enemy, they have aroused a good
portion of the populace to a state of fear, distrust,
and hatred of those who seek peace and love. Unfor­
tunately, because some unconventional individuals
have been associated with the peace movement, that
entire operation has been seriously hindered.
Your government is a military puppet, a mere
parrot of the monstrosity that is the Military-Indus trial complex. Your senators, except for a few, are
robots, speaking what they are told to say.
Your President is, unfortunately, a pawn of
their needs and demands. We have contacted him
several times concerning the state of affairs, and he
has said that he could do nothing to change them, for
if he were to speak out against the Asian conflict, he
would be removed. This is what happened to the late
Mr . Kennedy who, in his great humanitarianism, was
reluctant to sacrifice his ideals and his visions for
the sake of the Military Industrial octopus. He paid
the supreme penalty for his efforts in behalf of

ISSUE NQ. 24

MESSAGE

humanity.
Make no mistake. Your government is not in the
White House or the Congress. IT IS IN THE PENTA­
GON, AND IN THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE VAST
" DEFENSE"-ORIENTED INDUSTRIES. It is THEY,
not the President or the Congressmen, who run the
United States. The facade government is merely to
allay undue alarm or suspicion of the people.
Examine another aspect of the Asian war, the
ECONOMIC side. Do you recall that, in the stock
reports just recently, the Dow-Jones average
dropped sharply BECAUSE OF A RUMOR THAT
NORTH VIETNAM HAD MADE A PEACE BID? Does
the staggering implication of this news evade you?
Stock prices suffering a heavy loss because of a
rumor that peace might come to pass !
This thought is most distressing. Your economy
relies so heavily upon war and destruction, that if it
were to stop, THE UNITED STATES ECONOMY
WOULD SUFFER A MASSIVE DEPRESSION! Your
money system would collapse like a house of cards.
Millions would be unemployed, sick, hungry and
homeless, Tremendous indust-rial complexes would
close their doors.
The utterly appalling fact is this: WAR IS
PROFITABLE. Highly so! Every major conflict has
been accompanied by a strong peak in your monetary
prosperity. Peace has usually been economically
painful!
After World War 1, the nation coasted for a while
upon the fat put on during the boom of the war years.
In 1929, the bottom fell out. After the Korean War,
in the 1950's came another recession . What comes
after Vietnam? No one knows, and no one wants to
find out. The war in Vietnam is bringing an unheard­
of degree of affluence in the United States. Why kill
a good thing by ending the war? The philosopy, in
essence, is this: It is economically expedient to send
military forces to Vietnam and elsewhere in Asia in
order to wage war, because in doing so, the United
States I economy is bolstered and maintained at a high
level of prosperity; human life is secondary to the
preservation of economic well- being!
It is thus evident that, unless a drastic change is
made in the structure of yo~r economy, war will
never end because the Military-Industrial complex
WON'T LET IT!
Many of you fear Communism. Where did that
fear come from, I ask you? From within yourself?
NO! It was brainwashed into you by the Military­
Industrial complex. Who controls all your news
media? The government and the advertisers. Who,
then, is in a position to dictate what shall be printed?

FLYING SAUCERS INTERNATIONAL

FLYING

J

JULY 1 196 6

Official Journal of the

Amalgamated Flying Saucer Clubs of America, Inc.
International Headquarters: 2004 N. Hoover St., Los Angeles,, Calif. 90027, U.S.A .
GABRIEL GREEN, Editor
HELEN GREEN, Asst. Ed.

Dedicated to
The Physical, Spiritual, and Economic Emancipation of Man

FLYING SAUCERS INTERNATIONAL (6 issues-$3. 00.
Membership-$1. 00) is published quarterly. Copyright
1965 by Amalgamated Flying Saucer Clubs of
Arnerica. All rights reserved. The information
presented in " Flying Saucers International" does not
necessarily represent the views of AFSCA. The number after your name on the address label indicates the
issue with which your subscription expires. Subscription renewals will start where the previous one ended,
and will be acknowledged only by the new number after
your name on future issues. A "Time to Renew"

©

A Non-profit Organization

notice will be enclosed in the last issue for which you
have paid. New subscriptions will start with the last
issue published, unless a specific starting issue number is requested. When writing to AFSCA for a reply,
enclose a stamped self-addressed envelope. Not
responsible for magazines lost in the mail due to sub­
scribers' failure to inform us of their current address­
es. Prices subject to change. Payment must accompa­
ny order. Send cash, check or money order to: AFSCA;
2004 North Hoover St.; Los Angeles, California 90027.
Phone: 662-4404.
2

'

SAUCER

NEW BOOKS NOW AVAILABLE FROM AFSCA:
(Price includes 15~ mailing charge. California
residents also add 4o/ sales tax.)
1. COUNCIL OF SEVEN LIGHTS by George Van
Tassel, now reprinted - $3. 65.
2. THE ADVENT OF THE COSMIC VIEWPOINT by
Bryant Reeve - $6. 15.
3. FLYING SAUCERS . THROUGH THE AGES by Paul
Thomas - $4. 15.
4. OTHER TONGUES, OTHER FLESH by George
Hunt Williamson, now reprinted - $6. 10.
5. SECRET OF THE ANDES by Brother Philip - $4.
6. FLYING SAUCERS AND THE THREE MEN by
Albert K. Bender - $4. 15.
7. FLYING SAUCERS - SERIOUS BUSINESS by
Frank Edwards - $6. 10.
8. INCIDENT AT EXETER by John G. Fuller -$6. 10.
9. THE HOLLOW EARTH by Dr. Raymond Bernard,
now available again in soft cover for $3. 15.
PAST CON!ENTIONS & SAUC}j:R ACTIVITIES:
FEBRUARY 5, ~ 1966: Dr. Frank E. Stranges' 4th
Annual UFO Space and Science Convention was held at
the Blarney Castle Inn Annex in Los Angeles.
JUNE 4, 5 , 6, 1966: Dr. Daniel W. Fry's Man in
Space Symposium took place at Dunsmuir, near Mt.
Shasta in Northern California.
JUNE 25, 26, 27, 1966: Buck Nelson's 10th Annual
Spacecraft Convention was held at Buck's Mountain
View Ranch; Route 1, Box 236; Mountain View, Mo.
BACK ISSUES of UFO INTERNATIONAL are now
selling 11 issues for $3. 00, while they last (issue
# 11 is now out of print). There is much timeless and
valuable information available in these magazines.
OUT OF PRINT: 1. FLYING SAUCERS: TOP
SECRET by Major Donald E. Keyhoe is now out of
print, although it is listed in our new brochure.
(Some saucer books have occassionally gone out of
print without notice.)
2. BACK ISSUES #6 and 11 are now out of print. We
still have only a few copies left of #9 which we have
priced at $1. 00 each in an effort to preserve them for
serious researchers and collectors. Please do not
order these items, or any other materials which we
do not advertise.
PRICE CHANGE: The price has gone up on two
of the better known books in the saucer field, which
we must now order from England: 1. THE SKY
PEOPLE by Brinsley le Poer Trench, was $4. 65.
It is now $5. 10, postpaid. 2. ROAD IN THE SKY by
George Hunt Williamson, was $4. 15. It is now $5. 10,
postpaid. California residents please add 4o/ tax.
"UFOI" ISSUE #23 CORRECTIONS: Page 4, line
3:
the date should be April 24, 1964, instead of
1965. On page 4, line 1 of the 7th paragraph, insert
"later, via telepathy" after "They told him---."
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON area residents please
note: AFSCA Unit #25 meets every 4th Friday at the
Seattle Public Library, Room 325 at 7:30 P. M.,
under the capable direction of Mr. Leverett G.
Tallman. The meeting is free, and all who are
interested in the Flying Saucer subject are invited to
come to listen and to participate in the discussion.
ZIP CODES ARE IMPORTANT: If the address
label on this magazine does not have your zip code
number on it, please notify us as to what your num­
ber is. If you don't know your number, call your
local Post Office and then let us know. Thanks!
AFSCA BROCHURES AND SAUCER-PHOTO
POST CARDS, sent to friends and acquaintances, are
a good way to help spread the word about Flying

NEWS

IN

BRIEF

Saucers. Brochures are 1~ each (this just about pays
the postage to mail them to you). Saucer post cards
are 50 for $1. 00.
WHEN WRITING AFSCA, if you wish a personal
reply to a specific inquiry, please enclose a stamped,
self-addressed envelope. No replies can otherwise
be sent. General information may be obtained via
our brochures and magazines. We are sorry that we
cannot have a lengthy correspondence with all the
hundreds of persons who would like us to do so, but
unfortunately we have neither the time nor the staff
for it - and our mail has been greatly increased in
the last few months.
SAUCER NEWS CLIPPINGS: Your response has
been wonderful! We've received so many clippings
from you helpful people that we simply hadn't enough
space to print all your individual names and cities.
So we say a big and sincere THANKS to all of you.
And pleaseJdo keep 'em coming! ~One reminder:
please DON'T write on or near the clippings.)
WEDDING BELLS rang on Saturday, June 4, 1966
for contactee Elary J. Willsie and Sophia Martinez
Olivares of Mexico City. The ceremony took place
at Los Angeles, California. Among those present
were Sophia's parents and her younger sister, all of
Mexico City; Mrs. Maud Willsie, mother of the
groom; and your editor, who was also official photog­
rapher for the occasion. Mr. and Mrs. Willsie will
live in Los Angeles. Congratulations and best wishes,
Elary and Sophia!
MEL NOEL, former Air Force Lieutenant and
fighter pilot, is fast becoming very well known for his
lectures on his amazing experiences with Flying
Saucers while on active duty in the service. He has
been speaking to capacity crowds wherever he goes.
On Thursday, June 23, 1966, the personable Mr.
Noel spoke to a standing-room only crowd at the
Aeronautical Sciences Building on Beverly Blvd. in
West Los Angeles. We hear that he is booked to
speak at 57 colleges across the nation! Recently he
appeared on the Louis Lomax TV Show, and has been
heard on many radio shows. He leaves shortly for
Mexico City, where he has been invited by an official
government group to speak. He has been promised
some interesting experiences by a local contactee
there, and we look forward to hearing his report on
his return! Good work, Mel, and good luck!
SID PADRICKf contactee from Watsonville,
Calif., who spent two hours aboard a space craft,
was recently in Los Angeles when he was guest
speaker at the regular monthly meeting of the Ingle­
wood Unit of Understanding on Saturday, June 25,
1966. Meetings are held on the 4th Saturday of every
month at the Inglewood Business and Professional
Woman's Club; 820 Java St., Inglewood, at 8:00 F. M.
Donation is $1. 00. Information: Mrs. Roberta T.
Forrester, Program Chairman; P.O. Box 146;
Inglewood, Calif. 90306. Phone: 677-5214. Also,
Mr. and Mrs. Lee Yates. Phone: 293-4743.
NEW AFSCA UNITS:
45. AFSCA Unit #45; Everett, Washington;
Ray and Jean Sebring, Co-Directors;
1032 S. W. 126th St.; Seattle, Wash. 98146.
46. AFSCA Unit # 46; Ben Blazs, Director;
3057 Electric; Lincoln Park, Mich. 48146.
Several other new AFSCA Units have been formed
and will be listed in the next issue (#25). Persons
interested in forming AFSCA Units in their cities
should contact AFSCA Headquarters for information.

15

#### Page 10

FLYING

SAUCER

COMING 1966 FLYING SAUCER CONVENTIONS
JULY 8, 9, 10: AFSCA's 3rd National Convention,
Centennial Coliseum, Reno, Nev. (See details on back)
JULY 15, 16, 17: WAYNE AHO sponsors the
Northwest's 5th Annual Interplanetary Age Conven­
tion. Lectures, exhibits and New Age topics. Ad­
vance registrations - $1. 00 per day for adults, 50~
for students. Write to: Mrs. Lorena Vogt; 815 N. E.
110th; Seattle, Wash. Phone: Emerson 3-0956.
AUGUST 6 thru 14th: DR. NEVA DELL
HUNTER'S 12th Annual Quimby Conference of Trans­
lation. Lectures and discussions on New Age Topics,
including the stars, science and metaphysics. In
lovely scenic country at a beautiful, modern motor­
hotel. $2. 50 per day, attendance. Information from:
Quimby Center; P.O. Box 453; Alamogordo, N. M.
AUGUST 19, 20, 21: SPACE RESEARCH, Inc. 's
Second Annual Convention, at the North Branch
YMCA in Spokane, Washington. Scenic loc,ation near
the Spokane Ri\fer. Indoor and outdoor co n'vention
activities. For information, write to: Space
Research Inc., No. 6815 Julia, Spokane, Wash.
OCTOBER 22, 23: GEORGE VAN TASSEL'S 13th
Annual Spacecraft Convention at Giant Rock, Calif. in
the desert 17 miles north of Yucca Valley. Bring
your own camping equipment and enjoy the outing.
OCTOBER 29, 30: 10th ANNUAL NORTHERN
CALIFORNIA SPACECRAFT CONVENTION, Clare­
mont Hotel, Berkeley, Calif. Info: Angela Kilsby;
1265 Montgomery Blvd.; San Francisco, Calif. 94127.
OUR NEW NAME: Our magazine, formerly
called "UFO International ", has now become "Flying
Saucers International", which we feel to be a more
appropriate title, since Flying Saucers are no longer
Unidentified Flying Objects as far as we are concern­
ed. Flying Saucers have become a serious issue
with thinking people all over the world. We believe
that most of the objects which have been sighted have
been of extraterrestrial origin, controlled by intelli­
gent beings who, in form, are very much like us.
Therefore, we hope you will understand our reasons
for changing titles, and that you will continue to
enjoy reading our publication under its new banner.
DR. RAYMOND BERNARD, founder of the
Biosophical Society of Santa Caterina, Brazil, passed
away on Sept. 10, 1965. He was the author of "The
Hollow Earth" and several other books concerned
with the hollow earth theory.
MARIA ELLIOTT, contactee, psychic and
fciunder of Maria Creative Womanhood Foundation,
was a recent guest on the Bob Grant Radio Show, and
the Pamela Mason TV Show. Glamorous Maria now
has her own program every Tuesday afternoon at
2:30 p. m. on KTYM radio. She may be seen in
person every Wed. evening at Holland House Restau­
rant, 8:00 p. m. in the downstairs meeting room.
An interesting program may be heard on New Age
Topics, and free readings are given. For more
information about Maria's appearances, classes,
etc., phone 657-1631, or write: Dr. Maria Elliott;
1543 Sunset Plaza Drive; Los Angeles, Calif. 90069.
DR. GEORGE KING, founder of the Aetherius
Society, was host at the official opening of the
Society's new headquarters at 6202 Afton Place; Los
Angeles, Calif. 90028; on March 5, 1966. After the
program Dr. King personally escorted us around the
attractive quarters. He also reported that a high
Space Being in physical form had visited there
recently for an hour and fifteen minutes and, after

14

NEWS

IN

BRIEF

walking around the premises, left his blessing on the
Aetherius Society and its work. For further inform­
ation call 465-9652, or write to the above address.
DELLA LARSON, who for over a decade was the
guidi:1g light and _m_a~n i~stigator of Flying Saucer
meetings and activities 1n the San Francisco Bay
Area, passed away on October 25, 1965. She was
70 years old. She will be remembered for her
energetic and enthusiastic dedication to the goal s of
the Flying Saucer cause, as well as for the highly
successful annual Northern California Space Craft
Conventions which she organized for nine years.
(Della, we salute you!)
MAX MILLER, former publisher of the now­
defunct "Saucers" magazine, and author of "Flying
Saucers: Fact or Fiction" (now out of print), has a
new role. He is now editor-publisher of "Real" mag­
azine which may be found on t'1.e newsta.nds for 501.
The August '66 issue devote s about half of i ts suace to
the Flying Saucer s11bject and will be well worth your
' investigation.
WILBUR MILLER , one of the early researchers
in the Flying Saucer Movement, passed away on
Ma1·ch 5, 1966. He was known for his fine channel
contacts with several Space Beings, including Monka
of Mars. He also was the co-author - with his wife,
Evelyn - of the book "We of the New Dimension."
Although he was a native of Missouri he had, in
recent years, been a resident of Los Angeles and of
Moron.go Valley, Calif. (Good journey, Will!)
HOPE TROXELL, founder of the School of
Thought, now situated in Independence, Calif. (P.O.
Box 458), reported recently that the neighboring
towns of Bishop and Lo:ie Pine had partial blackouts
during an evening channel (teltpathic) session she was
having with the Space Brothers. The lights in Inde­
pendence went out completely for several minutes by
a gradual fade-out , and then came o:i again in the
same manner. During this time, the Space Being
speaking through Hope said to those present: "Be not
afraid. We are guardians of the race. Protection
will be given to those in the area."
HAL WILCOX made a fine guest appearance on
the Joe Pyne TV Show , April 30, 19·66. Hal passed
the lie-detector test with flying colors and conducted
himself with dignity and fortitude, which isn't always
easy on the Joe Pyne Show. During the test, Hal
stated that he had taken a saucer ride to visit the
second planet from the star, Alpha Centauri.
M. I. N. D. stands for Mental Investigations of
New Dimensions, an organization recently formed by
Wesley and JoNeli Bateman. Their activities include
meetings, courses and public appearances. They
have demonstrated on several occassions for groups
of up to 20 people, their ability to telepathically
direct the movements of visable spacecraft overhead.
Write: M. I. N. D.; 4916 Franklin Ave.; Hollywood,
California 90027. Phone: 661-1731.
HELEN & GABRIEL GREEN contributed their
bit to the education of nearly 300,000 young people to
the saucer subject at the Teen-Age Fair, April l thru
10 at the Hollywood Palladium, where AFSCA had a
booth to exhibit saucer photos, show slides, and to
disseminate information. We handed out over 13,000
brochures and saucer photo post cards, and talked
ourselves hoarse answering questions for 12 hours
each day. Gabriel also made over a dozen radio and
TV appearances and interviews during the Fair.
We also had another booth at the National
Aviation and Aerospace Exhibition at the Pan Pacific
Auditorium, May 17 thru 22. Yes, we've been busy!

'

The Military-Industrial complex, by opinion-control
through the use of psycho-politics (brainwashing by
controlled news management).
Consider this: In order to survive, a commer­
cial medium, such as a newspaper or magazine,
requires a vast amount of advertising revenue. The
mere subscription fees will not cover the costs.
Thus, they depend .for their continued existence upon
money paid by advertisers. Suppose, then, that the
editor of a certain newspaper decides that he is
opposed to the Vietnam policy, and says so in his
paper. The advertisers simply say to the editor,
"Either you toe the mark and print what we want, or
we 111 withdraw our advertising."
Such pressures are a fact of life. The newsmen
are torn between their higher devotion to Truth, and
also to the lower level of their physical needs.
Rather than jeopardize their security and their
futures they, of course, submit meekly to power.
Their actions are fully understandable, and we do not
hold them responsible.
We throw the blame directly on the Military­
Industrial complex which, by its underhanded dealing,
threats of force, and economic pressure and retali­
ation, has crushed the spirit of American journalism
and turned it from a dynamic motivating force in
American life into a weak-willed, subservient
mouthpiece for the power-masters . We blame them
for the death of journalistic freedom and individuality!
One more comment on this topic: May I say that
a better economic system is already known to the
leaders of the Flying Saucer Movement. It is the
system known as Universal Economics. As we have
said over and over before, it is the non-money
economic system which MUST be applied on your
planet before you can start to resolve most of your
major problems and thus begin to establish a highly­
advanced, non-destructive state of existance on
Earth, such as we of more advanced planets have
enjoyed for so long. INVESTIGATE THIS SYSTEM
to evaluate it for its merit - then ACT to apply it!
YOUR VERY SURVIVAL AS A CIVILIZATION MAY
DEPEND UPON IT!
Perhaps this is an opportune time to clarify a
few questions which have been asked about us.
Do we of Korendor work with the local planets
in our operations? Yes, we do cooperate with them
a great deal. However, our work on Earth is
relatively independent of the local planets. We have
many times overstepped what is considered to be the
limit of interference upheld by Venus, Mars, and
other planets. This has caused a good deal of debate
between them and us. Each time we have pointed out
that we of Korendor are basically pragmatic in nature.
Although we do respect the laws of self-destiny, we
feel also that where stepping in is required to prevent
disaster, it is our right and our duty to do so.
We have interfered in such places as the United
States, China, Russia, and on a large scale in
Vietnam. This has caused no end of consternation in
the local Tribunal of Planets. We are sympathetic to
their viewpoint, but we do feel that their policy is
limited in its capacity to achieve the desired goals.
It is our opinion that one cannot stand on the sidelines
and achieve any noticeable results.
As I have said before, we have infiltrated your
planet. We are directly involved in Earth's life.
You might say that you have been invaded - a strong
way of phrasing it, to be sure, but nonetheless
factual, since we walk and work amongst you daily!
We have been asked about our physical appear­
ance. We are humanoid, indistinguishable from
yourselves, except that in our natural form we aver­
age three to four feet in height. Every other dimen­
sion is proportionately scaled, so that photographs of
us would not reveal our origin in any way.

We are able to increase our height while on
Earth through a technical process related to telepor­
tation. It is concerned with recording the atomic and

(Text continues in the original file: 184 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Section 2

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-2
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-2
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The memo’s only surprise: it’s older than the average UFO sighting date.

- FBI case 62-HQ-83894 memo dated August 13 1947, Director to SAC San Francisco.
- Reports Hackensack, NJ sighting Aug 3 1947; Michigan fused sand claim by Raymond Lane.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

62-HQ-83894 SECTION 2
SECTION 2 SERIALS 53-100
SERIALS 53-100
COPIED: FOR
62-H0-83894-2* FAIPA
18A8 21978 3Y FINO
an jo pu
FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER
HQ-HEADQUARTERS COPED A L
Class / Case # Sub Vol. Serial #
006283894 2 53 100
8/11/1274197 DO NOT
(0-0-1 A38) 909- DESTROY
RRP003IXH3 FOIPA#1366404

#### Page 2

~---~&

~ .

Office M e m o r a n d u m

•

.

FROM

Director, FBI - Attention, .Assistant
Director D. K. LADD
SAC, San Francisco

SUBJEC

frLTING DISCS

To

~-

/

uNJ.
DATE:

A '

,

t 8, 1947

••

Reference is made to my letter to the Bureau dated July 28, 1947
entitled as above forwarding a. copy of a report f'urnished to me by Lieutenant
Colonel DONAU) SPRINGER, A-2, Fourth .Air Force, Hamilton Field, California, set­
ting forth the results of inquiries made by his office concerning the reported
&ightings of flying discs.

-c~

, ~

As ot further interest to the Bureau in this regard, theii(..~ e,,,
v--v:
mitted herewith ghotos~atic copies of three letters dated August 4, 19
entitled "Investigation of FlyiDg Discs," furnished to ma by Major WILLIA){ R.
GRAHAH, Deputy AC of S, A-2, A.rJq Air Forces, Hamilton Field, California, who is
acting in the absence of Lieutenant Colonel SPRINGER, enclosillg copies of reports
of additional reported sightings of flying discs by persons in Oregon and Arizona,
together with the results of their investigations in that regard.
It is noted that these investigations were conducted prior to the
time Bureau instructions were issued that our own Bureau would conduct inquiries
into the reported sightings of flying discs.
~1~
Copies of these reports a.re being forwarded to
ortl
and
Phoenix Offices for the completion of their files in connection with this subject.

BMKaemb
Enclosures - 3
oc Portland (with enclosures - 3)
Phoenix (with enclosures - 3)

0

5 5 OCT 6

#### Page 4

•

~

~'{{ANOARO f"OAM NO. 6-4

Office Me orandum • UNITED
•

TO

nm.ECTOR,

'

DATE:

August 13, 194'/

SAC' NEi'fARK
SUBJECT:

!"LYING DISC H.EPOR'.IED AT

HACKENSACK, NEW JERSEY

AUGUST J, 1947 - 1USCELLA.NEOUS
Reference is made to tne teletYPe from the Newark Division
to tne Bureau dated August 4, 194'7 stating tnat a ''Flying Disc" had
been repor ted to n~ ~een seen at HacKens;st!New Jersey on August J
6
last by one CHARLES~ELIA,
JR. and ',VILLIAJ..~UEX.
CHARI.E0 CASELIA, JH., 287 Euclid Avenue, Hackensack, upon
interview by Special Agent AR'IHUR F. WILLIAMS of this Division, stated
that on Au~st J he had been standing with WILLIAM 'IRUEX, a soldier
stationed at Fort Dix, obser ving a 11ham11 radio rig atop a two-story
house on Simons Avenue, Hackensack. It was approximatel y 7:45 p . m. ,
and tney were in this vicinity for t he purpose of meeting 'IRUEX1 s
girlir ieno, one JOYCE Mc FA!t.IAND.
'IRUEX commented to CASELIA that a chil d had apparently
lost its balloon. <.;ASELLA looked and about a block or a hal1' block
away noticed a rouna, black object moving from south to north and
east of the stop wnere he and 'IRUEX were standing. CASELIA noticed
tnat it was moving too fast to be an ordinary balloon, but he could
not discern wnether it was globular in form or a disc. He said it
was about thirty to forty inches in diameter moving north in a hori­
zontal plane about two hundred yards aoove the top of the nill at
Sumnu.t Avenue and Simons Avenue . I~ proceeded at a steady ra~e,
ellll.tted rio rays, and was moving fast enougn to reqUl.I'e tnem to turn
tneir heads steadily in order to follow· it . 'IRUEX 1 s girlfriend came
out about fifteen seconds after they first sighted it. They pointed
it out to her , and she said that it looked like a bird on tne horizon
so small. It faded out of sight shortly thereafter. CASELIA said
that a line drawn along its apparent course of f .ligb.t would go from
the vicinity of Bentlix, New Jersey to a point west of Westwood, New
Jersey.
CASE.LIA also said tna~ a man on tne porch across tne street
also noticed it and pointea it out to tne women. CASELIA said that
this man seemed excited but did nothing about it.
CASELLA. said tna~ he was positive it was no optical illusion.
He was not facing into tne sun and saw tne object clearly. He also
said tnat ne would have thought no~ning of it except ror the speed at
which it was traveling.
u

UIOORD~ ~ \
U EXE>

A.F1f:EMC

62-

([7'

coPrEs DES~ntf:lf ED
2 7 (J

NOV 18 1~o4

~

<:j-

I i)

'

u~

1941

#### Page 6

•

'

Ultter to Bureau

August 13, 1947

Miss JOYCE Mc FARIAND, 476 Simons Avenue, upon interview
by Special Agent WILLIAMS , stated th.at the event in question occurred

at about 7 : 30 on tne evening of Sunday, August 3. She said thai::. she
was in the house when CASELIA or '.IRUEX ca.Lled to her . She went out
immediately, and they pointed out the object in question. She saw
it just before it disappeared over tne horizon, but she declared that
it was in view from that time for appro:x:i.mately one minute . She said
it was round and silver- blue in color and appeared to be revolving.
She said that she did not recall making any comment that. it nught have
been a bird and herself had no idea of wnat it coUJ.d be . In view of
tne distance from which she noticed it, she said tnat it could not
have been more than six inches in diameter but would have been mucn
larger iI. she had been near to it. Miss :Mc FAH.IAND said that sne had
never seen anything like it berore.
She said that across tne street the BOOTHS, mother and
daughter, were the only people sitting on tne porcn and she, herself,
did not notice anyone pointing toward tne ooject in question. The
only other person around, to her knowledge, was GLORIA '.IRUEX, sister
of WILLI.AM '.IRUEX, wno remained in tne house and did not see the ooject
at all.
Mrs . WINFIELD S. BOOTH, 459 Simons Avenue, stated that she
was on tne porch on tne evening in question with her mother but did
not notice any unusual object in the sky nor had any man been present
tnere to point out the object in question.
The follovdng information was received from 'IRUEX through
interview by Special Agent T. H01'lARD WALDRON:
Private WILLIAM .A. '.IRUEX, RA 12282003, Company G, 2nd Bat­
talion, 47tn Infantry Regiment, 9th Division, Fort Dix, New Jersey,
adVised he was born ~pr1112, 1930 at Jersey Cit.y, New Jersey and
completed eight and one nalf' years of school. He enlisted in tne
United States Army on May 29, 194?. His mother is Mrs . CEA.CE FI~LDS
of 88 Wales Avenue, River Ectge, Bergen County, New Jersey. 'IRU~X
stated thai::. on Sunday, August 3, 1947, at 8: 00 p.m., he was standing
outside tne home or his girlfriend, Miss JOYCE llc FAH.IAND, 4·18 Simons
Avenue, Hac1censack, New Jersey, accompanied by CHARLES CASELIA of 287
Euclid Avenue, Hackensack, New Jersey, who is his sister 1 s fiance .
He said tnat he and CASELIA vrere looking at the radio antenna on a
home near the 47~ Simons Avenue address wnen they noticed an object

-2 -

#### Page 7

-

Letter to Bureau

August 13, 194'/

..

about two to three feet in aiameter moving rapidly about two hundred
yards off tne ground. TRUEX said he tnought at first it was a child's
balloon, but when he noticed tnere was no wind and tne object had no
strings to it, ne decided it was sometning else. He stated tne object
was moving in a steady, straight patn, going nortn, and he said there
was no exhaust or indication of any motive power ror the object.
'lRUEX said they observed tne obje ct for fifteen or twenty seconds. He
could not give a description 01· tne object's color or tne materiai. it
was composed of but said it looked more like a large, flat child's cup
tnan anything else he could think or, as the object was oval on the
top and came to a point on tne bottom side . '.IRUEX said tna~ CASELLA.
stated 11Maybe j,t's a flying saucer 11 • He said he nad never seen any­
thing move through the air quite like this object, and he had no idea
where it came from.
'lRUEX sta~ea tha~ neither ne nor CASEIJA had had anytning to
drink, and there was sufficient light for tnem to observe tne object
very clear1y.
Th.e 11Fly1ng Disc11 was reported try CASELIA to Sergeant JAMES
PERONE of tne Hackensack Police Department. Sergeant PERONE advised
tne writer tnat his Department had taken no further action nor had
they received reports of the object in question from any other source.
It may be noted that no other Police Department in ~ne v:i.cmivy has
brought to tne attention oi this Division any information regarding
t his matter.

-3 -

#### Page 8

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Cftl llh~SR1111

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Mr. Qla,tn

•···· •·

Mr. Ladd

, ..••• •••

Mr. Ntrhol~ ..••• -··

AUG n 947

Mr. Rosen .........••

Mr. Tran·.... •·····
Mr. 111,ian ..........

TELETYPE
FBI DETROIT

5- 08 PM EST

8- 5- 4 7

.MRECTOR , FB I

Mr. 0..rllt>B

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0-

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••••••••

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u

UNSUBS , RAYMOND EDWA,Y"' LAN.0", MRS . LAURJ"LANE , INFORr!ATNTS , Fl..Y~- Dl_SC , MI SC .

I NFO RECE I VED FROM DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, MI DLANB-,

-~--

MI CH I GAN , THAT ON JULY TEN LAST RAYMOND Ent.JARD LANE AN EMPLOYEE
OF DOW AND SUBSIDIARY SINCE ABOUT NINETEEN TWENTY TWO, BROi~ SO!'~E
MATERIAL TO THEIR PHYSICS LABORATORY STATING THAT ABOUT FIVE

t'ftf

FEE TEEN;✓?

PM J ULY NINE LAST HE AND WIFE , LAURA LANE , WERE WALKING I N A FIELD

...(

OWNED BY DOt~ AND ABOUT A HUNDRED FEET AWAY HEARD A PUFF NOISE , TURNED
:-. AND SAW A BALL OF WHITE ABOUT THE SIZE OF A BUSHEL BAKET BURNING ABOUT
A FOOT OFF THE GROUND .

THE FIRE DIED OUT I MMEDIATELY AND LANE LATE t

SCOOPED UP A THREE I NCH AREA OF FUSED SAND I NTO A CAN AND TOOK THI S TO
THE PHYSICS LAB .

l

BOTttieettP-LA I NANTS I NTERVIEWED .

RAYMOND Tl±lfNG SUB-

STANTIALLY SAME STORY BUT WI FE RELUCTANT TO TALK AND VERY I NDEFIN I TE
ON WHAT HAPPENED .

THERE ARE MAKRED DI SCREPANCIES I N THEIR STORY .

DOW AUTHOR ITIES CONSIDERED STORY FANTASTI C BUT HAVE EXAMINED MATERIAL
AND STATE CONTENTS TO BE ORDINARY SAND , NOT RADIO ACTIVE , BUT GIVING
OFF AMMON I A GAS , A SMALL SILVER NUGGE1)RECORD:
ALMOT
~

~Xf_JT- FOR S ~

~~5 ,AND Wl{Ic{f°~ s OFY

MI SED IN I T NOT RADIO ACTIVE , MELTED vn ~

AMMONIA ODOR , AND LITTLE DROPLETS OF SILVER ttE1.IJ;i,:D 1-J~

ND AND SOME

OTHER GRAYISH COLOR I N MATERIA L WHICH I S RADIO ACT!

LEVEL OF

RAD I O ACT IVITY EXTREMELY LOW AND
r

,

EMPLOYEE \~MER

.

LOYED BY GOVERN-

~~ MET AT LOS ALAMOS, PROJECT
STATES FUSED SAND -~AS SOME CHARACTERISIC
, .
~vtJl,

#### Page 10

..

PAGE TWO
OF LOS ALAMOS SAND BUT NOT BELIEVED TO BE THE SAME .

RAYMOND

LAND KNOWN TO HAVE IN HIS POSSESSION SMALL QUANTITY OF LUMINOUS
PAINT , RADIO ACTIVE , TO BE AN AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHER , TO HAVE LIMI TED
KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS FROr EMPLOYMENT AT DOW .

LAND

DESCRIBED AS VERY PECULIAR , SURtLY , ANTAGON I STIC TO PLANT PROTECTION
OFFICERS , I NTERESTED IN PHOTOGRAPHY AND ELECTRICITY .

LANE IS WHITE ,

BORN MAY SEVEN , NINETEEN NAUGHT TWO , AT fREESO IL, MICH I GAN , FIVE
FEET NINE AND ONE HALF, ONE HUNDRED FORTY FIVE POUNDS , DARK BROWN
HA I R, PARTLY BALD, SERVED US ARMY NINETEEN EIGHTEEN TO NINETEEN
TWENTY THREE , CONVICTED NINETEEN TWENTY FOUR MIDLAND COUNTY ,
MICHIGAN , FOR BURGLARY , SERVING SIXTY DAY SENTENCE .

NEITHER PARTY

ADMITS STORY IS A PRANK , BUT LANE HAS MENTIONED FLYING DISCS AND ROCKET~
ON INTERVI EW LANE WAS RELUCTANT TO DI SCUSS MATTER AND NEITHER HE NOR
HIS WIFE ARE ABLE TO LOCATE THE EXACT LOCATION WHERE MATERIAL WAS
FOUND .

ARMY AI R FORCES I NTELLIGENCE AT SE LFRIDGE FIELD, MICHIGAN ,

HAVE BEEN ADV I SED .

-

SUTEL IF BUREAU DESIRES MATERIAL FORWARDED TO FBI

LABORATORY FOR EXAMI NATI ON .
0- CONNOR

CORRECTI ON LINE ONE WORD FOUR SHOULD RAXXX READ
END
6 -1 6 PM
0

OK FBI WASH DC WJ R ,~--~... :Lnoorntonr

/N ~r:Y
~~--~ ·-·

LANE

#### Page 12

STANl>ARD FORM NO. 114

•

/ 6}pce Memorandum •• UNITED STA!S GOVERNMENT
TO

Mr. Ladd

FROM

J, P. C o , n o ~

lfflKNOWN SOBJEC?:",S;
Ra,mond Edvar~e,
(/ Mrs. Laura ume - Informants;

SUBJECT :

FLYING DISC
MISCELLANEOUS
/

There is attached a memorandum setting forth the pertinent
information receiTed b7 the Detroit Office troll.R81]110nd Edvard Lane and
Mrs. Laura Lane relat1Te to "t~ing discs."
RECOMMENDATION:
It ie recommended that this :aater1al be personally d.el1Tered b7
the Liaison Section to the appropriate contact 1n the War Department.

#### Page 13

RECEIVED RECEIVED
UG 1I 9 51 AM '47 LIAISON SECTION AG 26 12 23 PM 47 LIAISON SECTION
FBI OD. co rhe sbarab S DEPT.
S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE USTICe
HECOEISHDVLTOM:
Vae Peme reeLojefaAe fo ArAg8 gisca
Jpene ru sfreneg E perodgggon eetrruR Leay foa belfgdsup
WEcPIVMona
BAIMO-DTEC.
MROMM.EnB.EeA:
COALC
pr'Tege

#### Page 14

:

I

I

.... • ....

•

'
.,

.,.

August

a, 1947

FLYmG 'DISCS

Ini'o:nnation was received fl-om the n>w Chemical Company, lfidlona,
Michigan, that on July 10, 194?, one ~m:md »3:ward Lane, an ~loyce of'.
Dow Chem.cal Company since about 1922., brouetit some mater~ to theu­
J'hy:sics laboratory. He stated that about 5 :15 p . m. , July 9, he and h1.s
wife, Leura, were l'ralking in a !ield. when they heard a pll.ff noise about
one hundred feet e:vrgy. ThEU turned and saw n ball of -white about the size
of a b.lshel basket blming appr(>ximate'.cy a foot ott of the fll'OU.lld. The fire

died out immediately and 'later Lane scooped up a three inch areu of l\iaod
eand into a can tor examination at -their labora1:,<>u.

Upan irtterv:Lew t,y FBI Aeents, ~ n d told subetantio;Lly the sam.a

story, blt lira. Lane was reluctant to talk and rveey indefin1te o.bou.t what

hnppcned.

There were marked discrepancies in thoir stories.

Lbw authorities oonsidered the .story- tantastic but have exailltned
the mateial and state contents ares ordinary ~and, not radio active, rut
,gt'Ving orr amm:>nia caoJ a StlalJ. silver nugget nlir.ost pure excep1;, for sand
m.xcd in it, not radio active; molted or fused eand "ffllioh gives off ru:imonia
odor and little droplets of silver melted in sand and soI!le gr~sh color
caterial which is radio active .
The level of radio activity 1n this znaterinl
is ext.rei:iely· low. An emplczy-ee of Dow, formerly employ,ed by the Oovern.men.t at
Los Alanxls Project, stated tho fused B£Uld luus some characteristics of Los Alnnx:,s
sand but he does not believe it 1o the same.
Raym:,nd Lane ia lmom to have in his possesSion a ~ quantity of
luJiilnouo pa1nt, radio active, to be an llr.lateur photographer and to have a
limited knowledge of chem!.ctry and ,Ph;;lfaics, He io described na very peculiar,
aurl~•, antagonistic to plant protection o.rticars and interested 'ill photography
and olectric1ty. Lane ie rrhito, wns b::>ni ~ 7, 1902, at Freesoil, W.ohigan.
11
He is 5 ' 9½ , weighs 145 pounds, has dark brown he.:l.r:, porlly bald, served in
the U,6 . Ar.:qr trow 1918 to 1923. He was arrested for hlrglary in :Midland County,
W.chigan, in 1924, for which ho served a sixty day sentence.
0
""

Noithc:r Rnyllt)nd Lane nor hts wife w.l.11 admit their story is a prank.
ver , neither ai.·e able to point out tho exact location of thts incidsit,

The -ArJSU Airforce Intelligence at Solf'ridge Field, Ui.ohigan, has been
ed and the material has been turned over to them.
RGF :mae

~ ·'

fiJ

#### Page 15

•

'

I

fEQU iilUAU OF fllV£STlilAtfON
U, 8, OUAITMEKT Of WSTICE

-~,9

CDMMUNtCATIONS SEGTION

q1)

I
t
(

/
W~

FROM CGO

~CTO

8-8-47

800 PM

(}~7~ ~ :.~.:' .
!llr, 1'<

l\Ue
,14
)!"tf
~.

• U R G E N T "

rLYING DISC SIGHTED BY MRS. ROBE~

ITTLE, SECUR I TY MAIER- ..x.

•

CHICAGO HERALD AMERICAN TODAY REP.ORTED THAT LITTLE Of SIX THREE TWO
SEVEN HARPER AVENUE CHICAGO REPORTED SEEING A DISC THREE THIRTY AM
TODAY SAILING ABOVE LAKE MICHIGAN OFF JACKSON PARK BEACH.
UNAVAILABLE FOR INTERVIEW TODAY.

LITTLE

FATHER IN LAW JOSEPH REINER,

SIX THREE TWO SEVEN HARPER AVENUE, ADVISED LITTLE SIGHTED DISC OVER
A MONTH AGO AND SHE IS EIGHTEEN YEARS OF AGE.
CONTEMPLATED.
, ,

MC SWAIN
DRRlll:lllN

END ACK

7

z~

NO FURTHER INQUIRY .

• 'l

#### Page 17

Office Me

UNITED S

~\t

D. M. LAll!J ~
PROM

E.G. F i ~

SUBJECT:

Fl.YING SAliCERS

DATE:

?/';1/47

\ U

~z :

. lv,n­
'r. Ladd -

-

-~ /

/

A

t,,,,,,n

•.1.~ .

_i• - - = = -

~ C -

v.r. ~ ... -

'"r .

-

rr -;;"'

Colonel Carl Golbranson of the Intelligence Divisjon of the 1ar
~: ;~,~ Department advised Special Agent S. w. Reynolds of the Liaison Section that : : ~-:•~=-=
1ole. Ro~:,
the :.ar Department has received
telegram, dated , ew Yor , New York, uly 5, lltss
Ill'. ;;oa •-==
ealJm
.

N

k

J

a

a S f O110,:($ :

.IL!SS Gan<ly- -

FOP. FUR:J.HER DETAILS CONCE:!JNING FLYING DISKS SUGGEST Il.~IA1E
CONTACT OF MR . RICHARD F ~~SHAVER LILY LAKE ILLINOIS WHO MAY HAVE
TI@ORTANT Il!FORW>. TIC~1 CONCE:R.. ING '!HEIR ORIGilJ. 11

11

/

~
vC~J;?
0

Colonel Golbranson furnished
Reynolds with a copy of the memorandum
entitled "Report on Flying Saucers, dated July
1947, addressed to Corru:ianding
General, 32d A.AF Baso Unit, Bolling Field, l,ashington, D, c., from Joh~/4Schindler,
Jr., a copy of which is attached to this me:rorandum. 'lhe attached memorandum sets
forth information and statistics regarding two reportings of incidents of flying
disks . '!here is also attached hereto a map of the Illinois River area which -was
furnished to Ur. Reynolds by Colonel Golbranson. Colonel Golbranson stated that
according to this map the incidents reported in the attached memorandum are in the
general vicinity of Lily Lake, which was given as the address of Mr . Richard F.
Shaver in the anonyJ:1ous telegram received by the War Deparilnent.
L r r

.

?

,

Colonel Golbranson advised that in view of the fact that the observation
of the flying saucers was made.on July 7th and the date of the unsigned telegram
is.. July 5th, together with the proximity of Lily Lake to the points where the
~
objects were observed, he desired the Bureau conduct some investigation of Shaver l
to det~rmine whether or not he has any information pertaining to the origin of the
flying saucers .
•

Mr. Reynolds advised Colonel Golbranson that his request would be made
known to you and the results of any investigation would be brought to his attention . ✓
RECO:M:~~A TION:
It is recommended that the field be directed to make inquiries regarding
Shaver and, if deemed advisable, interview him regarding any information that ne
has relative to flying disks." 'Ihe results of any investigation should be forwarded'
to the Liaison Section. for delivery to the Intelligence Division of the war Depart"'
ment.
Attachments
S.'ffi:AJB

nrf>'ID?Wm

~t~~~

#### Page 18

,..
•

ll
August ~, 1947

SAC, Chicago
/

Di rector, FBI

_6y

FLIIN~ mscs

0 ~~~~ &~-

s

f

The War Department has furnished this lhreau 'ffi th
, telegram dated July 5 at New York, N~ Yorks

>/:

"P'OR FURTHER DE.TAILS CONCERNING FLYING DISKS SIJGGES?
llWEDIATE CONrACT OF t.m. RICHARD F. SHAVER LILY LAKE
IDINOIS WHO 1!AY HAVE Il!PORTAl:r INFORMATION COIJCERN­
nlG THEIR ORIGIN. "
The War D3partment has 1\i:mished a meUX>randum entitled "Report on

Flying Saucers", dated July '7 , 1947, addressed to Commanding General, J2d AAF
Base Unit, Bolling Field, Uashington , D. C. , from John D. Schindler, Jr. , two
copies of which a.re attached. The \1ar Department has stated that the incidents
refer.red to in the attached memorandum are in the general vicinity of Li~ Lake,
which was gtven as the address of Ric hard F . Shaver 1n the above telegram.

It is, therefore, desired that the Chicago Field Di vision conduct
appropriate inquiries regarding Shaver, and in the event such inquiries do
not reveal information indicating 'that he should not be interviewed, he
should be interrogated for any infomntion he might have relative to flying
discs. It :is desi'red that this matter be handled as soon as possible and
the Blreau promptly advised.

J)
J!hclosur~
HGF:mae

llr, 'l'o laon

llr,E,A,~

::m~n

-

:::: ~g•-01::::::• .::-_-_
llr, Rosen - -

llr. Trac.c.:::::::.=

:.:
~~·~a-Mr,

Harbo - -

_;;-;;;:;:=

llr. llohr_

Mr. Pennington

wr. Quinn Ta."1111-r.le . Room
-

llr. Nease - ­
Ill Rs Oandy

1 19 7 P.

#### Page 19

•

STAN.OARD FORM NO. 64

Offii ,Memoranuum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
•

TO

FBI

FROM

WDGS, US BRANCH

SUBJECT:

RICHARD F. SHAVER

){

V

/I

DA.TE:

16 July 47

1. Attached hereto:
a. Copy of unsigned t~legram received by HQ. AAF 9 July 1947,in which
it is indicated that Richard F h ~~ Lilly Lake, Illinois may have in­
formation concerning the origin of tlie ,flying saucers".
b. Copy of a report on flying saucers which were observed by four
witnesses while in flight in two airplanes over southern Wisconsin.
c. Map with indications es to pro:xillli.ty of the locations where the
flying saucers were reported to have been seen in relation to Lily Lahl,Ill .
that the time
2. In view of the fact/the observation of the flying saucers was llll!lde
corresponds closely with the date of the unsigned telegram, and considering
the proximity of Lily Lake to the points where the objects were observed,
it is requested that Mr ShaveRbe investig~t3d to determine whether or not
he has information pertaining to the origin of Flying Saucers.

-I

{t◄ /)

. -~ },~ e t

~ tl=wf\

m-~ - 1 /~1/ 'f 7. 0 ''

~ ~RBED ~ . , , ~ ~ 1 ~
/ ~n
1
~if
/ :_
M Li~ s 1947

k
"V-

#### Page 20

..

NL PD
NEWYCRK NY JUL 5

MAJOR PA~

YNOR

AAF HQTS WASHDC
FOR FURTHER DETAII.S CONCERNillG FLYING DISKS SUGGEST

IMMEDIATE CONTACT OF MR. RICHARD F SHAVER LILY LAKE
ILLINOIS WHO MAY HAVE mMPORTANT INFORMATION CCNCPlillING
THEIR ORIGilJ

UNSIGNED
651P.

CLOS~

#### Page 21

7 July 1947
SUBJnCT: Report on Flying Saucers.
10: Commanding General
32d AAF Base Unit
Bolling Field
Washingten, D. C.
l. Fellowing ere statistics regarding reports by four
witnesses while in flight in two airplanes.
2. Weather CavU. Visibility exceptionally good. Seat-
tered altocumlus 6ooo feet.
3. First report:time ll45 hours CST. Alt. of observers
S0o feet above the ground. Altitude of saucer dooo febt MSLe
Observed.period - First sighted over Koshkonong, Wiscnnsin.
Flight was observed from town of Koshkonong to Mkhorn, Wisconsin.
This flight covered twenty-five (25) miles in fifteen (15) seconds,
which is a speed of six thougand (boo0) miles per hour.
4. Second reperta Time l430 hours CST. Altitude of cbservers
thirty-five hundred feet (35oo) MSL. Altitude of samcer twenty-five
hundred feet (25oo). Observation period. Observers at Mast Troy,
Wisconsin, flight observed from Hagle, Wisconsin to Muskego, Wisconsin.
This flight covered twenty-two (22) miles in twenty (20 seconds, which
is a speed of three thousand nine hudred sixty (396o) miles per hour.
5. Flight maneuvers: First observation-saucer descended vertically
edgewise through altocumulus clouds, stopped at four thousand (hooo)
feet and assumed horizental pesition and proceeded in horisontal flight
from a horizental position for fifteen (i5) seconds cevering twenty-
five (25) miles and again stopped and dissepeared. S econd observation:
Observed in horizontal flight in a horizontal attitude for a period of
twenty (20) seconds covering twenty-two (22) miles. By the time the
pilot had removed his camera from the glove compartment of his plane,
the saucer disappeared and again reappeared approximately ten (io) miles
farther along its couree after six (6) seconds making its final dis-
appearance.
6. The first two observers were an instructor and a student, having
just taken off from Mkhorn Airport. The second two observers, one
being Cap't. R. J. Southey, Wing Supply Ofricer and a passenger.
62-93294-58
ENCLOSURE John D. SchindLer, Jr.
Maj. Air Corps, AAF-CAP L. Laison Officer

#### Page 22

(308)

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Compiled at Washington. D. C. by the u ..5. Coast & Geodetic Survey under
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#### Page 23

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#### Page 24

f .
••

•

• '

I

TIC Tin

IUAITIEJIT 01 JI

- . .:♦,

-~~

Mr. Tolaou

L IUll(AU OF INY

..

!\Ir Ii:, A Tamm ••.

_

Jllr. <'lei:g

IGATIOls' •

M,r, C::lavw

~

Mr l..udd

A,r. R 1947

<.t \l F
/
~ "'. . ---Y
{" <Y ~

l\lr, Nie-hots ...•..•
!\fr. Rosp

v~

. ... .

Mr. 1'r~y

T~

Mr. littan .

Mr. Onntea
lllr, Hulto ....

\4

lllr. Mohr __
Mr,

,/

7

FBI SEATTLE

8-6-47

7-13 PM PST

KLS

Mr.

w~z;:~:-·,·.
Mr.

_53...~DIRECTOR FBI
URGENT
, SA
FLYING D_!§CS, s. M. - X. RETEL PORTLAND TO DIRECTOR
tff\v ~ ~vv,
AND SEATTLE AUGUST FIVE LAST.
WN., ADVISE THAT IN THEIR

I NTELLIGENCE OFFICERS MCCORD FIELD,
d OPINION AND FROM THEIR INVESTIGATION

THERE IS NO QUESTION OF THE CRASH OF THE B- TWENTYFIVE AT KELSO, WN.

I

C APPROXIMATELY TWO FIFTY A. M. , AUGUST ONE LAST HAVING BEEN CAUSED

BY ANY SABOTAGE.

THEY STATE THEIR INVESTIGATION INDICATES THE LEFT

.

ENGINE BURNED OUT AN EXHAUST STACK WHICH CAUSED THE WING TO BURN AND
BREAK OFF.

THE LEFT WING AS IT

BROKE OFF TORE OFF THE TAIL AND

THE PLANE CRASHED INTO THE GROUND KILLING CAPT. DAVIDSON AND LT. BROWN
INTELLIGENCE OFFICERS OF THE FOURTH AIR FORCE WHO WERE RETURNING FROM
~

THE CREW CHIEF AND
A HITCHHIKER PARACHUTED TO SAFETY FROM THE PLANE.
ONLY FOUR MEMBERS

MCCORD FIELD, WN., TO HAMILTON FIELD, CALIFIORNIA.

WERE ABOARD THE PLANE, DAVIDSON AND BROWN BEING PILOT AND CO- PILOT
AND HAD NO CHANCE TO ESCAPE WHEN THE WING BROKE OFF.

LT. COL. DONALD

L. SPRINGER, A- TIIO AW"';!:&~bJJ.;,~Fi THE FOURTH AIR FORfq
HAMILTON FIELD, CALIFORNIA, ADVISED-T ~AP'TAIN DA1.t;1DSSfN AND ~ROWN
WERE SENT FROM HAMILTON FIELD TO INT~EW ltAROLD A lf:: OAHL AND FRED
.......

--GRl_SMAN AT TACOMA, WN., REGARDING THEIR REPORT OF SEEIIING SOME FLYING
DISCS OVER MAURY ISLAND, WN., AND THAT THEY Q~INED ;OME OF THE DISC
~

FRAGMENTS.

CRISMAN AND DAHL ARE PARTNERS IN A LUMBIER BUSINEi!IS AT
L} 2,_ COPIE~ r...,c-TROYED
WAHINGTON.
270 NOV 18' 1964

#### Page 26

It

PAGE TWO
CAPTAIN DAVIDSON AND LT. BROWN ON THURSDAY, JULY b

THIRTYFIRST

LAST INTERVIEWED DAHL, CRISMAN, KENNET~NOLD, FROM BOISE, IDAHO,

.

WHO WAS ONE OF THE FIRST THAT REPORTED SEENING FLYING DISCS AND EMIL
H. -SMITH, UNITED AIRLINES P.LOT FROM SEAT'fll).U, WN., WHO ALSO REPORTED

--

SEEING FLYING DISCS.

THIS INTERVIEW TOOK PLACE AT THE •am WINTHROP

HOTEL ON THE AFTERNOON OF JULY

THIRTYFIRST LAST. CAPTAIN

DAVIDSON AND LT. BROWN WERE RETURNING TO HAMILTON FIELD FOR AIRFORCE
DAY AND HAD WITH THEM SOME OF THE DISC FRAGMENTS AS REPORTED BY DAHL
AND CRISMAN•

IL
WIREMAN TE

REPORTER PA~NTZ OF TACOMA TIMES, AND UNITED PRESS
ELLO OF TACOMA, RECEIVED ANONYMOUS PHONE CALLS JULY

THIRTYFIRST AND AUGUST FIRST LAST REGARDING THE MEETING AT THE WINTHROP
HOTEL OJIER THE DISCS FRAGMENTS AND THAT THE B- TWENTYFIVE WHICH
CRASHED THE MORNING OF 11112 AUGUST ONE WAS -

SABOTAGED OR SHOT DOWN•

INFORMATION AS YET NOT VERIFIED INDICATED THE ENTIRE STORY STARTED BY
DAHL AND CRISMAN POSSIBLY TO PROMOTE SALE OF SLAG FOUND IN A GRAVEL
PIT ON MAURY ISLAND, WN.

NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE AS YET AS TO THE

IDENTITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL WHO MADE THE ANONYMOUS PHONE CALL TO THE
TACOMA TIMES AND THE UNITED PRESS,
VIEWED AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.

DAHL AND CRISMAN WILL BE INTER­

INVESTIGATION CONTINUING.
WILCOX

END
11-33 PM OK FBI WA GH

2---

(Text continues in the original file: 194 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Section 3

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-3
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-3
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

September 4 1947 memo: when bureaucracy asks for the interview, not the UFO.

- 65_HS1-834228961_62-HQ-83894_Section_003, FBI case file, covers UFO reports June 1947‑July 1968, United States.
- Memo Sep 4 1947 reports Lt. Col. Springer's 24 1947 Portland disc sighting, similar to Arnold, no probe.
- Fourth Air Force declined further investigation; asked FBI for interview results.

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassification authority derived
from FBI Automatic Declassification
Guide, issued May 24, 2007.
596 (5-31-56)
0062 83894 Class / Case # It of Justice SERIALS 101-130
Sub HU HEADQUARTERS FOM OR ADDED TO THIS TILE *62-HQ-83894-3 HQ-83894
RRP003IXH0 8/11/1274194 FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER FOR
PA
Serial # R334
BUREAU
FOR SECTION 3
JAN 19 1979Y
INVESTIGATION DONOT
COPIED DESTROY SECTION 3
FOR FOIPA #389136 SERIALS 101-130
MAY 13 1977 R348
PICKETT STREET DO NOT
USE CARE IN HANDLING TIDESTROY
FOIPA# 993087
Transfer-Call MAR 1 1978 BY
421
5 A 18-1823

#### Page 2

STANDARD FORM NO. 114

, ~

..
•

Office··Memo; , ,dum , uNrTEn s1
$

Sept;Elllber 4, 1947

TO

Director, FBI

DATE:

FROM

SAC, San Francis co

A.IRMA.IL
SPECIAL DELIVfflY

SUBJECT:

REPORTS o aYING DISCS

,J..

~.....~

•

EncJ.oeed is a copy of a letter dated August 25, 1947, with
attachment frcm Lt. Col.. DONALD L. SPRINGER of A-2, Hamilton Field,
California. Even thoug)l Col. SPRINGER feels that Mr. JOHNSON may
have read somel/of his claims in a newspaper, Col. SPRINGER believes
that Mr. F. M JOHNSON should be interviewed in this matter.
In accordance with Bureau Bulletin No. 42, dated July 30,
1947, Portl.and is requested to exhaustively interview Mr. F. M.
JOHNSON, 106 N.W. First Ave., Part.land, Oregon, regarding hiB
alleged sighting of a "flying disc" on June 24, 1947. Copies or
the result of this interview should be furnished the San Francisco
Field Office tor distribution to the 6th Army Intellig«ica.

rmK:MR
Ehcls. 2
62-2938
cc Portland (F.hcls. 4) - .AMSD

...

#### Page 3

NFIDZI~TiAL

i

Authority:

...,

NNO 90986

EEAJr.LUARTERS FOURTH AIR FORCE
Office 0£ tho Assi:;tan't Chief of Sta.i'f, A-2

!ntelli£er..ce
Ilamilton Field, California .
26 Aucust 1947

4AFDA.

SUl3.JECT:

Flyini;; Di so •

TO:

Special Agent in Char~e, FBI, U. s. Depart.ment of Juitioe,
Federal Office Building, Room 422, San Francisco, Calif.

l.
The attached true copy of a letter from 'r. F. M. Johnson
wae reoeived by thie officer 22 A~guat 1947.

2.
Your attention is invited to the similarity between Arnold 's
early report and this ~entleman'a report. A possibility exists that
Mr. Johnson might have read aome or this· 1n the newspapers when Arnold
was publ1cizod re this ma~tor.
3.
Thia headquarters doos not intend to investigate ~his incident .
It is requested that a roeult or nny in~erview you may make be furnished
this ~eadquarters.

'J.

1 lnolt (dup)
Ltr fr i;- . ·••

(True Cy)

~
Johnson

DONALD L-. SPRIJIGER

Lt. Colonel, GSC
AC of S,' A-2

)

I •

AUG 2'1

1

#### Page 4

•
PORTLAND, OREGON, August 2oth l9t7

Lt. Col. Donald L. Springer . Aasietant Starr
Sir . Saw in the portland pnper a short time ago in rogards to
an artiol e 1n recards to tho so called f l ying diso having nny basi s
of £not . I cun say am a prospeotor and was in the lit Adams distriot
on June 24th the day K.:?,nne*kmol d of Boise Idaho claiMB he saw a
~Orl!!Ction of flyinG dtso. A nd 1 saw the samo f l yin& objeots at about
the :st:une 'time. Ihviu; r.. telot;c:>pe with rt'!t at tho +.:.mo i onn e.sure you
they are r~~l nnd notin~ lil=o tho~ I ovur 3aw before ~hoy did not pass
verry hir,h over whore l ,..-a.o ato.nding a.t the tho tii:no. ,?lobly 1000 .rt .

thoy rtero Round abo~t 30 root in dime.tor tapering sharply ton point in
tho bN1d end in en OVC'.l :lhnpo. with u brit;h"G top aur:!'acQ.

heor any noiao U3 :rou would ~on a plane.

! did not

But ther~ was an object in

the tail end looked like c. 6115 hanu or a block shi.f'ting !'ro:::i side to
side like a big magen~t. Thero spoed as rar as i know seoced to be

ereater than anythint I ever saw.

Lost veir, I got or tho objeots they

vere standing on edge 13&.rtkin~ in a Cloud.

Yours Respectfully

/s/

F. M. Johnson
106 No . West 1st Ave
Portland. Oregon

A

Lt . Colonel,
AC 0£ S, A- 2

L\. Urt

CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 5

STAN

RM NO. 64

Office· ¥en.. ·,- · durJZ. UNITED S
Director, FBI
Atten: Assistant Director D. M. LADD
SAC, San Francisco

GOVERNMEN T
DATE:

AIRMAIL

REPCRTS oPFLrnm Discs

SUBJECT:

Septanber 4, 1937

Enclosed for your information are copies of two l etters
from Lt. Col. DONALD L. SPRINGER of A-2, Hamilton Field, California,
dated August 27, 1947, with attachment s reporting the sighting of
"flying discs" on Guam, and result of A-2 investigation at Tacoma
and Kelso, Washington.

DWK:MR
62-2938

~~

9vf
nt'
COPIES DES'T'W)YED
270 NOV ld 1~b4

~,
\V ......
.

~

Df
~

~
EJTCLOSURE ATTACHED

•

'

#### Page 6

SECRET
HEADQUARTERS FOURTH AIR FORCE
Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, A-2
Intelligence
Hamilton Field, California
4AFDA 27 August 1947
333.5/1208-I 62-2938*
SUBJECT: Re Flying Disc.
TO: Special Agent in Charge, FBI, U. S. Department of Justice,
Federal Office Building, Room 422, San Francisco, California.
Following is extraot from the Weekly Intelligence Summary,
Air Transport Command, Washington 25, D. C., dated 20 August 1947,
Copy No. 120, Article I, Pg 1:
"FLYING oBJECTS IN GUAM: Unidentified flying objects have
been observed by three American enlisted men of the l47th Air-
ways and Air Communications Service Squadron at Harmon Field,
Guam. The men report that at l040 hours on 14 August 1947 the
two objects, which they deseribe as small, crescent shaped and
traveling at a speed twice that of a fighter plane, passed over
them on a zig-zag course in a westerly direetion at an approxi-
mate altitude of twelve hundred feet. The objects disappeared
into clouds and a few seconds later a similar object possibly
one of those previously observed, emerged from the clouds and
proceeded west. No further details have been reported.'
2. For your information.
BONALD L. SPRINGER
Lt. Colonel, GSC
AC of S, A-2
SECRET

#### Page 8

HEADQOARTERS FOURTH AIR FORCE
Office of the Aa•iatant Chier of Statf, A-2
Intelligenoe
Hamilton Field, California

UFDA

27 Augua'b 1947

333.6/1208-I
SOBJECTs

Investigation 0£ Flyin& Disc .

TOs

Speoial Agent in Charco, FBI, u. s. Department of Juatioe.
Federal Office B~ilding. Room 422 , San Franoisoo, California .

Atta~hed aunmiary rorwarded for your information .

l Inoli
Summary of In£orma.tion.

DONALD L. SPRINGER

Lt. Colonel , GSC
AC of S, A- 2

j

#### Page 9

HEADQUARTERS FOURTH AIR FORC~
Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff. A-2
Intollic;enco
Hnnilton Field, California
4AFDA

27 August 1947

333.5/1208• 1

SUBJECT,

Investigation of Flying Disc .

TOr

Spooial Agent in Charge. FBI• u. s. Depar tment of Justioe,

Seattle , Washington .

Attached aUl'Ullary for11arded for your information.

1 Inola

DONALD L. SPRnTOER

Swmnary of Information.

Lt. Colonel , GSC

AC or s. A-2

I

.

CO~J~IDE1'JTIAL

~

\

#### Page 10

CONFIDENTIAL
COPY
AIR RESCUE SERVICE
DETACIMENT 8 (62d AAF BU)
MoChord Field, Tacoma, ashington
4 August 1947
SUBJECT: Final Mission Report
TO: Commanding Officer
Air Rescue Sorvice
MacDill Field, Florida
KXSsION NUMBER Thirty-Nine.
2. NATURE.
a. Ab C4OO PST, 1 AuguNt 47, ARMY FLIGHT SERVICE notified this
Getaehment that a plane had been seen to oraah and burn thirteen (ls) miles
south of KEL30, Washington (46og'N, 12255'W).
S. ACTION TAKEN
a. 1 Aug 47. At O4:So Pot, Afs received informntion frcm Mr.
C. Clark, looal sheriff of KeLso, Wash., that the soene of the crash wes
fifteen (is) to twenty (eo) milce east of KELso in the vicinity of GoBLE
CREEk. The KELso Chief of Poliee saw an airornft fly low over the town,
then orash and burn to the enat. The time wms about O2se PST. A check of
airorafe kmown to bo in the vieinity revealed thnt S-25 lsl6 had departed
MCCHORD FIELD at O2l2 PST for HAMILPON FIELD, California. The weather was
reported as CFR. A full moon made visibility exceptionally good. The
pilot's name was CAPt. W. C. DavIDsoN; the plane carried three (s) additional
persons. The Base Operations Officer and Base PI0 were notified. This
detachment began organizing a greund party of base personnel to supplement
that being formed by the KELso Chief of Poliee. At O5Oo PST information
was reeeived from KeLso by Afs that ground fog in the valleys at the seene
of the crash was preventing a ground party from looating the plane. Since
no communication had been received from B-25 lsl6, it was assumed that it
was the plane reported as erashed. ARs C-47 was pre-flighted to transport
the Arny groumd party to KELSo but a check of the field conditions there
deemed it advisable to use a smaller aireraft. Of the two C-4bs available,
one belonging to AFs wes unservieed after a night flight; the other, belong-
ing to AACs, wns readied even though a responsible officer of that organ-
ization was not present to suthorize the flight. Fog at Kelso prevenied
take-off until o7Oo PST. The ground party, led by CAPT. W. L. LITrRELL and
CAPT. T. H. Pcrsero, consisted of six men ineluding a medical technician
and a photographer. At Ocoo PST, the KLso Chief of Poliee notified AFS
that a passenger of ths crashed airplane was in his office and had confirmed
NCLOSURE
#8 CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 11

FONILIDLMITLAL
VIEEMDINILAL
Subjoots Final Mission Report 4 August 1947
The belief that the orash was that of the unreported B-25. The Passenger,
Sgt. E. L. TAFF, of FT. LAwToM, SEaTTLE, was uninjured, but reporbed that
the erew chief, t/Sgt. W. D. mirhews, was at a farm house near the scone of
the erash and was injured. Sgt. TApp then led an ambulance to Sgt. KaTkeas
whe was subsequently taken to a local hospital. At Oelo PsT an attempt
was made to telephone Sq. S at HAMILron FIELD but no anawer wms received;
howover, it was known that HAmiLron AFs was aware of the inoident and
would notify Sq. B. At o7oo PsT Capt. LirTkeLL departed in a C-45 for
KELSo. At O745 PST Sq B was contacted by phone and givon a flash roport.
At O9OS PST CA?T LITTRELL phoned and informed that he had placed CAPTAXN
Forsbkke in charge of Army porsonnel proceeding to the soene of the crash.
No aerial search was necessary ss civilians in the ares knew tho exaet
loontion of the crash and had reported finding one (i) body in the wreckhge.
CAPT. LITTRELL prepared to fly Sgt's TAFF and MATHENS to MCCHORD FIELD
for nedical attention, arriving at O945 PSf. The survivors steted that
they believed neither the pilot nor co-pilot has parechuted from the
plane. The osuse of the incident wms at this time dotormined to be a fire
in the loft engine. CAPT LITTRELL was informed by Sgt. TAFF thet he
believed classified doouments had been aboard the plane; CarT FOksBERG
was instructed to take necessary precautions. An ambulance met the plane
at Mcckord FlcLD carrying the two survivors and took them to the hospital.
Interrogation revesled that the left engine had caught Pire in the power
seetion and flemes and smoke had sproad to the flight dock almont irened-
iately. The orew chier, marhxns, assisted Tarp in attaching his ohest
paok and Tary abandoned the plane at an estimated altitude or Io, ooo ft
(thie faot is doubted but is not oonsidered necesserily rolevant).
MAThews helped the pilot and co-pilot attach thoir ohest packs (all per-
sonnel had beon wearing the harness) and as he lort the pleno wes aware that
the cowpilot was preparing to follow. The pilot had started to leave and,
to the best recolleetion of Marikas, was partially standing and holding
the control wheol with his left hand. Marnew'S statenents indieete that
proper omergency prccedures had been porformed but that the flamee had en-
veloped the antire left side alnoet immediately. TArr stated that, because
of the full moon and goed visibility, he saw Markews leave the plane and
was able to follow the plane to the ground and that ho saw no one olse
bail out. The ship was suveloped in flames and mas beginning to fell apart
before hitting the ground where it exploded and burned about one (l) mile
from where he, TAvp, landed. Be lit in a tree, and not knowing how to
release his parachute of the quick-detschable kind, out himsolf loose fron
the herness with hie pooket knife. Be kicked end struggled and eventually
jumped to the ground, receiving a jolt on impaot but wes unable to guess
how far he had fallen. He then followed a cow path for an estimated two
(2) miles to a farm house, arriving after MAThens. Meanwhile, as MAThEns
oleared the plane he turned and saw the plane strike the ground, explode
and burn. Just before or just at the tine of impaet he saw an object
afire throwm olear of the plane but did cot know whether it was a person
or part of the plane. Marksns also lit in a tree, and after freeing himself
from his harness, fell to tho ground where he injured his back. de lest
conseicusnese and on recovering wont to the burning plane, about fifty
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 12

IDENTIAL
Subjeot: Final Mission Repare 4 August 1947
(so) yards away. Flares were going off and he thought best to leave the
scene. He heard a stream ncarby and followed it until ho came to a house and
aroused the oooupants. Soon TaFf arrived at the same house and, being un-
injured, was driven into town. Then he led an anbulance to effeet transporta-
tion of MArksns to a hospital. Mcamwhilo, civilians reaohed the soene of
the orash where they found one body. At Oeso PST, a message from Sq B
inforned that top secret material wes in the navigators kit and to request
Comeanding Cfficer McckoRD FIELd to expedite all aveilable information to
Commanding Cffioer HAMILTON FIELD. Meanwhile, CAPT PORSSERO and four (4)
enlisted men departed KELso at Oeso PsT for seene of the crash. Thoy were
transported by the WAsHINoToN STaTE PoLICE who knew the exaet location of
the plans (4e®os'n - l2go4s'w). The ground party determined upon arrival
at the soene, that two (2) bodies were in the wreckage. Indications led to
the belief thet the copilot was afire when he left the plane an instant
before impact. Th pilot's rerains were found in the wreckage. Pre-
lininery investigation by CArt FoksBekd diselosed ths planes left wing
about one hundred twenty-five (les) yards from the widely soattered port-
tions of the plene. The lof't wing was intect and had spperontly torn
off just outhoard of the left ongine before impaot. The forverd portion
of the wing stab was melted but the rear two thirds indicated that it hed
rippsd loose from the inboard seetion of the wing. The wing lesding edge
was undemaged. The navigation and landing lights were unbroken. The
aileron was undamaged but the flap section was crushed, leading to the
belief that the wing struck the tail section. From these indicetions
it is believed the wing ripped from the sirplane just after EArkEws
abandoned the plane. The resulting spin thus prevented the remaining
crew members from bailing out although the co-pilot may have been in the
hatch. A few oivilians were in the area when CArt FoRsnekG arrived
and he took prooautions to prevent them from disturbing the wreekmge.
At I1SY PST CAPT LITTRELL fleW CAPT RICE. M. C., to KELSO. An ambulanee
dispatohed from MCCHORD PIELD, met them at KELSO, and was led to the soene
of the erssh by the StarE PoniCe. The bodies were reeovered and trans-
Ported In the ambulanee to MCCHORD FIELD. CAPT LITTRELL returned to
McCkord FIELd where camping equipment was prepared to be dropped to the
ground perty. CAPT LITrReLL,made a suocesaful drop at dusk by sighting
on a signal fire. Ihe ground perty set up camp at the wreoknge scene to
set as guard and to investigate further the following day. They were
relieved of responsibility of all reoovered documents by a CiC agont who
had arrived mbout 1soo Pst.
b, 2 Aug 47. The ground party remained at the soene of the crash
pending ofrioial securing of the incident. No aerial activity.
C. 3Aug 47. MOcnoRD PIELD Operations Orficer departed at lo00
PST to investigate the seoident and to relieve CAPt FoksBkRo, who returned
at l6oo Psf. Inoident elosed.
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 13

COPY
Subjeot: Final Mssion Roport 4 August 1047
STATISTICAL SUMEARY
GROUED ACTIVITY
(1) Total man hours by ARs Personnel in field 72
(2) Total man hours by other Army Personnel
(estimate) 300
(s) Total man houra by eivilian peraonnel (eab) 1so
(4) No. of miles driven by Army Vehieles 500
AERIAL ACTIVITY
(l) Total No. of sorties flown
(a) Total hours flown by Army aireraft
LOGAL PURCKASES
1None
COMENTS
a.. Cooperation recsived from sll oiviltan agensies cencerned
was complete and excellent.
RECOMMENDATIONS
lone.
ROBERT H. MASONHSIMER
Captain, Air Corps
Gommmanding orficer
1 Inol:
l-Photographs
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 14

MEADQUARTERS FOURTH AIR PORCE
offiee of the Assistant Chief of Staff, A-2
Intollirencs
Masilton Field, California
TITLE Investigation of Flying Diso INVEsTIcATIoN MADE ATRaOOns. and Kelso.MashingtOn
File No...AF -1208-1 COntrolling Office Air Defense Cornnd.MitoholFiel4
PeRIOD COVEReD.. 31 July througch 7 August 1s4y
CASE CLASSIFICAtION Incident
Date 12 August 1947 StatuS oF CAse Pending.
REASON FOR INVESTIGATION: Investigation initiated at the request of Air Defense
Comaand, referenee Itr Hq ADO, dtd 7 Jul 47, file Dss3.sID, subj: Investigation of
Plying Diso.
SYNOPSIS:
On Sl duly 47, Mr. Arnold, Aviation Editor of the Idaho Daily Stebeanan, tele-
phoned Lt. Browm requesting he return to fscona because Arnold believed he had some
very vital information on the flying dise.
Lt. Browm end Capt. Davidson interviowed a dr. Fred L. Criemen and a ir. Barold
A. Dahl, along with Capt. Smith of tho Unitod Air Linos, and Mr. Arnold, at the Win-
throp Notel in Tacomm, "ashington, on tho night of Sl July l947.
The summary of their interrogation and findings was related to Major Sender,
Publie Information Orfieer, MeChord Fiold, by Mr. Arnold and Cayt. Smith. Major
Sander retold the results of the investigution to this offioer from his notes.
Mr. Dahl and lr. Crisman were nab available for interview while this orficer
was in that area, although every effort was mede to contaot them.
Further investigation of this partiealar ineident wae left with Mr. Brady,
Resident Agent, FB1, Tacona, Washington.
It was apperont from nowspaper elippings, telephone calls to this offieer, and
conversetions with Mejor Sander, that a United Press eorrespondent, of the Tacoma
Fimes, was instrumental in keeping this case alive. This officer and Major Sander,
although quoted rany times in the press, did not disouss this matter with the press
during the period of this report.
The anonymous mystery cnller in fecoma eould possibly be Mr. Crisman.
DIstribution COPIES APPRoVED:
AAD
ADO 1 Lona
0-2 6th Army 1 DOMALD L. SPRIBGEX. L. COIOnOL, OSC
AC of 3, 2-2/
FBI, Seattle ELURAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
FBI, San Franeiseo 1 U. S.DE STICE
d2-83894=162 AUG 30 1947
ENCLOSURE SAN FRANCI-CC
W.D.,P.M.G.FormNo.110 ROUTED
1 April 1944
(This form supersodes W. D., O. C. S. Form No. 19, which
will not be used upon receipt of this revision)

#### Page 15

CI-R1 Rport
CONFIDENTIAL
DETAILS:
l. During the afternoon of 3l duly 47, Mr. Arnold, Aviation Baitor of the
Idaho Datly Ststesnan, telephoned Le Srown, Cie Sab-Detaohment Cormander at Eead-
quarters Fourth Air Foree, and stated in eubstence: That ho, Arnold, and Capt Sni th
had arrived in Tacoma to invsstigate the purported flying dise explosion on a sur-
faee oref'e on 21 dume 47. Tnie investigetion wns requesbed and finaneed by a Wr.
R, A. Palmer of the Venture Proes, Sos Studie Bldg., ivls Shermen Avemue, Evansten, illinois.
Acsar's nors: See Inclosure I and Inclosure 2. The signsture to Inelosure 2, r.
Dave Johnson, is that of the editor of the Idaho Deily Statosman. Mr. dohnson is a
formor Arvy Air Foree offieer and fron all indications ie a very patriotie Anerican.
On the roesipt of Inelosure 2 at Beadquarters Fourth Air Force, this offleer requested
the San Praneisco FBl orrioe te cheok the Chiengo Fst orfiee for R. 4, Palmer end the
Venbure Press. The reture answer, by telophons, wms to the effeot that the Chieags
indiens of the FBi, She Ghieago Pelioe, and Credit Bureau had no ronord on R, A. Falser or the Vesture Press,
2. Ia Srown and Capt Davidson arrived at Mechord Field during the afternoon
of al daly 47. They changed from their uniforns to eivilien elothing in the airoraft
and, on being queriod by Operations as to wy they dosired tranaportatien to Tmeoma, they replied thay wero to aake a spsech,
AgsEr's wots: this ums in conpliance wish par 4, ltr fr Bg aDe, 2ile Dass.bld,
7 dl 47, subj: Investigatien of Flying Pso.
Aceordlng to Major George Sander, Publie Informetion Orrieer, deChord Field, The
Tacons Times reoeived an anonymous telephone call that Arnold and daith were pressnt
in the Mnthrey lotel for the purpose of condueting on inveetigation on the flying
diee. The Tacone Times shecked and found this to be true, maoh to Arneld'e and Smith'e
surpriee. Lt Broun and dapt Davidsoa did interview Wr. dareld A, dahl, Mr. Fred L.
Criaran, in e hotel room in the Wintkroy Botel, Facora, "ashe, in the presenee of
Mr. Arnold and Capt andth. If notes vere taken of this conversstion, they vere de-
sbreyed in the airoreft aecident. Mr. Arnold stated to Bajor Sander that Lt Srown
obtained fron Mr. Dahl and ir. Criaman semples of an unidontified substanee thet were
identisal to those appearing in Inelesures 3 to 7. The samples plotured in Inelosures
S to 7 wore taken by ir. Arnold fron the sene box thet Dahl and Criamen offered Ib.
Srown and from whieh he obbained his samples. T/ogb Matthews, Crew Chief on the
wreekod airoreft, upon being interrogetod by this orfleer, stated that he plaeed a
heevy cardboard csrion in the rear compertment of the B-25 that erashed. ie did not
look in the box mor beer any oomsente from ta Brown or Capt Devidson es to its gon-
tonts.
S. The following vammerises wat wae rolated by Br. Arnold and dapt Smith to
Major dander as to the aubstence of ths inberrogetion by Lt drewm and Capt Davldeon:
That on 2l dan 47 r. Dahl wes proocedins soutk of Baury Island in Nr. Crisman's
boat. Five flving dees osse dowm out of the cloude ard eireled slowly around the
bay, dropping to an estinated elevation of Soo feet. Theee disos sppeared round and
W.D.,P.M.G. FOrm No. 110 CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 16

CI-R1 Report
CONFIDENTIAL
Flattoned similer to a derlated automobile imnertube. They were judred by Dahl to
be spproximekely loo feet soress with a 2s foot epening in the esater. The outer
edge or the objoet bad round portholes and the Saner ring had square windows or
portholes. The dises wore silent and from bis viewpoins he eould seo ho means of
progulsion. one of thess dises eppeared to falter and wever in the air, another of
these aforementioned rive disos dropped down elose to the dise that appeared to
wever and bumped it, dunping "sons" of the sturr as piotured in inclosare S te 7
on hls boat, kosooking oft the hendrall, lore, and generelly daaaging the boat to
the extent of G200.00, and killing dahl's dog.
Agssr's soth: This orricer, in Ohe oompany of Mejor Sender, boarded the aforemen-
tioned boat where It was cooked in the Saoose harbor on 6 Aug i7. A hand rail was
aissing, bat the eres where the hand reil wes previously faetened had been peisted
over wlth severed coets of paint and was oreoksd by tho weesher. the deek and roef
of the oebln wes of a very thin oonatruotion and the eabin furbier had glass on the
Pront and aldes. is is tbis atfisor's opinion that if any of the objeote presented
by Dehl as easplee of the maborial dropped by the flying diso had hit this boet, it
woald have certaiuly beea neceesery to replege the foredsdk and ths cabln roof.
These twe arens were wery heavily ooated with eeverel eeats of pains and had desp
weather oraeks thet would tale suveral sensons to eoguire-
Sr. Criamen, who owns the beat and operetes a shoreline sater patrol for various
business flrms, evidently visited the ares at daury Ialend to ehsek Dahl's sbory.
Ee is supposed to have stabed that he found the naserlal that he prosnuted to Lo
Brown and Capt dsvidson in a send pit ncar where the ineident was supposed to have
eecurred. hile he, Crisan, was at the soene of the ineldens, a Piying dtso came
out of the clouds and behaved in a similer manner as the ones previously deseribed.
Agsnr's mozs, The witnesaing on two oeesslons, in broad daylighs, of an objeet so
large and eleerly visible within several miles of the ofty of facomm certsinly should
heve boen seon and reported on by otber than Dahl and Crieman. A chsek was sade of
the newepspers on and after 2l Jano and no mention ceuld be found of a myaterious
objeet appearing over the Tecona harbor.
Mr. Crissan is supposed to have sent samplss of the objeots that he pleked up in the
Meury Island sand pis to a friend of aie at the University of Chioage for an analysis
report. He io reported to have not received the enalysis report.
Adgnr'a sore: It ie poosible that the Ir, B, A, Palmer, referenoe Inelosure I and 2,
sight have cone eoress thie Ineident tarough the Dniversity of Chicege.
The interrogesion of dahl end Criscan by Is Drowa wss complsted about sidnight on
31 daly/i Aagust. ts Sroies and Gayt davidson returned to tedhord Fisld and prepared
for a aight flight to Sanilton Field. The weether wss clear with a brighs moon
shining. They departed sppraxisately ozoo hours and crashed at approxisately Oz3o
hours on 1 August lu47. (Sse Isolcsure O)-
6. on 6 August 47, Wils otfloer, in the eompeny of Major Sander, MeChord Pield,
and ir. Dredy, residont egent, Jacona Fedorel Parenu of Inveatigation, athecpted to
CONFIDENTIAL
W.D.,P.M.G. FOrm NO. 110

#### Page 17

CI-R1 Report
CONFIDENTIAL
sonbees elther tire Dabl or Mr. Grismen, without suucess. Cept Smith and Mr. Arneld
depmrted the Saeoma arem on 3 August 47, therefore, this ofriesr did not have the
dpportunity of cosversing with them direetly.
Adsag's sotse a reoord eheek wna snde by telophone by Mr, Drady wita the Sesttle
Field orfioe, FBl, for records on Mr. Crismen and Mr. Dehl. The sheok on Mr. Grismen
rue negetive. The Seattle Fax indiose indieated thet a Eareld Dahl had been chsrged
with two inotdente of illogel weering of the uniforn and one wi th theft of national
property. It could not bo determined at the time wether lareld A. Pahl, the eubjeet
in queetion, and 2areld Dabl of the Fal indiees, wae ono and the same.
B. r. Criennn hed indieated to Cayt Sndth, Arnold, ot al, that he was a
former flghter pilet and held oosunission ae Cagtain in the Air Beserve.
Adgar's rors: on 6 August 47, thie offieer ohecksd the reaerda of the 4ooth AAp
30(xr) and deterednod thet Fred I. Grisewn wes regiesered with thst Reserve Onit as
Caotain, Sorial lumber O-tssgsl, with residenee at 12s Moodland, Jacona, Wachington,
Primary Mos los4 and locd. In Lose ho was with the Crindnal Invustigrtion Bivialon,
State of Weohington, and previoualy had been en ofl teohnioian with the Vnion Pmelfie
Railmay. Crisan eebored the sorrioe in lo42 as an enlisted man and served aa such
for sovenboen months. In lae3 he was oomsiesioned on graduation fron flying sohool
and served a total of twenty-nine months. A cheok of the Taooms oity diroetory was
rade on Barold &. Dahl, whioh indioated his hone was at s9os I. Cebe St., tolephone:
Prootor Til7. Dusiness sddrsss wss Mieted as 2ss uiddle Watereay: telephone: Proad-
my 7733.
RECOMMENDATION:
l. That no further invessigation be undertaken on this apeeifie ineident by
Arey Air Feree peraomel.
2. That in view of the reperted statements by lr. Crisnan, that eoneideretien
be given to reveke his air Keserve cormiseion and fiying status as an undesirable
and snreliable offieer.
8 Incle:
l. Phobostat, ltr fr ReAaralmor.
2. Photostat, tolegras fr Bave dolnson.
3. to T. Phobographs, Unidentified Substanoe,
8. Pinal Meslon Repork, Air Resoue Service-
CONFIDENTIAL
W.D.,P.M.G. FOrm NO. 110

#### Page 18

CONFIDENTIAL
VENTURE PRESS
305 STUDIO BUILDING
1718 SHERMAN AVENUE
EVANSTON, ILLINOIS
July 22, 1947
Mr. Kenneth Arnold, 7114
Boise, Idaho Breveton
Dear Mr. Arnold:
Quite obviously you have been ribbed so much you'd like to
forget the flying saucers--but I'd sure like to have your
personal story. your photo. pio of your plane, etc, as I
asked before. And you won't he made to look silly, because
there's more to this than the rewspapers and the *experts"
have made of it.
Besides the article, I have another propssition, You seem to
get around quite a bit, and if you can make a trip to Tacome,
Washington at all feasible, I'd be willing to pay expenses
plus a nice amount to make it worth your while.
I'a want you to see Mr. Harold A. Dahl, P. O. Box 154, Fern
Hill Station, Tacoma, and Mr. Fred L. Crisman, cwner of the
Tacoma Harbor Patrol, Inc. Dahl, and two other seamen, on a
patrol near Murry Island, off Taocma, saw six dises, one in
trouble, witnessed an explosion, saw falling stuff which
smashed their wheelhouse and searchlight and landed on the
beach. They sent me samples whioh Chicago U has failed to
analyze. I want a pioture of the beach ard the stuff that
landed there (about twenty tons, they said). And I want
scmebody who'll get the truth, to find out if these boys are
on the up and up. You could do that. I hope you will. If
agreeable, please write and perhaps we can talk business.
I think you'd like to prove this thing too!
Anyway, I still vant that article:
Sincerely yours,
RA Pulmer

#### Page 19

NOINN WUA41 PD CONFIDENTIAL
BOISE IDA JULY 29 1947 255P
LT FRANK M BROWN, A-2 (RPT A-2)
OFFICE 4TH AIRFORCE HAMILTON FIELD CAL IF.
VENTURE PRESS 305 STUDIO BLDG 1718 SHERMAN AVE EVANSTON ILL. RA
PALMER. SENT ARNOLD $2OO TO GO TO TACOMA TO INVESTIGATE FLYING
DISC REPORT THERE. SUGGEST THIS OUT OF LINE FOR PRESENT PUBLIC
INTEREST IN STORY AND BELIEVE AS I SUGGESTED ON YOUR VISIT HERE
VENTURE PRESS SHOULD BE CHECKED
DAVE JOHNS ON
305 1718 $200
308P

#### Page 26

-

f

Office _Memo \ .,,.,um • UNITED S1n. ... ..__ ;.ovERNMENT
7-29-47

TO
FROM
SUBJECT:

.

METAL FRAGMENTS O SERVED AT WEST RUDGE, NE11 HAMPSHIRE, JULY 7, 1947
SECURITY MA.Tr.ER (X

Referenoe is made to Boston teletype to tho Bureau datod July 18, 1947.
Dean John M. Bunker, the original inf'or111ant, baa advi:sed that a speotographio
examination has boen oomplotod of tho metal partioles referred to. Thay were
determined to be of ordinary oast iron whioh bad boen aubjeoted to a very
high degree of heat. The heat caused aoales to be formed on the oaet iron
whioh were originally thought to bo of some metallic alloy.

(Text continues in the original file: 190 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Section 4

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-4
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-4
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The file was filed on October 9 1947—right after the holiday.

- 65_HS1-834228961_62-HQ-83894_Section_004 is an FBI PDF covering UFO reports June 1947–July 1968, Portland PD case.
- Portland officers described a bright, silvery, fast, shape‑changing object over the city on September 11 1947.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 2

-

f
Office >Memu,,,,,,,rlum • UNITED ST.
v~OVERNMENT
...

l

,

TO

:

DIRJYJTOR, FBI

c,JoM

:

SAC, PORTLAND

SUBJECT:[

DATE:

October 9, 1947

FLYrnG DISCS

SECURITY MATTER - X.
Reference is made to Portland teletype dated September 13, 194?.
Records of the Radio Dispatcher, Portland Police Department, reflect
that first notice of unidentified objects in flight over the city on September 11,
1947 was received from officers in District 18, which is in the extreme north­
east section of the city, at 5:21 P.M. The log further reflects that at 5:23 P.M.
the radio requested District 14, which is further south, to attempt to locate
and identify the objects and that at 5:24 P.M. a report was received from the
car occupied by Chief of Police JENKINS, reporting that they had sighted some
objects. District 14 at 5:27 P.M. reported seeing nothing unusual in the sky.
ROBERT D. ADAIR; 4325 S.E. Madison Ave., Portland, advised that he was
one of the two officers on duty in District 18 on September 11. 'lhe car was in
the vicinity of N.E. 25th Avenue and Saratoga Court when ADAIR and his fellow
officer noticed a number of people looking upward and pointing. Upon looking at
the sky ADAIR observed the very bright reflection of the sun on some object
which was apparently made of silvery metal. The object was coming from the east
and made a wide turn over the city and disappeared to the south. ADAIR estimated
its speed at about 150 miles per hour and its altitude at about 5,000 feet.
He watched it for a period of about two minutes and during that time it gradually
disappeared in such a manner as to appear that the angle was slowly changing,
so that the sun was no longer reflected into ADAIR's eyes. He says that the
shape appeared to be round but that the glare was so bright that it could have
hidden the true outline of the object. '!here was no oscillation visible - only
steady flight. ADAIR believes it was an ordinary metal airplane reflecting light
of the afternoon sun.
, , 1 :mnau:r, 1t'l'-'l
J. R. CALDWELL, 7652 S. E. Lincoln St., Portland, Oregon was ADAffi's
partner in District 18 on September ll. CALDWELL states that the object appeai­
red to him to take the same course as that described by ADAIR. He pointed out
that the speed, height, and size of the object were difficult to judge, because
of the interdependence of the three factors. However, he believes that the
obj ect vrhen first sighted was about three miles away and about two miles high.
He believes it was traveling at a much greater speed than a conventional aii­
plane and was a great deal larger. It appeared t o him to be elliptical in
shape, and inasmuch as it did not bank or tip he could not judge its thickness.
It was of a very bright silver o~ ~ su tanco.

~✓::,OH
f9

COPIES DESTROYED

2 7 0 NOV 18 l 9b4

RJiJCORDEn

-93

i J -i o
"F~

19

C

l

#### Page 4

PD 62-1531
Chief of Police LEON V. JENKINS advised that he was travelling south
on N. Williams Avenue near Russell St., when he and Officer H. s. RANEY, his
driver, received a call on the police radio requesting District 14 to attempt
to observe an unknown object in the sky reported by officers in District 18.
JENKINS observed what a ppeared to be a round silver object, about 10,000 feet
high, travelling northeast to southwest. It was directly to JENKIN's left ffllen
observed first . He thought it was a weather balloon. Further observation con­
vinced him that it could not be a balloon because of its speed which was extreme­
ly great . As JENKINS watched, it turned gradually until it was travelling due
south, and as it did so, its shape seemed to change until it appeared to be
egg-shaped. It disappeared in· about 30 seconds.
Patrolman H. s. RANEY stated that when he first observed the object
it was straight ahead of him and travelling straight away from his car.
RANEY was driving south on N. Williams Avenue. To RANEY it appeared to be just
a glare of sun on some object, and he was unable therefore to tell its shape.
It appeared to be very high and travelling extremely fast. It was out of sight
after he had travelled 4 or 5 city blocks at a speed of about 25 mph. RANEY
stated that he has never seen an object at such an extreme height before and
that if the sun had not reflected from it he could not have seen it at all.
He believes it could possibly have been a reflection from a large airplane at
great altitude.
ROBERT W. SHAYLOR, 4810 N. Fessenden St ., Portland stated that he was
on duty in District 14 with Officer DONALD r'l. CO,JLit{G on September 11, 1947
and received the call to watch for the object flying over the city. SHAYLOR
and COWLING-immediately scaMed the sky f rom a vantage point in open territory
where they could see the entire sky. They saw nothing in the sky at that time,
SHAil.OR stating that they did not even see any airplanes.
A short article in "'lhe Oregonian", Portland daily newspaper, for
September 12, 1947, describes the object as seen by Chief of Police JENKINS and
also states that 11The Oregonian" received several calls from other persons
reporting the object. FRED M. WHITE, Assistant City Editor, advised that the
paper has no record of the identities of the people making the calls.

62-1531
IHK:tkw

#### Page 5

te Memor

-

TO

,,
Director, FBI

c:!Jr--aoM

SAC, Anchorage

•

m • UNITED ST/i

JVERNMENT
DATE:

10/18/47

(
SUBJECT: REPORT OF FLYING DISCS

-This is to advise that we have been able to locate a

.flyer, JA~K, who is employed by the Al Jones Flying Compa.cy in
Bethel, .Alaska. It bad been ~ported to Military Intelligence that
Mr . PECK and his co-pilot VIN
AJJi bad observed sane flying object
near Bethel, Alaska, in July, 194
Eff or ts previously to contact
Mr. PECK were negative until the above instance.
He related that the occasion of seeing the flying object
near Bethel was on a July day when the sky was completely clear of clouds,
am it being during the early part, it is daylight the entire night.
The time of bis sighting this flying object was about 10 FM and the sun
had just dropped beyom the horizon. Flyir€ weather was extremely good
am he, with Mr . DALY, was coming into the Bethel Airport with a DC-J.
He observed the flyiq,; object immediately to his left alli stated that
it apparently was observed at approximately the same time by Mr . DAIX
am both of them· manipulated the controls of the plane ma.king efforts
to miss the object inasmuch as they could not tell in which direction
it was going. They made a forty-five degree t urn in order to get out of
the way of the object arxi then noted that it appeared to be going away
from them. He described the object as appearing to be some flying wing arxi s
said that it appeared to be about the size of a C-54 without any fuselage .
He could not see any propellor or any exhaust f r om jet propulsion or any
vapor trails arxi could not estimate the size due to his failure to be able
to estimate the distance he was away from the object . He was flying at
1 , 000 feet and stated that he tried to catch up with the object am in­
creased his manifold pressure to approximately 42 inc hes am was traveli!)g
at the rate of 170 miles per hour.
~t.A-,,L'-.
cc::::::
He called on his radio to the Civil Aeronautics J,dminis­
tration station at Bethel, asking what aircraf't was in the vicinity am
they bad no reports of any aircraft . The object he s ighted vras
some five or ten miles from the airport before his arriva l and sta ted
that the path did not go directly across the airport. He, of course, could
not tell whether the object was making aey noise arxi stated that it was
flying at a thousand foot altittrle am estimated travel at 300 miles per
hour. It was travel ing in the direction from Bethel to Nome, which is in
a northwesterly direction. He noted no radio interference and is unable to
describe the color other than that it appeared da rk but of definite shape
a nd did not bl erxi into the sky but had a definite, concise outline . a oth
he and Mr. DALY clearly observed the object at this time.
~JtJo
OR.u,el)
,/

g

\bl:1J 8'7T- I
\"?:>\ p acr ~rx1•i . ~

~ ii::lCD

~~~

~

O'),

( QIJJ!' ~

#### Page 6

,
Anchorage File 100-1406

It may be stated to the Bureau that Mr. PECK is a well
known flyer as well as Mr. DALY am both are known to be very reliable
and responsible people• am it appears def'inite that they observed
something.
The above is being submitted for the information of the
Bureau.

LOT: I1,1R
100-1406

#### Page 7

DATE : llovember 1.

Diraotor. FBI

TO

1947

/

/j)1-noM
SUBJECT:

SAC, Albany
FLYING DISCS./
A. COURTNEV'.i?ARKER., INFORMAm

Reurlet dated 9/25/47•
.An. Agent of this office contacted Mr. A. COURXNEY PARKER at his resi•
denoe in South Royalton. Vermont and he stated that all the information he has con­
cerning the flying disos he saw. is set forth in the letter that he sent to the
Bureau dated September 17• 1947.

Ur. PARKER advised that as far as he knows~ no one else in South
Royalton saw these flying discs., and that he believes ha saw them inasmuch as he haa
wiwmally good eyesight and th.at he can see bees. etc. further than anyone else. He
stated that possibly these flying discs '\'18re out 0£ the range of llOrmal vision. Jlr.
PARKEB was asked to furnish any additional information that comas to his at'..ention
conoa:-;1i~ t.hase flying discs directly to the Air Forces since they now handle matters
of this type.
No further action ia being taken by this office.
RCC:mf's
62-689

.. -- .. ..

.

1r.2;.abi'L

\ ~ s
:I.
' 31 NOV iQA1
.rm,E'XD

•JiiOORDD

#### Page 11

Shisa
was somethng of a naw debayd
fie sated starter bjet Pldse
donot lan gh) Ys thu alou
all the lithe Ilaive lortg
fev rere time bonbe t sldht
feie n akif and wint t
d srnd fen thas sablatig, becae
2
fris and
Cmplanon thy ave st
accdents
spella he fee burt did the -
shrle eontoy bum uf al th

#### Page 12

onIthe runed erems of aup
of them had seer a dhei ded
Thow long a yo I hor me hove
the satest mon in the nald m
an F B.Zand I do nt fume
maghe thiu is same comcats.
In any wend I thk you
pofh shaeld stnt freting on
county the same as yor did wi
War Lemie Becaus shatun yu
pone one, Only thy an tiny

#### Page 14

•

•
llouenber 1, 1947

Sa 'J ? ll'-J! L/

•

Mrs. A..1fcCaul
70-33 68th Place

Glendale
Brooklun, New Tork
De ar Urs. l!cCaul:

You r lett er postriark e d Octobe r 28 ,
1947, has been received and l want ~o ezpress
nu a pprectatton to you .tor havt ,ig written as
you, d id.

S i ncere ly yours,

John Edgar Ooove r
JJi rsc-tor

NOTE:

This woman rambles on and furnishes no
specific information about anything.

-~i
\\\\~ '),i '

~\.~ s
i

\

i~\

\

#### Page 15

Mhr Mils G. Ound
Chigabith
net Jouk
Dear fir.
Hinth all these fost firs in man nd ont
west in ow Conty Dwas wondering whether
the flying die hnd angthing to dovit it.
Mas that jinst ar yth or did they exist. of
so could not theg hase been incinderrg
falling to enith thenisth drogit and hat
from the sun igonite fere not the dies
seen flying orer Main.It. andwesten stater
are the estem states that hare forut fir the
2 have great sfut for your busean o dhnd
2roiy o. dn g g the s.d.hasden
OF
some years agr. HANDL BT TOP bEsk
Idr hofu Iharen't tahen fg to mual tine lut
ak 11.10-47 FBI
2n

#### Page 16

Im a wido with tor zong cildren and fed wveng
trgal Amerinne
MR. JONES Yors tiuly,
Nov 7 249PM 47 M. hlr a Aurmd
RECEIVED Elngibethton
FBI new Jok
S oFPt Oe msnich
P.d. Iread that scintint were invatigttn the
may the fine flared np in diffent fart a fon
the iminde y diores. Tthank jou agai

#### Page 17

..

,,.

B? 9/ /2November 10, 1947
Mrs. Milo A~u1:·and

Elizaootntown, New York

Dear Mrs. Durand:
Your letter postmarked November 5, 1947,
has been received and I do want to thank you for
writing as you did . The patriotic motives t'lbich
prompted your suggestions concerning the subject
about wh1ch you ho.ve written are indeed app1•eciated.
Sincerely yours,

John Edgar Hoover
Director

(

COMMUNICATIONS SECTION

*

11
NOV 10 1947 P.M.
MAILED

f£DWL IWREAU OF IHVESTISATION

u. s. DEl'ARTtmrr OF JUSTICE

#### Page 20

Novenber 8, 1947
Mr. Joseph Pmiline
6071 69th Avenue
Ridgevood
Brooklyn 27, New Fork
Dear lr. Omiline:
136 Your Letter dated Novenber 2, L47,
REOORDED has been received. The information contained
dE in the files of thie Bureau has been declared
INDEXED conjidential and available for offieial use
only, and I am unable to be of any cssietance
to you. I an sure you wtll draw no inference
from my inability to conply with your request.
Sincerely yours,
John Edgar Hoover
Director
NOTE: This individual asked questions concerning RW
flying saucers and the Bureau's investigation of
Russians.
Postal Guide reflects Ridgewood ia a
branch of the Brooklyn Station.
COMMUNICATIONS SECTION. VWP:mf M
Mr. Tolson MAILED 12
Mr. E. A.
Mr. Ladd Mr.Nichols NOV 8 1947 P.M.
Mr. Rosen
Harbo FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
Mr. PennIng on CU. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUBTICE
Mr: Quinn Tamn Tele. Room
Mr. Nease
Wiss Gan EN0V221947

#### Page 21

e

'

Port Allegany, Pa•
lonmber 18, 19,1.

Pederal Bureau ot Inveatigation,
Pittsburgh, Pa•
Gentlemen,

\J

~l~owing the appearance in thi• town on Jbvember 6, 1947,
or a Mr• J~~ppincott~ .Director of the Eaatern Area, Red Cross,
Pittsourgn.Jlia., aa speaker of the eve~r,", at the annual looal
Red Croes dinner, I aa told by Dr• H. B, Cro~, local pra.otioing
den ti at, that in a personal connrea 1 n,
lowi:ng the dinner, !lr•
Lippincott told him that the •aauoere" reported as seen in "Tarioue
parts of the country, were aotually tror:. Spain.
He eaid that Mr•
Lippincott said tha.t thil! had oeen aeoertained by the Government in
r..aahington, but that it 110.a not being made known.
He said that.
'r• Lippincott had been in &.trope and interred that he had been in
Spain and kr:ew conditions ovor there.
Dr. Cranwell ie a man active
in the Methodist Chruch and the looal Protestant ens Club, and it is
easy to see how tar thie report can be spread.
The taot that the
Federal Government indorsee the Red Crose makes a atatement of an ofCioial
reprenntati ve ot that organisation almost indisputable.
Aa a repreeentatiTe tu ot the Federal Government and ae a
o1t11en interested in truth and World peace and racial and religious
harmony in our own country, I queation the ad'Yieability or an aooredit.d
repreRentatin ot the Red Crose giTtng out thi• information. even "ott

the Noord".

I thought you might be able to oheok with Mr• Lippin-

cott or his organia.ti:-n.

Tours v,..ry truly,

~~
r.ll.)
a

#### Page 22

January5, 1948
J. Edgar Aoover, Dviector 2
7 edlral Bureal of cnvestigation
washington, D.C.
/ Dear Svi:
On ganuaryand cl recerved a letter.
at is postmarked Cincinnati; ohis, and
it bears no return address. 7ollouing is
an exact copy of it. I will keep the original
if it is needed at a future date.
1 ffe
marion Beuscher 2-
cIn as much as all of K
not warned in the true senee ADDED B STOP DESE
supfored to be seen. please to not mention
RECORDED
anymore. INDEXED 34 FB
14 antarctica

#### Page 24

2
eln the gauary, 1948 copyo "amaging
Itories"magazirne; published by ziff-Davie
Pub. Co.Cone office in washington, D.C.); my
lstter was printed under the heading of "7 lying
Saucer witness"(page 16 7). Here is a eopyofit
Sirs: e have j ust finished rading the
October cisne of amaging stones" in which you
sere its lohat dl hnow: o n gune 28
saucere-about seren A ten o them -which
have been the same ones). This information
was guivenon June 29th-Sunday-over wfn-
Perhapes the information'c balulese
have slen the dics. (t dicn't see them but
dl beleie my brotter.) ef havey bein following the Shaver
2

#### Page 25

stories and hope you tve snany
mivre of them marón Beuecher
menomonee talle,Wisc.
(ed, note) The flying saucers are real, and
you can be sire If that! det your neighbo
Think what they will, in a few monthe
you will be aole to prove how good your
alsobe helpful. —edt.
The editor had asked for letters from
editor (Ray A.Oalmer) has mentioned in
"amazing storiesthat he h as been ttreatened.
cn the same issue (gan.1948) on page 162
is a letter from w. c. Hefferhn, jollowinng.
yes, We Remimber!
suci: enclosed is a newvs paper clipping, just
Thubnb nall sketchee.
article again,please.
The planes seen at golilt, alll, Kansae
3

#### Page 26

same group ofplanes but other groups of the
same type, all ona world uide "mappingeppedition
ofpressed pevplis and dorinated mattons of the
barth, of all colors, races,and creeds.
This government is dviected and advised
by an or ganigation headed by "The ancient
who at one time over a yar agg sent a
message to you by way tgof ns. Theie
headquarters is "Rainbow lity", antarctica.
rermission is guren to pint this letter,
if desvied.
Ray-Obx mfg. Co. u.C.Kefferlin
dibingetonmont.
mear that warm spat Byed found, and it
nasty-minded old planet.only we ubnder how it
V

#### Page 27

the slate eleun and just start off as vertible cavemes
shocked to sanity by utter destructión. en that
case, mayle the last"war isoue last"hope? a
peciliar viewpoint, but it has amazinglogie. we
mever met the man who could learn howa kick
in the pants feels without gettinga kick in the
pants. as for the s aucers-mayle youire shoot-
ing in the dark-because your edifor kenoue
what he's talking aborit there! But even if you are
we'll forguie you, because your motiies are eo
letter. cet waen' Leally necessary.O ur readers have
Please notice where sefferlin saye-govern-
want to deny them ts others, sepecially the freedom
their letter D me "I" - are they intending to
write.more?
threat, and coming through the U. S. mail cl am sending it to jou peroonally so that it can
since undel the circumstances cl do not feel entre be investi gated. P leare keep this confidential
ly safe. Ghankingyou, Very truly yours,
(mhiss)hariontseuscher
menomonee talls, i cec 6o4ueet main st.

#### Page 28

..,

•

I
January 14, 1948

/j
Miss Ua rion DeuBcher
604 est Mai n Street
Menomon ee Fal ls , ¥ts constn
Dear Mis s Beusc~er:
Your letter of January 5, 1948, has been
recetued and I want to t~an k you /or fo r warding
informatton to Me rel at tn g to the su bject you
ment ioned. The facts you rel at ed, however, do not
ref lect any violation of a Fed eral statute ~ithtn
the inuestt gative jurtsdtctton of the FBI . T\e
thoughts prompting your communtcatton are tndeed
apprect at ed .
Sin cerely yours,

John Edgar Hoouer
Di rector
W'N : cm

NOTE : Correspondent reports corr es pondence she has
had with the Ziff -Davis Pub lis hinp Company i n connection
with the "flying saucers" which were observed by her
brother . She is of the optnton that thts public ation
may be trying to conceal information related to our
Nation ' s s ecu r ity and s he mentions a threat t~at ...,doer s
not re/en inju r y to pe r son or property.
ri ;i;•
~

:z:

~

c..r,

I ::,
:::0
co~.
•""->
i,.

CUMMUNtCATtOHS SECTt

8
JAN 15 1948 P.M.
MAILED

ffOEll-l llll!t'.AII or ll!V£8TIOATfOI
U. S• .ult'~lll!EHJ OF JUSJICf

I

.0~

71 0

.:::IJ,)
-o
::c:

/)11~ ..

..c:..
~

J

¥
~

\/'1/

#### Page 29

Cooingboo Chis.
Jand 29.1948.
J,1B.
Washiniglo 1.C.
near sis: I have dove a loil of
thrinkrigaborl thoce &hgng
discs ever since you opeilos
Callid ait on honce. Ihave fig-
wud oil a possible sobtioen
thait ane passing oe ito oe.
Isieit. If sulf propelled fomke
OORDED
fegiais ag thy to
-lo
bombs oir on cities, thg woulk planig bo dop a lotof suck
wani the eact range, Cind the
ply wog they conld gil it would
be bo make some tests. I

#### Page 30

(3)
booked like uni illipis tone:
The disce vere sieniin Jepar
probably hopped in the gulf.
Do thensght inpored they
no donlil dhoppid zome ii
varions placcs.the one thit
wao seeir cown Sene. wap wos
no doubt aimd ait some lüke close
Mo Fvit /nox.Mayhe somithng
weit wong with thait one, is
thereusonituao so plainky
visubhe.Iwingho thiFailthüd
yon speilois called at ou
ruvöle hove at 8:ooP.Mon
id no to kup m. )kno Sunday evering ind lso cantion
thit the t.B.? is choig whüd they
Curoibo gil v hine on theee dhiscs.
thio piayy help v bittle, A feue.
ritoid ths moon, whu?
toredait tho'ths sane
ghasdecoldFaelysce ithe
riny,Lo thi3provei thab wht

#### Page 31

(2) Jop u bomb tee
2jéthey wee -0
inid 'lit it explode, it oucld
Cause u lol of ipeitemevil, annd
if thig hopfid one thut hidir
isplodte aird soneorne fouudit ther thee wonld berixciteneril.
point ir Lake Énid, lit theie So to avoid this, they perck some
place wnd trine ito book for pyents over heve, knon it whil
The lake,-the rangi finde it. f the progilile phingid in
where it dopped, so the propectile 1ust wondchi huve anpivay to ill
nuil have some 2oil of tiacu.
So it a cutain dstance fron
the laith some woit ofhacu
is rliased,probobly xomithing
like u piniwbel fie ciackee.
I mirumain in the shy
a while, bo yive the range finde
u fis on whid ever you lallsit.
biit in and ho nenain sin
the sky it mi be in möbon.
So this hacr is made -to ths
inn a cile, Becauee it vas2

#### Page 33

February 5, 1948
RECORDED 62-83894-139
Mr. M. J. Marahall
EX-93 Rural Route One
Couington, Ohio
Dear Ir. Marahall:
Your Letter dated January 29, L940, hae
been receiued, and I want to erpress my appreci-
ation to you for hcving nade knoun your views con-
cerning the matter you mentloned.
Sincerely yours,
John Edgar Moover
Director
RW
COMMONICATIONS SECTION AICE
m MAIEED 10
Mr. Tolson * FEB G 1948, P.M.
Mr. E. A. Tanc
Mr. Clegg_ FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION RECEIVED REAOING ROOM FEB 5 3 22 PM 18
Mr. Ladd
Mr. Nichols U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Mr. Egan
Mr. Gurnea
Mr.Harbo
Mr. PennIngton Mr. Mohr
Mr. Quinn Tarm Tele. Room
Mr. Neese
Miss Oandy 5 0 FEB 191948 CECOBI
1|30 W

#### Page 35

•

..,.

1fcb~rtd Bun-au of fnuestigation

_,

Uniteh itates Deparbncnt of lJustic.r
Saa Frtmc i1co t, Cd it'orr 1a
February 12, 1948
AIR MAIL
PERSCIIAI, JIM) ec1,,<1:M._

Director, FBI - ~A_t_t~e_n_t~io~n;...;..:...,;;A~a~•~i~a~t_an~t__D~i~r_e_o_t_o_r_o_._M_._LAD
__
D
Res

0

FLYING DISCS
Security ~atter - X

Dear Sir:

I b transmitting herewith for the information of the Bureau copies 0 £ an
enoloeure dated February 4, 1948 reoebed from Lieutenant Colonel DONALD SPRlll<IBR,
A-2, United States Air Force, Hamilton Air Force &ee, Califonia. Th~a •nclosuro
is a con£ident1al letter addre•a•d to the Camnanding Generals ot the First, Secom ,
Fourth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Fourteenth Air Foroea, Air Defense Comnand, from Headquarter•, Alr De£enae Comnand , ¥1tchel Air Force Baae , New York, by oo'll'me.nd 0£
Lieutenant
General STRAfDtEYER . It conoerna the inveatigation ot flying d.iacs by
Air
Foroe personnel.

You~ attention is particularly called to Paragr~~h 2, whioh indicates that
certain r•ports ~onoerntni the imeat1gation or flying disos by Air Force Intelligence
~\ll be r•por~•d
to ~he FBI office concerned. Your attention ia further called to
2
-B,
•hich
Paragra.~h
FBI Off'ice oonce---.d iud1oatea
11 -that "imeatigationa will be coordinated with < the
;>
L~i L ,,,1
COIJUl:a d
I.naamuch as the,. recent inatruotiona of the Headquartere, Air Defense
t a.uied
~- n in
• l!H.ahell
Air Foroe
Bureau Bull
t 4 - N0 b..ae,
57 New York: • are contrary
· to the illltnictions conia indicated that 11 • .u
•
, Series 1947. dated Ootober 1, 1947, in which~~
referred t 0 th
•
~uture report, OOIU:lected with flying diaoa should 'ti.
Eureau ~
• Air Poree and no im-eatigative action taken by Bureau agent,, t.he
offices ' 1~•q1Jeated to advlae thia oftioe, as well•• other iaterested &ireau
t
the handling 0 !,he bor there has been a challf'e in Bureau policy with r•tere'QCe to
i s atUl in effect.'' a-ia"-tera or whether P.~reau Bulletin No. 57 dated October l, 1941
-

,• . . ,

•

•

•• •

)

•

•

•

'

J,.i

..

Very truly youra,
~ - f<

'

BMK,emo'

Encloaure ( in duplicate)

~Ol)J~~ n~c-Tn OYED

~1 ~ ~~ 1%,~ 4

#### Page 36

RECEIVED RECEIVED 3 59 PM 2-11
COLIER-DE2CBOA.ED He
27 34 AM 16
NTERNAL SECUR B
Epojame (ru qnbjrospe)
HiE emp
FeB 16 TL8 AM 'J
RECEIVED- I-LA ASLA plnja Aonle
F B
120 ne
T6 BI TB GLLEC*
otlrco re o apeppet cpate pes pee cpanbe gE oleen bejjod a7fr Legelonc fo paLen g 2odeepeq po sqaree outjo w8 m es ofel jweleseg Ben
7e rqeog crep y taenLe ehons coumeopeq spey tAyue graos ajonjq pe
hBI CLLroG cOncaLIeq*.
pay LehoLs soneLg fe gaespgeprou tagu qyae p koLcs pejronce
VTL LOLCe DeLaOmeJ
inerpel' vT Detewee comenq ErccpeT FL EoLce Bwee MeM LoLK pA coneang OL
Ta s Gotrqeversy jeepel sgcleseeq co ppe connsnqyn genelare oL cye srlap geconq
enjcmiL gpeq L©pi Jave Lacjaeq tLOw rrenenn Cojcne Don BhBrneEg
Desr ep.:
20001A E40L - X
He: ETXIIG BrEca
DYLGGHOL LEI VEPOUETOB: VEATS DOLOGOL D'W TVDD
VAA WAIT 0r0821/
keplserA IS° 1348
BM LLUDOYEOO SCILOLE

#### Page 37

,,.

i
80HF fBEli'fIAb

'

Headquarter•
Air Defense CoDnand
Mitchel Air Force Base, New York
4 February 1948
D 333.5 (CIB)

SUBJECTs

Invutigation and Reporting of "Flying Disc" Incident•

T01

Comnanding Generals, First, Seoond, Fourth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Fourteenth
Air Foroes, Air Defense Command
ATTNs AC of S, A•2

1. The numbered air forces of this command are responsible for the prompt
investigation and reporting of inoidenta relating to "flying disos'' which occur
within their respeotive areas. Numbered air force A•2s, after evaluating disc
incidents, will detennine the extent of investigation. Futile expenditure of military
funds and manpower must be avoided.
2. "Flying discs" will be investigated as provided for in Counter Intelli•
genoe Incident Cases, taking cognizance of the USAF Operating Intelligence Echelon
structure. Where it ia evident that witnesses, who were together at the time of
incident but who are widely separated at the time of investigation would corroborate
each other's story, only one witness need be interrogated. If there is a reasonable
indication that a reported incident ia a hoax or the fabrication of a publioity
seeking individual, no further investigative etfort will be expended. However, a
report of such eiroumstances will be auanitted to the FBI offioe concerned.
a. CIC personnel attached to the numbered air forces of this command
may be utilized to prosecute the investigation of subject inoidents.

b. Investigations will be coordinated with the FBI Office concerned
in accordance with instructions contained in letter, thi• headquarters, D 333.3 EX,
subjeot, "Cooperation of FBI with AAF on Investigation of •Flying Diao' Incidents,"
3 September 1947.
3. Report• will be narrative in style and will cov$r only those faota
pertinent to the subject. Where aouroe credibility cannot be eatabliahed, or when
an incident lacks foundation, the report will merely atate aame. Two types of report
will be subnitted on all inoidenta .
a. Spot ~•ports (fragmentary reports) will be subnitted on all incidents
and will be followed by a Letter Report.

b. Letter Reports will be subnitted to report the completed inTeatigation
of all "flying diso" incident••
4. Reports will be aul:mitted in duplicate promptly, usually be regular
mail. However, Spot reports on incidents of substantial character, 1. e., thoae in
which the patent credibility of the witness is beyond challenge and whoa )eohnical

fto,~1' ◄

I

#### Page 38

'
baokg

,..,,_tible with his observations of an ooourreme obviously not atmo- .

spherio- G ~eft\al phenomena, may be transmitted by TWX. Reporta will be submitted
directly to J.••4~rters, USAF, ATTN: Directorate of Intelligence, Air Intelligence
Requiremed•'f'B$ol\. One 1.nformational copy of each report submitted will be for­
warded to this command, ATTN, AC of S, Intelligence. Reports will be claesified at

least CONFIDENTIAL.

BY CCMMAND OF LIEUTENANT GENERAL STRATENEYERs

RICHARD W. GEUSS
Captain, USAF
Aotg Asst Adj Gen

#### Page 39

.,.

-.
SAC, San Francisco

0

til ector, FBI "]

February 20, 1948

•

J

1ttn1W 1 LYING DISCS

,,'-\ \ G SECURITY MATTER - X

~

Reference is made to your letter in the captioned matter dated
February 12, 1948.
You are adVised that Bureau Bulletin No. 57 dated October 1,
1947, still applies with respect to flying discs. The Bureau is conducting
no investigations concerning flying discs. We will, however, give the Air
Forces any information which comes to our attention and will receive any
information which the Air Forces volunteer.
•
The Headquarters of the Air Forces 1n Washington are being contacted
by the Bureau in order to insure that there is no misunders~ing as to the
. Bureau's position in this matter.
r-..,
RGF:rb

I

#### Page 41

..

•

STANDARD FORM NO. e4

Office Me~ .andum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO

FROM
SUBJECT:

Mr. Ladd

DATB :

3/1/48

IC',

Tolson

:-: ~ie~ Tamn= = =

V. P. Ke

: : g~!;r~- - -

: : lfi~g-oIB_ _ _
: : ~~:- - ­
: : ~.:'.="·=====
::: ~~~:.::,,~·-:,,,-;..-::.==
Mr . PeM1 Eon

j FLYING DISCS
SECURITY MATTER - X

J

r.io~UJ~

IC'. Neas

~

Reference
is made to a memorandum to you f'rom Mr . J. P. Coyne
•
•
L s
in the above- captioned matter dat~~
February
19,
1948.
The
memorandum
1
indicated that the ~an Franc:h.sco Field Di vision had re·c eived a letter from
the headquarters of the Air Defense Command, Mitchel Air Force Base, New York,
dated February 4, 1948, entitl ed, urnvestigation and Reporting of ' Flying Disc '
I ncidents . " This communication indicated that investigations should be
coordinated with the FBI.
The Agent in Charge of the San Francisco Field Division inquired as
to a change in policy r egarding the investigation of flying discs. A letter
was forwarded to San Francisco advising them that there had been no change in
the Bureau's policy. This matter has been discussed by Special Agent S. W.
·Reynolds of the Liaison Section with Lieutenant Colonel C. P. Martin of the
Intelligence Division of the Air Force. Colonel Martin advised Mr . Reynolds
that apparently the Air Defense Command at Mitchel Field was not aware of the
fact that the Bureau was no longer conducting investigations regarding flying
discs. He stated that he would take the necessary action and straighten out
the Air Defense Command as to the present policy regarding incidents of
flying discs . .
JtECO'RD~ I ~
- o·_:)

/ : p -J.\•~

_ll-i,

29 MAR 9 I

5./

-·

I vj,_;_ -1 J k ~ r
, "{}.A~·•vv (/

#### Page 43

'

STANDARl:>l'ORMN0.64

Office Memorandum • •oNI T En sTATEs GovERNMENT
TO
FROM
SUBJECT;

Mr. D. M.

D ATE:

J. P. Co

~ FLUNG DI S

,

i~,y~

SECURITY MATTER - X
1

The attached ·1H.r flom ,the San Francisco Field Division
dated February 12, 1948, raises the question as to whether there has

(Text continues in the original file: 214 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Section 5

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-5
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-5
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

4-598 (8EV. 11-20-79) Declassification authority derived
from FBI Automatic Declassification
Guide, issued May 24, 2007
0062 83894 Class / Case # nent of Justice SERIALS 186-245
Sub HQ - HEADQUARTERS WED FROM OR ADDED TO THIS FIL 62-H0-83894-5 HQ-83894
RRP0090UI0 7/15/715510 s Vol. FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER
Serial #
BUREAU
245
DESTRUT of SECTION 5
FOIPA #993087 JAN 19 1974
INVESTIGATION
PICKETT STREET COPIED FOR
FOR OIP SECTION 5
COPIED MAR 3 1978 BY SER!ALS 186-245
M4Y 14 1878Y21 -196
COPIED FOR
USE CARE IN HANDLING THIS FILE 1 T976
Transfer-Call 3421

#### Page 3

Sl'ANolll'lD FORM NO...

•

Office Me111.0randum • UNITED -sTATEs GOVERNMENT
Director, FBI

DATE:

July 26, 1949

SAC, San Antonio
SUBJECT:

0 FLYING DISKS
INTERNAL SECURITY - R--

On July 15, 1949, the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff,
G-2, Fourth Arrey, advised that a small article which had appeared in the
Galveston (Texas) News on July 10, 1949, advertised the fact that the
Young Men 1 s Business Club of Alexandria, Louisiana, announced that it was
planning a convention for persons from all over the nation who have seen
flying saucers. It was stated that the convention was planned so that members
may compare notes. It was also stated that flying disks were reported twice
inthe v-A3ek preceding the article in Alexandria, Louisiana.
The above is furnished as a matter of information.

cc:

New Orleans

100-7545
JEJ:wjw

'

)

#### Page 5

OFFICE: OF

D1RE:CTOR -

E:RAL BURE:AU OF INVE:STIGATION

•
UNITE:D STATE:S DE:PART ME:NT OF J USTICE:

Record of Telephone Cal I or

•
r.

Visit✓

r.

r. Nicbols_---t•
Mr. Rosen_ ___
Mr. Tracy_ ___
Mr. Egan_ _---t•
Mr. Gurnea_---1•
Mr. Harbo _ ___

New York~ i y Mr. Jones
r. Mohr _ ___,_

Phone No.________
Hour 10 : 54am Da te

July 11 ,

.....u~r/' Pennington

v ~le. Room_ __
19 =4-9

Mr. Nease_ ___
Miss Holmes
• a Gaudy____

REMARKS
When informed of Mr ~ Hoover's and Mr . a
absence from their office, Mr . Cuneo declined
to speak to an. yone else and state d that he was
just following up on a conversation he had with
Mr . Ladd over the weelf:end . He asked that Mr.
Ladd be informed of his call •.

RhC.£J~DED - 59

I

•1TfllL,u:.U . 5_

rjp

I,

#### Page 7

FICE OF D1RECTO RAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

'

r

Mr

Record of Telephone Call or Visitor

3
Mr. Ernesthneo
thru . opr.
,,,
-ea-H-e6-Phoned. NYC

from

Phone No ._______
Hourl0:29am Date

Jul y 12 ,

19 49

Mr.
Mr.

Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr .
Mr. Jones _ __
Mr . Mohr _ __

Mr . Pennington
Tele. Room
Mr . Nease_ __
Miss Holmes
Miss Gandy

REMARKS
When informed that Mr. Hoover was not in his
office , Mr . Cuneo asked to speak with Mr. Ladd ,
and after checking the call was transferred, to
Mr. Indd .
Mr. Ladd advises that Mr. Cuneo was calling
about the matter he dicussed with Mr . Indd
on last Saturday re a flu in g_ saucer in Califor nia .
• Cuneo asked i f he could release the
stor
He was told that this was up to him
r j p/mhm

~uL~
'~?

RECOIW'ee - 5

INDl:.XED#

~\

I

4

#### Page 9

July 21, 1949
m Mr. Ernest Cuneo 40 Wall Strset
New York, New York
Dear Ernie:
You will recall the tedephone conversa-
tions about Mr. Peter Camerlor Jones, I64 West
S7th Street, Los Angeles in California, and
information furnished by him on the subject of
flying saucers.
I thought you would like to tnow that RID
efforts made to locate Mr. Jones have been un-
successful and casual inquiry in the vicinity
he mentioned did not develop information about
any one who is acquainted with hin.
I thought you might wieh to consider
the possibility that the original letter in this
matter may have been a prank.
Sincerely yours, 2 U.S.D RECI
RECORDED -5 62 83894 3
INDEXED - 59 3 AUG.9-1948 DIRECT
TH
8
Cleg Glavin FEC/SECTION 886 22 i
Mr. Nichols Ladd 8
Mr. Rosen
r. Tracy
Mr Egan JUL 22.1949 P.M.
Mr. Gurnnea
Mr. Harbo BECEIAED
Mr. Mohr
Mr. PennIngton GATION
Mr. Quim Tamm
Tele. Room S. DEPARDNEZDEJUSNICE
Mr. Nease
Mise Gandy
61AUG11 1949

#### Page 10

•

(RO FORM NO. 64

•

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
THE DIRECTOR
FROM

D . M. Ladd

SUBJECT :

~

DATE :

July 12, 1949

I ~ i-/4
'

llr. Tolson~

: g1:~1n

:• jL~add ~~­

~

11r: Tracy
llr . i : g a n : = - -

You inquired as to what ~~s b#)ing done with
:llr.::
~
Mohr=refe r ence to the information concerning '/1:)IJng saucers ,
11r:~~r.!i=
which information was furnished by Ernes~ uneo .
.kb~~. ~:::'___
111as Hollies_ _

:J>JlrAJe=r= '
I desire to aduise that aletter is being pre ared 11~
fo r the Los Angeles Office suggesting that they make a discreet
check of the background of the individual who wrote the lette~
t~
nchell and thereafter interview him for details .
WV/4 ,/
It is belieued that a le~ter is satisfacto r y inasmuch
noted that this alleged incident occurred in 1947.

DML : dad

#### Page 13

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVI GATION
Room 5744 7-20 1949
TO: Director
Mr. Ladd
Mr. Clegg
Mr. Glavin
Mr. Harbo
Mr. Nichols
Mr. Rosen
Mr. Tracy
Mr. Fletcher
Mr. Mohr
_Mr. Carlson
Mr. Nease
Miss Gandy
Personnel Files Section
Records Section
Mrs kAllman
See Me For Appropriate Action
Send File Note and Return
today
Clyde Tolson

#### Page 15

'

1Jl.eb.end i!lur.eau of J!nu.estigaticnr

lltniteb §tat.e11 iB.epa:rtm.ent nf Dustir.e

Los Angeles 13, california
July 13, 1949

DIRECTOR, FBI
Re :

PETl!;R CAMPRL~
NES
INFORMATION CONCERFING

Dear Sir :
Re your teletype July 12, 1949.
Present owner for one and one half years and former manager
of court for six years, which includes 164 \". 37th Street, Los Angeles,
do not know PETER CAMERLON JONES .

<

productive.

Other investigation in an endeavor to locate JONES was not
- RUC Very truly yours ,

fi, {J, !U~
~ . B.

HOOD, SAC

IHM; jcvr

62- 3364
M1SD

RECORDED - 59

INDEXED . 5.o
~ fbi

u~ OJ:. ~)W~ :9 10M

,. . ., 't

r

#### Page 16

noitngijosun to unin lnse
sailars lo insmlieue entnta Gslinlf
sthmontfej Er aologn eol
eieD fi xlut
18580T54114
OMEIDVODMOITAOTII
:716 1590
.Cler ysf ylot eqdafed muoy e
Teganen remtol bns ereeg iLnd ono bnd pno 1ol ssmwe tneasr4
.elega cod.Jsonda nisYe . dol, aebuLogt dohk creey xhe toi dodios to
ton asw eiMol etsool ot tovsebhe ns nd noldeaideevnt rerto
.evidorbong
-0U3-
5A8 061 .88
wolemn
1886-98
UEMA
NOS A0 3ALD
I83
o W 80 O 8i
REEE ROSEN CBVIE

#### Page 17

CC - 150
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATL
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
ROUTINE
JULY 12, 1949
TO: COMMUNICATIONS SECTION. SAC, LOS ANGELES
PETTrANSMIRLthe ORLOWinS BAXAASOUK° iEST THIRTYSEVENTH STREET, LOS ANGELES, Ks
Ms INFORMATION CONCERNING. SUBJECT ADDRESSED A LETTER TO WALTER WINCHELL
RELATING THAT IN AUGUST, NINETEEN FORTYSEVEN, HE WAS HIKING IN THE MOUNTAINS
OUT OF LA AND HE OBSERVED ABOUT ONE HALF BLOCK AWAY FROM HIM A LARGE SILVER
METAL.OBJECT SHAPED LIKE A CHILD'S TOP ABOUT THE SIZE OF A BALLOON. HE
GAINED THE IMPRESSION THERE WAS LIFE WITHIN THE OEJECT THOUGH HE SAW NO
ONE. HE STOOD UP AND WAVED TOWARDS THE OBJECT AND WITHIN A SECOND IT
TOOK OFF, KNOCKING HIM TO THE GROUND. DISCREETLY CHECK BACKGROUND OF
vorm JONES. THEREAFTER, INTERVIEW HIM FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING ANY FACTS
IN HIS POSSESSION CONCERNING THE STATEMENTS SET OUT HEREIN.
HOOVER
HBF:CMW RECORDED
59 62-83894
INDEXED - 59 B -193
I
37 AUG 19 1949
INITIALED
DIREGTOR'S OFFI U.S.DEPT.OF.
lmu
T 8 2 4 38PM '49
aed 719 21 1 STICH VEDJUn10 12 31PM 9 U. S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE EIVED -DIRECT
Mr. Tolson
Br. E. A. Tamm FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
Ir. Ciegs.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Mr. Tracy COPIES DESTROYED COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
Carson
Egan
Gurnea 270 NOV 18 1964 JUL 12 1949
Harbo
Hendon
Mr.
Mr. quinn farum dne 8 SbH 6
Miss Gandy Mr. Nease AUG 111949
SENT VIA TELEMETER BERMICHEB Per

#### Page 18

T33R10-09V
183
10l1e 40.1436.8 031 - 00
SRTEMEIT ener SI JUL 301T8UE 30 THIMTRA930.2.U M0ITADITVMI 30 UA3RU8 JAR303 Ce -03080034 Ut 10 TMEMTAAISC 39TAT8 C3TIN ADITAVII TO UABAUE JAMNONY
AIV TMI8 POUTBIVOM OES deegsecen eniwofiot ond vimanstT a MOITOSS BMOTTADIMUMMOD :OT

#### Page 19

STAhOAl<D l'ORM NO. 64

•

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO

THE DinECTOR

FROM

D. M. La dd1 V

SUBJECT:

J

DATE :

---- - - -----

<J>i,•LYING SAUCERS

llr. Tracy
llr. Egan~ llr. Ournoa_ _
./

llr.Har~--

~:~f~"¥:=

I took a call from ErnesY"Cuneo by reference
from your of fice . He ref erred to his call of last
:~ail.~~~
Saturday relative to a le tt er Mr . Winchell received from
:i:::~
a man in Los Angeles concerning f lying saucers. He s tated
that Winchell wanted to do a column on this let t er if the ;, 1 ~ ~ 1 ,1-, /
Bureau had no objection.
W
vi~

11~

I told him that whatever he did with reference to ~ \
writing the story concerning this let t er was entirely up to
him and woul~in no way (AJ.fect anything the Bur ea u was doing .
I suggested that he might desire to check with the Air Corps
inasmuch as the handling of flyin g saucers was a mat ter of pri mary
int erest to them . He s tate d, "To hell with the Air Force . He
just didn ' t wa n-t to relea se the i nf o rmation if i t would 4,/Jfect
the Bur eau'' ·

~1

DML:dad

RECORDED . 59

INDEXED-ss

6

A.

~ : / 3 r i'I ,8 .~UG !:-0 'fl

I fY

#### Page 21

NO.~

♦

•

Memorandum • UNITED -' J.n.J. .c...:> G OVERNMENT
TO
FROM

SUBJEC~

Lfo

The Director
, !Ir.

Ladd ~

DJ.:E:

July 9, 1949

....S--

,,

YING SAUCEFfs

~

/

11r. Tolson_ _
M
.Clegg~
llr. r
Olav1ii

'Y"'/

: : ~~Is
llr.: J;R
~oeeJ/F----

1/ -

llr

--

::
bo-==
llr. l l o h r - -

Ernes Cuneo advised that Walte inchel l had recei
:::~~,::
a letter from Peter Camerlo~ones, 164 West 7th Street, Los
~~~=-Angeles 7, California. Mr. C~o read the let er to me and it
~::
was very well written1 obviously by a man of intelligence. In ~
·~
this letter Jones stated that in August of 1947 he left Los An{e~es' -r---,.. ~for the mountains and started hiking through the mountains. About . I(J
10:00 A. M. he was lying on the ground when he observed about one- /~'/I[~'-"~
half block away from him a large silver metal, greenish in color,
shaped l i ke a child's top and about the size of the balloons used
at County Fairs. He stated that there appeared to be two windows
in the object and portions of metal appeared transparent and that he
J, ~
gained the impression that there was some life within this obje~
µ,c:11 ~f.-dl.
although he saw no persons. The object appeared as though ~
as
a pressure chamber. He stood up and waved towards this object and
this so-called flying saucer was of£ the ground in a second, knocking
Jones to the ground. In its flight he stated that its power was
silent and he raised the question as to whether this was ::ial an
inier • global landing on our planet. He thought that it might be a
devise to land in our planet because the occupants of another planet
had become curious as to the reaction caused by the explosion of the ~
.
atomic bomb causing trouble in an expanded universe. He ~
question as to whether it was possible that the occupants of another
planet might have solved the theory of negative gravity.

=•

1£/J

Mr. Cuneo stated that this letter indicated a very good
lmowl edge of physics and that he thought it ,,ou.ld be interesting to
check into Jones ' background and then possibly interview him about
this alleged flying saucer. Mr. Cuneo stated that it would appear
that Jones may have actually seen a flying saucer, that in any event
it made an awfully good story and he requested that the Bureau keep
the matter in confidence.
I would recommend that the Los Angeles Office discreetly
check into the background of Jones and thereafter interview him for
the purpose of determining aey facts he possesses about flying
saucers in order that it may be determined whether his story is in
any
way accurate.
\

RECORDED . 59

~ (fa JLfX~ -~9

DMI.:dhb

/

l '

'tt

AUG 1

4''

~
,

r/

(f.- _r--1 r~'i -11.s-

3 AUG .. e..: 19w

#### Page 23

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
Division Four
1949
Director, 5633 Mr. Logue, 5263
Mr. Tolson, 5744 Mr. Donohue, 3710
Mr. Ladd, 5734 Fugitive Desk, 5720
Mr. Clegg, 5256 Lab. Night Sup'r. 7619
Mr. Glavin, 5517 Movement Section, 5266
Mr. Harbo, 7641 Leave Clerk, 7623
Mr. Fletcher, 1742 Reading Room, 5531
Mr. Nichols, 5640 Mail Room, 5533
Mr. I Rosen, 5706 Coding Unit, 4642
Mr. Tracy, 4130 IB Routing, 7133
Mr. McGuire, 5640
Miss Gandy, 5633
Teletype Unit
Room 5644, Ext. 687

#### Page 24

fEDERAl 8UROOI-Of lh'VESTlGATHII
U S. :OfPAATMEHT Of JUSTl::E

COMMUNICATIONS SECTION

JU~ 81949

~~ER
18

10-35 AM

URGENT

PETER CAMERLON'&oNES, INFO. CONCERNING.

REURTEL JULY EIGHTEEN.

EFFORTS TO IDENTIFY OR LOCATE JONES NEGATIVE.
HOOD
ACK PLS

Rf.CO\l.OEO -11
\

I OEXED- Tl

8

EX. ,1

r±.i.
f:!!'i±
fi
B
t:
F
3 ,JUL 211949

/

1

I

#### Page 26

N. N.1. 96-1943 CONPDENTIAL NA
m ISSUED BY THE INTELLIGENCE DIVISION
'2 OFFICE OF CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS
NAVY DEPARTMENT
INTELLICENCE REPORT
Seric 19.19 Monograph Index Guide No.
(To coiraspood wita StaJECY glven below. Sca O. - I hadox dulds
Make saprarude tepart for scdy mais title.
From DIO-LUND art Sen Dioge Dato23 Jmne .19.19
Ship , on, disric, cc, ebofion, or por)
Referonce Clo Conf Sar Oht22r32 did 4 Mov 1948, arbit Flying Maan a Report, OCs.
(Direcihve, cotrespotdence, previous ralojed reparl, ele, If eppicable)
Source See Below. Evaluation. B=3
Subject Unicentisind Eiying Chjecta - Raport Oo
(Nofion recoried on) (Maln Nitla an per (ndas guide) (Sub tines) (Mcke separote report for aoch litle)
BRlf-Hore ener corolel summcry of wepant, eselalnlng sulstoncs secincly shoted include inmporiaat fods nomes, placet, doles, ofc
BEIEFL Whaile flying north in a private plane gourcs, who is beliared to be
reliable, nav 6 or 7 "fiying diseg" in southern Oragon 27 May 1949. Tho
diacs ars doscribsd as slongated ovals, porhape 20l in langth; they flew
in e atoady file formation at botueea 200 to 250 uPa; thsy appeared to bs
mnde of unpainted metal; no amoke or exhauat trails wore observed.
udp SCURCSL LrJe Joaeph G. SHILL, A5 (lb), USNR (Inastive), Sarial #348375, of
4575 Morthridge Drive, Los Angeled, California. No was comaissionsd Basign
5 January l9hbo Soived at Corpus Chrdstis 30 days Ar(r); in Dalilas two
montha Vhf-2(D). Ferriad Say'a from North Amarioan Company plants. Was at
Willow Grove, Feanaylvanla for 30 daye. Sorved at cheok-out base tor ferry
Bquadron VkF(2) at Columbusj sorved at Colunabus unbil Angure 1945. Bcarss
then mas with VRr(3) at ferminal Jaland, California, whore ho becams logil dod
D psreonnol officor. Was discharged from the llavy in daanery lyh6 as LIvc.
so 12 Adoo Source holds,Maval Aviator's Certificato #O-l7945, plue a sonior
pilot's rating in the Ferry Ming of the Faval Air Transport Goarnnd. He aleo
holde a connoreial licsnso, eingle and multi-sngdao, and flight instruotor's
Patiags. Bia flight tine began in l934 and new totals over 5oc0 houre, of
which tLne l3o) houre were in the V.S.lavy. Source segured 8 grivata Dicanss
in 19)5, a transport Mieanse in 1937, a cosxarcial pilot's Miconge in l933,
and a re-desva commercal pilot's licanso in 1945 (ri84256). Fron Narch 192
to Septerber 1943 he we fiight instructor for the Army Air Foree (5 months
as primaky inatructor at Cal-Aero, and the balance of the time as baaie
A inatruetor at Lancaster, Califomia). Frcn Septenbar 19i3 to January l9kk no
4 9 flow for the Superior Oil Coupany of Califoradas
Since l9to sourco has beon Vice-President of the Royal Petroleun
Compans of California, Long Beach, a conoern in which he md his relasivns on
all of the stoek; he aleo is part-omner of three cther oil producing conearna
in Southorn GaLiforeias
Source io rarried and has threa childrotla Ma has a BoSo snd Beho
dogroe from tha Urdvsrsity of Southorn California, Los Angoles, Galifornia; hnd
elso had tom reare of law at ths Vniveraity of Southarn Califocnis. Source is
C thirty years of ago, but appaars to have a backgromnd of sxqarience fon ran
his age posaess. He ia believed to be conaervative, sincare, abaolitely
ly compotent
w04 Rg s be or f O. H. . MY(O7g3nal and Mastor Iateo)E Dx0-1ND
11 35047
CIA (8) Op322V KOL,-- D 16AP
DI USAF (④) (DAB) 32282 0M 15-5 US only
ID GSUSA (④) (THIS 2132)(F FOUR PAGES)
822Y 4)
NIs lette, 928/77 RECORDED $22H2 197
2211205 62-83894
conruingroguan S
BRUCE 5 1a 30/i6
5 2 AUG 221949 2
MACCABEE 9.10AC
7306 79

#### Page 28

COUET
DIO-L1ND SarLal 30-49
23 Jino 1949
Subjest: laidentified Flying Gjegts - Report of.
RUPORT: Unidentifl od Flying Otents Cbserzed in Oregen 27 May 1%2:
aircraft from Rod Bluff, Galifornia to Burns, Oregon, a dstanee of 3o5 milase Qn Friday, 27 May 1949, soarco wes flying his owm SNJ-type
He laft Hed Bluff at lg3? PobeK. and arrived at Burne at l458 P.doT. (elapsed timo: 1 hour R6 ndautes). Soures landed at Burns after cireling the toma
io i7o MMi, cource "denadlitarised" his plane (ihieh he had purchesed at was taico, which cansuaed about ten ainutos. lhiis an sul's normal naxdumm spead
Surpiue, lightaning ths plane by about 500 Ios.) and it makes around 200 upa tree afr spood. thlle on thio fllight ho mada al.2 MPh ground spoed; souree
esiinates he had a tail nind of i5 to l8 MPM.
the oun refleeting on an object or objecta at a conaiderable distanoo ahead, At 1425 Facitle Standard Time, Friday, 27 May 1949, souree observed
reflccting natarial cxpecting it to nntarialiss into convantional airoraft a feu points to the starboard. Ho continued to waboh ths courss takan by the
reached the long bluffa (enovn on the Boise (y-2) Aoronautical Ghart ae Hart as tho dintance lennenod botweon him and the objoct or objects. As the objoote
Mountain) which run far a nudber of miles clong the east side of sone dry lakee (smarp, Flagetaff, Ganpbelland Seone Correl Lakes) ho sas thate inotesl
of a single tbjost thare ware covaral, whdch coomed to bo flying in formation.
that they wore paralleling his couroe (sonthmost to his northeant) and wern At this podat the dojecbs appeared to have chgngad their couras no
follondng the bluffs' rim at abous looo to 15oo feet balow eouros's alsitude, ab a datance which he cotimates to have been 5h to 7 milose Soures io
blutre. lass than 10 adleo away and he could see the objecte ontlined against the certain that it could not have boon ee far as Io miles ainoe the bluffa were
Sise of oach objecti Coataldorably smaller than a tighter plane, The cbjeote that sonrce aaw are deweribod by hin as follonst
probably Iiss than 20t in leagth. All of the gopsrate objsote appoared to bo
the aamo in ais0o
certain he would have recognised comventional aireraft. Thoy had a solid Sape ot obieetes Tnere was no break in the outline. Sowico is
tadce as Long as wide, and porhape five tines as lcng as thlcls. Souroe ptdato configuration, and no great thicknors. They were elongated oval, porhepe
eatLwute thadr thicknesss thoy could poasibly have boan egg-shaped, snd could out he observed the cojocta froa an angla frcm abore and could not ousily
conosivably have buan parfently orals The objeata seamod definitoly solie objoote - there was nothlng athoreil abous tham.
as fast as sourca 8 can plene (212 sFil). Souree hed a tadi wind of 15 to 18 Spead of ebdegtal Souree is confident they pare traveling at loust
MHl and the objecte weuld keruzore have bean doing ovor 230 a0PH adz speed. Tho objects nere travelizg south/southreat, oppoaite to gource'a courge.
hand, thre epood of the dbjects varins betwoen 190 to 260 NFd. Soupee Galeulating ths apeod of the objocte, sevarad difforant waye fron the faots at
around and danght up with the objegts. They ware dafinitely traval concluded at ths time ot obsorvation that he oould not possibly haw
sachaust wts oboerrsd. The epood ot the objeote appeared to ba stoa than a gronp of birds, and slowar thaan jot planss. lo kradl of eeo
ad chid bad betwsuh 4ocot and 5oog above tarrain. During sost ot to sties Terrnig, elevationa. populatden, atc. in Aress Souree flevge Fooo
Tomardn the end of sighting when coarce had bog an to domne doim ba was alanst of observetion, the ebjeate rare looo to poaedbly 25oot balen sourse 's plane.
on a Iawel vdth taen in altitudee

#### Page 29

D10-11N0 Serial 38-49 20 dun8 1949
Subject: Ualdantizled Flying Objeets e Regort of.
at as as a an in inei a a o a t m i a a w o t isis is an ar o a t a a t a t a w
The vallsy throagh whleh soarco flow north, and ths objects flow
gouth, is roughly l2 miles wido. The floor of the valley is betnsen 40oo:
bo 5ooot in plevation. The eaot adde of tho vallay ia dondaated by Hart
Mountain (eoio" Ia elevatlon), Hert Jiountain otande on an dlongated blurr;
which has an almost sheop drop of around looot, The bluft, and all the
torrain, against which souree satr the objects io gudts dark in color, Ths
objecte stood out in contrast to the dark color. The objeets appeared to be
anpeinted metalo
The rin of the blutf on the daat side of the valley is aboat (ooos
in elevations From shere coures ssn tho objocte (at Sooo' elevntioa) theg morv
Powghly in Iine with the rlb of the bluft (7ooo'). Aeaualng the objocts sere
1 to 3 alles swey from ths blufferit, thoy wore probghly Alyiag at abat
Bo0ot y3l, and ebout Ssoo' above the valley floor.
The valley where gource sighted tho objcots is aparsaly populateds
however, Where are a nunber of ranchos there a morg than are Indioatkod on thu
Bolso (i-2) Asronautieel Chart. Scercs belioves that if persons living in
the valley rere guestioned, ehances are sevarel micht bs foezd who'sinr the
objeote fron Vhe groand. Sotrce hes fovn through this vlley Dany dmes ia
going bakmwed Caiifornid and Grogon sad does not regell over naving poet
another airplane in the valley where he slghted the objects. The ialley is
not & cormerelal Eiraay routo, and is saldon, used by privase planas, 'Sourca
doos nob redall sver seclng aty automabllos on the diat roads ia the vallay,
shown as Such on ths Boiee (V-a) gection of Aoronautical Chart,
Muzbar erd Cormation of objecsst, At Ghe bogirning of obzervelion,
than tho objeots wers & few degreos to tho atarboard of doad alaad, sourea
could not distinguioh aeparate objects - all hs dae nere roflecticns; homever.
es he cane dloaer dnd pessed thew by Sl to 7i miles he definitaly saw 6 or J
separato objeots. Po be on tho safe aide souroe rtaves with posltlvonese
that thoro Were no less thon 5 objoets and'no more than Bo
The objuets wors always in file formation (one bahind the other)
and thers apprared to bo no changu in altitads of the fornation. the apece
batveen the lead objeot and the hat one tas three or four tinsa the lgigth
of one of the oojerta, Jhe distanco botwcen the-Becond and tho folleylng
objecte mae botueen ono-balf and twc-talrds tho langth of the objaota.
Aceordingly, it the objecte nere 20r in length, the detance betncon vi sad yr
ras 6o to 6o Zeat, and the distaace beiwgen y2 snd tho othore was betndtn
10 and 17 Poot, The distanos beswsen tho objeots sopeared very oonstait,l The
cojgete ware ro dlcse and appeared to koap taalr, foxtlation spaainr in ) meaar
eaioh dadiesbed they alght have beoh Radet tow By tie lesding osjecbe At bhe
distanco of" sighting, no comection, Jf thezo vad aigf,, cowld peasibly have booa
obsarved. Gourcu ie positlre that the ob,jcota rers soparate cbjeote bouares
he wes abie to see terzaln betaaon then. The formewion did not lluotaatt ia
Klight; the cojecte Clow very evonly and stoedily, hon,sowm
objeote thsy rere going cut of viaunl pange on dhe horizon.
ixther and wieibility at tias of obsorratlons y
exaepbdenally good. Souroe eould aee Narney lake, G0 milsu
ses deicke Bieing fron the saw,gills at Burne, Orcgon, 75 altea
were a fisw peattered alendg at besaeen li,C0o' and 18,ooo'y Jas reatharraton
at Vhe tino indicated "bgatberod alende at l8,Oogta, "The air gas tety desoch
Morraally Whe air dn She eros is llebt to nildiy turaudenb, The Btn wae teag
of souron; thet ia, oburcets plane wae: batrooa ths ain aad the objecbis.
(Cing objecel (hefor to Bolss (V-a) Sacdienal
srowantleal Caart) Sowrca'e lotation bien objeebs pore Sret al

#### Page 30

MI0=11ND 5672Al 38-49
23un81.549
Subjensr tnidentified Fhying Oojeete - Repoet Or.
obearvad the objocta. Phia poaltion conld peondbly be ae such as five alie ssf of ahe poodtion gdvan.
range wue 42°11'N, 119ggiw. Soures fhow Ln e streiglt 1ins botwocn these Sourcefa locasdon whon objocts left bis visusl
cocrdinatesr
Loeaidon of objoots when firas pbaergads 42938iN, 11g81g*1. Lountion of objouta ahan lant souna 42°a8', 11948
paralleling souree'g etralght line ot nighte tae dbjeote aada a alight dhange of couroe frun quartariag to
HFCy TINg OgFiCrnEs Cogiay It is beldeved that coavanttonal adreratt, bd balloone, antronond cail phenomene, and auto-kygeande can be elisdaatod as an
into she sun tnd aincs he is an cxpart pilot-dagtruotar, VNrrzco does aot saplenation for the cbjecte aighted by sourcse Stnce source woe got flying
irrogalarities of, the plead-glass wanogy through which souroe viowed the Appear 3o be a pearczable szplanetionj nor do rolleotione os, or
obserrarcs or the dbjoste. Aa far as the reparting ofricep'g eoabant i cbjeets offer a ronconable a.cplapation, becaoge of the wids rerge of.
adghting of the rirenge Clying objecte reasdns a quoatian maak. concamed (ae rall an noureols omn commant) tas cerplanatios ad sourceio

#### Page 31

August 16, 1949

Director , FBI
SAC, San Antonio
PROTECTIOU OF VITAL IIJSTALI.ATIONS

I a~ attschinG hereto a number of copies of reports bein~1reeeived
in p•eat numbers in thi c office ooncorning the so-called Tl,Y!-_,ng
disks or u.nruitural phenomena being frequently obserTed nround Ca~
Hood , Texas. Thi:i is., of cour se, a pri:r:ary concern of the Air
Corps. Consequently, this office is following the praotice of
reviewing thene data and then destroyine; them in the event there
appears to be nothing of FBI interest therein. It is pointed out
that the filin.,. ot· these would re6Ul t in the rapid accumulation
of Tery bulky files.
Unl e s a the Bureau believes this is umn se., thi a pr ac ti oe will

continue .

Encls .

CEW:os

100- 7545

...

.... .' . . .
U ,....

lSEP9

_____ _
f

#### Page 32

Mr. Toleon...
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION Mr. Lada..V...
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Mr. Clege....a.
COMMUNICATIONS SECTION Mr., Glavin......
Mr. Nichols....
AUG 20 1949 Mr, Rosan c.s.se
Mr. Tracy.....
cw Mr. Barbe nessness
TELEMETER Mr, Mohr .ss sess
Tele. Roomensanne.
Mr. Noas6......
Tlite MUs Gandy
WASHINGTON FROM LOSA 3 20 240 pm
of-20 2-40 PM
DIRECTOR URGENT
RE FLYING DISKS. LA TIMES, AUG. TWENTY, ARTICLE DATE
LINED, WASHINGTON, AUG. NINETEEN, U.P. RELEASE, INDICATING
U. S. AIR FORCE SEARCHING FOR JONATHAN CALDWELL WHO MADE
J. E. CALDWELL LOCATED AT ONE FOUR FIVE SIX - NINTH ST. RECORDED - 99
MANHATTAN BEACH ; CALIF. THIS INFO BEING FURNISHED OISS 5NAS
5CSEP HOQD .21-49 ce:Mr.Hetcher

#### Page 34

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION CC-150
TED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTI
TO: COMMUNICATIONS SECTION.
Transmit the following message to: AUGUST 21, 1949
m SAC, LOS ANGELES URGENT
TODAY OF ADDRESS J. E. CALDWELL, MANHATTAN BEACH, CALIFORNIA. YOU SHOULD AISO
FURNISH THES ADDRESS OSI REPRESENTATIVE YOUR DIVISION TODAY. HOOVER.
JENred
cc-I Mr. Newby
Mr. Sanders
Mr. Whitson
Mr. Fletcher
an
RECORDED -30 62-83894
EX-34 FB 199
Clegg Tolson FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION 2 AUG 22 1949
lavin
Ladd U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Nichols
RoBen COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
Tracy
Egan
Gunea
Harbo
Mohr AUB 21 1949
Pennington
Quinn Tamm
Room
ase
andy TELEMETER
M Per
COPTES DESTROYED
270 NOV 18 1904

#### Page 35

STANDARD FORM NO. ~

•

•

Office Memorandum • UNITED sTATEs GovERNMENT
TO
~ <ROM

DIRECTOR, ?BI

DATE:Septernber 6, 1949

SAC, INDI.Al~APO:i:..IS

SUBJECT:( 1i'LYii~G SAUCERS

SECURITY !.iATTER - X
ELBSRT -: • ~ARRIS of OSI, Benjamin Harrison Air Base called
at this office recently to ascertain if there was any current
inform:-tion on "fl:-ing saucers" . He state~that he had been instructed recently to contact Dr . RICHA..1ID K . PARRISH of Decatur,
Indiana, with r eference to a flying saucer e allegedly observed
in the vicinity of Lake of the ','foods, Canada, on or about July 1 ,
1949. An FBI Agent by the name of :mcALF of the Omaha office
was alleged to have seen the same saucer.
ii'hen FARRIS conversed ,·1ith Dr. PA1RISH, the Dr . told him
that when he returned from Canada, he found himself in the midst
of a polio epidemic and that as a result he 1--ad read as much
literature as possible with respect to polio, its symptoms,
diagnosis, etc. Dr . PAR.~SH told FARRIS that in his opinion,
the cases ·,·,hi.ch were thought to be polio in the vici nity of
D catur, Indiana, were not polio, but possibly the result of
aniwn poisoning and that he felt the presence of flying saucers
ad airect bearing on the polio epidemic . Dr . PARRISH pointed
t that flying saucer s were observed in the Carolina' s in 1948
and there was a polio epidemic in the vicinity at that time.
FARRIS stated he had consulted one of the physicians at the
Benjamin Harrison Air Base and had also checked the records with
reference to allesations concerning the si~hting of flying saucers
and had done a little research nith respect to correlating the
presence of flying saucers and any polio epidemic. He further
stated that he ,;·ias reporti!lg the matter to the proper Air Force
authorities, 'i'lright Field, Dayton , Ohio.
It has also come to the attention of this office that FA.~S
ma.de inquiry of the Indiana University 1:edical School, Indianapolis,
Indiana, where the doctors treated the entire matt er as a big joke.
FARrlIS also sta ted that Dr. PAmllSH had heard 1·1hile in Canada
that there had been some rath(.r strange events somerihere in the
interior with respect to finding ,•,hat might have been remains of
flying saucers.
The fore :oing is furnis.hed for the information of the Bureau.
This office is taking no action in the matter.

H.\K/fjd
100- 0

58 SEP 151 9-r1

fa

_/

#### Page 37

October 12, 1949

Hr. llaurice E. Hatten
419 East Jfain Street
Ctrcleville, Ohio
Dear Jfr. Hatten:
Tour letter dated October,,- 8., 1949 1 has been rece tued

and in response to your request I am returnin g it to you at this
time .

y.

For your information thtJ juriadiction o/ th.i:, Bureau
doea not extend outside the United States and its Posaesaions .
I t is therefore suggested tha·t you nay wish to co14municate with
the Dtui3 ion of Inte rnoti onal Preas and Publ icatt ons, Of/ice o/
Publtc A/J'aira, United Sta~es Department of State, 21st Street
and Ytrginia Avenue., Washingto n, D. c .

(Text continues in the original file: 209 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Section 6

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-6
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-6
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

August 1950 memo: even the 1950s needed a fire‑ball watchlist.

- File 65_HS1-834228961_62-HQ-83894_Section_006, FBI PDF, compiled 1947‑1968, nationwide U.S.
- Memorandum notes 150 Air Force sightings since 1948, categorized as green fireballs, discs, meteors; half meteoric, rest missiles.
- Dr. LaPaz concluded half were meteoric; the remainder were attributed to U.S. guided missiles.

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

4-564 (12-22-55)
Declassification authority derived
from FBl Automatic Declassification
0062 83894 Class / Case # Guide, issued May 24, 2007.
HQ - HEADQUARTERS ment of Jusfice #62-HQ-83094-6# SERIALS 246-301
Sub HQ-83894
OVED FROM OR ADOED TO THIS FILE
RRP003IXGU 8/11/1274188 FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER D FOR
246 Serial #
BUREAU
COPIED SECTION
6
pr
MAR 2 1978 3Y29
INVESTIGATION
COPIED FOR
JAN 19.1979 37 SECTION 6
COPIED FOR SER1ALS 246-301
APR 1s 1977 BY
USE CARE IN HANDLING THIS FILE
DO NOT
Transfer-Call DESTROY
FOIPA #

#### Page 2

I

CGOVERN~E, T
O.ffic;M
Memorl dum • UNITED STATES
TO

D. Ji. Lad/_ez_A(.

FROM

A . H. Be}@

SUBJECT:

SUMMARY 0-;J;;ERIAL
PHENOMENA IN NEW MEXICO
MISCELLANEOUS - INFORMATION CONCERNING

DATE:

August

2.v,f~ "-1:arbo_ _
Bel,m.,nt_

"."~ 1 , .

hoom_

i,e:tse_

PURPOSE

_

~Ohr

I

_

, /Gendy_ _

K/, I

(

To advise that : {1) OSI has expressed concern in J
connection
with the continued appea rance of unexplained phen~mena
)
described as green fireballs, discs and meteo r s in the vicin i t y µ ~
of sensit i ve instal lations in New Mexico . {2) Dr. LaPa2 , Meteo r
Expe r t of the University of New Mexico , reported that the phenomena
does not appear to be of meteor ic ·origin . (3) OSI has contracted
with Land - Ai r Inc ., Alamogordo , New Mexico , to make scientifi·c
?ri
study of the unexplained phenomena .

I

I

NATURE OF PHENOMENA

Obse r vations of aerial phenomena occurring within the
vicinity of sensit i ve installations have been reco rded by the
Air Force since December, 1948. The phenomena have been
classified into 3 general types which a re identified as follows :
1 . Green fireballs, objects moving at high speed
in shapes r esembling half moons, circles and discs emitting
green light .
2 . Discs , round flat shaped objects or phenomena
mouing at fast ueloci~y and emitting a brilliant white light
or reflected light .

3 . Meteors, aerial phenomena resembling meteor ic
material moving at high velocity and varying in colo r.

'

The above phenomena have been reported to vary in
co l or from brilliant white to amber, red and green .

1

Since 1948, approximately 150 observations of aerial
phenomena r eferr ed to above have been recorded in the vicinity
of inst allations in New Mexico . A number of observations have
been reported by diffe r ent reliable in d ividuals at approximately
the same time .

~£CORDED. t

\ND£XEO • 2

SEP 18 1950

#### Page 4

'
RESULTS OF AN INQUIRY BY PROFESSOR LINCOLN LA PAZ

i) '

Dr. LaPaz, Di rector, Instttute of Meteorittcs,
University of New Mexico, submitted an analysis of the various
observations on May 23, 1950. He concluded, as a result of
his investtgation, that approximately half of the phenomena
recorded we re of meteoric origin . The other phenomena
commonly referred to as green fi r eballs or discs he believed
to be U.S. guided miss-iles be in g tested in the neighborhood
of the installations. Dr . LaPaz pointed out that tf he were
wrong in interpreting the phenomena as originating with U. S.
guided missiles that a systematic investigation of the obser­
vations should be made immediately. Dr . LaPa2 pointed out that
missiles moving with the velocities of the order of those
found for the green fireballs and discs could travel from the
Ural region of the USSR to New Mexico in less than 15 minutes .
He suggested that the observations might be of guided missiles
launched from bases in the Urals.

On the basis of the investigations made by Dr . LaPa2
and the Air Force, it was concluded that the occurrence of the
unexplained phenomena in the vicinity of sensitive installations
) was a cause for concern . The Atr Force entered into a contract
with Lard-Air, Incorporated, Alamogordo , New Mexico, f or the
pur pose of making scientific studies of the green fireballs and
dtscs . It was pointed out in the summary furnished by OSI on
July 19, 1950, that the unexplained greenfireballs and discs
are still observed in the vicinity of sensitive military and
l) Go,pernment installations.
RESULTS OF AI R FORCE INVES TIGATION
The Air Force together with Land- Air, Incorporated,
have established a number of observation posts in the vicinity
of Vaughn, New Mexico , for the purpose of photographing and
determining the speed, height and nature of the unusual
phenomena referre d to as green fireballs and discs. On May 24,
1950, personnel of Land- Air, Incorporated, sighted 8 to 10
objects of aerial phenomena. A 24~'flj ur day watch is being
) maintained and has been designated ~ roJ·ect Xw}qkl~_."

- 2 -

#### Page 5

CONCLUSIONS
The Albuquerque Office, in a lette r dated August 10,
1950, advtsed that there have been no new developments in connection
with the efforts to ascertain the identity of the strange aerial
phenomena referred to as green fireballs and discs . The Albuquerque
Office advised that Dr . Anthony o . .Mirarchi, Project Engineer,
had been informed of the Bureauajurisdtction relative to espionage
and sabotage and arrangements have been made so that the Bureau
will be promptly advised in the event additional information relative
to this project indicates any jurisdiction on the part of the
) Bureau
.
.
ACTION

I

I

None.

The above is for your in/on ation .

- 3 -

#### Page 6

September 8, 19.50

To:

Director of Special Investigations
The lnapect.or General
Departcont or the Air Force
The Pentnnon
Washington, D. C.

From:

John Edgar Hoover - Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation

Subject:

FLYING SAUC~.!RS

There is attached hereto ror your considerction and
attention a copy of a self-explanatory letter dated August 29, 1950,
received by this Burenu from •r. alter D. Jones, ot 36 King Street East,
Toronto, Ontorlo, Cannda.
For your intomntion., the letter fro !Jr. Jones hoe been
acknowledged by this Burenu, and he has been informed hie communication
hes been referred to your Depart.cent.

EHlrl: eas 0:-~

1?~3'7

#### Page 8

STANDARD FORM NO. 64

q IOffice Met,
1

0

TO

:

FROM

SUBJECT:

•

.-vrtdum • UNITED STiTES G0 ,

MR. A . H. BELMONT a

DATE: Se pte mber

27, 1950
TOl_ __

I/ I

IIR, L. L. L AUGH~

-

~ LYI NG SA UCERS

Ladd._ _
Clea _

Olavln_ _
_
Rosen_ _

(

NlchOll_

Tracy_ _
Harbo_ _

SAC Cornelius of Philadelphia called at 1 0 :45 A.JI.
today and stated that yesterday evening while two offi cers of
the Philadelphia Poli ce Depar-tment were cruising in their
scout car they saw through the windshield an object descending
slowly to t he earth which appea r ed at first glance to be a
parachute .

Be!Jlollt_ _
11011r_ _
Tole. Hooa_

When the of ficers first noticed the object, it was a
tree - top level and was described as being six feet in diameter .
It landed in a field near-by and the officers, upon examining tt,
noted that it gave out a purplish glow wh ich was almost a mist.
The officersrummoned two other police officers. After looking
at the object for some time the y attempted to pick it up . The
object broke, leaving a slight odorless residue. Over a period
of about 25 minutes which the officers spent watching the object
i t completely disinte g rated. The officers further commented that
the object was so light that when it hit the field, it did not
even bend the weeds or the grass it fell on .
Jlr. Cornelius said that he has called the local of fi • e
of the Air Force but the individual with whom he s p oke there said
he knew nothing about them and was not aware that his office was
lookin g into reports of thi s type •
. Mr . Cornelius desired to know what furthe r action should
be taken by him.
I told Jlr. Cornelius that he was correct in referring
this matter to the local office of OSI and that he sh ould direct
a letter to the Bureau incorporating all available information
concerning the matter and that we here, upon i t s recei pt, in turn
would bring it ~o the attention of OSI Headquarters .
LLL:mer

RECORDED . 84
-.

t:k~'l':1

-

-......ff3 7

t

ocr 4 1sso
l

/

#### Page 9

nore toendl
CORRELATION-LIAISON
F. B.I.
U. S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
19097 51. OcT 6 4 43 PM 50
mOn 131
nofdoe Tsndnlf dedd Weaal ot bettsab .n10 15150311 nor Q2 JATIMU
O5. Nd EI 9 12 d3S Dad ovbwo don eodi bro 1lst bodnsttn
A Mo sojlog Taddo
19 ed dpdd bjos entlentod I 8GDN 4131
D 5HO SUDe 3D badiTossb 3bw bne feue1 10-
8 O5. WV 80 6 82 S 90 869009 6t 9903 10
pasndon tI 06 3ow dostdo 9n 7 dost.
Tarrel .00 todt bobmof
0 1909 0 cod-9n1 TONTBUP

#### Page 10

....EPAR; MENT OF :TH; A I R FORCE\
~

Ill.'

DQUARTERS UNITED STATES A I R FORCE'
WASHINGTON 25, O. C.

Authority:
NND90986

\
Hon. J. Edgar Hoover
Director, Federal Bureau of Inveotigation
Department of Justice
Washington 25, D. C.
Dear tfr. Hoover :
The inclosed letter, subject: "Reporting of Information
on Unconventional Aircraft, 11 is forwarded for your information
4!).d any cooperation you may be able to extend.

As indicated in the lett er it is des:red to place this
rsubject in its proper perspective as part of the normal USAF
~equirement for inf'ormation of air technical intelligence

'-interest.
Respectfully youre,

C. P. CABELL
~ajar General, USAll'
Director of Intell1genoo

0

.
~~ t
~I. ' 'J., .\ • ''T~'d
~. ocument contains information affecting the national defense
of tho United States within the mccu:~-:; ')f .he &spionage La-rs, Titlo 18
U.S.C,, Sections 793 an l 704.
Ita to•...,,.,,1-...:1'..>n or the revelation of its
CQntenta in any manner to en 1:!".C:t. '• ..:•
r.:l"tson is pzohibited by Jc-••."

#### Page 11

•

'f

..

DEPARTMEt~ OF THE AIR FORCE

•

HFADQ,UARTERS UNIT.ED STATES AIR FORCE
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

8 September 1950

AFOIC-CC-1

SUBJ:FX:T:

Reporting of In.formation on Unconventional Aircraft

TO:

Commanding Generals. 11.a.Jor Air Con11rands. ZI and Overseas
All United States Air Attaches

1. The United Sta.tea Air Force has a continuing requirement
for the reporting and technical analysis of observations of uncon­
ventional aircraft which might indicate an advance in technological
progress of a :roreign power. An unconventional aircraft, within
the meaning of this directive, is defined as e.rq aircraft or air­
borne obJect which by performance, aerody!lamic chsroeteristice, or
unusual features, does not conform to aey presently known airers.ft
tn,e.

2. It is desired that information on unconventional aircraft
be reported in the following manner:

a. A s8J)arate report of each incident will be forwarded.
No information other than that bearing on the unconventional air­
craft will be included in this report.
b. Priority of tran~J!lisaion accorded the report will be
that a.:p-propriate in the Judgm1a1~t of the forwarding agency, accord­
ing to its apparent authenticity and importance as intelligence.
c. Reports will be forwarded to Commanding General, Air
Materiel Command, Attention: MCIS.
d. Renorts forwarded by electrical transm1es1on will
include, as far aa possible:
(l) A brief description of the obJect(e); its ehe.pe,
size, color, number, formation 11 more the.r. one,
aerodynamic features, trail or exhaust, propul­
sion eyotem, speed, sound, maneuvers, manner of
disappearance, and other ~ertinent or unusual
features.

(2) Timo sighted in 24-hour clock zonal time, and
length of time observed.

#### Page 12

--

•

(3) Manner or ooaervatton; vieua.1 or elootron1o, from air
(giYe speed, altitude, and tYpe of aircraft), or surface.
Any t)'l>e of optical or olectronio equipment uoed ohould
be described.
(4) Location of obeerTer d.urine eightinc, giving emct lati­

t~de and longitude as closely as feasible, e:ad/or refereno~
to a known landmark. Location of obJect(s) with reopeot to
observer, giving distance, direction, and altitude.
(5) Identifying information on obeerTer(e) and Witnesses,

eetiJ11ate of reliabilit~ and experience, and aDT faotore
bearing on e&time.ted reliability of the o1ght1ng.
(6) Weather ani!. Vind condi ti one (teletyPe eequencee) at timft
and pla0e or aightings.
(7) Arq activity or cond1 tion, neteorolog1ce.l or otherw1ee,

which might accowit ~or the sighting.

(8) Ed.etence ot tUl¥ ~sica.l evidence; fragments, photo­
graph• and the like, of the sighting.

(9) Interception or identification action taken. (Such
ection. ehould be takeu whenever teaeible, complying
w1 th exietil'lg air de:tente direotives.)

e. Beporte forvarded by eleotrioa.l tra.nemieaion vill be follo~ed
up Vi thin ten (10) dsya by a vritten report on AJ Form 112. Thh report
will contain the ea.me 1nf'orma.tlon specified 111 subparagraph 2d above in

greater detail, and where feasible v1ll include sketches and aigned attested
narrative 1tatemente of observers.
f. Written reports of a1ght1nge~ where no previous electricall7
tranemitted report has been submitted, will follow the same fonn as the
written follow-up report described 1n subparagraph 2e above.
g. AQ phya1oal ertdence of the e1ght1J16 will be forwarded by
most exped1 ttoue means to Command1ng General, Air Materiel Command, Attn~

MCIS, under cover of' a lotter identityin« the shipment with the report ot
a1ght1Jlt;. Mention ot the method and time ot eh1pp1n,; of' thie evidenoe
will be included in written report ot the sighting.
3. It 1e 4ee1red tha~ no p~blioit7 be given this reporting or
a.ne.~o1 • act1 T1 ty.
BY COMMA.ND OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF:
Info copiee to:
Dir/Int, G-2, Army
Dir/Naval Int.
Comoondant (111T) US Coast Gus.rd

Sp Ae1t for Research & Intel. State
Direotor JBI
Director of CIA

f\(\~ lt:Jof~ rT• I\ I
C Vi \Ji
t Vr lhC

(lC. r1
G,_,;J,.(-/ __
F. CABELL
Major General, USAF
D1 rector of Intelli gonce

#### Page 13

OARD FORM NO. 64

!,

•

•

•

0j!fe-Memoraridum • UNIT ED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO

THE DIRECTOR

FROM

IIR. D. 11. LADD

t

SUBJECT:

O FLYING SAUCERS

FUING DISCS
GREEN FIREBALLS

DATB:

October 9, 1950
'l'Ol eon

~

1/
Traey_ _
Harbo_ _
Mohr_ __

Tele. Room_

PURPOSE

Oancly_

To advise you 0£ the most recent informtion l<;nam, tQ .t}la
Bureau concerning the captioned aer1.a1 phenomena.

BACKGROUND
You w:i.ll recall that on August 2.3, 1950, I furnished to you a
memorandum regarding Project Tw:inkJ.e set up by the Department of the
Air Force, with the assistance of Land-A:ir, Inc., at Vaughn, New Mexico,
for the purpose of obtaining data regarding these unusual aerial phenomena
which had been seen in the vicinity of sensitive installatims in New
Mexico. To. date the Air Force has not advised us of aw PAJI ~vel2!!1ents
in connecticn with t.his project-7
,

Dr. Anthony o. Mirarchi, Project Engineer of Project Twinkle, has
been contacted by the ilbuquerque Office and arrangements have been made in
order that 1:ihe Bureau will be advised in the event any in£ormation relative
to t.heBe phenanena indicates any jurisdiction on the part of the Bureau.
According to Bureau files, an av~age of appro:x:imately three or
laints have been received per month £:rom Junrthrough Seif'tember.
0

£our ~

These complaints were brought to the attention of OSI. A review of Bureau files
does not indicat.e that there has been arry increase in the sight.ings of these
phenomena during or as a result of the -war in Korea.

JURISDIGI'ION FOR INVESTIGATION OF 'ffiESE PHENOUENA

II

You will recall the investigation to obtain information concerning
these aeria:l. pbenanena is the jm-isdiction 0£ the Department of the Air Force.
The Department 0£ the Air Force is aware o:f our jurisdiction in matters
relat.i.ng to espionage, sa~otage and internal security, and we have contacted
OSI and requested them to advise us of any developmentB in connection wi. th
these phenomena ·which would be o:f interest to us as a resul.t of our
jurisdiction •

EEM:de

l

f4

ijl;T 161950

RECORDED • 105

l t ~1 3a' y I - 4 .,ff\
Vlil

10 1 5

I

t 1"

_

#### Page 15

POSSIBLE ORIDIN OF THESE AERIAL PHENOMENA

The Bureau has been advised in the past by OSI that many of the
sightings reported to them were determined by :investigation to have been
of weather ballocns, falling stars, meteorological Iiienomena and other air-borne
objects.
INFORMATION OBTAD1ED BY BUREAU LIAIOON FROM OSI, WASHINGTON, D. C.

RE THE CAPTIONED MA1'rffis ON OCTOBER 9, 1950.

Bureau liaison determined on the morning of October 9, 1950 .from
OSI headquarters that the :investigations of these aerial phenomena are being
handled by OSI, Wright Field, Ohio. Their investigation of these
phenomena fails to indicate that the sightings involved space sbips or
missiles from a:ny other planet or country.

--------According to OSI, the complaints received by them have failed to

~'' indicate any definite pattern of activity. OSI .further advised they are close~
following the investigation of the captioned matters, and they will advise this
Bureau of any matters of interest.
ACTION

None.

The above is for your information.

- 2 -

#### Page 16

THE IOOCTOR Oerbobor 9, 1950
M. D. la Lach
FIIERI CAUCERS
PEXER IIGOS
CRSNFISBALS
To advlee you of the most reeont infcarmaticn lnoum to the
Breen concording tho oaptdoned aordal phnornn.
DACXCROUSD
You wlll recall thnt an Auguert 2, 1950, I furiohod to you a
nomorandun rogaurding Projoot Tadnldlo snd wp by the Depirtant of the
Air Foreo, with the assistanco of Iand-iir, Tnt., at Vaughn, Jiew Mocieo,
For tho porpone ot dbhaindng dnta rugrording thono unusual aorial phenomone
whteh had boen seen in the vlednitg of scnoitiwo inetallntiens in low
escico. To date ths Air Force has nob acvei cod uo of any newr dovelojents
Ln cormeetion with this projoet.
Dr. Anthcny O. Brarchd, Projuat Enginoer of Projoot Tadnklo, has
beon conbaeted byr Che Alugurgue orrtee and arrangemento have bets swdo in
erder thnt tho Bircmn ill bo advlend in the ovant y inforintion relativo
ko thome phoncnnn indioates ay jutindlotion on the paart of the Beroan.
Acdordlng to Bureat fles, an ayerage of appronctmatalg Mtres or
font corgladnts have beon reeeiyod pat manth fren Jiaio throug Caytmber.
Those compladinte wtre broughat bo the atbention or OsT. A rovionr of Buronn iiles
kloes nob indieate that thore has boon arg increano in the aightings or theae
phenomang charing or as a resnal's of th war in Eorca.
JRTICTION FE RV EATION OF AHEE PEEENA
You wdln rocall the invostigation to abtain infbgration coneurning
Hhene soriad phonomnn is the juardodietien of the Departmont of the Air Foros.
relating to empionee, sabobage and intoraal somgrily, and wo have contacted The fopartmonb of the Air Rrco is anre of cr juriadiction in mattors
Tolson bstI and requented thns to adyise uo of ang devalopmenbe ton eommection wd th
Ladd these phondomna which woadd bo of irbereot to us as a ronudlt. of our
210g8 Juriadietion.
Glavin
tchols
hosen
tracy
Farbo
Belmont aillade 62-83994-250
tokr
ele. xoom le
9OCT 231950

#### Page 17

POSSIBLE ORIGIN OF THESE AERIAL PHENOMENA
The Bureau has been advised in the past by OsI that nany of the
sightings reported to thom were determined by investigation to have been
of weather balloons, falling stars, meteorological phcnomana and other air borne
objects.
INPORMATION OBTAINED EX DUREAU LIAISON FRON OBI, WASIINGTON, D. C.
RETHO ATNEIS ON DCTOBER 9, 1950.
Bureau Lialson determndned on the morming of October 9, 195o from
OSI headquarters that the investigations of these aerial phenomena are being
handled by OsI, Wrighb Field, Ohio. Their investigation of these
phenomena fails to indicate that the sighbings involvod space ships or
missiles from any other planet or country.
According to OsI, the corplaints received by then have failed to
indieate any dofinite pattern of activity. OsI further advised thcy are closely
following the investigation of the captioned matters, and they will advise this
Burean of any matters of interest.
ACTION
None. The above is for your informabion.

#### Page 18

~ - -- ~ M

I

•

Office Memorandum • UNITED sTATEs GOVERNMENT
DIRECTOR, FBI

TO
F~

:

~

ECT:

D ATE:

SAC, PHILADELPHIA

ATTENTION:

October 2, 1950

MR. IEO LAUGHLIN

FLYING DISC REPORTED AT

PHILADELPHIA ON 9/26/So

C_JJ:_

SA')L,tl'"'

During the late evenmg hours orSep1:.ember 26, 1950, two Phila­
delphia pol ice officers observed a peculiar phenomenon on Vare
Boulevard near 26th Street when they sa\r a round object about
six feet 1n circumference slowly f l oat down to the ground.

The object had the appearance of a parachute and landed in a field,
it being so light it did not even depress the weeds in the field.
The object was lavender in color, described by the off~cers as
dewy, sort of like soap suds, and evaporating within fifteen or
twenty minutes after it landed. When touched by the off icers, the
substance composing the object disappeared, leaving nothing but a
slight sticky substance.

I

This matter was reported to this office by the Philadelphia
Police and for that matter, was subsequentl y carried in the
Philadelphia press as "Fl ying Saucer Just Dissol ves" .

.,,, - ;7

Mr. LAUGHLIN of the Bureau was telephonically advised of the above
by this office and issued instructi ons that the matter should be
referred to Air Force Intelligence for handling and any investigation.
Accordingly, Major WA'ITS of the Philadelphia Office of OSI was
telephonicalfy advised of the above and no further action was taken
by tl?,is office .
FMK/mmd

98-0

I

ocr18Z

#### Page 20

O 7,1950
413ding ane
fa my thy f the flying rauci is:
It qits it prvn fronelectisity
gennated by a gon genenatr, Ihe
gennaton in sun fim a revolving
dise, thine fre giving the flying sans
na olise like appiarance.
U By the usi of gear the sovolving
s
A disc iz abh to genrate 10 on 20 times
110 The fostn the dise gres, the mmove
pover. ty ure of the nev light veig
elictic motos, thive is lers veight,
and lus space taken.
the sevoliing diac is in side of
light shell. Zoewandnotin of ship
allows di to revolve, gener ating elct
prve. This way, the flyingdir coud fo
almost any lenoth of timit? RECORDED 125 162-83894
INDEXED 125
povn dise EX-29
550CT251950

#### Page 22

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION CC-160
UN ED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
To: COMMUNICATIONS SECTION. URGENT
OCTOBER 13, 1950
Transmit the following message to: SAC, LOS ANGELES
DETERMINE THROUGH APPROPRIATE RELIABLE SOURCES OF YOUR OFFICE
VHETHER FRANE SCULLY, AUTHOR OF THE BOOK QUOTE BEHIND THE FLYING
SAUCERS UNQUOTE IS IDENTIGAL TO THE FRANK SCULLY WHO HAS BEEN
ACTIVELY ENGACED IN COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES SINCE THE LATE NINETEEN
THIRTIES IN THE TERRITORY OF YOUR OFFICE.
HOOVER
EHegina
RECORDED : 95 EHe
INDEVED 95 62-83894-253
OCTE18N950
Mr . Tolson
Mr Clegg
Vr . Glavin
. Ladd
Mr Nichols
MT Rosen
Tracy
Mr . Egan
Mr Gurnes
Mr. Harbo FEDEAL CURENU OF INVESTICA
Mr. Mohr
Mr. PennInigton W/S. DEPARTHENT OF JUSTIOE
Mr. Quinn Tan
Tele. Room MUNICATIONS SECTION
Mr. Nease
Misr Gandy OS. Wd CE I
550CT261950 OCI10 1950
COPIES DEETROYEDTELETY SENT VIA M Per
270 NOV23 1964

#### Page 24

I'~ r"'\

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•

T"T"

'I

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.Ki..-

•

0£PARTM£NT OF THE AIR FORCE

HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
WASHINGTON

THiC IN ■ PCC T Olt OCNCRAL U 84'

Autholity:

17TH

0t9TRICT OF"FICE CF" SPECIAL lNVESTtGATI ONS
l<fJITl,. AN O AUt ' 0 A' C I! 9A.8 t.

NND90986

N CW

M t 'W.ICO

DR/ms

25 Hay 1950

File Ho :

Summary or Observations ~erial Phenomena in the New

SUBJECT :

Mexico Area , December 1948 - Uay 1950
Brigadier Gener al Jos eph F . Carroll
Director of Special· Invest.igations
Headquarters USAF
Washington 25 , D . C.

TO :

ff 1

1

/,

I

1.
In a liaison meeting with other military and government intel­
ligence and investigat1ve agencies in December 1948, it was determined
that the frequency of unexplained aerial phenomena in the New Me~dco area
was such that an organized plan of r eporting these observations should be
undertaken . The organization a_~d phys ical location of units of this Dis ­
trict were mo~t suitable for collecting these data , therefore , since
December 1948, this District 'has assumed the responsibility for collect­
ing and reporting basic informati on with respect to nerial phenomena
occurring in this general area . These r eports have been distributed to
the Air Materiel Command , USAF , in accordance v1ith Air Intelligence
Requirements No . 4 , and to other interested military and government
agencies .
The r e is attached . as a part of this summary , a compilation of
2.
aerial phenomena sightings that have occurred mostly in the Ne,·1 Mexico
area and have been reported by this Distr ict Office subsequent to
December 1948 . This compilation of sightings is not a complete record
of all reported observations , but includes only those in which sufficient
i nformation was available to justify their inclusion. The observers of
these phenomena include scientists , Special Agents of the Office of
Special Investigations (IG) USAF , air line pilots , military pilots , Los
~
Ala.mos Security Inspectors , military personnel . and many other persons
of various occupations whose reliab ility is not questioned . This com.lJ!lilation sets forth the most important characteristics with respect to
~/ach observation and evaluates each sighting into one of thr ee c lassifi­
ations , (1) green fireball phenomenon , (2) disc or variation , and (5)
~
~
~ robably meteoric .
1\llW'l ~i) • 87 .3.
There is also att~~cf an anal~fs of the green fireba ll
occurrences in this aren made by Dr . LinSoI r l.a?az . Dr . LaPaz is the ~

/1/-

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./

CONFIDEN1'1AL

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#### Page 25

•

File No: (24- 8) - 28
Subj : Summary of Observations of Aerial Phenomena in
the New Mexico Area , December 1948 - 11ay 1950

2 5 ?.1a.y 1950

Director of tho Institute of Meteoritics and Head of the Department of
Ma.thematics and Astr onomy at the University of New Moxico , He was Re­
search Mathematician a.t the New Mexico Proving Grounds under an OSRD
appointment in 1943 and 1944 , and Technical Dir ector of the Operat ions ·
Analysis Section, Headquarters , Second Air For ce , 1944- 45 , Since 1948 ,
Dr . LaPaz has served on a voluntary basis as consultant for this Dis­
trict in connection with the green fireball investi gations .
4.
On 17 February 1949 and again on 14 October 1949 , conferences
were held at Los Alamos , N'ew liexico , for tho purpose of discussing t he
green fireball phenomena. Ropresentativos of the following organizat ions
were present · at these meetings : Fourth Arrey , Armed Forces Special Wea­
pons Project , University of Now Mexico , Federal Bureau of Inve sti gation,
U, s . Atomic Energy Col!Dllission , University of California, U, S . Air Force
Scientific Advisory Board, Geophysical Research Division Air Materiel
Command USAF , and the Office of Special Inve stigations ( IG) USAF . A
logical explanation was not proffered with r espect to t he origin of the
green fireballs. It was , hovJOver , gener ally concluded tho.t tho pheno­
mena existed and that they should be studied scientifically i.mtil theso
occurrenc e s havo be en satisfactorily 0.xplo.ined . Further , that tho
continued occurrence of une>..-pln.i11od phenomena of this nature in the
vicinity of sensitive installations is cause for concern.
5. ·The Geophysical Research Division, Air lJateriol Command ,
Crunbridge , Massachusetts , ho.s r ecently let a contract to Land- Air , Inc . ,
Holloman l.FB , Alamogordo , New Mexico , for a limited scientific study of
green fireballs . The r esults of t h is scientific o.pproach to "the pr oblem
will undoubtedly be of gr eat value in determining tho origin of t hese
phenomena .
This summary of observations of aerial phenomena has been
6.
prepared for the purpose of r e - emphasizing and r eiter ating the fact
that phenomena. have continuously occurred in the New Mexico skie s
during the past 18 months nnd a.r e continuing to occur , and , secondly ,
that these phenomena are occurring in the vicinity of sensitive mili­
to.cy o.nd government installations .

~--~~,._1
v ,..-_,,le,

x.;·~-~-~
\

DOYLE EES
Lt C lone 1 , USAF
Dis ict Comrn~ndcr

4 Incls
1. Summary of Sightings
2 . Photo of Sighting No . 175
w/comments
3 . Ltr fr Dr . La.Paz to Lt Col
Rees , dtd 23 May 50
4 . Graph indicating me.ximums
2

co~~FIDENTIAL

#### Page 26

File No: (24-8)-28
Subj: Summary of Observations of Aerial Phenomena in
the New Mexico Area, December 1948 - May 1950 25 May 1950
DISTRIBUTION:
6 cys, Director of Special Investigations, Headquarters USAF
1 ey, CG, Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
ATTN: Director of Technical Intelligence
1 cy, CG, Special Weapons Command, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico
1 cy, CG, Armed Services Special Weapons Project, Sandia Base,
New Mexico. ATTN: J-2
1ey, CG, Headquarters, Fourth Army, Ft. Sam Houston, Texas
ATTN: AC Of S. G-2
i cy, Co, Air Foree Cambridge Research Laberateries, Cambridge, Mass. 1 cy, CO, Holloman AFB, New Mexico
1 cy, Director, Security Division, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Los Alamos, New Mexico. ATTN: Mr. B. O. Wells
1 cy, Federal Bureau of Investigation, El Paso, Texas
1 cy, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Albuquerque, New Mexico
1 ey, Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, Pentagon Building
ATTN: Dr. Joseph Kaplan.
1 cy, Researeh and Development Board, Pentagon Building
ATTN: Dr. H. E. Landsberg, Executive Director, Comnittee on
Geophysies and Geography
1 cy, File
3
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 27

·•

'1 •

•

THE UNIVERSIT Y OF N EW MEXICO
ALBUQUERQUE

INSTITUTE OF METEORITICS

?Jay 23 , 1950

To:

From :

L·.; . Co].onel Doyle Rees > Commandin~ Officer
17th District , O. 3. I .
Lincoln LaPaz , Dir ector
Institute of 11eteoritics

Subject:

Anomalous Luminous Pnenomena ( Seventh Report)

1.
In the second report of this series , dated 1948 , Decemb er 20 , the
writer listed ten significant differences bet·,'!een the bri:;}'lt green horizon­
tally- moving fireba l ls observed in the interval 1948 , December 5-20 , a nd
typical meteors . These differences vJere the following :
( l) The horizontal nature of the paths of nos·t of the December
fi r eballs is most unusual . Genuine met eors are rarely observed to move
in horizontal paths .
(2) Age.in the very lo·w height of the December f ireball discu ssed
in section 2 above sets it off in sharp contrast from the f.; enuine
meteors for ·which hei ghts of the order of 40 or more miles are nf,:-.· mally observed .
(3) The velocity determined for the fi r eball of Dece1-::ber 12 is
much less than the velocities det ermined from typical meteors (and
yet is considerably greater than the speeds of the V-2 Rockets or

(Text continues in the original file: 271 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Section 7

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-7
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-7
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

August 1, 1952: when the UFO hype took a nuclear shortcut.

- FBI case file 62-HQ-83894, PDF, covering UFO reports 1947‑1968.
- Contains Aug 1 1952 letter linking saucers to atomic bomb debris, mentions pasture sample.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

$.3
0062 83894 Class / Case # HQ - HEADQUARTERS it of Justice
Sub
FROM OR ADDED TO THIS FILE) 62-HQ-83894-7 SERIALS 302-343
RRPO03IXGS 8/11/1274186 7 Vol. FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER COPIED HQ-83894
302 Serial #
BUREAU
FOR SECTION 7
JAN 19 1979
INVESTIGATION
BY
deil .322,320
10 COPIED FOR FOR SECTION 7
FOIA APR 19 1977 SERIALS 302-343
BY R391 eral 343
DO NOT COPIED FOR
OIPA
USE E CADES TROYG LTHIS FILE 6260
FOIPA# 993087
Declassification authority derived
from FBl Automatic Declassification
Transfer-Call 421 1 Guide, issued May 24, 2007
84UW.WA0 18:13553

#### Page 3

fUG

.
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,
.
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FB/sAVANNAH

8-9-52

fu;c;oR, FBI

URGENT

6 - 46 PM EST

WED

e~~~

FLYING SAUCERS, SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT, AEC .

SECURITY OFFICE OF AEC

ADVISED THIS DATE THAT TWO EMPLOYEES OF THE E. I . DU PONT COMPANY
SAw A BLUE LIGHT WITH AN ORANGE FRINGE SHAPED LIKE A SAUCER FLY OVER
THE FOUR HUNDRED AREA OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT AT APPROXIMATELY
NINE THIRTY PM AUGUST EIGHT, FIFTYTWO.

OBJECT FLYING AT A HIGH RATE

4-_

#### Page 5

August 11, 1952

llr. Edmond J.1

ane
Mauston, Wtsconstn

Y ~-

Dear JJr. Kane:

Your letter dated August 1, 195'?, has
been received, and I a ppr e ctate t ) e t , terest which
promoted your brt n9tn g uour observations to my
attentton.
Ina s much as the matter of the /lyin g
saucers ts bet n~ i n ve st igated by t he United States
Atr " orc e, I am tattn g the liberty o/ / orwardtng a
copy of your 1 et t er to the Di rector of $.~~ i al In.ve3it igat i ons ,
The I nspect:or Gerner.al,. :Depa-rtmerf't: of -fJh•e A n : Force, 'I!te Pentagon,
Yfa s h i ngt.on,. D. C. I / you have ; u rcn. er observattona along
t r. ts ltne, I ~ould sug ~est that you may wtsh to ooamu nica t e dtreotlv with htm.
S incerely youra,

Jo hn Edgar Hoover
Director
Copy by form to A ir For c e Intelligence.
- ,

NOTE: Spec~al Agent Samuel Hard y, EOD 3-28-25, GS-12,
$8760, assi gned to Minneapolis.
~;~
Special Agen t Cli nton ,tr. S tetn, ...•iOD~-6-31, GS-15,
$10, 8 00 , assi gn ed Division II as inspect \~~
RHD: gr:m.fo .n,..,·
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#### Page 7

•
Mauston, ,Jisconain, 1 August 195'2

Mr. J . Edgar Hoover, Director
FBI

Washington, D. C.
Dear Sir:
As a retired member of the St Paul Pol ice Force and having had
numerous pleasant contacts with Agent Clintonste.in and Samy Har4Y,
I take the liberty of an opinionthat came to me that th~flying
saucers scare seems possible that the rel~se..d.. enfil'gLQ~oded
A½?mic Bombs could be soaring around in the atmosphere.
I know
you can channel this thought to ""tlre prupet atrbhoritt~and cer­
tainly would appreciate your comments on this thouiht.
I am a Veteran of both ·.:orld War #1 and #2 and also a member of
the American Legion for 32 years. I am presently a member of
The American Legion Post #81 of Mauston, .iisconsin which is
known as the Burton-Koppang Post.
If this thought is instrumental in tracking down the source of
this scare thereby releaving some of the tension to our American
Country, it may be worth following up at this time.
Thanking you very much for your cooperation and consideration in·
this matter and will you please acknowledge and advise your can­
ments .
Yours very truly,

i J ~ i .t{,:,_,,.~

Ii

:.,,J

Edmond J . Kane
Hauston, v-Jisconsin

J ; O . ~ ~ : Personal file

RECORDED • 119

./__

#### Page 9

t_

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August 12, 1952
Mra. Ora ~ y grett
c/o Lou Uerlaw Far~
Rural Route No . l
New Palestine, Indiana
Deor Jlrs . Tygrett:
four letter dated July 31, 1952, addressed to the
War Departnent, c/o Federal Bureau of Investigation, has been
received.
Tour interest 1,n fu rri iahing your observation in
this regard is appreciated.
In view o.f th e contents of your comm.uni cation
wh ich also appear to be of i nterest to the Department of
the Air Force, I have taken the liberty of .furnishing
th.at Agency a copy of your 1 etter.

S incerely yours ,

John Edgar Hoover
Director

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MAILED 20

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68 AUG 221952

#### Page 11

J

Auguai 13., 1952
Mrecior o/ Special Inueaiigaiiona
The Inapecior General
Deparimeni o/ ihe Air Force

To:

The Penia~on
f'aah t ngion 25., D.

c.

John Edgar Hoover, Dtrec1or

Federal Bureau o/ lnueaitga tion

Subjeci: o,.LIING DISKS
There ia aitached a Phoioatai of a ael/
ezplanaioru leiier dated Auguai 5, 1952, ai
Poniiac, Jlichtgan 1 received bu thia Bureau /roa
J/r. r . a. Jennin gs, 3096 Ha;ulaar11, Zone 1 7, Pon-tiac,
Jlichtgan, relaiing to t he capiioned maiier.
Jlr. Jenninga' le1 i er has been acknowledged
and he has been inf ormed ihai a cop u o/ hia letter
haa been /urniahed· io uour o//tce /or approp rt a ie
aitention. No Juriher act ion t a con t emplated in 1his
matier b'fl this Bureau.
At ~ni

noC:lf •,

R£CORD£D • ll

£\.-~

i ~ '/ ~Fer'/- - JarAUG 15 J1954.
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There is no record tden-t;i/ia nle wt ih'" J([J9ling~
r
in ihe Jiles o/ ihe Bur eau
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#### Page 13

Date:

Augua t 13, 1952

To:

Director of Special Investigations
Ths Inspector General
Department of t h• .A£r Force
The Pentagon
rashtngton 25, D• c.

From:

John Edgar Hoover, Director
Federal Bureau o/ Investtgatton

Su bject:q ,LTING DISKS
There ta attached a copv o/ a self
ezplanator71 letter dated Julu 31, 1952 , received
b71 thi a Bureau from J/r. Benedf cto Roattro, 1647
Part Avenue, New rort Ctty, relating to the
capttoned •atter.
1/r. Romero's letter ha.a been actno0ledged
and he has been inJoraed that a cop11 o/ hta letter
has been /urntshsd to uour oJ/tce /or appropriate
attftntion. No further action ts cont~m.plated in
thts matter bu thta Bureau.

,6

At~
NOTE:

- !fl

._.

Bureau files fail to reflect any~in~ rmation
that can be identified with Mr . Romero.
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#### Page 15

.Date:

Augua t 14 1 l 958

To:

Ltr•otor o/ Bpeotal lnvsattga~tona
The Inspector General
Deparnent of t he A1r Force
The Pentagon

Washington ?.51 D.

c.

Thsre t3 a~tached a cop~ o/ a •~1/­
ezplcnatory letter dat~d Au9ue~ 1, 1~52 1 received
by thia Bureau /ron Yra . Fred Hau/e, 606 Falnu~
Avenue, Fairm.ont,

est Virginia, relatin. g to

t2

P

the captioned mot~er.

~

Bu r eau Jiles Jail to r eflect any i,nformati on
that can. be i den. tifi~-i· with Mrs.

Haufe .

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#### Page 18

,.

•

S'r,AN.OAR•() FORM NO. 64

Office Memoranduni • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
8, 1952
HARED Irg--

TO

FROM

DATE:

:

MR. R. T.:.,

:

_7F. DOWNI G~

August

Tolson_

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La.Od._ _

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Olavln_ _
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kosen_ _

SUBJ~Cef ANONYMOUS

COMMUNICATION WRITTEN
ERMAN LANGTTAGE RECEIVED BY
NCINNATI ENQUIRER" PERTAINING
FLYING SAUCERS 11
SECURITY MATT"R - X

Reference is made to a letter from the Cincinnati Office date~
August 6~ 195'2 , submitting an anonymous letter in German concerning I
so- called "Flying Saucers . 11
Attached are 7 copies of a translation of this German material ~ A A ~ t ~
prepared in the Cryptanalysis- Translation Section.
,, y--. ~
•

.

a

No r eply has been made by us to the August 6, 1952, ·letter .frqm
Cincinnati.

RECOMMENDATION:
That the Domestic Intelligence Division review the Cincinnati
submission and accompanying Bureau translation, for appropriate handling,
noting particularly a suggestion in the last I,,aragraph of the Cincinnati
letter to consider makif!g this informati~ available to other Governmental
Agencies .
I
X)t.~ • Q

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62-83894
rm:jen \

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7~
58 SEP 2 1952
\~ Attachm~

"'K~ ~&~~". . .'i,1 (,, ;,_

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#### Page 20

F'ly:1..ng ~aucer,
a weapon teoted in 19h41 whieh 1a probably now being produced 1n

aerie•, and at thia tiae causes a grat stir, ia av-weapon 1'bich

has a round body a1lllilar to a disk haYinu a diameter of about
48-$0 m. On the outer ring i t has about li5-SO aut.Qalatic circular

noseles which after the ignition of tho disk circulate around a
plexiglasa :;phere 1:n the cent.er in which. the ea'suri.ng and controllin1

dov:tces !or long-distance steering aro located. In the opbere is still
sufficient apace for atom bombs. llhase weapons are in Thlaeian hands
and can haw an e.ffect1ve range ot ~.3S,OOO km. ffio conatruotor ot
v-weapona FJEDEL 1n German7 atated that it concerns • typical v-weapon
on which ho hlld worked b111u1elf. I am aure t.hat tbe truth ie better
than a pamc among isnoran t people.

'H. SCH.

OPIES DESTROVE D

.7 O NOV 19 Hl64

#### Page 21

•

•

o/
.Date:

To:

Dtroctor oJ' ~pecial Snvesttgattons
ThD Inspector General
Dcp,:rtocnt o.r th Atr F.orce
The f>an tcoon
oeh:t ngton 25, n.

o:

c.

John ~oar Uoou r 1 trector
Federal Bureau o/ Inv~sttoatton

litibjec"b: C}LYIN

~~ UOEES

DATR

!i'hare ts attaol,cd
co untcatton whtch
ao encloood 0ith a letter dated July 29, l958

fro
r . 3ohn Oollow y, JV Clifton Placa, Br oo lyn s.
New Yor~. r latluc to the captioned otter.
JJr . Gallow y' a letter hao bocn aoknowledo d
~nd he has bee~ 1nJome~ that thtc comt!Untco~ton ha
been furntahe6 to your o/-tioe ,tor apprDprtate ott n~t on.
·o further actton ia coritc olated th 'th te natter by
1Jhi

(

SEP

13ureau.

#### Page 23

Director, FBI
SAC., San Diego (100-856.$)
BORDERLAND SCmtCES , RF.sEARCH ASSOCIATES

San Diego, California;
J.m.AD LAINE - Director; YAX FREEOO'J LONG - Director

Refe1..ence is made to San Diogo letter dated 8-.S-52 concerning the
captioned matter.

For the addi tional information of the Bureau, there is being trans­
mitted herewith one copy each of the follO'IT.i.ng which were made
available to me by FRANCIS OEM, who is a member of the captioned
organizations

l.

Mimeographed letter consisting ot four
pagoa addressed to His EKcellency, Tho
Pres ident of the tllited States .

2.

?,limeogl"aphed announcement consisting of

three pages entitled "For Information of
the Public - and the Sake of the Record A Synopsis of Important Data" .

Enclosure (2)
JFS 1jec

}

ll~-t 3 t 11/1Jtts'frff&MN8-14'7SEP 3' 1952

- --5 SEP 101952

I

#### Page 24

out Cless to Deiv 5.
2 2Eb T0 Ja25 82652
2me OWIGIAVT EITED IM
J2Eb 3 1825
MOL BECQBDED
I EMGY
112:700
[ucjoenne (a)
probega or Dbotpebwe
sasgpre po ne p irem ott o t t nerpen ot gpe apbpgoseg
arppeg heneigfy oe pohk ssoj ot gpe tatronfv ppop math msge
gos pp tyg7aromug rugoxaugou o pse Bheben eyene y pog pta
ma acn Be
eve@rto(rpoe2e2)

#### Page 25

~EC0R0EO .. 88 llr• .,,.i. l'l~o '.fml t
Route 8
Jackson, Minnesota

.

~ { ) - SSDear Jlr. Hof}meue r:

EX. - 73

rour letter pas tmarkecl August is, 1952,
togethe r with enclosure, has been received, and I
want to thank you for br,ngi ng thia matter t o my
attention.
Inasmuch as the oontents of your communi ­
cation do not reflect any violatton wtthtn the
jurisdiction of thia Bur sau, I am unable to comply
with your request.
I am taking the 1,berty ot forwarding a
copy oJ your letter and uour original enclosure to
the Director of Spec ial Tnuestigattons 1 The Inspector
General, Department of the Air Force, The Pentagon,
Washi ngton as, D. a., since these matters may be of
interest to that agency.

...

Sinoerelu yours,

John Edga r Hoover
Director

....__

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01.U"lb_ _

----

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--­

Copy of incoming to Dept . of Air Force.
In view of c~rrespo•de~; 'a: •f~f~{:h-t~ a "~teady white
light" circling their .farm, his letter
i s being referred
to the u. s . Air Force branoh: vfite~~~~¥ in matters of this type.
,..;I Correspondent's enclosure was <J.-~Tle o.f' what appeared to be
\
shredded thin strips of tin foiJ. . h
NOTF;:

l ,

IA"Sf)l,n_

hle.Jla._

,tolloun._

)\\ LH:mnf:ns

SEP 8 1952

,I\J/;~.,l~~?J

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( \ , ) '/JV\

~ '((~

~

#### Page 27

ackson Minn
Hying Saucres- Clug 3,1952
. Sdgan Joovew Wo Hoffnger
Aedeal burean of dvestigatin. fackson, minn
Washington D.C P.R3.
Ocau 2r Hooed:
I doit kenow if sou analye artieles
so cld send sou a Savople of (seinithing Thi
in a pasture in a Sound pile, undu-
sucalh of it, it bookr as tho The clovee was
ane buened in a triange fom's das: B
didu
Pay any atlenlon to h Than sinday ssn
hee Suw
this Stuff Shining RECORBED4310 kcould
of heen dropped out o was

#### Page 29

•

TRUE COPY

Jackson Minn
Aug 2, 1952
J . Edgar Hoover
Fede r al bureau of Investigation .
Washington, IJ. c.
IJear Mr Hoover:
I don ' t know if you analy2e arti cles so will
send you a sample of (something that looks like tinsel)
because my uncle found it in a pasture in a r ound pile ,
underneath of it, it looks as tho the clover was burned .
& there are 3 similar patches which are burned in a
triangle form . Last Sunday Morning the Neighbors Wife
got up to get a drink of water & happned to see a steady
white Light circling thei r farm, but didn ' t pay any
attention to it. Than Sunday morn . when my uncle went
to get the cows, he saw this stuff shining in the Sun
light. It couldn't of been dropped out of a plane as it
was loose & not in a container & the nearest road is
about a j mile from the pasture & now we are wondering
what it is . So would l ike to have you analyze it & let
me know.
Sincerely yours,

/s/ Wm Hoffmeye r

#### Page 30

1.
11

August 20, 1952

RfOROf.D • 126
}NU°'f.0 - 126
1

Jlr. John E.~ ang

1413 ~outh Vermont
Los Angeles 6, California
DtJar

fr .

Lang:

Your letter oj August 12, 1952, has been received
and I want ~ou to know that I appreciate the tnterest
prompttng 1/0U to bring you r observattona to my attention.
Inasmuch as the matter to which you refer is of
interest to the United States Air Force authortttes, I am
taking the libert1/ of ~aktng a copy oj your communication
available to The Honorable, The Se cretar y of t;he Atr Force ,
The Pentagon, Washtno ton 25, D. C.
S incerely yours,

John Edgar Ho over
Di rec ·tor

LH:gr:bkh

J)A,

#### Page 32

•

6 Ca] ifornic. J..,_,_ ust I2th T~ ..!

~ . Hoovsr
La.et sunday rcy wife an.l I attented

showed tt4 Fl!' i !l.

a,

1ove i nl.) pict'L!.re .here they

I

Ee.ucer.;i,it look3d like

El. S!)Ot

of li.:;ht

It ~ave rre the i rupr ea ion that there rni ht be a plsne up in the
aky r:i th a spot light er serch li..,ht that ie send down fron: the plane
and ~hen our plan es rr ak.e en affcrt t o ~o up thers to find them

they turn off the licht and there for we feel that they have nade a
fc..et ~etaway "..l!) into the sky at a very fast speed th ia . lane t:.Oee back
to its air field or to another plcce end fool the public
I f our plane on i ts ·:tay up to. find this plane ·o ... ld ,_o up

i th

all the

li hte turn3d off and et&y f~rr a,ay and t~. to come over tte tcp
c f this plane they would be able to catch it b'.1 t they sho-:.1.ld r:e

rrepaired tc ahoot it out if needed
I think in order to prove

+ i1-

Idic. we shondd send one of cur o ~n

p l ane up and have them a~nd down e spot light or aerch li(3ht

to

fintl out if this ia not true
if this is cf any help it ,11 11 1,ake rre happy

I dont th i h k I am very Off
Sine a rely
Jchn E . I~an
It--; ~o . V rrr.ont
6 Ca.li!~crnic:.

Led ln_elee

- 311 ·-

#### Page 33

t.
t,.

August 5, 1952
SAO, San Diego
BORDERLAND SCIENCES, RESEARCH ASSOCIATES
San Diego, Cal1forni a; MEAD LAYNE, Director;
MAX FREEDOM LONG, Director
Izt?l-view of the current hysteria concerning the
so-called 1'-fl_y1ng saucers", I thought that the Bureau
might be interested 1n the .following in.formation concern­
ing the captioned organization .

I am transmitting herew1th certain 11terature con­
cerning the captioned organization which was furnished to
me by FRANCIS OHM, who operates the Businessmens Assurance
Company in San Diego and who has his office in the same
building housing the FBI office.
It is of interest to note that on Friday, August ,
1952, at approximately 12:00' noon, FRANCIS OHM as ked to set
me urgently, which I did. As a member of the captioned
organization, he advised me that they were having a meeting
at 1 :00 PM the same day, inasmuch as they had been advise
that they had some v~ry important information to discuss .
He went on to relate that thro ugh t he means utilized by hta
org ani zation (which the enclo sed literature will reflect
border s on the ocoult) , they were able to prognosticate
well in advance the rece~t earthquake which occurred in
Tehachapi, California . He advised that they have also
been able to obtain the fol lowing information:

1. That a very severe tidal wave will hit the
Pacific Ocean sometime in the not too remote future and
that moat of the Japanese Islands will be washed away
and disappear.
2 . That all .fishes with scales in Japanese
waters will soon leave these waters for other destina­
tions, in view of the oncoming tidal wave .

3. That this tidal wave will wash away the
Hawaiian Islands .

4. That the West Coast of the United States will
likewise be affected by this tidal wave.
5 . That they prognosticated the appearance of
a new island in the Pacific which was publ ished in the
newspapers within the past week.
7_

c

• -r----l7 9

JFS:ha

\71 SE •

r-~_f _ rvNOT RECOR D ED
}4,J .;t1J 3 1952

INITIALS ON OR!G!NAL

#### Page 34

•

•

Direcotr, FBI
Ref

8-5-52

BORDERLAND SCIENCES, RESEARCH ASSOCIATES
San Di ego, California; MEAD LAYNE, Director;
MAX FREEDOM LONG, Director

6 . That the flying saucers are not fantasies; that
they are fac tual and actual; that his associates in the cap tioned
organization have been i n conversation with the men operating
the f lying saucers, end that they have asked t ha t high officials
of the u. s. Government be informed t hat they are here on our
planet on a peaceful mlssion and that they are not on a warlike
mlssion. However, if the u. s. Government continues to send
planes after these flying saucers and if these planes fire on
the flying saucers, they have disintegrators which they will
utilize and which will disintegrate these plm. es completely in
no time n at.
Mr. OHM requested tha t either I myself attend the
meeting at lrOO PM or that I designate a stenographer to attend
the meeting , s o that she could take down all the minutes of the
meeting. I tol d him that unfortunately this was very short
noti ce, that I had another commitment and that our stenographers
were pretty well occupied at that time. He s ald he would advise
me of anything important that might transpire at the meeting .
As of August 2, 19.52, he has not a dvised me of anything which
transpired at the meeting.
I should like to point out that OHM appears to be
a perfectly sane , sound i ndividual; he operates a very l arge
i nsurance business in San Di ego, and is convinced in his o-wn
mlnd of the effic acy of this organl zation.
No investig ation is b eing conducted concerning this
matter and I do not contempl ate attending any meetings of this
organi zation .

-

2 -

#### Page 35

,

August 25, 1952

j

·nE_ghROE0-14
~

Jlr. c. & Choinskt
Koshkonong, J/tssourt

n

Dear llr. Choinski:

;,,

\hOf~ED - •
4 ~ ~(,

rour letter dated August 14, 1952, has been
received, and I want to thank you /or a/fording me the
benefit of your observations.
Inasmuch as the matter to whtch you refer
ts of interest to another governmental aJency, I am
taking tne liberty o/ /orwardtng a copv o/ v our com­
~~ntcation to the Director of Special Investigations,
Phe Inspector General, Department of the Atr Force,
The Pentagon, Kash tngton 25, D. c.
Stncerely yours,

John Edgar Hoover
Dtrector

Co p y o/ incomin g sent to the Director of Special
Investtgations, the Inspector General, Department of
the Air Force, by form letter.

....__

Toltou_ _

LH:pa:bkh

r

- ·­
W.lebot . _

C legg_ _

..,..,_ _
Olnin_ _

ftOeen_

_

fo

#### Page 39

STANDARD l'ORM NO. 84

'

•

Office Memorandum • uNrTEn sTATEs GOVERNMENT
DATE :

FROM

Jlr. If. A. Brantgan ) fP..

SUBJECT:

FLYI NG DISCS

August 22, 1952

_~n1//

j27/

TOlson_ _
Ladd_ _

Clegg_ _
0lav1n_ _
Nichol s _

Rosen_ _
~acy_

PURPOSE:

_

Harbo_ _

To recommend existing ins t ructions to the /ield
re fluing discs be called to the attention o/ the

fteld .

Be!Joon t _
Mohr_
_

1'ele. Room_
Nease_ _
Oe.ndy_ _

BACKGROUND:

,,

A review of communtcattons recetued from the
fteld indicates they are not observing existing
t nstructtons contained in Bureau Bulletin #57, para­
graph D, dat~d 10/1/47, and SAC Letter #38, dated
3/25/49, to re/e r details of complaints regarding
flying saucers to OSI locally.
ACTION:
It is recommended the attached SAC Letter
b~ issued.
EJIJI: 1rc:me a /

C
RECORDED • 3t

71 SEP 101952

)

? lt>

#### Page 41

STANDARD FORM NO. 6'

•

•

irffice Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO

A . H . BEioNfJ

PROM

W. A . BRAN~/

SU BJECT:

FLYING DISCS

:>

DATE :

August 18, 1952

f

,....__

Tolaon_

-

Clege_

PURPOSE:

(;lavln_

Nli::,ol.t_
Rose.1_

To advise al l Supervisors engaged on night
duty of instructions concerning the referra l of
flying disc information to OSI .

Tn<r_

..,.,,._

.,,.,_ _
lSel.mOnt _

t.le. Room_

uau,_
,

....,,

BACKGROUND:

~

Captain William Deegan, OSI, 4th Air Force
Base , Bowling Field, has requested that any information
conce r ning the sighting of flying discs {saucers , etc . )
be telephontca l ly furnished immediately to his office ,
day or night, by dia l l i ng Code 1261, and asking /o r
Extension 509 . Captain Deegan advised the Air Force
is greatly concerned about the captioned matter, and
would app r eciate the Bureau ' s c ooperation in immediately
advising of details r eceived concerning such complaints .
~AbCeTION:

J
\\

\J

1

t'

1,.-,,

I t is recommended a copy of this memorandum
filed in the night and week- end Supe r visor ' s book

EHJI:::: ,, lee for their information ,

V\
RECORDED • 4C
t. I 6...t.

58 SEP 18 1952

(3

#### Page 43

..

FLYING DISCS -- Refer ence is made t o Bureau Bulle tin #57,
Paragraph n~ dated October 1, 1947, and SAC Letter lf:38, dat ed
Mar ch 25, 1949, in the captioned matter.

(C)

1

It is noted that some Bureau field offices a r e not fur­
nishing to OSI local ly complaints regarding flying discs , pursuant
to existing Bureau instructions.
Upon recei pt of information by your office relating to
the sighting of a flying disc, you should endeavor to determine
from the complainant details of the type referr ed to in the Air
Force memorandum, which was furnished to your office as an enclosur e
to SAC Letter #38 . The information should then be promptly fur nished to OSI locally by your office. As you are aware, the investigation of so- called f l ying discs is the r esponsibility of the
Department of the Air Force .

,-.,.,... e-/QI/

1r
-NOT-RmooRl>~U
80 SEP ,."-? 1952

---

\
\

#### Page 44

•

... STA,~ ARD FORM NO. 64

•

Office Mem(/, w,~Jum . UNITED S1'ATES GOVERNMEN T
August
JIR.
{?df'f )

TO

HARBO

29J 1952

DATE :

FROM

D. J,. PARSONS ,

SUBJECT:

UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJEC~
ALLEGEDLY CITED BY MR. D. S~
WEST PALM BEACH, FLORIDA

( \ ~ TOlSon+

~~

ESVERGERS,

Tracy_ _

Harbo_ _

By letter of Aug~st 26, 1952, the Air Force requested *~--that we examine the cap of Jlr. Des vergers, a scoutmaster
Tele. Rooa_
at West Palm. Beach, Florida, who claims th.at he obserued ~ /..
::
unidentified flying object in a desolate area. He report f t? l ~ l /
that upon his investigation, a ._- object 30 feet in diam te&,,:
hovered over his head and shot a "red blob" which causedrhimt:,,t o /l_i__ · ,.
lose consciousness. The cap has some holes burned in it an d it~
is reported that the hair on Desuergers' arms was singed.
The
f
Air Force requested that we determine, if possible, from any
1
•
1
residues left the nature of the residual material .
1..7
The Air Force desires an oral report on this tonight . ?o-,,,.,.>-d>"_«,
~e have finis hed the e xamination and are prepa r ing to advise the
Air Force as follows:

fr,

V)

1. There is no residue which would permit a determination
as to the nature of the material which caused the burns in the
cap. In addition to the obvious burns, there is one minute burned
area which is probably too small to have been caused intentionally
but more likely by a s•all hot ember.
2. The bill and a large part of the edges of the cap
are singed but the singeing is not uniform as would be expected
if it had been caused at one time by a single flash of flame. The
front edge of the cap bill is more severely singed than other
portions of the cap. This condition ux,uld not be expected if the
source of the flame was directly overhead .

ff
3. When the cap is obse r ved from the front, the left
edge of the insignia and the fold in the bl ue cloth, there is an
absence of singeing noted under the fold suggesting the possibility
that the cap was not being worn when the singeing took place.
It is noted that this fold "smooths out" when. the cap is placed
on the head.
RECOMMENDATION:
c..c. i ~ . ~ . i

That in response to the request , ~I Colonel Free
rlof the Air Force, i t is recommended that he be
~ t:_::lly a1'lised of the above.
/
v-2 t5q 1Y...
- J

R11- c1 - - ~ ··- tzr - 03X3al~·1 G?~ ~
6

, /
.
,/r
HEWRDED
-m"

DJP/mek

((M J> 1',,

1{ flft.£; t, f /

7

SEP 1 i

;:JtrllorJ

3/6

:- -

""

#### Page 45

3
10 TION EIAISON COR TION LIAISON Tadamdth
USTICE S.DEPT. TICE 81095% 8 n0 89018860 196801
1C190.013 033 144 AM *5 3 333 12 29 PM 5 IHTAO
VDEXED-ISS 5 880n 0080.8130530834
b9098800.18 1T3158350M 8 589201010 Lone m
300 tre eateoms" b1ot s.nt fo2t208
0 8 69 10 000
2S. WW66 OJ
IINT 31 10 105 I .100s8
25. nv 9= 6 1 d39 Jort
- 60 TOSS
to 0590 90101
ROTIDE JTOC 2

#### Page 46

Septembe r 11, 1 952

Air. Ro~

l wel l

Roadstown, New Je r sey
Dear ZJr. Elwell:
Your l etter postmarked September 6, 1952,
has been recetued, and I appreciate the interest
pr ompting you to l et me haue the benefi t of your
obaeruattona .
Si nce the contents of your communication
may be of interes t to other governmental agencies,
I am taking the l i berty of ~o r vc r dtn9 coptes of i t
to the Adm i nistr ato r of Ci utl Aeronautics, Ctutl
Aer onaut;i cs Administr ati on, ])epar tn.en t o/ Com.m.erce,
Washington, D. c . ., and t o The Hono r abl e, The Secretar y
of Defense, Th e Pentagon, »ashingto n, ]). c.

Sincerel y your s ,

=,.,.,
;;;

J ohn Edga r Boouer

i recto r
Ctuil Aeronautics Administrat i on
Secretary of ])efens e
.,;

.
C:

....___ J

'l'ol■on_ _

__.

;

l:tobol a

. .l a l ) n t ~

.,..,,

......__

01a,1n_ _

Jtoten_ _

Te1e , ~ -­

/·~y

W .

SEP 251952

lfOU_,,n_

ca,.,,_ _

SE;P 1 2 1952
MAILED 19

#### Page 48

Roadatown,2.8
Cug. \}$
J.Edgar Noorer,
Federal Breau of Investigaton
Dear My Hoover! - Wash. A.CFlyine SAUCERs
Since reading so muck
about flying saucers and other
objecte Jin the Sfy, I hare
debided to write yout about a theory
One evening about 10-saw
Sky. It seemed to be falleng towgrd
south I us. It went behind some
RECORDED 126
Di and seemed to rise faster and mmlakq-11-62

#### Page 50

:Straighter until it. desappeared②
into spar in the Louth East It looped half as big as the
Moon and waw a pale yellow
but since it was much sboser I
ksow it was much amaller. a man above 70 sat here
and savit. He said his
anceators had seen them generations back and had
Ccallid them "Omens"and also
"Jack O Santerna" I was very much coneerned
about how this body had fallen
halb way to Earth Ifrdtm where I
I knew it was to far in Earths
gravity to he fulled out by the
Gravitf I the Sun on Moon, as
of the Carth. This obfect had
direction than either of them.

#### Page 51

At the time I wasi studyin 3
Characteristics. Ihey attractedng
Thu repelled each other. some had
had little Pull and much Push
and some had little Pull and little
Push.
Now Masses of Iron ore or
and the impuritier drop out
leaping cledr Dron.
whlle studying magnete anidea
Came to me andd I hare not
few esamples to illustrate
G = Gravity
p+P = Susht tull 8 grity

#### Page 52

. a copplete, & unit, such④
which pulls all obpecte toward lore
its center.
from its center. ripele Pushes all olfecte away
Jhe Pull of Earths G minus
we Rnow- and feel it
or part of the Elrth contains this
certain mitale and repele osly
magnite. agab. unit attracte all other
Gaunte and aleo repels them in proportion to te P.& P. o. It aleo
attracte or repele all loose obiects that do not Contaun a center B
Ihus Earth with more Pull
than Push attiacts all objécte
fall to its surfac or are birned
in the upper ar as meteora or
Falling Stara.

#### Page 53

Some . unte Contair more ⑤
mucf mohe Push than Pull and
Push & tull b. Ihe Sun and ite Planete
Contain more Bull than Push. Ihe Planet nearist the Sun,
its Push than any other Planet. contains more Pull in relationto
The Planet fartheest frone
the Sun Contains less Rule in
other Blanet.
2f each Planet had the
atmoshere I arth a man would
weigh more on the Planct neorest
mearest the Sun and would weigh
bess on each Planct as heg
Ihe Bull 2 Mors pay
greater alao

#### Page 54

Ihere are snany hundreds 16
sriall G Unica, with the rig
proportion 8 P & P.C, moving around
the Sun in smaller Orbite than the
Earth Some are probably smaller than
a grain I sand and some are large
Some are all gas, dome are
gas aroynd thern. some may h
Domposid entrely 8 metal and
ligh speed would tafe on the color
ISome trarc sn Onbith close to
that I the carth.
Some tranel anOrbite around
theearth and are locfaed to it.
(lhe the moon) These smale o knite may trarel
alone ov in groufes of differtnt

#### Page 55

Ruzhed Pullid neare (7
enough to the Earth to be wen
around the E quator and areer
seen,mosthy in that section.
The G linite that hanc, to
much Push in relation to theii
Planet of th sun are losred afout Rull to attach them selvead to a
in space from Plant to Planet and,if sist,may be traseling
in ary directiöt and any steed Thete small o lnite do not
into Space tufence they Came. o
the Sun.
more at the Equatoy than at the Poles a Plane Plea faster at ite
Ceiling heedust the Push a
makit up for the lose BCr lift
so a mognet and G must be related.

(Text continues in the original file: 205 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Section 8

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-8
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-8
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

July 22 1954: even a beauty‑salon operator got the UFO memo before lunch.

- Title 65_HS1-834228961_62-HQ-83894_Section_008, FBI memo to SAC Cincinnati, dated July 22 1954.
- Eickhoff relayed newspaper‑ad source on Truman Bethurum’s alleged flying‑saucer program, questioning its veracity.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

4-896 (REV 11-20-73)
0062 83894 Class / Case # ent of Justire
Sub HQ - HEADQUARTERS ED FROM OR ADDED TO (HIS FIL 62-HQ-83894-8 HQ-83894
FOR
RRP003IXGQ 8/11/1274184 8 Vol. FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER
344 Serial # 10
BUREAU
384 NOT
STROY SECTION 8
COPIE FOIPA# 793087.
INVESTIGATION
NOV 3 1978 BY DO NOT C I WAM
COPIED FOR DESTRO SERIALS 344-384 SECTION
OIPA 8
MAY 4 1977 BY RB1D MAY 14 1977 BYR34/
USE CARE IN HANDLING THIS FILE
Du358,346
COPI Transfer-Call 3421
JAN 18 1979 BY F420 Declassification authority derived
from FBl Automatic Declassification
Guide, issued May 24, 2007.

#### Page 3

-

. •

1

•

• .Office Me?J _..... ,1/dum • uNrTEL

0

.1. .u.:1..Js

Director , FBI (62-83894)

TO

DATE:

GOVERNMENT

7/22/54

SAC, Cincinnati (65-1994)

r , J l , PRO M

0
SUBJBC'l: !

TRUMA_N BETHURUM;

FLYING DISCS
MISCELLANEOUS - INFORMATION CONCERNING
(ESPIONAGE)

Remylet 6/8/54 and Bulet 6/22/54.

~

Attached are five copies of a memorandtnn
containing information set out in my letter of June 8,
1954 with additional information furnished by THOMAS
---11:ICKHOFF on Ju.iy 2, 1954.
On July 2 , 1954, although EICKHOFF had been
so advised at the time of the original interview with
him on June 7, 1954, he was again advised in accordance
with instructions in reBulet .

RCD:SAS
REGISTERED MAIL
ENCLOSURES (5)

AGENtV/ ' ..::.::;:;;~.....::::
J',

$/

INDEX D 79

I rt.

/r t'J.13 {.O i>
-

~

#### Page 4

J 30 4 08 PM EC'D ESPIONAGE JUSTICE AUG 2 9 59AN5 FC'D ESPIONAGE Ree id12:201y
W. STDEFT OF JUSTICE FBI
EMaroahBea.(2)
WCTAEVE
Jde pe Mse alsg egtreg y roosqtnue
BomAjepe\e\erstnerer-\ss
MIRGRLDVMEONE-INLOENVIONCONGEKMTMG
VPIHNE JIDCa
2vCctuctwaer (e2-Idop)
Rar(eg-g3edt) DVARA
DAILED 2LVLERIGOAEEVWRAL

#### Page 5

•- ·

'
TRUMAN BETHURUM
FLYING ll SC S

On June 7, 1954, Mr. Thomas Eickhoff, 3721
Tappan Avenue, Cincinnati 23, Ohio, Operator of Tom's
Beauty Salon, Neave Building, Fourth and Race Streets,
Cincinnati, Ohio, advised that although he belongs to
no organization interested 1n f'lyi
saucers or discs,
he has been interested in this subject.
He said on June 3, 1954 an ad appeared in
'The Cincinnati Enquirt11t" 11 , a newspaper of general. circu­
lation in Cincinnati, Ohio, to the effect that on June
11, 1954 a program would be presented a he Ta!'t
Audi torium in Cincinnati, Ohio on 11 the r aJ. flying
saucer story." Mr. Eickhoff advised that this advertise­
ment disclosed no sponsor for this program and it was
only noted on the ad that tickets for the program sold
for ~2.00 per person and would be on sale at the Central
Ticket Off'ice in Cincinnati.
Mr. Eickhoff continued tha t because of his
interest in the subject of flying saucers, he desired
to know the sponsor of the program and found out fro
the Central Ticket Of'fice that the ad had been placed
by Henr,....-tmday, 364 West Lewiston Avenue, Ferndale 20,
Michigan. He said he telephonically contacted Maday
on June 3, 1954 and found that Maday was only the agent
having rented the Taft Auditorium and that he was
acting on behalf of Truman Bethurum and George Hunt
Williamson.
He continued that on June 4, 1954 Maday
cal.led him back an told him there had been a dis­
agreement between Maday, Bethurum and filliamson over
Maday's arrangement for the sale of tickets of the
program and the renting of the auditorium. Eickhoff
advised that Maday at no time said anything to discredit
either Bethurum or Williamson and indicated that their
d.isagreement concerned only Maday's placing the ad
in "The Cincinnati Enquirer" prior to having tickets
for the program available in Cincinnati .

.orIES DE TROY ,

27

NOV

919 4

I .,.

#### Page 6

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Mr. Eickhoff further related that about ten
minutes after he had talked to Maday on Friday, June 4,
1954, he received a call from George ffim.t__fillliamson and
a Mr.,.....Manspeaker, who conf:l.rmed to him that Maday was no
longer associated with them, and asked that Eickhoff meet
with them at a luncheon at the Terrace Plaza Hotel,
Cincinnati, Ohio on June 7, 1954.
Mr. Eickhoff, in explanation of his interest
in this matter, advised that he had read such books as
"Flying Saucers From Outer Space ," written by Donald E.
Kehoe, retired major, U.S. Marine Corps, which book was
r,ublished by Harper's Publishers, and a book entitled
'Flying Saucers Have Landed," by George Adamski, which
book is published by Werner-Lowery Company in England,
and is distributed by the British Book Center in New York
City . He said that he has also heard broadcasts by
persons he considers reputable news commentators, such as
Walter Winchell, Fulton Lewis, Jr., and Frank Edwards,
to the effect that reliable persons have reported observing
flying discs or saucers. He said contrary to these reports,
the U. . Air Force has denied the existence of the flying
saucer and he felt that persons such as Truman Bethurum
and George Hunt Williamson, in presenting a program such
as that contemplated, were either truthful or they were
frauds. He stated that if they had a true story to tell,
then he felt it was of such nature that it should be given
as wide a distribution as possible, so that the people
might learn the true facts regarding flying discs. He
said, however, if their story was not true, then the hold­
ing of such a meeting as was contemplated would be a fraud
on the general public. He estimated that such a meeting
in Cincinnati might draw two thousand people , which, at
$2.00 apiece, would result in a 4,000.00 take for the
promoters.
To i dentify Truman Bethurum, Mr. Eickhoff had
with him two copies of the magazine "Valor, 11 'Which he stated
he got from Bethurum, this magazine being self-identified
as the 11 Golden Times Weekly," published by Soul Craft
Chapels, Post Office Box 192, Noblesville , Indiana. The
two issues which Mr. Eickhoff had with him were numbers 15
and 16 of volume 6 of the publication, the number 15 being

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#### Page 7

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dated February 6, 1954 and number 16 being dated
February 13, 1954. The number 15 issue contained an
article concerning Truman Bethurum, in which he is
identified as a truck driver from Redondo Beach, Calif­
ornia, and it refers to an article dated December 31,
19.53, which appeared in the 11 Daily Breeze, 11 a newspaper
at Redondo Beach, California, which allegedly contained
a description of an encounter which Truman Bethurum had
with a crew of assumed space explorers under the super­
vision of a ravishing woman commandant in the Nevada
desert. The article also reflects that Trwnan Bethurum
allegedly was aboard flying saucers on eleven occasions.
At the bottom of the first page of issue number 15 there
appeared in what Mr. Eickhoff stated was the handwriting
of Truman Bebhurum the statement "This is a true story,
a factual experience -- Truman Bethu.rum. 11
The above mentioned article in "Valor 11 also
reflected that Truman Bethurum is 55 years of age and that
his residence address is .519 North Gertruda Avenue,
Redondo Beach, California.
Mr. Eickhoff reiterated that he felt Bethurum. 1 s
story, if true, should be given wide publicity, but that
if the story was false, then he should be prosecuted for
fraud. He stated that he first took his information to
the Air Force in the person of Lieutenant Colonel John
0 1 Mara of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, whom
Eickhoff visited personally at 0 1 Mara 1 s home in Fairborn,
Ohio, on Sunday, June 6, 1954. Eickhoff indicated that
he asked Colonel 0 1 Mara if there were such things as
flying saucers and if Bethurum 1 s story could be true,
and he said 0 1 Mara denied that there was such at hing as
a flying saucer and indicated to him that Donald E. Kehoe,
the author of "Flying Saucers in Outer Space' was a fraud
and that information is available in Washington that
Kehoe is a fraud. He said he was advised, however, by
Colonel 0 1Mara that the Air Force could take no action
with respect to Bethurum or Williamson.
Eickhoff continued that it was his intention to
aid in the promotion of a meeting for Bethurum in Cincinnati.
He advised that the original meeting schedule for June 11

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#### Page 8

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had been cancelled, and that he felt this meeting had
such important information for the people as a whole
that he was going to make every effort to make the
meeting one of national. significance. He said he in­
tended to invite to the meeting all nationally prominent
news commentators. He intended to try to get radio time
to advertise the meeting but he did not wish to partici­
pate in this matter in any way if it would violate
security regulations in any manner, or if Bethurum and
his associates were in any way fraudulent. He stated
that he so informed Bethurum, Williamson and Mr.
Manspeaker at the luncheon meeting which was held at
the Terrace Plaza Hotel on June 7, 1954. They informed
him that they were not afraid of an investigation; that
Bethu.rum 1 s story was factual, and that they had no objec­
tion to Eickhoff 1 s advising Government authorities
regarding it.
Mr. Eickhoff stated that his report to this
office was part of his plan to inform all the Federal
agencies he thought should know about the activities of
Bethurum. He advised that in line with his contemplated
plans that on the evening or June 7, 1954 there was to
be another meeting at the home of L. H.-Stringfield,
7017 Britton Avenue, Cincinnati 27, Ohio, at which
meeting there would be Mr. Stringfield, Williamson,
Manspeaker, Bethurum., Ralp~immermann and Mr-. Eickho.ff.
He said at this meeting they would plan a method of
operation and make arrangements for this meeting of
national significance . He said he intended to set the
date of the meeting far enough in advance so that if
any Governmental agency determined that there was fraud
involved that agency would have sufficient time to act
prior to the holding of the meeting. He advised he
intended to keep a detailed record of all actions taken
by this group, and that he would voluntarily furnish
such in£ormation to the F.B.I.
Eickhoff advised that he had not known and
had not met either Bethurum, Williamson or Manspeaker
prior to the events described above. He said that George
Hunt Williamson identified himself as an archeologist
and a writer for the magazine 'Valor," who resides in
Noblesville, Indiana.

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#### Page 9

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He said that Manspeaker, whose first name
he did not know, is also connected with 0 Valor 11 magazine
in some way.
He was asked as to what interest •tvalor
magazine has in Bethurum, and whether Bethurum was
sponsored by any other organization. He advised that
he did not lmow the interest of nvalor" magazine in
Bethurum, and so .far as he knew, Bethurum was acting
on his own and had no organizational af'filiations or
sponsorship. He was asked as to what disposition would
be made of receipts from a large meeting and he advised
that he did not know what disposition would be made of
the money. He said he understood that Bethurum had been
on tour for soine time and that the meeting scheduled
for Cincinnati originally on June 11, 19.54 was to be
the beginni.ng of a new series of meetings.
William Dudle,-;Belley, Noblesville, Indiana
reportedly operates the Soul Craft Press at Noblesville
and among other pamphlets, published the weekly journal
entitled "Valor", which Mr. Pelley describes as a "journal
of the applied spirituality." This publication is said
to deal mainly with practical mysticism, the spiritual
movement called Soulcraft and the relat1onshop between
earth man and the individuals arriving on this planet
from flying saucers. Mr. Pelley is said to claim that
these individuals arriving in flying saucers are of
greater intelligence and learning than the earth people
and are here to give the earth people intellectual
guidance and spiritual endowment and guidance.
On July 2, 1954, Thomas Eickhoff advised that
no progress had been made with respect to holding a
meeting for Truman Bethurum in Cincinnati, Ohio which
would be of national significance. He said that Bethurum
had returned to California but that there was a possib­
ility that he would a ain come to Cincinnati, Ohio in
the f'all of 1954. At the same time Mr . Eickhoff advised
that he had communicated with Donald E~hoe, author
of the book Flying aucers From Outer Space 11 and had
advised him that he had been inf'ormed by Lieutenant
Colonel John 0 1 Mara, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,
Ohio that he was a fraud and that information is avail-

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#### Page 10

'
able in Washington that Kehoe is a fraud . He said that
he, Eickhoff, had been requested by Kehoe to furnish
him this information in writing and that he, Eickhoff,
had obliged Kehoe in this respect. He said he understood
that Kehoe was going to Washington with his attorneys
to take up Colonel 0 1 Mara 1 s statements with the Air Force .

- 6 -

#### Page 11

UNITED ST.t, TES GOVERNMENT
· i

Director, FBI

TO
~
~

:
~

CT,

DA'l'B :

8/2/54

SAC, Cincinnati (62-0)

~NG SAUCE REPORT
INFORMATION CONCERNING

/~ RI' "­
~?Colonel J.M. SMITH, Deputy Director of Civilian
Defense for Greater Cincinnati and Hamilton County, Ohio,
ealled this ofrice on 7/23/54 to report that he had rece~ved a report of a flying saucer from Mr. CARL ,R.
SER,
Route 1, Milford, Ohio. Mr. KEYSER said that he could be
reached at his resi ence which is two miles east of Milford,
Ohio, on u. s. Highway 28.

KEYSER reported to Colonel SMITH that both he and his
wife, at approximately 2:40 p.m. on 7/23/54, had observed a
silver cirou1ar or spherical shape in the sky which was
located to the southeast of their residence, approximately
forty-five degrees above the horizon.
Colonel SMITH was advised that the report made by him
was being referred to the appropriate officials of the
United States Air Force.
I have advised the local office of the Office of
Special Investigations at Wright-Patterson Air Force
0£ the above.

#### Page 12

• ;

;,AN~• FORM NO. 84

•

•

•

:

.'

. Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
DATB:

DIRECTOR, FBI

TO

SAC,

0 (62~)

s.

CES S

6/2/54

G

TION CONCERNING

MISCELLANEOUS - INFO

This interview is predicated upon a telephone call received by
UG
on 7/29/5'4 fr
J01I:";,~~n··so , Security Officer, Bureau of
Aeronautics , U. S. Navy Department.
SAC L. L .

On the same date JOHN HlfrSON was interviewed in Room 2912, Main
Navy Building. Also present during the interview was Commander L. T.
UISTON, USN. HtJrSON and M.c UISTO furnished t he i'ollowing information:

/ They advised that the Office of Naval Intelligence had forwarded
a file to the Bureau of Aeronautics 1'7i th enclosures hich had been received
from retired A • al HERBERT B.
Oil.LES of South Berwick, ~u•"C:- ~i ccording to HUTSON
d cQUISTO , KNO,~ resic.e d near Mrs.
who
had been receiving messages through to
t transmission. S :AN approached
KNO
and advised him that "flying saucers" ere here to help mankind.
Information received by HUTSO indicated that KNO;n:.ES became interested
in the messages receiva:ilby r s . S iAN and felt that the matter should be
investigated by the Government .
HUTSO advised that KNO,n.ES
ote to Admiral PEY, Director
of Naval ntelligence, on 6/1/54 enclosing some of the messages received
by Mrs . SWAN. Receiving no reply to his original communication, KNO /LES
again wrote ONI on 6/7/54. HUTSO advi ed th at the first letter that
KNO fLES W11ote to ONI cont· ed information that Mrs . S AN ,,as receiving
messages through thought control fran "outer space" and wrote them down
as she received them. The letter, according to HtrrSON, stated that r s .
SWAN would write without any effort on her part and would write continuousl
for four or five hours at a time
tbout getting tired . He stated that ONI
had in their possession the transmissions or messages that had been received
by
s. S
•
HUTSON stated that ONI bad advised that in the absence of any
( definite evidence of' conversations, they ould do nothing in the matter.
He also 'stated that the Bureau of Aeronautics took no official action in
CAG : jfa

2

f

OED • 150

ED-15.0

. -109

1-

~

­
1 54

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#### Page 13

RECEIVED 1G 3 11 45 4M 5 Auc 3 2 54 PM *5 C'D ESPIONAGE
Auc. 3 10 06 AM 540 LIAISON SECTION
FBI
INTERNAL SEOURITY SECT.2O U. S.DEPT OF JUSTICE
FBI POOCDED180 Auo 3 9 54 AM *5
re ajeo arsheq pps ns grnegn or veronerrgoe poog
Fntaoh epereg gye ouI paq sgvgeog fer To fjc epecuce.ot
psq gu fjeph boeeceetcn fje.pxsveuyeagore.ox dsegsien ryeo psg.pcou xrceraeg
sa, aje tecagaeg frer tra jegreh soco1
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COOLC-
s.tTge-po cya gmregn ot vetouunerod erpp-circgoanroe Jjycp pag pecu nepegarg ILO.LSCTISOYONTLETHHAE
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Lpga guperrgek go broggonroq pbov S-pejebpore coni necegaos pl
MSCNTIVEONE-IALOMOLIOMCOMCKTHC
JHICE W MLNAILED2LRIEA-COAEKMNEI

#### Page 14

•

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YFO 62-0

in the matter . IDJrSON was questioned concerning the position that the Bureau
( of Aeronautics had taken and he remarked that he did not believe that this
ter further questioning , he subsequently stated that the
s pertinent.
Bureau of Aeronautics ras of the belief that this was a matter for ONI.

mrrsoN stated that be 11 unof.ficially11 became interested in the
matter and at the invitation of Admir 1
OWLES,. he went to South Berwick,.
Maine,. where he spent 7/24,25,26/54 in the residence of Admiral KNQ;iLES.
RUrSON stated that he infonned Admiral S UCEK, his superior in the Bureau
of Aeronautics, that he was going to visit Admiral KNO!JLES.
IIDTSON stated that inasmuch as KNOWLES had received no response
from the Government concerning this matter, he began reading books on
flying saucers . HUTSON au.vised that during the ti.me that he was a house
guest of Admiral
O','ILE,S,. there was also pres t
ER •
ITH, a Physicist
of the Canadian Government rho was also interested in flying saucers .
HUTSO stated that
ITH was at KN<l'IIES I residence With bis family and was
there in an 'lmofficial capacity.
HUTSON advised that during his stay, he and SUTH had various
intervie ,s with Mrs .
AN and had had contact •th the II outer space" through
rs . SW. • Du.ring the interview with Mrs. SWAN and the contact with 11 outer
space, 11 HUTSON stated that they sat in a group and he observed Mrs. S1
writing messages that she was receiving from someone in 11 outer space . 11
ccording to HUTSON, S
informed him that tbe people from 11 outer space"
could use her eyes and ears to see and hear . According to SW , this is
accanplis.bed by t e use of a mechanical device an all conversations are
recorded by the people in "outer space . 11 HOTSON indicated as an example
as to how mess ges ere relayed, be stated that he asked Mrs . S AN a
question which s
aa to relay to the people in "outer space" and before
she had ti.me to relay the question., she began writing the answer down to
b:is question on paper.
HUI'SON stated that S ,AN in.formed him that whenever she was to
have contact ,nth the people in "outer space, 11 she ou.ld get a buzzing
sound in her left ear to indicate that they were "on the line . " HUTSON
stated that Mrs .
complained to the people in 11 outer space'' that
this buzzing sound gets very annoying and painful to her ear . She al.so
stated that the essages had been caning since ay 27, 19.54, and ould come
at all times of the night and consequently she was losing a great deal of
sleep. According to HUTSON,
s.
AN arranged a schedule With the people
in 11 outer space" so that the messages would not interfere with her sleep .
HUTSON advised that a schedule was arranged between S l
and the people
in "outer space 11 that she ,10uld receive messages on the following schedule:
8:00 in the morning, 12 noon, 6: 00 in the evening, every day of the eek.

-

2

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#### Page 15

•

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VlFO 62

-

HUTSON stated that Mrs . SWAN 1 s husband , G

iAN, and their
daughter , DAWL , bad also heard the buzzing sound in their ears , but have
not been able to receive transmissions or messa ges . HUl'SON stated that the
transmissions related to flying saucers, location and why they ere hen!,
life on other planets , and life in the hereafter , and rophesies in the Bible .
HUTSON advised that rs . S AN could contact people in 11 outer space 11 by mental
thought control .

According to HUTSON,
s.
stated that there were two space
sbips from wbich she had been receiving messages . They were described as
150 miles wide, 200 miles in length, and 100 miles in depth . HUTSON stated
that these ships are designated as -4 an L- 1 and they also contain mother
ships hich measure approximately 150 to 200 feet in length. HUTSO related
that S AN had informed him that there ere approximately 5,000 of these
mother ships . Re stated tha1r-l'AFFA 11 is the Manager or the Conunander of the
II is the
ship -4 hich is from the planet Uranus an
O
ger or the
Canmander of the ship L - 11 which is from the planet Hatann . HUTSON related
that Mr • S AN stated that these contacts With 11 AFF II and 11PO AR11 were for
the purpose of protecting our own earth from destruction caused by the
explosion of the atom bomb , hyr ogen bomb, and wars of various kinds hich
they, 11 AFF II and ''PONN , 11 say disrupt the magnetic field of force which
surrounds the earth. HUTSON stated that Mrs . S~
also related that contact
was ade for the purpose of protecting the whole universe because i f the
flfault lines" break or go to pie ces , it would effect the entire universe .
According to Mrs .
, HUTSON stated, 11
A11 and "PO
n are presently
working i n the area of the Pacific Ocean repairing "fault lines" which are
in dan er of breaking .
HUTSON stated that both he and SMITH were looking for proof and
they anted to kn
whether they could contact the man from 11 outer space . "
According to HUTSON, S
advised that he and SMITH could make contact in
11 outer space 11 on any frequency proVided they informed her first of the
frequency that they were to use so that she could advise the people in
11 outer space . 11
HUTSON stated that in connection with his contacting
n outer space , 11 he could make no commitment as he did not know how far
the Navy would go . He advised, however, that
ITH stated that he would
try to ake contact
th "outer space" on Sunday, August 1 , 1954, and was
going to use a high frequency . HUTSON stated that to make sure that contact was made ,
s.
dvised that the ship from 11 outer space 11 ould
come within 100 miles of ottawa , Canada, so tha t S TH would have no
difficulty in m.ald.ng his contact.

HU'ISON stated that Admiral KNO,
anted to kno if physical
contact could be had
th the people in "outer space . 11 SW
advised HurSON
and KNO n.ES that the people in 11 outer space" anted to know if they could
provide them protection and that if physical contact were to be made , they
would appear in a force which would consist of 5, 000 11 bells" or "flying saucers . 11

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#### Page 16

. ..
. ..

I

.,. -·..

•

•
...

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ifFO 62-0

According to
s. SVIAN, these 11 bells 11 or 11 flying saucers" would appear
over many nations of the world during the latter part of August 1954, and
would come close enough to the earth so that they could be seen by man
and that they in turn would be able to see people on the street.
HUTSON stated that Admiral KNO n.ES wrote a letter to
G.ARET
CHASE SM.ITH, Senator fran Maine, concerning this information, who forwarded
the information to the Secretary of Defense and copies were sent to the
Anny, Navy, and Air Force . According to HUTSON, KNOWLES also wrote a
letter to the President of the United States.

I

HurSON stated that none of the persons involved in this matter were
interested in publicity. He stated that he would be willing to assist the
Bureau in the investigation of this matter if the Bureau desired , ina~ch
as he believed Mrs . S tAN and Admiral KN07lLES had confidence in him.
HUTSON described

s. FRANCES S ¥'. as being of middle-class cir­
cUlllstances, having a very modest hane with furniture below middle-class. He
stated that she has no more than a high school education, if she has that.
He considered her to be a very simple minded person, religious, a student
of the Bible , and one who has studied spiritualism and other thought control
systems.
~
The above information is being made available to the Office of
Special Invesitgations , United States Air Force, and no further action is
being taken by this office.

- 4 -

#### Page 17

42762
RECORDED -150
EX. - 109 Date: August 9, 1954
To: Director of Special Investigations
The Inspector General
Department of the Air Force
The Pentagon
Washington 25, D. C.
Froms John Edgar Hoover, Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Subject: FLYING SAUCERS;
MRS. FRANCES SWAN
MISCELLANEOUS - INFORMATION-CONCERNING
On July 29, 1954, Mr. John Hutson, Security
Officer, Bureau of Aeronautics, United States Navy
Department, and Commander L. T. McQuiston, United States
Navy, furnished the following information to this Bureau.
They advised that the office of Nava.l
Intelligence had forwarded a file to the Bureau of
Aeronautics with enclosures which had been received
from retired Admiral Herbert B. Knowles of South Berwick,
Maine. According to Hutson and McQuiston, Knowles resided
near Mrs. Frances Swan who had been receiving messages
through thought transmission. Swan approached Knowles
and advised him that "flying saucere" were here to help
mankind. Information received by Hutson indicated that
Knowles became interested in the messages received by
Mrs. Swan and felt that the matter should be investigated
by the Government.
Hutson advised that Knowles wrote to Admiral
Espe, Director of Naval Intelligence, on June I, 1954,
Tolson enclosing some of the messages received by Mrs. Swan.
Boardman Receiving no reply to his original communication, Knowles
Nichols
Belmont again wrote to the Director of Naval Intelligence on
Harbo June 7, 1954. Hutson advised that the firet letter that
Mohr
Parsons
Rosen
Tamm cc - 1 - Records Administration Branch (O-6a routing slip)
Sizoo
Winterrowd
Tele. Room
Holloman AUG- 9 1964
Gandy AUG18 1954 eik
EHM:sjr:elk MAILED 19
EHM

#### Page 18

I

I

...

owl
tn/o

ote tot
Director of a al· Intelltge ce co tained
tion that
.
n ws recetving es ages through
t ought control fro
o t r rpac " and
ote the do
as he
r ceived the.
l tt r, acco ding to Hut o, stated
that
.
ld writ without any effort on er at
and ou.ld
tt conttnuo ly I
;tour or five hour,
a
ti
·ithout getting tlr d.
tated that t
Of.t'ice ,
f
aval Inte.ll tgence Jltld l11.
i t s,
os
ston th
tr n is to
or es ag
that ha.cl. bee recetv d y
• Swan.
t on stated that h6

o/fi.ctally" beca

intere t dint e
nd at the invitation of A tral
.Kho les, he
nt ta out
ick,
tn,
er h~ ~ nt
July 24 1 25, 26, 19$4, in the re t ence o;f A f al
o e •
Hutson tat
that tnas c
received no re ~o
fro the Go
o fl
tte r ,
began reading boo
adut ed tha durt g th4 tt e that he

o cerntng t
auc r. Hut n
a ho e guest

had

of
tral
a R y icist

o iJ.es, 't

re uu

also pres11nt

ilber B .

if the Ca dia. Go1Je
o
also
tntBre ted in flying auc
But n tat d that
ith
at
oles ' r sidence
his fatly and was there
in an unofficl 1 capacity.

Hut on aduts d that durtng hts
ith had varlou interui
Ith
and
co tact with the •
r
e• throug
the int
and the
t
!J)ac , •

s.
tn •out

that p e

to

it

c

g
"

ordtng

t

Boardman _

Nichols _
Belmont _

_
_

ffarbo _ _

Mohr _ _
Pa,sons _ _
Rosen _ _
Tamm _ _
Sizoo _
_
l'inrerrowd _
Tele . Room _

Rollo.man _
Gandy _ _

outer
ob..,

nf

c • c

nd hear.

he
n and had ha
• During

up a
ivin

hat
g to

to the p
relay t
on,
ht gu tton on paper.
Tolson _ _

•
c

hey

e
a
cha
de
recorded by t
people in •ou

as n x
tna.t

1

ith,

l

ye

i
and all conu r
o

•"

a

rel

e

gue
o
ace" an
tJgan rlt

ch

to
d t

ore
ng t

tated that Swan tnfo

ed

tated
do

that

l ay
to

to

h ne1J
o have contact tth th p ople in • ut r
rpac , • s
d et a buzzing so d tn her left ar to
tndtcc.te that tltey
~
n th line.• Hut
tatBd that

- 2 -

#### Page 19

. . ...
s.
n co laln d to
ople tn •outer !l)ac " that
this buzztng ound gt
o t g and pa
to er ear.
She also tat d that the
ge had been c
t c
y 27, 1954,
ld c
tall tie o
d
co equently
lo i
great deal oj'
rdtng
to utson,
a.
arranged a
hed
t
in •out r space"
t t
s g
u
e
Ith her
bet en

le P•
a

an ad
eopl e tn "ou
receive
g
o the follo Ing
orning, 12 noon, 6:00 in th eu n
k.

ut

c
a

•

du.le:

v ry

8:00 t
ay oft

ban ,

tat d that

1 o h a 'd t
n able to

, and
ughter,
ound
r e
tran
o
o
tran f
to
ted t
they ere here, l if on
hereajt r, a
rophe i
that
•
ould co

locatto
y

e tal thought control.

on
g
r
o
c
ge .
ey
ln length, and 100 i
th
I
contat
200 Je

ro

b d

at

t
htch

er or

t
t IIa tann
that
• con.ta
purpose o prate
b th
zploston
of varto
i

n

i

, 000 o-;t the
a" ls the 1/D.nager or the Co

planet

S.izoo _ _

Wio1crrowd _

Tele. Room _
Holloman _
Gandy _ _

had I
o e
tp •
nder of the

nar• ts
fro
ta ted

wht ch t

r of the

related
".Alta a
o
art
ato bob,
ey, •A;t.ta
the
ttc field of force
tch
ut
tated
•
n lo
d
the p
prot cttn
if the •tault
rea or go
!::~" the
tire
i
ccordtng t
Nichols - - •Atta,, and •Po
a
pr entl y
01
~:
-ct;fic Ge an
ing 'fault l t
Mob• - - of breaking.
Parsons _ _
Rosen _ _
Tamm _ _

r cetvlng
200 tle
ted that
th
lo
y l Oto

l

d
th

ged
uld

tor t
ruction caused
o
nd
a
ay

h
t1.
t cont
t

ve
e
ou1
tso
ted•
area
h
in danger

#### Page 20

.

Hut on stated that both h
l ooktng for pr.oaf and t
could contact t
an
tson,
d t
•o
space" o
y f

o

co
inc
no co

ace
oute
a

fi

a
tth

frequency

re t

t

lei
n tt
con ac ,n
t as he did n

d

,o ver, tha
tact iot th •oute
gotng to
ea hi

He a
e c

B su

in

tded
tha.t

ul
d go.

try to
19~, and

LJUl'I.Tin.

t to
t t

that contac

~

~

~tr~c
(lanada,
o
ng ht contact.

Ott
i

to

t

In
th

.P opl

er

p ovlde t
be mad ,

t
h

ta
l

difftcu:lt

t

t

t

a
• •oute
ot c

of 5, o_oo
thes •b l

oul

to
a.ppe

" or "f1 ytng

o

a d would
b sen b
see peopl

enough to
hat thy 1
ree •

nat on

n,

a

ying auc
du ing t

o

c

d

being of

1

•

n as
a V

t

ho
wtt
has no ore
Ht1

a

u

con id re

e
v

tudent o

that.
rel
rit

and other t o
a ove data
cial Inveattg
0/ftc
Tol.son _ _ for any inuesttgatlon de
B~dman_
l)e'l'lart ent o/
N,cbols

(Text continues in the original file: 217 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Section 9

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-9
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-9
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

OSI got more UFO mail than spam in November 1957.

- FBI case file 62-HQ-83894, compiled 1947‑1968, covering UFO reports nationwide.
- Contains eyewitness accounts, photos from Oak Ridge, proposals on propulsion, and media coverage.
- Air Force found no evidence; FBI referred matter to OSI, no further investigation.

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

0062 83894 Class / Case # ment of Justice SERIALS 385-447 2
HQ - HEADQUARTERS JAN 19 1S79 #62-H0-83894-9# HQ-83894
Sub VED FROM OR ADDED TO THIS FIL
RRP003IXGO 8/11/1274182 6 FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER
385 Serial #
$\fr}$
of A86 17 1876 E SECTION 9
Sena1 426
FOIPA 404718
INVESTIGATION
NOV 2 COPIED FOR SERIALS SECTION9
FOR OIP
COPIED FEB 281978 3Y
FOIPA DO NOT 385-447
MAY 1 11 23
USE CARE IN HANDLIND ES RLe
from FBI Automatic Declassification Declassification authority derived FOIPA #993087
Guide, issued May 24, 2007.
Transfer-Call 3421 cYanmaGntaowb

#### Page 2

STANDAFl:0 f'ORM NO. 8-4

Office Men • dum . uNrTEo
TO

FRof } J
SUBJECT:

DIRECTOR, FBI

sf

Dallas

'
_

-

-.J

•.
oOVERNMENT

DATE:

H

11-14-57

(62-1311)

C

FLYING DISCS
INFORMATION CONCERNING

Re Kansas City letter 11-8-57.
This matter is being referred to OSI without inves­
tigation and no other action is being taken in
accordance with existing instructions .
2 Bureau
1 Kansas City (66-2995)

1 Dallas

MCC:FB
(4)

G
rv
C'

RECORDED. 9

/o;J.- 3 r ~ da
NOV J.

19

l)i'Jt4
~/ 1MJ)li;y~

;~

"I

{~

,~/

t~ 'I

J//

'·"'"'
JV

#### Page 4

!STANDARD ft'Oft M NO. M

,.

a,1

n'
u

r--------1

Office Mei e radum . uNITEn
Director, FBI

~o
FROM

~

•

GOVERNMENT

,..,.

DATE :

November 20, 1957

Legal Attache, Havana, Cuba

6

SUBJECT:

REPORTS OF FLYING DISCS
FOREIGN MISCELLANEOUS

The following information is submitted as of interest
to the Bureau in the event reports of flying discp are still desired.

/

1~4 vV)u,11/ .,,

The Havana daily newspaper "Diario de la Marina" November 12,
1957, carried a dispatch datel~~ November 11, 19§.J~__at Pinar del Rio,
Cuba,
reporting that JOSE. ~ I E T 0 and OARMEL?~ZMAN, who had
just arrived in that town from the Matahambre Mines in Pinar del Rio
Province, claimed that they had seen a flying disc in the shape of a
m
man's hat hovering over the general area of Matahambre for several } '
minutes. They claimed that this disc was larger than ordinary airpla
normally seen in that area and that it was completely silent in its
flight. They said that it disappeared at a very high speed towards
the sea. There was no further descriptive information furnished in J
this newspaper article. It is noted that Matahambre is located
approximately 90 miles to the west of Havana . No other reports
corroborating the above were received and no inquiry has been made
by this office.
JJW:ptm
(3)

V
(
(

#### Page 5

REO'D-FOREION
EX-T35
REC'D
INDEXEDTE 1 51 PM 57 B PB ESPIONAGE
BECOHDED
(3)
12M:DCW
COLLOPOLSfTnE EUO SPOAE AeLG LGEOTACq SDq DO TIdUTLA pre pOGH mSgG
UDbEOXTUISCCTA DO mETOE FO FHOOET OL HSASUS Mo orpeL soboLpe
cpra bekahubcr srfrcje' if re nopog spaf wapspswpte re rocuroq
Fpe acg JUeLO MsE DO IOLejGL gGaCLTDFIAG TUIOLBsErOU InLUTepoq IU
IuoR egtq ppse Ip qrerbbsslog sf g AenA prip abeed foasnqe
UOLWSTTA 2GOD IU FUSC SLGS TDG CBSR TMANR COMDTORGTA aTTCUC JH TCH
MSD,C PS UOAOLTUR OACL SDE EGHGNSI ELOS OE ESANPEMDLO IOL. BGACLST
LLOATUCG' GTyiwcq cpuf TpcA Pag egGn-s tT2FuR q1aG T0 r06 eusbG ox 8
LDOLEInE PS IOEE VVIT IELO sUg CYENErO NSM MpO PSq
Jte HuAsuy qsTga ueMabsheL Drsxfo qe T8 nerTbu, MoAcwper TS'
fo epe Boneon gn pue saonr Lebonra ot ITAruR gecn sie aprrT goarleq"
LOHETOM MIBCEPTVMEONE
HEBOELE OL LIXING DIECE
danTetst VrpgopeHsasugCaps
DTLECCOLYLBT MO4OWPOL 3O1923
AAT OMILED2L 22 COAEBMNEMS

#### Page 6

I
( I ~ p - M 'f), . .

1
•

Office Mem '

1

um ; UNITED ST.Jts GOVERNMENT

7

4A r. 1 ) 1

TO

MR. A. H. BELMON'Jt p"

PllOM

MR. R. R . ROACH

DATB:

November 12, 1957

~~

/4, 1>
'-

SUBJECT:

i!~~n~t~

Mohr

Parse

UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
C(FLYIN_G SAUCERS)

_

~:~:==

~

Trotter _ _
Nease _ _
Tele. Room_

~:~~;:...=

Ever since the Russians released "Sputnik" there
has been a great increase in the number oj' "/lying saucers"
~I .d,
and other unidentified flying objects {UFO) reportedly seen by 19 1. I?: .
people all over the u. s . on October 10, 1957, the Air Force
~1¢:J
was j'looded with calls and the newspapers were j'ull of reports
(J
that an unknown object described as "looked like the moon" and
trailing a "blue j'lame that pulsed like a heart" had landed in )
the vicinity of Vernal, Utah . The Air Force immediately
investigated these reports with negative results, inasmuch as 1
no object was located nor was there any evidence of an object 1
having fallen in Utah.

tt'

Within the past two weeks reports in these cases have
increased tremendously and some of the more serious have been
described as follows: An object had landed in Nebraska with six
people aboard, the persons had talked to a Nebraska j'armer and
then sped oj'j' into space; a j'irey object was seen flashing across
.,- ~ the southern skies from Albany, Georgia, to Miami, Florida; a Coast
Guard cutter had sighted a huge object j'lying over the Gulj' of
)Jexico, and persons in the Southwestern states while driving their
cars have allegedly seen UF0 1 s that caused the engines in their
automobiles to stop. In view of the number oj' these reports, the
Bureau ' s Liaison Representative discussed these various sightings
with officials of Air Force Intelligence and was advised that all
\ the cases mentioned above have j'or all practical purposes been
/i resolved as being nonauthentic or there was no basis j'or the
sightings. Investigating details that the Air Force had out in the
j'ield investigating these matters have not submitted their complete
reports but have advised that they are all more· or less negative .
The Air Force is j'ollowing these sightings closely and all reports
are submitted to the Air Technical and Intelligence Center, at '-..
Wright- Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio where they are· evaluated~
and analyzed . In the event any of the j'uture reports appear to
~
be authentic, the Air Force will immediate ly notify the Bureau,
keeping in mind our particular interest in matters concerning
espionage and sabotage .
f

l'ITW: jlkf 17J
l<t.WROED-94
1 - Mr. Belmont
1 - Mr . Branigan
·\.~'t,
1 - Mr. Baumgardner,~:
} 1 - Mr. Whitson
v~
4 ~avt~~~fe~ction

v

l

~

NOV 2!31957

)~~

#### Page 7

HOLS
Nov 20 2 39 PM '57 AM '57
Nov 22 233 PM 57 TECHNICAl LABORATORY FBI
U. S. DEPT OF JUSTICE 13. 10 06 AM 57 Nov 12 5 41 PM 57 AOTOR
RECEIVED- FBI-JUSTICE REC'D BELMONT
U.S.DEAT OF USTICE FB Nov 13 9 07 AM '57
SON Nov 13 8 08 PM '57 FBI -JUSTICE REC'D BELMONT
183 LS. WW 84 6 92 AN Nov 12 7 14 PM *57 RECEiVED-BOARDMaR
NOLOES NOSIVIT

#### Page 9

•

January 231 1958
Director of Special Investigations
The Inspector General
Department of the Air Force
Bui Zdtng Tempo E
4th and Ada~s Drtve, s. JY.
Washington, D. c.
John Edgar Hoover, Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Subject:

ROBERT T. STONE;
INTER CONTINENT.AL AERIAL
RESEARCH FOUNDATION
MISCELLAllEOUS - INFORM4 TION CONCERNING

On December 20, 195?, lJr. B. B. Watson,
Ctty Pi:litor, Hannibal Courter-Post, Hannibal,
Missouri , advised an agent of thts Bureau .at
Hannibal that he ?Das tn receipt of an urn:iated letter
stgned by P.. T. Stone. This letter bears the letterhead
nrnter-Continental Aerial Research Foundation• and tn
the upper right corner there is typed nmsSOURI FILTER
CEIITE/i., Robert T. Stone, Director, 10?1? E. 2?th Terr.,
ndependence, Uissouri . n
The letter furnished by Mr. Wa tson is as follows:

I

C'

BY CQ.0.JJl~R SVC.

"Dear Edi tor:

;

•The enclosed notice is self- explanatory. 1re
~ould like to request this publtc serv!c• tn ·the
name of Truth, which the newspapers of our great
countries so proudly defend and uphold.

IAN2 3

Tolson _ _~
.Nichols _
___..
Boardman _ _
Belmont_~
Mohr
~

St~ 'Louis,
Kansas ' 'df t y

--ESS:dmn
(?)

f

·)

£ :.-

Roo::5=
an

4"L

EfOOlvl

.'

NOT:: FotrsAc,1 KANSAS OITY1 Re St . Louis letter
Z/6/58. Advise1r8ureau results of your indices
checl~ but condud't Jno inl)estigp,tion.

,, .,a

i
J7
J. V
IY /11.
I·.

[V

I

se___

••

ro

~

~

1/"

7

,

#### Page 11

Director of Special Investtgattons

"As a ctvi l tan body of tnvesttgators> 1De hope
to unravel the snarled uss that shrouds the U. F. O.
question, and wi t h the help of the newspapers and
the publtc, where can we fatJ?
#lfe will be grateful t f you rDill publish the
enclosed appeal on the front page of your neUJSpaper,
tn a conspicuous enough ,aanner that no one will fall
to nottce tt. It Is t he p u blic 1De must depend upon
to get thoroughly organt6ed, and with tht• co-operation
we are certain that we can find the ansrHr to the
rtddl • of the 'Flytng Saucers.'

•rt a f'tJter Center has been established tn your
state or province, this form letter will carry its
address whtch should repJac• the h~adquarters address
given on the enclosed ' Publtc Nott ce . ' If no such
Jilter center address ts gtven, then the original
headquarters address should be used.
#We wtsh to thank you for any asststance you nay
be able to gtve us tn this respect. Later established
ftlter center addresses will be sent to you for publtc
attention tn the event oJ unusual sighttngs, that may
come to your att~ntton.
"Respt!ctful 1 y,

Is/ z.;. T. STONE.

"For the Inter Continental Aerfal
Research Poundatton•

;

At tached to the Jett•r was the nottce which it
was r•guested be published. Thta notice ts as follows:

-2-

#### Page 12

•rnter Contfn•ntal
Attrial 'Res11arch
Foundation
"NOTICE!
•To Al 1

Cono11rn,d1

•rt anyone has •••n any untd•nttfled flytng obJects-­
lnoum also as flying sauc•rs-- or kno1DB a.nyon• who has
se•n them stnce January 1st, 1957., plttase contact ua
,..,11dtate1v, giving full naaes and addr•ss•s of the
witnesses to thee• stghttngs.
"Wtt are tn the process of ••tttng 1.4P UFO 6 bs•rv11r Posts
all ov11r th11 llh1ted .States, Canada, Europ•, Alaska,
AustraJta, Japan, England, A,frtca, and South .America.
And ,a.ch state, provtnce or r•gton wtll havtt tts own
ftltt1r cent11r whtch wtll st1rv11 as a r11c11tvtng station
for all UFO r11ports and other assoct atttd data, a
dtstrtbuttonpotnt /or 111aterta1 f ~o• headguartttrs, and
as a gttneral secretary f or ICARP.
•Our Jlltttr-obs•rver n.rtrrorll ts .rzpandtng by lt1aps and
bounds, but Wtl artt attll far fro■ our goal.

•n• Atr Forctt tnvesttgatton has •tthttr gontt underground,
or •ls• they haN the answttr and are hiding the fact
from the public. 1:h• fact reJUJtns that millions o.f
pt1ople conttnu• to ••e th••• UFOs and the publtc still
doesn ' t know ~hat they ar•.
•rt ts ourpurpos11 tn organtztng ICA to ftnd th•
ans~er to th11 UFO myst11ry, and gfv• the facts to
th11 publtc. And t n order to do this ~e ~tlJ n••d
the asststance of every person concerned. Persons
wtth movie and still ca■eras are parttcularly need ed,
for the •lfPhasta ts on p1iotogrC11Jhtc data, d••p tte
the fact that stghttnga wtth binoculars and t•lescopes,
sound detector and haa radto atattons are also v•ry
tl'lportant tn the process of our rt1s11arch.

- 3 -

#### Page 13

..

..
Director of Spectal Inveatigattons

"All persons tnter•st•d fn setting up obs•rv6r posts
who can devot• fro• one to three hours a day on
sky,,,atch, and who can be relied upon to have thetr
ca•"ras load•d and ready to phctograph th11st1 objects
should ,_edtately contact us for full tnforaation.
Adult Sky,oatch clubs, htgh school groups, science
clubs~ Industrial groups,and individuals tn general
are all particularly asked to Join us tn our search
for the ansu,er to the Ul'Os.
"Contact us at the address. above. '1

"INTER CONTINENPAL AERIAL
RESEARCH FOUNDM',ZON

Also attached was a three inch by ftve inch plain
card u,tth thtt handu,rtttng "Please confir• publication or
return for•s with reason for refusal. Thank you." Signed
"lltssourt Filter Center/ I CARF. •
Hr. lfatson stated that this is a peculiar request
and therefore he u,as bringing tt to the attention of th•
Pederal Bureau of Invt1stt!]ation as he questioned the MOttve$
behind thts o rganization ' s purpose.

No further action tn this J1atter ts cont••Jated
Bureau. Should additional informtton be rec•tved ,
however, i t 11JtlZ be /on,,a,rded pro,rptly t o you.
1'lul /llt1• of
thts Bur~au contain no tn,formatlon identtftabJ~ wtth
lioNrt 1.'. St one or t1ut Inter Conttnsntal /u1rtal li•s•arch
by thts

Foundation.

- 4 -

#### Page 14

UNITED ~

•

•

DIRECTOR, FBI

TO

,.o~

t

..c.!.S GOVERN MENT

D AT E:

sAc, s~urs ( 62- 0)

--._

1

suBJBCT~
ROBERT T~STONE;
INTER C-ON NENTAL AERIAL
RESEARCH FO
ATION; ,
NFORMATION CONCERNING

1/6/58

O
'---._
\----

Mr . B. ~WATSON, City Editor, Hannibal
Courier- Post, Han~i~ , Missouri, on 12/20/57 advised
the Res1dent Agent at Hannibal that he was in receipt
of an undated letter signed R. T. STONE . This letter
bears the letterhead Inter- Continental Aerial Research
Foundation a ~ n the upper right corner there is typed
the following
ISSOURI FILTER CENTER, Robert T. Stone,
Director, 10
27th Terr . , Independence, Missouri" .
Below this ~n pencil is a notation made by Mr . WATSON
which is "Air Defense Identification Zoning . "
The letter is as follows :
(Y\/ ' "Dear Editor:

"The enclosed notice is self- explanatory. we would
-like to request this public service in the name of Truth, 1
which the newspapers of our great countries so proudly
defend and uphold .
"As a civilian body of investigators, we hope to
unravel the snarled mess that shrouds the u . F . o. ques­
tion, and with the help of the newspapers and the public ,
where can we fail?
"We will be grateful if you will publish the enclosed
appeal on the front page of your newspaper, in a conspicuous
enough manner that no one will fail to notice it . It is
the public we must depend upon to get thoroughly organized ,
and with this co- operation we are certain that we can find
/
the answer to the riddle of the "Flying Saucers."

Y

"If a filter center has been established in your
state or province, this form letter will carry its
address which should replace the Headquarters
addres:_.,_,/ ' , /
11
given on the enclosed "Publ ic Notice .
If no such
'21- BUREAU (ENc~E~RDtu.
✓-- / __ ,Yo2~
~ 1
2 - KANSAS CIT¥
~
JI
~l.
, ),
8
1 - ST. LOUIS (62- 0) IND<-v'":1)
CJ\- '1"J /
J

sa c

f~):njj

'--3

,

'

lP /

• Fi3

f_'k-!'¼

;;JJfJ~ -

1n

l ,, tf'

~ ~0 ~

#### Page 16

• •f

• '•

•

SL 62- 0
filter center address is given, then the original
headquarters address should be used .
"We wish to thank you for any assistance
you may be able to give us in this respect . Later
established filter center addresses will be sent to
you for public attention in the event of unusual
sightings , that may come to your attention .
"Respectfully,

/S/ R. T . STONE

"For the Inter Continental Aerial
Research Foundation"
1

Attached to this letter i-s the notice.
i t was requested t-1' be published . This notice is as
follows :

"'-

"Inter Continental
Aerial Research
Foundation
"NOTICE!
"To All Concerned:
"If anyone has seen any unidentified flying objects-­
known also as flying saucers--or knows anyone who has
seen them since January 1st, 1957, please contact us
immediately, giving full names and addresses of the
witnesses to these sightings .
"We are in the process of setting up UFO Observer Posts
all over the United States, Canada, Europe , Alaska,
Australia , Japan, Eng.land , Africa, and South America .
And each state , province or region will have its own
filter center which will serve as a receiving station
for all UFO reports and other associated data, a dis­
tribution point for material from headquarters , and
as a general secretary for ICARF .
"Our filter- observer network is expanding by leaps and
bounds , but we are still far from our goal.
"The Air Force investigation has either gone underground ,
or else they have the answer and are hiding the fact from
- 2 -

#### Page 17

SL 62-0
the public . The fact remains that millions of people
continue to see these UFOs and the public still
doesn ' t know what they are .
"It is our purpose in organizing ICARF to find the
answer to the UFO mystery, and give the facts to
the public . And in order to do this we will need
the assistance of every person concerned . Persons
with movie and still cameras are particularly needed ,
for the emphasis is on photographic data, despite
the fact that sightings with binoculars and telescopes,
sound detector and ham radio stations are also very
important in the process of our research .
"All persons interested in setting up observer posts
who can devote from one to three hours · a day on skywatch,
and who can be relied upon to have their cameras loaded
and ready tophotogfaph these objects should immediately
contact us for full information . Adult Skywatch clubs,
high school groups, science clubs, industrial groups and
individuals in general are all particularly asked to
join us in our search for the answer to the UFOs.
"Contact us at the address above . "
"INTER CONTINENTAL AERIAL
RESEARCH FOUNDATION"
"FORM OP- 2 11
Also attached~ a 3 in . by 5 in . plain
card with the handwriting "Please confirm publication
or return forms with reason for refusal . Thank you . "
Signed "Missouri Filter Center; ICARF" .
Mr . WATSON stated that this is a peculiar
request and therefore he was bringing it to the
attention of the FBI as he questioned the motives
behind this organization ' s purpose.
The original letters are being submitted
to the Director .
Kansas City Div~sion is requested to
check its indices on ROBERT T. STONE and the Inter
Continental Aerial Research Foundation, and conduct
such inquiry as it deems appropriate .
Inasmuch as there is no further investigation,
in the St . Louis area, Kansas City is being considered
the Office of Origin .
- RUC -

#### Page 20

INTER CONTINENTAL
AERIAL RESEARCH
FOUNDATION
NOT ICE!

To ALL CONCERNED:
IF ANYONE HAS SEEN ANY UN IDENT I FI ED FLYING OBJECTS•• KNOWN ALSO AS FLY ING
SAUCERS•-OR KNOWS ANYONE WHO HAS SEEN THEM S I NOE JANUARY I ST , t 957,
PLEASE CONTACT US IMMED IATELY, GI VING FULL NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF THE
WITNESSES TO THESE SIGHTINGS •
WE ARE IN THE PROCESS OF SETT! NG UP Uf O OBSERV·ER PosTS ALL OVER THE UNI TED
STATES, CANADA , EUROPE, ALASKA, AUSTRALIA , JAPAN , ENGLAND, AFRI CA, AND
SOUTH AMERICA . ANO EACH STATE, PROVINCE OR REG ION WILL HAVE I TS OWN
FI LTER CENTER WHICH WI LL SERVE AS A RECEI VING STATI ON FOR ALL UFO REPORTS
ANO OTHER ASSOCI ATED DATA, A DISTRIB UTI ON POINT FOR MATE RIAL FROM HEAO­
QUARTERS, AND AS A GENERAL SECRETARY f OR ICARf ,
OUR FILTER• OBSERVER NETWORK IS EXPAND I NG BY LEAPS AND BOUNDS, BUT WE
ARE ST I LL FAR FROM OUR GOAL.
THE AIR f ORCE tNVEST IGATI ON HAS EITHER GONE UNDERGROUND, OR ELSE THEY
HAVE THE ANSWER AND ARE HIDI NG THE FACT FROM THE PUBLI C. THE FACT REMA INS
THAT MILL IONS OF PEOPLE CONTINUE TO SEE THESE UfOs ANO THE PUBLIC STILL
OOESN 1T KNOW WHAT THEY ARE .
•
IT IS OUR PURPOSE I N ORGAN I ZING ICARf TO FI ND THE ANSWER TO THE UFO MYSTERY ,
AND GIVE THE FACTS TO THE PUBLI C. ANO IN ORDER TO DO THIS WE WI LL NEED
THE ASS ISTANCE OF EVERY PERSON CONCERNED• PERSONS WITH MO VI E ANO ST I LL
CAMERAS ARE PARTICULARLY NEEDED , FOR THE EMPHASIS IS ON PHOTOGRAPH IC
DATA, DESPI TE THE FACT THAT S I GHT INGS WITH BINOCULA RS ANO TELESCOPES,
SOUNO DETECTOR ANO HAM RAD IO STAT IONS ARE ALSO VERY IMPORTANT I N THE
PROCESS OF OUR RESEARCH•
ALL PERSONS INTERESTED IN SETTING UP OBSERVER POS TS WHO CAN DEVO TE FROM
ONE TO THREE HO URS A DAY ON SIO'WATCH, AND WHO CAN BE RELI ED UPON TO HAVE
THEIR CAMERAS LOADED ANO READY TO PHOTOGRAPH THESE OBJECTS SHOULD
IW.UEDIATELY CONTACT US FOR FULL INFORMATION. ADULT SKYWATCH CLUBS ,
HIGH SCHOOL GROUPS, SC I ENCE CLUBS, INDUSTRIAL GROUPS , AND (ND I VfDUALS
1N GENERA L ARE ALL PARTI CULARLY ASKED TO JO IN US I N OUR SEARCH FOR THE
A~SWER TO THE Uf Os .
CONTACT US AT THE ADDRESS ABOVE.
INTER CONTINENTAL AERIAL RESEARCH
FOUNDATION

fORM OP- 2

#### Page 21

ga12/20/57
INEN DOMLLNEHW VEBIAT BERESOH
VARUEV LO DHE DLOS*
INNEDIEIEPA COMAVCA nR BOM aNEE FHLOEWAION* VDATA CKAHTLOH ONEO
SME O JMUNE HONNE V DVX OV gKAMVECH VMO ANO CVW DC bErIEE nDH JO HVAE
SIGESD DE DNM MEREMNON*
THE VHRTEVMCE OL EAEHA NCUSOM COMDEWICO BEHROMD BTAH MDAFE VD DAIPT
YIU OIAE LHE IMOLE LO JHE MOFIC NSO IH GHOEH LO. tO LHES BE SIFT HEEO
14 Ia OAN +NBOOE IH DMOEWITINU 1OVML tO LTHO JIE VUNEH 10 lHE nEO MARLEKA
DOEAMA KWOD MHVA DHEA YUE
SHVA AITIOAE SL AEOINTE DOMATMNE AO BGE AHEGE NLOR VMD LHE MBTIG BLITT
ANE V BOV FAAETALOVLION I ELLMEE NOME NMDEVONONMO GU ETDE LMEA
OnH LITLESHOREEHAES MEOWN 1 EXLPAOTND BA FEVEE VHO BONNDO DAAPR
COVWLEU YHO V Y CENEUE BEONLAA BOH JOVHL
AIPIEN COALES AHION MSTT BEIAE VE V BCOEIAING VLION AOW VET NLO METDKIR
SONDN YNEMTON VMD EVOH BAVE BIOONTNDE CU GEOTON SITT HAE FAE ONH
STEVRE COMAVCL AO INEDTVAERA OEATME ANFT NVNCS VHD VDOUERSEO CL LHE RIARESRCE LO AHERE SICHATNOS
T VMAONE HEDECM WMA AMIDEHLILIED LCAJNO COMECLOWKMON YTLO WE LCKHO
10 VrE-COVCEINED
TOLTCE
FONEVITOR
YCHHE HESEYON

#### Page 22

•~•~e••

co~1r1~1:~1rA\L
A~l?IIA\L
l2~i~A\l~1Cli
• t=OU~UATIION

••,.s r·:-:.i F"rLT.w:t CE ~ ../1
'1obort ':; . Stone , n··rector
10717 l . 27t~ ':;err .
InCependorce, ·~sFour~

DEAR EDI TOR:
THE ENCLOSED NOTICE IS SELF•EXPLANATORYe WE WOULD LIKE TO
REQUEST THIS PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE NAME OF TRUTH, WHICH THE
NEWSPAPERS OF OUR GREAT COUNTRIES SO PROUDLY DEFEND ANO UPHOLD.

As A CIVILIAN BODY OF INVESTIGATORS, Wt HOPE TO UNRAVEL THE
SNARLED MESS THAT SHROUDS THE u.f.o. QUESTION, ANO WITH THE HELP
OF THE NEWSPAPERS AND THE PUBLIC, WHERE CAN WE FAIL?
WE WILL BE GRATEFUL IF YOU wi LL PUBLISH THE ENCLOSED APPEAL ON
THE FRONT PAGE OF YOUR NEWSPAPER, IN A OONSPIOUOUS ENOUGH MANNER THAT
NO ONE WILL FAIL TO NOTICE ITt IT JS THE PUBLIO WE MUST DEPEND UFON
TO GET THOROUGHLY ORGANIZED, ANO WITH TH IS co~oPERATION WE ARE CERTAIN
THAT WE CAN FINO THE ANSWER TO THE RIDDLE OF THE •fLYING SAUOERS. 1
IF A FILTER CENTER HAS BEEN £STABLISHEO IN YOUR STATE OR PROVINCE•

THIS FORM LETTER WILL CARRY ITS ADDRESS WHICH SHOULD REPLACE THE
H-EADQUARTERS ADDRESS GIVEN ON THE ENOLOS£D •PUBLIC NOTICE•• f F NO
SUCH FILTER CENTER ADDRtss IS GIVEN, THEN THE ORIGINAL HEADQUARTERS
ADDRESS SHOULD BE USEOe
WE WISH TO THANK YOU FOR ANY ASSISTANOE YOU M~Y BE ABLE TO
GfVE US JN THIS RESPECT• LATER ESTABLISHED FILTER CENTER ADDRESSES
WILL BE SENT TO YOU FOR PUBLIC ATTENTION I N THE EVENT OF UNUSUAL
SIGHTINGS. THAT MAY COME TO YOUR ATTENTION.

R-~SPECTFULLY,

~;;~

FOR TME I NT~R CONTINENTAL AERIAL
RESEARCH FOUNDATION

#### Page 23

122057 CCOLAOM
IKMELRO
BEBEY8ON ODVLEOM
AOB ANE FWEH CONLTNEMAAT VEHIVT
SIBHL1MOO* ANEL VA OONE 1O 4O0M WA1CH14ON
AITT E BEWE TO AON LOU LNCTO FAAEWLIOW TE IHE CAEME OL ANRHT
E NEON JO DHM AOA D NA VRIBAVRE A WAA BE VOYE O
LHES LONN TEAIES IY COA, IAE VODUEES MNTON SONTD BESTOE JN
LMA NE OYA LID HE YIREN AO ANE BIDDCE OK LHE ACATNE BVGEHS'
AHE LIONL OE OE AON RCMOLLEN 4 V COMSJONONS EHONOR WMNEH ENVA
HE aErr oe owatur tE aon atrr sneFt Je thoroaEd vbeyr ou
D AHE WEPLSIHA WHD DHE SNOCIO AMEHE OVW BE LVEFA
RWMTCO HESS CON SHOND ZHE NLO OEOLION VMD BIAN AME HET
YO CAFIWM COOA OL ANAERAJOVADE ME NOLE AO NUVAY DHE
VLIVI
COAEIVLAIVI

#### Page 26

TO

Z

RECTOR, FBI

a 'LWc,

DATE:

January 30 , 1958

KANSAS CITY (62-7386)

SUBJECT
~ . .BERT

~

TKroNE;

INTER-CONTINENTAL AERIAL
RESEARCH FOUNDATION;
MISCELLANOOUS - INFORMATION-CONCERNING

--'r I

I

,q_J_;

uc e r s

~
st . Louis letter to Bureau 1-6-58 and Bureau
letter to Director of Special Investigations , Department
of the Air Force , dated 1-23-58 .
The files of the Kansas City Office contain no
information identifiable with ROBERT T . STONE or the
Inter-Continental Aerial Research Foundation .

,,

It should be noted that the 1957 Independence,
Missouri Directory does not list ROBERT T . STONE. This
d irectory lists TERRELL O . STONE, wife IVA, an ice cream
maker at Velvet Freeze, as residing at 10717 E. 27th Street
Terrace , Independence, Missouri . The fi l es of the Kansas
City Office contain nothing identifiable with TERRELL o.
STONE .
j.

I

RUC .

0

- Bureau
1 - St . Louis (62-0)(info)
1 - Kansas City (62-7386)

&-- 37

RHA:MEJ
(4)

t r--13.lz I - 1>ft/

---3

FEB

----

6 OFEB 7 1958

4 1958

#### Page 27

155 62-83894-388
REWD-ESHIONAGH
FBI
FEB 4 9 33 AM 50
FEB 4 914 AM 5
()
I - Iveta'ClN (Eeteon)
T-Dp:romge (0s-o) (riro)
Drnerm
Learree? Tujobcugenoo" Lue TIce ot fie yre
Hranornr Drseegoni goraNos Tane riEtt L' ioI
Is eyonrg ne yoged cyrg pvo Inex IrtcBeugcnce'
TGrp IonTa Iospix po Imem J-gg ag Iosen
5175
PR
HLVIT
2 Tave cItx (e-taeD)

#### Page 28

ison
Sanders
62-83894-390
REC-92
Date: March 1?, 1958
To: Director of Special Investigations
IThe Inspector General
EX-110 Department of the Air Force
Building Tempo E
4th and Adams Drive, S. W.
Washington, D. C.
From: John Edgar Hoover, Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
O
Subject: FLYING SAUCERS
MISCELLANEOUS - INFORMATION CONCERNING
Enclosed for your information is a copy.
Ferguson of Elkhart, Indiana, which is self-explaratory.
No action in this connection is contemplated
by this Bureau.
BY COURIER SVC.
Af
Enclosure Y0 MARI'S
COMM FBL
I - Director of Naval Intelligence (Enclosure) BOOH
(Enclosure)
Department of the Army C.D
Attention: Chief, Security Division
ESS:dmn
Tolson 195 (7) NOTE: Mrs. Ferguson relates having seen flying
Nichols
Boardman
Belmont have been landing in thed ujcihity of her home and taking'
Mohr 681 newspapers and magazines which she left out for them. No
Parsons VED action for the Bureau other than the dissemination indicated.
Rosen
Tamm Bufiles negative re Ferguson. CNo reply desirable in uiew
Trotter indications she is mental case. AF has unit for checking
Nease
Tele. Room such reports.
Holloman 61MAR1958
Gandy

#### Page 30

Thie is the true stoy of ou visitors
from oieter space 5n6 yeare ogs
many people wonder whether there sne feople
liveng in other worlde and many peofle
wish they knew for sire and sone
peofle wish they corld contact them.
Of eouse there ave feofle levng si anotly
my husband and three doughteio and
were living on on fain in michigant MAR
(in the sticks) On oldest daughtn wd
from óur floce at the Country Club, that
summen vacation to help pay her coeleqe
expenses. I woued go after her atmidmght
then wait wntill she was ready to gohome.
One night rght soon after we lift thehigh-
fo pust a second whelhe lequto we pae Is
whatever butl realiged at onee thene were ST.8EC.

#### Page 32

g*
from the highivay to our home which made
sif home driveways and three roode
loading off of our rood that we were travelng.
at each flace this outer flane would hover
untif they knew whether we were turning
off or going on by, then they woud swifthy
glde on ahead of ne,they staid pust above
the treee and a little ahead of us showing
they weve very intellqent peofle becanse had
they staid behnd us we would hove speeded
upe and panicked. When e came to oun place
they hesitated wntil we turned in then they
tuurned in over our qardern beside the drive
avay. My doughten got out on henside and
got out on my side of the car. They were only a
short distance fomfrom ue and doun much
lower. They ivere molionless ad noseless
no motors at all. We stared ateach othu
a long trine, the thót crossed mny mind thatthey
were probably takig ou fictire. I was completely
speechless and sved. I felt the enomity ofthes
thing that wae hapferng. They cane fion endlse
tiv endkre diotance lfolt that itwae out
of eternityitself, fter sone tive they moved
first on acrose the fueld down towarde
the river. telenthy he went n to the house

#### Page 33

and on to bed without sayng a word about 3
it. Itwas no tine for worde Ididn't.
want to break the wonderment of this little
pece of sacred tine in my life. Every might
from now on our dog which was tied ght
to his dog house in the back yaid would
bark pus't o few sinutes when the lost light
wae turned off. eould tell by his bak that
it was not just another animal but a
person out'there. The old orchod at the
edpe of the yard wae wild and qrouon
upe with qrase and beshes and snall trees
and sip or eight old big trees Thene on
the edqe betund high bushes of lilacs
stood our indispensable litte squane
(library). Imotcced that the newspapers
and magazines were missnq every moning.
had a goodides of what was going onso
I puposity fut out mewspapers admaqaqies
and they were always gove. One doy ou
youngest dangliter mentioned that eveynight
when she turns off her liqht the dog woud
bark and sheid see a peciliar ved round
lightout thene in the back yand. That
night when the doy startid to bark & ofoned

#### Page 34

4
her door to see whot it loobod leke.The light
wae the siqe of a hie plate it wasred but
it didnt'thirow a beam of light like our
flashliglts but it did have depth. Ther
were af least tvo people one waeted outside
and watched whilé the othn one wentinside
to get the papere. We lived nqht on the
state line and we qot lndiana fafers so
every evenng l'd fut out The Cekhint Truthry
The South Bend Fribune and Chucago Sunday
Trbune ard magazines.
On nught the dog woas not tied and he
started to bark but his bark was sliced
off. 'll never forget the sound ofit. lsuphod
that they hillid hirn buit l was not orave
enough to go out and look. & got up early
the nest monng to see he had run halp
way across the yard and he had fallen
over jrstas heran. he wae unconcioue
butnot dead Iwalkedught by hin but he
diditmove.Thi's was another proof of thue
goodnese and human qualtuis becauee
then flashlighit was a ray liqht and
they could have killed hin had thy
wanted tr. He cane to enough to fullhin.
delf into a more comfortable position before

#### Page 35

5
the qirls gotup. Iwas noon before he eoued
walk and thre moniths before he wae well
again. One monug at thi end of the six
wveeks I found a stronge newsfapee on the
shelf in our (libary On top of the papr war
a good quality sheet of whute paper wich
the key to the frint in the neruspoper.
There lettus au almost like oure a couple
exacthy like owrs however they use thre letters
toqethen instead of one alome.
000 000 000 000
000 000 000 000
000 000 000 000
— -
000 000 600 000
000 000
I suppov to th hea then read it woued sound
like a singsong of fhases. They dedn't useend
ofsentence dots or functuations of any hind.
no capetal letters either. I hnow that thy must
have banud to read our fruntedma tter
but if we heard them read it we wouldint
understanditmen our oun languaqe.
I'm sure that they qet thep the righit meanng
tho. Ihid the newsfafor in till coued dicidd
what to dowth itbut someone found it ad
bunedit uf. I feel teruble about it lnow it

(Text continues in the original file: 290 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Serial 130

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-130
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-130
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The report is dated September 12‑15 1947, because the pilots needed paperwork before lunch.

- 65_HS1-834228961_62-HQ-83894_Serial_130, FBI pdf, covering June 1947–July 1968 records
- Airline pilots reported bright orange, elliptical objects moving fast on 4 Aug 1947 flight Gander‑La Guardia
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

_· C O N F I D E N T I A L
Au1horily:

NND 90986

IN IUi.PlY

l

t ;t -

'9 3 9 1 - / a 11

HEADQUA R TE R S

AIR DEFENSE COMMAND
MITCHEL FIELD, NEW YORK

REFER TO,

12 Septel.'liber 19iT

'OBJCCT a Unident1f'ie Flying Objoot
(Int rvin - Alphew, o. Powell)
SUl.nlART O? mama TIO I

The following information ft8 recei'Y&d 12 At1£U1t 1947 fro:i Ur.
lpheua O. P01'ell , 28 Redwood Road, New Hyde Park, Loni; hlWld, rel tifl
to the sighting of a poaoible flying d1so ~ Augu•t 194T.
On 4 Auguet 19•7, r Powell, an Airlinea Captain with P n American
Ainni.ye , Jne., waa the firet pilot or a Con1tollat1on type airoraft on•
flight trcm Gander, ewtoundland, to La Guardia Field.. 1ew York. Mr. Powell
took oTer the airoratt at Gander, ewfoundla.a.d and departed at approd111atel7
l2SO P. lf., Eo.ateni Dqlight Saving 'Hm ror La Guardia Field, Bow York. At
1600 P• • , at poe1tioa approximately lld.dway between the Enrett (
a) F&n
Arker IUld the Bedford Badio Eoooon (ETerott ie 3 mile• ffl7 or Boeton.. Ka•• ••
and Bodford 1• 15 ms.1..
or the same oity) both llr Powoll and Mr iv.
1:e,
naT16ator on this trip, •i(;bted wrl.dent1.i'ioble flying objeota . fo the be•t
ot llr . Povell'• knowledge, the tollonng weatbar oond1t1ons existed at that
time , Visib1li't7 wae 6oodJ cloud oo.erage ••• trom. 8- 9/l.Oths # with topn at
10. 000 feeta md the wind at the e.ooo toot level was eati:.atod o.s bcin&
270/25 mlca per hour . The iroratt was at a.ooo teet1 airspeed 266 mphi
&!ld the course•• 214 degre•• • magnetic.
Ur mute , who wae sitting in the co-pilots seat (the right aide ot
the oookpit) fir1t ce.lled 11:r. Powell ' ■ attention to a bright orango objeot,.
-.rhich was on the right ald• ot' the plane , and slightly below the lovol of' the
a1rerart . Jlr Powell fflll unable to 1ee the object. a1 he ba.d no visibility to
the right nd down. from bla position.
Po,rell inmediatoly cl11noed out bi1
eide wiudow and noticed, at a 45° angle to the lort. and unidentified tl:y1ng
object. It wu bout one mile nay at an altitude or approx1matel 7 1 , 800
feet. Irr- Powell banked to obtain a better view or the objeot. The object
'fte under obaervat1on ~or approxtmatoly 50 ••oond1, and during thie time waa
vie,red by
Ponlle 1lr Powell dHor1be4 the objeot aa being bout the length
ot & P-40 t uaelage , blunt at both end■ , 07llnclrioal in abspe . and hatlng a
bright oran,o hue . Kr Powell. stated that the object had• definite sbapo,
d
that there 1me no aucgeatioa or gaaeoua d1ec1pe.t1on •• there would be lf the
orange color wore the •xbauat tro~ • rocket , or a jet airoratt. Mr ~owell
eatimato4 the oouree or th• objoot to be 200° magnetic, end that th• object
wae tra-relling at approxinatel:, 160 aph. Kr Po,rc,11 loat sight or th• object,
when. • oleud oaae between. the aircraft and the object. :rhe pursuit of 'th•
object ..._. not oontinud. lnaaJIWOh H it would ha-re neoeaai tated a departur•
from the eetabliahed aiJ"'lla1'• •

,/

CONFID~NTIAL

#### Page 2

C b N -F I D E ~~ T I A L
HEADQ U ARTERS

AIR DEFENSE COMMAND

IN REPlY

MITCHEL FIELD, NEW 'I/OR~

IIEFEII TO:

15 Septeaber 194,'7

StmJI?C'f z.

Unldcntif ied Flying Object,
(Interview - alter I. \i'hlto)

S0?.!!1\RY OP Ir.FOlll!AHO t
The follo-.ung informtion rcl~tivo to th8 d htiug or f. possible
tlying di~o 6 Auzuat 1947. was received 10 Septo bor 1941 from Mr. Walter
I . 'Whito, 19-67 19th Street. Ja.clcaon He1ghta, h• York.
On 4 Ausu,t 1947., Hr.
1 te, Pen American Airwa,- Ino. • wao tho
navigator or• Comtellation typ• &iroraft 011 & flight :fro O nder., Baw­
roundlo.nd to La Guardia f iel4, New York. At 1600; at & po•ition appro~i­
matel y 10 miles
, or Bosto11, l!ua • ., Mr- v::bitc aighted a .tlyin(S object '1hioh
h• waa unable to identif'7. At thi• time IL'" lffllit• was oi'ttift6 1n the co­
pilote sent, and loolc'lns out the right aide tor other uroratt that mlcht

be in the, vie111S:t:,.

J6r Wb1te •te.ted that when he t1rst

i~ted t!te object.

it nppou-od to o about S miloa awuy, aud at l•Qat 1. 000 ~eet beloir the leffl
or the Conetellation. Mr i:hite beli•~•• tut he etudled th object tor almo■t
SO aecond• befcre he called th• pilot'• att:Gntioa to i t.
White doncr1bed
the object•• 'being a deep gold in color. md that its• surface rerlected
lieht. It appeered to bo bout 113 feet iJl:. length,. and. f'rOltl 2-:; feet in depthJ
elli ptloal in 1h9pe and blanted at th cn4e. Hr
te eati ted the speed of
the obj1ot as being 176 mi.lea per hour. e.nd that it
tra..-ellin& in 11D ee.at-

r l y cilreotion~ one eourso ot approxitlately llOQ
r,uetia. Mr Wlute then
told tho nirore.ft oomm:i.ndor that there wns wi un1dentU'ied object to the r16}\t.
and ag~in glanced ..out to observe the objoot, oatoh1ng a me atary gl1111.pce ot
it before th9 pilot b11nked the pl ne to the left. ffllen tbt e.1rorntt banltod
Ur White lost light of the 0bjsat. At thil potnt. Mr Powell, 'the aircraft
C&ptain, exolaime<l that he wa.s &ble to eo a air:d.lar obj9ot on hia o1do.
Jir \'ihi t. was unsble to ts o tne objeot on ' Pcrwoll' e •ide. ne •tated the.t

he does not bel1en that it wuc tho• • obj~ot that he had Tielffld ift.8.elllUCh
aa the on he li&W 1r it ha<t romaiuod on the aa oow- e woud ha.TO beou
hidden trom 'View b;y that titie b7 'tho Wii:iGB t1nd tail oectioff! or the Conctella­
tion. ~ ffld to st tod 1.hat the pilot thoo righted the plo.:a.o. t'he ontb•• iu­
oident transpired in leoe 'then a min~te ond one-halt.

i-

'Mr tvhito deacriMa 'tlie
ath~, ooniition et the tilne of' si&btinE• •
0
folloirs a a'bout 6/lOt aoattered oumul ua, arith top• at 10.000 r et: vidblH.ty
10 miloe, w1rid at t·Ught lowl. 'l'est at a:bout 16 lllph. 1'he !'light level of th•
a iror aft &t this ti ,nq,, a .'000 feet, TAB 270_ and tho
cnotlo course was SW.
\
AGEB1'S HOfflS , J4r ,c.l ter I .
1:te ha obeon employed by P&n
rioan Airway,
' I
for -the pa.at t'i "\"O years •• a
Tiie.tor. and during the
r Y10r1cod with Pil

\

co~~FIDE~~TIAL

#### Page 3

CONFIDENTIAL
in conjunetion with contract flying for the AAF. Mr White states that he
has flowm with Mr Powell on a number of oocasions, and he considers him
to be a very stable person; completely reliable, and not given to
"flights of faney".
Related Report: See Summary of Information, 12 September 1947, Hq ADC,
subjeet, "Unidentified Flying Objects" (interview - Alpheus O. Powell).
Previous Distribution:
- Mone
Evaluation
Distribution
AAF (5 copies) of source of information
-ADC (2 copies)
done
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 4

Mr. A. O. Powell 11 a graduate or the ATiation Cadet Flying
Training Program. ha-.1.ng gradua.ted from Marnll l.l'ield , Alabama. With the

AOE!JTS JIO'l'ES t

Class ot ,n. c.

Since graduation.. Irr. Powell ha.a flo,m .for Ptll!. AJHrioe.n

Airway• and. at thi• date, h&a onr ~ , 000 oomm.and pilot houra to hla credit.
Mr . Powell appear, to boa cala, intelligent ind1Tidual, ~ot giwu t o
flights or tan.oy, or eaeilT •waT•~ by what he hae previoualy r~4 in the
ne..,.papere •• reg•rda report• or thi• tn,e. Jtr. Po,rell haa a rear ot publi­
oity and eeemed h•e1tant to enn tell hia atory leat he beoo'IM tM objoot ot
ridicule. llz- Powell was queationed as to the poasibility that what he
aighte4 mi6ht have been a tow target, a pilot b&lloon, or a radioaonio device
uaed for meteorological purpose• • Kr Powell at&ted that he has aeen aumerou,
pilot balloona , radioaonic device• and tc,r targets, while on f l ight•J the
object obaer,..d on thi• flight defhi tel7••• •ot on• ot th••

Evaluati on

Prerloua Distributions

- Rona

of eo uroe

or Wormatio11

C

8

Distribution
- AAF (S copies)
- ADC (2 copiea)

y
t

CG~~FID E ~~T I AL
1

#### Page 5

RESTRICTED
BASIO: Ltr. Hq. BARrD, Birmingham AAF, Birmingham, Ala., dtd 8 July 47,
subj: Report on Local "Fiying Dise."
lst Ind. D
TO: Commanding General, Air Defense Command, Mitchel Reld, New York,
l. Forwarded for information of your Headquarters.
2. This Headquarters has made no investigation of "nlying Disc"
reports because this is an isolated case.
FOR THE COMMANDING GENERAL:
3 Incls: n/e Muphy
MOEMVATY
Lr. Colunel AGD
Asst Aq. Gen.
92715 24-6
RESTRICTED

#### Page 7

RESTRICTED
HEADQUARTERS A/30/al0
BIRNINGHAM AIR RESARVE TRAININ DLTA CHMENT
BIRMINGHAM ARIY AR FIELD
Birmingham, Alabama
8 July 1947
SUBJEct: Report on Local "Flying Dise"
TO: Commanding Genersl 7795
Fourteenth Air Force, ADc
Crlando, Florida
Attn: A-8
Inclosed herewith is a photograph ef the "gublieized flying
disc," which was reportedly vi tnessed over Dirmingham dn the night
of Sunday, 6 July 1547.
2. Attenticn is invited to the twc light srots on the print and
the light trail following the two dises. The arrow et the top of the
photograph indicates the direction of fli ht. This has becn examined
by professicnal photographers in Birmingham and their goneral crinion
is that the two spots shown on the light trail weceno flarsin the
negative, but instend, an a ctusl ghctograph of the mystorious disc.
3. The undersigned officor did not personelly witncss the flight
of any dise, however, in view of the numerous ropcrts reccived fron the
citizens:of Birmingham, it is the general orinion in Birmingham that
"something was in the @ir." Attached hereto as inclosure nunber two is
a statement made by the qnly military personnel oi this organizsticn
who personally witnessed the flight of the mysterieus dise. Tor sddi-
tional informatien attached as inclosure number three arc elirrings irom
one of t he local nerspepers giving an scccunt of the miny rersens who re-
ported seeing the many mystericus objects.
4. The intelligence ofiicer of the Alabama lilitory District has
fcrwarded a similar report through ground force channels to the Comnanding 1684
General, Third Army, Atlanta 3, Georgia.
ackewhit
7 Incls. JACK C. THT
1. Photograph Major, Air Corps
2. Statement Comand ing
3. Clippings
RESTRICTED
2

#### Page 8

RESTRICTED
Report on Local "Flying Disc"
D333.5 ID (8 Ju1 47) 2nd Ind
HQ., AIR DEFENSE COMMAND, Mitchel Field, New York, 25 July 1947.
TO: Commanding General, Army Air Forces, Washington 25, D. C.
ATTN: AC/AS-2
Forwarded for your information.
FOR THE COMMANDING GENERAL:
3 Incls: n/c T. Colonel, GSC
Asst Chief of Staff-Intell.
don

#### Page 9

•

.,.!Ir. . . . . . ~ . . U, · •

WHtflw

,ror ■lrml"9hllffl •fk1 Y~~
• fJartfy cloudy end we,m toctayf t.
night end tomorro,w wlttt • few
scattered shower• this aftMnoon.
Hlth today N, low tonltht 70, hlth
tomorrow IO.

PftlCI:

rom

y •

CINTS

cers Reported
t~,teS, But· Seem
••

I

d Here

•

City Is Baffled By
·- Dazzling Display

Of· Spooky Discs
• TIM stra111e. th1ap tut haT•
been Lil nfaht lkJes naee ..June 25,

o-,er Blrmhapam last nlallt.
On one thtn1 everyone who bu
...._ Ille mystertoua objects acre•
WeN

-tbeJ are round, saucer-lib. After
that. every ,tory differs. Each ol
the hundreds of callers who re-- .A
parted wttnetliq the bafflinl UT )
delllon1tratlou here last nl1ht hacl
a different Yenion of what the7

....

lome 1ald the objects -ro
larp, ,ome small. TIiey were mov•
.._ at ll"eat ,peed. Tbe, were 1u.
padecl hl the air. Tbere wu aound
, i . . Witll ~Ir movement.. Tbe7
m"8d nolNleulythrQa,h the blaek
~- TIiey were at ,reat diatance
from the earth.~ bad fallen to
the ,niaDd. They were la perfect
formalloa. Tbq weN collldlDC
with Neb other.
But wbatever the thm,a are that
have aet the nation acot liDce f1nt
reported 12 da)'I aco by a man la
W ' ~ n State, the7 cleflnltelY
were over the Malle City Jut nilbt.
It seem., ID fact, that more Bu,.
minlbam realdenta aaw the objects
tball hl ~ other place.
•
llEPORTS BEGAN comiq hlto
the Aae-B"erald city room atvand
I o'doclt Jut Dlabt. For more tball
a11 lroour thereafter, the place was
bedlam. Tbe switchboard operators
were swamped with calla. Repo~
en, office boy1, copy rwaders evel)'one In the place wu cajled
lllto actJon.
y
Reports came In from Ecqewoocf.
Mountain Brook, Avondale, Soutb1lde, Palrfleld, Pratt Cll7, Wut
End, Central PU$. Beuemer.
Tbere wu fear, exclteme!)t. b.o r­
ror, S;!re~•J~.-..,.. ~~ One

•••

- •

-

•

tha

,

#### Page 10

5—THE BIRMINGHAM NEWS
Mysterious Flying
Saucers Reported
In Birmingham Skies
Continued From Page 1
Although the reports to The Age-
Herald last night dwindled off at
about 9 p.m., there was a final call
from a man at 10, saying he had
seen the objects over the south-
eastern section. This morning, there
were more reports, more queries
coming into The News.
Maj. White issued a message to
Birmingham residents: "We'll do
everything the Army Air Forees s
empowered to do.to run down the
mystery of the discs. This thing
seems to have gotten beyond the
point of speculation. Birmingham
can rest assured the air base will
keep on the alert until the mys-
tery is settled."
his answer ated field, was flooded jects, there Britishers from the American in a dither. night skies, Whatever jects several
from 4,000 to 5,000 feet. He was city for an hour and i5 minutes at were international event in the minds of
Turn to Page 5, Column nation of eye and light tricks, is stated he has seen similar objects tricks of the Scientists indicate that the ob- controls, tec The flying discs have is going on in the weeks ago "but was
circled the around White, too, last Broadcasts
has . S. Rob- the dis and

#### Page 11

MONDAY, JULY 7, 194Z
RADIO-GUIDED, SAYS LAD I'd like to give my opinion
really' are," Michael Eisman, about what the flying saucers
ing. 10, told The News this morn-
in the fifth grade and going on The grammar school youth,
Heights School, eagerly gave to the sixth" at Crestline
his theory.
rocket discs from another They are new radio-guided
on the United States," he said. country that is planning war
cameras. They will ber radio They are equipped with
country, They go fast to keep guided back to their home
Then they hover and stand still anyone from seeing them.
to get their pietures. They have a reason for be.
ing over Birmingham," opined young Eisman. "It has one of
biggest cotton gin." Eisman the biggest steel mills, and the
clicking the fruit industry on said the"saucer cameras"were
the West Coast.
ing the saucers, Eisman didn't As to what country is send-
saucers, he said, over his home guess. Nor has be seen any
at 4 Clarendon Road.

#### Page 12

Charles F. Bradley, Birmingham
weather man, sald he did not believe
the spectacle was a weather phe- ing of the flying saucers, rushed
nomena, "I have instructed my into his front yard. "I saw the land-
staff to be on the alert for any in- ing lights of a DC-3 and 17 light-
formation they might gather on the ning bugs," he reported.
matter,"he said.
Mrs. James Bain, 1225 South 29th
the evening came when a man re- Street, saw three discs traveling
ported some of the discs had fallen from east to west. Two more were
in a ravine near Avonwood. A re- spotted later, followed by a single
porter and photographer went to disc, as neighbors gathered.
the scenes and found nothing. * *
Residents of the distriet said the J. L. Kardus, 2100 Clanton Street,
discs had passed low and appeared Bessemer, reported seeing "strange
to have fallen in the trees. lights" moving through the sky be-
Robert Crossland, Age-Herald tween Bessemer and Red Mountain.
copy reader, rushed for his camera They were going very fast," he
when the objects passed over his said.
residence on 2ath Street and High- ** *
land Avenue. His developed film "Whirling saucers" were reported
revealed two round, white spots on seen by Dan, Smirl, 14, 1429 10th
the black, elose together, one larg- Place, South, and Marvin Pharo, 15,
er than the other. He said he gave e 626 i0th Avenue, South. "We
the picture a 15-second exposure.v weren't looking for them," the boys
Five other persons were with him reported. "We were standing in the
when the picture was made. yard when we saw round silver
But witnesses aren't needed any flashes circling around. They came
longer to bear out reports of the one at a time at first, then the num-
strange demonstration. Too m any ber increased. They seemed to go over the mountain."
persons-good, solid citizens have
seen the things. In fact, they're At police headquarters, Officer
thinking of calling the show out at E. E. McNeal said reports of the
Munger Bowl tonight, "The Disc- discs began at 8:10 p.m. and ceased
light Opera." about 20 minutes later.
Scores Of People Report Streaks of light flying very
Seeing Mysterious Discs slow" were reported seen by Mrs.
H. M. Sockwell, 1360 Meadow Lane,
Residents of East Lake, South- Green Acres. She said she rushed
side, West End, Woodlawn and Bes- into her yard as soon as she heard
semer reported seeing the flying the report on the radio. She and
discs or saucers last night. One disc her husband and five neighbors saw
was reported seen yesterday after- She said they were the size of a six of the discs flying "fairly low."
noon over the Warrior River. The
number seen at one time varied.
Nine of the discs were seen by * BIG AS TABLES"
Connie Murdoch, 512 South 10th "I called to find out if I'm
Court. They were gobs of light crazy," said Mrs. Gordon Mize,
moving around the sky," she re- of the Bessemer Super-High-
ported. way, who telephoned The
News this morning to reporg
H. E. Reagor, I318 45th Street, seeing mysterious flying discs.
said he and neighbors saw "40 or Mrs. Mize said she and her
50" light spots in the sky, apparent- husband and their hosts saw
ly over the Central Park Airport the "balls of fire" as they pre-
area. pared to get into their car
after a visit with Mr. and Mrs.
One resident of East Lake, hear- Gordon Bush at Brighton, be-
tween 9:30 and 10 last night.
She said the flash lights,
which appeared as beacon
lights coming over a hill, came
from the direction of Besse-
mer.
The lights would come at
lightning speed and then stop
dead still and hang in the sky,
they said. Then they would
dart off again, sòme returning
in the direction of Bessemer
and some going on. Some
would circle. Others would
pass each other and scarcely
avoid collision.
They were about as large
as my dining room table," she
said.
baseball and traveled in a "big
curve from southwest to southeast.
The saucers came at intervals of
about five seconds.

#### Page 13

A citizen of Fairneld Hlynlangs
said the flying discs came over his
residence at a speed of about 1,500 Mr. and Mrs. J. R. Martin and Mr.
miles an hour. "They would go in and Mrs. Frank Arnold, 732 47th
opposite directions, stop, and bump Way, South. "Some of them went
into each other," he reported. as fast as. bullets, while others
Gene Plumstead, program man- * * floated around. They were the size
ager of WSGN, reported the flying of an automobile tire."
discs over Edgewood Lake. Mr. and Mrs. William Howell,
J. A. Hafner, 3301 Avenue I. Ens- 1004 East Court, South, reported
ley, said the lights appeared like a seeing 11 discs about 8:30 a.m.
spot thrown by a huge searchlight.
He said, however, he could see no our house shortly before 8," said
beam such as would come from a Mrs. Helen Mallory, 1404 North
searchlight. 12th Court. Mrs. Mallory said the
A number of "white round objects were first sighted by her
things" were seen in the skies over son, Milo, who called the rest of
West End by Mrs. Alfred Hack- the family. "They looked like a
barth, 1760 McMillan Avenue. flash of light that went by in such
a hurry you couldn't describe it."
L. M. Cadenhead, 2000 48th she said. * **
Street. Central Park, saw the lights Frank S. Lovelace, policeman for
over Powderly, the Tennessee Coal. Iron and Rail-
"They looked like saucers," said road Company, reported seeing
eight or 10 of the objects. "They
looked about the size of a dishpan.
he said. They came out of the
southeast and whirled around sev-
eral minutes." 21
S-Sgt. I. L. Livingston, of the Bir-
mingham Army Airfield, observed
the discs from his Green Acres
residence. They were going zig-
zag from East to West," he said.
R. H. VAUGHN, III, whO served
as an anti-aircraft gunner in Eu-
rope, saw the "flying saucer" dis-
play with his gather from their
home in Ensley Highlands. "I never
shot at anything moving as rapidly
as they were," he said, Vaughn be-
lieves the "discs" are some sort
of natural phenomena, like the
Aurora Borealis.
Jimmy Dewberry. 11, of 1030 16th
Avenue, South, said he saw a "fly-
ing saucer" while visiting at his
grandmother's on 14th Avenue,
South. "It looked like a shooting
star." Jimmy said, "but it was too
low for that. It had a long red tail."
Searchlight Reflection
Theory Is Advanced
The mysterious "flying discs" ob-
served in Birmingham last night
may be a carnival beacon light at
Siluria, about 20 miles south of Bir-
mingham. That was a solution offered this
morning by William B. Hayes, of
the Reconstruction Finance Corpo-
ration in the Comer Building here.
Mr. Hayes, who served in the
Army in the Pacific, said he and
others there had seen similar sights
throughout the South Pacific is-
lands caused by searchlights.
He based his theory on high over-
cast skies last night and said the
beacon at the Siluria carnival prob-
ably struck the high clouds and
gave the indication of being "flying
saucers.'
Mr. Hayes is a pilot.
1

#### Page 14

RESTRICTED
S-T-A-T-M-E-N-T
I, Staff Sergeant Ira L. Livingston, RA 14 153 972, Air Coros, have
aporoximately 25o hours flying time as pilot and Armorer Gunner have
the following statement to make concerning the appearence of "Flying Discs"
in the vicinity of Birmingham, Alabama.
At 2045 hours, 6 July l947, while I was eating supper at my residence
at l35k Meadow Lane, Green Acres, Birmingham, Alabama, my next door neighbor,
Mr. Herman M. Sookwell, called for me to come to the front door that there were
some "Flying Discs" outside. Immediately I went out in the front yard to
observe the objects. The objects aoveared to the West of Birmingham traveling
in a South Eastern direction. They avpeared to be aporoximately 2ooo feet
above the horizon at a h5 degree angle from where I was standing at an un-
estimated distance away. The objects avoeared to be approximately two (2)
feet in diameter, round in shane, oroducing a dim glow of light end traveling
at an estimatéd.speed of five (5) to six (6) hundred miles per hour.
The objects or object avveared to be traveling in a definite are rather than
straight and as soon as one was out of sight another would aopear behind
it, but not alwavs in the same path. I saw one that seemed to come straight
up. The view of where it came from was obstructed by a nearby house; and
when it reached the altitude of aorroximately 2ooofeet, it started off in
the same direction as the others. I did not at any time see any more than
one at the time and even though there could have been only one, my rersonel
belief is that there were seven (7) to ten (lo). The Discs were silent and
appeared to be composed of a single light.
Ina .fiigelon
Ira L. Livingston
Staff Sergeant, RA 14 153 972
Subscribed end sworn to before me this 7th day of July l947.
me .oulam JAMES L. MACFARLANE
lst Lt. AC
Asst Adj.
RESTRICTED

#### Page 15

NBe-7-101 313,3
HEADQUARTERS, NEWFOUNDLAND BASE COMMAND
TLANTIC DIVISION, AIR TRANSPORT COMMAND /edb
RESTRICTED . FORT PEPPERRELL, NEWFOUNDLAND
APO 862,% POSTMASTER, NEW YORK, N. Y.
chaneed to Retric Claesirication cancsided or
IN REPLY REFER
NBC 30 Jnly 1947
(Name) (Rank)
SUBJEOT: Letter of Transmittel.
TO 8 Commanding General,
Atlantie Division, ATC,
Fort Totten, Long Island, N. I. (ArTENTIOM: ac/s, Intelligence)
Reference Letter of Transmittal, this offiee, dated 28 July
1947, with four (4) inelosures (Inclosures l, 2 and 3, Final Reports of
Sightings of "flying saucers"; and Inclosure 4, Signed Statement - Con-
stable KEarSky), transmitted herewith is Final Report of Sighting of
"flying saucers" in Newfoundland, vhich occurred at Harmon Field, Stephen-
ville, Newfoundland at 0345Z, 23 July 1947.
FOR THE COMMANDING GENERAL:
Mariom C.Miller
MARION C. MILLER,
1 Inel: Captain, Air Corps,
Final Rpt of Sighting, 23 Jul 47 AC/S, Intelligence.
lst Ind.
HQ, ATLANTIC DIVISION, ATC, FORT TOTTEN, L.I., NEW YORK 6 AUg 47
TO: Commanding General, Air Transport Command, Washington 25, D.C.
ATIN: Chief of Staff
Forwarded in accordance with instructions outlined in
TWX CM-95, your Headquarters.
JAMES H. BREVISTER, JR.
V ncl: Lt Col, GSC
n/c AC/S, Intelligence
RESTRICTED

#### Page 16

GBNPIDErtTliL

...
..

9lgbting

s

Stranp interm:i.Uent i'laehes that ay tie in
w1th •nying Diece•.

3.

nae.

1

Hanlon Jlield I Stephemi.lle, tlewfNmdl and.

4.

TiM

s

034SZ, 23 J ~ 1947.

s. Alti tude

,

Approxillatel,7 10,000 ffft high.

6. "8ather

s

High scattered corniU.onJ 'rlsib1.11ty betti,r
than titteen (lS) miles.

7.

1

From South, heading ?n,1E (approxiantely 30° )

:

High velocity; stated to be taater th~n a
conventional airplane.

,

Heading

8. Speed
9.

Description :

The observers saw a light which at tirot appeared
to be a ,hooting star or airplane. It appeared
again, and a m1111ber ot intermittant fiashe• were
seen tor a period of appro,:imately three (3) mi.nut.a.
The nashea were reddish in color. Observers aa14 it
was not a tailing star because it did not appear aa
such; nor was it an airplane, l>ecause ~ s~wee
too abrupt and the?"e was no noise ot a motor.

10.

Reported by:

Miss Patricia .Abbott, (Nffl'foundla'¥! 'National) Ooverment
&aployee and Lt. Halllllakar, t:S.vigator and Public Relat­
ions Of'ticer.

ll.

General

The intormants (noted in Par.10) were waltd.ni when they
noticed a peculiar reddish light. Both Miss Ahl;\ctt and
Lt. Hamaker stated that at first., they thought it was
a 1'alli,ng atar, ·but it left no streak. It appeared
again; they thought 1 i micbt be a plane flying at. n
very high altitude. Alter obeerri..'lC i ta am:>9Uffl"a,
they concluded, because or the silence (no hum ot mot.er)
and abrupt darts ot the U g.lit., it, was defi nately not
Ill\ Airplane .
Neither Iii•• .Abbot.t nor l,t. Hammaker bwl
seen anythlre; like i t be!Ol"e. ·
~ ~ # ? ~-WILLIAM Ji• 00TH
Captain, Air Corps,
Intelligence Of'ficer.

SBMFfBE~Th~t

#### Page 17

RESTRICTED Classiffoation
Chingeis
autbority of CC.
(Hank) /gdbate)
Newfoundland Base Command, ArLD-ATC
Fort Pepperrell, Newfoundland
APO 862, e/o Postmaster, New York, N. I.
28 July 1947
SUBJEcT: Letter of Transmittal.
TO Commanding General,
Atlande Division, arc,
Fort Totten, Long Island, M. 1.
(ArTENTION: aC/S, Intelligence)
l. Transmitted herewith, as inclosures l, 2 and 3, are Final
Reports of Sightinge of *flying saucers" in Newfoundland and vicinity
listed as followss
Final Report of Sighting - 200oz, l0 July 1947
0030z, 11 July 1947
0015Z, 20 July 1947
2. Reference TWX - EN 18469, this headquarters, dated 12l7302
July l947, regarding sightings of "flying saucers" by Constable ERIC
KEARSky, Newfoundland Constabulary, at Grand Falls, Newfoundland, on
the night of 9 July l947, attached herewith, as inclosure 4, is signed
statement of this sighting by Constable KEarSkY.
FOR THE COMMANDING GENERAL
Marin C.Miller
MARION C. MILLER,
Captain, Air Corps,
4Inclss AC/S, Intelligence.
Final Rpt of Sighting, 10 Jul 47
20
3. 20 Jul 47
Signed Statement - Const KRaRSEY
RESTRICTED

#### Page 18

,

.

OONfU)ENTIAL
-~
. ,

..

FINAL REPOOT OF SI GHTING

•:-

/ ,.

(

l.
2.
).

Ck'g .
Sighting
Place

4.

Time

s 1388th A.AF' !U, llBC, ATLD', ATC . Harmon Field, Newfoundland.
: F1.yi.ng :lisc or other ajrborne object.
Approx six (6) miles SSW of Harmon Field.

20CI0/7., 10 July 1947

5.
6.
?•
8.
9.

Altitude
: 8- 10,000 ft.
Weather
: Clear, Scattered CUmulus 8 - 10, 000 ft.
Heading
: N?lE on horizontal course .
Speed
,
: Very high velocity.
Shape & Size: Circular like a 1'8eel, estimated to be s ame s i ze as a C-54
as s een f'ron 10, 000 ft.
Translucent or Silvery, l eft ~ 1Jl uish Black tra il a pprox
10 . Color
15 miles l ong.
ll. Fhotograpl.s: ?.r. Robert w. Leidy reported that he took two .!2) Kodachrome
snap shots of the trail.
12. Reported By: ~T. John N. !'erhman, TWA. mechanic; '.r. John W• .toodruft,
PAA rtechanic; and l.'r. Robert E. Letdy, PAA mechanic report,'9<1
the above facts to the I ntelligence Offic er on 15 July 1947.
A Flash e port was T.tX ed t o : Action copy Conmandine
General, Hq. ATC, Attn. Asst. Chief of Staff , Intelligence.
I nfo copies: Comr-anding Generals Hq. ATLD and Hq. NBC
13. General
t
~ister's t'erh.,nan, Vfoodruff, and Leidy ~ e enroute !'ran
Stephenville Crossing to Harmon Field at the time of the
sighting. 1:•r. Vloodruff was the first to sea th!t Disc, it
a ppeared t o rent or split the clouds thru which it passed
and le.ft a Eluish Black trail approx. fitteen (15 ) miles .
l ong behind it. The trail was similar to the afterglmr or
a powerful landing light or search light beam after it is
suddenly switched off . lhe object maintained a straight and
horizontal course 11ccording to Mr. Mer tunan and~ . Woodrutt,
Mr. ·Leidy stated it a ppeared to be on a great curved course
on a horizontal plane. The object disappeared into the
Morth Northeast. ~ . Leidy sqs he took two (2 ) Kodachr0ffl9
Photographs or the trail. The film has been transmitted
to the Asst. Chi ef of Staff, Intelligence, Newhundland
BMe Command for processing.

I
.

..
AM

•

CAPT. A. C.

Intelligence Officer

·Rt:.STRiCTED

COl'IFIBENml •

#### Page 19

.. .
1.

Organisation:

1388th AA F RAse Unit
AP0 864, ~/o Postmaster, New York, N.Y.

2.

Sighting

I

Flying Dj sc or other airborne object.

).

Place

:

Codroy, N~wroundland, 59co3 • W Long.; 1,7o50, N Lat.

4.

Ti.Jae

:

OOJOZ hours, 11 July 1947.

5.

Altitude

i

Appro"ld.mately 6.000 feet .

6.

Wellther

. Clear; at dusk.

1. Headi1'g

. From northwest heading eastward.

a.

Speed

. Very hieh velocity.

9.

ShAre & Stze:

10. Color

:

11. Reported by~

Disc shat>eli; was reported as being the she of a
barrel-head, ~inner-plate arvt. ~ize of a plane
that is flyL~g high. The trail i a ve t he whole
object the appearance of a cone.
Flame color ed with a trail of a lighter name ~nlor.

Mr. John Legge, Mr. lb. Ev&ns and Albert Samm.9 of
Codroy, N~wfoundland.

12. General

,

Mr. Legge and Mr. Evans were standing 011tside Mr. Legge 's
store when they both sighted the o bj ec+.. Both "len stated
t hat the d i sc was very bright with an after- r,1.ow which
made the object look like a cone. It was a very clear
night. In s!)ite of the high velocity of the fiyin g

(Text continues in the original file: 126 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Serial 153

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-153
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-153
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

August 11 1947: the day Oak Ridge got a saucer selfie before Instagram existed.

- 65_HS1-834228961_62-HQ-83894_Serial_153, FBI, August 11 1947, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
- Reports W.R. Presley photographed a presumed flying saucer; includes two photos and a Knoxville News‑Sentinel clipping
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### AI summary

A classified FBI document from August 11, 1947, reports on "flying saucers" observed over Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The document includes two photographs and a newspaper clipping from the Knoxville News-Sentinel. It describes a man named W. R. Presley who took a photo of the mountain and captured what appears to be a "flying saucer." The article states this is the first time a "flying saucer" has been photographed over Oak Ridge. The document was declassified under the FBI Automatic Declassification Guide issued in May 2007.

### Full text

#### Page 1

C2-HQ-33894 VOL 1 SERIAL 153 ONLY
FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER
HQ - HEADQUARTERS
Class / Case # Sub Vol. Serial #
0062 83894 1 153 ONLY
8/11/1274168
RRP003IXGA
Declassification authority derived
from FBl Automatic Declassification
Guide, issued May 24, 2007.

#### Page 2

KNOXVILLE FILE #65-11
RE: "FLYING SAUCERS" OBSERVED OVER OAK RIDGE AREA
INTERNAL SECURITY - X
ENCLOSURES TO BUREAU:
Two photographs of reputedly "flying saucers"
seen at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, during July 1947.
Photostatic copy of newspaper clipping appearing
in the Knoxville News-Sentinel concerning these
"flying saucers."

#### Page 4

KNOXVILLE NEWS SEN INEL
JULY 1947
W. R. PRESLEy Lad snapped several pictures of his family and his house a 218 Illinois Avenue, Oak Ridge, the other after-
noon and, noticing he had one
film 'left on the roll, he turned
and snapped it for a picture of
the mountain. He had the roll developed, and
look what he got on that last
shot! Now don't start trying to
explain it off. Just go ahead and
say what it looks like. Sure.
Sure. You're right. It is a Flying
Saucer. A lot of folks have re-
ported seeing the things. This,
however, is the first time that
one has ever been photographed
over Oak Ridge.
Mr. Presley says this picture
has all of Oak Ridge talking.

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Serial 164

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-164
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-164
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

That 15 February 1949 memo reads like a bureaucratic UFO RSVP.

- 65_HS1-834228961_62-HQ-83894_Serial_164 is an FBI PDF covering UFO reports 1947‑1968, USA.
- Contains eyewitness accounts, Oak Ridge photos, propulsion proposals, media coverage, and convention material.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 2

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r
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE
HEADQUARTERS UN1TED STATES AIR FORCE
DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

15 February 1949

AIR INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS
MEMORANDUM NUMBER 4

UNCONVENTIONAL AIRCRAFT
PART I - GENERAL
1.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this memorandum is twofold:

a. To enunciate continuing Air Force requirements for information pertaining to s ightings of
unconventional ai rcraft and unidentified flying objects, including the so- called "Flying Discs."
b.
2.

To establish procedures for reporting such information.

RESCISSION

Department of the Army Collection Memorandum Number 7, dated 21 January 1948, and l etter,
CSGID 425.1, dated 25 March 1948, both subject as above, which have been transferred to Air
Force agencies for action, are herewith superseded.
3.

REPORTING
a.

General
(1) As complete an answer to the requirements enunciated in Part II, as may be procur­
able, should be dispatched by means of electrical transmission immediately afte:' sighttngs.
(2) Supplementary reports should be forwarded as availabl e by the most expeditious means
consistent with the importance of the information reported.

b.

Major Air Commands (Overseas) and Air Attaches
(1) Initial and supplementary cabled reports will be transmitted to the Dir ector of Intelli­
gence, Headquarters United States Air Force. Cables will contain the phase, " Pass to
COMGENAMC WRIGHT- PATTERSON AFB, DAYTON, OHIO, ATTN: MCIAXO- 3."

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C9-~892, AF

#### Page 3

..
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(2) Supplementary written reports, prepared on AF Form 112, will be forwarded to the
Director of Intelligence, Headquarters United States Air Force.
(3) Commanding General, Air Materiel Command is authorized direct contact with major
Air Commands (overseas) and organizations under their control in connection with the
development of information on this subject.
c.

Major Air Commands (ZI)
(1) Reports will be forwarded direct to the Commanding General, Air Materiel Command,
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Attn: MCIAXO-3 by installations receiv­
ing information pertaining to the requirements enunciated in Part II.

(2) Copies of such reports may be supplied the Command Headquarters of the installation
concerned.

(3) A copy of all reports sent to Air Materiel Command in accordance with these instruc­
tions will be forwarded at the same time to the Director of Intelligence, Headquarters
United States Air Force.
(4) Written reports will be submitted on AF Form 112.
(5) Commanding General, Air Materiel Command is authorized direct contact with major
Air Commands (ZI) and organizations under their control in connection with the d~velop­
ment of information on this subject.
d.

Non-Air Force Agencies
(1) Addressees otqer than those of the United States Air Force are requested to forward
reports direct to the Commanding General, Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Attn: MCIAXO-3.
(2) In order to reduce the time factor involved in transmission of this type of information
it is requested that, wherever communications facilities permit, subordinate elements be
authorized to communicate reports direct to the Commanding General, Air Materiel Com­
mand.

PART II - REQUIREMENTS
General
1. Date of sighting.

2. Time of sighting (zonal by 24 hr. clock).
3. Where sighted (observer' s position):
a.

Ground
(1) City, town.
(2) Distance and direction from cit y or town, road, intersection, etc.
(3)

From building (story), yard, etc.

(4) Map coordinates (if feasible) showing latitude and longitude.

- 2 -

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#### Page 4

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b.

Air
(1) Type aircraft, speed, altitude, direction of flight.
(2) Distance and direction from city, town or known landmark.
(3)

Clock position of object from observer' s aircraft.

(4) Latitude and longitude.'
c . Sea
(1) Latitude and longitude.
(2) Proximity to land.
4.

(Name city, country, etc.)

Number of objects.
Formation type (if any), sketch if possible.

5. Observable celestial phenomena or planets that may account for the sighting. (Local facilities
or organizations which follow such celestial phenomena should be consulted for such information.)
6.

Distance of object from observer.
a.

Laterally or horizontally.

b.

Angle of elevation from horizon.

C.

Altitude.

7.

Time in sight.

8.

Appearance of object.
a.

Color.

b.

Shape.

c.

Apparent construction.

d.

Size.

(Sketch if possible)
(Of what material or substance)

(1) Estimated size.
(2) Size as it appeared from observer's view.
9.

(Compared to known object)

Direction of flight.

10. Tactics or maneuvers.
Vertical ascent or descent, horizontal, oscillating, fluttering, evasive, aggressive, erratic, etc .
11.

Evidence of exhaust.
a.

Color of smoke.

, b.

Length and width.

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#### Page 5

•

12.

13.

14.

c.

Odor (if any).

d.

Rate of evaporation.

e.

Does trail vary with sound?

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(spurts)

Effect on clouds.
a.

Opened path thru clouds .

b.

Forced cloud or mists.

c.

Reflected on cloud.

d.

Showed thru cloud.

Lights.
a.

Reflected or attached.

b.

Luminous

c.

Blinked on and off in r elation to speed.

Support
a.

Wings.

b.

Aerodynamic list of fuselage.

c . Vertical jet.

15.

d.

Rotating cylinder or cone.

e.

Aerostatic lift (balloon or dirigible).

Propulsion.
a.

Propeller or jet.

b. Rotor.
c.

Aerodynamic vanes (flapping or oscillating) (Katz Mayer effect).

d. Visible exhaust or jet openings.
16.

Control and stability.
a.

Fins

b.

Stabilizers (hor izontal or vertical).
(1) Size.
(2) Shape.
(3) Location.

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#### Page 6

, .. ,,. ..

..

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17. Air ducts.
a.

Slots.

b.

Duct openings.

18. Speed - M.P.H.
19.

Sound.
a.

Continuous whine or buzz.

b. Roar, whistle, whoosh.
c.
20.

Intermittent.

Manner of disappearance.
a.

Explode.
(1)

Possibility of fragments.

(2) Other physical evidence.
b.

Faded from view.

c.

Disappeared behind obstacle.
Relative to the Observer

1.

Name of observer.

2.

Address.

3.

Occupation.

4.

Place of business.
a.

5.

6.

Employer or employee.

Pertinent hobbies.
a.

Is observer amateur astronomer, pilot, engineer, etc.

b.

Length of time engaged in hobby (experience).

AbUity to determine:
a.

Color .

b.

Speed of moving objects.

c . Size at distance.
7 . Reliability of observer.
a.

Sources.

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#### Page 7

. ''

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8.

(1)

Neighbors.

(2)

Police Dept.

(3)

FBI records.

(4)

Employer.

Notes relative to observer on:
a.

Sightings in general.

b.

How attention was drawn to object(s).
(1)

Sound.

(2)

Motion.

(3)

Glint of light.

c. Degree of fatigue and duration of flight at time of sighting in cases where observer is
airborne.
9. Witnesses.

10.

a.

Addressees.

b.

Occupation.

C.

Reliability.

Comments of interrogator regarding the intell1gence and character of person interrogated.
Relative to Radar Sightings

1. Re radars operating on ground.

a.

Observations of range, speed, altitude and size of target.

b. Did target executive any turns? If so, what angle (180°), etc. and what radius of turn.
If radius of turn is not observable, how long did the target stay in the turn and what was its speed?
c. Note particularly any separation of distant target into several targets upon approach. Track
all if possible.
2.

If airborne when object sighted.

a.

Were there any radar inductions or extra noise on radio circuits?

b.

Give estimates of size, speed, maneuvers, etc.
GENERAL

1.

Teletype sequences of local weather conditions.

2. Winds aloft report.

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•

#### Page 8

,.

'

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•

3. Local flight schedules of commercial, private and military aircraft flying in vic!nity at the
time. (Check Canadian activity if close to that border.)
4. Possible releases of testing devices in vicinity sent aloft by Ordnance, Navy, Air Force,
Army, Weather Units, Research Organizations or any other.
5. Jf object contacted earth, obtain soil samples within and without depression or spot where
object landed (and then presumably departed) for purpose of making comparison of soils.
6. Jf object came sufficiently near other aircraft or known objects check surfaces with Geiger
counters for possible radioactivity. Make comparisons with other unaffected aircraft objects, etc.
7.

Obtain photographs (or original negatives) where available; if not, secure sketches of:
a.

Object.

b. Surrounding terrain where observed.
c.

Place where it contacted earth (ii this happened).

d. Maneuvers.
e.

Formation ii objects were more than two.

8. Secure signed statement.
9.

Obtain fragments or physical evidence where possible.

10. Was any radio antenna to be observed, i.e., (any projections or extentlons that might presum­
ably be construed as such).

c>:1-?~

C. P . CABELL
Major General, USAF
Director of Intelligence, Office of
Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations
DISTRIBUTION:
Commanding Generals, Major Air Commands,
ZI and Overseas
All United States Air Attaches
Director of Central Intelligence
Special Assistant for Research and Intelligence,
Department of State
Director of Intelligence, GSUSA
Chief of Naval Intelligence
Commandant (INT), United States Coast Guard
Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation

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#### Page 10

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DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE
HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

15 February 1949

AIR INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS
MEMORANDUM NUMBER 4
UNCONVENTIONAL AIRCRAFT
PART I - GENERAL
1.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this memorandum is twofold:
a. To enunciate continuing Air Force requirements for information pertaining to sightings of
unconventional aircraft and unidentified flying objects, including the so-called "Flying Discs."
b. To establlsh procedures for reporting such information.

2. RESCISSION
Department of the Army Collection Memorandum Number 7, dated 21 January 1948, and letter,
CSGID 425.1, dated 25 March 1948, both subject as above, which have been transferred to Air
Force agencies for action, ar e herewith superseded.
3.

REPORTING

a.

General
(1) As complete an answer to the requirements enunciated in Part II, as may be procur­
able, should be dispatched by means of electrical transmission immediately after sightings.
(2) Supplementary reports should be forwarded as available by the most expeditious means
consistent with the importance of the information reported.

b. Major Air Commands (Overseas) and Air Attaches
(1) Initial and supplementary cabled reports wlll be transmitted to the Director of Intelll­
gence, Headquarters United State:s Air Force. Cables will contain the phase, "Pass to
COMGENAMC WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB, DAYTON, OHIO, ATTN: MCIAX0-3."

RESTRICTED

~a- 8 ~t-9~-/t'1/

#### Page 11

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(2) Supplementary written reports, prepared on AF Form 112, will be forwarded to the
Director of Intelligence, Headquarters United States Air Force.
(3) Commanding General, Air Materiel Command is authorized direct contact with major
Air Commands (overseas) and or ganizations under their control in connection with the
development of information on thl.s subject.
c . Major Air Commands (ZI)
(1) Reports wlll be forwarded direct to the Commanding General , Al.r Materiel Command,
Wright-Patterson Al.r Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Attn: MCIAXO-3 by installations r eceiv­
ing lnformation pertaining to the requirements enunciated in Part II.

(2) Copies of such r eports may be supplied the Command Headquarters of the installation
concerned.
(3) A copy of all r eports sent to Air Materiel Command in accordance with these instruc­
tions wlll be forwarded at the same ti.me to the Director of Intelligence, Headquarters
United States Air Force.
(4) Written r eports will be submitted on AF Form 112.
(5) Commanding General, Air Materiel Command is authorized direct contact with major
Air Commands (ZI) and or ganizations under thel.r control in connection wl.th the develop­
ment of information on this subject.
d.

Non-Air Force Agencies
(1) Addressees otQer than those of the United States Air Force are r equested to forward
r eports direct to the Commanding General, Al.r Materiel Command, Wright-Patte r son Air
Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Attn: MCIAXO-3.

(2) In order to r educe the ti.me factor involved in transmission of this type of information
it is r equested that, wher eve r communications facilities permit, subordinate elements be
authorized to communicate reports dir ect to the Commanding General, Air Materiel Com­
mand.
PART Il - REQUIREMENTS
General
1.

Date of sighting.

2. Time of sighting (zonal by 24 hr. clock).
3.

Wher e sighted (observer's position):
a.

Ground
(1) City, town.
(2)

Distance and direction from city or t own, road, intersection, etc.

(3)

Fr om building (story), yard, etc.

(4) Map coordinates (lf feasible) showing latitude and longitude.

- 2 -

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#### Page 12

RESTRIC:t'ED

b.

Air

(1)

Type aircraft, speed, altltude, direction of flight.

(2)

Distance and direction from city, town or known landmark.

(3)

Clock position of object from observer's aircraft.

(4)

Latitude and longitude.

c. Sea

4.

(1)

Latitude and longitude.

(2)

Proximity to land.

(Name city, country, etc .)

Number of objects.
Formation type (l.f any), sketch l.f possible.

5. Observable celestial phenomena or planets that may account for the slghtlng. (Local fac111t!.es
or organizations which follow such celestial phenomena should be consulted for such information.)
6.

7.

Distance of object from observer.
a.

Laterally or horizontally.

b.

Angle of elevation from horizon.

c.

Altitude.

Time in sight.

8. Appearance of object.
a . Color.
(Sketch ti possible)

b.

Shape.

c.

Apparent construction.

d.

Size.
(1)

(Of what material or substance)

Estimated size.

(2) Size as Lt appeared from observer's view.
Q.

(Compared to known object)

Direction of flight.

10. Tactics or maneuvers.
Vertical ascent or descent, horizontal, osctllatlng, fluttering, evasive, aggressive, erratic, etc.
11. Evidence of exhaust.
a.

Color of smoke.

, b.

Length and width.

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#### Page 13

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12.

c.

Odor (if any).

d.

Rate of evaporatlon.

e.

Does trail vary with sound?

(spurt s)

Effect on clouds.
a.

Opened path thru clouds.

b.

F orced cloud or mists.

c.

Reflected on cloud.

d.

Showed thru cloud.

13. Lights.

14.

a.

Reflected or attached.

b.

Luminous

c.

Blinked on and off in r elation t o speed.

Support
a. Wings.
b.

Aerodynamic list of fuselage.

c . Vertical jet.
d.

Rotating cylinder or cone.

e . Aerostatic lift (balloon or dirigible).
15.

Propulsion.

a. Propeller or jet .
b.

Rotor .

c . Aerodynamlc vanes (flapping or osclllating) (Katz Mayer effect).
d. Visible exhaust or jet openings.
16.

Control artd stability.
a.

Fins

b.

Stablll.zers (hor izontal or vertical).
(1)

Size.

(2) Shape.

(3) Location.

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#### Page 14

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17. Al.r ducts.
a. Slots.
b.
18.

Duct openings.

Speed - M.P.H.

19. Sound.

20.

a.

Continuous wblne or buzz.

b.

Roar, whistle, whoosh.

c.

Interml.ttent.

Manner of disappearance.
a.

Explode.
(1)

Possl.bill.ty of fragments.

(2)

Other physl.cal evldence.

b.

Faded from vlew.

c.

Disappear ed behlnd obstacle.
Relative to the Observer

1.

Name of observer.

2.

Address.

3.

Occupation.

4 . Place of business.
a.
5.

Employer or employee.

Pertinent hobbles.
a.

Is observer amateur astronomer, pllot, engineer, etc.

b . Length of time engaged in hobby (experience).
6. Abllity to determine:
a.

Color.

b.

Speed of movl.ng objects .

c.

Size at distance.

? . ReUabll1ty of observer.

a.

Sources.

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#### Page 15

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(1) Neighbors.
(2)

Police Dept.

(3) FBI records .
(4)

8.

Employer.

Notes relative to observer on:
a.

Sightings in general.

b.

How attention was drawn to object(s).
(1) Sound.
(2) Motion.
(3)

Glint of llght.

c. Degree of fatigue and duratlon of flight at time of sighting in cases where observer ls
airborne.
9.

Witnesses.
a.

Addressees.

b.

Occupation.

c.

Reliabllity.

10. Comments of interrogator regarding the intelligence and character of person interrogated.
Relative to Radar Sightings
1.

Re radars operating on gr ound.
a . Observations of range, speed, altitude and size of target.

b. Did target executive any turns? If so, what angle (180°), etc. and what radius of turn.
If radius of turn 1s not observable, how long did the target stay in the turn and what was its speed?
c. Note particularly any separation of distant target into several targets upon approach. Track
all if possible.
2. If airborne when object sighted.

a.

Wer e there any radar inductions or extra noise on radio circuits?

b.

Give estimates of size, speed, maneuvers, etc .
GENERAL

1. Teletype sequences of local weather condltl.ons.
2. Winds aloft r eport.

- 6 -

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#### Page 16

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3. Local fUght schedules of commercial, private and m1litary aircraft flying in vicinity at the
time. (Check Canadian activ1ty 1f close to that border.)
4. Possible releases of testing devices ln vicinity sent aloft by Ordnance, Navy, Air Force,
Army, Weather Units, Research Organizations or any other.
6. If object contacted earth, obtain soil samples within and without depression or spot where
object landed (and then presumably departed) for purpose of making comparison of sons.
6. If object came sufficiently near other aircraft or known objects check surfaces with Geiger
counters for possible radioactivity. Make comparisons with other unaffected aircraft objects, etc.
7. Obtain photographs (or original negatives) where available; if not, secure sketches of:
a.

Object.

b . Surrounding terrain where observed.
c. Place where it contacted earth (if this happened).
d.

Maneuvers.

e. Formation if objects were more than two.
8. Secure signed statement.
9. Obtain fragments or physical evidence where possible.
10. Was any radio antenna to be observed, 1.e., (any projections or extentions that might presum­
ably be construed as such).

c>: t - ! ~

C. P. CABELL
Major General, USAF
Director of Intelligence, Offlce of
Deputy Chtef of Staff, Operations
DISTRlBUTION:
Commanding Generals, Major Air Commands,
ZI and Overseas
All United States Air Attaches
Director of Central Intelligence
Special Assistant for Research and Intelllgence,
Department of State
Director of Intelligence, GSUSA
Chief of Naval Intelligence
Commandant (INT), United States Coast Guard
Director I Federal Bur eau of Investigation

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#### Page 18

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DEPARTMENI' OF THE Affi. FORCE
HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES Am FORCE
DmECTORATE OF INI'ELLIGENCE
WASHINGTON 25, D. C .

15 February 1949

Am INTELLIGENCE REQUIBEMENI'S
MEMORANDUM NUMBER 4

UNCONVENTIONAL Arn.CRAFT
PART I - GENERAL

1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this memorandum ls twofold;
a. To enunciate continuing Air Force requirements for information pertaining to sightings of
unconventional aircraft and un1dent1f1ed flying objects, including the so-called "Flying Discs. "
b.
2.

To establish procedures for reporting such information.

RESCISSION

Department of the Army Collection Memorandum Number 7, dated 21 January 1948, and letter,
CSGID 425.1, dated 25 March 1948, both subject as above, which have been transferred to Air
Force agencies for action, are herewith superseded.
3.

REPORTING
a.

General
(1) As complete an answer to the requirements enunciated in Part II, as may be procur­
able, should be dispatched by means of electrical transmission immediately after sightings.
(2) Supplementary reports should be forwarded as available by the most expeditlous means
consistent with the importance of the information reported.

b.

Major Air Commands (Overseas) and Air Attaches

(1) Initial and supplementary cabled reports will be transmitted to the Director of Intem­
gence, Headquarters United State:s Air Force. Cables will contain the phase, "Pass to
COMGENAMC WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB, DAYTON, OHIO, ATTN: MCIAX0-3."

RESTRICTED

#### Page 19

RESTRICTED

(2) Supplementary written reports, prepared on AF Form 112, wlll be forwarded to the
Director of Intelllgence, Headquarters United States Air Force.
(3) Commanding General, Air Materiel Command is authorized direct contact with major
Al.r Commands (over seas) and organizations under their control in connection with the
development of information on this subject.

c.

Major Air Commands (Zl)
(1) Reports will be forwarded direct to the Commanding General, Air Materiel Command,
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Attn: MCIAXO-3 by l.nstallations r eceiv­
ing information pertaining to the requirements enunciated in Part TI.
(2) Copies of such reports may be supplied the Command Headquarters of the installation
concerned.
(3) A copy of all r eports sent t o Air Materiel Command in accordance with these instruc­
tions will be forwarded at the same time to the Dlrector of Intelligence, Headquarters
United States Air Force.

(4) Written r eports wlll be submitted on AF Form 112.
(5) Commanding General, Al.r Materiel Command is authorized direct contact with major
Air Commands (ZI) and organizations under their control in connection with the develop­
ment of information on this subject.

d.

Non-Air Force Agencies
(1) Addressees otQer than those of the United states Air Force ar e r equested to forward
reports direct to the Commanding General, Air Materiel Command, Wright- Patter son Air
Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Attn: MCIAXO-3.
(2) In order to r educe the time factor involved in transmission of this type of information
it ts r equested that, wher ever communications facillties permit, subordinate elements be
authorized to communicate r eports direct to the Commanding General, Air Mat eriel Com­
mand.

PART II - REQUIREMENTS
General
1. Date of sighting.
2.

Time of sighting (zonal by 24 hr. clock).

3. Where sighted (observer's position):
a.

Ground
(1) City, town.
(2) Distance and direction from city or town, r oad, intersection, etc.
(3) From building (story), yard, etc.
(4) Map coordinates (if feasible) showing latitude and l~ngitude.

- 2 -

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#### Page 20

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b.

Air
(1)

Type aircraft, speed, altitude, direction of flight.

(2)

Distance and direction from city, town or known landmark.

(3)

Clock position of object from observer's aircraft.

(4)

Latitude and longitude.

c. Sea
(1)

Latitude and longitude.

(2) Proximity to land.
4.

(Name city, country, etc.)

Number of objects.
Formation type (if any), sketch if possible.

5. Observable celestial phenomena or planets that may account for the sighting. (Local facilities
or organizations which follow such celestial phenomena should be consulted for such information.)
6.

Distance of object from observer.
a.

Laterally or horizontally.

b.

Angle of elevation from horizon.

c.

Altitude.

7.

Time in sight.

8.

Appearance of object.
a. Color.
b.

Shape.

(Sketch if possible)

c.

Apparent construction.

d.

Size.

(Of what material or substance)

(1) Estimated size.
(2) Size as it appeared from observer's view.
9.

(Compared to known object)

Direction of flight.

10. Tactics or maneuvers.

Vertical ascent or descent, horizontal, osclllating, fluttering, evasive, aggr essive, erratic, etc.
11.

Evidence of exhaust.
a.

Color of smoke.

, b.

Length and width.

•

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- 3 -

#### Page 21

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c.

Odor (if any).

d.

Rate of evaporation.

e.

Does trail vary with sound?

12.

(spurts)

Effect on clouds.
a.

Opened path thru clouds.

b.

Forced cloud or mists .

c.

Reflected on cloud.

d. Showed thru cloud.
13 ,

Lights.

a. Reflected or attached.
b.

Luminous

c.

Blinked on and off Ln r elation to speed.

14. Support

a. Wings.
b.

Aerodynamic list of fuselage .

c. Vertical jet.
d. Rotating cylinder or cone.
e.

Aer ostatic lift (balloon or dirigible) .

15. Propulsion.
a.

P r opeller or jet.

b.

Rotor.

c.

Aerodynamic vanes (flapping or oscillating) (Katz Mayer effect).

d. Visible exhaust or jet openings.
16.

Control and stability.

a. Fins
b.

StabiUzers (hor izontal or vertical).
(1) Size.

- 4 -

(2)

Shape .

(3)

Location.

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#### Page 22

RESTRICTED
17.

Alr ducts.

a. Slots.
b.

Duct openlngs.

18.

Speed - M.P.H.

19.

Sound.
a.

Continuous whlne or buzz.

b. Roar, whlstle, wl;loosh.
c.

Intermittent.

20. Manner of disappearance.
a.

b.

Explode.
(1)

PosslbHlty of fragments.

(2)

Other physical evidence.

Faded from view.

c . Disappeared behind obstacle.
Relative to the Observer
1.

Name of observer.

2. Address.
3.

Occupation.

4. Place of business.
a.
5.

Employer or employee.

Pertinent hobbies.
a.

Is observer amateur astronomer, pilot, engineer, etc.

b.

Length of time engaged ln hobby (experience).

6. Ablllty to determine:
a . Color.
b.

Speed of moving objects.

c.

Size at distance.

7. Rell.abllity of observer.
a.

Sources.

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- 5 -

#### Page 23

RESTRICTED

(1)

Neighbors.

(2)

Police Dept.

(3)

FBI records.

(4)

Employer.

8. Notes relative to observer on:
a.

Sightings in general.

b.

How attention was drawn to ob1ect(s).
(1) Sound.
(2) Motion.
(3) Glint of light,

c. Degree of fatigue and duration of :flight at time of sighting in cases where observer is
airborne.
9. Witnesses.
a.

Addressees.

b.

Occupation.

c.

Reliability.

10. Comments of interrogator regarding the intelHgence and character of person interrogated.
Relative to Radar Sightings

1. Re radars operating on ground.
a.

Observatlons of range, speed, altitude and size of target.

b.

Did target executive any turns?

If so, what arlgle (180°), etc. and what radius of turn.

If radius of turn is not observable, how long did the target stay 1n the turn and what was its speed?

c. Note particularly any separation of distant target into several targets upon approach. Track
all if possible.
2.

If airborne when object sighted.

a. Were there any radar inductions or extra noise on radio circuits?
b.

Give estimates of size, speed, maneuvers, etc.
GENERAL

1.

Teletype sequences of local weather conditions.

2.

Winds aloft report.

- 6 -

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#### Page 24

..
RESTR I CTED

3, Local flight schedules of commercial, private and m111tary aircraft flying in vicinity at the
time. {Check Canadian activity if close to that border.)
4. Possible releases of testing devices in vicinity sent aloft by Ordnance, Navy, Alr Force,
Army, Weather Units, Research Organizations or any other.
6. If object contacted earth, obtain sou samples within and without depression or spot where
object landed {and then presumably departed) for purpose of making comparison of sol.ls.
6. If object came sufficiently near other aircraft or known objects check surfaces with Geiger
counters for possible radioactivity. Make comparisons with other unaffected aircraft objects, etc.
7. Obtain photographs {or original negatives) where available; if not, secure sketches of:

a. Object.
b. Surrounding terrain where observed.
c. Place where it contacted earth (if this happened).
d.

Maneuvers.

e.

Formation if objects were more than two.

8.

Secure signed statement.

9.

Obtain fragments or physical evidence where possible.

10. Was any radio antenna to be observed, l..e., {any projections or extentlons that mlght presum­
ably be construed as such).

cl?~

C. P. CABELL
Major General, USAF
Director of Intelligence, Office of
Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations
DISTRIBUTION:
Commanding Generals, Major Air Commands,
ZI and Overseas
All United States Air Attaches
Dir ector of Central Intelligence
Special Assistant for Research and IntelUgence,
Department of State
Director of Intelligence, GSUSA
Chief of Naval Intelligence
Commandant (INT), United States Coast Guard
Director, Federal Bureau of Investlgatlon

RESTRIC TED

- 7 -

#### Page 26

RESTRICTED

DEPARTMENT OF THE Affi FORCE
HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
DlRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

16 Febr uary 1949

AIR INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS
MEMORANDUM NUMBER 4
UNCONVENTIONAL AJRCRAFT
PART I - GENERAL

1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this memorandum is twofold:
a. To enunciate continuing Air Force requirements for information pertaining to sightings of
unconventional aircraft and unidentified flying objects, including the so-called "Flying Discs. "
b.

To establish procedures for reporting such information.

2. RESCISSION
Department of the Army Collection Memorandum Number 7, dated 21 January 1948, and letter,
CSGID 425.1, dated 25 March 1948, both subject as above, which have been transfer red to Air
Force agencies for action, a r e herewith superseded.
3. REPORTING
a.

General
(1) As complete an answer to the requirements enunciated in Part II, as may be procur­
able, should be dispatched by means of electrical transmission immediately after sightings.
(2) Supplementary r eports should be forwarded as available by the most expeditious means
consistent with the importance of the information reported.

b. Major Air Commands (Overseas) and Air Attaches
(1) Initial and supplementary cabled reports wlll be transmitted to the Dir ector of Intelli­
gence, Headquarters United State:s Air Force. Cables will contain the phase, " Pass to
COMGENAMC WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB, DAYTON, OHIO, ATTN: MCIAX0- 3."

RESTRICTED

C9-H92, AF

#### Page 27

RESTRICTED

(2) Supplementary written reports, prepared on AF Form 112, will be forwarded to the
Director of Intelll.gence, Headquarter s Unlted States Alr Force.
(3) Commandlng General, Air Materiel Command is authorized direct contact with major
Alr Commands (overseas) and or ganizations under thelr control in connection with the
development of information on this subject.
c.

Major Air Commands (ZI)
(1) Reports will be forwarded dlrect to the Commanding General , Air Materiel Command,
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Attn: MCIAXO-3 by installatlons r eceiv­
ing information pertaining to the requirements enunciated ln P art II.
(2) Coples of such r eports may be supplied the Command Headquarters of the installation
concerned.
(3) A copy of all reports sent to Air Materiel Command in accordance with these instruc­
tions will be forwarded at the same time to the Director of Intelllgence, Headqua rters
United States Air Force.

(4) Written r eports will be submitted on AF Form 112.

(Text continues in the original file: 137 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Serial 220

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-220
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-220
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

At 9,000 feet, even the letters needed a parachute.

- FBI case file 62-HQ-83894, titled 65_HS1…, created March 19 1950, includes Mexican inventor letter.
- Letter describes stratospheric aerostat studies, calls them “flying saucers,” cites 9,000‑ft Durango photo.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

62- HQ-83894 ENcl behind File
SerialsEBF 220
t
EBF
62-H0-83894-EBF 220 62-83891-220
DO NOT
DESTROY
FOIPA#12SA-532
FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER
HQ - HEADQUARTERS
Class / Case # Sub Vol. Serial #
1 220 ONLY
0062 83894
8/11/1274164
Declassification authority derived
from FBI Automatic Declassification
Guide, issued May 24, 2007.
RRP003IXG6

#### Page 2

"

I

MIClJEL ANGEL GARCIA MACIAS
Pianist Composer Discoverer
and Ideographic Inventor
No. 324 Pino Suarez Avenue
VERACRUZ, Veracruz
Veracruz, Veracruz
March 19, 1950
To the President of the Commission of Scientific Investigation
of the United States of North America
New York
Dear Mr. President,
This is to greet you and at the same time to bring to your
knowledge the STUDIES which I permit mys~lf to send to that Honorable Commission
of Scientific Investigation, because I believe that it is my duty to make
them available for the deep consideration of that commission over which
you so worthily preside.
This deals with stratospheric aerostats (?) ➔~ or Flyin~ saucers
as people commonly call them, and which I believe your great Nation, making
use of ATOMIC force, possesses. Before giving an exposition of my IDEA, I
want you to know of the Inventions which I have thought up by means of my
S'l"'JDIES as an IDEDGRAPHIC Inventor, aoo which have been REGISTERED and
PAT'ENTED by other persons whom I do not know and which are the following:
"GOTE-GRADUNS" (DROP GRADUATION'?)
The 11 Gote-Graduns" was originated when I was making studies on
Atmospheric Graduations of the F,arth and one afternoon it occurred to me
to graduate a Dropper. The experiment did not cause ITM:! a great deal of
work since I was able to graduate it with ease, but the PLANS of my IDEA
were stolen from me and patented in your Nation.
,
-~ ~
r.::1 • NEW < .- Q\
"AUTOMATIC SHOVEIS" for Dump-Trucks (or Concrete-Mixers)il-il-ll APR 7 ljo ; _.

-

\
The Automatic Shovels originated when a party of Workers w~
trying to fill a Dump-Truck in front of the Custom House of the Port. I
took my watch and I llas able to prove that the workers took a long time to
fill the truck since it took almost an hour and a half of continuous work .
Then I thought that the same Truck equipped with an Automatic Shovel could
do the same work in less time. I set about drawing up the plans and I sent
tihem_.t ·o Mexico to the Secretary of National Economy. The plans remained there
. ___,.. .,,
--

..

-~~-/ · -* ,,.
se words are written "aereo-astactos extratofericos". I think that
?\/ ,./ _,/t.he writer intended to write 11aereo-estaticos estratoesfericos 11 •
,•
/
_d--11The writer frequently uses capital letters when there is no apparent need
for them. I have retained them in the translation.
11
Camiones de volteo'1 , literally, "trucks for turning over or revolving".

#### Page 3

- 2 -

for eight months. After that time, and after I had paid all my fees as an
Inventor of the said Apparatus, I received a reply stating that the said
Patent had already been given to another person whose identity I do not
know.
"ROOM:> FOR MF:ASURING OPTICS" for the Examination of vision.
I have this study in my possession and have not REGISTERED it since
I need to prove soiM things in order to be able to put it into effect.
"THE GP.ADUAL CENTIMETRIC MUSIC OF THE FUTURE" or the discovery of
Sound (15) composed for PIA.NOMETRICS, PHONOMETRICS, CENTIMETRICS and
DISCOPHONOMETRICS.
I have finished this Study and the plans are in the TOWN U BF.ARY
of this Port, as well as the Autophonics and the Euphonies of Alphabetic
Letters.
The 11FERRCYI'ACTOMETER and the FERROCEMACTOMETER" to eliminate Railway
collisions from a DISTANCE at Road crossings. I extended this IDEOGRAPHIC
TNVENTION to eliminate automobile collisions on Roads, but since I do not
have money I was not able to put it in PRACTICE nor to have it REGISTERED.
"EX(JJINOCIS" (?) of graduation, time and distance, in order to
determine the distribution and division of TIME on CLOCKS of the whole World .
This drawing is in the Town Library of this Port.
Description of the STAfilUTY of SURFACE and the SUPERMEDIA (?) in
order to prevent the sinking of big Transatlantic liners, guaranteeing
the lives and interests of persons who travel, like those of Navigation
Companies of the whole World.
The graduation and Illumination of the Wharves which load large
quantities of combustible materials, in order to eliminate accidents on the
Wharves during the loading and unloading of the same.
Study of the MULTIPLES and the SUBMULTIPLES of Mechanized gears.
This study is correlated with Music since it deals with Universal mechanical
gearing or the gradual Centimetric Music of the Future.
"STRATOSPHERIC AEROSTATS 11
In this study enters Global Stability which the Globe has and
Semi-Glotal Stability which the Parachute has. Uniting the two STABIUTIES
into one, we find the superior Stability or the SUPER-STABIUTY of bcxiies
in Air or space. These apparatuses can be used in order to avoid Atomic
Explosion on the Farth, since the velocity is Greater than that of Light or
Sound in accordance with the quantity of Atomic Material. which is used in
their fabrication. These apparatuses can be thrown from the ground or from

#### Page 4

- 3 the Water since the Conic-Global or Global-Conic form permits it.
The force that the said apparatus can develop can be compared
only with THOUGHT since this has no barriers on the earth such as mountains
and clouds in Space. This apparatus can be used for the Study of the Stars.
This force is applied by means of stratospheric skyrockets placed at the top
or sides of this apparatus using Nuclear-Atomic force.
I hope that my idea is studied and approved by the said Commission
and may serve for the Progress of the Universe instead of its DFBTRUCTION,
and for the good of all of us human beings who inhabit the F.arth.
My description is IDEOGRAPHIC, but I believe that it will be a
grain of sand which will help the SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION of that big
Nation.

Cordially yours,
Miguel Angel Garcia Macias
Ideographic Inventor
"FOR UNIVERSAL PROGRESS11

Translator:

Mrs. Sophia Saliba

#### Page 5

THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPHS CF A "FLYING SAUCER", OBTAINED IN DURANGO AT AN
ALTI'!UDE OF 9000 FEET
(Caption under photographs)

Mr. German Horacio\aobles Jr., student at the National School of
Engineering, is one of the th\usands of persons who have seen "with their
own eyes" the flying saucers or disks which have become the general topic of
commentaries and have given rise to the most varied hypotheses. fut at the
same time the young man himself is the first to have photographed those
strange apparatuses. He observed one of them and was able to take its
picture against the skies of the city of Durango . 1. Picture of the "flying
saucer" at an altitude of 8000 to 9000 feet above the streets of Durango.
The apparatus seems to be a double truncated cone, joined at its bases which
moves by something like jet propulsion and which displaces itself by changing
position in order to use its motive force in the direction desired, for which
reason it can be seen under apparently different forms. 2. Conception of
Mr. Robles Jr., concerning the real form of the strange mechanical objects
drawn by him. 3. Another aspect of the flying saucer. 4. The future civil
engineer, Horacio\I<obles Jr. sketched in our editorial offices after having
reported his obser~tions on the flying disk and after having handed over
the pictures of this apparatus which he had obtained.
(Page with five drawings is entitled ''Wings and Propellers"
Next drawing

Propeller
Air-Seizing Force

Direction of the currents of air
Catches
Cuts
Expels

Direction of the Wings
Atomic Force
Third Level
Vacuum
2nd Level
Oxygen Chamber
1st Level
Entrance of the Air Currents
Propeller
Air Seizing Force
Exits of the Air Currents
Expulsion of Air
GLOBA.L-CONIC AND SEUI-GLOBA.L STAfilLITY

Bl • NEW YORK

Translator:

{\PK '1 1~50

Mrs. Sophia Saliba

I

~

_____
I_~

#### Page 6

Wngogpre Brapa DEET 16898-09
xrre ot ope 7t enLaupe
Shohojjet
Prep [aas]
NGHTE
wpomroorce
ixboja
geiopen
ex guage LcohaTreL
ibon.peg pye tpeenasrroua on (ne tλrur qrak wog hist pagi% prvgsg oAst
enttreet' golacgolyoptea nL akefopeg Tu oi egrrctag otaroes tfon paatue
IS INEML CTA!J
H goojoa g coueeruTue fe Leag (otw o fpe aptauke sddyevtosy opjeopa
3pe abhsig,na seoue po pe a goopgs flnvonpeg ooda qoroeg sr Tea paeed mugoy
2eos erwe fpe Aomue sieb prwaa1t ga cps. tter po paAs bpopotiybpa-Froee

#### Page 7

MIGUEL ANGEL GARCIA MACIAS.
Pianista Compooitor Dcscubridor
'e Inventor Idesgrafo.
Av.Pino Suaxez Núm.324.
VERACRUZ. VOX.-
H. Veracruz. Ver.,a 19 de Marzo de 1950.
Co. Frcsidente de la Comiaión de Inventigación Cicntifica de
Entados Unidon de Norte America.
Nueva York.
Muy aprcciable y distinguido sehor Presidente.
La prenonte para naludarle y al mismo tiompo, para hacer de.
su conoeimiento aobre los ESTuDIos quc me permi to romitir a caa
Honorable Comisiin de mvcstignci on Cientificn, porque crco ser mi
debcr ponerlos a la alta eoneideraei3n de.la que usted dignamcntc
preside.
Sc trata sobre los Acreo-astactos cxtratoféricos o scan los
platos Voladoxes cmo bulgarmente nombran Las gentos y que yo ere
pn gran Naei in los posee,aprovechando la fucrza AToMICA,antos de
haeer una exposi ei m de mi Ipka, quiero que sopa ustcd de los In-
ventos que he idealizado por mcdi o de mis ESTuDros eomo Inventor
IDEOGRAFO y que han sido REGISTRADOS y PATENTADOS por otras pCrSo
nas que yo dcseonosco y son los siguientess
GOTE-GRADUNS
El Gote-Graduns nacib cuando yo cstaba haciondo Eatudios sobre
Graduaci oncs Admonféricas y de la Ticrrn y una tarde se me ocurrio
graduar un Gotero el csperimento no me causo gran trabajo, pucs pu-
de graduarlo con facilidad, pero los PLaNos de mi IDEa me fuexon
robados y patontados en caa Naeion.
*LAS PALAS AUTOMACICAS para Camiones do Volteo.
Las Pnlaa Auto-maticas nació cuando frente al Edificio Aduana
de crte Pucrto una partida de Obreros tratabn de llenar un camión
de Vol teo, tomé mi reloj y pude comprobar que el ticmpo que demo-
ravan dichos Obreros parn llcnar cl camiin hora mucho, pucs casi
llegabn a una hora y media de trabnjo eontinuo, entonces ponse que
ese mismo Camion dotado de um Recojedor Automatico, podria hacor
el mismo trabajo cn menos tiempo,me puso hacer los planos y los
mandé a México a la Seeretaxia de Beonomia Na cional,los planos es-
tubicron sorca de Ocho mcses, dcapués de dicho tiempo y do haber
pagado todos mis derechos como Inventox de dicho Aparato se me
contesto que dicha Patente ya habia sido dada a otrn persona la
cunl deseonosco.
*LAS SALAS d€ OPTICA GRADUAL para el Examen de ln
vinta.
Este Estudio lo tongo en mi podor sin RRGISTRAR, pues necesi-
to comprobar algunas cosns, para poderlo llovax a cfecto.
*LA MUSICA GRADUAL CENTIMETRICA DEL FUTURO* O SGA
el dcscubrimiento del Sonido (l5) compucsto por la PIANOMETRIA
FONCMETRIA, CENTIMETRIA Y lA DISCOFONCMETRIA.
Eate Estudio lo targo terminado y los cuadros se encuentran
en la BIBLIOTECA dcl PUEBLo de este Pucrto,asi como la Auto-fonia
y Eufonia de las Letras Alfabeticns.
al fronte..... ....f

#### Page 8

Hoja numero 2.
E1 FERROTACTOMETRO Y G1 FERROCEMACTOMETRO para evitar los
choques de los Forrocarriles por DISTaNcia cn los crucos dc las Vias
este In VENTo IDEoGRAFo lo amplis para evitar los choques de los Au-
tos en lns Carretercs, poxo como yo no tengo dinero no lo he podido
ponex en PRACTICA ni haCer ol REGISTRO del mismo.
*ExquiNocis" de graduaciin, ticmpo y distancia, para preoisnr
la diatribucion y repartición dcl TIEMPo en los RELOJES de todo el
Mundo, cste cuadro se encuentra on la Biblioteca dol Pueblo de cste
Puerto.
DesCripcion de la ESTABILIDAD de SUPERFICIE y la SUPER-MEDIA
para evi tar el undimicnto de los grandee Trasatanticos,garantiaando
vida Intcrcoes de las personas que viajan,asi como la de las cias.
de Navegaei in en todo el Mundo.
La graduacion & Iluminacion do los Muclles que cargen gran
cantidad de Combustible, para evitar aeeidontes en los Muelles de ln
gaxgn y desenrgn de los miamos.
Ee tudi o de los MULTIPLOS y SUB-MULTIALOS dq los cngranajGs
Mccanidon, eate estudio ticnq corrqlaciin con la Musicn pox tratarse
del engranaje Univorsal mecanico ó sea la Muaiea gradunl centimetri-
ca del FUTURO.
ALREOSTATOS EXTRATROSFERICOS*
En este Gstudio entra la Estabilidad-Global gue tione el Globo
y ln Entabilidad Semi-Global gue ticne el Paracaidas,juntando las
dos ESTaBILIDADEs en una aola, encontramos la Estabilidad superior o
sen ln SUPER-ESTABILIDAD de los cuorpos cn el Aire capncio. cotos
a pnratos no pucdon unax para ovi tax la Exploei on Atomi en en la Tic-
rxa, pucsto que velocidad cs Mayox a la de la Luz 6 cl Sonido d6
acucrdo eon la cantidad de Materias Atomicas quc se empleen en su fn
bricaci ón. Estos aparatos pueden scx arrojados deade la ticrra o des
de cl Agun porgue la forma Global-Conien 3 conica-Global se lo per-
mito.
Ln fucr zn que pueden dorarrolar dichoe aparatos aolo se puede
comparar con el PENSaMIENTo poryge Gate no tiene barroras en la tio-
rrn eomo montanas y nubes en el Eapncio,entos aparatos pueden emple-
axse para los Eatudi os do los Aatros, Gatn fuerza se aplica por medio
de cohetes extratqforieos aplicados a dichon aparaton cn la pnrte su
pexi ox del migmo ó cn lon 'costados,aprovechando la fuerza Nuelcax
Atomica.
Eapero que mi idoa sca Eatudiada y aprobada por dicha Comisi
-6n y sirva para el Progreso Univereal en voz de la DESTRUccioN,y en
bicn de todos los sergs humanos que habitamos en la Tierra.
Mi dancripeion en IDEOGRAFCA, pero creo sera una grano de
axenA Que ayudAxA a la INVESTIGACION CIENTIFICA de caa gran Nacion.
De ueted muy atentrmcnte.
POR EL PROGRESO UNIVERSAL
El Inyentox Ideografo.
Miguel Angl/ Garein Mneias.

#### Page 13

PRESIDENTE Y GERENTE: MEXICO, D. F., JUEVES 16 DE MARZO DE 1950 DTNECIUK: NUMERO 12,096
LIC. MIGUEL LANZ DURET GREGORIO LOPEZ Y FUENTES
Las Primeras Fotografias de un "Plato Volador", Logradas en Durango a Nyeve mil Pies de Altura
P
Ploin
Planis
22.Plot
OEl señor Germán Horacio Robles, Jr., pasante de la Escuela Nacional de
Ingenieria, es uno de los miles de personas que han visto "con sus pro-
pios ojos" los platos o discos voladores que se han convertido en el
tema general de los comentarios y dado lugar a las más variadas hipó-
tesis. Pero al mismo tiempo es el propio joven el primero_en haber
fotografiado esos extranios aparatos. Observo uno de ellos y pudo captarlo
sobre los cielos de la ciudad de Durango.—I. Grafica del "plato volador"
a 8,ooo ó 9.ooo pies de altura sobre las calles duranguenas. Elaparato
parece un doble cono truncado, unido por sus bases que se mueve
por algo parecido a la propulsión a chorro y que se desplaza cambiando
de posicion para aprovechar su fuerza motriz en la direccion descada,
motivo por el cual puede vérsele con diversas formas aparentes.2. Con-
cepcion del señor Robles, Jr., dibujada por el él mismo acerea de la forma
real de los exirañios dispositivos mecanicos.-3. Otro aspecto del plato
volador.4. El futuro ingeniero civil, Horacio Robles, Jr., retratado en
nuestras oficinas de redacción despues de informar acerea de sus obser-
vaciones del disco volador y de entregar las gráficas del mismo aparato
logradas por el.

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Serial 403

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-403
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-403
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even 1952 book reviews needed FBI's filing cabinet.

- 65_HS1-834228961_62-HQ-83894_Serial_403, FBI pdf, covers June 1947‑July 1968 incidents.
- Contains eyewitness testimonies, photos from Oak Ridge, and propulsion proposals among other records.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

62- HQ-83894
Serial 403
EBF
62-HQ-83894-E403
FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER
DO NOT
HQ - HEADQUARTERS
Class / Case # Sub Vol. Serial # ESTROY
IPA#1142292
0062 83894 1 403 ONLY
9/18/226771
RRP00AI1WL
Declassification authority derived
62 83894 from FBI Automatic Declassification
Guide, issued May 24, 2007.

#### Page 2

$3.50

They Knew Too Much About
Flying Saucers
by GRAY BARKER

One by one, the leading figures among flying
saucer researchers, who have challenged the govern­
ment deniaJ that saucers come from outer space, have
been silenced.
Outwardly, nothing seems co have happened co
these men. They are srilJ alive, still living where they
used ro. Bur they no longer publish saucer research
material and they will not talk about saucers or why
they no longer will speak of them.
Three men in dark suits have visited these saucer
researchers. Nobody knows what they said, but it was
enough to reduce their bearers to silence.
Perhaps the silenced men know who the three
dark-dad visitors are, but they won't c.alk. about chis
either. And nobody else seems co know who these
men are. They might be government agencs, they
might even be men from outer space, or they might
have muscled into a situation fraught with many
possibilities.
This is pan of the crue story rold by an otherwise
prosaic and successful Oarksburg, West Virginia,
business man, Gray Barker, whose busy film booking
and buying agency in Clarksburg News Building
scarcely seems co be the place to give forth this story
stranger than chat of any of the pictures chat Mr.
Barker is booking.
Mr. Barker never was interested in flying saucers
until 1952 when one of the most astonishing ones
allegedly landed near his home in West Virginia and
he investigated the story and found the shaken and
fearful eye wicnesses convincing enough to go on
with further investigations.
Then, after severaJ years of close contaa with the
leading men in the .field, he found them suddenly
silenced, one by one.
Who they are, what they were doing when they
were silenced, Mr. Barker's astonishing theories of
what they had discovered chat impelled ochers co
silence them, is cold in his book.
H. G. Rhawn, publisher and owner of the daily
Clarksburg News, the author's home town paper, has
authorized University Books to publish a letter from
him which, while carefully disclaiming any credence
in flying saucers, concludes that when so sober and
successful a business man as Mr. Barker finds the
.field imponanr enough, flying saucers deserve serious
investigation.
The,y Knew Too Much About Flying Sa11cers is a
( continued on back flap)
JACKET BY GROPPER ASSOCIATES, INC.

#### Page 3

GRAY BARKER

(continued from front flap )
behind-the-scenes chronicle of civilian saucer research.
It is an immensely readable book. We suggesc you do
not pick it up if you have work to do, for you wiJJ
be unable to put it down until you reach the amazing
climax.
Mr. Barker cells the Story in such a straightforward
and documentary manner that the reader's first mo­
ment of incredulity will give way to conviction as be
is acquainted, page-by-page, with the terrifying in­
side faces.
A six-footer, handsome, and with a warm, in­
fectious laugh, Mr. Barker retains in his voice just a
trace of the accent of the West Vitginia farming
country where be grew up, somewhat belying the rich
and varied career he has crammed into his thirty
years. He has been head of an English deparanent in
a Maryland school system, an audio-visual education
consultant for a large school supplier, theatre man­
ager and morion picrure projection technician. Begun
as a hobby, saucer research has taken more and more
of his time as be has realized the Stark reality behind
the mystery.
Finding time for bis literary career between details
of operating his business, he publishes The Saucerian,
a flying saucer periodical, and contributes co educa­
tional journals and morion picture technical magazines.
UNIVERSITY BOOKS, INC
404 Fourth Avenue
•
New York 16, N. Y.

-~~-ff-.,a

.•

jl,. •

.

·-...
("

.

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Serial 438

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-438
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-438
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

May 8 1964: The sky was on fire, but the report stayed cool.

- 65_HS1-834228961_62-HQ-83894_Serial_438, FBI, May 8 1964, Socorro, NM.
- Report describes flame, shiny object, rectangular depressions, burned grass patches, circular marks at site.
- No definitive explanation in the file

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 2

'

.

U NITED STAT ES DEPARTMEN T OF J U ST I C E
.)

F E DERAL B U R EA U OF INVE S TIG ATION

In Reply, Please R efer to
Fik N o.

Albuquerque , New Mexico
May 8 , 1964

UNIDENTIFIED FLYIN:r OOJECT
SOCORRO, NEW MEXICO
APRIL 24 , 1964
Specia l Agent D. Arthur Byr nes , Jr ., Federal
Bureau of I nvest igat ion , stat ioned at Albuquerque , New
Mexico , was at Socorro , New Mexico , and a t t he State
Pol ice Office t here on business l a t e afternoon of
Apr i l 24 , 1964.
At a ppr oximately 5 : 45 to 5:50 P. M., Nep Lopez ,
r adio oper ator in the Socorro County Sheriff ' s Office,
located about t hi r t y feet down the hall f r om the State
Poli ce Office , came int o the State Police Office .
Mr . Lopez advis ed M. S . Chavez , New f,iaxico St at e
Polic e , that he had just rece i ved a r adio call from Officer
Lonnie Zamora to come to an area about one mile southwest
of Socorro . The call was in relation t o some unknown
object which "landed and has taken off . " Agent Byrnes
finished his wor k in the State Poli ce Office at Socorro
at approximat ely 6:00 P . M., April 24 , 1964 , and ther e­
after proceeded t o the site where Officer Zamora ,
Socorro County Under sher iff Jim Luckie , Ser geant M. S .
Chavez , and Officer Ted Jordan , New Mexico State Police ,
were assemb led .

It may be not ed that it has been the obser vat ion
of Agent Byr nes t hat Offi cer Zamora , known i ntimate l y for
approximat ely fi ve years , is well regar ded as a sober ,
industrious , and conscient ious officer and not given
t o fantas y.
Officer Zamora was noted to be perfectly sober
and somewhat agitat e d over his experience .
Special Agent Byr nes noted four indent at i ons
in the rough gr ound a t t he "sit e" of t he object des cribed
lM. '-cum~nl: con~ ins neithe, recomm@ndations
. . , <•ndus,o ns of any l::i nd
el
r;
• •

....,.

•
1..
< ,s

th

e prop e rtt

the 8 1, ,ind is a fo an to you r agency; it and/ or

ib conteitts ue ne t t o be cli:;tributed o utsi de your

#### Page 3

... .

t

UNIDENTIFIED FLYI?«r OBJECT
by Officer Zamora . These depressions appeared regular
in shape, approximately sixteen by six inches rectangular.
Each depression seemed to have been made by an object
going into the earth at an angle from a center line. Each
depression was approximately two inches deep and pushed
some earth to the far side.
Inside the four depressions were three burned
patches of clumps of grass. Other clumps of grass in the
same area appeared not to be disturbed . One burned area
was outside the four depressions.
There were three circular marks in the earth
which were smooth , approximately four inches in diameter
and penetrated in the sandy earth approximately one-eighth
of an inch as if a jar lid had gently been pushed into
the sand .
No other person was noted in the area the night
of April 24 , 1964. No other objects were noted in the
area possibly connected with the incident related by
Officer Zamora .
So far as could be noted , there were no houses
or inhabited dwellings in the area or in sight of the area.

- 2-

#### Page 4

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

Albuquorque , liew
y 8 , 1964

In Reply, Please Refer to
File No.

xico

UNIDBNTIPIED FLYIN'.i <13JECT
SOCORRO, HBW
XICO

APRIL 24 , 1964

Special Agent D. Arthur Byrnes , Jr ., Federal
Buroau of Investigation , stationed at Albuquerque , New
xico, vas at Socorro , New .:.bX1co, and at the State
Police Office there on business late afternoon of
April 24 , 1964 .
At approXimately 5:45 to 5 : 50 P .

u., Nep Lopaz ,

radio operator in the Socorro County Sheriff ' s Office ,
located about thirty foot dO'WD the hall frOJ.1 the f tate

Polico Office , came into the state Police Office .
!.%r . Lopez adviSed I.f.

r . Chavez , :few

xtco State

Police , that he had just received a radio call from Offic er

Lonnie Zamor,a to come to an aroa about one mile southwest
The call was in rela tion to sot1e unl:nown
objec t whic h "landed and has tak&n off . " A.gent nyrnes
finished his work in the State Police Office o.t focorro
at approximately 6 : 00 P . M., April 24 , 1964 , and thereafter proceeded to the site
~e Officer z ora,
Socorro Couuty Undersheriff Jim Lue kie , Sergeant . s .
Chavez , and Officer Ted Jordan, New Uexico State Police ,
were assembled .
of focorro .

It may be noted that i t has been the observation
of Agent !lyrnes that Officer Zamora, known intimately for
approximately five years , is well regarded as a sober ,
industrious , and conscientious officer and not give:ii
to 'f11ntasy .
Officer Zamora was noted ~o be perfectly sober
end somewhat agitated over bis experience .
S~ial Agent Byrnes noted four indentations
in the rough ground at the "site" of the object described

#### Page 5

UNlDB?ff IJ'mD FLYI?G OBJECT
• by o.tficar Zamora.

These depressions appeared regular

1n sha~ , approximately sixteen by six inches recta.QgUl&r.
Each de~ession seemed to have beon made by an object

going into the earth at an angle from a centor line . Each
de~eBsion was approx1.ma.tely two 1ncbee deep and wsbed

some earth to the far side.

Inside the four deprese1ons woro threo burned
patches of clumps of grass .

Other clumps ot grase- in the

same area appeared not to be disturbed .
was outside the four de~essions .

One burned area.

There were tbreo circu lar marks in the eartli
which wore smooth , approximately four inches in diameter
and penetrated 1n the sandy earth approX1.mately one◄ ig)lth
of aw inch a.a if a jar lid had gentlJ 'been P\l&hed 1nto
tho sand.
No other person was noted in the area the niaht
of April 24, 1964. No othor objects were notod ln the
area possibly connected with the incident related tiy

Officer Zamora.

So for as could be no'ted , there wer$ no houses
or inhabited dwellincs in the area or in sight of the area .

-2-

#### Page 6

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
In Reply, Please Refer to Albuquerque, New Moxico
File No. May 8, 1964
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING CEJECT
SOCORRO, NEW MEXICO
APRIL 24, 1964
Special Agent D. Arthnr Dyrnes, Jr., Federal
Buroau of Investigation, stationed at Albuquerquo, Now
Mexico, was at Socorro, New Mexice, and at the State
Police Office there on businoss late afternoon of
Aprril 24, 1964.
At approcimately 5:45 to 5:50 P. M., Nep Lopes,
radio oporator in the Socorro County Sheriff's office,
located about thirty feet down the hall from the State
Police Office, came into the State Police Office.
M. Lopez advised H. S. Chavez, New loxico State
Police, that he had just received a radio cnll from officer
Lonnie Zmnora to come to an area about one mile southnost
of Socorro. The call was in relation to some unlmown
objoct which "landed and has talen off." Agent Dyrnes
finished his work in the State Police Office at Socorro
at approrimately 6:00 P. M., April 24, 1964, and there-
after proceeded to the site where Officer Zamora,
Socorro County Undersheriff Jim Luckie, Sorgeant M. S.
Chavez, and officer Ted Jordan, Now Mexico Stnte Police,
wore assombled.
It may be noted that it has been the observation
of Agont Byrnes that Officor Eanora, knowm intimately for
approcimntely five year's, is well regarded as a cober,
industrious, and consoientious officer and not given
to fantasy.
officer Zamora was noted to be perfectly sober
and somewhat agitated over his experience.
Special Ageut Byrnos noted four indentations
in the rough groumd at the "sito" of the object decoribed
This document contains neither recommendations mee conclusions of any kind.
of the FBi, and is a loan to your agency; it and/or # is the property
its contents are not to be distributed outside your egeney.

#### Page 7

UNEENTIFIED FLYING OBJECT
by officor Zamora. These depressions appeared regular
in shape, approximately sixteon by six inches rectangular.
Each depression seomod to have boen made by an object
going into the earth at an angle from a center line. Each
depression was approximately two inches deep and pushed
some earth to the far side.
Inside the four deproesions were three burned
patchos of clumps of grass. Other clumps of grass in the
same area appoared not to bo disturbed. One burnod area
was outside the four depressions,
There vere three circular marks in the earth
which were smooth, approximately four inchos in diameter
and penotrated in the sandy oarth approrimately one-oighth
of an inch as if a jar lid had gontly beon pushed into
the sand.
No other person was noted in the area the night
of April 24, 1964. No other objects were noted in the
area possibly connected with tho incident related by
Officer Zamora.
Fo far as could be noted, thore were no houses
or inhabited dwellings in the area or in sight of the ares.

#### Page 8

UNIT E D S TAT ES DEPARTMEN T OF J U STI C E
FEDERAL B U R EAU OF I N VES TI G ATION

In Reply, Pleaie Refer to
File No.

Albuquerque , New Mexico
May 8, 1964

UNIDENTIFIED FLYI~ OBJECT
MEXICO
APRIL 24, 1964

SOCORRO, NE\'/

The following data were obtained from Officer
Lonnie Zamora, Police Department 1 Socorro, New Mexico ,
the night of April 24, 1964, and early morning , April 25,
1964 , as related by Officer Zamora .
Lonnie Zamora, 606 Reservoir Street , Socorro,
New t~xico , 835-1134 , Officer Socorro Police Department
about five years , office phone 835- 0941 , now on 2:00 P. M.
to 10:00 P . M. shift .
About 5:45 P . M. , April 24 , 1964 , while in
Socorro 2 Police Car (1964 Pontiac white) started to chase
a car due south from west side of Courthouse .

Car was

apparently speeding , and was about three blocks in front .
At point on Old Rodeo Street, (extension of Park Street
south) , near George Morillo residence (about one- half mile
south of Spring Street) .

The chased car was going straight

ahead toward rodeo grounds .

Car chased was a new black

Chevrolet, (it might have been Floyd Reynolds ' boy , Vivian ,
about 17).

Chased car still about three blocks ahead .

n.r. Joaim~nt contains neithe r recom,..ncl.tiont

ftor conclusrons of a11y ki 11J
of
•
••t 1·s tt.n• preperty
• tfie f:lt, i nd is a lo.i11 to you r agencr. it end/ er

its contents are not to be distrrbutecl out,ide you,
.,._,..

#### Page 9

UNIDENTIFmD FLYING OOJECT
Lonnie alone.
At this time heard a roar and saw a flame in the
sky to the southwest some distance away--possibly a half
mile or a mile.

Came to mind that a dynamite shack in that

area had blown up .

Decided to abandon the chase, and to

check on the flame.

The flame was bluish and sort of orange

too.

Could not tell size of flame.

flame, slowly descending.

Sort of motionless

Was still driving the police car

and could not pay too much attention to the flame.
a narrow type of flame.

It was

It was like a "stream down"-- a

funnel type--narrower at top than at bottom .
three degrees or so in width--not wide.

Flame possibly

The flame was

possibly a mile south of Socorro , in isolated area.
The flame about twice as wide at bottom as top,
and about four times as high as top was wide .

Did not

notice any object at top, did not note if top of flame was
level.

/J

Sun was to west and did not help vision.

sun glasses over pres cription glasses.

Had green

Could not

see bottom of flame because it was behind the hill .
No smoke noted.
dust?

Noted some "commotion" at bottom-­

Possibly from windy day--wind was blowing hard .

Clear

sunny sky otherwise--just a few clouds scattered over area.

-2-

#### Page 10

UNIDENTIF mD FLYl?-li OBJECT

Noise was a roar, not a blast.

Not like a jet.

Changed from high frequency to low frequency and then
stopped.

Roar lasted possibly ten seconds--was going towards

it at that time on the rough gravel road.
as long as heard the sound .
recall.

Saw flame about

Flame same color as best as

Sound distinctly from high to low until it disappeared .

Both car windows were down.

No other spectators noted--no

traffic except the car in front--and car in front might have
heard it but possibly did not see it because car in front
was too close to hill in front, to see the flame.
After the roar and flame, did not note anything,
while going up the somewhat steep rough hill toward the
flame site .

Got up about half way first time, wheels started

skidding, roar still going on, had to back down and try twice
again before made the hill.

Hill about sixty feet long, fairly

s tee p and with loose gravel and rock.

While beginning third

time, noise and flame not noted.
After got to top, traveled slowly on the gravel
road westwardly .

Noted nothing for awhile, for possibly

ten or fifteen seconds , went slow , looking around for the
dynamite shack--did not recall exactly where the dynamite
shack was.

#### Page 11

UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECT
Suddenly noted a shiny type object to south
about 150 to 200 yards .
glance, stopped.
upside down .

It was off the road.

At first

It looked, at first, like a car turned

Thought some kids might have turned over .

Saw two people in white coveralls very close to the object .
One of these persons seemed to turn and look straight at
my car and seemed startled--seemed to quickly jump somewhat.
When I first saw the object , (when I thought it
might be a car), I saw what appeared to be two legs of
some type from the object to the ground .

At the time, I

didn't pay much attention to what it was--1 thought it was
an accident--! saw the two persons .
to the two "legs?" .

I didn 't pay attention

The two "legs" were at the bottom

of the object , slanted outwards to the ground.

The object

might have been about th"ee and a half feet from the ground
at that time .

I just glanced at it.

At this time I started moving my car towards them
quickly, with idea· to help.
couple seconds.

Had stopped about only a

Object was like aluminum--it was whitish

against the mesa background , but not chrome .
{)

Seemed like

in shape and I at first glance took it to be an

overturned white car.

Car appeared turned up like standing

-4-

#### Page 12

UNIDENTIFmD FLYING OBJECT

on radiator or on trunk, at this first glance.
The only time I saw these two persons was when I
had stopped, for possibly two seconds or so, to glance at
the object.

I don't recall noting any particular shape

or possibly any hats or headgear .

These persons appeared

normal in shape--but possibly they were small adults or
large kids .
Then paid attention to road while drove towards scene.
Radioed to sheriff ' s office, "Socorro 2 to Socorro, possible
10-44 (accident); I ' ll be 10-6 (busy) out of the car checking
the car down in the arroyo . "
Stopped car, was .still talking on radio, started
to get out, mike fell down, reached back to put up mike,
then replaced radio mike in slot, got out of car and turned
to go down to where knew the object (car) was .
AP my mike fell, I got out of car, at scene area,
I heard about two or three loud "thumps , " iike someone
possibly hammering or s hutting a door or doors hard.
"thumps" were possibly a second or less apart.
just before the roar.

These

This was

The· persons were not seen when I got

up to the scene area .

-5-

#### Page 13

UNIDENTIFIED FLYU(j OBJECT
Hardly turned around from car when heard roar,
(was not exactly a blast), very loud roar--at that close
was real loud.

Not like a jet--knows what jets sound like.

started low frequency quickly, then roar rose in frequency
(higher tone) and in loudness--from loud to very loud.
same time as roar saw flame .

At

Flame was under the object.

Object was starting to go straight up--slowly up .

Object

slowly rose straight up.

Flame was light blue and at bottom

was sort of orange color.

From this angle, saw what might

be the side of object (not end, as first noted) .
to describe flame.

Difficult

Thought , from roar, it might blow up.

Flame might have come from underside of object, at middle,
possibly a four feet area--very rough guess.

Can not

describe flame further except blue and orange.

No smoke,

except dust in immediate area.
As soon as saw flame and heard roar, turned away,
ran away from object but did turn head several times towards
object.

Bumped leg on car--back fender area.

southwest .

Car facing

Glasses fell to ground , left them there.

Ran

to north--car between him and object.
Object was C::;>
windows or doors.
ground.

in shape .

It was smo oth--no

As roar started, it was still on or near

Noted red lettering of some type, like
- 6-

f"i,)

#### Page 14

UNIDENTIFIED FLYIID OBJECT
Insignia was about two and one-half feet high and about
two feet wide , guess.

C /2ii, -

~ .

Was in middle of object , like

Object still like aluminum-white .

After fell by car and glasses fell off , kept
running to north with car between me and object .
back couple of times.

Glanced

Noted object to rise to about level

of car, about twenty to twenty-five feet, guess--took I
guess about six seconds when object started t o rise and I
glanced back.

I ran I guess about half way to where I

ducked down--about fifty feet from the car is where I ducked
down, just over edge of hill .

I guess I had run about

twenty-five feet when I glanced back and saw the object about
level with the car and it appeared about directly over the
place where it rose from.
I was still running and I jumped just over the
hill--1 stopped because I did not hear the roar.

I was

scared of the roar, and I had planned to continue running
down the hill .

I turned around toward the object and at

same time put my head towards ground , covering my face with
my arms .

Being that there was no roar, I looked up, and I

saw the object going away from me, in a southwest direction .
When the roar stopped , heard a sharp tone whine from high
tone to low tone .

At end of roar was this whine and the

- 7-

#### Page 15

UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECT
whine lasted maybe a second .
silence about the object .

Then there was complete

That's when I lifted up my head

and saw the object going away from me.
any closer to me.

It did not come

It appeared to go in a straight line

and at same height--possibly ten to fifteen feet from ground,
and it cleared the dynamite shack by about three feet .

Shack

about eight feet high.

It

Object was traveling very fast .

seemed to rise up and take off immediately across country.
I ran back to my car and as I ran back, I kept an eye on the
object.

I picked up my glasses , (I left the sunglasses on

the ground), got into the car, and radioed to Nep Lopez ,
radio operator, to "look out the window, to see if you could
see..an object."

He asked, ''What is it?"

looks like a balloon . "

I answered, "It

I don't know if he saw it .

If Nep

looked out his window, which faces north, he couldn't have
seen it.

I did not tell him at the moment which window to

look out of.
As I was calling Nep , I could still see the object.
The object seemed to lift up slowly , and to "get small" in
the distance very fast.

It seemed to just clear the Box

Canyon or Six Mile Canyon Mountain .

- 8-

It disappeared as it

#### Page 16

UNIDENTIFmD FLYIN:i OBJECT
went over the mountain .

It had no flame whatsoever as it

was traveling over the ground , and no smoke or noise .
Can t t tell how long saw object second time (the
"close" time) , · possibly twenty seconds-- just a guess- -from
time got out of car, glanced at object , ran from object ,
jumped over edge of hill, then got back to car-and radioed
as object disappeared .
Just before Sergeant Chavez got to scene , I got
my pen and drew a picture of the insignia on the object .
Feeling in good health .

Last drink--two or thr ee

beers--was over a month ago .

Noted no odors .

Noted no

sounds other than described .

Gave directions to Nep Lopez

at radio and to Sergeant M. S. Chavez to get there .

Went

down to where the object had been and I noted the br ush was
burning in several places .

At that time, I heard Sergeant

Chaves, (New Mexico State Police at Socorro), calling me
on radio for my location, and I returned to my car , told
him he was "looking at me . "

Then Sergeant Chavez came up ,

asked me what the trouble was , because I was sweating and
he told me I was white , very pale .

I asked the Sergeant

to see what I saw , and that was the burning brush .
- 9-

Then

#### Page 18

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
Albuquerque, New Mexico
In Reply, Please Refer to May 8, 1964
File No.
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING CEJECT
SOCORRO, NEW MEXICO
APRIL 24, 1964
The following data were obtained from Officer
Lonnie Zamora, Police Department, Socorro, New Mexico,
the night of April 24, 19o4, and early morning, April 25,
1964, as related by Officer Zanora.
Lonnie Zamora, 6o6 Reservoir Street, Socorro,
New Mexico, 835-ll34, Officer Socorro Police Departnent
about five years, office phone s35-094l, now on 2:00 P. M.
to 10:00 P. M. shift.
About 5:45 P. M., Apwil 24, 1964, while in
Socorro 2 Police Car (l9s4 Pontiac white) started to chase
a car due south from west side of Courthouse. Car was
apparently speeding, and was about three blocks in front.
At point on Old Rodeo Street, (extension of Park Street
south), noar George Morillo residence (about one-half mile
south of Spring Street). The chased car was going straight
ahead toward rodeo grounds. Car chased was a now black
Chevrolet, (it might have been Floyd Reynolds' boy, Vivian,
about 17). Chased car still about three blocks ahead.
This document contains neither recommendations mer conclusions of any kind.
of the FBl, and is a loan to your agency; it and/or it is the property
its contents are not to be distributed outside your
agency.

#### Page 19

UNIDENTIFIED FLYING (BJECT
Lomie alone.
At this time heard a roar and saw a flame in the
sky to the southwest some distance away--possibly a half
mi le ow a mile. Came to mind that a dynamite shack in that
area had blown up. Decided to abandon the chase, and to
check on the flame, The flame was bluish and sort of orange
too. Could not tell size of flame. Sort of motionless
flane, slowly descending. Was still driving the police car
and could not pay too much attention to the flame. It was
a narrow type of flame. It was like a "stream down"-- a
funnel type--narrower at top than at bottom. Flase possibly
three degrees or so in width--not wide. The flame was
possibly a mile south of Socorro, in isolated area.
The flame about twice as wide at bottom as top,
and about four times as high as top was wide. Did not
notice any object at top, did not note if top of flame was
level. Sun was to west and did not help vision. Had green
sun glasses over prascription glasges. Could not
see bottom of flane because it was behind the hill.
No smoke notod. Noted some "commotion" at bottom--
dust? Possibly from windy day--wind was blowing hard. Clear
sunny sky otherwise--juet a few elouds scattered over area.

#### Page 20

UNIDENTIFIED FLYING CEECT
Noise was a roar, not a blast. Not like a jet.
Changed from high frequency to low frequancy and then
stopped, Roer lasted possibly ten seconds--was going towards
it at that time on the rough gravel road. Saw flame about
as long as heard the sound. Flame same color as best an
recall. Soumd distinctly from high to low until it disappeared.
Both car windows were down. No other spectators noted--no
traffie except the car in front--and car in front might have
heard it but possibly did not see it because car in front
was too close to hill in front, to see the flmme.
After the roar and flame, did not note anything,
whilo going up the somewhat sceop rough hill toward the
flame site. Got up about half way first time, wheels started
skidding, roar still going on, had to back down and try twice
again beforo made the hill. Hill about sixty feet long, fairly
stoep and with loose gravel and rock. Whi le beginning third
time, noise and flame not noted.
After got to top, traveled slowly on the arawel
road westwardly. Noted nothing for awhile, for possibly
ten or fifteen seconds, went slow, looking around fow the
dynamite shack--did not recall exactly where the dynanite
shaok was.

#### Page 21

UNIDENTIFIED FLYING CEJECT
Suddonly noted a shiny type object to south
about 1s0 to 2o0 yards. It was off the road. At first
glance, stopped. It looked, at first, like a car turned
upside down. Thought some kids might have turned over.
Saw two people in white coveralls very close to the object.
One of thoce persons seemed to turn and look straight at
my car and seemed startled--seemod to quickly jump somewhat.
When I first saw the object, (when I thought it
might be a car), I saw what appeared to be two legs of
some type from the objeot to the ground, At the time, I
didn't pay much attontion to what it was--I thought it was
an accidont--I saw the two persons. I didn't pay attention
to the two "legs?". The two "legs" were at the bottom
of the object, slanted outwerde to the ground. The object
might have been about thee and a half feet from the ground
at that time. I just glanced at it.
At this time I started moving my car towards them
quickly, with idea to help. Mad stopped about only a
couple seconds. Object was like aluninum--it was whitish
against the mesa backgroumnd, but not chrome. Seened like
in shape and I at firnt glance took it to be an
overturned white car. Car appeared turned up like standing

#### Page 22

UNIDENTIFIED FLYING CBECT
on radiator or on trunk, at this first glance.
The only time I saw these two persous was when I
had stopped, for possibly two seconds or so, to glance at
the object. I don't recall noting any particular shape
or possibly any hats or headgear. Thece persons appeared
normal in shape--but possibly they were small adults or
Largo ktids.
Then paid attention to road while drove towards scene.
Radiood to sheriff's office, 'Eocorro 2 to Socorro, possible
10-44 (mooident); I'll be l0-6 (bumy) out of tho car checking
the car down in the arroyo."
Stopped car, was still talking on radio, started
to get out, mike fell down, reached back to put up mike,
then replaced radio mike in slot, got out of car and turned
to go down to where knew the objeet (car) was.
As my mike fell, I got out of car, at scone area,
I beard about two or three loud "thuaps," like someone
possibly hammoring or shurtting a door or doors haed. These
"thuaps" were possibly a second or less apart. This was
just before the roar. The persons were not neen when I got
up to the scene area.

#### Page 23

UNIDENTIFIED FLYING GBJECT
Hardly turned around from car when heard roar,
(was not exactly a blast), very loud roar--at that close
was real loud. Not like a jet--knows what jets sound like.
Started low frequency quickly, then roar rose in frequency
(higher tone) and in loudness--from loud to very loud. At
same time as roar saw flame. Flame was under the object.
Object was starting to go straight up--slowly up. Object
slowly rose straight up. Flane was light blue and at bottom
was sort of orange color. From this angle, saw what might
be the side of object (not end, as first noted). Difficult
to describe flame. Thought, from roar, it might blow up.
Flane might have come from underside of object, at middle,
possibly a four feet area--very rough guess. Can not
doscribe flane further except blue and orange. No smoke,
except dust in immediate area.
As soon as saw flane and heard roar, turnod away,
ran away from object but did turn head several times towards
object. Bumped leg on car--back fender area. Car facing
southwest. Glasses fell to ground, loft them there. Ean
to north--car between him and object.
Object was in shape. It was smooth--no
windows or doors. As roar started, it was still on or near
ground. Noted red lettering of some type, like /

#### Page 24

UNIDENTIFIED FLYING CERCT
Insigaia was about two and ono-half feet high and about
two feet wide, guess. Was in middle of object, like
A Object still like alumimum-white.
Aftor fell by car and glasses fell off, kept
running to north with car betweon me and objoct. Glanced
back couple of times. Noted object to rise to about level
of car, about twenty to twenty-five feet, suess--took I
guess about six seconds when object started to rise and I
glanced back. I ran I guess about half way to where I
ducked down--about fifty foot from the car is where I ducked
down, just over edge of hill. I guess I had run about
twenty-five feet when I glanced back and saw the object about
level with the car and it appeared about directly over the
place where it rose from.
I was still running and I jumped just over the
hill--I stopped because I did not hear the roar. I was
scared of the roar, and I had planned to contimue running
down the hill. I turned around toward the object and at
sane time put my head towards ground, covering my face with
my arms, Being that there was no roar, I looked up, and I
saw the object going away from me, in a southvest direction.
When the roar stopped, heard a sharp tone whine from high
tone to low tone. At end of roar was this whine and the
-7-

#### Page 25

UNIDENTIFED FLYING CBECT
whine lasted maybe a second, Thon there was complete
silence about the object. That's when I lifted up my head
and saw the object going away from me. It did not come
any closer to me. It appeared to go in a straight line
and at sane height--possibly ten to fifteen feot from ground,
and it cleared the dynamite shack by about thuee foet. Shack
about eight feet high. Object was traveling very fast. It
seemed to rise up and take off inmediately across country.
I ran back to my car and as I ran back, I kept an eye on the
objoct. I picked up my glasses, (I left the sunglasses on
the ground), got into the car, and radiced to Nep Lopes,
radie operator, to "look out the window, to see if you could
see an object. " Io asked, "Whnt is it?" I answered, "It
looks Mike a balloon." I don't kmow if he saw it. I Nep
looked out his window, which faces north, he couldn't have
seen it. I did not tell him at tho moment which window to
look out of.
As I was calling Nep, I could still see the object.
The object seomed to lift up slowly, and to "get small" in
the distance very fast. It seomed to just clear the Box
Canyon or Six Mle Canyon Mountain. It disappeared as it

(Text continues in the original file: 40 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Serial 449

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-449
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-serial-449
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing extraterrestrial about the memo is its October 3 1966 date.

- FBI pdf 65_HS1-834228961_62-HQ-83894_Serial_449, internal memo dated October 3 1966, Los Angeles.
- Notes receipt of Flying Saucers International Issue 24, featuring alleged Korendor message on pages 2‑3.
- No investigation initiated; no further action planned.

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

C2.HQ.33394 Val SERIAL 449- ONCY
FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER
HQ - HEADQUARTERS
Class / Case # Sub Vol. Serial #
0062 83894 1 449 ONLY
8/11/1274157
RRP003IXFZ
Declassification authority derived
from FBl Automatic Declassification
Guide, issued May 24, 2007.

#### Page 2

10/3/66

DIRECTOR, FBl

SAC, LOS AMGELES (1oo.;.24442--4o/)
FLYING SAUCERS IWl'ERKAT:tONAL,
OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE
AMALGAMATED FLYING SAUCER
CLUBS OF AMElUCA_. INC.
IS - MISCELLANEOUS
The Fhil.adelphia D~v1s1on by letter dated 9/22/66,
f urnished the Los Angeles Division with Iosue No. 24 dated
July, 1966, entitled "FLYING SAUCERS INTERNATIONAL", which is
the official journal of the Amalgamated Flying Saucer Clubs
of America, Inc. The Philadelphia Division received the
magazine from Mr. JARVIS H. COOPER, IRS, 401 North Broad Street,
Ph11adelph1a, Pennsylvania on 9/19766. Mr. COOPER stated he
subscribed to the magazine because his eon had exhibited an
interest in fly ng saucers and outer space. He said that on
pages 2 and 3 of Issue No. 24 was an article which he believed
exJ.)OWlded the Communist Party (CP) line.
For the intormat:1.on of the Bureau., the International
Headquarters of the ~ t e d Fl~ng Saucer Clubs or America,
Inc. 1s located at 20o4 North Hoover Street, Los Angeles,
Galif"ornia. The article on pages 2 and 3, were allegedly
written by Master KALEN-h JIBTAN, Head of the pld KORENDOR,
wh1ch was received on 5/4/66 by special directional short-wave
radio by BOD RENAUD.
The indices of :the Los .Angeles Div1~1on contain no
1n:f'ornat1on identifiable w'ith RENAUD, &nd no investigation has
ever been conducted on captioned organization.
No rurther action is contemplated 1n this matter
by the Los Angeles Ot'fice, UACB.
The f'oregomg is t'urnished to the Bure.au f'or
information.

✓,:;),. Bureau (RM) {PN C-I)
l - Los Angeles

1;3:gcw

(' '2)

t \ L-f ~ 1

#### Page 4

SPECIAL

AFSCA

CONVENTION

BRIGHT WORLD IN HANDS OF SAUCER MOVEMENT
(Editor's Note: This special message was
received from Master Kalen-Li Retan (head of the
planet Korendor, about 400 light years distant) on
May 4, 1966 via special directional short-wave radio
by Bob Renaud, the young electronic-technician whose
remarkable story we printed in issues #18, 19, 20, 21,
and 22, and which will be continued in our next issue .
Since Bob's initial radio contact in 1961, he has
talked with the crew of a spacecraft as he watched
them on his special TV screen in his home - and
eventually met his contacts in-person; visited their
unde rsea and underground bases on our planet; was
taken aboard many of their spaceships; and was
actually allowed to pilot two of t heir small scout
craft - one on a short solo flight.)
"Kalo (Hello), friends . We will get directly to
the point of our message to you. Frankly, we are
appalled at the state of Earth at present. Despite our
constant warnings and even our actual intervention in
some instances, the condition upon your planet grows
steadily worse.
One subject on everyone's lips these days is
Vietnam. From a little civil war, it has grown
steadily and inexorably into a full scale conflict
between the world's three major powers: the United
States, the Soviet Union, and Communist China.
Many influential people have used the approach
of patriotism and love of God and Country to twist
decent human feelings into dangerous channels of
thought and action . With their charges of treason and
sympathy with the enemy, they have aroused a good
portion of the populace to a state of fear, distrust,
and hatred of those who seek peace and love. Unfor tunately, because some unconventional individuals
have been associated with the peace movement, that
entire operation has been seriously hindered.
Your government is a military puppet, a mere
parrot of the monstrosity that is the Military-Indus trial compl ex. Your senators, except for a few, are
robots , speaking what they are told to say .
Your President is, unfortunately, a pawn of
their needs and demands. We have contacted him
several times concerning the state of affairs, and he
has said that he could do nothing to change them, for
if he were to speak out against the Asian conflict, he
would be removed. This is what happened to the late
Mr. Kennedy who, in his great humanitarianism, was
reluctant to sacrifice his ideals and his visions for
the sake of the Military Industrial octopus. He paid
the supreme penalty for his efforts in behalf of

I

ISSUE NQ. 24

MESSAGE

humanity.
Make no mistake. Your governmen,t is not. in the
White House or the Congress. IT IS IN THE PENTA­
GON, AND IN THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE VAST
"DEFENSE"-ORIENTED INDUSTRIES. It is THEY,
not the President or the Congressmen, who run the
United States. The facade government is merely to
allay undue alarm or suspicion of the people.
Examine another aspect of the Asian war, the
ECONOMIC side. Do you recall that, in the stock
reports j ust recently, the Dow-Jones average
dropped sharply BECAUSE OF A RUMOR THAT
NORTH VIETNAM HAD MADE A PEACE BID? Does
the staggering implication of this news evade you?
Stock prices suffering a heavy loss becau!!e of a
rumor that peace might come to pass!
This thought is most dis t ressing. Your economy
relies so heavily upon war and destruction, that if it
were to stop, THE UNITED STATES ECONOMY
WOULD SUFFER A MASSIVE DEPRESSION! You.r
money system would collapse like a house of cards.
Millions would be unemployed, sick, hungry and
homeless. Tremendous industrial complexes would
close their doors .
The utterly appalling fact is this : WAR IS .
PROFITABLE. Highly so! Every major conflict has
been accompanied by a strong peak in your monetary
prosperity. Peace has usually been economically
painful!
After World War 1, the nation coasted for a while
upon the fat put on during the boom of the war years.
In 1929, the bottom fell out. After the Korean War,
in the 1950's came another recession. What comes
after Vietnam? No one knows, and no one wants to
find out. The war in Vietnam is bringing an unheard­
of degree of affluence in the United States. Why kill
a good thing by ending the war? The philosopy, in
essence, is this: It is economically expedient to send
military forces to Vietnam and e lsewhere in Asia in
order to wage war, because in doing so, the United
States I economy is bolstered and maintained at a high
level of prosperity; human life is secondary to the
preservation of economic well-being!
It is thus evident that, unless a dras tic change is
made in the structure of your economy, war will
never end because the Military-Industrial complex
WON'T LET IT!
Many of you fear Communism. Where did that
fear come from, I ask you? From within yourself?
NO! It was brainwashed into you by the Military­
Industrial complex. Who controls all your news
media? The gover nment and the advertisers . Who,
then, is in a position to dictate what shall be printed?

FLYING SAUCERS INTERNATIONAL

JULY 1 1966

Official Journal of the

Amalgamated Flying Saucer Clubs of America, Inc.
International Headquarters: 2004 N. Hoover St., Los Angeles,, Calif. 90027, U.S.A .
GABRIEL GREEN. Editor
H ELEN GREEN, As,;i. Ed.

Dedicated to
The Phy sical, Spiritual, and Economic Emancipation of Man

FLYING SAUCERS INTERNATIONAL (6 issues-$3. 00 .
Membership-$!. 00) is published quarterly. Copyright
1965 by Amalgamated Flying Saucer Clubs of
America. All rights reserved. The information
presented in "Flying Saucers International" does not
necessarily represent the views of AFSCA. The number after your name on the address label indicates the
issue with which your subscription expires. Subscription renewals will start where the previous one ended,
and will be acknowledged only by the new number after
your name on future issues. A "Time to Renew"

©

A Non-profit Organization

notice will be enclosed in the last issue for which you
have paid. New subscriptions will start with the last
issue published, unless a specific starting issue number is requested. When writing to AFSCA for a reply,
enclose a stamped self-addressed envelope. Not
responsible for magazines lost in the mail due to sub­
scribers' failure to inform us of their current address­
es. Prices subject to change. Payment must accompa­
ny order . Send cash, check or money order to: AFSCA;
2004 North Hoover St.; Los Angeles, California 90027.
Phone: 662-4404.
2

#### Page 5

FLYING

SAUCER

NEW BOOKS NOW AVAILABLE FROM AFSCA:
Price includes 15¢ mailing charge. California
residents also add 4o/ sales tax.)
1. COUNCIL OF SEVEN LIGHTS by George Van
Tassel, now reprinted - $3. 65 .
2. THE ADVENT OF THE COSMIC VIEWPOINT by
Bryant Reeve - $6. 15 .
3. FLYING SAUCERS . THROUGH THE AGES by Paul
Thomas - $4. 15.
4 . OTHER TONGUES, OTHER FLESH by George
Hunt Williamson, now reprinted - $6. 10.
5. SECRET OF THE ANDES by Brother Philip - $4.
6. FLYING SAUCERS AND THE THREE MEN by
Albert K. Bender - $4. 15 .
7. FLYING SAUCERS - SERIOUS BUSINESS by
Frank Edwards - $6. 10.
8. INCIDENT AT EXETER by John G. Fuller - $6. 10.
9. THE HOLLOW EARTH by Dr. Raymond Bernard,
now available again i n soft cover for $3. 15.
PAST CONVENTIONS & SAUCER ACTIVITIES :
FEBRUARY 5, 6, 1966: Dr . Frank E. Stranges 1 4th
Annual .UFO Space and Science Convention was held at
the Blarney Castle Inn Annex in Los Angeles.
JUNE 4, 5, 6, 1966: Dr. Daniel W. Fry's Man in
Space Symposium took place at Duns muir, near Mt.
Shasta· in Northern California.
JUNE 25, 26, 27, 1966: Buck Nelson's 10th Annual
Spacecraft Convention was held at Buck's Mountain
View Ranch; Route 1, Box 236; Mountain View, Mo.
BACK ISSUES of UFO INTERNATIONAL are now
selling 11 issues for $3 . 00, while they last (issue
# 11 is now out of print ) . There is much timeless and
valuable information available in these magazines .
OUT OF PRINT: 1. FLYING SAUCERS: TOP
SECRET by Major Donald E . Keyhoe is now out of
print, although it is listed in our new brochure .
(Some saucer books have occassionally gone out of
print without notice. )
2 . BACK ISSUES #6 and 11 are now out of print. We
still have only a few copies left of # 9 which we have
priced at $1. 00 each in an effort to preserve them for
serious researchers and collectors . Please do not
order these items, or any other materials which we
do not advertise.
PRICE CHANGE: The price has gone up on two
of the better known books in the saucer field, which
we must now order from England: 1. THE SKY
PEOPLE by Brinsley le Poer Trench, was $4. 65.
It is now $5. 10, postpaid. 2. ROAD IN THE SKY by
George Hunt Williamson, was $4. 15. It is now $5. 10,
postpaid. California residents please add 4o/ tax.
"UFOI" ISSUE #23 CORRECTIONS : Page 4 , line
3 : the date should be April 24, 1964, instead of
1965. On page 4, line l of the 7th paragraph, insert
"later, via telepathy" after "They told him - - - . "
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON area residents please
note: AFSCA Unit #25 meets every 4th Friday at the
Seattle Public Library, Room 325 at 7:30 P . M.,
under the capable direction of Mr. Leverett G .
Tallman. The meeting is free, and all who are
interested in the Flying Saucer subject are invited to
come to listen and to participate in the discussion.
ZIP CODES ARE IMPORTANT: If the address
label on this magazine does not have your zip code
number on it, please notify us as to what your num­
ber is. If you don't know your number, call your
local Post Office and then let us know. Thanks!
AFSCA BROCHURES AND SAUCER-PHOTO
POST CARDS, sent to friends and acquaintances, are
a good way to help spread the word about F l ying

NEWS

IN

BRIEF

Saucers. Brochures are 1~ each {this just about pays
the postage to mail them to you). Saucer post cards
are 50 for $1.00.
WHEN WRITING AFSCA, if you wish a personal
reply to a specific inquiry, please enclose a stamped,
self-addressed envelope . No replies can otherwise
be sent. General information may be obtained via
our brochures and magazines . We are sorry that we
cannot have a lengthy correspondence with all the
hundreds of persons who would like us to do so, but
unfortunately we have neither the time nor the staff
for it - and our mail has been greatly increased in
the last few months .
SAUCER NEWS CLIPPINGS : Your response has
been wonderful ! We 've received so many clippings
from you helpful people that we simply hadn't enough
space to print all your individual names and cities.
So we say a big and sincere THANKS to all of you.
And please do keep 'em coming! (One reminder:
please DON'T write on or near the clippings . )
WEDDING BELLS rang on Saturday, June 4, 1966
for contactee Elary J. Willsie and Sophia Martinez
Olivares of. Mexico City. The ceremony took place
at Los Angeles , California. Among those present
were Sophia's parents and her younger sister, all of
Mexico City; Mr s. Maud Willsie, mother of the
groom; and your edit or, who was also official photog­
rapher for t he occasion. Mr. and Mrs. Willsie will
live in Los Angeles . Congratulations and best wishes,
Elary and Sophia!
MEL NOEL, former Air Force L ieute nant and
fighte r p ilot, is fas t becoming very well known for h is
lectures on his amazing experiences with Flying
Saucers while on active duty in the service. He has
been speaki ng to capacity crowds wherever he goes .
On Thursday, June 23, 1966, the personable Mr.
Noel spoke t o a standing-room only c rowd at the
Aeronautical Sciences Building on Beverly Blvd. in
West Los Angeles. We hear that he is booked to
speak at 57 colleges across the nation! Recently he
appeared on the Louis L omax TV Show, and has been
heard on many radio shows . He leaves shortl y for
Mexico City, whe re he has been invited by an official
government group to speak. He has been promised
some interesting experiences by a local contactee
there, and we look forward to hearing his report on
his return! Good work, Mel, and good luck!
SID PADRICK, contactee from Watsonville,
Calif. , who spent two hours aboard a space craft,
was recently in Los Angeles when he was guest
speaker at the regular monthly meeting of the Ingle­
wood Unit of Understanding on Saturday, June 25,
1966. Meetings are held on t he 4th Saturday of every
month a t the Inglewood Business and Professional
Woman's Cl ub; 820 Java St. , Inglewood, at 8:00 l" . M.
Donati on is $1 . 00 . Information: Mrs. Roberta T.
Forrester, Progr am Chai rman; P . O . Box 146;
Inglewood, Calif. 90306. Phone: 677-5214 . Also,
Mr . and Mrs. Lee Yates. Phone : 293-4743.
NEW AFSCA UNITS:
45 . AFSCA Unit #45; Everett, Washington;
Ray and Jean Sebring, Co- Directors ;
1032 S . W . 126th St. ; Seattle, Wash. 98146 .
46. AFSCA Unit #46; Ben Blazs, Director;
3057 E lectric; Lincoln Park, Mich. 48146.
Several other new AFSCA Units have been formed
and will be listed in the next issue (#25). Persons
interested in forming AFSCA Units in their cities
should contact AFSCA Headquarters for information.

15

#### Page 6

AFSCA's
(Amalgamated Flying Saum Clubs of America )

3rd Nt1tiont1 I ~ )_, - f 3 i

q.Cf-. t;

FLYING SAUCER
SAUCER
MOVIES
SLIDES
* EXHIBITS
BOOKS
* ~~ITERATURE

*
*
*

CONVENTION
At The Beautiful, New
CENTENNIAL
COLISEUM (4590 S. Virginia St.) '

REGISTER
- 9 A. M . $2. 00 per day

/leno, Nevadd - July 8,9, 10, 1966
Program: 10 A.M. to 11 P.M.
SPEAKERS ARE: Wayne S . Aho, Carl A . Anderson, Orfeo Angelucci, Michael "X" Barton,
Wesley Bateman, Marianne Francis, Dr. Daniel W. Fry, Calvin C . Girvin, Gabriel Green,
Dr . George King, Hanno Mayberry, Howard Menger, Laura Mundo, Mel Noel, Sidney Padrick,
Chief Standing Horse, Dr. Frank E. Stranges, Mollie Thompson, Hope Troxell, George W .
Van Tassel, Hal Wilcox.

HEAR:

Amazing experiences with spacecraft from other planets and their occupants by the
greatest assembl y of contactee-speakers since our Los Angeles convention in 1959
~
at the Statl er - Hilton.
SEE :
Startling new photographic evidence - the biggest collection of Flying Saucer photos
on display in the history of the saucer movement . Actual color movies and new still
photos of Flying Saucers.
MEET : IN PERSON, PEOPLE WHO HAVE HAD ACTUAL CONTACTS WITH SPACESHIPS
AND THEIR CREWS FROM OTHER WORLDS.
LEARN: About this important subject which is so vital to the welfare and survival of humanity
in our times .
ATTEND: AFSCA's 3rd National Convention. You'll be glad you did! Fill out the Advance
Registration form bel ow. Do it Now!
For Motel & Hotel room information, write to: The Greater Reno Chamber of Commerce
P.O. Box 2109; Reno, Nevada
AFSCA 3rd NATIONAL CONVENTION ADVANCE REGISTRATION FORM
To: AFSCA Headquarters; 2004 N . Hoover St., Los Angel es, Calif. 90027 . Phone: 662 - 4404.
Yes , count me in! I don ' t want to miss joining with you at this important convention
and helping to support this vital movement. Here is my $..,......,-----,,-...-· Please send me
Advance Re s ervation tickets ($5. 00 for the 3 days, or $2. 00 per day) . IMPORTANT: I=--a_m
_ _
also enclosing a stamp~d, self- addressed envelope for the return of my tickets. ADVANCE
REGISTRATIONS must be received at AFSCA Headquarters no l ater than JUNE 30th!! !
Name

--------------------Street--------------------

City

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -State- - - - - - - - - - - -Zip Code--------

#### Page 7

The Military-Industrial complex, by opinion-control
through the use of· psycho-politics (brainwashing by
controlled news management) .
Consider ,this: In order to survive, a commer­
cial medium, such as a newspaper or magazine,
requires a vast amount of advertising revenue. The
mere subscription fees will not cover the costs.
Thus, they depend.for their continued existence upon
money paid by advertisers. Suppose, then, that the
edit or of a certain newspaper decides that he is
opposed to the Vietnam policy, and says so in his
paper . The advertisers simply say to the editor,
"Either you t oe the mark and print what we want, or
we 111 withdraw our advertising. "
Such pressures are a fact of life. The newsmen
are torn between their higher devotion to Truth, and
also to the lower level of their physical needs.
Rather than jeopardize their security and their
futures they, of course, submit meekly to power.
Their actions are fully understandable, and we do not
hold them responsible.
We throw the blame directly on the Military­
Industrial complex which, by its underhanded dealing,
threats of force, and economic pressure and retali­
ation, has crushed the spirit of American journalism
and turned it from a dynamic motivating force in
Amer;i.can life into a weak-willed, subservient
mouthpiece for the power-masters. We blame them
for the death of journalistic freedom and individuaIT
ne more comment on is topic : May I say at
a better economic system is already known to the
leaders of the Flying Saucer Movement. It is the
system known as Universal Economics. As we have
said over and over before, it is the non-money
economic system which MUST be applied on your
planet before you can startto resolve most of your
major problems and thus begin to establish a highly­
advanced, non-destructive state of existance on
Earth, such as we of more advanced planets have
enjoyed for so long. INVESTIGATE THIS SYSTEM
to evaluate it for its merit - then ACT to apply it!
YOUR VERY SURVIVAL AS A CIVILIZATION MAY
DEPEND UPON IT!
Perhaps this is an opportune time to clarify a
few questions which have been asked about us .
Do we of Korendor work with the local planets
in our operations? Yes, we do cooperate with them
a great deal. However, our work on Earth is
relatively independent of the local planets. We have
many times overstepped what is considered to be the
limit of interference upheld by Venus, Mars, and
other planets. This has caused a good deal of debate
between them and us. Each time we have pointed out
that we of Korendor are basically pragmatic in nature.
Although we do respect the laws of self-destiny, we
feel also that where stepping in is required to prevent
disaster, it is our right and o u r ~ to do so.
We have interfered in such places as the United
States, China, Russia, and on a large scale in
Vietnam. This has caused no end of consternation in
the local Tribunal of Planets. We are sympathetic to
their viewpoint, but we do feel that their policy is
limited in its capacity to achieve the desired goals .
It is our opinion that one cannot stand on the sidelines
and achieve any noticeable results.
As I have said before, we have infiltrated your
planet. We are directly involved in Earth's life.
You might say that you have been invaded - a strong
way of phrasing it, to be sure, but nonetheless
factual, since we walk and work amongst you daily!
We have been asked about our physical appear­
ance. We are humanoid, indistinguishable from
yourselves, except that in our natural form we aver­
age three to four feet in height . Every other dimen­
sion is proportionately scaled, so that photographs of
us would not reveal our origin in any way.

We are able to increase our height while on
Earth through a technical process related to telepor­
tation. It is concerned with recording the atomic and
molecular structures of our bodies, and then repro­
ducing them identically on a larger scale. Differ­
ences in our internal structure are adjusted by the
computer which controls the reproducer.
Our most common skin color is a little darker
than yours, although we have skin colors which vary
as yours do all over the Earth. Usually, however,
we would look "tan" to you. We are NOT green, blue,
or heliotrope, as has been suggested~
Concerning our language, we generally use one
of two tongues and we are fairly familiar with a third .
On Korendor itself we speak the native language,
Korendian. It is similar in many ways to your own
languages since it, like yours, was originally derived
from Galingua, one of the two universal tongues .
The other is Solex Mal, which is more familiar to
you, since it is used by your local Solar System
planets. It is seldom heard now in our sector of
space, as Galingua has replaced it almost completely .
Unlike your own, however, the Korendian­
Galinguan speech is very rhythmic, and has few
sibilant sounds, such as "s" or "z". Some of the
sharper sounds like ''c" and "k" are minimized. It is
a beautiful language which is very musical and
pleasant to hear.
Perhaps you would be surprised to learn that
ancient Latin was liberally taken from Galingua.
There are many similarities in the two languages.
Even modern English has roots on other worlds!
In concluding my message to you, may I say people of Earth: open up your minds and your hearts
to the world around you. There is so much to be
learned, so much to be discovered. Don't waste
precious hours and days in bigotry and ignorance,
and in senseless fighting and killing. To do so is
truly a crime against nature and humanity.
At this stage where you have the very stars
almost in your grasp, how irrational and barbaric it
is to spend futile hours warring with your brothers.
As an old saying on your world puts it: "As you make
your bed, so shall you lie in it." The decision does
not seem difficult. Here are the alternatives: A
world living in harmony, justice, security and abun­
dance for all, or a world continuing to reap the
bloody harvests that grow from the seeds of hatred
and mistrust. If left to their own devices, the
majority of mankind will forge onward to a destiny of
destruction and annihilation, oblivious to the danger
in their actions. They are short-sighted; they care
little for the future.
It is you New Age people, dedicated to the wel ­
fare of all mankind, and having the vision and under standing of the ways to build the better world of
tomorrow, who must lead the way. You have the
future in YOUR hands, if you will but shoulder your
responsibilities. The Flying Saucer Movement, as
you call it, belongs to you. Support it in every way
possible. Help it to grow until it is influential
thoughout your world. Go out into the world and
guide the misguided, find the lost, and recover the
strays. We are behind you all the way. As we have
said many times before, we will take two steps for
every one that you take to help yourselves.
The time has come for nations to "bury the
hatchet", to clasp hands, and plunge into the future
together - in co-operation toward mutual goals.
Look to the heavens and realize that your destiny
is not in bleak atomic desolation, but in the magnifi­
cent greatness that you can achieve if you will but
work for it. Choose the right path and you will soon
qualify to join with us in our journeys amongst the
stars.
Va i Luce (Go in Light)."
Kalen-Li Retan 3

#### Page 8

CENTENNIAL COL ISEUM
T HIRD NATI ONAL CONVENTION
RENO, NEVADA
JULY 8 , 9, 10, 1966
JULY
10, 1966
SUNDAY,
SATURDAY, JULY 9, 1966
II
FRIDAY, JULY 8, 1966
I
GOLD ROOM
MAIN
HALL
ROOM
GOLD
II
HALL
MAIN
GOLD ROOM
11
MAIN HALL
TIME
Miguel Ribera, Dir., AFSCA Unit No. 5.
Your
Reno
host,
on
display.
&
literature
books,
Exhibits
REGISTRATION:/<:;2.
00
per
dav\.
gAM
Flying Saucer Council
AFSCA Unit Directors
HAL WILCOX
10AM INVOCATION: Dr . Frank E . Stranges .
Meeting
(for all speakMeeting
.
Those
inter
"Some"
From
Earth
to
Alpha
GABRIE
L
GREEN,
Keynote Address:
to
ers only) . Ch: Gabe
Ch: Chief ested in forming
Centaur i"
10:50 thing Big Is Happening". Introduction of
Green. Discussion of
AFSCA Units invited .
Standin11: Horse
s=akers & saucer movement personalities .
ways to improve effect
DR. Frank STRANGES
HANNO MAYBERRY
11 :00 WAYNE AHO
iveness of Flying Sauc"The
Hollow
Earth
"Message
From
"Secrecy Must Go - - to
er Movement.Come pre
Mystery "
Triang ulum "
11 :50 People Must Know!"
par ed with suggestions.
Ch: Orfeo An2elucci
Ch: L aura Mundo
Ch:Orfeo Angelucci
Space Tapes( 12:15-1: 15)
LUNCH
. Space Tapes( l 2 :l5 -l :l5)
LUNCH
11:50AM t o 1:30PM LUNCH Space Tapes(l2:15 - l:)
CARL
ANDERSON
MICHAEL BARTON
CARL ANDERSON
1:30 Chief Standing Horse
"Kumar, Wonder Man
I
" I Was Teleported Into , "UFO's and World
" My 4 Day Trip to
to
From
Mars"
Prophesy"
A Flying Saucer "
Mars, Venus,Cl arion,
2:20
C h : F r ank Str anges
Ch: G . G r een
Ch: Mel Noel
& Orion" Ch: Mel Noel
GEORGE Van TASSEL SIDNEY PADRICK
HOPE TROXELL
DR. GEORGE KING
2:30
CALVIN GIRVIN
"Evolved Man of the
" I Was an Agent for thE "The Nine Freedoms " " Flying Saucer Land - "Saucer Ride - 1965"
to
ing at Edwards Air
3:20 S t ars"
Extraterrestrials''
Force Base" Ch:D . Fry Ch: Wes Bateman
Ch: Wayne Aho
Ch: Mic hael Bar ton
Ch: Wes Bateman

Amalgamated Flying Saucer Clubs of America

3:30

MOLLIE THOMPSON (Space Age Songs )

MOLLIE THOMPSON (Space Age Songs)

MOLLIE THOMPSON

(Space Age Songs)

3:40
to
4:30

HOWARD MENGER
"Journey to the Moon "

HANNO MAY BERRY
"Contact With a 7 Foot
Tall Spaceman"
Chairman: Hal Wilcox Ch:Ch.Standing Horse
DR. FRANK STRANGES MARIANNE FRANCIS
"A Space Beings Visit "Starcraft Contact"
to the Pentagon"
Ch: Hanno Mayberry
Chairman: Dan Fry

DR . DANIEL W. FRY WESLEY BATEMAN
"The Frequency
"The White Sands
Barrier"
Incident"
Ch: George Van Tassel Ch: Marianne Francis
ORFEO ANGELUCCI
GABRIEL GREEN
" Abundant New World: "Secret of the
The Promise for Tom Saucers"
morrow"Ch:F.Stranges Ch: Hanno Mayberry

DR. GEORGE KING
"Physical Space Contact in Hollywood"
Ch: Michael Barton
WAYNE AHO
" Flying Saucers and
the Latter Days"
Ch: Carl Anderson

CALVIN GIRVIN
" Moon Mysteries
Revealed"
Ch: G . Green
MARIANNE FRANCIS
"Messages From Our
Space Brothers"
Ch: Calvin Girvin

DINNER

Space Tapes(6:15- 7 :15)

4:40
to
5:30

5:30 to 7:00PM

DINNER

Space Tapes(6: 15- 7: 15

DINNER

Space Tapes(6:l 5- 7:15)

HOWARD MENGER
"Fr ee Energy: Tomor r ow 's Revolutionary
Powe r " Ch: Geo. King

HAL WILCOX
HOPE TROXELL
SIDNEY PADRICK
"Zemkla, Interplane "Temples of the High
"2 Hours Aboard an
tary Avatar "
Extraterrestrial Space Places "
Ch: Laura Mundo
Ch: Carl Anderson
ship" Ch: H . Menger
MOLLIE THOMPSON (Space Age Son.gs)
MOLLIE THOMPSON (Space Age Songs)
8:00
MEL NOEL "I Phot o DAN
FRY
Chief
Standing
Horse
GEORGE
Van
TASSEL
MICHAE L BARTON
MEL NOEL "Investi8: 10
graphed Flying Sauc ers
"Saucer Movies "
"Spaceship Contact at "Christmas 1962 on
gat ing Flying Saucers "Flying Saucer Slide
to
a s an Air Force FightGABE GREEN
Jupiter"
Giant Rock"
Photos"
9:00 Inside the U.S. Air
er
Pilot" Ch:H . Troxell
"Saucer
Slides"
Ch:
Calvin
Girvin
Ch:
George
King
Chairman: Hal Wilcox
Force" Ch: G . Green
Written
Q uestions
WritQuestion
Period:
LAURA
MUNDO
COL OR MOVIE:
9:10 DR. DANIEL W. FRY ORFEO ANGELUCCI
ten questions answered answered by today's
" Flying Saucers and
"We
Have
Seen
The
"The
Curve
of
Devel"Concret
Evidence"
to
by Main Hall speakers. Gold Room speakers .
the Father's Plan"
Saucers "
10:00 opment "
Ch: George Van Tas sel Ch: Marianne Francis Chairman: Gabe Green Chairman: Mel Noel
Chairman: Sid Padrick Ch: Wavne Aho
Convention Close.
Question Period: Writ- Written questions
10: 10 Question Period. Writ- Written questions
answered
by
today's
answered
by
today's
ten
questions
answered
ten
questions
answerec
.
to
by Main Hall s peaker s . Gold Room speaker s .
11:00 by Main Hall speakers Gold Room speakers.
Ch: Michael Barton
Chairman: Gabe Green Ch: Frank Stranges
Ch: Gabriel Green
No smoking permitted in lecture and exhibit
The appearance of the speakers on our program does you with an opportunity t o hear and to evaluhalls . The Dick Miller Space Tapes played at
ate Flying Saucer Movement speakers and .
not constitute an endorsement by AFSCA of their inlunch and dinner hours are all different.
their information. You be the judgt! .
formation or viewpoints. In the American t radition
Program subject to change without notice .
of freedom of information and ideas, AFSCA provides Taped space songs by Bob Marcus.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, contact: AFSCA HEADQUARTERS ; 2004 N. Hoover St . ; Los Angeles , Califor nia 90027. Phone: 662 - 4404.
7:00
to
7:50

LAURA MUNDO " A
WESLEY BATEMAN
Saucer R e searchers
" Flying Saucer
Responsibility to HuPropulsion" (Slides)
manity" Ch:H. Menger
Ch: Sid Padrick
MOLLIE THOMPSON (Space Age Songs)

(Text continues in the original file: 18 pages.)

## FBI file 62-HQ-83894, Sub A

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-sub-a
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-sub-a
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing the oil proved was that the site needed a good spill cleanup.

- 65_HS1-834228961_62-HQ-83894_SUB_A, FBI PDF, dated November 22 1951, covering 1947‑1968 incidents
- Reports R. O. Schmidt’s claimed sighting, oil sample analysis, and Air Force statement that sightings lack evidence
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The FBI's 62-HQ-83894 case file includes investigative records, eyewitness testimonies, and public reports concerning Unidentified Flying Objects and flying discs documented between June 1947 and July 1968. The records include high-profile incident accounts, photographic evidence from sites like Oak Ridge, TN, and technical proposals regarding potential propulsion systems. Additional topics include convention programs, researcher accounts, and extensive media coverage from the period.  This file is partially posted on FBI vault with more redactions and some pages missing.  Included here is the complete case file with several newly declassified pages and only minor redactions.

### Full text

#### Page 2

f

Mr. Tolson _ _
Mr. Mohr__
_ _
Mr, Parsons_ _
Mr, Belmont_ _

M l', Rosen
Ml'. Tamm - ­
M l', T1 Nt•:r ·-­

Mr. W.C.Sullivan
Tole. Room.._ _
Mr. Ingram_ _
Miss Gandy._ _

/lying Sall~er Photo Ain\
\Vhat I_t Used to Be---JG!f

Q.:.Y:n':wr DT:·T~roN
D,,t:c•oi t, Mfoh.

i

y Charles Manosl

dff Writer

GRAND BLANC, .May 5J e Perry, the talented pizza
man, fet:ls the Pentagon
peo9le have sabotaged him
or som..?thing.
No, the Washington ex­
perts haven't fussed with
~oP-'s saucy pies, but tJ y
.certainly done so ea
thi g to his flying sau er,
Joe claims.

"IT AIN'T whal it used to
be since they got their
bands on it," said Joe, who
takes potshots at the moon
with a h~memade telescope­
camera.
Joe, 44, took a~other look
at. his color-slide p oto,
pped last February o 1he
se ond nigh': of the full
I
moon.
"Jt's not the same," he said
dejectedly. "The flying
saucer bas faded . . . some­
thing has happened to it."
The Washingto1 t x perts
retlned the color slide a tw
ijay ago.
E l<' ED ER AL age ts
pkKed it up last March w en

thi heard Joe's pi ct u r
sh . ¥ed a saucer-like obje t
sill ouetted against the moo .
lost of JoP.':; customers t
his piz-za palac1., here were
~~winced the object was a
•~flyin\S~•."
di!~ire11n1e'even mol'e con·
ce ned over his picture w~,
an Unidcuti:ed Flying ObJc t
gr up wanted to buy
s
rights to the slide.

( ) D"t::.r01t P:c0e Press

Edi tor: Lee Hills
( ) D3t rnt t Tiewe
EdEor : ffarti.n

f

Et:.i. ~<,r: J c:L;i C, Manning

He also got an offer t.lom a
natirtal magazine to b .Y th~
pict re. Other inquiries came
ro
all sections o the
cou try.

to

so JOE was anxious to Et
hlpicttp·e back.
e called the FBI.
e•
ta ·ed to the air force. e
n de a trip_to Selfridge, •
orce Bast, all in vain.

I

r-- ~) : .S--- 2. r I;.~ : ~icn : £ ~- ~e_
'• ,.• •,., •• ~'7
C0 1 : .,,.,
..::z::::.,
1'j-!-.lo ot· Case :

UliIDENTMED FLYING OBJ ECT ·

JOSEPJV'I>ERRY, GRAND BLANC '
MICHI GAN - COMPLAINANT
'

(Defile 65-2477- 105)
be pict!lre was retur,ted
sh ·Uy after be sent a lo er
to resident Eisenhower.
letter inf uded in he
parkage from the Pentagon
said the strange object in the
pi·ture wac; the result of
! 4 lty development lnd
n bing more.
mong other 1hings, · he
Pentagon folks have ad ed
in:rnlt 1o injury, ,Toe said.

s. Hayden

F

Y3'79'/ A

I
N~

qECORDii>"'.
46 JUN 3 1960

#### Page 3

0-19 (Rev. 1-28-59)

,

Centr~l !l~s earoh Se otion '
Tolson _ _ __
Belmont --;J-/
DeLoach ~

McGui!J (J

Mohr ~f..J
,.;=-1- - Parsons - -- -

Rosen _ _ _ __
Tamm - -- - ­
T rotter - - - ­

W.C. Sullivan Tele. Room - ­
Holloman - - Gandy _ _ __

3 'Objects' Trailed P'mtre
45.Minlites, Pilot Says
DETROIT, Feb. 25 (AP) Killian and co-pilot John
~he pilot of an American Air- Dee of Nyack, N. Y., said they
li~es today
DC6 three
passenger
p~ane lost
the three strange opjects
said
mysterious
.
objgcts that looked like shin- lll the haze when they started
ing _saucers appeared to ac- their descent for landing at
company the plane for 45 Detroit's Metropolitan Air­
minutes last nighc on its non- port while the plane was over
stop flight from Newark, N. J., Cleveland, Ohio.
to Detroit.
The three bright whitii
Capt. Peter Killian of Syos- lights first were sighted whil ,
set, N. Y., who has flown pas- the plane was flying at 85
senger planes for 15 years, feet between Philipsburg an
said "I have never seen any- Bradford, Pa., at 8:45 p. m.
thing like it before."
Killian said other members
of the crew and the 35 pas­
se~rsalso saw the flying
obj ~ • The plane left Newark
at 7:1
m.

l :S

T h e Washington P ost a nd _

_

_

T i mes H e r ald
Th e Was hing ton Dally Ne w s _ _
The Evening Sta r _

_ __

_

_

N e w Y o rk Heral d T ri bu n e _
N e w Y ork. Journ al- A merica n _
N e w Y o rk Mirr o r _ __

&-<-ff:;Rf'f- /)
1
------- ,, ~c
NOT RltCOtltQP.S,

'JI MAR 3 1959

·-·

_

_

_

_

N e w York Dally N e ws _ _

_

_

N ew Y ork Pos t _ _ _ _ __

_

The New Y o rk T im es _

_ __

T h e Worker _ _

_

_ __

_

_

T h e N e w Leader _ _-,-_ __
T h e Wall St r e e ( Jor
Dat e

J/
J

tJu

n, ( _ _ _

7

#### Page 4

FLYING SAUCERS
LIKE THEN IO ERED FOR MCRE TH AN AN HOUR NEAR HERE LAST NIGHT AND .M. -- A GROUP CF UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS "CLUSTERED
STAR ROKE APART AND DISAPPEARED, * WITNESSES SAID TCDAY.
A UDDENL OR THE AERIAL RESEARCH PHENOMENA ORGANIZATICN FILTER
CENTE ONC UBJECTS D A TOTAI CF NINE PERSONS HAD REPORTED SEEING THE
MYSTInTVUS
AND THE U.S. WEATHER
8/9--GD253P
Bra
tile
62-83894 162-838
94-A
59 AUG12 1958 NOM ECORDED
AUG 12 1958

#### Page 5

0 -1 9 (Re v . 10 - 2 9 -57)

Tolson _ _ _ _
Boardman _ _ _
Belmont _ _ __
Mohr _ _ _ __
Nease
Pars ons _ _ __
Rosen _ _ __
Tamm _ _ _ __
Trotter _ _ _ _
Cla yton _ __ _
T ele . Room _ _
Hollomon _ __
Gandy _ _ __

0 .--- ------------------~-

tlyi ng~s Show Sign
OfGuidance,Jung Says
ALAMOGORDO, N. Mex., What such a fact might mean
July 29 (JP).-Dr. Carl Jung, for humanity cannot be pre..
Swiss psychologist, says in a dieted.
report that Unidentified Flying "But it would put us without
Objects are real and "show doubt in the extremely precari­
signs of lhtelligent guidance ous position of primitive com­
by quasi-human pilots."
munities in conflict with the
"I can only say for certain superior culture of the whites.
these things are not a mere "That the construction of
rnmor, something has been these machines proves a scien­
seen," Dr. Jung said in the re- tific technique immensely su­
port released yesterday. "A perior to ours cannot bek­
pw·ely psychological explana- gued."
tion is ruled out."
The Air Force has said Dr. Jung, who started his re- vestigation of flying sau rs
search on UFO's in 1944, re- reported over the past 10 y ars
leased his report through the has Produced no evidence that
f UFO filter Center of the Aerial such things exist.
, Phenomena Research Organ- It has contended that not a
lzation here. It was released shred of evidence has turned
by L. J. Lorenzen of Holloman up to show the existence of a
Afr Force Base.
flying saucer or interplanetary
"I have gathered a mass of space ship or that the objects
observations of unidentified fly. sighted indicate developments
ing objects since 1944," Dr. beyond the range of current
scientific knowledge or pose a
, Jung said.
"The discs do not behave threat to the Nation's secm·­
ln accordance with physical ity.
laws. but as though without The Air Force said last No­
weight. . . . ,
vember that investigations ot
, "If the extra-terrestial origin 5,700 reported sightings showed
of 'is phenomena should be the mysterious objects were
con rmed this would prove the balloons, aircraft, astronomical
exi nee of an intelligent In- phenomena, birds, fire!'!Q.!.'.k.!_ or
ter planetary relationship. hOaxes, among other t h ~

i

(tJ 2- ~ 3 ~ 1/ y--~

Was h. Post and _ _
Times Herald
Wash. News
Wash. Star
N . Y . Herald _ _ __
Tribune
N. Y. Journa l - ____
Ameri can
N. Y. Mi rror _ __ _
N. Y . Da ily News
N. Y. T i mes
Daily Worker _ __ _
The Worker _ _ _ _

.# --/

New L eader - -- -

NOT RECORr,,:r,

117 AUG 1 1958

Da te

'J - >- o/ - S Y

#### Page 6

•
Schm1al, 48, an ex-Nebras-

Q S a uc ers'J

.I ~fin a2:a1:i-~\~va: q~:~i:~;·n·~

b Air Force investigat ·s
fr m the Continental_Air
fense Command. 0 11 fo d
~
near the alleged landing spot
•d .I,of the space ship was identi­
A . F. . Che c kS SChffil t, fiecr as ordinary but will be
Kearney Amus ed
! tested by the University of
• O
I Nebraska.
Tales of fJying saucers and
Wt,ile the Schmidt tale was
other such space cliiff got giving Kearney a sensational
an u n off i c i al raspberry conversation piece, most of
Wednesday night ·from an the talk was of a skeptical
Air Force official.
variety:
Newsmen Busy
A top official of the Air
Technical lntelligence Cen"Everybody downtown
ter at Wright-Patterson Air seems to think it's a big joke,"
Force Base in Ohio told the one business man said.
Dayton Journal-Herald his inA Kearney clothier put up
vestigators have found no a sign advertising "space ship
evidence in the past 10 years l specials." A window s ign in
that flyin~ saucers are real. i a car agency announced:
He s a 1 d 5,700 reported "Space Ships Tuned Up."
The Ke a r n e y car-rental
sightings wete investigated
between 1947 _and_ 1957. !'fot operat or reported business
a single landmg 1mpress10n, was so good all of his cars
footprint, saucer or little . were in use. They were being
green man was found.
1 rented by visiting newsmen,
Investigation Goes On
• Presence of the newsijn
1n .JSS!nrney N~ . Ee~-111 w s n_e arly the only sign t at
hc-!dw"S:chmidJs ;tory of n a ythmg unusual had h p­
aftei'n~iffl'!' - ~ with be P ned - or may have h p­
crew of a space ship near he pened.
city Tuesday was still under
·nvesti ation officials said.

Trace Foll d

0:¥.iAHl-l. WORLD-HERALD
0:VJAHJ.I. , NEBR.ASKA

11- 7- 57

SUNRISE EDITION

I

f

! ~ ~- R 1,Q_J__y_- 11
NOT r u OR~lf'.D

5 2 NOV 261957.

117 Nv, ~ ;.! 1957 .lf'

#### Page 7

•
pace-Ship Story Raises Eyebro

1
TJ

\Yorlrl•Hernld's Xe,1'1!1 ScrTke.

Kearney, Neb.-A grain
J uyer who said he saw a
space ship Tuesday in a
field near here and chatted
amicably with its six occu­
pants had more pleasant
dealings with the visitors
from outer space than with
skeptical authorities.
The sensational report
by R. 0 . Schmidt, about 50,
of Bakersfield, Cal., which
topped a host of reports
across the nation Tuesday
of seeing mysterious flying
objects, had these conse­
quences:
-State Penitentiarv rec­
ords showed a •man of' the
~ame name served a term
for embezzlement from
Scotts Bluff County in the
l 930's. Scotts Bluffs CounSheriff Steve W'lrrick
id he talked to Schmidt
phone and was convinced
"saw nothing."
- He turned down a
chance to take a liedetector t~st.
--2.schmidt was kept up
most of the night for
questioning. He finally
asked for an attorney.
Ward Minor of Kearney
was named.
-Wednesday forenoon
he went to the scene of the
space ship's landing with
investigators from tije Con­
tinental Air Defense Com­
mand at Colorado Springs,
Colo., Kearney Police Chief
Thurston Nelson and Buf­
falo County Attorney
Kenneth Gotobed. They
said Schmidt's story "ap­
peared to be weakening."
-Oi l drippings on the
ground from the space
machine were being ana­
lyzed at Kearney State
College. In v es tiga_tors
said the "mys t er 1ous
green oil" closely resem­
bled that in a partially­
emptied can of co1:1mer­
cial auto oil found in the
b1,Ck of Schmidt's car and a
arly-emp1y can f o u n d
~ ar 'the site of the "landi p;."
Schmidt's story came to

~

f
~

., ·

.-~

111
lil!
-~\\it:·or1dtil·•Hci,,ra1ctiiiN•
•.,.
■,ir.'.s~s.;;•1cc Photo.

11

Schmidt (left) and Kearney Police Chief Nelson . . • In
" heart-to-heart" talk.
S IDI: V I EW
OUTSI DE

\

OMAHA WORLD-HERALD
OMAHA, NEBRASKA
11-6-57
WALL STREET EDITION

-

l.fN6111: APPROX. /00 'fCIT

'
FI..OOR PLAN

INSlt>E

,. ..

FAt-1
IN

!J£A

JlOOF '1'

IN

COMP

ROOF

, (ONV£'l'OR. 10 R,,.O( o
tt•t

lh1'

;+

\

The Schmidtnik . • . As descr ibed by the grain buyer.
light when, white-faced and
shaken, he appeared in
Kearney Tuesday and asked
to see a minister. Taken to
police, he told this story:
Tuesday he inspected a
field of milo about two
miles south and a mile east
of Kearney. When ready to
leave he clrove clown a side
road seeking a place to

turn around. Near the
Platte River he saw what
appeared to be a wrecked
balloon. As he neared il
Schmidt said, his car en
gine conked out.
Schmidt said he got ou
and walked toward the ma­
chine. Proximity revealed

N tJ'
.

, .. I..}

1)1£\)

iJ.I NOV 22 l95l
IS

•

#### Page 8

it to be a translucent, Cl·
'Spoke Gennan'
gar· shaped device abouj
Tl1e ship o cc u pa n ts
one hundred feet long, 3
talked among themselves in1
et wide and about 14 fee
Hf;g
h Germ an. w h ic h
gh. Schmidl said tha
S midt says he under
hen he was 25 or 30 fee
nds to a limited extent
~ vay. two men got out st
0 e man spoke excellent
and waved what looked English
and interpreted for
like a flashlight.
the others.
"I couldn't move. I don't
Schmidt said the inter­
know whether I was iust preter told him repeatedly
afraid or what, but it was he had nothing to fear. The
like being paralyzed,'' he visitors refused to answer
said.
any questions but said he
'ln Business Suits' .
would "find out all a6'out
Schmidt said the men, It in a couple of weeks."
dressed in business suits,
When repairs were com­
searched him for weapons pleted. Schmidt said he w11.s
then remarked that as long p.sked to leave but was told
as they were going to be he would be unable to start
there for some time "you his car until the machine
might as well come in and had disappeared.
see thin~s for a few min'Disappeared'
f
Outside the machine
utes."
Inside the machine were Schmidt said, he turned t~
two other men and two watch as the fans started
women working on wires in motion without a sound.
and instruments. The de- He said the machine lifted
,•ice had a fan at each end. about one hundred or two
By a strang1> coincidence hundred feet into the air
one of the crewmen''·Jooked and disappeared.
"It ~ust blended into the
exactly like" a hoto?I acquaintance \Yith whom he si►.Y-h!,e it changed cor.r
has been watch;ng televi- J r disappeared into th
" he said.
sf· n programs.
chmidt Pressed t e
1/hen the o cc up an t i
w nted to move f>rom plac s ter of his car. The mot place they would ste
tor ~arted right off.
in a ce1·tain location and b T"~~--......;;........:_,.;......,~.__,i
pulled to th~ new location
without movm .

#### Page 9

o-19 (Rev. 9-7- 56)

~

cist to Coast

Rash of

Tolson _ _ __
Nichols
Boardman _ __
Belmont _ __
Mohr _ _ _ __
Parsons _ __
Rosen _ _ __
Tamm _ _ __
Trotter _ __ _
Nease _ _ __
Tele. Room _ _
Holloman _ __

There was an unof,·
cial report that Air For
personnel at neaJ.'by A · c­
en, S. C., spotted the ob­
ject on radar and issued
an alert.

Gancl¥.-'-- - -

~~'

~7~

The object appeared to be
a "constant red light," accord­
ing to Augusta Chronicle ex­
ecutlve editor Louis Harris,
who saw the object from the
downtown newspaper build­
ing. "Lt could have been a
tiny red light a short dis­
tance away or a g igant ic
thing at a great dis tance," he
said.
, 0

)

)/Id~

.

ne witness, J. T. James,
eaid he saw the object on two
occasions from his home near
Aiken. Lt was cigar-shaped,
he said, and would alternate
from bright to amber and
occasionally got out altoether.
strange "sauc­
'' sightings were r eported.
1,rElsewhere,

---- ~---

WHITE SANDS

NEBRASKA

Mlitary authorities ~ppar­
ntly gave c1·edence to a re­
At Kearney, Neb., authori­
ort by an electroni
en­
ties held a "heart-to-heart" gineer wh,o said he s v an
talk with Rein h o Id 0. object which made car en­
Schmidt, a salesman, later gines stall near the Whi.te
discovered to be an ex-con­ Sands proving grounds.
vict, who said he talked to ,
tour men and two women in
Col. John Mccurdy, Air
a transport space ship which Force public relations officer
had landed. He said the space a~ White Sands, sa id the en­
people spoke in English and gineer, James S tokes, 42, will
German.
be given a thoro medical ex­
amination and a radiation
, Police roped off the area count test. Col. McCurdy
where the "whatnik" alleg- said he was "personally sat­
edly landed and exa mined isfled" With M r. Stokes' r e­
various impressions and oil port.
011
A Civil Service worker a l
stains
the grou nd •
At Long Beach, Calif., th ree Lackland Air Force Base i n
i\ir Force weather observers, San Antonio, Tex ., said he
one of t hem the comma nding saw an egg-shaped object
officer of the spotting unit, land in a ravine about 200
late yes terday reported s ight- ya1·ds from him as he drove
ing six unidentified, saucer- near the eity. He said his
~haped .flying objects over car engine and lights went
Long Beaah Air F orce base. off, and the object took off
in a few minutes, enabling
The Coast Guard reported h im to dr ive away.
eking up an unidentified
ylng object on radai- over
At about the same time,
1e Gulf of Mexico south of
,the Grou nd Observer Corps
ew Orleans. A Coast Guard at Midland, Tex., said it saw
ommander said the object a large, red objert and picked
~ aused over the cutter Se- up unlntelllgible cmwersa­
l)ago In the Gull and was on frm on a sound dl'trctor. cu_>,
'1e 1•adar scope for ahouf 27 ~
.::>

H

•nute3,

0

NOV 141957~

Wash. Post and ____
T i mes Herald
Wash. News £J Wash. Star __
f____
N. Y. Herald _ _ _ __
Tribune
N. Y. Journal- _ _ _ __
American
N. Y. Mirror _ _ _ _ __
N. Y. Daily News _ __
N. Y . Times _ _ _ __
Daily Worker _ _ _ __
The Worker _ _ _ _ __
New Leader _ _ _ __

Z

Date --.i(./.'l. . ::.-. 126~-_,,l"->..,..?-

-

#### Page 10

•

~ { R e v . 9-7-56)

(

...
I I

1'racked 21 ltlinutes 011 Rad:u-

1/li

.:;,

Z

·• '°r~ons
Rosen _ _ __
Tamm _ _ __
Trotter _ _ __
Nease _ _ __
Tele. Room _ _
Holloman _ __

U.S.Cutterh1Gulf of Mexico Reports
Sighting Mysterious 'Object' in Sliy
Associated Pre.,
f:av€ling at an estimated 1000 of light with no definite -~hape,
A brilliant mystery object niles per hour, International 1r esembling the planet Venus."
was reported sighted yester- ews Service reported. How-/Shockley said there were no
day in southern skies by a ve1·, at one poi nt, the object vapor trails or any other in­
Coast Guard cutter . even as ppeared to remain stationary clications as to the object's
Air Force special investigat•j and hover above the waters be-}method of propulsion. One
~rs c~ec_ked a flurry of ear- ror e it resumed Its erratic ,estimate of its height place{!
1flight.
Iler,, s1mllar reports.
it at 2000 feet.
The Co~t G1:1ard cut~er Se- [The cutter's captain, Cmdr. [G I e n n Nor t hcutt. Willis,
bag?_, crmsrng m th~ Gulf of 1c. H. War ing, said the objC'ct /Okla., r~nch~r and member o
:\lex1co_~bout 200_miles south first ap. peared on thP. ship's the Un1vers1ty of Oklahom
of _Lou1s1ana, r_ad1oed th_at_ an , .dar screen as a "good trong Board of Regents, reported
obJect resembling "a br1lha.ni
'
that on Satur day he and fiv
planet with a high rate of p" at..5:10 m. and w s lost others had watched '·a bril
\ speed" \\ as seen for about • a northerly direction t 5:37 liant. mysterious light tha
three seconds at 5:21 a. m. . m.
,looked like the planet Venu
(CST).
,,
.
LJn this time, the sl<ipper !~agnif~ed many, _many ti~~s."
The Sebago s message !'aid said the object which came as 1 he obJect, he said. was VISlble
the object was tracked on the ~lose as two ~ iles to
ves- more than half an hom·.]_
,·csscl's rad;ir screen for 27 cl was actually seen y four Sightings of strange obJ~cts J
minutes and that, during that 1e~11bers of the cr ew One, have been reporte~ from W\de
period, the object flitted 0 11 1 ns. Wayne D. Shock y, de- If scattered sections of i~
and off the screen sevcr:il cr ibed it as a "brigh poi11t lJnited States, most of the
mes. Crewmen caught &i~t
near i ecret miUtary installa
r it only for a few seconds.
lions i the Southwest.
[The Sebago radioed "N
The ir Force said the rad
rl!'ans Coas t Guard >le .
netwo
of the Ail· Defens
(
1arters that the object w
Se
YSTERY, A6, Col. 3

l

Gandy _ _ __

y. ~

J

a.

ie

I

~

Wash. Post and
Times Herald
Wash . News _ _ _ __
Wash. Star _ _ _ _ __
N. Y. Herald _ _ _ __
Tribune
N. Y. Journal- _ _ _ __
American
N . Y. Mirror ______
N. Y. Daily News _ __
N. Y. Times _ _ _ __
Daily Worker _ _ _ __
The Worker _ _ _ _ __
New L eader _ _ _ __

Date - A"''+.DH,1,•1 -_ _ _ __
•w vv

6 1957

#### Page 11

•
Command was keeping watch, ported objects may be some­
:::str' fat ~vith no results-and thing from anotherplanM. '- •
•
•·
.
"Assuming they ate real," he
that specially quallfie_d mves- said, "they would be secret
tigators had been assigned to weapons made on ear th or
look into the reports.
are interplanetary." Any naFor several years the Air tion with the secret, he added,
farce has checked all rel_)orts would b;,r now ~ave abandon~d
of unidentified flying objects. c~mvent1onal aircraft or mis­
Investigators work under the siles.
Air Defense Command at Col- Cosmic Energy
orado Springs, Colo., and r e- " 1 k
ti
port to the Air Technical In- . It 0 0 5 as ,,iough they _are
t 1r
Center
mterplanetary, Keyhoe said.
He said one source of pow•
.
\ e 1ge~ce
Judgmg from past findmg~, er for such repor ted objects
the chances are 50-1 the A1r could be cosmic r ay ener gy.
orce w_ill offer a humdrum Some of the citizens, peace
explanation far the current officers and servicemen who
sightings.
reported sighting mystery ob­
• During th_e •first half_ of this jects in the Southwest since
year, the Air Force said, only the weekend said the objects
1.9 per cent of the 250 report- stalled auto engines and
ed sightings of flying saucers caused radios to fade.
and other fantastic ae1•ial ob• J ames Stokes, an engineer
jects have wound up in the at the Air Force missile de"unknown" category.
velopment center at AlamaAir Force Skeptical
gordo. N. M., reported 10 autos
were stalled Monday on a des­
And the Air Force said firm- ert highway between Alamaly-though not all flying \sau- gordo and the White Sands
cer buffs may agree-that it (N. M.) Proving Grounds.
doesn't believe even the 1.9 He reported seeing a sound
per cent residue is made up less, "brilliant colored egg.
of the things you read about shaped object" which flitted
( in science fiction magazines. err atically across t he country.
Balloons, aircraft and such side and left a sort of heat
astronomical .sights as meteor- wav.e, "like radiation from a
ites and bright stars account 1giant sun lamp," in its wake.
at. least to th~ Air Force's Device sought
offic1aJ satisfaction - for al.
ost four-fifths of the sigh . Leonard Hardlu~d, chief en•
• gs.
gi,neer for t~e National Invenrrhe director of a private o t ors Coun?11 in Washington,
anization set up to inve said a device that could s~ll
igate flying saucers and sue aut<?s or other mecharucal
aid he couldn't evaluate a eq_u1pment was one of t he
thmgs the armed forces would
b1·s POI•nt •the •current rash of like
to see developed.
cported s~ghtmgs. ..
I But Hardlund said he knew
But retired Mai ~ne Maj_ of no research in this country
on aid ~- Keyhoe, ~ector of!aimed at produeing such a de­
the National Invest1ga ti on s vice
ommitlee on Aerial Phe-1 'l'~o teen-age g£i-Js reported
dded that the re-I eeing a mysterious object in
I the sky over Annapolis, Md.,
~ last week.
Tean Hunt, 13, and Sylvia
Fowler, 15, said they saw
n egg-shaped object which
l'>wed like a neon light. They
potted it while trick-or-treat­
·ng with Jean's two younger
isters on Halloween night in
rlmrose Acres1 a housing de­
velopment on tne outskirts of
Annapolis.
Jean said the girls became
frightened and ran home but
no one would believe their
tory until weekend
per accounts tola o
o
ted tn

•

~

\.-.

J\osoclatod Pren

J}•G. Kirby of Dallas macle
this photo of a diamond
s h a p e d o b j e c t flying
through the sky while he
and his family were driving
near Amariito, Tex., in
August, 1956. The photo
was turned over to the FBI
and has just been releasr.d
after intensive study. The
Air Force descyibed the
glo
lat

I

#### Page 12

0-19 (Rev. 9 - 7- 56)

•

•

Tolson-- - ­
Nichols
Boardman - - Belmont _ _ _
Mohr _ _ _ __
Parsons - - -Rosen _ _ __
Tamm _ _ _ __

Mystery Objects Calfed .
Mirage by Astron9mer·

Trotter - - - Nease _ _ __
Tele. Room - Holloman - --

By the A.ssocJated Press

._
0

A Harvard astronomer says plYsterious objects reported
from va.rious parts of the country and the Gulf of Mexico are
mirages stemming from natural causes.
Dr. Donald H. Menzel, director of the Harvard College
Observatory, said yesterday in Cambridge; Mass., that the
whole thing amounts to "another flying saucer scru·e."
The Air Force has started an investigation of the reported
sightings of the strange gJow-1-- - - - - - - - - - ing objects in the sky. The mosphere which would give a
fo~ . yeru·s
has ~ad radar reflection."
Air Force
the
responslbJhty
of checkmg
reports of unidentified flying A~ for rep_o rts of the auto
objects •,but as one officer put engmes stalling, he said, "It
it, "We don't investigate all of would not be surprising that a
th
Aem."
rash of sueh r epor ts h as nervous
. ,, foot could stall an endeveloped sinde Sunda.y, with gme.
some of the sightings said to Dr. Menzel, author of a book
have been made near secret about flying saucers, said he
military installations in the has been studying them for
Southwest. Some of the per- about 10 Years and has yet to
so11s making the reports said hear of one Which could not
tlie objects caused their auto be explained by natural phe­
engines to stall and their radios nomena.
to fade.
"They are caused by a layer
Cutte11 Claims Sighting
of h~ated air : . . acting as a
Yesterday the Coast Guard le~s and formmg an lmag~ of'
Cutter Sebago radioed from the ObJects as !!1Uch ~s 40 01 50
Gulf of Mexico that an object miles away, he said.
resembling a brllllant planet
Common in West
with a high rate of speed was "They are nothing more than
rseen
for a1:>out
three
seconds,
and that
it was
tracked
by a mirage. They
. are prevalent
radar. ,
just after nightfall as the
Dr. Menzel said it is probable heated air begins to cool off at
the cutter's prewmen got a the ground, and they are com­
false image "quite ~kely from mon in the West where they
bubbles of
3 hot air m the at- have clear air."
- • ==
The Air Force aid that during the first half of this year
only 1.9 per cent of the 250 re­
ported sightings of flying
saucers and other strange ob­
jects in the air have been
classed as "unknown." And the
Ah- Force ·wasul't ready to . be­
lieve that even this small per•
centage has sinister implica­
tlons.
It seemed a good bet the
Air Force will agree with Dr.
Menzel's opinion that the cur­
rent' sightings have explana­
Uons in nature, or that the
reported objects are actually
aircraft or similar man-made
~~
""

l

..

J?

/
l

-

n l j -

f\

NOTRECORDED
l40.HOV 1;:, 1957

------Wash, Post a n d - - - Times Herald
Wash. News-~-:;;-;~­
Wash. Star & / t:J
N. y . Herald - - - - Tribune
N, Y. Journal-_ _ _ __

V

N. Ay~e~ii~;;
N. Y. Daily News
--N. Y. Times
Daily Worker _ _ _ __
The Worker _ _ _ __
New Leade r _ _ _ __

Date

#### Page 13

0-19 (Rev. 9-7-56)
Tolson
Nichols
Boardman
Belmont
Mohr
Parsons
Rosen
Tamm
Trotter
Nease
Tele. Room
Holloman
Gandy
162-83894-A NOT RECORDED
140 NOV 8 357
Wash.Post and _11=6=57
Assoclated Press Times Herald page A-6
J. G. Kirby of Dallas made Wash. News
this photo of a diamond Wash. Star
shaped object flying N. Y. Herald
through the sky while he Tribune
and his family were driving N. Y. Journal-
near Amarillo, Tex., in American
August, 1956. The photo N. Y. Mirror
was turned over to the FBI
and has just been released N. Y. Daily News
after intensive study. The N.Y. Times
Air Force described the Daily Worker
glow as "radiation vapor." The Worker
New Leader
52NOV 8 ess Date
1057
62-83894

#### Page 14

•

0-20

r /Mr. Tolson

~

~r
o~rdma9 . : '
(/ _· ~ Mr. Belmo
~ t
~
,,,, - Mr. Mohr

V'

UP-a
[

~

Mr. Parsons ~
Mr. Rosen ~
Mr. Tamm-Mr. Trotter Mr. Nease - ­
Tele. Room Mr. Holloman Miss Gandy -

,

COIJICT>
ILLAIII 111.--,1

PIISOIS IIICLUIIIC A SHl!Rlrr nPC>ITII TOIAY
sa:IC
A l!IY:B:•· scr-s■ Al'l:I OBJICT IHJCI LOOIIII LIU. BU■DINC•ttl
OVD
LLAIII II VEST TIIAS- TlfRII NOl'OIISTS SAIi IT Kl LLD
lSIIISl:f
TIEii AUTO
JIU All PUT OUT TIIII IIAILJCIITS WIii TIIEY COT IIAI IT.

''H'

II ag11 CASI, THI IOl".ISTS SAIi Tlflll IIICIIES AIID HIAIUCITS IEII:
ALL IJC
TB OBJICT IUIIDILY fOGI " ' All IJSAPPIAUD.
SNIRJ F VI I Cl.IN MID A IIPUTY ALSO SAi TIS OBJICT AT 1150 AN 1ft
111111 TIIY 1111 OUT TO LOOX FOi IT AJ'TIR ClfflllC IAIUIR IIPOITS. , .
IDllff IAII IT ITIIAUI IOJSILrs ACIOIS TIii IOAI IGIC 200 YARIS II

I

RCIIT t, HIN, IUT IJD

•or Arrtc 11, caa. /.

11 J ••vo,3 o,

/~- Yi-A
NOT RECORDED -

140.NOV ,.1., ;57

/
WASHINGTON CITY NEWS SERVICE

l

#### Page 15

•

0-20

Mr. Tolson_
Mr. Nichols _
Mr. Boardman _
Mr. Belmont _
Mr. Mohr _ _
Mr. Parsons_
Mr. Rosen _
_
Mr. Tamm _
Mr. Trotter _
Mr. Nease _
Tele . Room _
Mr. Holloman Miss Gandy -

,

u,.-.
A 'I OIJICT LIVI
I ffl•
e11I
r, 1Acot TEl•a.-'pt , .
11 E
CII THI OIJICT I ffJIIG 11 TII IOAI ADM auv
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#### Page 16

0-19 (Rev. 9-7-56)
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(Text continues in the original file: 124 pages.)

## 2025 UAP Workshop Paper

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-2025_UAP_Workshop_Paper
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-2025_UAP_Workshop_Paper
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Only 40 people showed up August 2025—big enough for brainstorming, not a rave.

- 2025 UAP Workshop Paper PDF, authored by AARO, written 2025, covering August 2025 workshop.
- Reports 40 participants discussing data standardization, metadata, AI tools, and inter‑agency collaboration.
- File recommends metadata templates, AI usage, community engagement, and data infrastructure upgrades.

### Full text

#### Page 1

CLEARED
For Open Publication
Feb11, 2026
Department of Defense
OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW
2025 UAP Workshop:
Narrative Data, Infrastructures, and Analysis
Workshop Synthesis and Recommendations
August 5-6, 2025
Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)
Workshop sponsored by:
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)
26-P-0344

#### Page 2

Table of Contents
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 2
Introduction and Purpose ................................................................................................................ 3
About the Workshop ....................................................................................................................... 3
Establishing open dialogue ......................................................................................................... 4
Workshop Summary ....................................................................................................................... 4
Agenda overview ........................................................................................................................ 4
Breakout Discussion Summaries ................................................................................................ 5
Breakout Session #1: Identifying, accessing, and integrating data sources [DAY 1] ............ 5
Breakout Session #2: Pathways for data analysis and interpretation at scale [DAY 1] ......... 5
Breakout Session #3: Cleaning, organizing, and linking data: What can and should be done?
[DAY 2] .................................................................................................................................. 5
Outcomes and Recommendations ................................................................................................... 7
Synthesis of Findings .................................................................................................................. 7
Relevant data types and sources of UAP narrative reports ..................................................... 7
Barriers and challenges in data collection and use ................................................................. 7
Metadata and context for usability and analysis ..................................................................... 8
Linking data sources and developing a unified approach ....................................................... 8
Assessing credibility and quality of reports ............................................................................ 8
AI and analytical methods ...................................................................................................... 9
Forward-looking strategy and key considerations .................................................................. 9
Recommended actionable next steps ........................................................................................ 10
Appendix A: Invitation Letter ....................................................................................................... 11
Appendix B: Guidelines for Conduct ........................................................................................... 13
Appendix C: Workshop Agenda ................................................................................................... 14
Appendix D: Breakout Session Prompts....................................................................................... 15

#### Page 3

Executive Summary
From both government and scientific perspectives, advancing Unidentified Anomalous
Phenomena (UAP) research requires rigorous data collection, standardization, and analysis.
Most UAP reports are fragmented, sparse, and unstructured, ranging from military logs and pilot
reports to archival records, social media posts, and civilian testimony. Interpreting this
heterogeneous data at scale is complicated by barriers of classification, translation, and retention.
At the same time, UAP reports also present opportunities for novel methods of integration,
metadata design, and analysis. The 2025 UAP Workshop on Narrative Data, Infrastructures, and
Analysis brought together 40 participants from government, academia, and independent research
organizations. The meeting focused specifically on the challenges and opportunities of working
with UAP narrative reports and related data sources.
Workshop discussions highlighted several cross-cutting findings. First, effective progress
requires clear standards and common reporting templates, with robust metadata capturing time,
location, provenance, morphology, and contextual details. Second, linking across datasets –
military and civilian, to include archival, environmental, and technical - must balance
interoperability with privacy, ethical, and classification constraints. Third, credibility is best
assessed through corroboration, but for efficiency there is a need for automated methods to filter
reports and surface the most promising for investigation. Fourth, AI and machine learning tools
offer capacity for transcription, triage, clustering, and semantic search, but they must be
deployed cautiously to avoid hallucination, bias, and amplification of hoaxes. Human oversight
and iterative workflows remain essential. Finally, the workshop underscored the importance of
community engagement and trust-building, encouraging the scientific community to cultivate a
sustainable “community of practice” for UAP research with further work and convenings.
This report concludes with recommended actionable next steps to establish metadata templates;
combine human expertise with AI tools; leverage existing tools and infrastructures; support
triage with awareness of bias; convene community members; facilitate qualitative integration in
investigation, such as interviews; prioritize collection of new high-quality reports while
integrating historical data; and improve reporting interfaces to enhance accessibility,
collaboration, and transparency. Together, these findings and recommendations point toward a
multi-disciplinary and community-engaged approach to UAP narrative data, which may
influence how and where technical sensors are deployed.

2

#### Page 4

Introduction and Purpose
Understanding the nature of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) has emerged in recent
years as a pressing area of inquiry in need of rigorous scientific approaches, as well as crossdisciplinary, cross-sector and international collaboration. Analyzing reports of UAP related
sightings and experiences presents unique challenges due to the large-scale, heterogeneous, and
qualitative nature of the reports originating from military and civilian sources. These reports
typically lack standardized metadata, making comparative analysis difficult. Additionally, the
integration of UAP reports from disparate sources—such as military databases, online reporting
systems, digital and digitized archival records, and social media—poses significant challenges
for harmonization and verification of data and construction of evidence. The complexity of these
datasets requires innovative data infrastructure solutions to enhance reliability, accessibility, and
interoperability. The workshop explored these challenges and sought strategies to improve UAP
data standardization, integration, and analytical approaches.
Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning present both opportunities to
address challenges, along with potential hazards. Tools such as Large Language Models (LLMs)
can assist with transcription, clustering, and pattern detection at scale, but they risk introducing
bias and hallucination. Responsible use of AI to help organize, analyze, and integrate UAP
reports at scale requires evaluation, human oversight, and shared frameworks for interpretation,
alongside new models to ensure transparency and trust across diverse research communities.
Therefore, the overall purpose of the workshop was to gather perspectives from the broader
scientific community and advance the science of UAP.

About the Workshop
The workshop centered on the collection, organization, and interpretation of UAP reports, with
attention to the challenges and opportunities of working with narrative data. The primary
objectives established for the workshop were to:
• Assess the current landscape of UAP reporting systems and data repositories;
• Identify key challenges and gaps in UAP data collection, standardization, and
accessibility;
• Explore methodologies for data analysis and pattern recognition in UAP reports;
• Nurture trust and collaboration between researchers, government agencies, and civilian
organizations; and
• Propose recommendations for developing a robust UAP data infrastructure.

3

#### Page 5

Outside participation was limited due to budget constraints and institutional capacity. Potential
participants were identified based on demonstrated expertise in one or more of the following
areas: AI and machine learning; UAP research and data; physical and natural sciences;
information and data science; archives and records; analysis methods; cyberinfrastructure and
computation; and human and social sciences.
If an invitee declined to attend, we extended an invitation to another candidate with similar
skills/experience identified through online research and word of mouth. The final workshop
included 40 participants.

Establishing open dialogue
Participant privacy was an important consideration throughout workshop planning, and
Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval governed data collection and security for the
workshop. The organizing committee further wished to establish a neutral environment in which
participants holding diverse beliefs and backgrounds would feel comfortable engaging. It was
very important that those attending the workshop felt comfortable sharing their thoughts and
ideas without being concerned about what others might say or do. The planning committee also
decided not to publicize the workshop online beforehand to limit outside attention and encourage
comfort and open discourse among an intimate group of participants. Participants were urged to
avoid taking photos or attributing statements to individuals without permission. The organizers
made efforts to accommodate privacy concerns after they identified a final list of attendees. This
included:
● Name tag options: individuals could simply list their first name with no institutional
affiliation;
● Individuals could choose to remove themselves from some sessions or conversations if
they felt uncomfortable engaging in various topics;
● Photographing other attendees was not permitted unless an attendee received consent
from all individuals who appeared in a photo; and
● Respect for all and approaching conversations with an open mind was a requirement for
participation. If an individual did not feel this was possible, they were asked to not attend.
See email communication sent to all attendees in Appendix B: Guidelines for Conduct.

Workshop Summary
Agenda overview
The event began with a casual, pre-workshop networking social in the evening of August 4,
2025. The organizers provided welcome and opening remarks on the morning of August 5,
2025. Brief participant introductions followed these remarks. A keynote address about the
importance of good UAP data primed participants for the first breakout session (“Identifying,
accessing, and integrating data sources”), held before breaking for lunch. The afternoon of
4

#### Page 6

August 5, 2025 began with a plenary talk, followed by the first panel discussion, “Opportunities
and challenges with AI”, and a second breakout session (“Pathways for data analysis and
interpretation at scale”). Day 1 concluded with a brief whole group discussion. A workshop
dinner was held at a restaurant near the workshop venue. Day 2 began with a second plenary talk
and second panel discussion, “Harmonizing qualitative and quantitative perspectives on narrative
data.” After lunch, a series of lightning talks were delivered by participants ahead of the final
breakout session (“Cleaning, organizing and linking data: What can and should be done?”).
Throughout the event, the organizing team collected notes that were later transcribed and
anonymized. For each breakout session, moderators collected records, and notetakers were
assigned to further ensure a robust record of the workshop proceedings.

Breakout Discussion Summaries
Prompts for each breakout session are included in Appendix D: Breakout Session Prompts.
Breakout Session #1: Identifying, accessing, and integrating data sources [DAY 1]
The first breakout session addressed central challenges of UAP research. Discussions revealed
the scope of the UAP data landscape as a patchwork of historical case files, contemporary
narrative reports, sensor-based data (radar, imagery, flight data), and environmental or contextual
datasets (weather, astronomical, seismological). Participants expressed enthusiasm for the
potential to link these disparate sources, but they also acknowledged the barriers posed by
inconsistency in metadata, classification restrictions, missing or inaccessible records, and stigma
around UAP reporting. Despite these challenges, groups converged on the outlook that with clear
standards, prototype integration projects, and intentional collaboration across organizations, it is
possible to create interoperable and sharable datasets that would enable more rigorous and
scalable analysis of UAP reports.
Breakout Session #2: Pathways for data analysis and interpretation at scale [DAY 1]
The second breakout session explored methods and limitations for analyzing UAP narrative data.
Across groups, participants grappled with the tension between extracting operationally useful
signals and respecting the experiential, cultural, and historical richness embedded in reports.
Overall, groups agreed that UAP narratives cannot be reduced to a single analytic approach.
Corpus-level methods (time/space clustering, keyword trends, statistical correlation, graph
analysis) are useful for pattern detection and hypothesis generation, while narrative/experiential
methods (phenomenology, discourse analysis) are useful for preserving meaning, cultural
context, and witness voices. Infrastructures should allow these modes to coexist.
Breakout Session #3: Cleaning, organizing, and linking data: What can and should be
done? [DAY 2]
The third and final breakout activity analyzed the structure of a hypothetical online reporting
form that has collected 1,000 UAP reports stored as PDF files to identify possibilities for data
5

#### Page 7

analysis with the data collected, as well as potential improvement of the form. The discussion led
to the following overarching suggestions that are broadly informative for online UAP reporting
tools.
1. Intake flow and structure:
• Begin with a free-text box (and optional audio upload) where the witness provides their
account in their own words. Use AI-assisted extraction to propose structured fields,
which the witness can then confirm or correct.
• Frame questions around what was perceived (angular size, shape, movement, sound,
effects) rather than presumed properties (exact distance, solid object dimensions).
2. Additions to the form:
• Ask witnesses to explain how they estimated size, distance, or speed (i.e. context
prompts).
• Capture whether this has happened before and, if so, how often.
• Instead of “mass sighting: yes/no”, include approximate numbers of witnesses.
• Include a field for whether the object seemed to react to observer presence.
• Add examples of technological effects (e.g., radio static, car failure) and basic prompts
about feelings or aftereffects that could be informative (e.g., “Did you discuss this with
others? Would you want professional/peer support?”).
• Automatically ingest and display photo metadata (camera model, timestamp, location),
giving users the option to redact sensitive fields.
3. Standardization and cleaning:
• Accept location information including city/address/zip/lat–long, with simple guidance
and drop-downs, and normalize on the back end.
• Enforce a single-entry format for dates and times (calendar widget or drop-downs).
• Allow multiple inputs for units (imperial/metric) but convert and store consistently.
• Include structured numeric fields for object count and multiple objects, with adaptive
follow-up to describe each object separately.
4. Taxonomical considerations:
• Provide a concise taxonomy of common shapes (disk, sphere, triangle, cigar, “other”) but
allow free-text for unusual forms.
• Update descriptive references for cultural familiarity (using objects such as coins or debit
card to estimate size) and internationalize/translate forms for broader accessibility.
5. Integration and linkage:
• Include a field to indicate whether the event was reported elsewhere (NUFORC,
MUFON, FAA, etc.).
6

#### Page 8

•

•

Design the schema so reports can be linked to FAA/NASA Aviation Safety Reporting
System (ASRS) data, Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) flight
tracks, weather radar, astronomical databases, fireball networks, etc.
Enable dynamic follow-ups for multiple objects, multiple witnesses, or sequential events.

6. Governance and trust:
• Give reporters clear control over what information (such as geolocation, photo metadata)
is shared publicly.
• Commit to aggregated, de-identified data releases (maps, trend summaries) to build trust
without encouraging hoaxes.
• Light-touch well-being questions were suggested, to help identify if respondents would
like professional or peer follow-up without stepping into clinical assessment.

Outcomes and Recommendations
Synthesis of Findings
Relevant data types and sources of UAP narrative reports
Participants emphasized that UAP research requires drawing on a diverse ecosystem of data,
extending beyond witness testimony. Primary narrative reports in formats ranging from PDFs
and CSVs to emails and oral histories remain central, offering firsthand accounts that, when
digitized and transcribed as needed, can be structured for analysis. These reports are
complemented by smartphone photos and videos, which are widely available but often of poor
quality, though improving over time.
Government sources are handling both classified and unclassified records, including finished
intelligence and historic documents. Military reports and ship logs are particularly robust,
providing structured information on platforms, flight plans, and pilots, while the FAA continues
to collect pilot reports. Other data streams include social media posts, which are often
multimodal (such as online and social media videos); international partner databases; and
structured technical or scientific sensor data, such as radar or spectrum analyses. Supplementary
contextual data is also critical, including flight and weather records, seismological data, satellite
imagery, and even doorbell videos or CCTV systems can corroborate sightings.
Barriers and challenges in data collection and use
Despite many potential sources of data, significant obstacles remain. Access to social media data
has become more restricted due to corporate licensing policies, while ethical and jurisdictional
considerations complicate usage. Classification remains a dominant barrier, as substantial UAP
data may be captured on classified sensors, automatically rendering it inaccessible until
declassified. Other challenges include language and translation barriers, with both human and
automated systems prone to errors, especially in low-resource languages. Stigma in reporting,
7

#### Page 9

particularly among pilots, undermines data timeliness and completeness, while the lack of
standardized reporting formats across agencies and organizations further fragments the
landscape. Time sensitivity and weak retention policies have led to the loss of critical records, as
in the well-known Nimitz case. Technical issues are also substantial. Older data can be difficult
to digitize, cursive writing resists Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems, and
crowdsourced transcription projects suffer from low-quality outputs, recently worsened by
misuse of generative AI. Finally, the field must grapple with fake data and disinformation,
including AI-generated photos or videos, which pose risks for both public trust and analytic
integrity.
Metadata and context for usability and analysis
Effective use of UAP data requires rich contextual metadata. Every report should ideally contain
time, date, and location, preferably with geospatial precision. Distinguishing between descriptive
metadata (objective characteristics like morphology or frequency band) and interpretive metadata
(subjective effects or experiential meaning) is key. Metadata should also capture event-specific
details, such as behaviors, sensor positions, and witness background, and must extend to
technical parameters for structured data. Provenance (the chain of custody and source of the
data) is essential for ensuring interpretability and trust. For visual evidence, metadata such as
device type and embedded geotags allow validation against reported facts. Participants also
emphasized flexible and well-designed reporting forms, for example including “refuse to
answer” options to prevent fabricated entries when respondents lack knowledge.
Linking data sources and developing a unified approach
Given the fragmented nature of UAP data, participants argued for modest, pilot-scale integration
projects as a starting point. Establishing common terminology and data dictionaries is important
to harmonize datasets across agencies and disciplines. Modular and extensible metadata
standards could lead toward a composable ecosystem, potentially implemented through
standardized templates, Interface Control Documents (ICDs), or APIs. Some form of established
governance is needed to facilitate data management and access and engagement for researchers
while alleviating inter-agency silos. Transparency was highlighted as both a goal and a
challenge, as unclassified data should be made available to academia, while sensitive material
must remain protected. Lessons from other fields, such as genetics and astronomy, were cited as
models for developing interoperable metadata standards and ontology-driven approaches.
Assessing credibility and quality of reports
Participants highlighted the importance of sensor reliability, noting that human perception is
fallible. Establishing gold standard exemplars of high-quality reports could help guide future
collection and analysis. Semi-automated triage, assisted by AI, offers promise for sifting through
massive datasets to identify cases with likely conventional explanations as well as cases of
potential interest, though human oversight remains indispensable. Furthermore, credibility is
enhanced when reports are corroborated by multiple witnesses or independent data streams, such
8

#### Page 10

as radar or weather records. Interviews and psychological screening of witnesses was offered as
an example of how to assess motivations and reduce false reports, though it was acknowledged
that this is difficult to implement at scale. At the same time, biases in favor of certain professions
(pilots, police) must be acknowledged due to enhanced observational training and skills. A
phenomenological approach (qualitative analysis of indicators of lived experiences) allowing
patterns to emerge from narrative accounts was recommended as a complement to quantitative
methods, ensuring that unusual but meaningful details are not prematurely excluded.
AI and analytical methods
AI offers opportunities for pattern recognition, hypothesis generation, and efficiency gains in
large-scale text and multimodal data analysis. Techniques such as semantic search, clustering,
and multimodal modeling (for example, combining acoustic and infrared signals) can help
identify anomalies. AI is also valuable for routine tasks, such as extracting dates or locations
from unstructured text, or triaging likely misidentifications. However, there are risks associated
with AI. Hallucination (the generation of convincing but false conclusions) remains a core
concern. AI analysis is only as reliable as the quality of its input, underscoring the “garbage in,
garbage out” principle. Additionally, LLMs are already biased by UFO-related cultural content,
potentially skewing analyses. Small datasets limit the potential for model training, though pretrained models may still be repurposed. Best practices involve an iterative human-AI
collaboration, where algorithms provide preliminary analysis that is verified, corrected, and
enriched by human researchers. Ensemble approaches, leveraging multiple models, may reduce
error rates. Overall, tasks must be carefully defined to align AI methods with research goals,
ensuring a balance between qualitative depth and quantitative rigor.
Forward-looking strategy and key considerations
The group emphasized the need for a forward-looking research infrastructure that integrates
proactive data collection, robust metadata standards, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Some
argued for focusing on new, higher-quality data collection while others urged continued
investment in historical data to preserve its potential value. Future infrastructure priorities
include a unified security solution for managing classified and unclassified data, improved
questionnaire design for witness reports, and benchmarking systems to track analytic
performance over time. Importantly, even “low quality” or stigmatized reports should not be
discarded but made available for diverse lines of inquiry and data reuse.
Finally, participants stressed the need for citizen engagement and ethical responsibility. Public
contributors must be incorporated into coherent strategies for data collection and communityengaged research. At the same time, researchers must remain vigilant about the risks of
disinformation, AI hallucination, and epistemic injustice, ensuring that narratives are respected in
their original form. Balancing transparency with security, and methodological rigor with
openness to the “weird stuff,” will be essential for building a sustainable, credible, and
innovative field of UAP research.
9

#### Page 11

Recommended actionable next steps
To advance the systematic study of UAP reports and maximize the value of narrative data, the
following actions should be prioritized:
•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Develop standardized metadata templates. Standardized metadata should capture core
contextual information while enabling interoperability across agencies and research groups.
Crosswalks between existing schemas will help bridge disciplinary and organizational
differences.
Adopt a hybrid approach where qualitative expertise and human oversight complement
AI. AI methods can be useful for filtering, transcription, and pattern detection, but human-inthe-loop infrastructures are essential to help to reduce bias, ensure contextual accuracy, and
improve reliability when working with subjective or sparse data.
Avoid “reinventing the wheel.” Tools and standards can be adapted from other scientific
fields such as genetics, astronomy, and digital archives. This includes modular metadata
standards, APIs, and citizen science models that can scale efficiently.
Create systems to triage reports. Reports can be categorized based on credibility, richness
of detail, and corroborating data streams for investigative efficiency. Recognize potential
biases in weighting professional/trained sources (pilots, military) while ensuring that diverse
experiences are preserved for future analysis.
Capture the meaning and context of reports. Social science expertise and methods should
be implemented alongside quantitative approaches to ensure that experiential and narrative
dimensions are not lost to purely quantitative or technical analysis. This may include
structured interviews, oral histories, and phenomenological coding, among others.
Continue to preserve and digitize historical reports. Collection of high-quality,
new/contemporary data should be prioritized while preserving and drawing insight from
potentially valuable historical records. A dual focus allows for long-term continuity but
avoids paralysis from the complexity of older archives.
Enhance public reporting portals. Cross-organizational collaboration can help balance
open participation with safeguards against hoaxes and disinformation. Features such as
including both narrative and structured questions, optional metadata, and “refuse to answer”
options can improve data quality while encouraging participation.
Convene additional workshops and collaborative opportunities. A strong need was
identified to continue shaping governance structures, standardizing practices, and building an
interdisciplinary community of practice.

10

#### Page 12

Appendix A: Invitation Letter
Subject: Invitation to participate in workshop on Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP)
narrative data integration and analysis
We are writing to invite you to participate in the upcoming “2025 UAP Workshop: Narrative
Data, Infrastructures, and Analysis”, which will be held August 5-6, 2025, in the
Washington, DC area. This in-person, two-day event will bring together experts, researchers,
and stakeholders to discuss best practices for Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP)
narrative data collection, management, interoperability, and analysis methodologies to enhance
transparency and scientific rigor in UAP research.
Analyzing reports of UAP related sightings and experiences presents unique challenges due to
the large-scale, heterogeneous, and qualitative nature of the reports originating from military and
civilian sources. These reports typically lack standardized metadata, formatting, or nomenclature,
making comparative analysis difficult. Additionally, the integration of UAP reports from
disparate sources—such as military databases, online reporting systems, digital and digitized

(Text continues in the original file: 17 pages.)

## AARO-22-F-0863 — FOIA: DoD emails coordinating the 2021 UAP Task Force report (June 2021)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-22-F-0863
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-22-F-0863
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

June 2021 emails cleared faster than the UAP report ever was.

- Internal DoD email series, AARO, June 2021, sent among senior officials.
- Coordinates UAP report, memo formalizing analysis, release planning, meetings, congressional briefings.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 1

From:

Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)

Sent:

Thursday, June 24, 2021 7:15 PM

To:

Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)

Cc:

(b)(6)

Subject:

Re: 6/24 End of Day Report

Sir good copy. We are synchronized with PAO Kirby and keeping him informed on ours and DNIs rollout.
Vr Dave

From: "Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)" (b)(6)
Date: Thursday, June 24, 2021 at 7:07:48 PM
To: "Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)" (b)(6)

(b)(6)

Subject: Re: 6/24 End of Day Report
Dave,
Good evening. Great report by the team and superb leadership by you and the front-office.
-FYI, Kirby (PAO) is gearing up for the imminent UAP report release. You might want to sync with him.
Preparing for arrival at our second stop. Please thank the team in advance for beginning to think through the 30-day
update.
Enjoy your evening and your Friday.
Thanks for the comprehensive update.
Sincerest best,
v/r,
Ron

From: "Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)" (b)(6)
Date: Thursday, June 24, 2021 at 11:32:50 AM
To: "Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)" (b)(6)

(b)(6)

Subject: FW: 6/24 End of Day Report
Sir, by now you should be close or at your first waypoint on your journey. Hope all smooth so far. This is the first of a
daily (Mon-Fri, unless emerging issues require weekend) SITREP. The intent is brevity on the issues just to give you SA on

#### Page 2

activities. If you desire additional data/information please tell me which item by number and we will send your detailed
response at the appropriate classifications. If you want a different format please let me know.
Highlights from yesterday and today:
UAP update w/DSD: Deputy comfortable with our proposal and directed us to draft an unclassified memo for her
signature that directs l&S to develop a plan to formalize activities & establish procedures to enhance and
structure analysis of the problem set. We are rapidly coordinating the memo in tandem with the UAP report to
ensure it can be released simultaneously with the DNI report, which is currently set for release at 1100, Friday,
25 June.
Counter-Extremism Working Group: Tara Jones briefed the Deputy on two l&S-lead LOEs, strengthening Insider
Threat programs and enhancing social media screening capabilities. Deputy satisfied and supportive of
recommendations.
Fence: Successful DoD/DNI meeting w/ SAC-D and approval to lift funding fence, Kevin Sherman attended for l&S.
4-star board: The joint study team gave the board an in-progress review on the DSD/DNI directed 90 study. Great
discussion around the table and the leadership made some recommendation to add to the draft report which
will hopefully mitigate problems during coordination. I agreed to make adjustments. We are on track to meet
the end of July suspense.
SWR visit: I attended the SWR visit with the Deputy and DNI, successful visit. Discussions on an unrelated topic are
worth a back brief when you return.
OSD Management: Director Administration and Management, Mike Donnelly, is leading effort to determine
ownership of former CMO oversight functions. Consensus to keep Intel Oversight as a direct report to DSD and
add civil liberties function. No consensus on oversight of Defense Wide Agencies. l&S and other USD reps
articulated need to keep direction and control with the PSAs. There will be a meeting to discuss w/ the DSD over
the next two weeks. Neil Tipton attended for l&S.
IMS Vetting: Garry Reid, in collaboration with Policy, signed a 30 day extension to delay NATO implementation of
new vetting standards for International Military Students. CLS and Policy are in final stages of presenting USDP
and USDI&S with a joint staff package for SecDef approval of IMS vetting procedures and directed by the
NDAA. The package is pending final OGC coordination.
Media/Congressional interest in firearms accountability: l&S was tasked to prepare a response to a letter from Sen
Blumenthal expressing the Senator's concerns over the recent Associated Press article on loss of Arms,
Ammunition, and Explosives. l&S has a draft memo for USDI&S to task components with additional inventory
control and reporting requirements; memo is pending OGC coordination. CLS is partnered with the Joint Staff which was directed by the CJCS - to ensure the Mildeps conduct a 100% inventory of all AA&E.
All meetings internal for l&S leadership tomorrow. Focus of effort is work on the 30 day state of the USD l&S and
some of the organizational things you and I have discussed.
Aloha and Vr Dave

David M. Taylor
Performing the Duties of the
Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for
Intelligence & Security
2

#### Page 3

From:
Sent:
To:
Cc:

Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)
Friday, June 25, 2021 1:31 PM
Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)

Subject:
Attachments:

(b)(6)
M Mai Gen USAF NORAD-USNC J2 (USA); (b)(6)
(b)(6)
FW: 6/25 End of Day Report
Scan_06252021 - UAP Memo.pdf

Prupas, Aaron

Sir, hope all is going well so far. Relatively quiet day here, with all internal meetings. I know the team is helping Todd on
some transportation while you are in Japan. Let us know what else we can do for you.
1.

UAP: We wrapped up rapid coordination and obtained SD concurrence on the DNI classified and unclassified
reports this morning. We expect the reports to be released to Congress and the unclassified report to be
released on DNI.gov this afternoon. Most importantly, the DSD approved plan moving forward and signed the
attached memo. Neill and team are working through the next steps and will be ready with a proposal upon your
return.

2.

State of l&S: I initiated 1v1s today with the DDIs and DRs on alignment to strategy and prioritization. Common
threads seem to be stovepipes, lack of strategic goals, mechanisms to track progress, and the need for executive
development/management. We will complete the 1v1s early next week and finalize
conclusions/recommendations for an improved organizational structure.

3.

36-Star memo: I will attend the final IPR with the DNI on Tuesday, at which the working group plans to close out
its work and propose a governance structure w/in l&S moving forward.

4.

Space Policy: ISPR is working several space policy issues heading into DC next week, we are generally aligned
with Policy's recommendations.

S. Topics for Monday's SD/Under meeting: I plan to brief the following topics on Monday, (1) UAP way ahead; (2)
36-Star Memo; (3) International Military Student (IMS) Vetting. If you would like me to bring anything else up
please let me know

Vr Dave
David M. Taylor
Performing the Duties of the
Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for
Intelligence & Security

4

#### Page 4

From:
Sent:
To:
Cc:
Subject:

Orland, Uriah L Lt Col USAF AFELM OSD (USA)
Wednesday, December 1, 2021 5:39 PM
Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)
(b)(6)
APPROVE// MIT Podcast and AOIMSG

Sir,
Lex Fridman asked if you'd like to participate in one of his podcasts. The episode would run approximately 2 hours and
would be "a relaxed conversation" covering your whole career, from Russian linguistics role (Lex is Russian) to CIA, NSA,
USD(I&S), and the new AOIMSG. This would include high-level topics about the nature of security, privacy, intelligence,
and how our government works. He said he would only keep content that you like and are proud of in order to highlight
positive, inspiring ideas in your work. The podcast would be recorded in Austin, TX, or here in Washington DC. Timing
would be based on your schedule. If you wanted to go to Austin we could potentially stop at Goodfellow AFB and meet
with the Intel schoolhouse.
In addition to the podcast request he also offered his assistance in the AOIMSG. He wrote: "Research & public-facing
communication for AOIMSG: I'd like to ask if I can help in the early stages of forming the AOIMSG in my official role as
research scientist at MIT. My work is in Al, robotics, machine learning, and computer vision, so perhaps I can assist on
that side of the effort. I can write up an official proposal from MIT if needed. I'm not interested in finances, just to help
out on an exciting effort, either in research or in communication. DARPA & DoD has funded many efforts of my research
group." If this is of interest I can link him with the AOIMSG team.
Standing by for your guidance.
v/r
Uriah

Uriah L. Orland, Lt Col, USAF
DoD Spokesman
(b)(6)

7

#### Page 5

From:
Sent:
To:

Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)
Friday, June 25, 2021 5:03 PM
(b)(6)
(b)(6)

Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA); OSD
Tipton, Neill T SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA);
Matthew C (Matt) SES OSD OUSD INTEL (USA); b)(6)

Cc:

(b)(6)
(b)(6)
Schugar, Carolyn K SES OSD OUSD INTEL (USA); Elliott, Mark R SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)
Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA); (b)(6)

Subject:

(b)(6
Re: Congressional Notification - Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon (UAP) Report

(b)(6) and team thanks for the great work getting this over the finish line...for now. Have a great weekend

From: (b)(6)
kb)(6)
Date: Friday, June 25, 2021 at 4:31:28 PM
To: "Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)" (b)(6)

"Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)"

(b)(6)
I "Tipton, Neill T SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC
(b)(6)
(USA)" (b)(6)
"Cummings, Matthew C (Matt) SES OSD OUSD INTEL (USA)" (b)(6)
r

)(6)
b)(6)
"Schugar, Carolyn K SES OSD OUSD INTEL (USA)" (b)(6)
b )(6)
"Elliott, Mark R SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)" (b)(6)
Cc: "Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)" (b)(6)
(b)(6)
Subject: Congressional Notification - Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon (UAP) Report

Sir,

Good afternoon. Earlier this afternoon, ODNI delivered the classified and unclassified versions of the
UAP Report to the Congressional Defense and Intelligence Committees via CAPNET.

For your awareness, OUSD(I&S)/CA followed suit by sending the following (with attachments)....

"This afternoon, the ODNI provided Congress with its unclassified and classified reports on Unexplained
Aerial Phenomena (UAP), as requested by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in its report
accompanying the FY 2021 Intelligence Authorization Act.
9

#### Page 6

The Department takes UAP seriously, and is committed to improving its observation and reporting of
UAP.

To that end, Deputy Secretary of Defense Hicks issued the attached memorandum directing the Under
Secretary of Defense for Intelligence & Security to provide her with a plan to formalize the mission
currently performed by the Navy's UAP Task Force. FYI, OSD Public Affairs will be sharing the attached
statement with the media later this afternoon.

After the Deputy receives and approves this plan, the Department will notify Congress of her
decision. In the meantime, Department representatives are available to brief you on DoD equities in the
ODNI's UAP report upon your request."

V/r,

(b)(6)

(b)(6)

10

#### Page 7

From:
Sent:
To:

Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)
Tuesday, July 13, 2021 7:31 PM
Tipton, Neill T SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA); Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA); Kozik, David A SES
OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)

Cc:

(b)(6)

Subject:

Re: FYSA: SSCl/SASC UAP Brief - First Reflections

Neill many thanks for the update. This should also go into the DSD weekly. Thanks

From: "Tipton, Neill T SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)" (b)(6)
Date: Tuesday, July 13, 2021 at 6:37:39 PM
To: "Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)" (b)(6)
"Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD
"Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)"
INTEL & SEC (USA)" (b)(6)

(b)(6)
Cc: b)(6)

(b)(6)

Subject: RE: FYSA: SSCl/SASC UAP Brief - First Reflections

Sir,
Couple of additional data points in case you want to mention at the Unders' meeting in the morning.

28 members, from across both SSCI and SASC is nearly unprecedented for an engagement like this. The
team was me, plus General Officer reps from ODNI, USN, USAF, and NORAD.
In addition to 28 members participating, the session went 45 minutes longer than scheduled.

What this indicates (and was very clear from the Q&A from the Members) is continued very high
interest from the Senate in understanding what this UAP issue really is.

The Q&A covered the gamut from very tactical to very strategic in nature. The members are looking
forward to future engagements (e.g., 90-day update from DNI on collection strategies and the
'technology roadmap' that was offered in the DNI's report), and the DoD's way ahead on formalizing the
UAP TF. I did mention that we are working to develop options to respond to the DepSecDef's tasker to
us, and look forward to updating them on what DSD ultimately decides.

31

#### Page 8

In terms of atmospherics, the opening comments were fairly pointed ('why have you not done anything
yet'), but over the course of the Ct&A I think the team successfully grounded them in the where we are
and that we have made real progress (standardization of reporting, direction to pilots on what to do in
these events, etc.). More to come, it's not unlikely that they will use the FY22 NDAA and approps bills to
give us additional direction, and we will begin to see that over the next couple of months.

Thanks
Neill

From: Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA) (b)(6)
Sent: Tuesday, July 13, 2021 6:26 PM
To: Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA) (b)(6)

OSD (USA) (b)(6)

Taylor, David M SES
Tipton, Neill T SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)

(b)(6)
(b)(6)

Subject: Re: FYSA: SSCl/SASC UAP Brief - First Reflections

Dave,
Copy. Our sincerest thanks to Neil, et. al., for the engagement. Will await the EXSUM.

Best, v/r, Ron

From: "Kozik David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)"

•

Date: Tuesday, July 13, 2021 at 6:08:36 PM
To: "Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)" (b)(6)
SES OSD (USA)" I
& SEC (USA)"
Cc: l(b)(6)

"Taylor, David M
"Tipton, Neill T SES OSD OUSD INTEL

(b)(6)
32

#### Page 9

(b)(6)
Subject: FYSA: SSCl/SASC UAP Brief- First Reflections

Sirs—

First look at today's briefing to members on UAP, which went well. Official detailed EXSUM to follow.

FO staff— please let me know if you need anything more to prep the Boss for SD discussions, otherwise
I'll resume below suffices.

V/R,
DK

David A. Kozik
Director, OUSD(I&S) Congressional Activities / Chief, ASD/LA Intel Team

(b)(6)

From: (b)(6)
Sent: Tuesday, July 13, 2021 5:52 PM
To: (b)(6)

(b)(6)

Cc: Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA) (b)(6)
Lauter, Louis I SES
OSD OASD LA (USA) (b)(6)
Williams, Matthew R SES OSD OASD LA (USA)

(b)(6)
Subject: UAP Brief - First Reflections

Erik,

33

#### Page 10

We just got back from the SSCl/SASC UAP brief. Briefing went well with no issues.

Will provide an official EXSUM in the coming days, but captured no major due outs for the Department.

Interest was high with 13 SSCI members and 15 SASC Members. Briefing team did a great job in keeping
the Q&A portion grounded to the facts, and did not sensationalize the issue as in open source
reporting/TV shows.

Committees will await Department's briefing on the COA for way ahead directed by the DepSecDef this
fall.

(b)(6)

34

#### Page 11

From:
Sent:
To:
Cc:

Tipton, Neill T SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)
Tuesday, November 23, 2021 10:56 AM
Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA); Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)
(b)(6)
Cummings, Matthew C (Matt) SES OSD OUSD INTEL (USA); (b)(6)
(b)(6)
Elliott, Mark R SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA);
(b)(6)
Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA); (b)(6)

Subject:
Attachments:

(b)(6)
FW: HOT! Edits welcome DRAFT CN email for AOIMSG
05D071597-21 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE AOIMSG updated copy.pdf

Sir,
In case you're not tracking — DSD signed the AOIMSG stand up memo last night.
DK is working the congressional notification, and we've engaged PA for the public facing part of this.
Team is already working implementation direction for you to approve and we're landing a senior level meeting for me
next week to get this moving.
Thanks
Neill

35

#### Page 12

From:
Sent:
To:
Cc:

Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)
Monday, December 13, 2021 10:35 AM
Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)
(b)(6)

Subject:

(b)(5)

Yes Sir. Agree. Vr Dave

From: "Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)" ;b)(6)
Date: Monday, December 13, 2021 at 9:10:03 AM
To: "Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)" (b)(61
Cc: (b)(6)
(b)(6)
Subject: (b)(5)

Dave,

We need a process that is not dependent on a single individual. This is not a reflection on you as
much as it is a need to practice good government.

I'm not looking for an action officer...I'm looking for a process that can "hold information and requests"
until we can establish and instantiate a mechanism to help us work through issues.

Let's discuss.

v/r,
Ron

From: Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA) (b)(6)
Sent: Monday, December 13, 2021 7:47 AM
To: Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)(b)(6)
Cc: (b)(6)
D)(6)

ubject: (b)(5)
36

#### Page 13

Sir for now that should me. I'll take care of this. Vr Dave

From: "Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)" (b)(6)
Date: Sunday, December 12, 2021 at 3 11:43 PM
To: "Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)T' (b)(6)
Cc: (b)(6)

(b)(6)
Subject: (b)(5)

Dave,
We need a POC to whom we can forward AOIMSG-related items. Please
explore. Thx.
v/r,
Ron
Original Message
From: (b)(6)

(b)(6)
Sent: Thursday, December 9, 2021 7:37 AM
To: Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA) (b)(6)
Subject: (b)(5)
CLASSIFICATION: UNCLASSIFIED
CLASSIFICATION: UNCLASSIFIED
Greetings Secretary Moultrie,

(b)(6)

37

#### Page 15

From:
Sent:
To:
Cc:

Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)
Wednesday, February 2, 2022 4:16 PM
Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA); Cummings, Matthew C (Matt) SES OSD OUSD INTEL (USA)
Tipton, Neill T SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA); (b)(6)

(b)(6)
Subject:

RE: Possible UAP Director Candidate

Concur Boss, we will build that and get your approval prior to engagement. Vr Dave
From: Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA) (b)(6)
Sent: Wednesday, February 2, 2022 4:09 PM
To: Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA) (b)(6)
(USA) (b)(6)
Cc: Tipton, Neill T SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA) (b)(6)
Subject: RE: Possible UAP Director Candidate

Cummings, Matthew C (Matt) SES OSD OUSD INTEL

Dave,
Thanks. It would be helpful to have agreed upon criteria for the position that we can review/discuss.
v/r,
Ron

From: Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA) (b)(6)
Sent: Wednesday, February 2, 2022 12:10 PM
To: Cummings, Matthew C (Matt) SES OSD OUSD INTEL (USA) (b)(6)
HON (USA) (b)(6)
Cc: Tipton, Neill T SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA) (b)(6)

Moultrie, Ronald S

Subject: RE: Possible UAP Director Candidate
Boss, I have several irons in the fire and working options for a director. I hope to have several more options to review
along with this very strong resume in the near future. We need to work on an orchestrated way to step through a
nomination and selection process. Vr Dave.
From: Cummings, Matthew C (Matt) SES OSD OUSD INTEL (USA) (b)(6)
Sent: Wednesday, February 2, 2022 12:05 PM
To: Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA) (b)(6)
[ Tipton, Neill T SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)
Cc: Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA) (b)(6)

(b)(6)
Subject: Possible UAP Director Candidate
Sir,
I have attached a resume for a possible UAP director candidate for you. (b)(6)

(b)(6)

41

#### Page 17

From:
Sent:
To:
Subject:

Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)
Wednesday, July 14, 2021 5:52 PM
Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)
UAP issue

Sir I spoke with (b)(6) We are in a good place. (b)(6) has it for action.
'so was not surprised. Had (" 6 known that it was
with Senatorsnvould have stopped him from going. Apparently this is not the first issue with the Hill they've had.
Hope you have a good evening. Vr Dave
David M. Taylor
Performing the Duties of the
Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for
Intelligence & Security

43

#### Page 18

From:
Sent:
To:
Subject:

(b)(6)
Thursday, September 30, 2021 5:57 PM
Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)
FW: UAP notes for DSD

Sir,
Mr. Taylor is aware that the DSD would like to solidify the Department's approach on UAP by next week. He sent a
coordination request to the MILDEPs, is, and Unders requesting their support NLT 4 Oct.
v/r (b)(6)
From: Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA) i b)(6)
Sent: Thursday, September 30, 2021 3:24 PM
To: (b)(6)
Cc: (b)(6)
(b)(6)
Subject: FW: UAP notes for DSD
Deitra can you please add this to the bosses TPs for his DSD 1v1 tomorrow. Thanks r Dave
From: Tipton, Neill T SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA) (b)(6)
Sent: Thursday, September 30, 2021 3:21 PM
To: Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA) (b)(6)
Cc: (b)(6)
b)(6)
(b)(6)
SES OSD OUSD INTEL (USA) (b)(6)
Subject: UAP notes for DSD

Cummings, Matthew C (Matt)

Dave,
Here are the notes/TP you requested to inform Mr. Moultrie's engagement with DSD tomorrow. The last one is just a
placeholder—I haven't held the meeting yet, but will be able to provide a read-out in the morning.
Thanks
Neill
The Establishment Memo and Terms of Reference for the Airborne Object Identification and Management
Synchronization Group (AIMSG) are out for Principal Coordination, and I expect to have a document for your
review and decision next week.
There will clearly need to be a transition timeline as we establish the AIMSG. The Executive Committee (I&S, DJS
and PDDNI) will appoint an interim Director and Deputy for the AIMSG, and the current UAPTF mission and
activities will move under the AIMSG until it can be fully staffed.
I am working to identify the appropriate funding for the AIMSG, but ask for your support in looking across the
Department for help to properly resource this mission.

44

#### Page 19

(b)(5)

We have also developed the framework for a holistic DoD Collection and Analysis Strategy and a Technical
Roadmap, complemented by an IC Collection Strategy, but our priority is on putting the right organizational
pieces in place first. I feel we have an adequate approach to these problems, without formalizing it to the point
that it boxes in the future organization.
Neill Tipton (DDI C&SP) hosted an ASD-level meeting this morning (1 Oct) to discuss the way-forward and
identified [xxxxxxxxxx]

45

#### Page 20

From:

Christ, Gregory M SES OSD OUSD INTEL (USA)

Sent:

Monday, January 17, 2022 9:04 PM

To:

Moultrie, Ronald S HON (USA)

Cc:

Taylor, David M SES OSD (USA)

Subject:

USDI&S due out from Dec 28 meeting with Jesus

HON Moultrie,

Sir, at our meeting in December, you asked me to provide a series of questions that I would ask
(much like an accident investigation board from your EP-3 experience) as a point of departure
for a portion of our work that would pertain to "field investigations". This list is a "work in
progress", and I have not had the opportunity, due to being here at Harvard), to view any of the
classified footage which I imagine will add to the list. As I review all the material that
is putting together for me, as well as the classified material, and I visit MIT as we
iscusse a, I will refine this list. I did want to get you some preliminary thoughts in time to meet
your suspense of mid-January.

These questions are separate from the findings and recommendations of the Preliminary UAP
Report signed out by the DNI June 25, 2021, as well as the actions, responsibilities roles and
structure being put forth in the draft AOIMSG Interim Guidance and the work that
is doing that Mr. Taylor is overseeing currently out for coordination.

I am scheduled to engage with the team doing work at MIT (Project Galileo and the Airborne
Sensors Group) the last week in January/first week in February and will report back on thoughts
from that engagement.

Possible questions (no specificity in order) for aircrew following an engagement:

46

## AARO-22-F-1364_1 — FOIA: USD(I&S) goals for standing up AARO, July–December 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-22-F-1364_1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-22-F-1364_1
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

They drafted AARO plans faster than a summer holiday.

- FOIA pdf resolution from USD(I&S) on AARO goals, July–December 2022, Defense Intelligence Enterprise.
- Sets objectives: build office, develop mission, improve intel, science, tech, workforce, data, partnerships, UAP oversight.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### AI summary

This document is a resolution from the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, dated July–December 2022. It outlines goals for building the office, developing the mission, and improving intelligence, science, and technology operations. It mentions creating a diverse workforce, integrating data, enhancing communication, and establishing partnerships. The text also refers to addressing UAP information needs, improving oversight, and coordinating with stakeholders. The document focuses on organizational development and operational coherence within the Defense Intelligence Enterprise.

### Full text

#### Page 1

.LNOMALV

RESOLUTION

OF F:CE

Office Goals, Progress: 2022
EXECUTE THE MISSION

BUILD THE OFFICE

DEVELOP THE MISSION

July - December

September — December

October - March

build experienced, driven, diverse workforce

develop integrated intelligence, science and
technology, operations/response plans

identify opportunities for multi-INT reporting,
data fusion, complex analyses

with intelltg.nre, ope,ationol, scientific, technical. and
enterosise management expertise for establishing authontative
conclusions and for leadino multi faceted, cross sector Cal

tb drmrig analytic and collection coherence across
tho Defense Intelligence Enterprise and far reliably
informing Lio0 operations and IC iiinrtonol management

to ef!icier* rle..-elop multi source data, cohering to
intel,rigence traderraft and scientific method standards toil
elevate LIAP inteltigence and sc.entific confidence-levels for
warlighter and policymiiker devisionmaking

cultivate partnership array

craft iterative messaging and
strategic-communications plan

analyze operations/response plans, recommend
opportunities for improved effectiveness coherence

to codify staxenokkis UAP ironnation needs, secure buy-in
fram dato owners implement collection and analytic
stanfiz. ! -claim, and sync itaketvykters' flAP response

101 optitritzed sncaieci awareness and codaboanion between and
among USG mission, enuatinu, and oversioht elements;
academia and industre partners; and the AmerKan nub&

to saenotnen eii4r1, of effort and corsisiency pm-rice' ar.c,..
military and other stakenolders Ce.g combat air patrol
responses, counteuntelligence inve.qtycitiot

establish base technologies and
facilities infrastructure

develop streamlined, expanded,
multi-faceted data integration plan

normalize oversight practices with active,
routinized, and productive engagements

L .1! ate, o:447C requirements, lota, analyses.
from across the intehigence disciplines and DoD operations
reporting channels

plc's:Mid& legaL
to resolve ;vacua, abet perceived
policy, ovvrsight, and compliance oarr, efS to ingesting, Maria,
and rising UAP data from across rnattip!e sectors. classifications

ana aS Senior Aawsory
oetween
tc
Group, Executive CommittPe, strikelialoers, and Executive and
Legislatwe nvoiight ekments

Office of the Undersecretary of Defensefor
Intelligence and Security
u il 2022

## AARO-22-F-1364_2 — FOIA: AARO mission, vision and UAP analysis data needs

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-22-F-1364_2
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-22-F-1364_2
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

AARO’s vision: finally more data, fewer blurry UFO selfies.

- FOIA PDF titled “AARO mission, vision and UAP analysis data needs” by AARO, United States, date unknown.
- Reports AARO’s mission, vision, required UAP analysis data, and inter‑agency collaboration strategies.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 2

AARO is a uniquely-capable, Defense Department & Intelligence Community organization
that integrates operational, scientific, and intelligence capabilities to resolve UAP.

our mission
minimize technical and intelligence surprise
and reduce operational risks, by
synchronizing scientific, intelligence, and
operational detection, identification,
attribution, and mitigation of unidentified,
anomalous objects in the vicinity of national
security areas

—

Physical, technical, behavioral, and contextual
charactetstics of phenomena, their composition, and
their movement

—

Capabilities, limitations, and vulnerabilities of
phenomena and any assessed technological gap
between phenomena and the United States

—

Indications and characteristics of hazards, risks and/or
threats by phenomena to the United States, its people,
its equities, and/or its instruments of national power

—

Attribution of phenomena to natural and/or artificial
sources

—

Indications of foreign observation of and reaction to
phenomena

—

The disposition of observed phenomena

our vision
unidentified, anomalous objects are
effectively and efficiently detected, tracked,
analyzed, and managed by way of
normalized DoD, IC, and civil business
practices; by adherence to the highest
scientific and intelligence-tradecraft standards;
and with greater transparency and shared
awareness

#### Page 3

The potentially ubiquitous presence of UAP defines the national-security
implications and drives the broad range of stakeholders and demand for
ricorous scientific understanding of and intelligence on phenomena
US Territory & Operating Areas
— DoD observations and reporting of
UAP most often in the vicinity of US
military facilities and operating areas
— Threats to the immediate safety of US
citizens and Government facilities,
across domains, is priority
— Safety and security risks of UAP
heighten US Government awareness
and drives research and mitigation
efforts

as Key partners and stakeholders include
DoD, IC, Dal, NASA, FAA

US Strategic Capabilities

Foreign Territory & Operating Areas

— Reporting on UAP proximity to
strategic capabilities and critical
infrastructure primarily historical;
analysis limited by information currency
and source reliability

— Reporting on UAP activity in foreign
territory or operating areas limited by
source reliability

— Consequence of UAP in the vicinity of
strategic capabilities is high, potentially
threatening strategic deterrence and
safety of civil society

— Consequence of such moderate-tohigh, potentially leading to adversarial
misattribution of UAP to the United
States

— DoD strengthening observations and
reporting capabilities near US strategic
capabilities and critical infrastructure

—Allies and strategic competitors apply
resources to observe, identify, and
attribute UAP (open source)

as Key partners and stakeholders include
DoD, IC, DoE and NNSA, Doi, DHS

as Key partners and stakeholders include
DoD, IC, STATE, international partners

#### Page 4

AARO leads integration of the Department's UAP operations, research, analyses, and
strategic-communications to deliver exquisite data, advanced sensors, sound analytics,
and shared mission awareness and ownership
,
synchronizing and
sequencing Theater, IC,
and other capabilities for
optimized, crossfunctional UAP
detection, tracking,
mitigation, and recovery

revealing and exploiting
elusive and enigmatic
signatures through
advanced technologies
and focused, crosssector partnerships

delivering peer-reviewed
conclusions through
deliberate syntheses of
scientific and intelligence
method, tradecraft,
tools, and expertise

Integrated Operations

SET Research B Application

Integrated Analyses

ARGET

immix nos caw nsami

i

---\

driving shared awareness
across mission partners,
1 oversight authorities,
and stakeholders—
normalizing cross-sector
partnerships and
building trust with
transparency
Strategic Communications

#### Page 5

Our mission success and our ability to contribute to
domain safety and national security depends on
observations and insights from across sectors
Educate

Encourage Reporting

Leverage Ow Expertise & Systems

The subject of UAP is laden with decades
of imprecise—and often sensational—
information

Historically, reticence to UAP reporting
has limited the Government's ability to
guard against safety and security threats

Persons informed about DAP and willing
to report have historically had few official
channels to submit observational data

Promulgating accurate information about
UAP, their implications to domain safety
and national security, and our
commitment to resolving them is
foundational to our partnership with
communities.

Destigmatizing discussion about and
reporting of UAP is essential for tracking,
resolving, and defending against such
phenomena

We are working with military, civil, and
industry partners to develop and field
reporting mechanisms available across
sectors

Government efforts to encourage military
aviators and crews to report phenomena
have substantially increased the quantity
and quality of UAP data

By leveraging our systems, we will be able
to quickly incorporate reporting into the
corpus of data, to optimize scientific and
intelligence analyses, and to provide
feedback to the reporting individual
and/or organization

Sharing what UAP data is criticallyimportant for scientific and intelligence
analyses allows aviators and crews to
optimize the value of their observations
and reporting of phenomena

#### Page 6

What kind of information would be necessary and
sufficient for UAP analyses?

about the phenomenon
— UAP-event description or narrative
— UAP location relative to the observer,
with as much precision as practicable
—Number of UAP-objects observed
during the phenomenon and
indications of intra UAP-object
coordination and/or communication
— Indications of advanced and/or
enigmatic capabilities

— UAP characteristics, including physical
state (e.g., solid, liquid, gas, plasma);
description (e.g., size, shape, color);
signatures; propulsion means; payload

about the observer
— Observer's date, time, location, and
travel path for first and last observation
of the IMP, with as much precision as
practicable
— Observer's behavior toward the UAP

— UAP performance envelope, including
altitude and/or depth; travel path and
trajectory; velocity; maneuverability
— UAP behavior, including whether under
apparent intelligent control, apparent
response to observation and/or
observer presence, and apparent
indications of indifference or hostility

— Sensors that detected the phenomenon
(e.g., visual, radar)
— Any physiological, psychological, or,
other effects apparently corresponding
to the UAP observation
— Observer's assessment of the UAP,
including the nature of the
phenomenon and whether it was
benign, a hazard, or a threat
— Identification of any other observers

## AARO-22-F-1364_3 — FOIA: Pages 9–11 of 11 withheld in full under exemption (b)(5)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-22-F-1364_3
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-22-F-1364_3
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

## AARO-23-F-0010 — FOIA: Avi Loeb email and article on Ukraine UAP "Phantoms" (October 2022)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-23-F-0010
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-23-F-0010
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

October 4 2022 email: faster than the Phantoms, Loeb’s analysis arrived early.

- AARO PDF, email & article by Harvard’s Avi Loeb, dated October 4 2022.
- Describes luminous and dark “Phantoms” reported over Ukraine, two object types.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 1

Attachments:

Avi Loeb <aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu >
Tuesday, October 4, 2022 1:32 PM
Abraham Loeb
[URL Verdict: Neutral][Non- DoD Source] "Down To Earth" Limits on Unidentified Aerial
Phenomena in Ukraine
arXiv_U.pdf

Follow Up Flag:
Flag Status:

Follow up
Completed

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All active links contained in this email were disabled. Please verify the identity of the sender, and confirm the
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The original scientific paper on which this essay is based, is available below and also at:
Caution-https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/,~loeb/arXiv_U.pdf < Caution­
https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/arXiv_U.pdf >
The essay below is linked at:
Caution-https://avi-loeb.medium.com!down-to-earth-limits-on-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-in-ukraine6d8bb9f64f85 < Caution-https ://avi-loeb.medium.com!down-to-earth-limits-on-unidentified-aerial-phenomena­
in-ukrainc-6d8bb9f64f85 >

u5J< Caution-https://medium.com/@avi-loeb?source=email-adb0e108a94b-1664904268122newsletter.subscribeToProfile-------------------------5274e172- 8dd0- 45f2- a372- 00ef1d103e94-------c9de49b8ef2b >
Avi Loeb < Caution-https://medium.com/@avi-loeb?source=email-adb0e108a94b-1664904268122newsletter.subscribeToProfile-------------------------527 4e172- 8dd0- 45f2- a372- 00ef1d103e94-------c9de49b8ef2b >
6 min read
View on Medium< Caution-https://medium.com/p/6d8bb9f64f85?source=email-adb0e108a94b1664904268122-newsletter.subscribeToProfile------------------------5274e172- 8dd0- 45f2- a372- 00ef1d103e94--------c9de49b8ef2b >
1

#### Page 2

"Down To Earth" Lilllits on Unidentified
Aerial Phenolllena in Ukraine
□

I□
An image of"pha11tom'' objects above Ukraine (C,·edit: Zhilyaev, Petukhov & Reshetnyk 2022)

I

Over the past two weeks I was bombarded by a dozen requests to read a new report < Caution­
http: / /me.dm/r-qfQa1KrPLO?source=email-adboe108a94b-1664904268122newsletter .subscribeToProfile-------------------------5 274e172_ 8ddo_ 45f2_ a372_ ooehd103e94-------­
c9de49b8ef2b > by astronomers on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) in Ukraine. My response
to all of these messages was the same: "I am not sure what to make of the report. Ukraine is in a
military conflict with a lot of human-made activity in the sky. This must introduce a lot of noise for
any search for objects that are not human-made. In science we aim to maximize the signal-to-noise
ratio, and so Ukraine would be the last place on Earth where I would initiate UAP studies."
But last evening I received a special request from a high-level official in the US government to
summarize my thoughts on observable signatures of UAP and so this morning I checked the UAP
report from Ukraine and wrote a paper< Caution-http://me.dm/r-f51oscLH4J?source=email­
adboe108a94b-1664904268122-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------5274e172_8ddo_45fa_a372_ooehd103e94--------c9de49b8efab > about it a few hours later.
The Ukranian paper< Caution-http://me.dm/r-qfQa1KrPLO?source=email-adboe108a94b1664904268122-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------5274e172_ 8ddo_ 45f2_ a372_ ooef1d103e94--------c9de49b8efab > reports about two types of
objects: luminous and dark. The dark objects with no visible emission were labeled as ' 'Phantoms".
2

#### Page 3

They were characterized by a size of 3-12 meters and speeds up to 15 kilometers per second at a
distance of up to 10-12 kilometers. If real, such objects exceed the capabilities ofhuman-made
aircrafts or rockets. I quickly realized that the distance of these dark objects must have been
incorrectly overestimated by an order of magnitude, or else their bow shock in the Earth's atmosphere
would have generated a bright fireball with an easily detectable optical luminosity.
The interest in UAP stems from their potential non-human origin. Extraterrestrial equipment could
arrive in two forms: space trash, similar to the way our own interstellar probes (Voyager 1 & 2,
Pioneer 10 & 11 and New Horizons) will appear in a billion years, or functional equipment, such as
autonomous devices equipped with Artificial Intelligence (AI). The latter would be an ideal choice for
crossing the tens ofthousands oflight years that span the scale ofthe Milky Way galaxy and could
survive even if the senders are not able to communicate.
It is likely that any functional devices embedded in the Earth's atmosphere are not carrying biological
entities because these would not survive the long journey through interstellar space and its harsh
conditions, including bombardment by energetic cosmic-rays, X-rays and gamma-rays. Interstellar
gas and dust particles deposit a kinetic energy per unit mass that exceeds the output of chemical
explosives at the speed of tens of kilometers per second characterizing rockets. However,
technological gadgets with AI can be shielded to withstand the hazards of space, repair themselves
mechanically, or even reproduce given the resources of a habitable planet like Earth. With Machine
Learning capabilities, they can adapt to new circumstances and pursue the goals of their senders
without any need for external guidance.
As argued by John von Neumann in 1939, the number of such devices could increase exponentially
with time if they self-replicate, a quality enabled by 3D printing and AI technologies. Physical artifacts
might also carry messages, as envisioned by Ronald Bracewell in 1960.
In principle, the fastest gadgets could be launched by lightsails, pushed by powerful light beams up to
the speed of light. Natural processes, such as stellar explosions or gravitational slingshot near black
hole pairs, could launch objects to similar speeds. However, it would be difficult for relativistic
payloads to slow down below the escape speed of Earth, smaller by 4.5 orders of magnitude than the
speed oflight, without having around the same facilities that generated their high initial speeds.
A better suited propulsion technique that was used in all space missions from Earth is chemical
rockets. Since rockets carry their fuel, they can navigate to a desired planet and slow down near it.
The tyranny of the rocket equation, requiring that the fuel mass must increase exponentially with
increasing terminal speed, explains why all human-made spacecraft reached a speed limit of tens of
kilometers per second, 4 orders of magnitude below the speed oflight. Interestingly, this speed is
comparable to the escape speed from the Earth's orbit around the Sun, 42 kilometers per second,
making it possible for humanity to launch probes to interstellar space by taking advantage of the
motion of the Earth around the Sun at 30 kilometers per second. Chemical propulsion may not be
sufficient for probes to escape from the habitable zone around dwarf stars, like the nearest star,
Proxima Centauri.
In summary, chemical propulsion allows escape from the habitable zone of Sun-like stars and enables
slowing down near a destination. The Ukranian report suggests objects with comparable speeds of up
to 15 kilometers per second.
Devices which need to refuel would favor a habitable planet where liquid water or combustible
organic fuel are available. Planets can be identified from a distance as they transit their star or
3

#### Page 4

through direct imaging. Once an Earth-like planet is targeted, an interstellar device can plunge into its
atmosphere. In principle, a multitude of tiny devices can be released from a mothership that passes
near Earth.
At a final speed of 30 kilometers per second, a probe would cross twice the distance of the Sun from
the Milky-Way center within a time of half a billion years. The fraction of all Sun-like stars that host
Earth-like planets in their habitable zone is in the range 3- 100%. This implies that self-replicating
probes could reach ten billion habitable planets around Sun-like stars in less than a billion years.
Since most stars formed more than a billion years before the Sun, it is possible that other
technological civilizations predated ours by the amount oftime needed for their devices to reach
Earth. My paper< Caution-http://me.dm/r-f51oscLH4J?source=email-adboe1o8a94b16649o4268122-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------5274e172_ 8ddo_ 45f2_ a372_ ooefld103e94--------c9de49b8ef2b > points out that any supersonic
motion of such devices through the Earth's atmosphere would inevitably be accompanied by optical
em1ss1on.
I showed that an object with a frontal cross-sectional area of 10 square meters, moving at a supersonic
speed of 10 kilometers per second must create a bow shock in the Earth's atmosphere and dissipate a
mechanical power of 1.5 terra-Watt at an elevation of 10 kilometers. Data on meteors implies that
about a tenth of the kinetic power which is radiated away in the optical band implying that the
reported properties ofthe Phantom objects above Ukraine would result in a fireball ofvisible
luminosity above 150 giga-Watt. For a path length 10 kilometers, the emission would last at least a
second and cannot be missed.
I concluded that the reported speeds and sizes ofthe ' 'Phantom" objects would have generated
fireballs of detectable optical luminosity at their suggested distances, and so these objects could not
have appeared dark. However, if the Phantom objects are ten times closer than suggested, then their
angular motion on the sky corresponds to a physical velocity that is ten times smaller, 1.5 kilometers
per second and their inferred transverse size would be 0.3-1.2 meters, both characteristic of artillery
shells.
The inferred fireball luminosity scales with distance to the 5th power, and is reduced to a modest level
of a few MW if the distance is shorter by a factor of ten than suggested by the Ukranian astronomers.
If the artillery shells have a frontal diameter ofonly 10 cm, then the inferred fireball luminosity is
merely 10 kilo-Watt, which at a kilometer distance would appear extremely faint like a 100-Watt light
bulb at a distance of 100 meters.
The Ukrainian astronomers also identified a luminous and variable object at an altitude of 1,170
kilometers, which was detected through two-site observations above Ukraine. This object is likely a
satellite.
Altogether "down to Earth" explanations can account for the reported UAP above Ukraine. But in
salute to my colleagues in Ukraine, let me conclude with a quote < Caution-http://me.dm/r­
HcuVx1MixB?source=email-adboe108a94b-1664904268122-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile-----------­
-------------5274e172_ 8ddo_ 45f2_ a372_ ooefld103e94--------c9de49b8ef2b > from Oscar Wilde:
"We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars."

4

#### Page 5

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
□

Avi Loeb is the head of the Galileo Project, founding director of Harvard University's-Black Hole

Initiative, director ofthe Institute for Theory and Computation at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center
for Astrophysics, and the former chair ofthe astronomy department at Harvard University (20112020). He chairs the advisory board for the Breakthrough Starshot project, and is a former member of
the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and a former chair of the Board on
Physics and Astronomy ofthe National Academies. He is the bestselling author of
"Extraterrestrial: < Caution-http://me.dm/r-Ei84mwix_ w?source=email-adboe108a94b1664904268122-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------5274e172_ 8ddo_ 45fa_ a372_ ooef1d103e94--------c9de49b8efab > The First Sign ofIntelligent Life
Beyond Earth< Caution-http://me.dm/r-Ei84mwix_w?source=email-adboe1o8a94b1664904268122-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------5274e172_ 8ddo_ 45fa_ a372_ ooef1d103e94--------c9de49b8efab >"and a co-author of the textbook
"Life in the Cosmos< Caution-http://me.dm/r-nVUotn4yw6?source=email-adboe1o8a94b1664904268122-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------5274e172_8ddo_45fa_a372_ooef1d103e94--------c9de49b8efab >",both published in 2021.
Respond on Medium< Caution­
https://medium.com/p/6d8bb9f64f85?responsesOpen=true&source=email-adb0e108a94b1664904268122-newsletter.subscribeToProfile------------------------5274e 172- 8dd0- 45f2- a372- 00ef1d103e94--------c9de49b8ef2b >
View story< Caution-https://medium.com/p/6d8bb9f64f85?source=email-adb0e108a94b1664904268122-newsletter.subscribeToProfile------------------------5274e 172- 8dd0- 45f2- a372- 00ef1d103e94--------c9de49b8ef2b >

5

#### Page 6

From:

Sent:
To:

Subject:

Avi Loeb <aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu>
Monday, October 3, 2022 10:18 AM
Kirkpatrick, Sean M HQE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)
[URL Verdict: Neutral]Re: [Non- DoD Source] SALT New York I Avi Loeb: Are We Alone
in the Universe? The Galileo Project

All active links contained in this email were disabled. Please verify the identity of the sender, and confirm the
authenticity of all links contained within the message prior to copying and pasting the address to a Web
browser.

Yes, Sean. I look forward to seeing you at 4PM today.
Here are some new essays from the last week:
*"Rogue Planets", Medium (October 3, 2022) < Caution-https://avi-loeb.medium.com/rogue-planets10066adcae36 >
*"Permanent Climate Change on Habitable Planets", Medium (October 2, 2022) < Caution-https://avi­
loeb.medium.com/permanent-climate-change-on-habitable-planets-858248925dbe >
*"Do Astronomers Exist on Other Habitable Planets?", Medium (September 30, 2022) < Caution-https://avi­
loeb.medium.com/do-astronomers-exist-on-other-habitable-planets-b0D2b6549f7 >
*"An Extraterrestrial Resolution to the Absurdity of Life", Medium (September 28, 2022) < Caution-https://avi­
loeb. medium. com/an-extraten-estrial-resolution-to-the-absurdity-of-life-2ef7021 0b3e3 >
*"Understanding Ourselves Thanks to Sentient AI Systems", Medium (September 27, 2022) < Caution­
https://avi-loeb.medium.com/understanding-ourselves-thanks-to-sentient-ai-systems-3d73d6736400 >

Abraham (Av!) Loeb
Frank B. Baird Jr. Professor ofScience
Director, Institute for Theory & Computation
Harvard University
Professional website< Caution-https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/ >
List of Essa s < Caution-htt s://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/Opinion.html >

6

#### Page 7

ornmg,
Still good for 4 this afternoon?
Best,
Sean

a e: e nes ay, eptem er
at :
To: "Avi Loeb" <aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu < Caution-mailto:aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu > >
Subject: RE: [Non-DoD Source] SALT New York I Avi Loeb: Are We Alone in the Universe?
The Galileo Project
Thanks Avi. Looking forward to seeing you next week.

From: Avi Loeb <aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu < Caution-mailto:aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu > >
Sent: Wednesday, September 28, 2022 8:06 AM
To: Abraham Loeb <aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu < Caution-mailto:aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu > >
Subject: [Non-DoD Source] SALT New York I Avi Loeb: Are We Alone in the Universe? The
Galileo Project

Caution-https://youtu.be/Yoy_7ZVlmoM < Caution-https://youtu.be/Yoy_7ZVlmoM >

Harvard astrophysicist Avi Loeb, Frank B. Baird Jr. Professor of Science at Harvard University, sat
down with Alex Klokus, Founder & Managing Partner at Kyber Capital, to discuss Loeb's work
heading The Galileo Project. They talk about the extensive research and writing Loeb has done
around potential extraterrestrial life in the Universe. SALT is a global thought leadership and
networking forum at the intersection of finance, technology and public policy. SALT New York, the
first event held at the Javits Center Expansion, returned to Manhattan's west side September 1214, 2022 for three days of collaboration focused on innovation.

7

#### Page 8

From:

Sent:
To:

Subject:

Kirkpatrick, Sean M HQE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)
Monday, October 3, 2022 9:43 AM
Avi Loeb
Re: [Non- DoD Source] SALT New York I Avi Loeb: Are We Alone in the Universe? The
Galileo Project

Morning,
Still good for 4 this afternoon?
Best,
Sean

D OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)"
at 9:06:00 AM
a e: e nes ay, ep em er
To: "Avi Loeb" <aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu>
Subject: RE: [Non-DoD Source] SALT New York I Avi Loeb: Are We Alone in the Universe?
The Galileo Project

Thanks Avi. Looking forward to seeing you next week.

From: Avi Loeb <aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu>
Sent: Wednesday, September 28, 2022 8:06 AM
To: Abraham Loeb <aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu>
Subject: [Non-DoD Source] SALT New York I Avi Loeb: Are We Alone in the Universe? The
Galileo Project

bttps://youtu.be/Yoy 7ZVlmoM

Harvard astrophysicist Avi Loeb, Frank B. Baird Jr. Professor of Science at Harvard University, sat
down with Alex Klokus, Founder & Managing Partner at Kyber Capital, to discuss Loeb's work
heading The Galileo Project. They talk about the extensive research and writing Loeb has done
around potential extraterrestrial life in the Universe. SALT is a global thought leadership and
networking forum at the intersection of finance, technology and public policy. SALT New York, the
first event held at the Javits Center Expansion, returned to Manhattan's west side September 12-14,
2022 for three days of collaboration focused on innovation.

8

#### Page 9

From:

Sent:
To:

Subject:

Avi Loeb <aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu>
Tuesday, September 20, 2022 6:27 PM
Kirkpatrick, Sean M HQE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)
Re: [URL Verdict: Neutral](Non- DoD Source] Discovery of a Second Interstellar Meteor:
Meter-Size Interstellar Objects Are Much Tougher than ...

All active links contained in this email were disabled. Please verify the identity of the sender, and confirm the
authenticity of all links contained within the message prior to copying and pasting the address to a Web
browser.

For !Ml, the error on the air density is negligible and the enor on the velocity measurement is
smaller than a few percent. Here is the complete information:
Original discovery paper: Caution-https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.07224.pdf < Caution­
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.07224.pdf >
Government confirmation Letter: Caution-https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/Opinion.htmJ < Caution­
https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/Opinion.html >
Material strength paper: Caution-https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.08482 < Caution­
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.08482 >
The fi.rebalJ lightcurve: Caution-https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/lightcurve.pdf < Caution­
https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/lightcurve.pdf >
NBC video: Caution-https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/NBCPNG.mov < Caution­
https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/NBCPNG .mov >
NPR audio: Caution-https://www.npr.org/2022/08/ l6/l l l 77622 l l/an-astronomers-plan-to-trawl-the-ocean­
floor-for-signs-of-extraterrestrial-life < Caution-https://www.npr.org/2022/08/ l 6/ l l l 7762211/an-astronomers­
plan-to-trawl-the-ocean-floor-for-signs-of-extratenestrial-life >
Overview: Caution-https://avi-loeb.medium.com/the-first-interstellar-meteor-7d97bcb970cd < Caution­
https://avi-loeb.medium.corn/the-first-interstellar-meteor-7d97bcb970cd >
What we know:

The meteor had a geocentric velocity vector:
(vx, vy, vz) = (- 3.4, - 43.5, - 10.3) km s- 1, located at 1.3° S 147.6° E, at an altitude of 18.7 km, at the time of
impact, 2014-01-08 17:05:34 UTC, as
reported in the CNEOS catalog.
The above localization is within 10 kilometers; we need another significant digit. If you can find it for
us, it would save us a lot of time in the expedition search area.
There are a million objects like IMl at any given time within the orbit of the Earth around the Sun.
But a thousand times more Solar system rocks.
9

#### Page 10

Avi

Abraham (Avt) Loeb
Frank B. Baird Jr. Professor ofScience
Directo0 Institute for Theory & Computation
Harvard University
Professional website< Caution-https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/ >
b.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/Opinion.html >

estimate? 10%?
In your analysis, you assume a Gaussian distribution of the interstellar population for the naturally occurring
events. Is there a situation in which a non-Gaussian distribution would come into play? Specifically an
exploding supernova's geometric cross-section overlapping with the Solar System's orientation and distance?
Are we certain the explosion is spherically symmetric?
With regard' s to artificial spacecraft, am I correct in concluding that the release of probes, microsats etc, is
based on the assumption that it is earth's atmosphere that triggers it? Have you thought about other planets
near our Habitable zone?
In any event that's exciting to find two objects. I suspect there's more.
Sean

From: "Avi Loeb" <aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu < Caution-mailto:aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu > >
Date: Tuesday, September 20, 2022 at 5:31 :26 PM
To: "Kirk atrick S an M H E OSD OUSD INTEL

Interstellar Objects Are Much Tougher than ...

All active links contained in this email were disabled. Please verify the identity of the sender, and confirm the
authenticity of all links contained within the message prior to copying and pasting the address to a Web
browser.

10

#### Page 12

Are Much Tougher than Solar Systelll
Rocks!
Figures from the new paper by Amir Siraj & Aui Loeb (September 20, 2022)

In a new paper< Caution-Caution-http://me.dm/r-t7rBQ5RzPo?source=email-adboe1o8a94b1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------3d24b676_ ec62_41eo_ b8d9_ 96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8ef2b < Caution-http:// me.dm/r­
t7rBQ5RzPo?source=email-adboe108a94b-1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------­
------------3d24b676_ ec62_ 41eo_ b8d9_ 96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8ef2b > > with my student,
Amir Siraj, we have identified a second interstellar meteor, IM2, in the CNEOS fireball
catalog < Caution-Caution-http://me.dm/r-EoF8XWzfiT?source=emai1-adboe108a94b1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------3d24b676_ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8ef2b < Caution-http://me.dm/r­
EoF8:XWzfiT?source=email-adboe108a94b-1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile-----------­
-------------3d24b676_ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8ef2b > > of NASA. The two
interstellar meteors are meter-scale objects that collided with Earth from a trajectory that was
gravitationally unbound to the Sun. In other words, the objects arrived to the Solar system from
interstellar space and were moving faster than the escape speed from the Sun when they were
collected by the "fishing net" of the Earth's atmosphere.
Aui Loeb (left) and Amir Siraj (right) at Loeb's Harvard office; Photograph taken on September 15, 2022.

The first interstellar meteor, CNEOS 2014-01-08 (IMt), that Amir and I discovered in
2019 < Caution-Caution-http://me.dm/r-BpgRCuSvgn?source=email-adboe108a94b1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------3d24b676_ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff4ob5097--------c9de49 b8ef2b < Caution-http://me.dm/r­
BpgRCuSvgn?source=email-adboe108a94b-1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile-----------­
-------------3d24b676_ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8ef2b > >, was confirmed at
the 99.999% confidence level by a letter < Caution-Caution-http://me.dm/r­
aqJrqFnno2?source=email-adboe108a94b-1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------­
------------3d24b676_ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8ef2b < Caution­
http://me.dm/r-aqJrqFnno2?source=email-adboe1o8a94b-1663698644902newsletter.subscribeT0Profile-------------------------3d24b676_ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff4ob5097------­
-c9de49b8ef2b > > from the US Space Command to NASA. The second interstellar meteor we just
discovered, CNEOS 2017-03-09 (IM2), was ten times more massive and roughly a meter in size. It
was moving at a speed of 40 (compared to 60 for IM1) kilometers per second relative to the Local
Standard of Rest < Caution-Caution-http:/ /me.dm/r-u_4S4wS_ 6-?source=email-adboe108a94b1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------3d24b676_ ec62_ 41eo_ b8d9_ 96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8ef2b < Caution-http://me.dm/ru_ 4S4wS_ 6-?source=email-adboe108a94b-1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile-----------­
-------------3d24b676_ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff40b5097--------c9de49b8ef2b > >, the local frame of
reference of the Milky Way that averages over the motions ofall the stars in the vicinity ofthe Sun.
Remarkably, both IMt and IM2 disintegrated low in the Earth's atmosphere despite their unusually
high speeds. The air ram pressure, which is the product ofthe air mass density and the square ofthe
meteors' speed when they explode into fireballs, provides an estimate for the yield strength of their
12

#### Page 13

material composition. The inferred material strengths of 194 Mega-Pascals (MPa) for IM1 and 75 MPa
for IM2 imply that both were tougher than iron meteorites, which have a maximum yield strength of
50 MPa.
IM1 and IM2 ranked number 1 and 3 in the distribution of material strengths among all 273 meteors
in the CNEOS catalog < Caution-Caution-http://me.dm/r-EoF8XWzfiT?source=emailadboe1o8a94b-1663 69 8 644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------3d24b676_ ec62_41eo_b8d9_ 96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8efab < Caution-http://me.dm/r­
EoF8XWzfiT?source=email-adboe108a94b-1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile-----------­
-------------3d24b676_ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8ef2b > > . The probability of
drawing the material strength ofthe first and second interstellar meteors out of the familiar
population of Solar system rocks is roughly the square of (3/273), or equivalently one part in 10,000.
This means that the population of interstellar meteors is different from Solar system meteors at the
99.99% confidence level. This conclusion is corroborated by fitting the distribution ofCNEOS meteors
with a Gaussian shape in the logarithm of material strength. Both IM1 and IM2 lie on the far tail of
the distribution, at 2.6 and 3.5 standard deviations away from the mean, making their combined
likelihood less than a part in a million.
This tantalizing conclusion about the extremely rare material strength of IM1 and IM2, implies that
interstellar meteors are not rocks from planetary systems like the Solar systems.
The Earth collides with interstellar objects along its orbit around the Sun. The simplest assumption to
make is that these objects arrive into the Solar system on random trajectories in the Local Standard of
Rest. Based on the detection rate of IM1 and IM2 in the CNEOS catalog, roughly once per decade, one
can infer that about 40% of all refractory elements < Caution-Caution-http: / / me.dm/rpDj2SdFiQo ?source= email-adboe1o8a94b-166369 8644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile-----------­
-------------3d24b676_ ec62_ 41eo _b8d9 _ 96bff40b5097--------c9de49b8ef2b < Caution­
http://me.dm/r-pDj2SdFiQo?source=email-adboe108a94b-16636986449o2newsletter.subscribeT0Profile-------------------------3d24b676_ ec62_41eo_b8d9_ 96bff4ob5097------­
-c9de49b8ef2b > > in the Milky-Way galaxy are locked in meter-scale interstellar objects. This
extraordinarily high abundance again seems to defy a planetary system origin.
Interestingly, a paucity of refractory elements is observed in the gas phase in the interstellar medium,
an observation which could potentially reflect refractory elements being locked in interstellar objects.
Supernovae have been observed to produce iron-rich "bullets", which could be a possible origin of IM1
and IM2. In particular, X-ray imaging of the Vela supernova remnant revealed< Caution-Caution­
http://me.dm/r-sWuuGF-wiY?source=email-adboe1o8a94b-16636986449o2newsletter.subscribeToProfile-------------------------3d24b676_ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff4 ob5097------­
-c9de49b8ef2b < Caution-http://me.dm/r-sWuuGF-wiY?source=email-adboe108a94b1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------3d24b676_ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8efab > > bow shocks from bullets flying
out ofthe explosion site, a discovery that I attempted to explain < Caution-Caution-http://me.dm/r­
wvfe-CixZI?source=email-adboe108a94b-1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile-------------­
-----------3d24b676_ ec62_41eo_b8d9_ 96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8efab < Cautionhttp: / /me.dm/r-wvfe-ClxZI?source=email-adboe108a94b-1663698644902newsletter.subscribeToProfile-------------------------3d24b676_ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff4 ob5097------­
-c9de49b8ef2b > > three decades ago. It is possible that IM1 and IM2 were shot out of an exploding
star.
But it is also possible that IM1 and IM2 move fast and are tough because they are artificial in origin,
namely chemically-propelled interstellar spacecraft like our own interstellar probes < Caution13

#### Page 14

Caution-http://me.elm/r-2EoVa9nljO?source=email-adboe108a94b-1663698644902newsletter.subscribeToProfile-------------------------3d24b676_ ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff4 ob5097------­
-c9de49b8ef2b < Caution-http://me.dm/r-2EoVa9nljO?source=email-adboe1o8a94b1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------3d24b676_ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8ef2b > >, but launched a billion years
ago. One can also imagine a mother craft canying CubeSats < Caution-Caution-http://me.dm/r­
cfuFXPTq5B?source=email-adboe108a94b-1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile-----------­
-------------3d24b676_ ec62_ 41eo_ b8d9_ 96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8ef2b < Caution­
http://me.dm/r-cfuFXPTq5B?source=email-adboe1o8a94b-16636986449o2newsletter.subscribeToProfile-------------------------3d24b676_ec62_41eo_b8d9_96bff4 ob5097------­
-c9de49b8ef2b > > or micro-devices in its belly, which like Dandelion seeds automatically get
released through friction with the atmosphere of a habitable planet.
The inferred abundance of interstellar objects could be smaller by 16 orders of magnitude < Caution­
Caution-http://me.dm/r-vZ8ia_wRGb?source=email-adboe108a94b-16636986449o2newsletter.subscribeT0Profile-------------------------3d24b676_ ec62_41eo_ b8d9_ 96bff4ob5097------­
-c9de49b8ef2b < Caution-http://me.dm/r-vZ8ia_wRGb?source=email-adboe108a94b1663698644902-newsletter.subscribeT0Profile------------------------3d24b676_ ec62_ 41eo_ b8d9_ 96bff4ob5097--------c9de49b8ef2b > > for functional devices that are
designed to visit the habitable regions of stars. This large factor is the ratio between the interstellar
volume associated with the Sun (half-way to the nearest stars) -which would be uniformly populated

(Text continues in the original file: 28 pages.)

## AARO-23-F-0204 — FOIA: List of AARO UAP case serial numbers (December 2022)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-23-F-0204
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-23-F-0204
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

December 6 2022—just enough time to number cases, not to name them.

- PDF list of AARO UAP case serial numbers, created Dec 6 2022 by AARO.
- Contains unclassified sequence of case identifiers, no incident details provided.
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This document is a list of AARO case serial numbers, maintained by the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office. It was created on December 6, 2022, and contains an unclassified record of case numbers related to unidentified aerial phenomena. The document includes a long sequence of numerical identifiers, likely representing individual cases under review or analysis. No additional details about specific incidents or conclusions are provided.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED

List of all cases analyzed by, being analyzed by, or archived at, the
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office. Current as of 12/06/2022.
AARO Case Serial Numbers
194722

106172

326295

223651 243941 560556

611694

419424

481596

642543

595583

884724

313681 921757

129113

959544

691499

396451

220367

438720

158013

596357

842006

797041 306086

928614

180077

430278

115289

388293

996994

661112

598714

914978

878839

260174

764943

198677

600979

679822

862768

688661 206538

416076

584739

585916

852222

939254

311838

236573

117465

531826

351582

768637

890175

927810

772608

748397

231672

551700

621731 925393

591697

773801 525082

133945

796305

190309

832510

671514

216187

224800

736660

551597

310607

750237

567758

692644

848893

813503

657848

108933

668384

419763

833639

377554

324187

471730

391916

841350

846540

707594

255339

497870

823114

405385

988367

506156

988164

980723

197188

480464

715352

305449

786650

444525

942845

466984

740945

552749

493572

777063

656732

500127

873414

499963

265279

375229

707590

321979

517646

669028

407045

736207

357305

573886

998129

707349

924760

133677

257147

825254

250333

293960

969897

200424

403673

262542

569423

640886

379905

235585

970544

157439

234188

909546

655015

571032

842698

339840

393315

939922

230148

345681 136544

682150

385726

438760

318710

473652

567442

618373

185479

780600

504486

617212

482954

819109

611914

853240

757736

186356

858259

906290

785443

326809

217978

435821 335955

563365

146850

275617

672075

487994

945020

275229

580844

746064

777280

519245

833281 523723

855095

255721 363009

611671 506843

990236

367884

668760

612874

235367

505713

465262

220823

962002

593638

736410

585147

122989

162675

366496

536836

815952

299750

936613

733995

386719

975122

756023

644451 332409

878096

150327

159869

765649

406724

160465

359073

265146

752473

684334

485834

385107

246204

286683

819351 843607

792278

898339

497577

179725

669978

437102

566265

119316

466840

661612

501878

796679

173696

741787

416327

732973

835654

843486

195234

241073

261470

376851

942618

376138

408723

500375

714549

223100

226764

387663

930023

386275

949097

822175

720409

586256

880774

225198

618167

951438

302482

724663

820623

413211 880197

153452

166552

828865

336618

104369

862107

131564

912726

553133

273034

422469

946716

571837

112321 715981 641890

609462

517742

260533

419654

525483

650119

729493

584150

747594

249600

326318

741803

217972

310976

301434

178497

611116

730245

639677

420638

138474

628046

882705

731774

UNCLASSIFIED

879293

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED

121001 549914

429752

277546

752235

273851 250267

233545

700736

360612

464733

582125

117726

986930

512209

151789

105266

238811

973628

875424

849972

206845

364856

437555

582571 178883

290070

301751 820083

390599

406144

593590

184358

295178

701430

590665

459242

729440

594291 510696

159551 879117

576646

312992

432737

398450

972201 479057

469873

983782

795372

895114

933661 660875

217358

466613

581527

255183

461743

780688

894162

586354

930557

870195

502093

638187

321303

708899

689635

991547

254527

788309

361578

717567

599898

192812

678144

397890

966773

863528

527247

420425

785961 306114

852102

416414

560405

851498

698155

127500

526112

955697

839293

994625

800879

843859

439726

282876

109902

687345

227806

145214

113932

236714

367373

535527

286201 388346

383376

536691 688299

744653

548584

241891 180631 909737

945889

386384

389044

498633

108313

229559

837632

804804

360514

663532

664566

829498

373569

814454

853403

400257

108593

818156

995369

665801 300027

351271 938457

951326

858798

722424

157910

560760

703508

943475

372096

966862

168996

465289

666173

458581 124910

715248

816239

983122

130134

679241 528821 265221 315274

368004

674800

410129

677379

969887

632672

761861 458199

682607

334924

524062

371451 625647

489842

629286

361494

805326

553636

297098

659286

511091 391508

208739

968098

582190

489334

UNCLASSIFIED

## AARO-23-F-0241 — FOIA: DoD position on the FY2023 NDAA UAP reporting provision (H.R. 7900 §1663)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-23-F-0241
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-23-F-0241
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The DoD’s FY2023 plan: file more forms, not more UFOs.

- DoD position statement on FY2023 NDAA UAP reporting provision, authored by AARO, United States.
- It warns the provision may infringe presidential authority, pose security risks, and cites existing reporting mechanisms.
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This document is a Department of Defense (DoD) position statement regarding a provision in the FY 2023 National Defense Authorization Bill. It was written by the DoD in response to House bill H.R. 7900, section 1663, which proposed requiring the DoD to create a secure system for reporting Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) and related activities. The document outlines the DoD's concerns that the provision could infringe on the President's authority over classified information and pose security risks. It states the DoD believes existing mechanisms already allow for secure UAP reporting and is willing to collaborate with Congress to achieve UAP reporting goals within current frameworks. The document was prepared in the United States.

### Full text

#### Page 1

23-F-0241
Priority Department of Defense Language Appeal
FY 2023 National Defense Authorization Bill
Subject: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Reporting Procedures
Appeal Citation: H.R. 7900, sec. 1663
Language/Provision: House section 1663 would require the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish a secure system
for receiving reports of any event relating to Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) as well as any government or
government contractor activity or program related to UAP at all classification levels. The secure system would be
administered by "designated and widely known, easily accessible and appropriately cleared" employees or contractors
assigned to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), and information about the secure system, including clear
publ ic guidance for accessing and using the system, would be made available to the public on a DoD website.
Additionally, the heads of all departments and agencies of the Federal Government that have supported UAP
investigations, including the Secretary of Defense, would be required to conduct comprehensive searches all records
relating to non-disclosure agreements (NDAs), orders, or other obligations relating to UAP and make them accessible to
the congressional intelligence committees, congressional defense committees, and congressional leadership.
Finally, the proposal would enable personnel to report through the secure system any information which might otherwise
have implicated a written or oral NOA, order, or other instrument that could be interpreted as a legal constraint. The
Senate Armed Services Committee included no similar provision in its version of the National Defense Authorization Act,
but the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence included a similar provision in its mark of the Intelligence Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 2023, S. 4503, section 704.
DoD Position/Impact: The Department objects to the House provision because, as written, it could intrude on the
President's constitutional authority to manage classified information, information security, and information security
systems. The requirements would also present unnecessary national security and counterintelligence risks by requiring
the establishment of a publicly acknowledged system, with clear guidance to the public on how to access and use it, that is
meant to provide for the sharing of classified and potentially compartmented information. The Department is concerned
that establishing and managing such a system would be a resource-intensive undertaking that would detract critical
personnel and financial resources from other important functions of the recently establ ished AARO.
The Department shares the goal of establishing a secure mechanism to encourage and protect individuals who provide
potentially classified information regarding UAP or UAP-related programs to authorized personnel in the AARO with the
requisite need to know. However, the Department has existing authorities and mechanisms to enable such reporting that
would fulfill the intent of the House provision without its associated concerns. For example, the Secretary of Defense
may already authorize Department personnel to receive information, regardless of classification, in a protected manner
consistent with Executive Order 13526, Executive Order 12968, and corresponding DoD and Office of the Director of
National Intelligence directives.
The Department is also concerned that the requirement for the system to be administered by "widely known" and "easily
accessible" DoD and Intelligence Community employees assigned to the AARO may present privacy, security, and
personal safety risks to such personnel given the potentially polarizing nature of the UAP subject. To ensure the identities
and contact information of such personnel are not inappropriately disclosed, the Department would object to the inclusion
of the words "widely known" and "easily accessible" in subsection (b)(3) of the proposed provision.
Moreover, the language in subsection (c)(l) of the proposed provision assumes that the Department has the resources and
capability to search for, retrieve, and provide all records relating to nondisclosure orders or agreements or other
obligations- some of which may be decades old and implicate the Privacy Act- that will satisfy an unspecified
congressional purpose. Indeed, any statutory requirement to establish a new system outside of existing and established
mechanisms would require the expenditure of personnel and financial resources that would be better served elsewhere.
As such, DoD is willing to work with Congress to achieve our common goals and objectives related to UAP reporting
within existing frameworks.

#### Page 2

The Department urges exclusion of the House provision and, alternatively, is eager to work with the conferees to revise
the provision to address the above concerns.

Internal Control Notes:
Appeal#: I&S-001 P
5
5
Submitting Component: (b)( )
cus,. .A,',),,-=I,...._
&S_., _Cb><
_ _l"T"1""::-:-=:--~-------,-----Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL (USA), l&S, (b)(6)
Reviewing OGC Attorney:! (b)(6)
~ OGC-I, (b)(6 l
Bill Version/Section Number: H.R. 7900, sec. 1.........
6- - - - ~

I

I

## AARO-23-F-0740 — FOIA: AARO release (scanned, no extracted text)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-23-F-0740
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-23-F-0740
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### Full text

#### Page 1

space
Home News Browse- Find a Community - Creale
Following in 2 streams Leave group
All Places
AAR (U) AARO IC Collaboration Forum (ta ImClamication)
Overview Activity Tasks Conlent People Projects Reports Actions- About Manage-
UST0UZE THIS PAGE ×
as guick einie and voa can Change bao anvtine iRuid ien Be Lure to drk
actvit content and peoplie
(b)(1) (b)(1)
AAR
isector Dr Wirkpatick (U) D K Opening Comments TU) UAP Reporting Taends
SASCETC 19APR 23 (Public)
AARO UAP CASE TRACKER
FYQTR Open Active Archive Closed
FY231Q 700 a 36
FY23 2Q ede eat edit

## AARO-23-F-0922_1 — FOIA: Biography of AARO Director Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-23-F-0922_1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-23-F-0922_1
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2022: the year Dr. Kirkpatrick’s résumé got its own FOIA file.

- FOIA biography PDF of AARO Director Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick, dated 2022, United States.
- Details his defense/intelligence career, academic background, space missions, and 2012 Senior Service appointment.
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

Document: Biography of Dr. Sean M. Kirkpatrick, director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). Written by an unknown author, dated 2022, likely in the United States. The text details Dr. Kirkpatrick's career in defense and intelligence, including his roles in various government agencies, his academic background, and his leadership in scientific and technical intelligence. It highlights his experience in space and counterspace mission areas and his appointment to the Senior Service in 2012.

### Full text

#### Page 1

23-F-0922

Dr. Sean M. Kirkpatrick
Director, All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)
Dr. Kirkpatrick was asked by USD(I&S) to stand-up and lead AARO in early 2022.
Known as Dr. K to his staff and team, he brings over two decades of experience
and a significant depth of expertise in scientific and technical intelligence (S&TI),
S&TI and space policy, research and development, acquisitions, and operations,
specializing in space/counterspace mission areas.
Dr. Kirkpatrick was born in Columbus, GA to an Army family. He grew up in the
Atlanta area, where he attended the University of Georgia as an undergraduate,
to study physics. Dr. Kirkpatrick finished his Ph.D. work in nonlinear and
nonequilibrium phonon dynamics of rare earth doped fluoride crystals also at the
University of Georgia, and is currently an adjunct professor at UGA.
Dr. Kirkpatrick began his career in Defense and Intelligence related science and technology immediately out of
graduate school. After receiving his Ph.D. in Physics in 1995, he subsequently took a postdoctoral position at the
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, investigating laser-induced molecular vibrations of high explosives
under an AFOSR program. In 1996, he was offered a National Research Council Fellowship at the U.S. Naval
Research Laboratory in Washington D.C. investigating novel solid-state lasers for the Department of the Navy. In
1997, he was recruited by the Air Force Research Laboratory to build an Ultrafast Laser Physics Lab to investigate
nonlinear optics, novel ultrafast spectroscopic methods, and nonlinear micro/nano-fabrication techniques for
the Air Force. In 2003 he was offered a program manager position in the National Reconnaissance Office, and
converted to CIA in 2005. In 2007, he was assigned as Chief Technology Officer in a joint CIA-DIA program office,
where he later became division chief as a DIA officer. In 2010 he was asked to serve as the space control portfolio
manager for the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, Space and Intelligence, Office of the Secretary ofDefense.
In 2012 he returned to DIA, and served as the Defense Intelligence Officer for Scientific and Technical
Intelligence, serving as the Department of Defense’s counterpart to the National Intelligence Manager for
Science and Technology until 2016. Towards the end of his tenure as DIO/S&TI, Dr. Kirkpatrick served on special
assignment to the Principal Deputy Director National Intelligence leading the Intelligence Community’s support
to the Joint Interagency Combined Space Operations Center.
From 2016 to his current assignment, Dr. Kirkpatrick served in a variety of no-fail roles including Deputy Director of
Intelligence, US Strategic Command; Director, National Security Strategy, National Security Council; Deputy
Director of Intelligence and the DNI Representative for USSPACECOM. The USSPACECOM Intelligence Enterprise
was the fifth organization he has been the IC lead for establishment. His most recent assignment was as Chief
Scientist at DIA’s Missile and Space Intelligence Center.
Dr. Kirkpatrick is the recipient of several scientific and intelligence awards. These include the Joint Meritorious
Civilian Service Award, the National Intelligence Exceptional Achievement Medal, four National Intelligence
Collaboration medallions, the NRO Innovation and Achievement Award, the Cleary Award for Scientific
Excellence, and the DIA Director’s Award for Excellence. Dr. Kirkpatrick holds 2 open patents and has
contributed to several scientific books on nonlinear phenomena as well as written multiple strategies for the
National and Defense Intelligence Communities. He was appointed to the Senior Service in 2012.

## AARO-23-F-0922_2 — FOIA: AARO analysis of reported UAP altitudes, shapes and radar signatures

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-23-F-0922_2
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-23-F-0922_2
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out 23‑F‑0922 is the only thing that’s still on the radar.

- FOIA PDF report by AARO dated 23-F-0922
- Analyzes reported UAP altitudes, shapes, colors, and radar signatures with percentages and morphology
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This document is a report from the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office, dated 23-F-0922. It analyzes reported UAP characteristics, including altitudes, shapes, colors, and radar signatures. The data includes percentages of UAP sightings at various altitudes, descriptions of morphology, and technical details about radar and radio frequencies. It also lists reported UAP shapes such as spheres, disks, and ambiguous sensor contacts. The report does not identify specific objects or locations beyond general categories.

### Full text

#### Page 1

23-F-0922

A L L - D O M A I N A N O M A LY R E S O L U T I O N O F F I C E

UAP Reporting Trends
REPORTED-UAP ALTITUDES
Weather Balloons

0.6%

55K

0.0%

50K

0.3%

45K

0.3%

40K

0.6%
Commercial Air Traffic

2.5%

30K

Performance

60K

Appearance

100K

35K

REPORTED UAP-CHARACTERISTICS

25K

23.5%

20K

32.2%

15K

16.5%

10K

7.8%

5K

9.2%
Mt Everest

1

Signatures

6.4%

Morphology

Round,
A-typical Orientation

Size

1-4 meters

Color

White, Silver, Translucent

Altitude

10K – 30K feet

Velocity

Stationary to Mach 2

Propulsion

No thermal exhaust detected

Radar

Intermittent, X-Band (8-12 GHz)

Radio

1-3 GHz, 8-12 GHz

Thermal

Intermittent, Shortwave Infrared,
Medium-Wave Infrared

REPORTED UAP-MORPHOLOGY

1%

Sphere, Round, or
Balloon Shaped,
42%
Ambiguous Sensor
Contact, 23%
Disk, 1%
Not Specified, 22%

Lights, 2%

Oval, 3%

Cylinder, 2%

Vector, 0%

Rectangle, 1%
Polugon, 1%
Triangle, 2%

REPORTED-UAP HOTSPOTS

## AARO-23-F-0922_3 — FOIA: AARO mission briefing slides (2023)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-23-F-0922_3
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-23-F-0922_3
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2023 slides prove even mysterious skies need a PowerPoint agenda.

- FOIA AARO mission briefing slides (pdf), All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office, 2023, United States.
- Describes AARO’s integrated mission to detect, track, analyze and report unidentified aerial phenomena.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 2

AARO emerged from Congressional and Departmental recognition that UAP present
complex hazards and threats across service, regional, and domain boundaries.
anomalous observations:

What is the ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY
RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)?
What outcomes does AARO aim to
produce?
How will AARO resolve phenomena?
How are AARO’s mission
responsibilities applicable to you?

2
DoD PPR Approved Slide, Case 23-S-0802

material, behavioral, or capability
attributes perceived to be beyond
known performance envelops

UNIDENTIFIED
UAP are sources of anomalous
ANOMALOUS spaceborne, airborne,
PHENOMENA seaborne, or transmedium
observations that are not
yet attributable to known
actors or causes

#### Page 3

AARO is a uniquely-capable, Defense Department organization that integrates
operational, scientific, and intelligence capabilities to resolve UAP.

our mission

minimize technical and intelligence surprise, by
synchronizing scientific, intelligence, and
operational detection, identification, attribution,
and mitigation of unidentified, anomalous objects
in the vicinity of national security areas

our vision

unidentified, anomalous objects are effectively and
efficiently detected, tracked, analyzed, and
managed by way of normalized DoD, IC, and civil
business practices; by adherence to the highest
scientific and intelligence-tradecraft standards; and
with greater transparency and shared awareness

3
DoD PPR Approved Slide, Case 23-S-0802

key scientific and intelligence questions
 Physical, technical, behavioral, and contextual
characteristics of phenomena, their composition, and
their movement
 Capabilities, limitations, and vulnerabilities of
phenomena and any assessed technological gap
between phenomena and the United States
 Indications and characteristics of hazards, risks and/or
threats by phenomena to the United States, its people,
its equities, and/or its instruments of national power
 Attribution of phenomena to natural and/or artificial
sources
 Indications of foreign observation of and reaction to
phenomena
 The disposition of observed phenomena

#### Page 4

The potentially ubiquitous presence of UAP defines the national-security
implications and drives the broad range of stakeholders and demand for
rigorous scientific understanding of and intelligence on phenomena
US Territory & Operating Areas

 DoD observations and reporting of
UAP most often in the vicinity of US
military facilities and operating areas
 Threats to the immediate safety of US
citizens and Government facilities,
across domains, is priority
 Safety and security risks of UAP
heighten US Government awareness
and drives research and mitigation
efforts

 Key partners and stakeholders include
DoD, IC, DoJ, NASA, FAA
4
DoD PPR Approved Slide, Case 23-S-0802

US Strategic Capabilities
 Reporting on UAP proximity to
strategic capabilities and critical
infrastructure primarily historical;
analysis limited by information currency
and source reliability
 Consequence of UAP in the vicinity of
strategic capabilities is high, potentially
threatening strategic deterrence and
safety of civil society

Foreign Territory & Operating Areas

 Reporting on UAP activity in foreign
territory or operating areas limited by
source reliability
 Consequence of such moderate-tohigh, potentially leading to adversarial
misattribution of UAP to the United
States

 DoD strengthening observations and
reporting capabilities near US strategic
capabilities and critical infrastructure

 Allies and strategic competitors apply
resources to observe, identify, and
attribute UAP (open source)

 Key partners and stakeholders include
DoD, IC, DoE and NNSA, DoJ, DHS

 Key partners and stakeholders include
DoD, IC, STATE, international partners

#### Page 5

AARO leads integration of the Department’s UAP operations, research, analyses, and
strategic-communications to deliver exquisite data, advanced sensors, sound analytics,
and shared mission awareness and ownership
synchronizing and
sequencing Theater, IC,
and other capabilities for
optimized, crossfunctional UAP
detection, tracking,
mitigation, and recovery

revealing and exploiting
elusive and enigmatic
signatures through
advanced technologies
and focused, crosssector partnerships

delivering peer-reviewed
conclusions through
deliberate syntheses of
scientific and intelligence
method, tradecraft,
tools, and expertise

driving shared awareness
across mission partners,
oversight authorities,
and stakeholders—
normalizing cross-sector
partnerships and
building trust with
transparency

Integrated-Operations

S&T Research & Application

Interdisciplinary Analyses

Focused Communications

5
DoD PPR Approved Slide, Case 23-S-0802

#### Page 6

Our mission success and our ability to contribute to
aviation safety depends on observations and insights
from the aviation community
Educate Aviators and Crews
The subject of UAP is laden with decades
of imprecise—and often sensational—
information
Promulgating accurate information about
UAP, their implications to flight safety and
national security, and our commitment to
resolving them is foundational to our
partnership with the community.
Sharing what UAP data is criticallyimportant for scientific and intelligence
analyses allows aviators and crews to
optimize the value of their observations
and reporting of phenomena

6
DoD PPR Approved Slide, Case 23-S-0802

Encourage Reporting

Leverage Our Expertise & Systems

Historically, reticence to UAP reporting
has limited the Government’s ability to
guard against aerial safety and security
threats

Aviators and crews informed about UAP
and willing to report have historically had
few official channels to submit
observational data

Destigmatizing discussion about and
reporting of UAP is essential for tracking,
resolving, and defending against such
phenomena

We are working with military, civil, and
industry partners to develop and field
reporting mechanisms available to
aviators and crews

Government efforts to encourage military
aviators and crews to report phenomena
have substantially increased the quantity
and quality of UAP data

By leveraging our systems, we will be able
to quickly incorporate aviators’ and crews’
reporting into the corpus of data, to
optimize scientific and intelligence
analyses, and to provide feedback to the
reporting individual and/or organization

#### Page 7

What kind of information would be necessary and
sufficient for UAP analyses?
about the phenomenon

 UAP-event description or narrative

 UAP location relative to the observer,
with as much precision as practicable
 Number of UAP-objects observed
during the phenomenon and
indications of intra UAP-object
coordination and/or communication
 Indications of advanced and/or
enigmatic capabilities

 UAP characteristics, including physical
state (e.g., solid, liquid, gas, plasma);
description (e.g., size, shape, color);
signatures; propulsion means; payload
 UAP performance envelope, including
altitude and/or depth; travel path and
trajectory; velocity; maneuverability
 UAP behavior, including whether under
apparent intelligent control, apparent
response to observation and/or
observer presence, and apparent
indications of indifference or hostility

about the observer

 Observer’s date, time, location, and
travel path for first and last observation
of the UAP, with as much precision as
practicable
 Observer’s behavior toward the UAP
 Sensors that detected the phenomenon
(e.g., visual, radar)
 Any physiological, psychological, or
other effects apparently corresponding
to the UAP observation
 Observer’s assessment of the UAP,
including the nature of the
phenomenon and whether it was
benign, a hazard, or a threat
 Identification of any other observers

7
DoD PPR Approved Slide, Case 23-S-0802

## AARO-23-F-0922_4 — FOIA: Kirkpatrick statement to the Senate Armed Services subcommittee, 19 April 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-23-F-0922_4
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-23-F-0922_4
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

April 19, 2023: finally a UFO briefing without any UFOs.

- Statement by Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick, AARO Director, to Senate Armed Services subcommittee, 19 April 2023
- Describes AARO’s UAP mission, stresses science, says most reports mundane, no credible extraterrestrial evidence
- States no credible extraterrestrial evidence found

### AI summary

This is a statement for the record by Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick, Director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), presented to the Senate Armed Services Committee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities on April 19, 2023. The document outlines AARO's mission to investigate Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) and emphasizes the importance of scientific rigor, data collection, and interagency collaboration. It states that most UAP reports can be explained by mundane sources, and no credible evidence of extraterrestrial activity has been found. The statement highlights AARO's commitment to transparency and scientific standards in resolving UAP cases.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick
Director, All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
Statement for the Record
Senate Armed Services Committee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities
April 19, 2023
Thank you, Chairwoman Gillibrand, Ranking Member Ernst, and distinguished
members of the Subcommittee and Congress. It is a privilege to be here today to
testify on the Department of Defense’s efforts to address Unidentified Anomalous
Phenomena.
First, I want to thank Congress for its extensive and continued partnership as the
Department works to better understand and respond to UAP in an effort to
minimize technical and intelligence surprise. Unidentified objects in any domain
pose potential risks to safety and security, particularly for military personnel and
capabilities. Congress and DoD agree that UAP cannot remain unexamined or
unaddressed.
We are grateful for sustained congressional engagement on this issue, which paved
the way for DoD’s establishment of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office in
July of last year. Though AARO is still a young office, the spotlight on UAP in
recent months underscores the importance of its work and the need for UAP to be
taken seriously as a matter of national security. All leadership that I’ve had the
pleasure of working with, whether DoD, IC, DOE, Civil, Scientific or Industrial,
view Congress as a critical partner in this endeavor.
AARO has accomplished much in the 9 months since it was established. The
AARO team of more than three dozen experts is organized around four functional
areas: operations, scientific research, integrated analysis, and strategic
communications. In the nine months since AARO’s establishment, we have taken
important steps to improve UAP data collection, standardize the Department’s
UAP internal reporting requirements, and implement a framework for rigorous
scientific and intelligence analysis, resolving cases in a systematic and prioritized
manner. Meanwhile, consistent with legislative direction, AARO is also carefully
reviewing and researching the U.S. Government’s UAP-related historical record.
AARO is leading a focused effort to better characterize, understand, and attribute
UAP, with priority given to UAP reports by DoD and IC personnel in or near areas
of national security importance. DoD fully appreciates the eagerness from many
Version 1-10 1

#### Page 2

quarters, including here in Congress and in the American public, to quickly resolve
every UAP encountered across the globe, from the distant past through today.
It is important to note, however, that AARO is the culmination of decades of DoD,
Intelligence Community, and congressionally-directed efforts to successfully
resolve UAP encountered first and foremost by U.S. military personnel,
specifically Navy and Air Force pilots.
The law establishing AARO is ambitious, and it will take time to realize the full
mission. We cannot answer decades of questions about UAP all at once, but we
must begin somewhere. While I assure you that AARO will follow scientific
evidence wherever it leads, I ask for your patience as DoD first prioritizes the
safety and security of our military personnel and installations, in all domains.
After all, UAP encountered first by highly capable DoD and IC platforms,
featuring the nation’s most advanced sensors, are those UAP most likely to be
successfully resolved by my office assuming data can be collected. If AARO
succeeds in first improving the ability of military personnel to quickly and
confidently resolve UAP that they encounter, I believe that in time we will have
greatly advanced the capability of the entire United States Government, including
its civilian agencies, to resolve UAP. However, it would be naive to believe that
the resolution of all UAP can be solely accomplished by the DoD and IC alone.
We will need to prioritize collection and leverage authorities for monitoring all
domains within the continental United States. AARO’s ultimate success will
require partnerships with the interagency, industry, academia, the scientific
community, and the public.
AARO is partnering with the Services, Intelligence Community, DOE and across
the U.S. government to tap into the resources of the interagency. The UAP
challenge is more an operational and scientific issue than an intelligence issue. As
such, we are also working with industry, academia, and the scientific community,
which bring their own resources, ideas, and expertise to this challenging problem
set. Robust collaboration and peer-review across a broad range of partners will
promote greater objectivity and transparency in the study of UAP.
I want to underscore today that only a very small percentage of UAP reports
display signatures that could reasonably be described as ‘anomalous.’ The majority
of unidentified objects reported to AARO demonstrate mundane characteristics of
balloons, unmanned aerial systems, clutter, natural phenomena, or other readily
explainable sources. While a large number of cases in our holdings remain
Version 1-10 2

#### Page 3

technically unresolved, this is primarily due to a lack of data associated with these
cases. Without sufficient data, we are unable to reach defendable conclusions that
meet the high scientific standards we set for resolution, and I will not close a case
that we cannot defend the conclusions of.
I recognize that this answer is unsatisfying to those who in good faith assume that
what they see with their eyes, with their cameras, or with their radars is
incontrovertible evidence of extraordinary characteristics and performance. Yet,
time and again, with sufficient scientific-quality data, it is fact that UAP often, but
not always, resolve into readily-explainable sources. Humans are subject to
deception and illusions, sensors to unexpected responses and malfunctions, and in
some cases intentional interference. Getting to the handful of cases that pass this
level of scrutiny is the mission of AARO.
That is not to say that UAP once resolved are no longer of national security
interest, however. On the contrary, learning that a UAP isn’t of exotic origin but is
instead “just a quadcopter” leads to the question of who is operating that
quadcopter, and to what purpose. The answers to those questions will inform
potential national security or law enforcement responses.
AARO is a member of the Department’s support to the Administration’s “Tiger
Team” effort to deal with stratospheric objects such as the PRC High Altitude
Balloon. When previously unknown objects are successfully identified, it is
AARO’s role to quickly and efficiently hand off such readily-explainable objects
to the Intelligence or Law Enforcement Communities for further analysis and
appropriate action. The U.S. Government—and DoD and the IC in particular—
has tremendous capabilities to deal with those encountered objects. In the wake of
the PRC HAB event, the interagency is working to better integrate and share
information to address identifiable stratospheric objects, but that is not AARO’s
lane.
Meanwhile, for the few cases in all domains that do demonstrate potentially
anomalous characteristics, AARO exists to help the DoD, IC, and interagency
resolve those anomalous cases. In doing so, AARO is approaching these cases
with the highest level of objectivity and analytic rigor. This includes physically
testing and employing modeling and simulation to validate our analyses and
underlying theories, then peer reviewing the results within the U.S. Government,
industry partners, and with appropriately-cleared academic institutions before
reaching any conclusions.
Version 1-10 3

#### Page 4

I should also state clearly for the record that in our research AARO has found no
credible evidence thus far of extraterrestrial activity, off-world technology, or
objects that defy the known laws of physics. In the event sufficient scientific data
were ever obtained that a UAP encountered can only be explained by
extraterrestrial origin, we are committed to working with our interagency partners
at NASA to appropriately inform the U.S. Government’s leadership of its findings.
For those few cases that have been leaked to the public previously, and
subsequently commented on by the U.S. Government, I encourage those who hold
alternative theories or views to submit your research to credible peer-reviewed
scientific journals. AARO is working to do the same. That is how science works,
not by blog or social media.
We know that there is tremendous public interest in UAP and a desire for answers
from AARO. By its very nature, the UAP challenge has for decades lent itself to
mystery, sensationalism, and even conspiracy. For that reason, AARO remains
committed to transparency, accountability, and to sharing as much with the
American public as we can, consistent with our obligation to protect intelligence
sources and methods and U.S. and Allied capabilities. However, AARO’s work
will take time if we are committed to doing it right. It means adhering to the
scientific method and the highest standards of research integrity. It means being
methodical and scrupulous. It means withholding judgment in favor of evidence. It
means following the data where it leads, wherever it leads. It means establishing
scientific, peer reviewed theoretical underpinnings of observed data. AARO is
committed to those standards.
I am proud of AARO’s progress over the last nine months. Much remains to be
done, but the hard work is under way.
Thank you for your continued support, and I look forward to your questions.

Version 1-10 4

## AARO-23-F-0949_1 — FOIA: Page 5 of 5 withheld in full under exemptions (b)(6) and (b)(3), 10 USC § 130c

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-23-F-0949_1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-23-F-0949_1
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

## AARO-23-F-0949_2 — FOIA: Kirkpatrick email with the agenda for an FVEY UAP meeting (May 2023)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-23-F-0949_2
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-23-F-0949_2
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the Pentagon’s lunch schedule got a UFO cameo on May 24 2023.

- Internal email from Dr. Sean M. Kirkpatrick, dated May 23 2023, agenda for Pentagon meeting.
- Outlines May 24 2023 FVEY UAP meeting topics, agencies, presentations, and lunch.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 1

From: .1....(b_>(_6)-,-------,-,.........,...,...,.--,----,------------'
Sent: Tuesday, May 23, 2023 5:44 PM
(b)(6)

Dr. K. Below is the updated agenda for the FVEY meeting tomorrow. Attached is the list of attendees from outside of
our office. The briefing is essentially the same as the GISRC-However,l(b)(6)
jwill be
th ere to speak specific concerning their areas.

Who: Representatives from the All-Domain Anomaly Reso lution Office (AARO), Office of the Director of National
Intelligence (ODNI), FAA, NASA, and FVEY partners working UAP
What: This inaugural FVEY UAP Caucus brings together key partners to cultivate shared awareness of allies' UAP issues;
detection, identification, and mitigation activities and challenges; and opportun ities for mission-specific
collaboration. Planned presentations include our own office updates on operations and analyses and updates from FVEY
partners . The intent is t o develop a framework for future UAP collaboration .
When: 24 May 2023; 0830-1500, No-host lunch-Pentagon Food Court, 1230-1330. For those without Pentagon Access
please plan to meet at the Pentagon Vis itor's entrance not later than 0800 .
Where : Pentagon, Room! (b)(6 )

I

0745-0815 Check-in at the Pentagon Visitor's Center for those req ui ring a visitor's badge
0830-0845 Admin istrative remarks and Introductions
0845-1000 Dr. Kirkpatrick's Welcoming Address and U.S. Updates on UAP Efforts
AARO Operations
AARO Analysis
AARO Strategic Communications
FAA
NASA
NIM-A
NIM-M

1

#### Page 2

1000-1015 Break
1015-1130

FVEY Partner UAP Updates
Australia
Canada
United Kingdom
New Zealand

1130-1230

Discussion on FVEY UAP Collaboration Way-Ahead Plan

1230-1330

Lunch

1330-1500

Continued discussion on the FVEY UAP Collaboration Way-Ahead Plan (If needed)
Topics to consider:
- Networks to share FVEY UAP Reporting (Unclassified, Seel'et REL F¥EV, anu TS;'fSl,'TI( Rel FVEY?)
- Need for shared data bases showing known objects using various sensors
- FVEY UAP Collection Planning
- Future Meeting Schedule (How often, virtual or in-person?)
- Other FVEY forums to tie into? i.e. Emerging and Disruptive Technologies

V/r, l (b)(6)

I

(b)(6)

2

#### Page 3

I

From:l(b)(G)

Sent: Wednesday, May 17, 2023 12:24 PM
To : Ki rkoatrick Sean M HOE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC IUSAll (b)(G)
(b)(6)

I

Subject: RE: FVEYS meeting

Dr. K., The 24 May 2023 FVEY UAP meeting will be at the Pentagon in roo~(b)(G)
w ill get the information out to l (b)(GJ

I

~this is a ~OUSD (I &S) room . I

V/r, l(b)(6)1

From: Kirkpatrick, Sean M HQEOSD OU SD INTEL & SEC (USA il {b)(G)

s

------------~

T

u Ject: FVEYS meeting

I

Morning! (b)(GJ

,..L,-!.,l~,l,:,,,,l,~..u..i.Wd.!..!.....!..Uwo:.u..!,!J,J,;"'-U..~~=~r.!..l
ti ng Iogi sti cs for o u r FV EYS meeting next week, to !_(b_J_
<5l_ ...,...,..---,---,-....,..,,---,--....,...~
They should already have t heir clearances perm certed here, but double check
(b)(6)
.......- - . . - -........-..,....,....ere and not the Pentagon, correct?
Thanks,
Dr.K
Dr. Sean M . Kirkpatrick
Director
All-doma in Anomaly Resolution Office
(b)(6)

Universum mutatio est. Vita nostra est quod cogitationes nostra facere est.

3

## AARO-23-F-1423 — FOIA: Joint Staff GENADMIN message on UAP reporting procedures

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-23-F-1423
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-23-F-1423
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

May 23, 1914522—so futuristic they needed a time‑travel clause.

- FOIA Joint Staff GENADMIN message, Joint Staff J3, Washington D.C., May 23, 1914522, AARO pdf
- Outlines UAP reporting templates, counterintelligence routing, data transfer to AARO, defines UAP detections
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This is a classified Department of Defense GENADMIN message issued by the Joint Staff J3 Homeland Defense Division in Washington, D.C., on May 23, 1914522. It outlines procedures for reporting and handling unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP), directing combatant commands and services to use standardized templates, report to counterintelligence elements, and transfer UAP data and materials to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). The document defines UAP as detections in various domains that are not yet attributable to known sources and describes processes for reporting incidents, incursions, and engagements. It references multiple supporting directives and memorandums to establish guidelines for UAP management.

### Full text

#### Page 1

PAGE 1 OF 9

Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Reporting and Material­
Disposition GENADMIN
Originator: JOINT STAFF J3 WASHINGTON DC//J36 Homeland Defense Division
Office: J36 Homeland Defense Division
DTG: 1914522 May 23
Pree: Routlne
CNO WASHINGTON DC, HQDA CSA WASHINGTON DC, CSAF WASHINGTON DC, CMC CMC WASHINGTON DC, COMDTCOGARD
WASHINGTON DC, CDR USCENTCOM MACDlll AFB FL, CDR USAFRICOM STUTTGART GE, CDR USNORTHCOM PETERSON AFB CO, CDR
To: USPACOM HONOLULU HI , HQ USSPACECOM COLORADO SPRINGS CO, CDR USEUCOM VAIHINGEN GE, CDR USSOUTHCOM MIAMI Fl,
CDR USTRANSCOM SCOTT AFB IL, CDR USSTRATCOM OFFUTT AFB NE, USCYBERCOM FT GEORGE GMEADE MD, CDR NORAD PETERSON
AFB CO, JOINT STAFF DJ2 WASHINGTON DC, JOINT STAFF DB WASHINGTON DC, JOINT STAFF DJS WASHINGTON DC, JOINT STAFF DJS
WASHINGTON DC, OSD ASO HOMELAND DEF AND GLOBAL SEC WASHINGTON OC
CC: OSD USO INTEL WASHINGTON DC
SUBJ / Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Reporting and Material
Disposition
GENADMIN//MSGID/ORDER/CJCS//
REF/A/ MEMO/DEPSECDEF/1SJUL22//
REF/8/ MEMO/USD{l&S )/20JUL22//
REF/C/MSG/OCS/172100ZDEC21//
REF/D/DOC/DOODS-3325.01/30DEC11//
REF/E/DOC/DOOI5200.39/ 10CT20//
REF/F/ DOC/ DOOD5148.13/ 26APR17//
REF/G/MEMO/USO{I&S)AARO/ UNDATEO//
APN/(U) REF A is the Deputy Secretary of Defense Memorandum for
Senior Pentagon Leadership, Commanders of the Combatant Coffllllands
(CCMDS), and Defense Agency and DoD Field Activity Directors
directing establishment of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
(AARO) to detect, identify, attribute and -as necessary-mitigate
anomalous and unidentified spaceborne, airborne, seaborne, and
transmedium objects.
REF Bis the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security
Memorandum for Senior Pentagon Leadership, Convnanders of the
Combatant Co11mands, and Defense Agency and OoD Field Activity
Directors that establishes AARO and its lines of efforts as including
surveillance, collection, and reporting; systems capabilities and
design; intelligence operations and analysis; mitigation and defeat;
governance; and science and technology .
REF C is the EXORO message that directs CCMOs and Services to report
small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) incidents, incursions, and
engagements worldwide.
REF o is t he 000 Directive for Foreign Materiel Program (FMP) and is
a controlled document.
REF Eis the 000 Instruction for Critical Program Information (CPI)
Identification and Protection Within Research, Development, Test, and
Evaluation ( RDT&E). This document reissues DoDI 5200.29 in accordance
with authorities in DoDI 5143 .01 and DoDD 5134 .01; establishes policy
and assigns responsibilities for the identification and protection of
CPI; establishes policy in accordance with DoDD 5000.01 and DoOI
5000.02; and incorporates and

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cancels the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology,
and Logistics memorandum.
REFF is the 000 Directive for Intelligence Oversight that
establishes polices, assigns responsibilities, and provides
procedures for identifying, investigating, and reporting
questionable intelligence activities and significant or highly
sensitive matter; describes
functions, relationships, and authorities of the DoD Senior
Intelligence Oversight Official; and prescribes responsibilities and
relationships of the Under Secretary for Intelligence, the General
Counsel of the DoD, and the DoD Component heads regarding
intelligence oversight.
ORDTYP/GENADMIN/CJCS//
NARR/ (U) This Joint Staff J3 GENADMIN message provides guidance to
CCMDs and Services 1) to report UAP worldwide, using the reporting
template standards as prescribed below; 2) to report UAP to their
respective counterintelligence element; and 3) to transfer UAP and
UAP-related material to AARO. This GENAOMIN is effective
immediately.
GENTEXT/SITUATION/1. (CUI) The US Government has observed UAP in or
near the territory and/or operating areas of the United States, of
its allies, and of its adversaries, and observing, identifying, and
potentially mitigating UAP has become a growing priority for us
policymakers, laWllakers, and warfighters. The potentially ubiquitous
presence of UAP defines the national security implications of those
anomalies, which range from operational hazards and threats to
technological and intelligence surprise to adversaries' strategic
miscalculations. It is imperative that DoD provide UAP incident,
incursion, and engagement-as defined in paragraph 3.B . - reporting,
data, and material for the Department's detection and mitigation of
potential threats; exploitation of advanced technologies; and
informing policymaker and warfighter decisions. The Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) sets the appropriate Chairman's
Critical InforMation Requirement (CCIR) criteria and ensures each
CCMD and Service is in receipt of the Reporting Matrix. Incursions,
incidents, and engagements that meet CCIR criteria are reported in
accordance with CJCS and CCMO reporting requirements. Each CCMD and
Service ensures the appropriate guidance is in place to receive the
respective reports from Service Component Commands and subordinates.
GENTEXT/MISSION/2,
2.A. (CUI) CCMOs and Services report all UAP incidents, incursions,
and engagements using the below, standardized reporting requirements
and templates; transfer all data from UAP incidents , incursions, and
engagements, as described; and recover and transfer all UAP objects
and materials, as described. Additionally, all CCMOs and Services
notify thei r counterintelligence element of UAP events, in
accordance with their respective counterintelligence reporting
r equirements.
2.8 . {CUI) Incidents, incursions, and engagements by identifiable,
non-anomalous phenomena (e .g., sUAS and other capabilities or
materials that do not exceed known or predicted performance
envelopes) continue to be reported through established processes and
mechanisms.

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REF c provides i nstructions to CCMOs and Services for reporting sUAS
2.C. (CUI) Recovery and transfer of identifiable, non-anomalous
items of foreign origin that have military potential or applications
continue to be managed by the DoD FMP. REF D provides
responsibilities for the management and operation of the DoD FMP.
GENTEXT/EXECUTION/3.
3.A. (U) CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS
3.A.l. (CUI) Respective subordinates of DoO, CCMDs, and Services
will r eport all observed UAP incidents, incursions, and engagements
to AARO, through their respective Combatant Co1M1and Joint Operations
Center and Service Watch Cells. AARO receives, databases, and
analyzes UAP reporting, and AARO provides stakeholders its peer­
reviewed analytic conclusions.
3,A.2. (CUI) Respective subordinates of DoD, CCMDs, and Services
send notification of all UAP incidents, incursions, and engagements
to their respective counterintelligence elements.
3.A.3. (CUI) Respective subordinates of DoD, CCMDs, and Services
coordinate with AARO to determine the appropriate location and
entity to transfer all UAP data for incidents, incursions, and
engagements in raw, unedited, unmodified form and in a manner
consistent with the data's classification.
3.A.4. (CUI) Respective subordinates of DoD, CCMOs, and Services
coordinate with AARO to determine the appropriate location(s) and
entities to transfer all UAP objects and material of incidents,
incursions, and engagements in un~odified form, in a manner
consistent with the objects' and materials' classification and
applicable hazardous-materials transport requirements .
3.A.5. (CUI) AARO coordinates across the US Government to identify
the appropriate agency to assist in shipping, transferring,
receiving, storing, examining, etc., of material and data associated
with the UAP incident.
3.8. (U) DEFINITIONS
3.8.1. (U) UNIDENTIFIED ANOMALOUS PHENOMENA (UAP) are sources of
anomalous detections in one or more domain (i.e., airborne,
seaborne, spacebor ne, and/or transmedium) that are not yet
attributable to known actors and that demonstrate behaviors not
readily understood by sensors or observers. "Anomalous detections"
include but are not limited to phenomena that demonstrate apparent
capabilities or material t hat exceed known performance envelopes. A
UAP may consist of one or more unidentified anomalous objects and
may persist over an extended period of time.
3.8.1.A. (U) SPACEBORNE UAP are sources of anomalous detections
above the Karman Line (i.e., 100km above Earth's mean sea level).
3.8.1.8. (U) AIRBORNE UAP are sources of anomalous detections
between Earth's mean sea level and the Karman Line.
3.8.1.C. (U) SEABORNE UAP are sources of anomalous detections at or
below Earth's mean sea level.
3.8.1.D. (U) TRANSMEOIUM UAP are sources of anomalous detections
that transit more than one domain.

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3.8.2. (U) UAP OBJECTS are corporeal artifacts of unidentified
anomalous phenomena. UAP may contain one or more UAP objects (e.g.,
airborne craft exhibiting apparent an0111alous capabilities) . UAP
material are samples, in whole or in part, of UAP objects (e . g . ,
debris).
3.8.3. {U) UAP DATUM is any record of UAP detection, observation,
identification, effects (on persons or equipment), mitigation, and
material-exploitation. UAP datum includes but is not limited to
observer, debri efer, and investigator notes and reports; still
photographs and full-motion video; audio recordings; and platform­
and sensor- instrument recordings.
3.8.4.A. (U) A UAP INCIDENT is any occurrence where UAP is detected
by persons or sensors.
3.8.4.8. (U) A UAP INCURSION is any UAP incident in, on, or near US
military installations, operating areas, training areas, special use
airspace (SUA), proximity operations, and/or other areas of
interest. Other areas of interest include but are not limited to US
critical infrastructure and national defense equities of Allied
military and intelligence coalitions (e.g., FIVE EYE).
3.8.4.C. (U) A UAP ENGAGEMENT is a kinetic or non-kinetic response
to a UAP, intended to deny, disrupt, or destroy the phenomenon and/
or its object{s).
3.B.5. {U) A UAP INTERROGATION is the elicitation of UAP location,
capabilities , characteristics, and/or intent using passive and/or
active sensing capabilities-including but not limited to electro?
optical/imagery, infrared/thermal, radiofrequency/radar,
light/laser/lidar/ladar, electromagnetic, gravitational, and
radioactive means.
3.8.6. (U) UAP ATTRIBUTION is the assessed natural or artificial
source of the phenomenon and includes solar, weather, tidal events;
US government, scientific, industry, and private activities; and
foreign (allied or adversary) government, scientific, industry, and
private activities.
3.B.7. (U) A UAP HAZARD is a safety risk to persons, materiel, or
information (e.g., from collision) by UAP that do not demonstrate
hostile intent.
3.8.B. {U) A UAP THREAT is a force-protection and/or national­
security risk to persons, materiel, or information by UAP that
demonstrate hostile intent.
3.B.9. {U) A UAP-REACTION is the apparent UAP response to stimuli,
including but not limited to UAP detection, observation,
interrogation and/or engagement .
3.8.18. (U) DATE(S) OF DETECTION is the period when t he UAP was
detected by persons and/or sensors.
3.8.11. {U) DATE OF ACQUISITION is the date when the UAP data and/or
material was made available to the reporting element. When the
reporting element, itself, detects the UAP, then the date of
detection corresponds with the date of acquisition.
3.C. {U) UAP REPORTING
3.C.1. {U) UAP INCIDENT AND INCURSION REPORTS are completed and
securely transmitted to Combatant Command Joint Operations Centers
and Service Watch Centers no later than 96 hours after the event.
Details of UAP-related health incidents (e.g., physiological,
psychological effects and whether persistent or transitory) will be
retained in service members' medical records but shall not/not be
transmitted with the UAP report .
3.C.2. (U) UAP ENGAGEMENT REPORTS are completed and securely
transmitted to Combatant Command Joint Operations Centers and
Service

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Watch Centers no later than 12 hours after the event or upon receipt
of report from Allied/ Partner/Host nation.
3.C.3. (U) The below template will be used to report UAP incidents,
incursions, and engagements (• denotes a required response, and••
denotes a required response with additional reporting requirements) :
Line 1 . •(u) REPORT CLASSIFICATION AND HANDLING INSTRUCTIONS:
Line 2. •(U) DATE-TIME OF DETECTION Date Time Group (DTG) (i.e.,
DDHHHHZ/9"1'1YYYY; indicate whether estimated or precise):
Line 3.A. •(u) UAP-EVENT TYPE (i .e . , UAP incident, UAP incursion,
and/or UAP engagement):
Line 3.B. •(U) UAP-EVENT DESCRIPTION NARRATIVE (i.e., concise summary
of the UAP event):
Line 4.A. •(U) NUMBER OF UAP OBJECTS DETECTED AND METHOD (e.g., three
UAP objects detected with r adar, one of which was observed visually):
Line 4.8. •cu) UAP GEOLOCATION (i.e., where UAP was first sighted;
specify coordinate standard used; indicate whether estimated or
precise) :
Line 4.C. (U) UAP OBJECT(S) ALTITUDE, DEPTH, VELOCITY, AND TRAJECTORY
(indicate estimated or measured):
Line S.A. ••(CUI) UAP ANOMALOUS CHARACTERISTICS/BEHAVIORS (e.g., no
apparent control surfaces, extreme acceleration / direction change,
detection by certain sensors but not others) :
Line 5.8. •(U) UAP OBJECT(S) OESCRIPTION (e .g. , size, shape, color,
markings, recognizable features) AND PHYSICAL STATE (i.e., solid,
liquid, gas, plasma):
Line 5.C. (CUI) UAP OBJECT(S) SIGNATURE (S) (e.g., acoustic, radio
frequency, light, thermal, gravitational , radioactive-with
identification of detecting sensor):
Line 5.D. {U) UAP OBJECT(S) PROPULSION MEANS (e .g., none observed,
rotary wing/propeller):
Line 5.E. (U) UAP OBJECT(S) MANEWERABILITY OBSERVATIONS:
Line 5. F. (U) UAP OBJECT(S) PAYLOAD:
Line 5.G. (U) UAP OBJECT(S) UNDER APPARENT INTELLIGENT CONTROL
(yes/ no; if yes, describe):
Line 7.A. •(U) UAP OBSERVER GEOLOCATION (Latitude-Longitude or MGRS
of the observer and/or sensor; specify coordinate standard used):
Line 7.8 . •(U) OBSERVER ALTITUDE /DEPTH, VELOCITY, AND TRAJECTORY:
Line 7,C. (U) OBSERVER INTERROGATION OF UAP (yes/no; if yes list
sensor(s) used and describe returns):
Line 7.D. •(U) OBSERVER ASSESSMENT OF UAP (i.e., benign, hazard,
threat):
Line 7.E. • (u) OBSERVER ENGAGEMENT OF UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe):
Line 7.F. •(u) UAP REACTION TO OBSERVATION, INTERROGATION, ENGAGEMENT
(yes/no; if yes, what preceded the reaction (e.g,. observer's active
sensing, communication, weapons arllling, engagement)):
Line 8.A. (U) UAP EFFECTS ON EQUIPMENT (e.g., mechanical, electrical
controls and weapons systems and whether persistent or transitory):
Line 8.8 . (U) UAP EFFECTS ON PERSONS (yes/no):
Line 9. (U) UAP FINAL GEOLOCATION (i.e., where UAP was last sighted;
specify coordinate standard used):
Line 10. •(U) UAP OBJECTS/MATERIAL RECOVERED (yes/no; if yes,
describe the objects/111aterial recovered):
Line 11.A. (U) CALLSIGN AND MISSION NUMBER/ IDENTIFIER (of Do0
observer):
Line 11.B. •(U) REPORTING UNIT, POC CONTACT INFORMATION
(unit/organization, name, rank/ grade, email, phone number ):
Line 11.C. •(U) DATE OF DOD ACQUISITION: (i.e., DD""11'1YVVV)

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Line 11.D. (U) THIRD-PARTY OBSERVERS AND/OR REPORTERS (e .g., other
US and/or foreign national persons or sensors):
Line 11.E. •(U) REPORTING ORGANIZATION UAP-EVENT SERIAL NU,,BER
(format: [Geographic CCMD of event (abbreviation)]·[Detection Oate)­
[ three-digit, CCf,O assigned numerical sequence) (e . g., USNORTHCOM/
NORAD- 20JUL2022?009)):
3.D. (U) COUNTERINTELLIGENCE NOTIFICATION
3.D.1. {CUI) DoD counterintelligence elements perform operations and
investigations to protect the OoO from espionage and other foreign
intelligence activities, sabotage, and assassinations conducted by
or on behalf of foreign governments. As potential foreign
intelligence threats to DoD persons, material, and information, DoD,
CCMDs, Services, and their subordinates notify their respective
counterintelligence element as soon as practicable and within 24
hours of a UAP incident. Counterintelligence elements may be
notified of UAP incidents before the UAP incident, incursion, and
engagement report is published.
3.0.2. (CUI) DoD counterintelligence elements assess reported UAP
for foreign intelligence attribution and conduct their related
operational and investigative activities, accordingly. DoD
counterintelligence elements report UAP information of foreign
intelligence and/or counterintelligence value by way of their
Component's intelligence reporting and/or case management systems.
All UAP-related intelligence information reports (IIRs) are
addressed to AARO and reference the applicable UAP-incident serial
number (Line 12.D) . UAP intelligence and counterintelligence
reporting compleinent but do not replace requirements set in
paragraph 2.
3.E. (U) REQUIRED DOCUMENTATION FOR DATA TRANSFERS
3.E.1. (CUI) DoD, CCMOs, Services, and their subordinates securely
transfer UAP DATA to the appropriate location(s) and entit(ies)
following coordination with AARO and no later than 30 days after a
UAP incident. The below template wil l be used to document UAP dat a
retained, a copy of which will accompany electronic or physical data
transport: (•denotes a required response):
Line 1. *(U) UAP DATA CLASSIFICATION AND SPECIAL HANDLING
INSTRUCTIONS:
Line 2.A. •(U) DATE AND TIME OF DATA RECORDED {DTG) (Zulu): (i.e.,
DDHHHHZ""'1MYYYY)
Line 2.8. *{U) REPORTING ORGANIZATION UAP -EVENT SERIAL NUMBER
(format: [Geographic CCMO of event (abbreviation))-[Detection Date] •
[three-digit, CCf,O assigned numerical sequence) (e.g. , USNORTHCOM/
NORA0 -20JUL2022?009)):
Line 3. *(U) DATA DESCRIPTION NARRATIVE {i . e., concise summary of
the UAP data) :
Line 4.A. *(CUI) DATA SENSOR TYPE (e.g., acoustic, radiofrequency,
light, thermal, gravitational, radioacti ve, with identification of
detecting sensor):
Line 4.8. {U) COLLECTION ASSET'S DATA SENSOR MODEL OR NATIONAL STOCK
NUMBER (NSN):
Li ne 4.C. {U) COLLECTION ASSET'S DATA SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER:
Line 4.0. (U) COLLECTION ASSET 'S SENSOR PLATFORM (e.g., handheld,

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aircraft):
Li ne 4 .E . {U) SENSOR MAINTENANCE RECORO POINT OF CONTACT:
Line 5, •(U) DATA OWNER {ORGANIZATION) INFORMATION (i .e., Combatant
Command, Service):
Li ne 6. •(U) UAP DATA CHAIN OF CUSTODY {Unit/Organization, Name,
Rank/Grade, Phone Number):
3.F. (U) REQUIRED DOCUMENTATION FOR MATERIAL TRANSFERS:
3.F.1. {U) UAP OBJECTS AND MATERIAL are secured in a manner
consistent with DoD Foreign Material Exploitation policies and
doctrine and are transferred to appropriate location(s) and
entit(ies) following coordination with AARO no later than 30 days
after the event. The
below template will be used to record recovered UAP objects and
material recovered, a copy of which will accompany object and
material transport: (•denotes a required response):
Line 1. •(U) UAP OBJECT AND/OR MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION AND SPECIAL
HANDLING INSTRUCTIONS:
Line 2. •(U) UAP OBJECT AND/OR MATERIAL HAZARDOUS -MATERIAL CATEGORY:
Line 3. •(U) REPORTING ORGANIZATION UAP-EVENT SERIAL NUMBER (format :
[Geographic CCMD of event (abbreviation)J·[Detection Date]- [three­
digit, CCMO assigned numerical sequence] (e.g., USNORTHCOM/ NORAD20JUL2022 ?009)) :
Line 4 .A. "(U) DATE UAP OBJECT AND/ OR MATERIAL RECOVERED: (i. e.,
DDMMMYYYY)

Line 4 .8 . *{U) UAP OBJECT ANO/OR MATERIAL DESCRIPTION NARRATIVE
(i.e., concise su111111ary of the UAP object and/or material):
Line 5. • (U) UAP OBJECT AND/OR MATERIAL CHAIN OF CUSTODY
{Unit/Organization, Name, Rank/Grade, Phone Number):
3.G. {U) TASKS
3.G .1 . {U) Co111mander, USAFRICOM (CDRUSAFRICOM); Corrvnander, USCENTCOM
(CDRUSCENTCOM); Commander, USEUCOM {CORUSEUCOM); Corm,ander,
USINOOPACOM (CDRUSIMXJPACOM); Co11111ander, USNORTHCOM (CORUSNORTHCOM);
Co111111ander, USSOUTHCOM (CDRUSSOUTHCOM); Co111111ander, USSPACECOM
(CDRUSSPACECOM); Commander, North American Aerospace Defense Corm,and
{CORNORAD) .
3.G.1 . A. (U) Ensure every UAP incident, incursion, and engagement in
your respective Area of Responsibility (AoR) is r eported IAW para
3.C. and 3.D.
3.G. l.A.l. {U) Ensure appropriate guidance is in place and
disseminated to Services and their respect ive subordinates to
r eceive, l og, and t ransmit to the CCMO Joint Operations Center and
to the Service Watch Cells all UAP Incident, Incursion, and
Engagement Reports from Service Co111ponent Commands and subordi nates
and from third parties-to include civil and foreign partners.
3.G.l . A. 2. {U) Securely transmit to AARO all UAP I ncident,
Incursion, and Engagement Reports received by the CCMD Joint
Operations Center from your subordinate commands within 48 hours of
receipt, copying relevant Service Watch Cells.
3.G.l.B. {U) Ensure all UAP data from incidents, incursions, and
engagements in your respective AoR is retained and transferred IAW
para 3. E.
3.G.l.C. (U) Ensure all UAP obj ects and material from incidents,
incursions, and engagements in your respective AoR is secured and
transf erred !AW para 3 . F.
3.G.l.D. {U) Ensure CCMD UAP-Mission guidance and points of contact
are provided to AARO (osd.aaro.reports@mail.mil).
3.G.l.E , {U) Provide mission support to AARO, as requested.

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3.G.1.E.1. (CUI} Enable deployment of specialized sensors within the
AoR for the detection, observation, and identification in sensitive
areas, and during testing or deployment of special capabilities. All
collection within sensitive areas during testing or deployment
capabilities must be conducted !AW with Intelligence Conwnunity
Directives as well as per REF E.
3.G.1.E.2, (CUI} Enable UAP-related counterintelligence activities,
to include ensuring enjoined UAP observers are available for
debriefing by Counterintelligence Agents.
3.G.1.E.3. (CUI) Inform AARO operational, intelligence, and
scientific analyses with CCMO incident context and UAP trend
analysis, identification, attribution, and technical exploitation.
3.G.1.F. (U) Ensure installations follow processes for UAP reporting.
3.G.1.G. (CUI) Ensure proper security of all UAP data, information,
and material within the AoR.
3.G.1.H. (CUI) USNORTHCOM AoR, Alaska, Hawaii, and Guam instructions
See 3.G.2.
3.G.2. (U) MILITARY DEPARTMENTS
3.G.2.A.1. (CUI} Ensure the Services and their respective
subordinates have the mechanisms necessary to receive, log, and
transmit to the CCMO Joint Operations Center, to the Service Watch
Cells, and to their counterintelligence element all UAP Incident,
Incursion, and Engagement Reports from Service Component Commands and
subordinates and from third parties, to include civil and foreign
partners. When practicable and when consistent with Service Component
Command and subordinate doctrine, existing processes and mechanisms such as incorporating UAP reporting into mission report systems
(e.g., MARAUDER) • is encouraged.
3.G.2.A.2. (U) Securely transmit to AARO all UAP Incident, Incursion,
and Engagement Reports received by the Service Watch Cells from your
Service(s) and their respective subordinates within 48 hours of
receipt, copying relevant CCMO Joint Operations Center.
3.G.2.A.3. (U) Promulgate appropriate reporting procedures to
installations and assets in the USNORTHCOM and USINDOPACOM AoR,
Alaska, Hawaii, and Guam, in accordance with this GENAOMIN,
3.G. 2.8.1. (CUI) Include CORUSNORTHCOM and CORUSINDOPACOM in UAP
incident, incursion, and engagement reporting.
3.G.2.B.2. (CUI) Ensure all UAP data from incidents, incursions, and
engagements involving your forces, materiel, and/or installations is
retained and transferred IAW para 3.E.
3.G.2.B.3. (CUI) Ensure all UAP objects and material from incidents,
incursions, and engagements involving your forces, materiel, and/or
installations is retained and transferred IAW para 3.F.
3.G . 2.C. (CUI) Provide mission support to AARO, as requested and as
described in para 3.G.1.E.
GENTEXT/AOMIN ANO LOGISTICS/4.
4.A. (CUI) Each CCMO, Service, and Service Component Cowrnands ensures
that the appropriate guidance and mechanisms are in place to receive
the respective reports and related material from subordinates.
Standardizing the reporting and material-disposition of UAP
incidents, incursions, and engagements provides DoO leadership and
Commander's with quality, empirically-supported analyses for adapting
to and neutralizing and/or exploiting the evolving threat.
4.B. (U) FUNDING. The Joint Staff will not provide funding.

4.C. (U) AARO UAP INCIDENT, INCURSION, AND ENGAGEMENT REPORTING
ADDRESSES

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4.C. 1. (CUI) Unclassified UAP reporting may be subNitted by CCMO
Joint Operations Centers to AARO via POC in S.B.
4.C .2. (CUI) Collateral Secret UAP reporting may be submitted by
CCMD Joint Operations Centers to AARO via POC in S.B.
4.C.3. (CUI) Top Secret and/or Sensitive Compartmented Information
UAP reporti ng may be submitted by CCMO Joint Operations Centers to
AARO via POC in s.e.
4.C.4, (CUI) Any Special Access Program required data should be
properly coordinated with AARO via POC in S.B.
4.C.5 . (CUI ) UAP IIRs may be submitted by CCMD Joint Operations
Centers to AARO via POC in 5.B.
4 . D. (CUI) SECURITY/CLASSIFICATION. Follow the Unidentified
Anomalous Phenomena Security Classification Guide (SCG), other SCG,
and other applicable guidance, to properly classify UAP reports,
data, and material. Overall classification of the reports, data, and
material should be no less than the most restrictive classification
within the report's, data's, or material 's constituent parts. Any
information requiring retention and/ or transmittal that exceeds the
classification allowed by storage and/or transmission mode,
annotate "information exceeds the classification of the transmission
mode - on file with the reporting organization" next to the
appropriate paragraph, and coordinate secure transmittal with the
intended recipient.
GENTEXT/C~ND AND SIGNALS/5.
5.A. (U) COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS
5.A.1. (U) Geographic Combatant Commands are the Supported Combatant
Commander within their respective AoR.
5.A.2. (U) The Military Departments are the supporting
organizations.

s.e. (U) The OSD PoC is AARO: Comm: 783-693-3810, SVOIP
302-221-3806, TSVoIP: 982-0521. NIPR email at osd.pentagon.ousd­
intel -sec .mbx.aaro@mail.mil. SIPR email at osd.pentagon.ousd-intel­
sec.mbx.aaro@mail.smil.ml. JWICS email at OSDPentagonOUSDintel­
Sec.MailboxAARO-Reports@osdj.ic.gov .
Staff J-36 PoC is Homeland Defense Division:
OSN (225). SVoIP:-Declassification

5.C.

Comm:
N/A

## AARO-23-F-1486_1 — FOIA: AARO release (scanned, no extracted text)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-23-F-1486_1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-23-F-1486_1
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

## AARO-23-F-1486_2 — FOIA: Agenda and emails for the 24 May 2023 Pentagon UAP meeting with FVEY partners

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-23-F-1486_2
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-23-F-1486_2
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

May the 24th agenda bring more minutes than UFO sightings.

- Meeting agenda and emails, AARO, May 24 2023, Pentagon with FVEY partners
- Outlines schedule, participants, and topics on UAP detection, identification, mitigation, collaboration
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 1

From:...
,b_)(6
_>_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___.
Sent: Tuesday, May 23, 2023 5:44 PM
""b"""
)(""
6)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
To: Kirk atrick Sean M H E OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC USA
. b)(6)
b)(6)

Dr. K. Below is the updated agenda for the FVEY meeting tomorrow. Attached is the list of attendees from outside of
our office. The briefing is essentially the same as the GISRC-However,r ><6 )
rill be
there to speak specific concerning their areas.

Who: Representatives from t he All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), Office of the Director of National
Intelligence (ODNI), FAA, NASA, and FVEY partners working UAP
What: This inaugural FVEY UAP Caucus brings toget her key partners to cultivate shared awareness of allies' UAP issues;
detection, identification, and mitigation activities and challenges; and opportunit ies for mission-specific
collaboration. Planned presentations include our ow n office updat es on operations and analyses and updates from FVEY
partners. The intent is to develop a framew ork for future UAP collaboration.
When: 24 May 2023; 0830-1500, No-host lunch-Pentagon Food Court, 1230-1330. For those w ithout Pentagon Access
please plan to meet at thf Pentarn Visitor's entrance not later than 0800.
Where: Pentagon, Room X6 )
0745-0815 Check-in at the Pentagon Visitor' s Center for those requiring a visitor's badge
0830-0845 Administrative remarks and Introduct ions
0845-1000 Dr. Kirkpatrick' s Welcoming Address and U.S. Updates on UAP Efforts
AARO Operat ions
AARO Analysis
AARO Strategic Communications
FAA
NASA
NIM-A
NIM-M

1

#### Page 2

1000-1015 Break
1015-1130

FVEY Partner UAP Updates
Australia
Canada
United Kingdom
New Zealand

1130-1230

Discussion on FVEY UAP Collaboration Way-Ahead Plan

1230-1330

Lunch

1330-1500

Continued discussion on the FVEY UAP Collaboration Way-Ahead Plan (If needed)
Topics to consider:
- Networks to share FVEY UAP Reporting (Unclassified, Secret REL FVEY, and TS//S1/TK Rel FVEY?)
- Need for shared data bases showing known objects using various sensors
- FVEY UAP Collection Planning
- Future Meeting Schedule (How often, virtual or in-person?)
- Other FVEY forums to tie into? i.e. Emerging and Disruptive Technologies

V/r, Kim
b)(6)

2

#### Page 3

Fromf....b_X_
6>_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___.
Sent: W ednesday, May 17, 2023 12:24 PM
To: Kirkpatrick, Sean M HQE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA) fb)(S)
b)(6)

Dr. K., The 24 May 2023 FVEY UAP meeting w ill be at the Pentagon in r o o ~ t his is a TS/SCI OUSD (I &S) room. I
w ill get the information out to, b)(6)

I

V/r, p >(6) 1
5
From: Kirkpatrick, Sean M HQE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USAJf,__><_>_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _....
Sent: W ednesday. May 17. 2023 7:42 AM
To:fb)(6)

Subject: FVEYS meeting
Morningf6><6il
Please ex\erra-1an invitation and supporting logistics for our FVEYS meeting next w eek, tor><5>
b)(6)
They should already have their clearances perm .c...e_rt
~e-d~ he
_ r_e_, -6-ut- -a -ou~b~l-e-c-h-ec
~k~
We are holding it here and not the Pentagon, correct?
><5>
w it
Thanks,
Dr.K
Dr. Sean M . Kirkpatrick
Director
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
(b)(6)

Universum mutatio est. Vita nostra est quod cogitationes nostra facere est.

3

## AARO-24-F-0250 — FOIA: AARO memo on efforts to interview David Grusch

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-24-F-0250
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-24-F-0250
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

June 13 2025: the only day Grusch was more elusive than the memo’s attachments.

- FOIA AARO memorandum, authored by AARO, dated June 13 2025, addressed to Office of Prepublication and Security Review.
- Details AARO’s repeated attempts to interview David Grusch about alleged UAP programs, all of which he declined.
- Grusch had no intention of sharing information with AARO.

### Full text

#### Page 1

032

CLEARED
For Open Publication
Jun 13, 2025

January 8th, 2024

Department of Defense

MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD

OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW

SUBJECT: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office Invitations to Interview Mr. David Grusch
1. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) extended multiple invitations to Mr.
David Grusch for the purpose of conducting an oral history interview in support of the
Congressionally directed Historical Record Report (HRR). Invitations, both direct and through
intermediaries, to interview Mr. Grusch regarding his claimed knowledge of U.S. Government
possession of extra-terrestrial material and reverse-engineering programs were met with negative
results.
2. The following attempts were made, by Director, AARO and staff, to encourage Mr. Grusch to
provide information to AARO, on the record, and in an appropriately secure environment. The
James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 authorizes AARO to
receive reporting about U.S. Government activities and events related to Unidentified
Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), regardless of classification level or compartmentalization of the
information.

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 § 1843(a)(3)

A. Between June 8th, 2023 and June 13 th, 2023, Director, AARO en ed in a dialog with
Person (b)(6) regarding AARO's authorities and encouraged Perso (b)(6)
o have Mr. Grusch
contact AAR . Note that Perso Ns)
s a known close associate o
sch and the dialog
made it clear that Person ( ))(6) was in contact with Mr. Grusch.
B. On June 12th and 13th, 2023, Director, AARO, discussed with a Professional Staff Member
(PSM) of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Mr. Grusch's refusal to speak with
AARO. The PSM stated that he would contact Mr. Grusch and request Mr. Grusch's email
address. The PSM made the offer after the Director made it clear that AARO did not have Mr.
Grusch's contact information.
C. On June 26th, 2023, AARO staff contacted Interviewee (b)(6)
d asked for Mr. Grusch's
current telephone number so that an invitation could be exten• to Mr. Grusch. Interviewee
(b)(6)
contacted Mr. Grusch on AARO's behalf and an invitation was rebuffed by Mr. Grusch.
D. On June 28th, 2023, Director, AARO contacted a PSM with the U.S. Senate Select Committee
on Intelligence after Mr. Grusch's appearance before Congress and asked for any information,
reported to Congress by Mr. Grusch, that AARO may be able to verify. The Director also
reminded the PSM of the agreement that if a witness expressed apprehension about coming to
AARO, that AARO would send a staff member to Congressional spaces to record the
information into the U.S. Government record in support of the HRR.
E. On July 27th, 2023, AARO staff conducted an interview of Interviewee (b)(6) 'who revealed
that he would be having dinner with Mr. Grusch the following day. AARO staff, to include the
Director, asked Interviewee (b)(6) to invite Mr. Grusch to contact AARO for an interview.
AARO staff made it clear that the interview would be conducted in a secure facility, in
All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office
Chief of Staff, AARO
Authority: FY24 NDAA, now codified at 44 U.S.C. 2107
Date: 03/27/2025
Released in Part: X
Reason: 44 U.S.C. 2107 § 1843(a)(3)
Case Number: 330UAP000032

Page determined to be Unclassified
Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO
IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
Date: 03/27/2025

#### Page 2

032

accordance with the law, and the tone of the interview would be friendly and nonconfrontational, as are all AARO interviews.
F. On October 6th, 2023, AARO staff conducted a secure call and interview with Interviewee
land asked that he also encourage Mr. Grusch to agree to a secure interview so that Mr.
Grusch's cl. is ii ight be introduced into the U.S. Government record in support of the HRR.
(b)()
6
Interviewee
s known to be a close associate of Mr. Grusch.

(b)(6)

G. During the previous several months, Director, AARO, asked a PSM with the U.S. Senate
Committee on Armed Services to encourage Mr. Grusch to provide information to AARO during
an official interview.
H. On November 10th, 2023, Mr. Grusch contacted AARO, at the urging of Congressional Staff
Members, and agreed to be interviewed in Arlington, VA on November 141h, 2024. AARO
provided Mr. Grusch with a memorandum from the Director of Special Access Programs,
Department of Defense that made it clear AARO is authorized to receive compartmented
information (Enclosure 1). Mr. Grusch was also told that AARO would obtain a similar
memorandum from the Director, Controlled Access Programs Office, Office of the Director of
National Intelligence.

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 § 1843(a)(3)

I. On November 14th, 2023, Mr. Grusch failed to show at the agreed upon location and time for
an interview with AARO. Upon contacting Mr. Grusch, he stated that he is not convinced that
AARO is authorized to receive varying levels of classified and sensitive information.
J. On November 19th, 2023, AARO, again contacted Mr. Grusch via email and stated, "We invite
you to speak to AARO regarding any U.S. government programs or activities related to
unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) dating back to 1945. In accordance with the James
M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, AARO is authorized to
receive any information related to UAP regardless of classification, and notwithstanding any
nondisclosure agreement you may have signed. We would be glad to meet with you in a SCIF so
that you could share information with us." This specific invitation was coordinated with the
Office of General Counsel, Department of Defense. Mr. Grusch, again, declined the invitation
despite previously agreeing to an interview. And, again, Mr. Grusch cited various security
concerns that AARO is authorized to receive information of any classification level regarding
UAP.
K. On January 8th, 2024, AARO provided Mr. Grusch with a memorandum from the Director,
Controlled Access Programs Office, Office of the Director of National Intelligence that states
AARO is authorized to receive information which is subject to a U.S. Government
Nondisclosure Agreement (Enclosure 2). AARO also informed Mr. Grusch that there is a
standing invitation to be interviewed by AARO regarding his claims of UAP and U.S.
Government activity and events.
3. During interactions between AARO and Mr. Grusch from November 2023 to January 2024, it
became evident that Mr. Grusch had no intention of providing AARO with information regarding
his claims. This assessment stands despite the NDAA for FY 2023 and the enclosed
memorandums from the Department of Defense and the Office of the Director of National
Page determined to be Unclassified
Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO
IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
Date: 03/27/2025

#### Page 3

032

Intelligence making it clear that AAR° is authorized to receive all levels of information related
to IJAP.
(b)(6)

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 § 1843(a)(3)

Enclosures:
As stated

Page determined to be Unclassified
Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO
IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
Date: 03/27/2025

#### Page 4

60%
032
CM Chris Mellon @
Thanks 10:26 PM Sun, Jun 11
Mon, Jun 12
Grusch has made claims that he's contacted us and we've never responded. That's just not true. He's also made
claims that we don't have access to investigate his claims. That's also not true. If I recall correctly you indicated he
refused to come talk with us, and you're quoted as suggesting as such. I'd suggest you emphasize the need to come
speak with us. You have the contact email. 10:33 PMCO
Tue, Jun 13
Hi Sean: Do you have a specific example of Dave claiming he's contacted AARO and your office refused to respond?
That sounds strange as during a conversation yesterday he told me AARO was not a lawfully designated recipient of
his whistleblower info, hence his reason for not contacting AARO. I also do not recall saying Dave refused to come
talk to AARO, I certainly did not do so in the Debrief article or my article in Politico and I've done no interviews yet
about Dave. 8:26 AM
It was on the interview Sunday. Pentagon is preparing a response.
His assertion that we aren't lawfully empowered is clearly incongruous with the law. 8:40 AM 0
I'll be happy to check on that. Contrary to press reports Dave still retains his attorney who is a former NSA and IC IG.
Chuck should know if anyone does. 8:46AM
There is a significant misconception between the authorities in question. The title 50 authorities we done have are for
CI purposes, not taking in information. The law is very clear about that and if he has a concern he should have his
attorney discuss with OGC. We've have many people come share appropriately the information they have from
various places. Chuck is wrong if that's his advice. 8:52 AM O
I'll be happy to raise w Dave and get back to you. 8:64 AM
If nothing else he needs to contact us and we'll introduce his attorney to OGC. 8:57 AM 0
I'll reach out to him today. 9:04 AM
I spoke w Dave and his first question was, "Why hadn't AARO gotten all the info from the IC IG? It is all there and fully Page determined to be Unclassified
documented to include confirmation the program is real from active, cleared insiders. 9:33 AM Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO
Message IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
Date: 03/27/2025

#### Page 5

032

• • •

Chris Mellon @
I spoke w Dave and his first question was, "Why hadn't , Two, Jun 13 all the info from the IC IG? It is all there and fully
documented to include confirmation the program is real from active, Cleared insiders.
,
DOJ has to release it since it's part of a criminal investigation.
They haven't yet
He needs to come tell us separate from his criminal complaint

(0

He obviously doesn't have to do so and he even said "How do I know Sean is not a target of the ongoing criminal
investigation (I) However, that being said, I
explained your request regarding having his attorney contact OGC and suggested he do so to show full cooperation.
He said that if you can provide OGC's contact info he'll pass it to his attorney. Btw, he also said his claim about
contacting you dates to a conversation the two of you had many months ago on a 'Tandberg* (sp?) system and that
you didn't follow up after that call. I'm not trying to adjudicate that issue just telling you what he said. Apparently that
is what his statement was referring to. So, if you can provide an OGC email or phone number I'll get that to Dave right
away and hopefully his attorney will promptly contact OGC.
All of that is both absurd and false. I have had a conversation with him for years. If he wants this brought out and
investigated, then yes he obviously does have to. His continued refusal to speak with us only hurts his case.
I've contacted Congressional OGC to reach out to him.
So they can explain the law.
Haven't had a conversation for years
Our statement will simply be that he's refused to speak with AARO

oso

OK, sounds good. Happy to help when I can. Don't hesitate to kick my tires if I'm off base on something
Btw, there isn't a Congressional OGC as such. Tx, if
There are congressional lawyers that get law
To be clear, whom should Dave expect to hear from if you cannot provide a POC at DoD?
Vet law

rel

/

Page determined to be Unclassified
Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO
IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
Date: 03/27/2025

#### Page 6

032
Chris Mellon @
Tu.,, Jun 13

Vet law

m 1,r AM

go

Hill OGC generally advise members only,
They advise their employers, not members of the public
It's either a lawyer at the Hill or a lawyer in DoD. Who am I sending them to?
Either the law is law or we can scrub having anyone else come see AARO. lo 20 AV
You can't tell Chuck to go to various committees on the Hill. It needs to be someone who represents AARO in the
Executive Branch.
There are a dozen Hill committees with Majority and Minority counsel who may not even agree.
Depends on how badly people want this sorted. Send me chuck's contact info.

A,1 ato

Not without his permission obviously. How about I relay your contact info here to Chuck?
This will get sorted, of that I have no doubt. It is only a matter of how quickly and by whom.
I'm not giving my contact info out. Given the hititeletReint end,threate„ illettxityme,hir a secure mechanism.
- NO

Chris Mellon
I

He obviously doesn't have to do so and he oven said 'How do I know Sean is not a target of the ongoing criminal investigation'
(!) However, that being said, I ,.

And yes, you are defending and adjudicating, and you're undermining the very organization you purported to help
establish for this purpose.
10 45
Really? Odd, I try to bring everyone to AARO I can; I am trying to help put Dave in touch with your GC if you can
provide simple contact info; I'm not judging the claims between you and Dave and have not claimed his claims are
accurate, I've said he is sincere and credible and his and other claims, which I expressly called "allegations,"warrant
investigation. I have no idea what u or Dave discussed or when and I'm not taking a position on that or even the
underlying claim of recovered materials. So I'm kind...
Read More
Dave can now sa 'Sean has refused to • rovide me or
Messacr

attorne the contact information that would allow us to

IP

Page determined to be Unclassified
Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO
IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
Date: 03/27/2025

#### Page 7

032
S'`

414% Mi

t.

Chris Mellon

I'm not giving my contact info out Given the howootiimont and threats. That's why we have a secure mechanism.
Tuo. Jun 13

Chris Mellon
He obviously doesn't have to do so and ho oven said 'How do I know Sean is not a target of the ongoing criminal investigation
(!) However, that being said, L.
And yes, you are defending and adjudicating, and you're undermining the very organization you purported to help
establish for this purpose
Ay
Really? Odd, I try to bring everyone to AARO I can; I am trying to help put Dave in touch with your GC if you can
provide simple contact info; I'm not judging the claims between you and Dave and have not claimed his claims are
accurate. I've said he is sincere and credible and his and other claims, which I expressly called "allegations:warrant
investigation. I have no idea what u or Dave discussed or when and I'm not taking a position on that or even the
underlying claim of recovered materials. So I'm kind...
Read More
Dave can now say, "Sean has refused to provide me or my attorney the contact information that would allow us to
discuss legal concerns we have with providing testimony to AARO." I an not your enemy and I am not saying this to
provoke or irritate you; moreover having once been in similar jobs I recognize you have a big pile of work and
responsibility on your plate. I only mention this because it seems you must have some legal representation and
assuming they are competent it seems to me a discussion it would help to get Dave's testimony into your system.
That it seems to me should be a win for all.
I've asked OGC for contact info.

7

pv

Great!
Waiting to hear back.
I will be happy to provide that to Dave and Chuck it you like. I think you have a fascinating and important lob and I
want nothing more than to see the process work. Please don't think I am out to make your Job harder.
15 PM
Actually, Dave can't say any such thing since he hasn't asked me for anything. Only you.

, ,

Actually, he probably can and might! But that doesn't matter, I have no specific reason to believe he will and lam not
proposing that to him. Just trying to close the loop and move things toward a good outcome. Thanks.
7111PM

O

ao

Page determined to be Unclassified
Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO
IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
Date: 03/27/2025

#### Page 8

032

100', MB
CI%

t.

Chris Mellon
1,3

I've asked OGC for contact info

Great!
Waiting to hear back.

CO

I will be happy to provide that to Dave and Chuck if you like. I think you have a fascinating and important job and I
want nothing more than to see the process work. Please don't think I am out to make your job harder.
Actually, Dave can't say any such thing since he hasn't asked me for anything. Only you.
Actually, he probably can and might! But that doesn't matter, I have no specific reason to believe he will arid I am not
proposing that to him. Just trying to close the loop and move things toward a good outcome. Thanks.
Yostarday
You tot d,t3op4'mring melon+, time to 1 week

This is official position of the Pentagon, released to media Tuesday, approved by OGC and the Secretary:
'By law, AARO may receive all UAP-related information, including any classified national security information
involving military, intelligence, and intelligence-related activities, at all levels of classification regardless of any
restrictive access controls, special access programs, or compartmented access programs. Moreover, there is no
restriction to AARO receiving any past or present UAP-related in...
Read More
Totl or,r

Now Messages

I've passed that along to Dave for his attorney's review. Per your message above I'll seek to avoid further
communication unless it is something that seems extraordinarily urgent or you initiate.
Well OK! I'll get that off to Dave and his attorney this morning. Thanks.

IP

Page determined to be Unclassified
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IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
Date: 03/27/2025

#### Page 9

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 § 1843(a)(3)

032

10:20

5G MI

(b)(6)

Mon, Jun 26

Do you
number and/or
email for David Grusch? Iwould like
to invite him in for an interview.
8:10 PM (0

Yeah, but let me ask him first. He has
bad blood with Sean going back to
2015.I'lltell him that only you want to
talk to him.
11:15 PM
Sounds like a plan. Thank you
11.45 PM WI
Page determined to be Unclassified
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IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
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#### Page 10

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10:21

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 § 1843(a)(3)

<

l
�K• )
.___ _

••

5G I• l►

___
___,

Tue, Jun 27

Dang it! Dave will on1y say that Sean
knows how to contact him. _· �
There really is bad blood with Sean
from Dave's perspective.
5:46 PM
Interesting response. Well, thanks for
checking-Much appreciated.
7:25 PM (0

Page determined to be Unclassified
Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO
IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
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#### Page 11

84%
(b)(6)
032
Mon, Jun 12
Grusch has made claims that he's contacted us and we've never responded. That's just not true. He's also made
claims that we don't have access to investigate his claims. That's also not true. If I recall correctly you indicated he
refused to come talk with us. I'd suggest you emphasize the need to come speak with us given his false statements
and assertions. 10:30 PM
Tue, Jun 13
I will. But why don't you call or text him? 6:18 AM
I don't have contact info and I can only contact through the secure mechanism. So I'll need an email. Further Mellon
is stating that he spoke with him and Grusch states that AARO is not a lawfully empowered org to receive his info.
8:42AM
SMH...
I'll reach out and try to reach Grusch this week
As well as requesting an email
(b)(7)(E)
(b)(7)(E)
It's really a perfect example for why we need AARO
(b)(6); (b)(7)(E)
Headed in SCIF 9:31AM
Well, if Grusch's lawyer successfully makes the case that we aren't lawfully empowered, there will be a lot less
appetite to keep AARO.
Page determined to be Unclassified
(b)(7)(E) Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO
9:31AM IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
(b)(7)(E) Date: 03/27/2025
Message

#### Page 12

86%
(b)(6)
032
Wed, Jun 28
Hey. What is Rubio talking about? 8:13PM
He's referring to previous witnesses that provided testimony regarding the C/R program. Those witnesses will not go
to AARO... They were asked to 8:33 PM
Do we have notes from their testimony?
Are their program names?
(E)() L02 'S V 0A 2∀∀ Owners?
Anything I can verify? 8:45 PM
I can review when back in office. On vacation a few more days.
definitely a few program names 9:27PM
Fri, Jul 21
Great job on the interview! Glad they allowed it to happen 10:15AM
Thanks.
Still need those alleged program names. 6:26 PM
I'll talk to leadership and get back. 7:03PM
CN was sent over yesterday with one of my findings. 7:04 PM0
The agreement, as I recall, was if someone came to you all, we would be invited to participate so I can document and
investigate. That hasn't happened, yet I've had you all over to participate. As it stands, Congress is not enabling us to
actually do the job set in law for us to do and is withholding information from the office Congress set up.
Raises a lot of questions. 7:09 PM Page determined to be Unclassified
Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO
Since you started interviewing we've had no one we didn't send your way so that's just not true IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
Date: 03/27/2025
+ Message C

#### Page 13

032

From:
Sent:
To:
Subject:

(b)(6)

David Grusch
Monday. lant an/ 8.10141:44 PM
(b)(6)

Re: Contact Request

Good Afternoon,
Thank you will review. Please address my specific concerns that I sent via email on 19 Nov 23.
DG
On Mon. Jan 8. 2024. 12:27 PM
(b)(6)

(b)(6)

Nrote:

Mr. Grusch,

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

During our conversation on November 10th, 2023, we discussed your comfort level with relaying sensitive information
to AARO and the possibility of AARO obtaining a memo from CAPCO that clearly states that AARO can receive CAP
information (similar to the SAPCO memo I provided you). Attached is that memo from the ODNI CAPCO.

Again, I want to reiterate that in accordance with the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 2023, AARO is authorized to receive any information related to UAP regardless of classification, and
notwithstanding any nondisclosure agreement you may have signed.

Our invitation to discuss possible U.S. Government programs, events, or activities related to UAP still stands.

Have a good afternoon,

(b)(6)

(b)(6)
From: David Grusch
Sent: Sunday, Novem er 19, 2023 6:03 PM
(b)(6)
To:
Subject: Re: Contact Request

1

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Good Evening,

Thank you for your email. I had expressed specific concerns, both directly via email and through counsel, and those
specific concerns have not yet been addressed in writing. Please reference those emails in this chain.

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

DG

On Sun. Nov 19, 2023. 4:16 PM
(b)(6)

(b)(6)

wrote:

Mr. Grusch,

We invite you to speak to AARO regarding any U.S. government programs or activities
related to unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) dating back to 1945. In
accordance with the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 2023, AARO is authorized to receive any information related to UAP regardless of
classification, and notwithstanding any nondisclosure agreement you may have
signed. We would be glad to meet with you in a SCIF so that you could share
information with us.
(b)(6)

AARO

(b6)

From: David Grusch )(
Sent: Tuesday. November 14. 2023 4:35:36 PM
(b)(6)
To:
(b)(6)

Subject: Re: Contact Request

Thank you. I apologize for the confusion this morning about my whereabouts. I should been more clear in my email on
Monday.

DG

2

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On Tue, Nov 14, 2023, 3:37 PM
x6)

p

(b)(6)

wrote:

Mr. Grusch,

We received your email and we will get back to you shortly.

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

r6)

From: David Grusch

(b)(6)

Sent: Tuesday. Novem oer 14 2023 10.36 AM
To

(b)(6)

(b)(6)

Subject: Re: Contact Request

AARO Staff,

With due respect, I will need answers to my questions before I will be comfortable meeting. Please provide
responses so that we can hopefully move forward and schedule a meeting.

The law may grant your office need-to-know, but does not establish policies and procedures with various data
owners. I have managed multi-compartmented activities throughout my entire career and have multiple DCSA
security professional certifications. I did not ask these questions for mere curiosity.

DG

3

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On Tue. Nov 14. 2023. 5:37 A

d (b)(6)

(b)(6)

wrote:

Mr. Grusch,

The law is clear in that we can receive information at all classification levels.

We can discuss when you come in.

From: David Grusch1Tb)(6)

: Monday. November 13. 2023 12:24:06 PM

ST(b)(6)
(b)(6)

Subject: Re: Contact Request

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

Good Morning

(b)(6)

Thank you for sending these items. As a former agency-level SAPMO and CAPCO I take security policies very
seriously. In the DoD SAPCO memo, the term "UAP-related" is not defined. FY23 NDAA Sec. 1673 Subsection B
defines it as the following:

"any activity or program by a department or agency of the Federal Government or a contractor of
such a department or agency relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena, including with respect
to material retrieval, material analysis, reverse engineering, research and development,
detection and tracking, developmental or operational testing, and security protections and
enforcement."

The key issue here is that many of these activities have conventional classified and compartmented Security
Classification Guides that also cover non-UAP activities as well. To discuss the UAP-related activities would also
expose these conventional SAP mission areas. An oral history interview subject must also be absolved of this
obligation to protect this information as well, some of it may be bigoted or WAIVED (lAW DODI 5205.11 and 10 USC
Sec 119).

Furthermore, as discussed Friday, I am seeking a ODNI CAPCO determination to absolve an oral history interview
subject of any NDA's relating to UAP-related and adjacent (as stated above) IC CAP information. Additionally, in my
particular case, in order to horizontally protect a portion of my oral history testimony previously provided to ICIG
and the intelligence committees, we would need to conduct the interview at the HCS-Operations (0) Restricted
4

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Handling (RH) level (lAW DNI CAPCO manual Sec. 4). Has the CIA Office of Security (OS) or Directorate of Operations
(DO) provided a memo in this regard for oral history interview subjects? Has the OS provided a memo to also cover
managed-need-to-know (MNTK) projects not directly reported to ODNI CAPCO?

Lastly, what signed policy does AARO have to receive non-title-10 SAPs (ie, DOE and NSC)? Has the EOP NSC Security
Director, Director National Program Management Staff OUSD(I&S), or DOE SAPCO/SAPOC provided a memo similar
to the DoD SAPCO memo you provided?

v/r,

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

DG

On Mon Nov 13. 2023 at 8:13 AM
(b)(6)

1

(b)(6)

wrote:

Mr. Grusch,

1

Attached are the two items we spoke about:

•

The Verbal Legal Advisement that we review prior to the start of every interview.

•

The MFR from SAPCO that makes it clear that AARO can receive compartmented information from
interviewees.

Our address is

(b)(6)

I will meet you in the lobby.

See you tomorrow at 1000,

(b)(6)
i
5

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(b)(6)

From: David Grusch
I Sent: Friday. November 10. 2023 11:05 AM
(b)(6)
To:
Cc: (b)(6)
(b)(6)

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

Subject: Contact Request

Good Morning,

This is for

(b)(6)

for coordination purposes.

Please give me a call to discuss conditions and admin items

(b)(6)

V/r,
David Grusch

6

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From: Kirkpatrick, Sean M HOE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)
Sent: Wednesday, November 15, 2023 10:05 AM
To: (b)(6)
Subject: FW: Dave Grusch

(b)(6)

For the records. Please save. Note the opening paragraph at the beginning of this email thread from (b)(6)
(b)(6)

From:
Sent: Thursday, June 8, 2023 11:27 AM
(b)(6)
To: Kirknatrirk Sean M HOF OSO 011SO INTFI 1 SEC (USA)
(b)(6)
Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)

I

(b)(6)

Lc:

(b)(6)

Subject: RE: Dave Grusch

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

You know how things work. He could have heard that a pgm is waived.
What do you mean by "you're free to ask"?
What UAP-related IG investigation are you referring to? The one on Grusch or the broader review?
(b)(6)

From: Kirkpatrick, Sean M HOE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)
Sent: Thursday, June 8, 2023 11:24 AM
To: (b)(6)
(b)(6)
Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)1 (b)(6)
(b)(6)

Subject: RE: Dave Grusch
He wouldn't know if it was waived if he "found" it, and as I said, I know what he was actually briefed to.
I've been told by the IG the UAP related investigation has been closed for a year — he is free to tell us, and you're free to
ask.
There is no excuse for not providing an authorized disclosure.
(b)(6)

From:
Sent: Thursday, June 8, 2023 11:19 AM
(b)(6)
To:

Kirkpatrick, Sean M HQE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)
1

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(b)(6)

Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA

(b)(6)

(b)(6)

Subject: RE: Dave Grusch
He cannot tell SASC staff ANYTHING once he entered the IG process. We are forbidden from even asking. Furthermore,
if a waived SAP is involved, he cannot talk to SASC staff about it because we are not accessed.
(b)(6)

From:
Sent: Thursday, June 8, 2023 7:50 AM
To: Kirkpatrick. Sean M HOE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA
(b)(6)

(b)(6)

Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)

(b)(6)
(b)(6)

Subject: RE: Dave Grusch

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

(Text continues in the original file: 26 pages.)

## AARO-24-F-0266 — FOIA: AARO memo on June–November 2023 attempts to interview David Grusch

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-24-F-0266
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-24-F-0266
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

June 13 2025 memo: AARO’s interview schedule stayed empty longer than a UFO sighting.

- FOIA AARO memo, All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, dated June 13, 2025, for open publication.
- Reports AARO’s June‑November 2023 attempts to interview David Grusch about alleged government programs.
- Concludes Grusch declined to cooperate, offering no information to AARO.

### Full text

#### Page 1

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CLEARED
For Open Publication
Jun 13, 2025

January 8th, 2024

Department of Defense

MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD

OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW

SUBJECT: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office Invitations to Interview Mr. David Grusch
1. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) extended multiple invitations to Mr.
David Grusch for the purpose of conducting an oral history interview in support of the
Congressionally directed Historical Record Report (HRR). Invitations, both direct and through
intermediaries, to interview Mr. Grusch regarding his claimed knowledge of U.S. Government
possession of extra-terrestrial material and reverse-engineering programs were met with negative
results.
2. The following attempts were made, by Director, AARO and staff, to encourage Mr. Grusch to
provide information to AARO, on the record, and in an appropriately secure environment. The
James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 authorizes AARO to
receive reporting about U.S. Government activities and events related to Unidentified
Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), regardless of classification level or compartmentalization of the
information.

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 § 1843(a)(3)

A. Between June 8th, 2023 and June 13 th, 2023, Director, AARO en ed in a dialog with
Person (b)(6) regarding AARO's authorities and encouraged Perso (b)(6)
o have Mr. Grusch
contact AAR . Note that Perso Ns)
s a known close associate o
sch and the dialog
made it clear that Person ( ))(6) was in contact with Mr. Grusch.
B. On June 12th and 13th, 2023, Director, AARO, discussed with a Professional Staff Member
(PSM) of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Mr. Grusch's refusal to speak with
AARO. The PSM stated that he would contact Mr. Grusch and request Mr. Grusch's email
address. The PSM made the offer after the Director made it clear that AARO did not have Mr.
Grusch's contact information.
C. On June 26th, 2023, AARO staff contacted Interviewee (b)(6)
d asked for Mr. Grusch's
current telephone number so that an invitation could be exten• to Mr. Grusch. Interviewee
(b)(6)
contacted Mr. Grusch on AARO's behalf and an invitation was rebuffed by Mr. Grusch.
D. On June 28th, 2023, Director, AARO contacted a PSM with the U.S. Senate Select Committee
on Intelligence after Mr. Grusch's appearance before Congress and asked for any information,
reported to Congress by Mr. Grusch, that AARO may be able to verify. The Director also
reminded the PSM of the agreement that if a witness expressed apprehension about coming to
AARO, that AARO would send a staff member to Congressional spaces to record the
information into the U.S. Government record in support of the HRR.
E. On July 27th, 2023, AARO staff conducted an interview of Interviewee (b)(6) 'who revealed
that he would be having dinner with Mr. Grusch the following day. AARO staff, to include the
Director, asked Interviewee (b)(6) to invite Mr. Grusch to contact AARO for an interview.
AARO staff made it clear that the interview would be conducted in a secure facility, in
All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office
Chief of Staff, AARO
Authority: FY24 NDAA, now codified at 44 U.S.C. 2107
Date: 03/27/2025
Released in Part: X
Reason: 44 U.S.C. 2107 § 1843(a)(3)
Case Number: 330UAP000032

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accordance with the law, and the tone of the interview would be friendly and nonconfrontational, as are all AARO interviews.
F. On October 6th, 2023, AARO staff conducted a secure call and interview with Interviewee
land asked that he also encourage Mr. Grusch to agree to a secure interview so that Mr.
Grusch's cl. is ii ight be introduced into the U.S. Government record in support of the HRR.
(b)()
6
Interviewee
s known to be a close associate of Mr. Grusch.

(b)(6)

G. During the previous several months, Director, AARO, asked a PSM with the U.S. Senate
Committee on Armed Services to encourage Mr. Grusch to provide information to AARO during
an official interview.
H. On November 10th, 2023, Mr. Grusch contacted AARO, at the urging of Congressional Staff
Members, and agreed to be interviewed in Arlington, VA on November 141h, 2024. AARO
provided Mr. Grusch with a memorandum from the Director of Special Access Programs,
Department of Defense that made it clear AARO is authorized to receive compartmented
information (Enclosure 1). Mr. Grusch was also told that AARO would obtain a similar
memorandum from the Director, Controlled Access Programs Office, Office of the Director of
National Intelligence.

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 § 1843(a)(3)

I. On November 14th, 2023, Mr. Grusch failed to show at the agreed upon location and time for
an interview with AARO. Upon contacting Mr. Grusch, he stated that he is not convinced that
AARO is authorized to receive varying levels of classified and sensitive information.
J. On November 19th, 2023, AARO, again contacted Mr. Grusch via email and stated, "We invite
you to speak to AARO regarding any U.S. government programs or activities related to
unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) dating back to 1945. In accordance with the James
M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, AARO is authorized to
receive any information related to UAP regardless of classification, and notwithstanding any
nondisclosure agreement you may have signed. We would be glad to meet with you in a SCIF so
that you could share information with us." This specific invitation was coordinated with the
Office of General Counsel, Department of Defense. Mr. Grusch, again, declined the invitation
despite previously agreeing to an interview. And, again, Mr. Grusch cited various security
concerns that AARO is authorized to receive information of any classification level regarding
UAP.
K. On January 8th, 2024, AARO provided Mr. Grusch with a memorandum from the Director,
Controlled Access Programs Office, Office of the Director of National Intelligence that states
AARO is authorized to receive information which is subject to a U.S. Government
Nondisclosure Agreement (Enclosure 2). AARO also informed Mr. Grusch that there is a
standing invitation to be interviewed by AARO regarding his claims of UAP and U.S.
Government activity and events.
3. During interactions between AARO and Mr. Grusch from November 2023 to January 2024, it
became evident that Mr. Grusch had no intention of providing AARO with information regarding
his claims. This assessment stands despite the NDAA for FY 2023 and the enclosed
memorandums from the Department of Defense and the Office of the Director of National
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Intelligence making it clear that AAR° is authorized to receive all levels of information related
to IJAP.
(b)(6)

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 § 1843(a)(3)

Enclosures:
As stated

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CM Chris Mellon @
Thanks 10:26 PM Sun, Jun 11
Mon, Jun 12
Grusch has made claims that he's contacted us and we've never responded. That's just not true. He's also made
claims that we don't have access to investigate his claims. That's also not true. If I recall correctly you indicated he
refused to come talk with us, and you're quoted as suggesting as such. I'd suggest you emphasize the need to come
speak with us. You have the contact email. 10:33 PMCO
Tue, Jun 13
Hi Sean: Do you have a specific example of Dave claiming he's contacted AARO and your office refused to respond?
That sounds strange as during a conversation yesterday he told me AARO was not a lawfully designated recipient of
his whistleblower info, hence his reason for not contacting AARO. I also do not recall saying Dave refused to come
talk to AARO, I certainly did not do so in the Debrief article or my article in Politico and I've done no interviews yet
about Dave. 8:26 AM
It was on the interview Sunday. Pentagon is preparing a response.
His assertion that we aren't lawfully empowered is clearly incongruous with the law. 8:40 AM 0
I'll be happy to check on that. Contrary to press reports Dave still retains his attorney who is a former NSA and IC IG.
Chuck should know if anyone does. 8:46AM
There is a significant misconception between the authorities in question. The title 50 authorities we done have are for
CI purposes, not taking in information. The law is very clear about that and if he has a concern he should have his
attorney discuss with OGC. We've have many people come share appropriately the information they have from
various places. Chuck is wrong if that's his advice. 8:52 AM O
I'll be happy to raise w Dave and get back to you. 8:64 AM
If nothing else he needs to contact us and we'll introduce his attorney to OGC. 8:57 AM 0
I'll reach out to him today. 9:04 AM
I spoke w Dave and his first question was, "Why hadn't AARO gotten all the info from the IC IG? It is all there and fully Page determined to be Unclassified
documented to include confirmation the program is real from active, cleared insiders. 9:33 AM Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO
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• • •

Chris Mellon @
I spoke w Dave and his first question was, "Why hadn't , Two, Jun 13 all the info from the IC IG? It is all there and fully
documented to include confirmation the program is real from active, Cleared insiders.
,
DOJ has to release it since it's part of a criminal investigation.
They haven't yet
He needs to come tell us separate from his criminal complaint

(0

He obviously doesn't have to do so and he even said "How do I know Sean is not a target of the ongoing criminal
investigation (I) However, that being said, I
explained your request regarding having his attorney contact OGC and suggested he do so to show full cooperation.
He said that if you can provide OGC's contact info he'll pass it to his attorney. Btw, he also said his claim about
contacting you dates to a conversation the two of you had many months ago on a 'Tandberg* (sp?) system and that
you didn't follow up after that call. I'm not trying to adjudicate that issue just telling you what he said. Apparently that
is what his statement was referring to. So, if you can provide an OGC email or phone number I'll get that to Dave right
away and hopefully his attorney will promptly contact OGC.
All of that is both absurd and false. I have had a conversation with him for years. If he wants this brought out and
investigated, then yes he obviously does have to. His continued refusal to speak with us only hurts his case.
I've contacted Congressional OGC to reach out to him.
So they can explain the law.
Haven't had a conversation for years
Our statement will simply be that he's refused to speak with AARO

oso

OK, sounds good. Happy to help when I can. Don't hesitate to kick my tires if I'm off base on something
Btw, there isn't a Congressional OGC as such. Tx, if
There are congressional lawyers that get law
To be clear, whom should Dave expect to hear from if you cannot provide a POC at DoD?
Vet law

rel

/

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Chris Mellon @
Tu.,, Jun 13

Vet law

m 1,r AM

go

Hill OGC generally advise members only,
They advise their employers, not members of the public
It's either a lawyer at the Hill or a lawyer in DoD. Who am I sending them to?
Either the law is law or we can scrub having anyone else come see AARO. lo 20 AV
You can't tell Chuck to go to various committees on the Hill. It needs to be someone who represents AARO in the
Executive Branch.
There are a dozen Hill committees with Majority and Minority counsel who may not even agree.
Depends on how badly people want this sorted. Send me chuck's contact info.

A,1 ato

Not without his permission obviously. How about I relay your contact info here to Chuck?
This will get sorted, of that I have no doubt. It is only a matter of how quickly and by whom.
I'm not giving my contact info out. Given the hititeletReint end,threate„ illettxityme,hir a secure mechanism.
- NO

Chris Mellon
I

He obviously doesn't have to do so and he oven said 'How do I know Sean is not a target of the ongoing criminal investigation'
(!) However, that being said, I ,.

And yes, you are defending and adjudicating, and you're undermining the very organization you purported to help
establish for this purpose.
10 45
Really? Odd, I try to bring everyone to AARO I can; I am trying to help put Dave in touch with your GC if you can
provide simple contact info; I'm not judging the claims between you and Dave and have not claimed his claims are
accurate, I've said he is sincere and credible and his and other claims, which I expressly called "allegations,"warrant
investigation. I have no idea what u or Dave discussed or when and I'm not taking a position on that or even the
underlying claim of recovered materials. So I'm kind...
Read More
Dave can now sa 'Sean has refused to • rovide me or
Messacr

attorne the contact information that would allow us to

IP

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S'`

414% Mi

t.

Chris Mellon

I'm not giving my contact info out Given the howootiimont and threats. That's why we have a secure mechanism.
Tuo. Jun 13

Chris Mellon
He obviously doesn't have to do so and ho oven said 'How do I know Sean is not a target of the ongoing criminal investigation
(!) However, that being said, L.
And yes, you are defending and adjudicating, and you're undermining the very organization you purported to help
establish for this purpose
Ay
Really? Odd, I try to bring everyone to AARO I can; I am trying to help put Dave in touch with your GC if you can
provide simple contact info; I'm not judging the claims between you and Dave and have not claimed his claims are
accurate. I've said he is sincere and credible and his and other claims, which I expressly called "allegations:warrant
investigation. I have no idea what u or Dave discussed or when and I'm not taking a position on that or even the
underlying claim of recovered materials. So I'm kind...
Read More
Dave can now say, "Sean has refused to provide me or my attorney the contact information that would allow us to
discuss legal concerns we have with providing testimony to AARO." I an not your enemy and I am not saying this to
provoke or irritate you; moreover having once been in similar jobs I recognize you have a big pile of work and
responsibility on your plate. I only mention this because it seems you must have some legal representation and
assuming they are competent it seems to me a discussion it would help to get Dave's testimony into your system.
That it seems to me should be a win for all.
I've asked OGC for contact info.

7

pv

Great!
Waiting to hear back.
I will be happy to provide that to Dave and Chuck it you like. I think you have a fascinating and important lob and I
want nothing more than to see the process work. Please don't think I am out to make your Job harder.
15 PM
Actually, Dave can't say any such thing since he hasn't asked me for anything. Only you.

, ,

Actually, he probably can and might! But that doesn't matter, I have no specific reason to believe he will and lam not
proposing that to him. Just trying to close the loop and move things toward a good outcome. Thanks.
7111PM

O

ao

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100', MB
CI%

t.

Chris Mellon
1,3

I've asked OGC for contact info

Great!
Waiting to hear back.

CO

I will be happy to provide that to Dave and Chuck if you like. I think you have a fascinating and important job and I
want nothing more than to see the process work. Please don't think I am out to make your job harder.
Actually, Dave can't say any such thing since he hasn't asked me for anything. Only you.
Actually, he probably can and might! But that doesn't matter, I have no specific reason to believe he will arid I am not
proposing that to him. Just trying to close the loop and move things toward a good outcome. Thanks.
Yostarday
You tot d,t3op4'mring melon+, time to 1 week

This is official position of the Pentagon, released to media Tuesday, approved by OGC and the Secretary:
'By law, AARO may receive all UAP-related information, including any classified national security information
involving military, intelligence, and intelligence-related activities, at all levels of classification regardless of any
restrictive access controls, special access programs, or compartmented access programs. Moreover, there is no
restriction to AARO receiving any past or present UAP-related in...
Read More
Totl or,r

Now Messages

I've passed that along to Dave for his attorney's review. Per your message above I'll seek to avoid further
communication unless it is something that seems extraordinarily urgent or you initiate.
Well OK! I'll get that off to Dave and his attorney this morning. Thanks.

IP

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AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 § 1843(a)(3)

032

10:20

5G MI

(b)(6)

Mon, Jun 26

Do you
number and/or
email for David Grusch? Iwould like
to invite him in for an interview.
8:10 PM (0

Yeah, but let me ask him first. He has
bad blood with Sean going back to
2015.I'lltell him that only you want to
talk to him.
11:15 PM
Sounds like a plan. Thank you
11.45 PM WI
Page determined to be Unclassified
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IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
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#### Page 10

032

10:21

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 § 1843(a)(3)

<

l
�K• )
.___ _

••

5G I• l►

___
___,

Tue, Jun 27

Dang it! Dave will on1y say that Sean
knows how to contact him. _· �
There really is bad blood with Sean
from Dave's perspective.
5:46 PM
Interesting response. Well, thanks for
checking-Much appreciated.
7:25 PM (0

Page determined to be Unclassified
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IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
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#### Page 11

84%
(b)(6)
032
Mon, Jun 12
Grusch has made claims that he's contacted us and we've never responded. That's just not true. He's also made
claims that we don't have access to investigate his claims. That's also not true. If I recall correctly you indicated he
refused to come talk with us. I'd suggest you emphasize the need to come speak with us given his false statements
and assertions. 10:30 PM
Tue, Jun 13
I will. But why don't you call or text him? 6:18 AM
I don't have contact info and I can only contact through the secure mechanism. So I'll need an email. Further Mellon
is stating that he spoke with him and Grusch states that AARO is not a lawfully empowered org to receive his info.
8:42AM
SMH...
I'll reach out and try to reach Grusch this week
As well as requesting an email
(b)(7)(E)
(b)(7)(E)
It's really a perfect example for why we need AARO
(b)(6); (b)(7)(E)
Headed in SCIF 9:31AM
Well, if Grusch's lawyer successfully makes the case that we aren't lawfully empowered, there will be a lot less
appetite to keep AARO.
Page determined to be Unclassified
(b)(7)(E) Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO
9:31AM IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
(b)(7)(E) Date: 03/27/2025
Message

#### Page 12

86%
(b)(6)
032
Wed, Jun 28
Hey. What is Rubio talking about? 8:13PM
He's referring to previous witnesses that provided testimony regarding the C/R program. Those witnesses will not go
to AARO... They were asked to 8:33 PM
Do we have notes from their testimony?
Are their program names?
(E)() L02 'S V 0A 2∀∀ Owners?
Anything I can verify? 8:45 PM
I can review when back in office. On vacation a few more days.
definitely a few program names 9:27PM
Fri, Jul 21
Great job on the interview! Glad they allowed it to happen 10:15AM
Thanks.
Still need those alleged program names. 6:26 PM
I'll talk to leadership and get back. 7:03PM
CN was sent over yesterday with one of my findings. 7:04 PM0
The agreement, as I recall, was if someone came to you all, we would be invited to participate so I can document and
investigate. That hasn't happened, yet I've had you all over to participate. As it stands, Congress is not enabling us to
actually do the job set in law for us to do and is withholding information from the office Congress set up.
Raises a lot of questions. 7:09 PM Page determined to be Unclassified
Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO
Since you started interviewing we've had no one we didn't send your way so that's just not true IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
Date: 03/27/2025
+ Message C

#### Page 13

032

From:
Sent:
To:
Subject:

(b)(6)

David Grusch
Monday. lant an/ 8.10141:44 PM
(b)(6)

Re: Contact Request

Good Afternoon,
Thank you will review. Please address my specific concerns that I sent via email on 19 Nov 23.
DG
On Mon. Jan 8. 2024. 12:27 PM
(b)(6)

(b)(6)

Nrote:

Mr. Grusch,

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

During our conversation on November 10th, 2023, we discussed your comfort level with relaying sensitive information
to AARO and the possibility of AARO obtaining a memo from CAPCO that clearly states that AARO can receive CAP
information (similar to the SAPCO memo I provided you). Attached is that memo from the ODNI CAPCO.

Again, I want to reiterate that in accordance with the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 2023, AARO is authorized to receive any information related to UAP regardless of classification, and
notwithstanding any nondisclosure agreement you may have signed.

Our invitation to discuss possible U.S. Government programs, events, or activities related to UAP still stands.

Have a good afternoon,

(b)(6)

(b)(6)
From: David Grusch
Sent: Sunday, Novem er 19, 2023 6:03 PM
(b)(6)
To:
Subject: Re: Contact Request

1

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IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
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#### Page 14

032

Good Evening,

Thank you for your email. I had expressed specific concerns, both directly via email and through counsel, and those
specific concerns have not yet been addressed in writing. Please reference those emails in this chain.

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

DG

On Sun. Nov 19, 2023. 4:16 PM
(b)(6)

(b)(6)

wrote:

Mr. Grusch,

We invite you to speak to AARO regarding any U.S. government programs or activities
related to unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) dating back to 1945. In
accordance with the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 2023, AARO is authorized to receive any information related to UAP regardless of
classification, and notwithstanding any nondisclosure agreement you may have
signed. We would be glad to meet with you in a SCIF so that you could share
information with us.
(b)(6)

AARO

(b6)

From: David Grusch )(
Sent: Tuesday. November 14. 2023 4:35:36 PM
(b)(6)
To:
(b)(6)

Subject: Re: Contact Request

Thank you. I apologize for the confusion this morning about my whereabouts. I should been more clear in my email on
Monday.

DG

2

Page determined to be Unclassified
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IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
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#### Page 15

032

On Tue, Nov 14, 2023, 3:37 PM
x6)

p

(b)(6)

wrote:

Mr. Grusch,

We received your email and we will get back to you shortly.

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

r6)

From: David Grusch

(b)(6)

Sent: Tuesday. Novem oer 14 2023 10.36 AM
To

(b)(6)

(b)(6)

Subject: Re: Contact Request

AARO Staff,

With due respect, I will need answers to my questions before I will be comfortable meeting. Please provide
responses so that we can hopefully move forward and schedule a meeting.

The law may grant your office need-to-know, but does not establish policies and procedures with various data
owners. I have managed multi-compartmented activities throughout my entire career and have multiple DCSA
security professional certifications. I did not ask these questions for mere curiosity.

DG

3

Page determined to be Unclassified
Reviewed by Chief of Staff, AARO IAW
FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
Date: 03/27/2025

#### Page 16

032

On Tue. Nov 14. 2023. 5:37 A

d (b)(6)

(b)(6)

wrote:

Mr. Grusch,

The law is clear in that we can receive information at all classification levels.

We can discuss when you come in.

From: David Grusch1Tb)(6)

: Monday. November 13. 2023 12:24:06 PM

ST(b)(6)
(b)(6)

Subject: Re: Contact Request

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

Good Morning

(b)(6)

Thank you for sending these items. As a former agency-level SAPMO and CAPCO I take security policies very
seriously. In the DoD SAPCO memo, the term "UAP-related" is not defined. FY23 NDAA Sec. 1673 Subsection B
defines it as the following:

"any activity or program by a department or agency of the Federal Government or a contractor of
such a department or agency relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena, including with respect
to material retrieval, material analysis, reverse engineering, research and development,
detection and tracking, developmental or operational testing, and security protections and
enforcement."

The key issue here is that many of these activities have conventional classified and compartmented Security
Classification Guides that also cover non-UAP activities as well. To discuss the UAP-related activities would also
expose these conventional SAP mission areas. An oral history interview subject must also be absolved of this
obligation to protect this information as well, some of it may be bigoted or WAIVED (lAW DODI 5205.11 and 10 USC
Sec 119).

Furthermore, as discussed Friday, I am seeking a ODNI CAPCO determination to absolve an oral history interview
subject of any NDA's relating to UAP-related and adjacent (as stated above) IC CAP information. Additionally, in my
particular case, in order to horizontally protect a portion of my oral history testimony previously provided to ICIG
and the intelligence committees, we would need to conduct the interview at the HCS-Operations (0) Restricted
4

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#### Page 17

032

Handling (RH) level (lAW DNI CAPCO manual Sec. 4). Has the CIA Office of Security (OS) or Directorate of Operations
(DO) provided a memo in this regard for oral history interview subjects? Has the OS provided a memo to also cover
managed-need-to-know (MNTK) projects not directly reported to ODNI CAPCO?

Lastly, what signed policy does AARO have to receive non-title-10 SAPs (ie, DOE and NSC)? Has the EOP NSC Security
Director, Director National Program Management Staff OUSD(I&S), or DOE SAPCO/SAPOC provided a memo similar
to the DoD SAPCO memo you provided?

v/r,

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

DG

On Mon Nov 13. 2023 at 8:13 AM
(b)(6)

1

(b)(6)

wrote:

Mr. Grusch,

1

Attached are the two items we spoke about:

•

The Verbal Legal Advisement that we review prior to the start of every interview.

•

The MFR from SAPCO that makes it clear that AARO can receive compartmented information from
interviewees.

Our address is

(b)(6)

I will meet you in the lobby.

See you tomorrow at 1000,

(b)(6)
i
5

Page determined to be Unclassified
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IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
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#### Page 18

032

(b)(6)

From: David Grusch
I Sent: Friday. November 10. 2023 11:05 AM
(b)(6)
To:
Cc: (b)(6)
(b)(6)

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

Subject: Contact Request

Good Morning,

This is for

(b)(6)

for coordination purposes.

Please give me a call to discuss conditions and admin items

(b)(6)

V/r,
David Grusch

6

Page determined to be Unclassified
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IAW FY24 NDAA, Section 1841(a)(1)(C)
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#### Page 19

032

From: Kirkpatrick, Sean M HOE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)
Sent: Wednesday, November 15, 2023 10:05 AM
To: (b)(6)
Subject: FW: Dave Grusch

(b)(6)

For the records. Please save. Note the opening paragraph at the beginning of this email thread from (b)(6)
(b)(6)

From:
Sent: Thursday, June 8, 2023 11:27 AM
(b)(6)
To: Kirknatrirk Sean M HOF OSO 011SO INTFI 1 SEC (USA)
(b)(6)
Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)

I

(b)(6)

Lc:

(b)(6)

Subject: RE: Dave Grusch

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

You know how things work. He could have heard that a pgm is waived.
What do you mean by "you're free to ask"?
What UAP-related IG investigation are you referring to? The one on Grusch or the broader review?
(b)(6)

From: Kirkpatrick, Sean M HOE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)
Sent: Thursday, June 8, 2023 11:24 AM
To: (b)(6)
(b)(6)
Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)1 (b)(6)
(b)(6)

Subject: RE: Dave Grusch
He wouldn't know if it was waived if he "found" it, and as I said, I know what he was actually briefed to.
I've been told by the IG the UAP related investigation has been closed for a year — he is free to tell us, and you're free to
ask.
There is no excuse for not providing an authorized disclosure.
(b)(6)

From:
Sent: Thursday, June 8, 2023 11:19 AM
(b)(6)
To:

Kirkpatrick, Sean M HQE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)
1

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#### Page 20

032
(b)(6)

Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA

(b)(6)

(b)(6)

Subject: RE: Dave Grusch
He cannot tell SASC staff ANYTHING once he entered the IG process. We are forbidden from even asking. Furthermore,
if a waived SAP is involved, he cannot talk to SASC staff about it because we are not accessed.
(b)(6)

From:
Sent: Thursday, June 8, 2023 7:50 AM
To: Kirkpatrick. Sean M HOE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA
(b)(6)

(b)(6)

Kozik, David A SES OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)

(b)(6)
(b)(6)

Subject: RE: Dave Grusch

AARO FY2024 NDAA 44 U.S.C. 2107 §1843(a)(3)

(Text continues in the original file: 26 pages.)

## AARO-24-F-0448 — FOIA: AARO organizational chart, August 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-24-F-0448
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-24-F-0448
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

AARO’s chart has more TBDs than a mystery novel’s plot twist.

- FOIA AARO organizational chart PDF, created by OUSD(I&S), dated August 2024.
- Shows AARO’s hierarchy, Director Jon Kosloski, Deputy Tim Phillips, and departments with TBD positions.
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This document is an organizational chart for the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) as of August 2024. It was created by the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security (OUSD(I&S)). The chart outlines the structure of the office, including key personnel such as the Director Jon Kosloski, the Deputy Director Mr. Tim Phillips, and various departments like Analysis, Operations, Science & Technology, and Strategic Communications. It also lists positions and roles with some entries marked as "TBD" or "Detailee."

### Full text

#### Page 1

AARO CONSOLIDATED OUSD (l&S) ORGANIZATION CHART AS OF AUGUST 2024
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT

Analysis

Operations

DIRECTOR
Jon Kosloski

DEPUTY DIRECTOR

SES · C/V

Mr. Tim Phillips (ODNI-SNIS)

Science & Technology

CHIEF OF ANALYSIS

Strategic Communications

I

DISES SPECIAL ASSISTANT FOR DATA
ARCHITECTURE AND NAVY LNO

)(6)

Chief of Staff

DISES SPECIAL ASSISTANT FOR DATA
ARCHITECTURE AND NAVY

STRATEGIC COMMS CHIEF

6)

liaison

FFRDC

l(b)(6)

SR. INTELLIGENCE ANALYST

SCIENCE ADVISOR

th)(6)

)(6)

NASA

Kb)<6)
ARMY

kb)(6)

)(6)

All-SOURCE ANALYST

)(6)
All-SOURCE ANALYST

)(6)
TECHNICAL WRITER

All-SOURCE ANALYST

)(6)

th)(6)

LEGEND
SENIOR REPORTING
SPECIALIST MANAGER

BLOCK OUTLINE LEGEND

)(6)
LNO

RADAR ANALYST
OPERATIONS SPECIALIST

□

)(6)

....

RADAR ANALYST

•• .-

)(6)
PRODUCTION MANAGER

)(6)

l&SCADRE
Surge

CJ JOA/ Reservist

PFPA DETAILEE

)(6)

[]

Detailee

*TBD departure

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (MRO)

6111

1

## AARO-24-F-0922 — FOIA: Media invitation to the embargoed AARO Historical Record Report roundtable (March 2024)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-24-F-0922
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-24-F-0922
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing under embargo was the excitement, not the report.

- Internal email invitation from Susan Gough, DoD Public Affairs, sent March 5 2024, Pentagon Briefing Room.
- Roundtable on March 6 2024 discussing first volume of AARO Historical Record Report, UAP programs.
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This document is an internal email invitation from Susan Gough of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Public Affairs to media representatives for an embargoed roundtable discussion on March 6, 2024, about the first volume of the AARO Historical Record Report on UAP-related programs. The event was held at the Pentagon Briefing Room and was off-record and off-camera. Attendees had to agree to an embargo on the report until its public release on March 8. The email was sent on March 5, 2024.

### Full text

#### Page 1

•

Media Engagement Invitation -- Wednesday, March 6, 3 p.m.
0

Gough, Susan L (Sue) CIV OSD PA (USA)
To
Bcc
kayla.guo@nytimes.com;

Brandi Vincent;
Martinez. Luis E.
Schogol, Jeff (Task and Purpose);

4--) Reply

<<-) Reply All

—> Forward

Martin, David-CND;

Liebermann, Oren;

Lara Seligman;
Lamothe, Dan

Signed By

@You forwarded this message on 3/6/2024 2:14 PM.
Media colleagues,
***OFF THE RECORD / FOR PLANNING PURPOSES ONLY / NOT FOR DAYBOOKS***
You are invited to participate in an embargoed invited-media roundtable with Tim Phillips, acting director, AARO, on Wednesday, March 6, at 3 p.m. EST, in the
Pentagon Briefing Room, on AARO's Historical Record Report Volume 1 (HRRV1), the initial volume of the congressionally directed historical record report on
U.S. government UAP-related programs.
The roundtable will be on-record and off-camera, and embargoed until DOD announces the public release of the unclassified version of HRRV1 on Friday,
March 8. Those who agree to the embargo will be sent a copy of HRRV1 on Wednesday morning, so that you have time to read it prior to the roundtable. The
report is also embargoed until DOD announces the public release of the unclassified version of HRRV1 on Friday, March 8. We expect that to be in the
morning; a more definitive time will be provided later.
This is an invited-media roundtable only and this invitation is not transferable. However, if you are unavailable tomorrow and you have a colleague from your
outlet who can attend, please inform me and I will send an invitation to them. Only one person from your outlet may attend.
To receive an embargoed copy of HRRV1 and be allowed into the roundtable, please respond with an email that states: "I agree to the embargo."
Regards,
Sue Gough
Defense Press Operations, OSD(PA)

I

Tue 3/5/2024 8:33 PM

## AARO-24-F-1138 — FOIA: Legal advisory for AARO oral history interviews

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-24-F-1138
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-24-F-1138
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing dated here is the lack of a date.

- Legal advisory PDF from AARO, US, date unspecified, under DoD Intelligence Office.
- Outlines voluntary oral history terms, decline rights, info sharing regulations, gov’t ownership of material.
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This is a verbal legal advisory document from the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security. It was created on an unspecified date, likely in the United States. The document outlines the terms and conditions for an oral history interview, explaining that participation is voluntary, that interviewees may decline to answer questions, and that information collected may be shared under specific regulations. It also states that the U.S. Government retains ownership of the interview materials.

### Full text

#### Page 1

VERBAL LEGAL ADVISEMENT

Good afternoon. Today's date is
. I am
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security OUSD (I&S).

from the Office of the

Before we begin today's discussion, I want to go over a few matters, so the parameters of this discussion
are clear:
1. Do you agree that you are voluntarily participating in this oral history?
2. Do you understand that you may choose to not answer specific questions and that you may end this
interview at any time?
3. Do you understand that the primary purpose of this oral history effort is not to collect information
about you, but to the extent that information about you is collected and maintained by the Department of
Defense during this effort, it may be subject to the safeguards and requirements of the Privacy Act of
1974.
-

The principle purpose of this oral history interview is to record your knowledge of historical
information that focuses on persons, events, and topics of historical interest to the Department
of Defense and the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security.
Such historical information may be used as source materials for official memorandums or
other historical works.

-

Information about you collected during this interview may be shared as a routine use pursuant
to DoD-0014, DoD Historical Records system of records (87 FR 54204, Sep. 1, 2022) and as
otherwise authorized pursuant to the Privacy Act (5 U.S.C. 552a(b)).

4. Do you understand that the transcripts and any materials resulting from this oral history will belong to
the U.S. Government to be used in any manner, consistent with federal law, deemed in the best interests
of the Department of Defense, as determined by the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and
Security?
5. Do you understand that the notes and/or transcripts from this oral history, any other materials, and the
information derived from them may be made available to the U.S. Congress?
6. Do you understand that for the limited purpose of this oral history, and only during the course of our
discussion in this Secure Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF), that the information you disclose is
not subject to any Nondisclosure Agreement you have signed?
- You are advised that upon completion of this interview today that all non-disclosure agreements
remain in full force.
7. Do you understand that a knowing and willful false statement during this interview can be punished by
fine or imprisonment or both (18 U.S.C. 1001)?
8. Do you understand that intentionally withholding, misrepresenting, or falsifying information may have
a negative effect on your security clearance, employment prospects, or job status, up to and including
denial or revocation of your security clearance, or your removal and debarment from Federal service?

## AARO-24-F-1426 — FOIA: Updated agenda for a UAP Caucus working group meeting (May 2023)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-24-F-1426
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-24-F-1426
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

May 24 agenda: first time UAPs get a formal lunch break.

- FOIA email agenda from Kim to Dr. K., dated May 23 2023, for Pentagon meeting May 24 2023.
- Outlines UAP detection, identification, mitigation talks, data sharing, and future collaboration framework among agencies.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 1

FromHbH6)
Sent: Tuesday, May 23, 2023 5:44 PM
To: Kirkpatrick, Sean M HQE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USAj(b)(6)
(b)(6)

Subject: Updated FVEY Inaugural UAP Caucus Working Group Agenda, 24 May 2023

Dr. K. Below is the updated agenda for the FVEY meeting tomorrow. Attached is the list of attendees from outside of
our office. The briefing is essentially the same as the GISRC-Howeverj(b)(6)
rill be
there to speak specific concerning their areas.

Who: Representatives from the All-Domain Anomaly Resolut ion Office (AARO), Office of the Director of National
Intelligence (ODNI), FAA, NASA, and FVEY partners working UAP
What: This inaugural FVEY UAP Caucus brings toget her key partners to cult ivate shared awareness of allies' UAP issues;
detection, identificat ion, and mitigation activities and challenges; and opportunities for m ission-specific
collaborat ion. Planned presentations include our own office updat es on operations and analyses and updates from FVEY
partners. The intent is to develop a framew ork for future UAP collaboration.
When: 24 May 2023; 0830-1500, No-host lunch-Pentagon Food Court, 1230-1330. For those w ithout Pentagon Access
please plan to meet at the Penta on Visit or's entrance not later than 0800.
Where: Pentagon, Roo (b)(6)
0745-0815 Check-in at the Pentagon Visitor' s Center for those requiring a visitor' s badge
0830-0845 Administrative remarks and Int roduct ions
0845-1000 Dr. Kirkpatrick' s Welcoming Address and U.S. Updates on UAP Efforts
AARO Operations
AARO Analysis
AARO Strategic Communications
FAA
NASA
NIM-A
NIM-M

1

#### Page 2

1000-1015 Break
1015-1130

FVEY Partner UAP Updates
Australia
Canada
United Kingdom
New Zealand

1130-1230

Discussion on FVEY UAP Collaboration Way-Ahead Plan

1230-1330

Lunch

1330-1500

Continued discussion on the FVEY UAP Collaboration Way-Ahead Plan (If needed)
Topics to consider:
- Networks to share FVEY UAP Reporting (Unclassified, Secret REL FVEY, and TS//SI/TK Rel FVEY?)
- Need for shared data bases showing known objects using various sensors
- FVEY UAP Collection Planning
- Future Meeting Schedule (How often, virtual or in-person?)
- Other FVEY forums t o tie into? i.e. Emerging and Disruptive Technologies

V/r, Kim
(b)(6)

2

#### Page 3

(b)(6)
From
Sent: Wednesday, May 17, 2023 12:24 PM
To: Kirkpatrick. Sean M HQE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA)(b)(6)
(b)(6)
Subject: RE: FVEYS meeting
Dr. K., The 24 May 2023 FVEY UAP meeting will be at the Pentagon in room (b)(6) this is a TS/SCI OUSD (I &S) room. I
will get the information out to(b)(6)
V/r (b)(6)
From: Kirkpatrick, Sean M HQE OSD OUSD INTEL & SEC (USA) (b)(6)
Sent: Wednesday, May 17, 2023 7:42 AM
To(b)6)
(b)(6)
SubjeCt: FVEYS meetIng
Morning (b)(6)
Please extend an invitation and sunnorting logistics for our FVEYS meeting next week, to (b)(6)
(b)(6) They should already have their clearances perm certed here, but double check
with (b)(6) We are holding it here and not the Pentagon, correct?
Thanks,
Dr.K
Dr. Sean M. Kirkpatrick
Director
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
(b)(6)
Universum mutatio est. Vita nostra est quod cogitationes nostra facere est.
3

## AARO-25-F-1218 — FOIA: AARO organizational chart, August 2024 (2025 release)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-25-F-1218
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-25-F-1218
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

August 2024 chart: the only thing clearer than the redactions is the font size.

- Organizational chart PDF, All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office, August 2024, released 2025.
- Shows AARO hierarchy, listing Director Jon Kosloski, Deputy Tim Phillips, chiefs, managers, redactions.
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This document is an organizational chart for the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) as of August 2024. It was created by the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security (OUSD(I&S)). The chart outlines the structure of the office, including key positions such as the Director Jon Kosloski, Deputy Director Mr. Tim Phillips, and various chiefs and managers. It lists roles such as Science & Technology Chief, Strategic Communications Chief, and Chief of Staff, along with other personnel and their functions. The document includes some redacted information.

### Full text

#### Page 1

AARO CONSOLIDATED OUSD (I&S) ORGANIZATION CHART AS OF AUGUST 2024
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT

DIRECTOR
Jon Kosloski

DEPUTY DIRECTOR

SES- Ca/

Mr. Tim Phillips (ODIVI-SNIS)

l(b)(6)

CHIEF OF ANALYSIS

lb

,

L

Science & Technology

Strategic Communications

Chief of Staff

OPERATIONS CHIEF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY CHIEF

STRATEGIC COMMS CHIEF

CHIEF OF STAFF

OPERATION4 CHIEF

TECHNOLOGY LEAD

CONGRESSIONAL & PUBLIC AFFAIRS

b)(6)

Lb)(6)

(b)(6)

DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF

GRAPHIC

(b)(6)

F

1
1 21M -S

EB DESIGNER

(b)(6)

(b)(6)

ALL-SOURCE ANALYST

l(b)(6)

L

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE OFFICER

0)(6)

(b)(6)

J

IT/FACILITIES

bli(6)

RECORDS MANAGEMENT/SECURITY

SENIOR DATA ARCHITECT

[
USMC

ALL-SOURCE ANALYST

(b)(6)

ARMY

I

00)

ALL-SOURCE ANALYST

(b)(6)

(b)(6)

0:071111117

1
ALL-SOURCE ANALYSIS

(b)(6)

BUDGET

(b)(6)

ALL-SOURCE ANALYST

DISES SPECIAL ASSISTANT FOR DATA
ARCHITECTURE AND NAVY

(b)(6)

111)(6)

PI ANS AND STRATEGY

MISSION MANAGER

(b)(6)

(b)(6)

Liaison

FFRDC

(b)(6)

DEPUTY STRATEGIC COMMS

SCIENCE ADVISOR

(b)(6)

(b)(6)

(Lilo)

)(6)

I(1361_

(b)(6)

SR. INTELLIGENCE ANALYST

ARCHITECTURE AND NAVY

b)(6)

Operations

Analysis

( 3)(0

DISES SPECIAL ASSISTANT FOR DATA

TECHNICAL WRITE

1(b)(6)
LEGEND

ALL-SOURCE ANALYST

(b)(6)

SENIOR REPORTING
SPECIALIST MANAGER

BLOCK OUTLINE LEGEND

1(b)(6)
LNO

RADAR ANALYST

(b)(6)
l&S CADRE
ALL-SOURCE ANALYST

(Lb)(6)
PRODUCTION MANAGER

(WO

RADAR ANALYST kb)(6)

o

Surge

(b)(6)
o

JDA/Reservist

o

Detailee

PFPA DETAILEE

(b)(6)

*TBD

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

departure

1

## AARO-25-F-3452_1 — FOIA: Clearance request for AARO UAP reporting trends (November 2023)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-25-F-3452_1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-25-F-3452_1
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Those November‑21 reports were so bright they needed a sun‑glasses clearance.

- FOIA clearance request, AARO, authored by Timothy Phillips, 21 Nov 2023.
- Reports UAP trends: white/silver/translucent, 1‑4 m, 10,000‑30,000 ft altitude.
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This document is a clearance request form for public release of Department of Defense information. It was written by Timothy Phillips, Deputy Director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, on November 21, 2023. The document reports on unclassified UAP (unidentified aerial phenomenon) reporting trends, including characteristics such as morphology, size, color, altitude, and velocity. It notes that reported UAPs typically have white, silver, or translucent colors, are 1-4 meters in size, and are observed at altitudes between 10,000 and 30,000 feet. The form requests clearance for publication on the aaro.mil website.

### Full text

#### Page 1

From:
Sent:
To:
Subject:
Attachments:
Signed By:

(b)(6)

(b)(6)

WHS ESD (USA)

CIV VVI-1S t3U (USA)
Tuesday, November 21, 2023 2:34 PM
(b)(6)
CTR (USA)
Security Review clearance 0401
dd1910v1 (a).pdf; Email request.pdf; Trends as of 20Nov23.pdf
6)

Hello,
Attached is the clearance for security review case 24-T-0401. Please note that there is no need to submit minor changes
to this office for review.
(b)(6)

Washington Headquarters Services
Executive Services Directorate
Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review

1

#### Page 2

CLEARANCE REQUEST FOR PUBLIC RELEASE OF DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INFORMATION
(See Instructions on back.)
(This form is to be used in requesting review and clearance of DoD information proposed for public release in accordance with DoDD 5230.09.)
TO: (See Note) Chief, Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review, 1155 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1155
Note: Regular mail address shown above. For drop-off/next day delivery, use:
Room 2A534, 1155 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1155
1. DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
a. TYPE
Document
c. PAGE COUNT

1
2. AUTHOR/SPEAKER
a. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)
(b)(6)

b. TITLE
Trends as of 20Nov23
d. SUBJECT AREA

Unclassified UAP Reporting Trends
b. RANK

c. TITLE
Analyst

CTR

d. OFFICE
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office

e. AGENCY

Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense

3. PRESENTATION/PUBLICATION DATA (Date, Place, Event

CLEARED

To be published on aaro.mil website

For Open Publication

Nov 21, 2023
Department of Defense
OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW

4. POINT OF CONTACT
a. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)
(b)(6)
5. PRIOR COORDINATION
a NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)

b. TELEPHONE NO. (Include Area Code)
(b)(6)
b. OFFICE/AGENCY

c. TELEPHONE NO. (Include Area Code)

6. REMARKS

7. RECOMMENDATION OF SUBMITTING OFFICE/AGENCY
a. THE ATTACHED MATERIAL HAS DEPARTMENT/OFFICE/AGENCY APPROVAL FOR PUBLIC RELEASE (qualifications, if any, are indicated in
Remarks section) AND CLEARANCE FOR OPEN PUBLICATION IS RECOMMENDED UNDER PROVISIONS OF DODD 5230.09. I AM A
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE (civilian or military), AND NOT A CONTRACTOR, AUTHORIZED TO MAKE THIS RECOMMENDATION FOR
RELEASE ON BEHALF OF:

Director, All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
b. CLEARANCE IS REQUESTED BY 20231130
c. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)

(YYYYMMDD).
d. TITLE

Phillips, Timothy, A.

Deputy Director

e. OFFICE

f. AGENCY

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
g. SIGNATURE
PHILLIPS.TIMOTHY.ALLEN. (b)(6)
I (b)(6)

Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense
h. DATE SIGNED (YYYYMMDD)

20231120
PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE.

Adobe Professional XI

#### Page 3

INSTRUCTIONS

GENERAL NOTE FOR PERSONNEL PROCESSING

5. PRIOR COORDINATION. Self explanatory.

THIS REPORT: Items marked with an asterisk (*)
have been registered in the DoD Data Element
Program.
1. DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION.
a. Type - Record nature of material
submitted; e.g., speech, article, manuscript,
study/thesis, brochure, news release,
advertisement, radio/television script, etc.
b. Title - Record the exact caption, headline,
name or label of the material.
c. Page Count - Enter the number of pages of
the document submitted.
d. Subject Area - Record major topic or
theme, whenever possible.
Examples: "Go-Between Circuits III - Total
Force in Action," and "Communications."

6. REMARKS. Enter any additional pertinent
information.

7. RECOMMENDATION OF SUBMITTING OFFICE/
AGENCY. It is of paramount importance to components,
as large and complex as those which comprise the
Department of Defense, that coordinated and consistent
security and policy determinations are made; therefore,
Item 7 must be completed by an individual who is a
government employee (civilian or military), and
possesses the authority to communicate a particular
component's policies and recommendation.
Contractors may not sign this form.
a. Enter title of Component/Agency Head or
title of other individual ultimately responsible for
the substantive issues addressed.

2. AUTHOR/SPEAKER.
*a. Name - Self explanatory.
*b. Rank - Self explanatory.

Examples: Secretary of the Army;
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; President,
National Defense University; etc.
*b. Clearance is requested by - Self
explanatory.

c. Title - Self explanatory.
d. Office - Self explanatory.
e. Agency - Self explanatory.

*c. Name - Entry must be typed or printed
and coincide with signatory official.
d. Title - Self explanatory.

3. PRESENTATION/PUBLICATION DATA. Record
the forum of open presentation or publication.

e. Office - Self explanatory.

4. POINT OF CONTACT

f. Agency - Self explanatory.

*a. Name - Self explanatory.
b. Telephone Number - Enter the office phone
number of the point of contact.

DD FORM 1910 (BACK), APR 2016

g. Signature - Mandatory.
*h. Date - Self explanatory.

#### Page 4

CLEARANCE REQUEST FOR PUBLIC RELEASE OF DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INFORMATION
(See Instructions on back.)
(This form is to be used in requesting review and clearance of DoD information proposed for public release in accordance with DoDD 5230.09.)
TO: (See Note) Chief, Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review, 1155 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1155
Note: Regular mail address shown above. For drop-off/next day delivery, use:
Room 2A534, 1155 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1155
1. DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
a. TYPE
Document
c. PAGE COUNT
1
2. AUTHOR/SPEAKER
a. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)
(b)(6)

b. TITLE
Trends as of 20Nov23
d. SUBJECT AREA
Unclassified UAP Reporting Trends
b. RANK

c. TITLE
Analyst

CTR

d. OFFICE
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office

e. AGENCY
Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense

3. PRESENTATION/PUBLICATION DATA (Date, Place, Event)
To be published on aaro.mil website

4. POINT OF CONTACT
a. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)
(b)(6)
5. PRIOR COORDINATION
a. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)

b. TELEPHONE NO. (Include Area Code)
(b)(6)
b. OFFICE/AGENCY

c. TELEPHONE NO. (Include Area Code)

6. REMARKS

7. RECOMMENDATION OF SUBMITTING OFFICE/AGENCY
a. THE ATTACHED MATERIAL HAS DEPARTMENT/OFFICE/AGENCY APPROVAL FOR PUBLIC RELEASE (qualifications, if any, are indicated in
Remarks section) AND CLEARANCE FOR OPEN PUBLICATION IS RECOMMENDED UNDER PROVISIONS OF DODD 5230.09. I AM A
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE (civilian or military), AND NOT A CONTRACTOR, AUTHORIZED TO MAKE THIS RECOMMENDATION FOR
RELEASE ON BEHALF OF:
Director, All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
b. CLEARANCE IS REQUESTED BY 20231130
c. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)
Phillips, Timothy, A.
e. OFFICE
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
g. SIGNATURE
PHILLIPS.TIMOTHY.ALLEN. (" 6)
(b)(6)
DD FORM 1910, APR 2016

(YYYYMMDD).
d. TITLE
Deputy Director
f. AGENCY
Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense
h. DATE SIGNED (YYYYMMDD)
20231120
PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE.

Adobe Professional XI

#### Page 5

INSTRUCTIONS

GENERAL NOTE FOR PERSONNEL PROCESSING

5. PRIOR COORDINATION. Self explanatory.

THIS REPORT: Items marked with an asterisk (*)
have been registered in the DoD Data Element
Program.
1. DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION.
a. Type - Record nature of material
submitted; e.g., speech, article, manuscript,
study/thesis, brochure, news release,
advertisement, radio/television script, etc.
b. Title - Record the exact caption, headline,
name or label of the material.
c. Page Count - Enter the number of pages of
the document submitted.
d. Subject Area - Record major topic or
theme, whenever possible.
Examples: "Go-Between Circuits III - Total
Force in Action," and "Communications."

6. REMARKS. Enter any additional pertinent
information.

7. RECOMMENDATION OF SUBMITTING OFFICE/
AGENCY. It is of paramount importance to components,
as large and complex as those which comprise the
Department of Defense, that coordinated and consistent
security and policy determinations are made; therefore,
Item 7 must be completed by an individual who is a
government employee (civilian or military), and
possesses the authority to communicate a particular
component's policies and recommendation.
Contractors may not sign this form.
a. Enter title of Component/Agency Head or
title of other individual ultimately responsible for
the substantive issues addressed.

2. AUTHOR/SPEAKER.
*a. Name - Self explanatory.
*b. Rank - Self explanatory.

Examples: Secretary of the Army;
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; President,
National Defense University; etc.
*b. Clearance is requested by - Self
explanatory.

c. Title - Self explanatory.
d. Office - Self explanatory.
e. Agency - Self explanatory.

*c. Name - Entry must be typed or printed
and coincide with signatory official.
d. Title - Self explanatory.

3. PRESENTATION/PUBLICATION DATA. Record
the forum of open presentation or publication.

e. Office - Self explanatory.

4. POINT OF CONTACT

f. Agency - Self explanatory.

*a. Name - Self explanatory.
b. Telephone Number - Enter the office phone
number of the point of contact.

DD FORM 1910 (BACK), APR 2016

g. Signature - Mandatory.
*h. Date - Self explanatory.

#### Page 6

WHS Pentagon ESD Mailbox SECREV
(b)()
6

From:
Sent:
To:
Cc:
Subject:
Attachments:
Signed By:

(b)(6)

Categories:

Purple Category

CTR (USA)
Tuesday, November 21, 2023 1:53 PM
WHS Pentagon ESD Mailbox SECREV
(b)(6)
CTR OSD OUSD INTEL (USA)
Request for DOPSR Review: "Trends as of 20NOV23"
dd1910.pdf; Trends as of 20Nov23.pdf

Please take the attached for review. Let me know if this is something that you guys will want to keep seeing for every
tweak of percentages. We understand that if there is major changes, we will have to send for review no matter what.
Thank you for your time and Happy Thanksgiving.

v/r
(b)(6)

Operations Specialist
OSD
(b)(6)
Desk (" 6)
I SVOIP:

I Mobile: (b)(6)

(b)(6)

1

#### Page 7

Defense Office of Prepublication & Security Review
Case Number:

24-T-0401/0

Source: All-domain Anomaly Resolution - Timothy Phillips

Subject:

Trends as of 20Nov23

Purpose:

PUBLIC RELEASE

Requester:

(b)(6)

Date Received:

11/21/2023

Classification: Unclassified

Suspense Date:

11/30/2023

Date Completed: 11/21/2023

Event Date:

Pages: 1

Document Type: PAPER
Typist:

(b)(6)

Action Officer: (b)(6)

Reviewer Worksheet:
Agency Name

Routed Date

Due Date

Action

Remarks

IN HOUSE

11/21/2023

11/30/2023

NO OBJECTION

21-NOV-2023

SECDEF

11/21/2023

11/30/2023

NO OBJECTION

Requestor, AARO, 21-NOV-2023

Notes:

Comments (continue on reverse side if necessary):

CLEARED

For Open Publication

DOPSR Action
Recommended Action
[ 1 Cleared
[ I Cleared with Recommendations

Final Action

X

Cleared

Nov 21, 2023
Department of Defense
OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW

[ ] Cleared with Recommendations

[ I Cleared as Amended

[ ] Cleared as Amended

[ I Not Cleared

[ ] Not Cleared

[ I See Memo Attached

[ ] See Memo Attached

Initials/Date

Initials/Date

Case should be indexed under the following keywords:

SD FORM 403 (AUTOMATED) JUL 2007

PREVIOUS EDITIONS ARE OBSOLETE

#### Page 8

CLEARED
For Open Publication

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE

UAP Reporting Trends

Nov 21, 2023
Department of Defense
OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW

r996-2023
REPORTED-UAP ALTITUDES
•
•

TYPICALLY-REPORTED UAP CHARACTERISTICS

REPORTED UAP-MORPHOLOGY

.=MS

0.7%:

Morphology

Round

Size

1-4 meters

Color

White, Silver, Translucent

Altitude

10K — 30K feet

Ambiguous
Sensor Contact,
9%

Q3
C..3

1.3%

in

CCD
Q3
CL
CL.

I 0.2%
1.4%
•

133
C.)

0.9%

Cu

•

Other, 7%

Square/Polygon, 3%
Triangle. 4%
Disk. 2%

0.9%

0-

2.7%

Velocity

Stationary to Mach 2
Cylinder. 5%

Commercial Air Traffic

Propulsion

6.7%

Oval. 5%

No thermal exhaust detected

REPORTED-UAP HOTSPOTS

2.

C/3

Radar

Intermittent, X-Band (8-12 GHz)
4

fil

20K

27.0

a
an
6.1

Radio

1-3 GHz, 8-12 GHz

Thermal

Intermittent, Shortwave Infrared,
Medium-Wave Infrared

•

CLEARED FOR OPEN PUBLICATION
APR I?, 2023
Department of Defense
Office of Prepublication and Security Review

## AARO-25-F-3452_2 — FOIA: Clearance request for the AARO UAP self-reporting user guide (December 2023)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-25-F-3452_2
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-25-F-3452_2
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The guide’s clearance request arrived just before Christmas, not a holiday miracle.

- FOIA clearance request, AARO, Timothy A. Phillips, Dec 11 2023, for user guide publication.
- Requests public release of UAP Self‑Reporting Mechanism User Guide on aaro.mil.
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This document is a clearance request form for public release of Department of Defense information. It was written by Timothy A. Phillips, Acting Director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, on December 11, 2023. The document requests clearance to publish a "UAP Self Reporting Mechanism User Guide" on the aaro.mil website. It includes details about the document's description, author, publication data, and recommendations for public release. The form was submitted for review by the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review.

### Full text

#### Page 1

From:
Sent:
To:
Subject:
Attachments:
Signed By:

(b)(6)

CIV WHS ESD (USA)
Monday, December 11,2023 10:42 AM
(b)(6)
CTR (USA)
Security Review clearance 0549
User Guide Clean- 20231208_508.pdf; User Guide dd1910 for DOPSR (Signed) (a).pdf
(b)(6)

Hello,
Attached is the clearance for security review case 24-T-0549.
(b)(6)

Washington Headquarters Services
Executive Services Directorate
Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review

#### Page 2

(b)(6)

CIV WHS ESD (USA)
(b)(6)

From:
Sent:
To:
Cc:
Subject:
Attachments:
Signed By:

CTR (USA)
Friday, December 8, 2023 1:40 PM
WHS Pentagon ESD Mailbox SECREV
(b)(6)
CIV DIA (USA); (" 6)
CIV USAF AF A2-6 (USA)
Request for DOPSR Review: "UAP Self Reporting Mechanism User Guide"
User Guide dd1910 for DOPSR (Signed).pdf; User Guide Clean- 20231208_508.docx

Categories:

Purple Category

(b)(6)

Please take the attached for review. Please place your markings on the last page of the document.
v/r
(b)(6)

Operations Specialist
OSD
Desk (" 6)
SVOIP: (b)(6)

I Mobile: (b)(6)

(b)(6)

1

#### Page 3

CLEARANCE REQUEST FOR PUBLIC RELEASE OF DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INFORMATION
(See Instructions on back.)
(This form is to be used in requesting review and clearance of DoD information proposed for public release in accordance with DoDD 5230.09.)
TO: (See Note) Chief, Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review, 1155 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1155
Note: Regular mail address shown above. For drop-off/next day delivery, use:
Room 2A534, 1155 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1155
1. DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
a. TYPE
Document

b. TITLE UAP Self Reporting Mechanism User Guide

c. PAGE COUNT

d. SUBJECT AREA

AARO UAP Self Reporting Mechanism

20
2. AUTHOR/SPEAKER
I
NAMF (I ast First iliddle Initial)
(b)(6)

b. RANK

c. TITLE

Senior Engineer

CTR

d. OFFICE

e. AGENCY

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office

Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense

3. PRESENTATION/PUBLICATION DATA (Date, Place, Event)
To be published on aaro.mil website

CLEARED
For Open Publication

Dec 11,2023
Department of Defense
OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW

4. POINT OF CONTACT
a. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)
I (b)(6)

b. TELEPHONE NO. (Include Area Code)
(b)(6)

5. PRIOR COORDINATION
a. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)

b. OFFICE/AGENCY

c. TELEPHONE NO. (Include Area Code)

6. REMARKS

7. RECOMMENDATION OF SUBMITTING OFFICE/AGENCY
a. THE ATTACHED MATERIAL HAS DEPARTMENT/OFFICE/AGENCY APPROVAL FOR PUBLIC RELEASE (qualifications, if any, are indicated in
Remarks section) AND CLEARANCE FOR OPEN PUBLICATION IS RECOMMENDED UNDER PROVISIONS OF DODD 5230.09. I AM A
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE (civilian or military), AND NOT A CONTRACTOR, AUTHORIZED TO MAKE THIS RECOMMENDATION FOR
RELEASE ON BEHALF OF:

Acting Director, All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
b. CLEARANCE IS REQUESTED BY 20231215
c. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)

(YYYYMMDD).
d. TITLE

Phillips, Timothy, A

Acting Director

e. OFFICE

f. AGENCY

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office

Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense

g. SIGNATURE

h. DATE SIGNED (YYYYMMDD)

b)(6
)

PHILLIPS.TIMOTHY.ALLEN. (
(b)(6)

20231208

I

DD FORM 1910, APR 2016

PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE.

Adobe Professional XI

#### Page 4

INSTRUCTIONS

GENERAL NOTE FOR PERSONNEL PROCESSING

5. PRIOR COORDINATION. Self explanatory.

THIS REPORT: Items marked with an asterisk (*)
have been registered in the DoD Data Element
Program.
1. DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION.
a. Type - Record nature of material
submitted; e.g., speech, article, manuscript,
study/thesis, brochure, news release,
advertisement, radio/television script, etc.
b. Title - Record the exact caption, headline,
name or label of the material.
c. Page Count - Enter the number of pages of
the document submitted.
d. Subject Area - Record major topic or
theme, whenever possible.
Examples: "Go-Between Circuits III - Total
Force in Action," and "Communications."

6. REMARKS. Enter any additional pertinent
information.

7. RECOMMENDATION OF SUBMITTING OFFICE/
AGENCY. It is of paramount importance to components,
as large and complex as those which comprise the
Department of Defense, that coordinated and consistent
security and policy determinations are made; therefore,
Item 7 must be completed by an individual who is a
government employee (civilian or military), and
possesses the authority to communicate a particular
component's policies and recommendation.
Contractors may not sign this form.
a. Enter title of Component/Agency Head or
title of other individual ultimately responsible for
the substantive issues addressed.

2. AUTHOR/SPEAKER.
*a. Name - Self explanatory.
*b. Rank - Self explanatory.

Examples: Secretary of the Army;
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; President,
National Defense University; etc.
*b. Clearance is requested by - Self
explanatory.

c. Title - Self explanatory.
d. Office - Self explanatory.
e. Agency - Self explanatory.

*c. Name - Entry must be typed or printed
and coincide with signatory official.
d. Title - Self explanatory.

3. PRESENTATION/PUBLICATION DATA. Record
the forum of open presentation or publication.

e. Office - Self explanatory.

4. POINT OF CONTACT

f. Agency - Self explanatory.

*a. Name - Self explanatory.
b. Telephone Number - Enter the office phone
number of the point of contact.

DD FORM 1910 (BACK), APR 2016

g. Signature - Mandatory.
*h. Date - Self explanatory.

#### Page 5

CLEARANCE REQUEST FOR PUBLIC RELEASE OF DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INFORMATION
(See Instructions on back.)
(This form is to be used in requesting review and clearance of DoD information proposed for public release in accordance with DoDD 5230.09.)
TO: (See Note) Chief, Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review, 1155 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1155
Note: Regular mail address shown above. For drop-off/next day delivery, use:
Room 2A534, 1155 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1155
1. DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
a. TYPE
Document

b. TITLE UAP Self Reporting Mechanism User Guide

c. PAGE COUNT

d. SUBJECT AREA

20
2. AUTHOR/SPEAKER
a. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)
i (b)(6)
I
d. OFFICE
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office

AARO UAP Self Reporting Mechanism
b. RANK

c. TITLE

CTR

Senior Engineer
e. AGENCY

Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense

3. PRESENTATION/PUBLICATION DATA (Date, Place, Event
To be published on aaro.mil website

4. POINT OF CONTACT
a. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)
(b)(6)

b. TELEPHONE NO. (Include Area Code)
(b)(6)

5. PRIOR COORDINATION
a NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)

b. OFFICE/AGENCY

c. TELEPHONE NO. (Include Area Code)

6. REMARKS

7. RECOMMENDATION OF SUBMITTING OFFICE/AGENCY
a. THE ATTACHED MATERIAL HAS DEPARTMENT/OFFICE/AGENCY APPROVAL FOR PUBLIC RELEASE (qualifications, if any, are indicated in
Remarks section) AND CLEARANCE FOR OPEN PUBLICATION IS RECOMMENDED UNDER PROVISIONS OF DODD 5230.09. I AM A
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE (civilian or military), AND NOT A CONTRACTOR, AUTHORIZED TO MAKE THIS RECOMMENDATION FOR
RELEASE ON BEHALF OF:

Acting Director, All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
b. CLEARANCE IS REQUESTED BY 20231215
c. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)

(YYYYMMDD).
d. TITLE

Phillips, Timothy, A

Acting Director

e. OFFICE

f. AGENCY

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
g. SIGNATURE
PHILLIPS.TIMOTHY.ALLEN. (b)(6)

Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense
h. DATE SIGNED (YYYYMMDD)

20231208
IthltAll

PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE.

Adobe Professional XI

#### Page 6

INSTRUCTIONS

GENERAL NOTE FOR PERSONNEL PROCESSING

5. PRIOR COORDINATION. Self explanatory.

THIS REPORT: Items marked with an asterisk (*)
have been registered in the DoD Data Element
Program.
1. DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION.
a. Type - Record nature of material
submitted; e.g., speech, article, manuscript,
study/thesis, brochure, news release,
advertisement, radio/television script, etc.
b. Title - Record the exact caption, headline,
name or label of the material.
c. Page Count - Enter the number of pages of
the document submitted.
d. Subject Area - Record major topic or
theme, whenever possible.
Examples: "Go-Between Circuits III - Total
Force in Action," and "Communications."

6. REMARKS. Enter any additional pertinent
information.

7. RECOMMENDATION OF SUBMITTING OFFICE/
AGENCY. It is of paramount importance to components,
as large and complex as those which comprise the
Department of Defense, that coordinated and consistent
security and policy determinations are made; therefore,
Item 7 must be completed by an individual who is a
government employee (civilian or military), and
possesses the authority to communicate a particular
component's policies and recommendation.
Contractors may not sign this form.
a. Enter title of Component/Agency Head or
title of other individual ultimately responsible for
the substantive issues addressed.

2. AUTHOR/SPEAKER.
*a. Name - Self explanatory.
*b. Rank - Self explanatory.

Examples: Secretary of the Army;
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; President,
National Defense University; etc.
*b. Clearance is requested by - Self
explanatory.

c. Title - Self explanatory.
d. Office - Self explanatory.
e. Agency - Self explanatory.

*c. Name - Entry must be typed or printed
and coincide with signatory official.
d. Title - Self explanatory.

3. PRESENTATION/PUBLICATION DATA. Record
the forum of open presentation or publication.

e. Office - Self explanatory.

4. POINT OF CONTACT

f. Agency - Self explanatory.

*a. Name - Self explanatory.
b. Telephone Number - Enter the office phone
number of the point of contact.

DD FORM 1910 (BACK), APR 2016

g. Signature - Mandatory.
*h. Date - Self explanatory.

#### Page 7

Defense Office of Prepublication & Security Review
Case Number:

24-T-0549/0

Source: All-domain Anomaly Resolution - Timothy Phillips

Subject:

UAP Self Reporting Mechanism User Guide

Purpose:

PUBLIC RELEASE

Requester:

(b)(6)

Date Received:

12/11/2023

Classification: Unclassified

Suspense Date:

12/15/2023

Date Completed: 12/11/2023

Event Date:

Pages: 20

Document Type: PAPER
Typist:

(b)(6)

Action Officer: (b)(6)

Reviewer Worksheet:
Agency Name

Routed Date

Due Date

Action

Remarks

IN HOUSE

12/11/2023

12/15/2023

NO OBJECTION

11-DEC-2023

SECDEF

12/11/2023

12/15/2023

NO OBJECTION

Requestor, AARO, 11-DEC-2023

Notes:

Comments (continue on reverse side if necessary):

CLEARED
For Open Publication

Dec 11,2023

DOPSR Action
Recommended Action
[I Cleared
[ I Cleared with Recommendations

Final Action

X

Cleared

Department of Defense
OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW

[ ] Cleared with Recommendations

[ I Cleared as Amended

[ ] Cleared as Amended

[ I Not Cleared

[ ] Not Cleared

[ I See Memo Attached

[ ] See Memo Attached

Initials/Date

Initials/Date

Case should be indexed under the following keywords:

SD FORM 403 (AUTOMATED) JUL 2007

PREVIOUS EDITIONS ARE OBSOLETE

#### Page 8

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)
U.S. Government UAP-Related Program/Activity Report
AARO is currently accepting reports from current or former U.S. Government employees, service members, or
contractor personnel with direct knowledge of U.S. Government programs or activities related to UAP dating back to
1945. These reports will be used to inform AARO's congressionally directed Historical Record Report. The reporting
form is intended as an initial point of contact with AARO; it is not intended for conveying potentially sensitive or
classified information. Please do not provide any sensitive or classified information in this form. Following the
submission of your report, AARO staff may reach out to request additional detail or arrange for an informational
interview.
Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) means (A) airborne objects that are not immediately identifiable; (B)
transmedium objects or devices; (C) and submerged objects or devices that are not immediately identifiable and that
display behavior or performance characteristics suggesting that the objects or devices may be related to the objects or
devices described in subparagraph (A) or (B). (Per the NDAA FY23 Section 1673(d)(8))
The DoD considers Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) as sources of anomalous detections in one or more
domains (i.e., airborne, seaborne, spaceborne, and/or transmedium) that are not yet attributable to known actors and that
demonstrate behaviors that are not readily understood by sensors or observers.
"Anomalous detections" include but are not limited to phenomena that demonstrate apparent capabilities or material that
exceed known performance envelopes. A UAP may consist of one or more unidentified anomalous objects and may persist
over an extended period of time.
Am I eligible to submit a report?
AARO is currently accepting reports from current or former U.S. Government employees, service members, or
contractor personnel with direct knowledge of U.S. Government programs or activities related to UAP dating back to
1945. These reports will be used to inform AARO's congressionally directed Historical Record Report.
What should I NOT submit on this form?
•
•

•

•

Please do NOT submit any information that is potentially CLASSIFIED or unclassified information that is not
publicly releasable (e.g., subject to export control regulations).
Please do NOT submit general reports of UAP sightings or encounters. Reporting using this form is limited to
current or former U.S. Government employees, military personnel, or contractor personnel with direct
knowledge of U.S. Government programs or activities related to UAP dating back to 1945.
Please do NOT report secondhand information or hearsay regarding U.S. Government programs or activities related to
UAP. Please encourage those with firsthand knowledge to come forward and share their information and experiences
with AARO.
Please do NOT submit current operational reports of UAP sightings or encounters experienced in the course of your
U.S. Government duties as a Service member, Federal employee, or contractor personnel. Please follow the process
established by your Service Branch or federal agency to report such information to AARO. For current operational
reporting, military operators should reference GENADMIN DTG: 191452Z MAY 2023 for reporting procedures and
requirements. Civilian pilots are encouraged to promptly report UAP sightings to air traffic control. AARO receives
all UAP-related Pilot Reports (PIREPs) from the Federal Aviation Administration.

What should I expect after submitting a report?
Following the submission of your report, an AARO staff member may reach out to request additional detail or arrange for
an informational interview in an appropriate setting.
NOV 2023

PAGE 1 OF 20

#### Page 9

I signed a Nondisclosure Agreement (NDA). Can I still report to AARO?
Yes. Per the James M Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act (NDAM for Fiscal Year FY 2023[1], individuals
may report to AARO without fear of violating the terms of current or previous nondisclosure agreements
(NDA). However, other than authorized disclosures made to AARO, individuals are required to abide to their lifetime
commitment to safeguard classified national security information and expected to continue protecting information in
accordance with their original NDA.
By law, AARO may receive all UAP-related information, including any classified national security information,
regardless of any restrictive access controls, special access programs, or compartmented access programs. Moreover,
there is no restriction to AARO receiving any past or present UAP-related information, regardless of the organizational
affiliation of the original classification authority within DoD, the Intelligence Community, or any other U.S. Government
department or agency. As a reminder, individuals cannot report classified national security information on this website.
[1] NDAA for FY2023, section 1673(b)(1): An authorized disclosure shall not be subject to a nondisclosure agreement entered into by
the individual who makes the disclosure; shall be deemed to comply with any regulation or order issued under the authority of
Executive Order 13526 (50 US.0 31617 note; relating to classified national security information) or chapter 18 of the Atomic
Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.D. 2271 et seq.); and is not a violation of section 798 of title 18, United States Code, or other provision of
law relating to the disclosure of information.
What do I need to know about prohibition on reprisal?
Individuals who make authorized disclosures to AARO are explicitly protected from reprisal under law, per the National
Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for FY2023[1]. If you believe you have experienced reprisal for making an
authorized disclosure to AARO, please submit a report to the DoD Office of the Inspector General Hotline, Office of the
Intelligence Community Inspector General Hotline, Department of Energy Office of the Inspector General
Hotline, Department of Homeland Security Inspector General Hotline, or the IG office of your current or former federal
agency.
[1] NDAA for FY 2023, Section 1673(b)(2)(A): An employee of a department or agency of the federal government, or of a contractor,
subcontractor, grantee, subgrantee, or personal services contractor of such a department or agency, who has authority to take, direct
others to take, recommend, or approve any personnel action, shall not, with respect to such authority, take or fail to take, or threaten
to take or fail to take, a personnel action, including the revocation or suspension of security clearances, or termination of
employment, with respect to any individual as a reprisal for any authorized disclosure.

Do I meet the criteria for submitting a report?
•

I am a former or current U.S. Government employee, service member, or contractor personnel.

•

I have firsthand knowledge of a U.S. Government program or activity related to UAP.

If you answer YES to both statements above and you are interested in sharing your personal testimony for our historical
investigation, please submit the report form.
How do I get to the form?
The form access link can be found on the AARO website homepage at https://www.aaro.mil.

NOV 2023

PAGE 2 OF 20

#### Page 10

US Government UAP-Related Program/Activity Reporting
AARO is accepting reports from current or former U.S. Government employees, service members, or contractor personnel with direct
knowledge of U.S. Government programs or activities related to UAP dating back to 1945'. These reports will be used to inform AARO's
congressionally directed Historical Record Report.
This form is Intended as an Initial point of contact with AARO; it is not Intended for conveying potentially sensitive or classified
Information. Following the submission of your report, AARO staff may reach out to request additional detail or arrange for an
informational interview.

Submit a US. Government UAP-Related Program/Activity Report

• By Ism AARO may recerve all UAP-related informabon. Including any classified national secunly information involving military, intelligence, and intelligence-related activities at
all levels of classification regardless of any restrictive access controls, special access programs. or compartmented access programs. Moreover, there is no restriction to AARO
receiving any past or present UAP-related information, regardless or the organizational affiliation of the original classification authority minis DOD, the Intelligence Community, or
any outer US Government department Or agency Any claSSified national security MfOrMallOrl may be provided 10 AARO in a secure location. our may not oe provided Provo
MS roar Do not submit classified national security Information or unclassified Information that Is not publicly releasable (e.g. subject to export control regulations)
through this form.
NDAA for FY2023, section 1673(b)(1): An authorized disclosure Shall not be subject to a nondisclosure agreement entered into by the individual who mattes the
disclosure: shall be deemed to comply with any regulation or order issued under the authority of Executive Order 13526(50 U.S.C. 31617 note: relating to classified
national security information) or chapter 18 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.D. 2271 et seq.); and is not a violation of section 798 of title 18. United States
Code, or other provision of law relating to the disclosure of information.

Figure I: Home Page, Reporting Link

Click the "Submit a U.S. Government UAP-Related Program/Activity Report" button. This will present a page with a
series of frequently asked questions (FAQs) reviewed in this document.

Submit a Report: U.S. Government Programs or Activities related to UAP

WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO REPORT'?

Ml"

WHAT SHOULD I NOT REPORT'?

V.

WHAT SHOULD I EXPECT AFTER FILING A REPORT'?

V.

I SIGNED A NONDISCLOSURE AGREEMENT CAN I STILL REPORT TO AAR09

V.

WHAT DO I NEED TO KNOW ABOUT PROHIBITION ON REPRISAL'?

V.

WHERE CAN I FIND INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUBMITEING A UAP REPORT TO AARO?

V.

Figure 2: Reporting FAQ Page

To access the answer to any of the frequently asked questions regarding the form, click the question. Expand each section
to read more details related to the six questions about submitting a report on a U.S. Government program or activity
related to UAP.

NOV 2023

PAGE 3 OF 20

#### Page 11

At the bottom of the page is the section with the REQUIRED qualifying questions to submit a report on a U.S.
Government program or activity related to UAP:
You must acknowledge that you meet the criteria below in order to complete and submit a UAP Report at this time,
0 I an a Former or Current U.S. Government employee, service member, or contractor personnel*

Di have firsthand knowledge of a U.S. Government program! activity related to UAP*
This form is to be used for official business with the Department of Defense. Knowing and willful false reporting can be
punished by fine or imprisonment, or both (see 18 U.S.C. 1001). Additionally, falsifying information may have a negative effect
on your security clearance, employment prospects, or job status, up to and including denial or revocation of your security
clearance, or your removal and debarment from federal service, if applicable.

PENALTY:

i

i'm not a robot
reCAPTCHA
Privacy • Teens

U.S. Government UAP-Related Programs or Activities Reporting Form

Figure 3: Qualifinng Questions

"Firsthand knowledge" refers to an individual who participated in, was involved with, or was directly
supporting a U.S. Government program or activity related to UAPs.

You must acknowledge that you meet the criteria for both questions and check the "I'm not a robot" box to
activate the button and continue to the Report Form page. Please read all sections and the Penalty for False Reporting
statement before acknowledging.

NOV 2023

PAGE 4 OF 20

#### Page 12

Do not submit classified national security information through this form.
Instructions for filling out the form:
Information Only — Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Control, Public Burden, Privacy Act Statement,
and Prohibition on Reprisal
Step 1: Read all the report submission guidance and click the Next button.
If you answered YES to these statements below and you are interested in sharing your personal testrnony for our Itstoncal investigation, please complete the online form below to
subnal a roped
- I are a former or current US Government employee service member or contractor
- I have first-hand knoiAledge of a US Government program Of achnty related to UAP

U.S. Government UAP Program / Activity Itcport Form
AARO is cuirently accepten reports from current or former U.S. Government employees,
service members, or contractor personnel with firsthand knowledge of US. Government
programs or activities related to UAP dating back to 1945 These reports will be used to
inform &APO'S congressionally directed HiStorical Record Retzga. In the future, reporting
eligibility call be expanded to the general public and include reports of any event related to
UAP. This form is intended as an initial point of contact with AARO; it is NOT intended for
conveying potentially sensitive or classified information. Follovnng the submission of
your report, AARO staff may reach Out 10 reddest additional detail or arrange for an
informational interview.

OMB Control Number: 0704-0674
Expiration Date: 04/30/2024
AGENCY DISCLOSURE NOTICE
The public reporting burden for this collectarr of information. 0704-AARO, is estimated to
average 5 minxes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching
existing data sources, gathering, and maintain ng the data needed, and completing and
reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding the burden estimate or
burden reduction suggestions to the Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters
Services at whs mpalex cod rnbx dd-ciortinforrnation-collections

Respondents

should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be
subzect to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not
display a currently valid OMB control number.

Figure 4: US. Government UAP Program/Activity Reporting

PRIVACY ACT STATEMENT FOR UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT UNIDENTIFIED
ANOMALOUS PHENOMENON (UAP) REPORTING AUTHORITY:
AUTHORITY: 1050 C 113, Secretary of Defense. 44 U S C 2107, Acceptance of Records
for Histoncal Preservation; Sect. 1673 of the National Defense Atithon Zeta. Act
for Fiscal Year 2023 (Pub. Law 117-2631
PRINCIPAL PURPOSE To manage general correspondence and reporting relating to
unidentified anomalous pnenomena Information provided may be used to contact or seek
additional information from individuals reporting nformation relating to such Phenomena,
including but not limited to any event relatrig to unidentified anomalous phenomena and
any activity or program by a aebanment or agency of the Federal Government or a
contractor of such a department or agency relating to such phenomena.
ROUTINE USES: The information soncrted may be made available as a 'routine use' to
appropnate Federal. State, local. terrnonal, tnbal, foreign. or international law enforcement
author nes to assist the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office with authorized reporting of
phenomena, to appropriate Federal, State local, territorial, tribal, foreign, or ntemational
agencies for the purpose of authorized scientific study or counterintelligence activities, or
for the purpose of executing or enforcing laws designed to protect the national security or
homeland security of the United States, including those relating to the sharing of records
or information concerning terrorists, homeland security, or law enforcement. A complete
list and explanation of applcable Routine Uses is included in SORN Do0-0017, Privacy and
Civil Liberties Complaints and General Correspondence Records: accessible at
pt3:5./7w ww.federalreg ister.govidocurnents (2023/10/03(202121863/0 vacractofi1974.
Liisternpfirecords.
DISCLOSURE. Voluntartc however, failure to provide the information may result an the
inability of the AJI-domain Anomaly Resolution Office to evaluate the information and
engage in follow.up communications in furtherance of the authorized reporting or
assessment processes.

Figure 5: Privacy Act Statement for UAP Reporting Authority

NOV 2023

PAGE 5 OF 20

#### Page 13

Do not submit classified national security information through this form.
Privacy Act Information:
PRIVACY ACT STATEMENT FOR UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT UNIDENTIFIED ANOMALOUS PHENOMENON
(UAP) REPORTING
AUTHORITY: 10 U.S.C. 113, Secretary of Defense; 44 U.S.C. 2107, Acceptance of Records for Historical Preservation; Section
1673 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (Pub. Law 117-263).
PRINCIPAL PURPOSE: To manage general correspondence and reporting relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena.
Information provided may be used to contact or seek additional information from individuals reporting information relating to such
phenomena, including but not limited to any event relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena and any activity or program by a
department or agency of the Federal Government or a contractor of such a department or agency relating to such phenomena.
ROUTINE USES: The information solicited may be made available as a "routine use" to appropriate Federal, State, local, territorial,
tribal, foreign, or international law enforcement authorities to assist the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office with authorized
reporting of phenomena, to appropriate Federal, State, local, territorial, tribal, foreign, or international agencies for the purpose of
authorized scientific study or counterintelligence activities, or for the purpose of executing or enforcing laws designed to protect the
national security or homeland security of the United States, including those relating to the sharing of records or information
concerning terrorism, homeland security, or law enforcement. A complete list and explanation of applicable Routine Uses is included
in SORN DoD-0017, "Privacy and Civil Liberties Complaints and General Correspondence Records," accessible at:
https://wwvv.federalregister.govidocuments/2023/02/23/2023-03745/privacy-act-of-1974-system-of-records.
DISCLOSURE: Voluntary; however, failure to provide the information may result in the inability of the All-domain Anomaly
Resolution Office to evaluate the information and engage in follow-up communications in furtherance of the authorized reporting or
assessment processes.

PROHIBITION ON REPRISAL
Individuals who make authorized disclosures to AARO are explicitly protected from reprisal
under law, per the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for FY2023 [1]. If you
believe you have experienced reprisal for making an authorized disclosure to AARO, please
submit a report to the Doto Office of the Inspector General Hotline Office of the
Intelligence Community Inspector General Hotline Department of Energy Office of the
Impector General Hotline Department of Homeland Security Inspector General Hotline
or the ID office of your current or former federal agency

(Text continues in the original file: 27 pages.)

## AARO-25-F-3452_3 — FOIA: Clearance request for Timothy Phillips' biography (November 2023)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-25-F-3452_3
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-25-F-3452_3
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Released the day after, because biographies need less clearance than UFO sightings.

- FOIA clearance request biography, Timothy A. Phillips, AARO, submitted Nov 16 2023, Washington, D.C.
- Reports Phillips’ deputy director role, service record, military and education background.
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This document is a clearance request for the public release of a biography of Mr. Timothy A. Phillips, submitted by the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) on November 16, 2023. It was reviewed and cleared for open publication by the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review on November 17, 2023. The document provides details about Phillips' role as Deputy Director of AARO, his government service, military background, and educational qualifications. It was prepared for publication on the aaro.mil website.

### Full text

#### Page 1

CLEARANCE REQUEST FOR PUBLIC RELEASE OF DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INFORMATION
(See Instructions on back.)
(This form is to be used in requesting review and clearance of DoD information proposed for public release in accordance with DoDD 5230.09.)
TO: (See Note) Chief, Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review, 1155 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1155
Note: Regular mail address shown above. For drop-off/next day delivery, use:
Room 2A534, 1155 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1155
1. DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
a. TYPE

b. TITLE Mr. Timothy A. Phillips Biography

Document
c. PAGE COUNT

d. SUBJECT AREA

Leadership Biographies

1
2. AUTHOR/SPEAKER
a. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)

b. RANK

Phillips, Timothy A

c. TITLE

Deputy Director

SES

d. OFFICE

e. AGENCY

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office

OSD

3. PRESENTATION/PUBLICATION DATA (Date, Place, Event)
To be published on aaro.mil website

CLEARED
For Open Publication

Nov 17, 2023
Department of Defense
OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW
4. POINT OF CONTACT
a. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)
I 030)
I
5. PRIOR COORDINATION
a. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)
I (b)(6)

I

b. TELEPHONE NO. (Include Area Code)
I (b)(6)
b. OFFICE/AGENCY

c. TELEPHONE NO. (Include Area Code

I (b)(6)

OSD PA

6. REMARKS

7. RECOMMENDATION OF SUBMITTING OFFICE/AGENCY
a. THE ATTACHED MATERIAL HAS DEPARTMENT/OFFICE/AGENCY APPROVAL FOR PUBLIC RELEASE (qualifications, if any, are indicated in
Remarks section) AND CLEARANCE FOR OPEN PUBLICATION IS RECOMMENDED UNDER PROVISIONS OF DODD 5230.09. I AM A
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE (civilian or military), AND NOT A CONTRACTOR, AUTHORIZED TO MAKE THIS RECOMMENDATION FOR
RELEASE ON BEHALF OF:

Director, All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
b. CLEARANCE IS REQUESTED BY

20231117

(YYYYMMDD).

c. NAME (Last, First Middle Initial)
(b)(6)
e. OFFICE

d. TITLE

1

I (6)
f. AGENCY

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)
a. SIGNATURE
(b)(6)

AARO

Digitally signed by
(b)(6)

thlt

DD FORM 1910, APR 2016

PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE.

h. DATE SIGNED (YYYYMMDD)

20231115

24-P-0136

Adobe Professional XI

#### Page 2

INSTRUCTIONS

GENERAL NOTE FOR PERSONNEL PROCESSING
THIS REPORT: Items marked with an asterisk (*)
have been registered in the DoD Data Element
Program.
1. DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION.
a. Type - Record nature of material
submitted; e.g., speech, article, manuscript,
study/thesis, brochure, news release,
advertisement, radio/television script, etc.

5. PRIOR COORDINATION. Self explanatory.

6. REMARKS. Enter any additional pertinent
information.

7. RECOMMENDATION OF SUBMITTING OFFICE/
AGENCY. It is of paramount importance to components,
as large and complex as those which comprise the
Department of Defense, that coordinated and consistent

b. Title - Record the exact caption, headline,
name or label of the material.
c. Page Count - Enter the number of pages of
the document submitted.
d. Subject Area - Record major topicor
theme, whenever possible.
Examples: "Go-Between Circuits III - Total
Force in Action," and "Communications."

security and policy determinations are made; therefore,
Item 7 must be completed by an individual who is a
government employee (civilian or military), and
possesses the authority to communicate a particular
component's policies and recommendation.
Contractors may not sign this form.
a. Enter title of Component/Agency Head or
title of other individual ultimately responsible for
the substantive issues addressed.

2. AUTHOR/SPEAKER.
*a. Name - Self explanatory.
*b. Rank - Self explanatory.

Examples: Secretary of the Army;
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; President,
National Defense University; etc.
*b. Clearance is requested by - Self
explanatory.

c. Title - Self explanatory.
d. Office - Self explanatory.
e. Agency - Self explanatory.

*c. Name - Entry must be typed or printed
and coincide with signatory official.
d. Title - Self explanatory.

3. PRESENTATION/PUBLICATION DATA. Record
the forum of open presentation or publication.

e. Office - Self explanatory.

4. POINT OF CONTACT

f. Agency - Self explanatory.

*a. Name - Self explanatory.
b. Telephone Number - Enter the office phone
number of the point of contact.

DD FORM 1910 (BACK), APR 2016

g. Signature - Mandatory.
*h. Date - Self explanatory.

#### Page 3

Defense Office of Prepublication & Security Review
Case Number:

24-P-0136/0

Subject:

Mr. Timothy A. Phillips Biography

Purpose:

PUBLIC RELEASE

Requester:

Phillips, Timothy

Date Received:

11/16/2023

Suspense Date:

11/17/2023

Source: AARO - Plescow, Paul M.

Pages: 1

Event Date:
Document Type: PUBLICATION
Classification: Unclassified

Typist:

(b)(6)

Date Completed:
Action Officer: (b)(6)

Reviewer Worksheet:
Agency Name

Routed Date

Due Date

Action

Remarks

IN HOUSE

11/17/2023

11/17/2023

NO OBJECTION

11/17/23

CLEARED
For Open Publication

Notes:

Nov 17, 2023

Comments (continue on reverse side if necessary):

Department ot Detense
OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW

DOPSR Action
Final Action

Recommended Action
[ I Cleared

leleared

[ ] Cleared with Recommendations

[ ] Cleared with Recommendations

[ ] Cleared as Amended

[ ] Cleared as Amended

[ ] Not Cleared

[ ] Not Cleared

[ ] See Memo Attached

[ ] See Memo Attached

Initials/Date

Initials/Date

Case should be indexed under the following keywords:

SD FORM 403 (AUTOMATED) JUL 2007

PREVIOUS EDITIONS ARE OBSOLETE

#### Page 4

CLEARED
For Open Publication

Nov 17, 2023
Department of Defense
OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW

Timothy A. Phillips
Deputy Director
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
Mr. Timothy A. Phillips assumed the duties of the Deputy Director All-domain
Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) in October 2023. He is a Senior National
Intelligence Service executive appointed in 2006 with over 40 years of government
experience serving in a variety of senior Intelligence Community assignments in the
field and at agency headquarters. Mr. Phillips is a retired United States Marine Corps
Lieutenant Colonel serving in peacekeeping, humanitarian, or combat operations in
Lebanon, Somalia, Kuwait, Iraq, Joint Task Force Bravo, and JTF 510.
Mr. Phillips' educational achievements include a Master's in Business and
Information Resources Management from Webster University, Master of Military
Science from the Marine Corps University, and a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political
Science from the University of Arizona. He is a graduate of the Federal Executive
Institute, Naval Postgraduate School Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Executive Leaders Program, Defense Acquisition University, the Marine Corps
Amphibious Warfare School, Marine Corps Command and Staff College, and the Armed
Forces Staff College. He has completed executive leadership and management
programs at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, George Washington
University Executive Leadership Development Program, George C. Marshall European
Center for Security Studies, and the Intelligence Community Executive Leaders
program. Mr. Phillips served on the Council on Foreign Relations as a National
Intelligence Fellow.

24-P-0136

#### Page 5

WHS Pentagon ESD Mailbox SECREV
From:
Sent:
To:
Cc:

(b)(6)

CIV USAF AF A2-6 (USA)
Wednesday, November 15, 2023 3:22 PM
WHS Pentagon ESD Mailbox SECREV
(b)(6)
CIV DIA (USA); (b)(6)
CTR OSD OUSD INTEL (USA); (b)(6)
(b)(6) CIV OSD PA (USA); (b)(6)
CTR (USA)
Request for DOPSR Review :"Timothy A Phillips, AARO Deputy Director Biography"
Phillips Timothy Bio - 17 Nov 2023.pdf; dd1910 Phillips Biography.pdf

Subject:
Attachments:
Signed By:

(b)(6)

Follow Up Flag:
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Please take the attached for review. Thanks for your help. 11/ (b)(6)
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DAF GG15

AARO COS
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(b)(6)
11

1

#### Page 6

Mail - (b)(6)

11/17/23, 3:30 PM

CIV WHS ESD (USA) - Outlook

response from DOPSR
(b)(6)

CIV WHS ESD (USA)

(b)(6)

Fri 11/17/2023 3:30 PM
To: (b)(6)

CIV USAF AF A2-6 (USA) (b)(6)

2 attachments (413 KB)
dd1910 Phillips Biography.pdt Phillips Timothy Bio -.17 Nov 2023.pdt

Please find attached, DOPSR's response to ref 24-P-0136. Let me know if I can be of further assistance, or if you'd
like to receive a paper copy. Thanks!

Regards,
(b)(6)

Policy Team Lead
Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review
(b)(6)
Pentagon
Unclass Tel: (b)(6)
SI PR: (b)(6)
JWICS: (b)(6)
How am I doing?
https://ice.disa.mil/index.cfm?fa=card&sp=13913386=110&dep=*DoD

https://webmail,apps.mil/mail/sentitems/jcl/AAMkAGFkYjNkYjA4LWVIZDAtNGY5ZC1hOVVVILTdiYVVY3NjI2NTAMwBGAAAAAADgo1f2JJhUTJJBiqh0...

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## AARO-956955 — Navy 2021 Flyby video

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-956955
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-956955
- Agency: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
- Incident date: 2021
- Released: 2024
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Nine seconds of footage—just enough time for the pilot to say ‘quick hello.’

- Navy 2021 Flyby video, AARO video, incident 2021, 0:09 length
- Shows Navy fighter cockpit capture of bright light during fleeting pass, illustrating typical interception speed
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

In a an open hearing on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) before the House Intelligence Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation Subcommittee on May 17, 2022, Deputy Director of Naval Intelligence Mr. Scott Bray shared this video of a US. Naval aviator encounter with an unknown object (UAP) in a fleeting pass. This video, captured by the pilot in the cockpit of a Navy fighter jet, demonstrates the typical speed at which military aircraft may approach an unknown object.

## Al Taqaddum Case Resolution

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_Al_Taqaddam_Case_Resolution_Final.pdf
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_Al_Taqaddam_Case_Resolution_Final.pdf
- Agency: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
- Released: 2024
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Eight‑month‑old PDF says 2017 balloons, not UFOs.

- AARO case-resolution report, dated 8 September 2025, about the 23 October 2017 Al Taqaddum sighting in Iraq
- Infrared footage shows altitude, speed, shape matching inflated balloons, dismissing drone hypothesis
- Conclusion: object likely a cluster of inflated and partially inflated balloons, no anomalous behavior

### Official summary

AARO case-resolution report for Al Taqaddum object.

### AI summary

The document is a case resolution report from the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), part of the U.S. Department of War, dated 8 September 2025. It addresses the "Al Taqaddum Object" observed on 23 October 2017 near Al Taqaddum Air Base in Iraq. The report concludes that the object was likely a cluster of inflated and partially inflated balloons, based on infrared footage and analysis of altitude, speed, and shape. AARO found no evidence of anomalous behavior and dismissed alternative hypotheses, such as a disguised drone. The assessment was made with high confidence.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)
U.S. Department of War
Case: “The Al Taqaddum Object”
Case Resolution | 8 September 2025
AARO Assessment and Case Status

Case Synopsis

AARO assesses with high confidence that the
Al Taqaddum object did not exhibit anomalous
behavior or capabilities. AARO assesses with
high confidence that the object was consistent
with a cluster of fully and partially inflated
balloons (Figure 1).

Location: Al Taqaddum Air Base, Iraq

Case Overview

Object Altitude (Reported): Not reported
Object Altitude (Assessed): 850-2,200 feet

On October 23, 2017, an infrared (IR) sensor
aboard an aerostat force protection dirigible
(blimp) operating at 2,700 feet above Al
Taqaddum Air Base, Iraq, recorded 17 minutes
and 30 seconds of footage featuring an
unidentified object that appears to be floating
above the ground.

Date: 23 October 2017

Object Speed (Reported): Not reported
Object Speed (Assessed): 4-14 mph
Object Shape (Reported): Abnormally
shaped
Object Shape (Assessed): Balloon shaped

Key Findings

Reporter: Unknown

AARO assesses with high confidence that the
object:

Data Type: Infrared

•
•

Did not exhibit anomalous speed or
other behavior exceeding known stateof-the-art performance characteristics
Was consistent with a cluster of fully
and partially inflated balloons

AARO based this assessment on analysis of
full-motion video, video metadata, line-of-sight,
scenario reconstructions, and weather data
analysis. The object’s appearance and lack of
thermal signatures is consistent with previously
identified balloon clusters, and bolsters
AARO’s assessment of the morphology and
performance characteristics of the object.

Reported Behavior: Floating
Assessed Behavior: The object did not
demonstrate anomalous performance
characteristics.
Confidence: High confidence that the object
did not demonstrate anomalous performance
characteristics. High confidence that the
object was consistent with a cluster of fully
and partially inflated balloons.

1
UNCLASSIFIED
25-P-1190

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED
Performance Characteristics
Object Altitude, Flight Path, and Speed: AARO assesses with moderate confidence that the
object’s altitude was between 850-2,200 feet and that the object was moving at 4-14 miles per
hour (mph), due to the variability in both historical and real-time wind data. AARO assesses
with high confidence that the object was traveling within range of wind speed in an east-to-west
direction using locational data from the blimp.
Observable Characteristics and Attribution
Shape: The shapes of fully and partially inflated balloons—as well as dangling strings—are
visible in several instances in the video. The dangling strings’ shape and number change, which
would be consistent with a cluster of balloons changing position relative to the sensor’s point of
view. The fluctuating IR return of the object is a result of the sensor constantly adjusting to
assign grayscale values to every pixel, which maximizes the visual dynamic range in a diverse
and changing background.
Attribution: AARO assesses with high confidence that the object is consistent with a cluster of
fully and partially inflated balloons due to the object’s altitude, flight path, speed, and observed
shape.
Data Quality and Methodology: AARO assesses that the visual and sensor data associated
with the object provides sufficiently detailed information to resolve this case with high
confidence.
Sensor Effects and Limitations: The video is somewhat grainy, becoming increasingly grainy
toward the end of the clip, which is likely due to the object’s increasing distance from the sensor.
Alternative Hypothesis
One of AARO’s partners theorized that the object could be a quadrotor Unmanned Aerial System
(UAS) draped in camouflage netting, though this theory is unlikely for two reasons:
•
•

Movement: A quadrotor UAS would be unlikely to drift with the wind, as this object
does.
Heat signature: The motors of a quadrotor UAS would generate heat visible to an IR
sensor, and the video does not indicate the presence of such heat sources.

Therefore, AARO and its partners discarded this theory, concurring that the object was unlikely
to have been a quadrotor UAS and was more likely a cluster of fully and partially inflated
balloons.

2
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED

(UNCLASSIFIED)

(UNCLASSIFIED)

Figure 1: Stills of the UAP from the 17-minute video. Aerostat deployed at Al Taqaddum Air Base. The
balloons appear as bulbous, rounded shapes; similarly, the strings and deflated balloons can be seen
hanging below. These images were assigned different color temperatures to aid in visualization.

AARO is not a member of the Intelligence Community. This AARO information report should not be
considered finished intelligence. It may contain references to finished intelligence reports,
information provided by AARO’s coordinating interagency partners, or both to provide context, show
relevance, or substantiate AARO analytic perspectives.

3
UNCLASSIFIED

## AARO Aluminum Materials Analysis Supplement Jan2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_Aluminum_Materials_Analysis_Supplement_Jan2026
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_Aluminum_Materials_Analysis_Supplement_Jan2026
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Ohio's mid‑1990s casting got a 2026 second opinion—still just soup metal.

- AARO Aluminum Materials Analysis Supplement Jan2026, AARO report, January 2026, Ohio.
- Specimen is ordinary aluminum alloy with casting defects; no high‑performance features or radioactivity.
- AARO finds likely conventional commercial casting origin.

### AI summary

AARO Aluminum Materials Analysis Supplement Jan2026 is a report from the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, dated January 2026. It supplements Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s analysis of an aluminum specimen recovered near Flint Ridge State Park, Ohio, in the mid-1990s. The report states the specimen is an ordinary aluminum alloy, consistent with common industrial materials, and lacks features of high-performance alloys. ORNL found casting defects and no radioactive emissions. AARO concludes the specimen likely originated from a conventional manufacturing process, such as a commercial casting or industrial by-product.

### Full text

#### Page 1

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
Supplement to Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Analysis of an Aluminum Specimen
January 2026
Overview
In 2024, the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) contracted Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL) to evaluate a metallic specimen. This specimen, reportedly recovered from a
private property near Flint Ridge State Park, Ohio, in the mid-1990s, allegedly possessed
anomalous compositional and structural characteristics. The property owner reported observing a
large unidentified airborne object before discovering the material.
ORNL assessed that the specimen, as received, is consistent with “an ordinary aluminum alloy
made for common applications.” As a standard handling precaution, ORNL tested the specimen
for radioactive emissions and found none. ORNL produced a summary of findings documenting
the laboratory’s methodology, available on AARO’s website. AARO concurs with ORNL’s
findings and provides this supplementary material to add historical context to account for the
specimen’s probable origins.
Historical Context and Probable Origins
ORNL’s testing revealed large grain sizes, interconnected pores up to 1 millimeter in diameter,
and needle-like silicon precipitates. These features align with casting defects and failure patterns
commonly documented in industrial settings,1 all of which compromise the specimen’s
mechanical strength.2 The specimen also lacks strengthening additives, such as strontium or
sodium, which would be expected features in a high-performance alloy.3, 4 The specimen’s
overall form factor does not exhibit any geometry suggesting a functional design or particular
intended application. Taken together, these features are inconsistent with those of a component
designed for an advanced application.
AARO cannot definitively attribute the specimen to a specific source or manufacturing process.
However, its composition is comparable to well-documented, conventionally manufactured
aluminum-silicon alloys, most closely matching Aluminum Association reference materials for
alloys 369.1 and A413.1.5 Cast aluminum alloys in the 300- and 400-series are highly suitable for
applications that require hardness, impact resistance, and ease of processing into complex form
factors, such as engine components.6 300-series aluminum alloys began widespread industrial
production in the 1970s and now comprise over 90% of all shaped aluminum castings.7 These
finding are consistent with several plausible historical origins, including: a commercial casting;
an industrial by-product; a recycled alloy from a non-industrial casting; or a slow-cooling melt
resulting from a catastrophic failure of an original component, e.g., an automotive fire. Given its
1
26-P-0218

#### Page 2

consistency with contemporary alloys and incompatibility with high-performance applications,
AARO assesses that the specimen is most likely an ordinary, conventionally manufactured
aluminum alloy.
Jolly, M., & Katgerman, L. (2022). Modeling defects in aluminum cast products. Progress in Materials Science.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100824
2
Davis, J.R. (2001). Alloying: Understanding the Basics (1st ed., p. 378). ASM Intl. Available online: Aluminum
and Aluminum Alloys
3
Ibid. (pp. 392-395)
4
Ganesh, M.R.S., Reghunath, N., J.Levin, M. et al. Strontium in Al–Si–Mg Alloy: A Review. Met. Mater. Int. 28, 1–
40 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-021-01054-y
5
Davis, J.R. (2001). Alloying: Understanding the Basics (1st ed., pp. 365-366, 404). ASM Intl. Available online:
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
6
Ibid. (pp. 365-366)
7
Ibid. (p. 354)
1

2
26-P-0218

## Transportation Research Board Brief (Jan 2023)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_Brief_at_Annual_Transportation_Research_Board-January_
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_Brief_at_Annual_Transportation_Research_Board-January_
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The brief tracks its slides better than the UAPs it describes.

- Transportation Research Board Brief, AARO, January 2023, presented at the annual board meeting.
- Outlines AARO's mission to detect, track, and analyze UAPs using operational, scientific, intelligence resources.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

AARO brief delivered at the Annual Transportation Research Board.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED

A L L - D O M A I N A N O M A L Y R E S O L U TI O N O F F I C E

The Defense Department’s
UAP Mission & Civil Aviation
Seán Kirkpatrick, Ph.D.
Director

DoD PPR Approved Slide, Case 23-S-0802

UNCLASSIFIED

U.S. Department of Defense &
Office of the Director of National Intelligence

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED

AARO emerged from Congressional and Departmental recognition that UAP present
complex hazards and threats across service, regional, and domain boundaries.
What is the ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY
RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)?
What outcomes does AARO aim to
produce?
How will AARO resolve phenomena?

Anomalous observation smaterial, behavioral, or capability attributes perceived to be beyond known
performance envelops

UNIDENTIFIED ANOMALOUS PHENOMENA
UAP are sources of anomalous spaceborne, airborne,

seaborne, or transmedium
observations that are not yet attributable to known actors
or causes

How are AARO’s mission
responsibilities applicable to you?

2
DoD PPR Approved Slide, Case 23-S-0802

UNCLASSIFIED

U.S. Department of Defense &
Office of the Director of National Intelligence

#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED

AARO is a uniquely-capable, Defense Department organization that integrates
operational, scientific, and intelligence capabilities to resolve UAP.
our mission

key scientific and intelligence questions
 Physical, technical, behavioral, and contextual
characteristics of phenomena, their composition, and
their movement

minimize technical and intelligence surprise, by
synchronizing scientific, intelligence, and
operational detection, identification, attribution,
and mitigation of unidentified, anomalous objects
in the vicinity of national security areas

 Capabilities, limitations, and vulnerabilities of
phenomena and any assessed technological gap
between phenomena and the United States
 Indications and characteristics of hazards, risks and/or
threats by phenomena to the United States, its people,
its equities, and/or its instruments of national power

our vision

unidentified, anomalous objects are effectively and
efficiently detected, tracked, analyzed, and
managed by way of normalized DoD, IC, and civil
business practices; by adherence to the highest
scientific and intelligence-tradecraft standards; and
with greater transparency and shared awareness

3
DoD PPR Approved Slide, Case 23-S-0802

 Attribution of phenomena to natural and/or artificial
sources
 Indications of foreign observation of and reaction to
phenomena
 The disposition of observed phenomena

UNCLASSIFIED

U.S. Department of Defense &
Office of the Director of National Intelligence

#### Page 4

UNCLASSIFIED

The potentially ubiquitous presence of UAP defines the national-security
implications and drives the broad range of stakeholders and demand for
rigorous scientific understanding of and intelligence on phenomena
US Territory & Operating Areas

 DoD observations and reporting of
UAP most often in the vicinity of US
military facilities and operating areas
 Threats to the immediate safety of US
citizens and Government facilities,
across domains, is priority
 Safety and security risks of UAP
heighten US Government awareness
and drives research and mitigation
efforts

 Key partners and stakeholders include
DoD, IC, DoJ, NASA, FAA
4
DoD PPR Approved Slide, Case 23-S-0802

US Strategic Capabilities
 Reporting on UAP proximity to
strategic capabilities and critical
infrastructure primarily historical;
analysis limited by information currency
and source reliability
 Consequence of UAP in the vicinity of
strategic capabilities is high, potentially
threatening strategic deterrence and
safety of civil society

 Reporting on UAP activity in foreign
territory or operating areas limited by
source reliability
 Consequence of such moderate-tohigh, potentially leading to adversarial
misattribution of UAP to the United
States

 DoD strengthening observations and
reporting capabilities near US strategic
capabilities and critical infrastructure

 Allies and strategic competitors apply
resources to observe, identify, and
attribute UAP (open source)

 Key partners and stakeholders include
DoD, IC, DoE and NNSA, DoJ, DHS

 Key partners and stakeholders include
DoD, IC, STATE, international partners

UNCLASSIFIED

U.S. Department of Defense &
Office of the Director of National Intelligence

#### Page 5

UNCLASSIFIED

AARO leads integration of the Department’s UAP operations, research, analyses, and
strategic-communications to deliver exquisite data, advanced sensors, sound analytics,
and shared mission awareness and ownership
synchronizing and
sequencing Theater, IC,
and other capabilities for
optimized, crossfunctional UAP
detection, tracking,
mitigation, and recovery

revealing and exploiting
elusive and enigmatic
signatures through
advanced technologies
and focused, crosssector partnerships

delivering peer-reviewed
conclusions through
deliberate syntheses of
scientific and intelligence
method, tradecraft,
tools, and expertise

driving shared awareness
across mission partners,
oversight authorities,
and stakeholders—
normalizing cross-sector
partnerships and
building trust with
transparency

Integrated-Operations

S&T Research & Application

Interdisciplinary Analyses

Focused Communications

5
DoD PPR Approved Slide, Case 23-S-0802

UNCLASSIFIED

U.S. Department of Defense &
Office of the Director of National Intelligence

#### Page 6

UNCLASSIFIED

Our mission success and our ability to contribute to
aviation safety depends on observations and insights
from the aviation community
Educate Aviators and Crews
The subject of UAP is laden with decades
of imprecise—and often sensational—
information
Promulgating accurate information about
UAP, their implications to flight safety and
national security, and our commitment to
resolving them is foundational to our
partnership with the community.
Sharing what UAP data is criticallyimportant for scientific and intelligence
analyses allows aviators and crews to
optimize the value of their observations
and reporting of phenomena

Encourage Reporting
Historically, reticence to UAP reporting
has limited the Government’s ability to
guard against aerial safety and security
threats

Aviators and crews informed about UAP
and willing to report have historically had
few official channels to submit
observational data

Destigmatizing discussion about and
reporting of UAP is essential for tracking,
resolving, and defending against such
phenomena

We are working with military, civil, and
industry partners to develop and field
reporting mechanisms available to
aviators and crews

Government efforts to encourage military
aviators and crews to report phenomena
have substantially increased the quantity
and quality of UAP data

By leveraging our systems, we will be able
to quickly incorporate aviators’ and crews’
reporting into the corpus of data, to
optimize scientific and intelligence
analyses, and to provide feedback to the
reporting individual and/or organization

Updating Civil Aviation Reporting Mechanism
6
DoD PPR Approved Slide, Case 23-S-0802

Leverage Our Expertise & Systems

UNCLASSIFIED

U.S. Department of Defense &
Office of the Director of National Intelligence

#### Page 7

UNCLASSIFIED

What kind of information would be necessary and
sufficient for UAP analyses?
about the phenomenon
 UAP-event description or narrative
 UAP location relative to the observer,
with as much precision as practicable
 Number of UAP-objects observed
during the phenomenon and
indications of intra UAP-object
coordination and/or communication
 Indications of advanced and/or
enigmatic capabilities

about the observer

 UAP characteristics, including physical
state (e.g., solid, liquid, gas, plasma);
description (e.g., size, shape, color);
signatures; propulsion means; payload

 Observer’s date, time, location, and travel
path for first and last observation of the
UAP, with as much precision as practicable

 UAP performance envelope, including
altitude and/or depth; travel path and
trajectory; velocity; maneuverability

 Sensors that detected the phenomenon
(e.g., visual, radar)

 UAP behavior, including whether under
apparent intelligent control, apparent
response to observation and/or
observer presence, and apparent
indications of indifference or hostility

 Observer’s behavior toward the UAP

 Any physiological, psychological, or other
effects apparently corresponding to the
UAP observation
 Observer’s assessment of the UAP,
including the nature of the phenomenon
and whether it was benign, a hazard, or a
threat
 Identification of any other observers

7
DoD PPR Approved Slide, Case 23-S-0802

UNCLASSIFIED

U.S. Department of Defense &
Office of the Director of National Intelligence

## AARO-AARO_Brief_to_SASC-DoD_UAP_Mission-April_19_2023_508 — Senate Armed Services Committee Brief (April 2023)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_Brief_to_SASC-DoD_UAP_Mission-April_19_2023_508
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_Brief_to_SASC-DoD_UAP_Mission-April_19_2023_508
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the 2022 Middle East sphere couldn’t roll into the committee’s agenda.

- Senate Armed Services Committee Brief, AARO, April 2023 PDF.
- Details UAP reporting trends 1996‑2023, characteristics, altitudes, and hotspot cases.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

AARO briefing to the Senate Armed Services Committee on the DoD UAP mission.

### Full text

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED
CLEARED FOR OPEN PUBLICATION
APR 17, 2023
Department of Defense
Office of Prepublication and Security Review

A L L - D O M A I N A N O M A LY R E S O L U T I O N O F F I C E

UAP Reporting Trends
1996-2023

REPORTED-UAP ALTITUDES

TYPICALLY-REPORTED
UAP CHARACTERISTICS

Appearance

Morphology

REPORTED UAP-MORPHOLOGY

Round, Atypical Orientation

Size

1-4 Meters

Color

White, Silver, Translucent

Altitude

10k – 30k feet

Ambiguous Sensor
Contact, 0%

Orb, Round,
Sphere, 52%

Other, 1%
Lights, 1%

Vector, 23%

Signatures

Performance

Oval, 1%
Cylinder, 1%
Disk, 2%

Velocity

Stationary to Mach 2

Propulsion

No thermal exhaust detected

Radar

Intermittent, X-Band (8-12
GHz)

Radio

1-3 GHz, 8-12 GHz

Thermal

Intermittent, Shortwave
Infrared, Medium-Wave
Infrared

TicTac, 6%

Triangle, 2%
Polygon, 5%

Square, 3%

REPORTED-UAP HOTSPOTS

Rectangle, 2%

#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED

Middle East, 2022: MQ-9 observed apparent
spherical UAP via electro-optical sensors
CHARACTERISTICS

PERFORMANCE

SIGNATURES

BEHAVIOR

EFFECTS

 UAP characteristics and behavior consistent with
other “metallic orb” observations in the region
 No demonstration of enigmatic technical
capabilities and no apparent threat to airborneasset safety
 Case in “active archive,” pending discovery of
additional data

 AARO uses active-archive cases for trend and
statistical analyses

Middle East UAP, unresolved (U)

UNRESOLVED,
IN ACTIVE-ARCHIVE
3

UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 4

UNCLASSIFIED

South Asia, 2023: MQ-9 observed UAP object apparently
tailed by potentially-anomalous atmospheric wake
CHARACTERISTICS

PERFORMANCE

SIGNATURES

BEHAVIOR

EFFECTS

Phenomenon observed in other forward-looking
infrared, full-motion video by same platform

PENDING
PEER-REVIEW

The “trail” appears to be cavitation, similar to those
caused during propulsion
Visible trail is a camera-software artifact

Video-compression algorithms overlay captured
image on previous frame and resolve differences in
the gray, infrared gradient
Analyses of the morphology and traffic-control data
suggest the object is commercial aircraft transiting
known flight paths
Analyses pending peer-review of mission-partners’
analytic findings

4

UNCLASSIFIED

South Asia UAP observed with apparent wake, likely
resolved as commercial airliner and video-compression
artifact, respectively (U)

## AARO DHS Kona Blue

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

February 5th, 2024: DHS shared its blue paperwork, but kept the sky grey.

- Letter from DHS to Deputy Secretary of Defense, dated February 5 2024, PDF.
- States DHS will share all declassified documents on terminated KONA BLUE program; no extra records found.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 1

February 5, 2024

The Honorable Kathleen H. Hicks
Deputy Secretary of Defense
1010 Defense Pentagon
Washington, DC 20301-1010
Dear Dr. Hicks:
Thank you for your letter on September 28, 2023.
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) agrees to provide the Department of
Defense (DoD) with documents and relevant information associated with KONA BLUE. KONA
BLUE was a DHS prospective special access program (PSAP) terminated on February 10, 2012.
The following actions were taken:
• All DHS documents associated with the KONA BLUE PSAP are declassified and
approved for public release.
• The strike-out method was utilized to retain visibility of prior classifications and
redactions were made based on policy and legal review.
• All pertinent DHS records have been searched and no additional information
associated with the KONA BLUE PSAP has been discovered.
I appreciate your continued cooperation and support for DHS. Should you wish to
discuss this matter further, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Sincerely,

Kristie Canegallo
Acting Deputy Secretary

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED
TOP-SICRERWKONA BLUENOFORN Homeland
HANDLEVA SPECIAL ACCLSS CHANNELS ONLY Security
Declassified by: RichuandD. McComb
DHS, Chief Security Officer
Declassified on: 20230718
(TSHKBHNF) KONA BLUE
DHS, Science & Technology
Classified By:U/S for S&T (OCA) UNACKNOWLEDGED, WAIVED DHS-003-6-0002/11
Classified Reason: 1.4(e) Copy 1 of 1
Declassify On: 20360425 Prospective Special Access Program Slide 1 of 9
HANDLEH PINELG-ONLY
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS I is acknowledged as the Sponsor o SIONAI, DRAFT - DO NOT RELEASE
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
Copy l of 1
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#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED
TOPSFCRETWKONA BLUEINOFORN Homeland
HANDLE VLA SPECIAL ACCESS CHANNELS-ONIY
(U) Advanced Technology Threat Security
(U) Project Description
(TS/KB/NF) This project will investigate, identify and
analyze sensitive information , advanced materials and
technologies to increase the basic knowledge of potential
emerging and/or disruptive scientific and technical data.
(TS//KB//NF) This project addresses basic , applied, and
advanced research and technology demonstrations in order
to identify and anticipate threats to the U.S. homeland. A
unified approach will be used for data collection and
analysis, advanced technology acquisition, applied
technology theory demonstration, and consciousness
studies.
(U) Planned Research Objectives (U) Describe the potential outcome(s)
(U/IIVSACO)DHS S&T has the prospect to identify a unique
(U) All deliverables are dependent on the initial analysis class of scientific and technology threats and opportunities.
and assessment of associated existing and discovered (U/HvsACO)Achievement of basic research goals will place
DHS S&T at the forefront of applied science and
information and materials. opportunities involving advanced technology.
(/HIvsAcO)Customers/Partners: DHS Components, USG,
and private sector.
FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18
(S/KB//NF)Total Funding ($M) 12 25 35-50 TBD TBD TBD TBD
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS ) is acknowledged as the sponsor of this work - PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT - DO NOT REI.FASE 1
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
Copy 1 of 1
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#### Page 4

UNCLASSIFIED
TOP-SEORET/KONA DLUEWNOFORN Homeland
HANDLEVIA SPECIAL ACCESS EHANNEISONLY
(U) Advanced Technology Threat Security
1.(U) What is the research need?
(S/KB//NF) This research is a Congressional interest item.
(TS/KB/NF) This research addresses the critical need for the United States science and technology
community to identify global emerging and/or potentially disruptive technologies that can have a
significant impact on homeland security. Based on analytical assumptions and uncertainties, this
research is pivotal to defining the impact of global science and technology on the elements for
national power and security. The focused collaborations on the knowledge based deliverables ensure
that the Departmental requirements, and those of the interagency partners, are addressed and
provided opportunities for follow on efforts and additional collaboration on scientific investigation
and technology exploitation.
(TS//KB/NF)The Department 's interest area with this project targets is the scientific and technical
investigation, threat analysis, and assessment of materials and data of unique origin, engineering,
and purpose. The knowledge gap this research is addressing is emerging or disruptive materials and
technologies that can potentially impact national power and security.
TODSE
HANDLEVIA SPECL
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS ) is acknowledged as the sponsor of this work PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT - DO NOT RELEASE
2
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
Copy 1 of 1
1 Page 3 of 15

#### Page 5

UNCLASSIFIED
TOPSECRLTIKONA RLUEINOEORN
HANDLEVIA SPECIAL-ACCESS CHANNELS ONLY Homeland
Advanced Technology Threat Security
2. (U//H IvSACO) What is the technical/scientific approach?
applications are potentially harmful to U.. vital and major interests; and 2)what vulnerabilities and
opportunities does any new technologies present. Successful concept and principal validation
provides strategic scientific and technical direction, focus and planning for technological exploitation
and solutions, and the strategic planning for countermeasure and mitigation efforts throughout the
homeland security enterprise. Specific methodologies used to assess available material,
technologies, and observations may require nuanced approaches that which will undoubtedly be of
significant interest to foreign intelligence security services.
(TS/KB//NE) Four research centers — the Data Collection and Analysis Center, the Advanced
Technology Center, the Consciousness Center, and the Technology Application Center will
investigate and inventory available information and materials, investigate emerging and/or
disruptive advanced materials and controls, alternative energy/power source/generation
opportunities, temporal translation; human effects and interface, signature reduction and weaponry,
as well as technology integration.
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS ) is acknowledged as the sponsor of this work - PRE-DFCISIONAI DRAFT - DO NOT RELEASE
3
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
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#### Page 6

UNCLASSIFIED
FOPSECREIWKONA-ILUEMNOPORN Homeland
MANDLEVLASPECIAL-ACCESS-CHANNELS-ONIY
Advanced Technology Threat Security
3.(U) What are the anticipated results and value of this research?
and assessments of a previous investigatory USG programs and to identify and define the impact of
the unique science and technology applications on homeland security. The exploratory research
provides opportunity to increase our basic knowledge of a science or phenomenology. This effort
provides the potential to influence technological solutions and strategies to sustain the elements of
national power and homeland security.
(TS//kB/NF) Success of this research is predicated on the scientific investigation and assessments of
available material; continuity of effort can generate 'actionable' follow-on research contributing to
continuing discovery, research investments, possible countermeasure technology and USG policy
development.
4.(U) What is innovative about this work?
(TS//KB//NF) This knowledge-based research addresses the analytical assumptions and uncertainties
of emerging and disruptive technologies or material that could potentially threaten vital and major
U.S. interests such as the security of land, air and sea borders; and citizens; or critical infrastructure or
economic resources. The potential also exists that outcomes and follow-on research and evaluation
efforts will provide the U.S. with a unique ability to increase any of the elements (political, economic,
military, and moral psycho-social (social cohesion)) of national power, as well as enhancing national
security and developing resilience to disruptive technology potential.
I'he U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS F is acknowledged as the sponsor of this work - PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT - DO NOT RELEASE
4
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
Copy 1 of 1
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#### Page 7

UNCLASSIFIED
TOPSECRET/KONA
HANDLFVIA SPECIAL ACCEES CHANNELSONIY Homeland
Advanced Technology Threat Security
5.(U) What are the next steps?
that are the basis for further community of interest proof-of-principal and proof-of-concept efforts
that will determine the strategies for adaptation, countermeasures, and mitigation through applied
research initiatives. Follow-on efforts allow for the identification and resource planning and
execution for immediate, near-term and far-term technology solutions to monitor and manage risk,
for border and security operations and infrastructure protection, exploitation of new techniques and
analytical tools also enhance continued research opportunities.
(TS/KB/NF) Due to the advanced nature of the research in this project and security considerations,
no defined applied research efforts to this program are specifically identified at this time. However,
the research results of this project should be readily used by the Department in the future. There are
no known transition concerns at this time.
6.(U) Are there collaborators or partners involved in this project?
(U/HIvsACO) No, not at project inception. There is limited collaboration with the USG and
interagency involvement is anticipated.
HANDLEVI ONLY
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS ) is acknowledged as the sponsor of this work - PRE-DECIStONAL DRAFT- DO NOT RELEASE 5
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
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#### Page 8

UNCLASSIFIED
TOPSLCRETWKONA PLUE/NOFORN Homeland
HANDLE VIA EPECIAL ACCESS CHANNELS ONLY.
Advanced Technology Threat Security
7. (U) What is the history of this project?
(TS//KB//NF) Advanced Threat Identification Program first sponsored in the FY 2008
Defense Supplemental Act by Senators Reid and Inouye with a $10M add; FY 2010
Defense Appropriations Act included a $12M add for the project.
8. (U) How much funding will be necessary to complete this effort as described?
(S/KB/NF) FY12 (minimum of $12M), FY13 ($25M), FY14 ($35-50M), FY15 17 (TBD)
HANDLEVLA CHANNELSONLY
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS I is acknowledged as the sponsor of this wurk - PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT -DO NOT RELEASE 6
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
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#### Page 9

UNCLASSIFIED
TORSECRETWKONA WLUEWNOFORN
MANDLEVIL SPECIALACCESS CHANNELS ONLY Homeland
(U)Advanced Technology Threat Security
(S/KB/NF)The technical/scientific approach consists of four research centers:
1) Data Collection and Analysis, 2) Advanced Technology, 3) Consciousness, and 4) Integration.
#1 (U/HIVSACo)National Institute for Discovery Center:
regarding sightings, evidence collection and subsequent laboratory analysis on advanced technology
behavior within the territorial limits of the United States and immediately-adjacent Pacific and
Atlantic Ocean areas.
(S/KB/NF) The Experimental Division initially will consist of a well-studied experimental location
that has been researched for approximately 15 years. The intent is to locate, calibrate and then subject
other sites to the same intensive study as the primary location. Within each location, focus remote
sensing capabilities on all known hot spots (locations with repeated/frequent reports of activity).
(S//KB//NF) The Medical Division will have a small team of medical analysts under the direction of
the chief physician and the deputy administrator that will organize data into a threat analysis based
on medical findings including but not limited to: (a) deaths and injuries as a result of interaction with
advanced aerospace vehicles, (b) medical injuries as a result of other anomalies (c) collateral
injuries/physiological effects to family members.
(S/KB//NF) The Data Analysis Division will conduct analysis to technical design and prototyping of
AAV performance, up to advanced theoretical and computational studies of multi-physics problems.
TOR SECRETIKO BLLIEINIOEORN
HANDLE VIA SPECI CHANNELSONILY
T'he U.S. Department of HomelJnd Security (DIIS ) is acknowledged as the sponsor of this work - PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT - DO NOT RELEASE 7
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
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#### Page 10

UNCLASSIFIED
TADSECRETKONARLUEUNOEORN
HANDLE VIA OPECIALACGESS OIANNELS ONLY Homeland
Advanced Technology Threat Security
#2 (S//KB//NF) ) Advanced Technology Center:
(S//KB//NF) Access recovered advanced technology and any earlier assessments to determine threat
capability and any potential countermeasures possible against the advanced technology.
(S/KB//NF) Collect oral histories from already identified sources retired military, intelligence, and
contractor personnel to assist in locating additional recovered advanced technology.
#3 (S/KB/NF) ) Consciousness Center:
(S//KB//NF) ) Collect critical data utilizing remote sensing in order to determine the activity and
purpose of the advanced technology, especially any threat posed.
(S/KB//NF) ) In an expanded role, remote sensing and related techniques may present an invaluable
aid in countering illicit activities conducted against the U.S. Demonstrations of capability will be
made.
#4 (S//KB//NF) ) Integration Center:
(S/KB/NF) Focal point for the integration of information and data from the other centers, and
report writing; follow-on basic and applied research proposals and efforts to be identified.
The U.S. Department of Ilomeland Security (DHS ) is acknowledged as the sponsor of this work PRE-DECISioNAL DRAFT - DO NOT REI EASE 8
DHS-003-6-0002/11
UNCLASSIFIED Copy 1 of 1
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#### Page 11

UNCLASSIFIED
TOP SLCRETKONA ILUENOTONN Homeland
HANDLF VIA SPLOIAL-ACCESS-CNANNFLSONLY
Advanced Technology Threat Security
(U) Next Steps:
U/SST recommendation
SAPOC member pre-briefs
SAPOC decision briefing
ONY
The U.S. Department uf Homeland Security (DHS I is acknowledged as the sponsor of this work -PRF-DECISIONAL DRAFT - DO NOT REI EASE
9
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
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#### Page 12

UNCLASSIFIED
TOPSECRETWMONA-ELUE/NOFORN Homeland
HANDLEVIASPECLALACCESSCHANNELSONLY
Advanced Technology Threat Security
Back up
TOP EI/NOEODN
ULANDLEVU ONLY
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS Fis acknowledged ag the sponsor of this work -PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT - DO NOT RELEASE
10
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
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#### Page 13

UNCLASSIFIED
TOPSECRETWKONAPLUEMNOFORN Homeland
HANDLEVIA SPECIALACGESSCIIANNIULSONLY
Advanced Technology Threat Security
Points of Discussion:
• Funding Amount/Delivery- Bob H/Mike A discussions; FY12: $12M; FY13: $25M
• Contracts
• SOW
• Facilities:
• SCIF: planner? Size? Location? Amt of use? opn'l configuration?
SCIF accreditation in LV; Locations?
Personnel: cover, ci prog
DHS (*+1 detailee) What are the requirements? How funded?
Other: security classification guide
NCR/Other
Equipment_- comms/IT
TOP SECRET//KONA BLLE//NOEORN
HANDLE VIA SPECIAL ACCESS CHANNELS ONIY
The U.S. Dejartment of Homeland Securily INHS ) is acknowledged as the sponsor of this work - PRE-DECISIONAL. DRAFT - DO NOT RELEASE
11
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
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#### Page 14

UNCLASSIFIED
TOPSECRET/KONA BLUEANOFORN Homeland
-HANDLEVIASPECIALACCESS CHANNILS ONIY
Advanced Technology Threat Security
Authorities
Technology Readiness Assessment Process. Section 308 (USC 188) an amendment adding:
(d) Technical Risk Assessment Process
(In General. The
HANDLEVI ONY
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS ) is acknowledged as the sponsor of this work - PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT - DO NOT RELEASE
12
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
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#### Page 15

UNCLASSIFIED
AILI
DHS
Company X
Advanced Tech
Center
#1
-Data Collection Division Company Y
·Experimental Division
·Medical Division Consciousness Center
-Data Analysis Division
#4
Integration Center
Homeland TOP SECRET/KONABLLE/NOEORN
Security LANDLE VLA SDE NNELSONLV
The U.S. Departinent of Homeland Security (DHS ) is Jcknowledged as the sponsor of this work - PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT - DO NOT RELEASE 13
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
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#### Page 16

UNCLASSIFIED
DHS Research
Council
Company X
Company Z
#2
Advanced Tech
Center
#1
-Data Collection Division #3
.Experimental Division Company Y
•Medical Division Consciousness Center
Data Analysis Division
#4
Integration Center
Homeland TOP SECRET//VO
Security HANDLE VIASPI
The U.S. Department of Humeland Security (DIS ) is acknowiedged as the sponsor of this work - PRE-DECISIONAL. DRAFT - DO NOT REL EASE
14
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0002/11
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#### Page 17

UNCLASSIFIED
TOP SEC HENAEARN
HANDLE-VIA-SPECIALAECESS-CHANNELS-ONLY-
The following information is presented in accordance with the guidelines contained in
Appendix 1 of DHS Instruction 140-04-001, Special Access Program Implementation,
08/13/2009
Question 1. Program Description (Key program objectives/milestones)
The Advanced Technology Threat Program will consist of seven operational centers:
1.Data Collection Center
2. Data Analysis Center Declassified by: Richard D. McComb
3 Advanced Technology Center DHS, Chief Security Officer
Experimental Centers Declassified on: 20230718
Consciousness Center
6. Medical Center
Education Center
Overall key program objectives and milestones for each center are as follows:
Data Collection Center
Develop Interet-based site(s) for advanced aerospace vehicle reporting
Expand existing data warehouse (200,000 reports)
Deploy in-house investigators on select cases
Operate liaison center for cooperation with state, local, tribal police, and FBI
Data Analysis Center
Coordination center (hub) of all other centers
Maintain in-house technical, computational, and laboratory facilities capable of
physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering analyses
Advanced Technology Center
Analyze recovered technology in collaboration with major aerospace and electronics
Companies
Set up protocols for obtaining access to materials newly acquired
Operate an assessment team consisting of the best scientists and engineers available
to the goverment
Collect retirees' oral histories on recovered technology and present location
Classified By: Under Secretary for Science & Technology (OCA) DHS-003-6-0006/11
Class Reason:1.4 (e) Copy 1 of 1
Declass On:20360425
TOP-SECRET/KONA-BLUE/NOFORN
HAND -EVHSPECLALAEC ESSEHANNELS-ONLY
DHS-003-6-0006/11
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UNCLASSIFIED
Experimental Centers
Determine geographical locations within the U.S. where anomalous activity occurs on a•
Experimental Centers
Determine geographical locations within the U.S. where anomalous activity occurs on a
regular basis
Subject at least two of the best locations to intense sensor and human observation study
while monitoring activity at others
Consciousness Center
Expand on remote viewing and remote communication to communicate, retrieve data,
and transport across dimensional/space-time barrier
Develop remote viewing countermeasures
Study consciousness interactions with, and control of, technology
Medical Center
Study physiological and psychological effects of interaction with vehicles and
anomalous phenomena
Education Center
Develop volunteer corps (expenses reimbursed) to support the collection efforts of the
Data Collection Center
Continue to maintain the world's largest libraries on advanced aerospace vehicles and
associated phenomena
Question 2
Justification for Need
a)Remote vision, remote communication, and de/re-materialization techniques to
observe, communicate, retrieve data, and transfer matter across dimensional and space-
time barriers will undoubtedly be of an utmost interest if not a top collection priority for
adversarial intelligence/security services. Countermeasures against such techniques would
also be a collection priority.
b) Recovered AAV technology exists in and is accessible only within a SAP construct.
UNCLASSIFIED 2
TOPSI
DHS-003-6-0006/11
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#### Page 19

UNCLASSIFIED
c) Retrieval and integration of historical data from high value personnel with
knowledge of recovered AAV technology and present location of recovered material is
accessible only within a SAP construct.
d) Undue attention by other United States government, or private sector entities, not
involved with the program, or any international interest, will directly or indirectly
interfere with the daily program mission and perhaps threaten the overall success of the
program.
e) Due to the highly specialized nature of the program, overt acknowledgement of
personnel involved in the program will lead to unnecessary security risks.
f) Without the appropriate SAP protection, the cost associated with a compromise of
specific features of this program, namely those in a) and b), would result in grave
consequences, perhaps irreversible, to the security of the United States.
Question 3 Budget Proposal
TBD
Question 4 Total Number of Personnel to be Accessed
Fifteen
Question 5
Significant program events, milestones, and goals for FY 2012-2013 are as follows:
Introduction
The following is a broad Program structure to address the Advanced Aerospace Vehicle (AAV)
problem with regard to potential threat. The structure consists of two primary components, or
Centers:
(1) an Advanced Technology Center that addresses evaluation and exploitation of
advanced technological hardware and associated documentation obtained to date
and,
3
DHS-003-6-0006/11
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#### Page 20

UNCLASSIFIED
FODN
ONLV
(2) an Experimental Centers effort to address the gathering of further data
concerning AAV and related anomalous phenomena from specific geographical
sites on the basis of site-monitoring.
In support of this proposed two-pronged focus, a number of additional Centers are required:
Data Collection Center
Data Analysis Center
Consciousness Center
Medical Center
Education Center
1. Data Collection Center
• Develop Internet-based site(s) for advanced aerospace vehicle (AAV) reporting.
Expand the current data warehouse (which currently comprises 11 separate
databases with over 200,000 AAV reports, the vast majority of which occurred
after 1947) by expanding case numbers within each of the eleven databases.
Utilize multiple teams of in-house investigators to investigate eye witness
cases involving AAV technology with the following criteria: (a) more than one
eyewitness (b) less than 600 feet from witness (c) physical evidence (traces on
ground/vegetation), (d) electromagnetic effects, (e) physiological/pathological
effects.
Expand the investigative equipment inventory necessary to fully equip
expanded investigative teams. (The in-house equipment inventory will be
itemized upon request).
4
UNCLASSIFIED DHS-003-6-0006/11
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UNCLASSIFIED
Utilize selected investigations from other professional groups with
experience in AAV investigations. This will increase data collection coverage of
these events in the United States.
Expand liaison center with rural law enforcement (highway patrol, sheriff
departments, police departments), US Coastguard (under DHS auspices), US
border surveillance (under DHS auspices), US Fish and Wildlife Service
(under Department of Interior), Park Game wardens (under National Park
Service) and Federal Aviation Administration (current system includes all air
traffic control and commercial/private aircraft pilots).
Deliverables:
Internet-site and master data warehouse.
2. Data Analysis Center
•Upgrade the database analysis capabilities to maximize "searchability",
pattern determination, and predictive analyses.
Expand in-house photographic analysis capabilities (also including, but not
limited to, Forward Looking InfraRed (FLIR) analysis).
Maintain technical, computational, and laboratory facilities capable of physics,
chemistry, biology, and engineering (electrical, materials, nuclear, etc.) analyses.
Data analysis exchange with AFOSI. Discuss joint collection and analysis of:
1.Historical and recent cockpit recordings and ECM recordings from Air Force,
Navy, Marine, and Army.
2Records, reports, raw data and threat analyses pertaining to (but not
limited to): advanced aerospace vehicle tracking by any agency or armed
5
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UNCLASSIFIED
V
service within CONUS, all data from Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Lunar and Mars
associated data (both historical and contemporary) from NASA, satellite
data on unknown targets from NRO, other uncorrelated imagery data from
NGIA, trajectory tracks of uncorrelated targets fromNORAD/NORTHCOM/MIT
Lincoln Labs etc., radar track records of uncorrelated targets from FAA and all
data (historical and contemporary) pertaining to interactions/sightings of
advanced aerospace vehicles at missile sites, nuclear weapons storage facilities,
and at Air Force bases in CONUS.
3.Advanced aerospace technology activity/behavior in other countries,
particularly Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean.
Deliverables:
•Monthly case reports and analyses. Special reports on historical data analyses.
3. Advanced Technology Center
The mission of the Advanced Technology Center is to establish a comprehensive
program:
First to gain access to and inventory all existing caches of Advanced
Aerospace Vehicle (AAV) materials and documentation within CONUS,
whether residing in archive storage or under active program
investigation in National Laboratories, government organizations
and/or contractors;
Secondarily to set up protocols for obtaining access to materials
newly acquired from sources both domestic and foreign;
Finally, a program of evaluation based on the best of modern
technological assessment teams and tools.
A dedicated management team will be set up to guide and oversee program actions:
6
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UNCLASSIFIED
V
An in-house staff to perform technical assessment and analysis of both
hardware and documentation will be established.
Well-equipped, secure storage and laboratory facilities will be
provided for in-house investigation and evaluation activities.
In addition to in-house technical efforts, a program will be established to
harness the talents of specialists with required expertise on an as-needed
basis via both the use of in-house sabbaticals and outsourcing of
subcontracts. Of special interest in this category is contact with military
personnel and contractors presently (or retirees previously) involved in
AAV evaluation programs.
A full-time support staff to administer and expedite the above
requirements will be established.
Deliverables:
An inventory of AAV hardware, materials and documentation suitable for
archiving under appropriate security conditions in a database format will
be established.
Based on the identification of, and negotiation with, present
holders/stewards of AAV hardware, materials and documentation,
governmental or privatized, protocols for information sharing and
access will be developed.
While the above infrastructure is being established, teams of
investigators will begin a process to prioritize 'low-hanging fruit' vs.
'long-range potentials' with regard to possible disruptive-technology
exploitation and/or threat potential, in the hands of a potential
adversary, with assessment reports provided.
Based on the assessment process, a number of actions will be set in
motion:
-
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UNCLASSIFIED
FODN
AN
(1Where relevant, updated (re)examination of materials with the best of
forensic technologies now available will be pursued, either in-house or at appropriate
facilities under appropriate security.
(2) Based on identification of possible advanced technological
processes being exploited, experts with the relevant expertise will be
engaged to provide useful evaluative input, either indirectly on the
basis of being asked to generate position or research papers on the
forefront aspects of the (apparent) identified technology (including best-
guess extrapolation to potential future developments), or directly by
exposure to, and examination of, the materials or technological
processes involved. Either could involve re-engagement of entities
previously involved in earlier programs to assess such materials and
technologies.
(3)Where deemed potentially of merit, in-house or outsourced
laboratory experimentation will be initiated to explore as-yet-unidentified
characteristics and functions of AA V materials and devices in the
inventory, and results reported.
Supplemental to (3) above, additional experimentation will be
undertaken, in-house or outsourced, to test various hypotheses that
emerge from examination of AAV materials and documents, medical
studies of injuries, and AAV sighting reports, and results reported.
(5) Enhance investigations to pursue attempts by foreign countries (particularly China/Russia) in
developing advanced technology breakthroughs from recovered technology items. Develop
threat assessment based on this information.
In support of the above activities, a well-structured Oral History Initiative will be undertaken
both to compile a dense database of information acquired to date, and to assist in identifying
additional sources for information acquisition, whether it be the identity of individuals,
contractors or government units and activities, foreign as well as domestic.
Over past decades a number of high-level individuals in the military, intelligence, and even
8
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UNCLASSIFIED
political sectors of our goverment have had various level of exposure/access to this subject area.
This has included agency directors, members of the JCS and very senior individuals in the Executive
Branch. To this can be added certain foreign heads of state, as well as select members of the
goverment contractor community in the electronics and aerospace sectors. Oral histories from
individuals of the caliber referenced above are critical to this mission.
Data collection from an already identified and calibrated list of retired, previously
highly placed government, armed services, contractor and intelligence community
individuals.

(Text continues in the original file: 56 pages.)

## AARO Declassification Info Paper 2025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_Declassification_Info_Paper_2025
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_Declassification_Info_Paper_2025
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

September 2025: finally enough paperwork to declassify the paperwork itself.

- AARO Declassification Info Paper 2025, released by AARO in September 2025.
- Describes AARO’s role, UAP classification, and declassification procedures with Defense Office review.
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

An AARO Information Paper from September 2025 explains the U.S. Department of War's All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) role in investigating unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP). It describes UAP as unknown objects observed in space, sky, or ocean, most of which are later identified as mundane items. The document outlines the classification of UAP-related information to protect national security and details AARO's process for declassifying and releasing data, which involves coordination with other government entities and the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review. It emphasizes AARO's commitment to transparency and public access to declassified UAP records.

### Full text

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UNCLASSIFIED

An AARO Information Paper

AARO and the Declassification Process
September 2025

The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) is the U.S. Department of War
office established to investigate and resolve report of unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP).
AARO is responsible for receiving, processing, and adjudicating UAP reports, and routinely
accesses classified information—including that collected by U.S. Government systems—to
complete its review of UAP reports. The processes governing the classification of information
are complex and can be misunderstood. Our national defense requires that certain information be
classified to protect our citizens, our democratic institutions, our homeland security, and our
interactions with foreign nations. Nevertheless, as established by law and in accordance with
direction from the Secretary of War, AARO places a heavy emphasis on transparency in
facilitating the declassification and release of information so the public can see the results of
AARO’s reviews for themselves.

What are UAP?
UAP are as-yet-unknown objects that exhibit potentially anomalous characteristics and
are seen or recorded in space, the sky, or the ocean. The vast majority of UAP reports are
eventually determined to be mundane objects—such as balloons, satellites, and birds—after
further review. A small percentage of reported UAP exhibit potentially anomalous characteristics,
and AARO expends most of its review efforts on these UAP reports.
For the public, UAP sightings raise a profound and enduring question: Are we alone in
the universe? Another question often follows: What does the U.S. Government really know about
UAP? Though AARO has found no evidence of extraterrestrial beings or technology to date, the
office considers all available evidence in conducting its analyses.

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Figure 1: A screenshot from 2:53 of the video titled “Al Taqaddum Object” (popularly known as “the
jellyfish video”), available to view online at https://www.dvidshub.net//video/960331/al-taqaddum-object.

Why is so much UAP-related information classified?
Classification is a mechanism the U.S. Government uses to safeguard sensitive
information related to national security. For the Department of War, this sensitive information
could include military objectives, locations, and capabilities, as well as vulnerabilities and
intelligence sources and methods. For example, if an F-35 fighter jet pilot uses the aircraft’s
camera to take an image of an ordinary object (a soda can, for example), that image could be
classified for reasons other than the subject of the image (here, the soda can) and instead due to
the use of the fighter jet’s camera. The image could contain information that meets the standards
for classification due to its relationship to a sensitive capability that is itself classified. For
instance, the raw image may include information about the resolution, metadata, or other
sensitive information that could be used to deduce that camera’s capabilities and limitations. If
an adversary were to combine this information with other information about the aircraft, that
adversary might be able to draw conclusions about how to elude detection by those aircraft
because that adversary would now better understand the capabilities of the F-35’s sensors.
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Much like the soda can example above, UAP imagery is often classified to protect
sensitive information associated with the platform, location, or methods used to captured it. This
includes commonplace images of birds, balloons, commercial drones, and natural phenomena,
which are frequently reported to AARO as UAP. Even when AARO resolves a case as
unremarkable, the underlying data may remain classified if it originates or is derived from
sensitive sources or methods.
In addition to considering the classified nature of sensitive sources or methods, AARO is
also vigilant of U.S. and allied operational security. In characterizing and resolving UAP, AARO
must balance its commitment to transparency with its national security mission to increase
domain awareness to avoid strategic surprise.

How does AARO declassify UAP-related information?
AARO cannot declassify information on its own because the classified information
relevant to the UAP reports was created by other government entities outside of AARO – for
example, the Military Departments. The office that originally created the information has the
primary authority to declassify it. As such, AARO experts must work with the owners of
classified information across the U.S. Government every day to facilitate the declassification and
release of UAP records without compromising the security of its partners.
Declassification is a deliberate and time-intensive process in which the originating office
uses a team of experts to examine the classified information to determine if it still requires
protection. Information must remain classified when its disclosure could reasonably be expected
to cause damage, serious damage, or exceptionally grave damage to national security. Even when
declassification may seem appropriate or obvious based on the subject of the information, such
as the soda can image example, the methods with which the information was obtained or other
details within the data may result in a decision to postpone declassification. If declassification is
postponed, the information will be required to undergo additional declassification reviews at
prescribed intervals to determine whether continued classification is needed.
To declassify information as part of the UAP case resolution process, AARO first solicits
a determination from the originating office that created the information as to whether the release
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of the data could harm national security. The owners will conduct a declassification review and
provide one of the following determinations: 1) All of the information has been declassified and
can be released, in its entirety, to the public; 2) Only some of the information has been
declassified and only those portions can be released to the public (NOTE: information that
continues to be classified will be redacted or removed prior to public release); or 3) All of the
information must remain classified and cannot be released to the public. Once AARO receives
the determination that some or all of the information can be released, AARO coordinates with the
Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review (DOPSR) to ensure the classified portion
(if any) is appropriately redacted. AARO can release the document or data to the public once
DOPSR stamps the information as approved for public release.

How does AARO release declassified data and documents to the public?
AARO is committed to facilitating the declassification and public release of as much
UAP-related information as possible. AARO may incorporate declassified information into its
public case resolution reports and unclassified congressional reports, or it may publish the
declassified information directly to AARO’s website. AARO is also working closely with the
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) to transfer UAP-related records for
permanent storage and public access, thus further promoting transparency in accordance with
existing law. The public can view UAP-related records that have been transferred to the National
Archives at https://www.archives.gov/research/topics/uaps.
AARO seeks to build trust through increased openness and analytic rigor as it executes its
important national security mission. AARO will continue to demonstrate its commitment to
transparency by publishing declassified information, engaging with partners across the U.S.
Government, and transferring records to public archives.
Please visit AARO’s website at https://www.aaro.mil/ to view UAP imagery and records,
case resolutions, congressional reports, FOIA releases, and more.

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4

## AARO Effect of Forced Perspective and Parallax View on UAP Observations 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_Effect_of_Forced_Perspective_and_Parallax_View_on_UAP_
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_Effect_of_Forced_Perspective_and_Parallax_View_on_UAP_
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

May 2024 paper: because sometimes UFOs just need the right camera angle.

- AARO Information Paper, May 2024, titled ‘Effect of Forced Perspective and Parallax View on UAP Observations’.
- Describes how perspective and parallax distort perceived size and speed of distant, fast‑moving objects.
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This is an AARO Information Paper from May 2024 that discusses how forced perspective and parallax can affect UAP observations. It explains that these visual phenomena can lead to misinterpretations of an object's size and speed, especially when observers are far from the object and moving quickly relative to it. The paper provides examples of forced perspective, where objects appear larger or smaller than they are, and parallax, where an object's position seems to change when viewed from different angles. It concludes that while not all UAP reports are explained by these effects, they can influence data from single sensors and that observer reports remain important for analysis.

### Full text

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All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)
An AARO Information Paper
Effect of Forced Perspective and Parallax View on UAP Observations

May 2024
Introduction
While no single explanation or method of analysis can account for all unidentified anomalous
phenomena (UAP) cases received by the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), the
effects of forced perspective and parallax can frequently explain excessively large sizes or high
speeds described in UAP reports. In many cases, the reporter may be positioned far from the
object being observed while moving fast relative to it. Under these conditions, an observer can
misinterpret the apparent size and speed of a UAP due to the two separate but related phenomena
of forced perspective and parallax. This paper provides a basic overview of these phenomena and
their impact on UAP observations.
Forced Perspective and Range Estimation

Photo Source: Pexels

Figure 1: Example of forced perspective. The person in the foreground is much closer to
the camera than the tower.
Forced perspective is used in photography and filmmaking to give the illusion that an object is
larger or smaller than its true size. Posing for a photograph while holding the Eiffel Tower by the
tip or pushing against the Leaning Tower of Pisa is a classic example of this technique, as
depicted in Figure 1. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is approximately 190 feet tall, and an average
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All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)
person is between five and six feet tall. In this example, forced perspective distorts the distance
between the tower and the person, causing both the person to appear larger and the tower to
appear smaller than their true sizes.
The example above demonstrates the effects of forced perspective. Recognizing the optical
illusion in this case is easy because the actual sizes of both objects in the image are known.
However, judging the sizes of unknown objects in the sky is harder. Observers will often
compare unknown objects to clouds, trees, buildings, or other non-standard references to make
estimates. Observers can, therefore, inaccurately perceive the distance between an object and a
reference, leading to an inaccurate estimate of the object’s actual size. Making an error while
estimating an object’s size or distance is even more likely if, unlike the Tower of Pisa, the object
has no discernable features (e.g., windows, propellers, wings).
Consider a case in which there are no references against which to compare an unknown object.
In such a case, an observer must estimate its distance without any clues. Accurately estimating an
object’s size and distance without a known reference is difficult. Forced perspective can cause
large, faraway objects to appear smaller and closer than their actual size and position - or vice
versa. The image in Figure 2 demonstrates this effect. A 10’ sphere with no features (e.g.,
windows, lines, surface details) positioned at an unknown distance from an observer may appear
smaller or larger than its actual size, depending on the observer’s reference point and
assumptions.

Figure 2: The 10’ sphere on the far right is an unknown distance from the observer. If the
observer estimates the range to be shorter, they will estimate the size to be smaller.
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All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)
Parallax
Parallax view, or the parallax effect, is a phenomenon that can distort an object’s actual position
when viewed against a background from different angles. A simple demonstration of the parallax
effect is to hold a thumb out at arm’s length and close one eye. Note the location of your thumb
relative to an object in the background. Now, without moving your thumb, close the first eye and
open your other eye. Again, note the position of the thumb relative to the background. Though
your thumb did not move, it appears to have changed locations due to the distance between your
eyes. Moving your thumb closer to your eyes and repeating the process gives the impression that
the thumb moved further relative to the background. Your thumb appears to move because each
eye provides a different parallax view.
Another way to experience multiple parallax views of a stationary object is for the observer to be
in motion. As the observer moves, the parallax view changes. This change in perspective can
cause a stationary object to appear to be in motion. The faster the observer moves, the more
dramatic this effect can be. Electronic sensors can also be susceptible to these effects. Unlike in
the thumb example, when an electronic sensor on an airborne platform moves relative to an
object, it can be too far away to estimate an exact range, leading to misinterpretation of true size
and speed.
Consider the example shown in Figure 3. An observer in an airborne platform moves over the
earth’s surface which features a river running through the surrounding area. A stationary object is
suspended directly above the river. As the airborne observer moves from position 1 to 2 to 3 in
the air, they view the object from different angles. Parallax effects cause the object to be
“projected” against three different points in the background. From position one, the object
appears projected against the right bank of the river, from position two against the river1, and
from position three against the left bank of the river. This projection illusion creates a perception
of motion as the object appears to move across the river in the opposite direction of the observer.
The faster the airborne sensor moves, the higher the perceived speed of the object. Because of
parallax, stationary objects can appear to have motion, and slow-moving objects can appear to
move very fast.

The parallax angle is zero if the observer is directly above the object. This allows the observer to perceive the
object’s location against the background accurately.
1

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All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)

Figure 3: Parallax causes the position of an object to be projected at different points
against a background. As the observer moves, the changes in background projections
cause the object to have an apparent motion.
Summary
Not all reports of fast-moving UAP are attributable to the effects of forced perspective or
parallax. However, in some cases, the effects of these phenomena are known to cause inaccurate
estimations of a UAP’s size, speed, and direction of travel. These phenomena consequently affect
data derived from a single sensor moving very fast relative to the target object. Despite this
susceptibility, single-observer reports are critical to consider in AARO analyses. These reports
can supplement additional sensor data to help create a more holistic picture of an object’s size
and speed. Observers submitting a UAP report should still estimate range, size, and speed as part
of a complete description of their observation. Observers with a more robust understanding of
forced perspective and parallax are better equipped to assess a UAP’s characteristics and provide
more context to these details in their reporting.

4

## "GO FAST" Case Resolution Methodology

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_GoFast_Case_Resolution_Card_Methodology_Final.pdf
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_GoFast_Case_Resolution_Card_Methodology_Final.pdf
- Agency: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
- Released: 2024
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

February 6 2025: when paperwork outruns the ‘fast’ mystery.

- Unclassified PDF by AARO, dated February 6 2025, titled “GO FAST” case methodology.
- Analyzes 2015 Navy F/A‑18F FLIR sighting off Florida, altitude 13,000 ft, speed 5‑92 mph.
- Concludes object showed no anomalous performance; apparent speed due to motion parallax.

### Official summary

AARO case-resolution methodology for the famous Navy "GO FAST" video.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
U.S. Department of Defense
Case: “Go Fast”
Case Resolution | February 6, 2025

Case Overview

Case Essentials

In January 2015, a U.S. Navy F/A-18F pilot
recorded an object using a Forward Looking
Infrared (FLIR) sensor about 13,000 feet
above the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of
Florida.

Location: Eastern coast of Florida

The video appeared to show the object moving
at high speed. AARO cannot definitively
identify the object, but it displayed no
anomalous performance characteristics.

Object Altitude (assessed): 13,000 feet

Date: January 2015
Object Altitude (reported): Near ocean’s
surface

Object Speed (reported): Appeared to
move at high speeds
Object Speed (assessed): 5 mph - 92 mph

The Department of Defense officially released
the “Go Fast” video in 2020. It is available for
public viewing at the Navy’s FOIA Reading
Room.

Object Shape (reported): Round
Object Shape (assessed): Spherical or
oblate ellipsoid

Key Findings

Reporter: U.S. Navy

AARO assesses with high confidence that the
object did not move at anomalous speeds.
AARO's analysis showed:

Sensor: Forward Looking Infrared

•
•

•

Reported Behavior: Moved at high speeds
near the ocean’s surface

The object’s altitude was
Assessed Behavior: An object moving
approximately 13,000 feet.
between 5 and 92 mph at approximately
The object’s speed ranged from about
13,000 feet
32 m/s (72 mph) to 72 m/s (161 mph)
depending on its heading relative to
Summary of Findings: High confidence
the wind. Compensating for the
the object did not demonstrate anomalous
wind’s contribution to the object’s
performance characteristics
speed, its approximate speed range is 2
m/s (5 mph) to 41.3 m/s (92 mph).
The object’s heading deviated as much as 32° from wind direction, though most
simulations conducted during AARO’s analysis showed significantly less difference.
The object did not move against the wind in any simulation.
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Determining the object’s true speed and direction of travel (heading) requires knowing the F/A18F’s heading. AARO calculated the object’s speed and heading relative to the aircraft because
the video display does not contain the aircraft’s heading. AARO calculated the object’s position
and direction of travel for the entire range of possible wind directions (0° - 360°) to account for
differences in atmospheric conditions between the F/A-18F’s altitude and object’s altitude. This
comprehensive modeling informed AARO’s assessment of whether the object moved with or
against the wind and whether it behaved anomalously for all possible directions of travel.
AARO factored in historical wind speeds and directions at both the object’s altitude (13,000 feet)
and the aircraft’s altitude (25,000 feet), as measured near the time and location of the event:
•
•

At 13,000 feet, wind speed was 30.9 m/s (69 mph) from the west (265°).
At 25,000 feet, wind speed was 52 m/s (116 mph) from the west southwest (255°).

Figure 1 shows the object’s range of possible speeds calculated while compensating for wind
speed at 13,000 feet. This is considered the “intrinsic” speed. An intrinsic speed of 0 m/s
indicates that the object is moving with the wind, or about 30.9 m/s.

Figure 1: The y-axis represents the object’s speed with wind effects removed. The x-axis represents the wind’s
heading relative to the F/A-18F’s airframe geometry (0° is a headwind). The curve represents the object’s range of
speeds at each angle. The tailwind, headwind, and crosswind cases are denoted by the colored lines. The object’s
lowest possible speed occurs near a headwind while the highest occurs in a tailwind.

Figure 2 shows the object’s range of possible headings relative to the wind direction at 13,000
feet A direction of 0° indicates that the object is moving in the same direction as the wind.

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Figure 2: The y-axis represents the difference between the object’s heading and the wind direction at 13,000 feet.
The x-axis represents the wind’s heading relative to the F/A-18F’s airframe geometry (0° is a headwind). The curve
represents the object’s range of possible directions compared to the wind. The tailwind, headwind, and crosswinds
are denoted by the colored lines. The maximum deviation in the UAP’s direction of travel from wind direction is
32.1°.

Figures 1 and 2 can be used to find the object’s speed and heading compared to the wind for any
direction of the F/A-18F’s travel relative to the prevailing wind direction. As examples, the
object’s apparent speed and direction is summarized here for four scenarios: headwind,
crosswind from the left, tailwind, and crosswind from the right.
1. Headwind (aircraft flying into the wind): The object moved 2.0 m/s (5 mph) faster than
the wind, at a heading of 5° off-wind.
2. Left Crosswind (wind coming from the left side): The object moved 26.5 m/s (59 mph)
faster than the wind, heading 31.5° off-wind.
3. Tailwind (aircraft flying with the wind): The object moved 41.3 m/s (92 mph) faster than
the wind, heading 12.3° off-wind.
4. Right Crosswind (wind coming from the right side): The object moved 27.7 m/s (62
mph) faster than the wind, heading 9.5° off-wind.
The object’s performance characteristics are consistent with historical wind conditions in each
scenario. AARO assesses the object did not demonstrate anomalous performance characteristics.
The object’s apparent high speed is attributable to motion parallax. Motion parallax is an optical
effect that induces an observer to perceive that a stationary or slow-moving object is moving
much faster than that the subject object’s actual speed when viewed from a moving frame of
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reference. The more quickly an observer moves relative to an observed object, the more
pronounced this effect is.
Data Quality and Methodology
AARO analyzed the publicly available 34-second FLIR video, because the original file and its
accompanying metadata are no longer available. The video display provided sufficient
information to assess the object’s altitude and a range of possible speeds. The display showed:
•
•
•

The range (distance) from the FLIR sensor to the target.
The FLIR camera’s azimuth (left-right angle) and elevation (up-down angle).
The aircraft's altitude, speed, and tilt (bank angle).

The aircraft’s exact location and heading (compass direction) during the recording are unknown.1
AARO could not calculate a single speed or heading for the object because the aircraft’s
calculated flight path depends on its exact heading, and the object’s calculated location depends
on the aircraft’s location. Instead, the analysis considered all possible aircraft headings (from 0°
to 360°) to calculate a range of possible speeds and headings for the object. These calculations
include a small margin of error, because the range from the sensor to the object and the sensor
angles are only accurate to a single decimal place.
AARO could not determine the object’s size due to the video’s low resolution and the range from
the sensor to the object. However, pixel analysis (a method of measuring an object’s size based
on pixels relative to an object known dimensions) by AARO’s Intelligence Community (IC)
partner suggested the object was one meter or less in size - comparable to a small drone or bird.
For more technical details on assumptions and methodology, see Appendix A: Estimating UAP
Location, Speed, and Heading from “Go Fast” FLIR Video Data.

1 Editor’s Note: AARO sought but was unable to obtain witness accounts from the F/A-18F aircrew. Updated 20 February 2025.

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Appendix A: Estimating UAP Location, Speed, and Heading from
“Go Fast” FLIR Video Data
February 2025
Introduction
In 2024, the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) estimated possible altitude, speed,
and heading solutions for an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP), commonly known as
“Go Fast.” The executive summary, general overview, and conclusions are provided in the
AARO “Go Fast” Case resolution [ref 1]. This paper presents a more in-depth data analysis for
those interested in the mathematics and calculations applied to the forward-looking infrared
(FLIR) video footage captured by an AN/ASQ sensor pod onboard the F/A-18 Super Hornet
observing the event in January 2015. AARO manually extracted data from a publicly available
video of the “Go Fast” event as the source material to conduct its analysis.
Video footage collected via military sensors, like the AN/ASQ, are not required to collect FullMotion Video (FMV) or other Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) products.
Therefore, it is not intended to support intelligence or other rigorous analysis. Thus, video
footage from these platforms often contains compression artifacts or lacks the necessary
metadata to conduct an exhaustive analysis.
For proper FMV products, standard analysis is done using software packages such as SOCET
GXP [ref 2]. SOCET GXP is a suite of geospatial analytic software tools that utilize satellite and
airborne imagery to measure and detect objects and phenomena. Generally, FMV is used to
track objects on the surface of the earth such as road vehicles, ships, and tanks. In these cases,
an object’s location can be determined since an FMV sensor knows where it is and where it is
pointed and can then calculate the distance to the ground point. In the case of the “Go-Fast”
video, the object is not on the ground and the sensor/aircraft location is not provided in the
metadata.
Despite these limitations, the basic techniques used in FMV analysis can be applied with some
alteration for analyzing UAP cases. AARO reconstructed the F/A-18’s flight path and position
and assessed possible trajectories of the “Go Fast” UAP using the mathematics, standard
methods, and conventions defined in the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency’s (NGA)
Motion Imagery Standards Board’s UAS Datalink Local Set Standards (MISB ST 0601.19 dated
March 02, 2023) [ref 3]. Step-by-step calculations are provided in this paper to estimate the
motion characteristics of the UAP in the “Go Fast” event from the same video accessible by the
public.

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Data
The only data available to AARO from the “Go Fast” event were from a compressed Windows
Media File (.wmv) [ref 4]. The recording’s metadata does not contain the F/A-18’s
georeferenced position and heading, which are necessary to determine the UAP’s absolute
position and flight characteristics. The sensor display does contain enough information to find a
speed, relative heading, and altitude of the UAP. These necessary pieces of information are the
elevation angle of the sensor, the azimuth angle of the sensor, the range from the F/A-18 to the
target, the F/A-18 altitude, the F/A-18 speed, and relative frame times. The sensor pod display
shows most of these values as integers, limiting the fidelity of the initial calculations2. The
display is shown in Figure 1 with these fields labeled.

Figure 3: One of the two frames used in the analysis with annotated fields indicate the data extracted from the
video and used in calculations.

To estimate the UAP speed, the first step was to determine its location at two positions separated
by a known time period. For this, the range to the target must be known. From 4232 seconds
until the end of the video, the tracker acquired a target track on the UAP, enabling the range to
be reported. Within this portion AARO focused its analysis on a 13-second excerpt from the
footage between 4239 seconds (“t1”) and 4252 seconds (“t2”). AARO selected this segment
because, between t1 and t2, the aircraft’s bank angle, altitude, and airspeed remained nearly
constant. This simplified the estimation of the F/A-18 flight characteristics due to the reduced
number of variables. At t1, the F/A-18’s range to the UAP was 4.0 NM and closed in range to
3.4 NM at t2.

2

Following sections will outline a methodology to estimate values with more precision.

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Table I contains the data extracted from the video footage at t1 and t2. Range and altitude were
converted to metric units to maintain consistency in calculations. The F/A-18 bank angle was
measured using the yellow lines drawn over the level flight and roll indicator lines in the display
as depicted in Figure 1. This angle, denoted by θB, was approximately 14° from t1 to t2. An
average aircraft altitude of 7,621 m was assumed over this time frame. The speed in Mach
number was converted to m/s [ref 5] at the altitude of the F/A-18, resulting in an average speed
of about 190 m/s over the time frame.
Table I: Data extracted from frames at 4239 seconds and 4252 seconds in the “Go Fast” video.
Parameter

Frame 1 Sensor
Display Value

Frame 1
Converted

Frame 2 Sensor
Display Value

Frame 2
Converted

Time
Sensor Azimuth
Sensor Elevation
Range to Target
Aircraft Altitude
Aircraft Velocity

4239 sec
49°
-29°
4.0 NM
25,000 ft
0.61 M

0 sec
49°
-29°
7408 m
7620 m
188 m/s*

4252 sec
57°
-35°
3.4 NM
25,010 ft
0.62 M

13 sec
57°
-35°
6297 m
7623 m
191 m/s*

*-assumes speed of sound (M=1) at 25,000 ft is 601 knots [ref 5]

UAP Location Calculation Methodology
This section contains step-by-step calculations for finding the UAP locations relative to the F/A18 at two points in the “Go Fast” UAP event. This provides the reader with a foundational
understanding of the methodology and rough estimate of the speed and heading of the UAP. The
methodology will then be applied to all frames in the t1 to t2 interval in a later section.
Since the data do not provide an absolute location for the F/A-18 at t1, the aircraft was arbitrarily
placed at a reference point that simplified the problem: the origin of an x-y-z cartesian
coordinate system. The axes of this system were defined in a manner consistent with the MISB
ST 0601.19 [ref 3, p. 12] and provided here in Figure 2. The aircraft longitudinal axis is the +xaxis, the transverse axis the +y-axis, and the vertical axis the +z-axis.

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Figure 4: The three axes defined relative to an air platform in FMV analysis. Longitudinal is the
+x, Transverse is the +y, and Vertical is the +z (pointing down).

This coordinate system was applied to the F/A-18 as depicted in Figure 3. Because the aircraft
altitude was constant over the duration of flight, its path is level and confined to the x-y plane (z
= 0).

Figure 5: The top-down view coordinate system defined with the position of the F/A-18 at the origin with
coordinates [0,0,0]. The aircraft is moving in the +x direction.

With the position of the F/A-18 defined at t1, the location of the UAP relative to this position was
calculated. This calculation was done by defining a line-of-sight (LOS) or “pointing” vector and
then rotating this vector around the axes by the sensor azimuth and elevation angles given in
Table I in order to point to the location of the UAP.
The angle of rotation about the x-axis is the aircraft roll and is denoted by α; the angle of rotation
about the y-axis is the “up and down” motion due to the aircraft pitch or sensor pointing
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elevation and denoted by β; the angle of rotation about the z-axis is the “left and right” motion
due to aircraft yaw or sensor pointing azimuth and denoted by γ. For this FLIR sensor, the bank
(or roll) angle of the aircraft is included in the elevation and angles of the sensor and not treated
separately. The reader is encouraged to consult [ref 3] for additional explanation of these angles.
These rotations were carried out by applying 2-D rotation matrices derived from the underlying
trigonometry [ref 6]. Equations (1), (2), and (3) provide these 3x3 rotation matrices about the x-,
y-, and z-axes by the defined angles α, β, and γ respectively.
1
0
0
0
cos(𝛼)
−
sin(𝛼)
(𝛼)
𝑅𝑥
=[
]
0 sin(𝛼) cos(𝛼)

(1)

cos⁡(𝛽) 0
0
1
− sin(𝛽) 0

(2)

𝑅𝑦 (𝛽) = [

sin⁡(𝛽)
0 ]
cos(𝛽)

cos⁡(𝛾) −sin⁡(𝛾)
𝑅𝑧 (𝛾) = [ sin⁡(𝛾) cos(𝛾)
0
0

0
0]
1

(3)

These rotations are relative to the aircraft attitude. Therefore, the initial LOS was defined as a
unit vector pointing straight ahead from the F/A-18 along the +x-axis. This vector is represented
in cartesian (x, y, z) vector notation as v = <1,0,0>. The vector’s magnitude is defined by the
range to the UAP. Properly rotating, or pointing, this vector by the given sensor angles yields
the UAP’s relative position to the aircraft.
Position of UAP at t1
The length, or magnitude, of the LOS vector at t1 was defined by multiplying the unit vector v by
the range to the target. At t1 the range was 7,408 m, thus the initial LOS vector was v1 = <7,408,
0, 0> m.
The next step was to point this vector at the UAP. First, it was rotated by the sensor elevation
(pitch) angle β around the y-axis:
cos⁡(𝛽) 0
0
1
𝑅𝑦 (𝛽) ∙ 𝒗𝟏 = [
− sin(𝛽) 0

sin⁡(𝛽) 7408
0 ][ 0 ]
cos(𝛽)
0

cos⁡(−29°) 0
0
1
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡= [
− sin(−29°) 0

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sin⁡(−29°) 7408
0
][ 0 ]
cos(−29°)
0

(4𝑎)

(4𝑏)

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7408 ∙ cos(−29°) + 0 ∙ 0 + 0 ∙ sin⁡(−29°)
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡= [
7408 ∙ 0 + 0 ∙ 1 + 0 ∙ 0
]
7408 ∙ −sin(−29°) + 0 ∙ 0 + 0 ∙ cos⁡(−29°)

(4𝑐)

6479
=[ 0 ]
3591

(4𝑑)

Next, the vector result from (4d) was rotated about the z-axis by the sensor azimuth, γ. Note that
the sensor is pointing 49° to the left (designated by the “L”), which is a negative angle in the
defined coordinate system. These calculations are provided in (5a-d):
cos⁡(𝛾) −sin⁡(𝛾)
(𝛾)
𝑅𝑧
∙ 𝑣𝐿𝑂𝑆 = [ sin⁡(𝛾) cos(𝛾)
0
0

0 6479
0] [ 0 ]
1 3591

cos⁡(−49°) −sin⁡(−49°) 0 6479
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡= [ sin⁡(−49°) cos(−49°) 0] [ 0 ]
0
0
1 3591
6479 ∙ cos(−49°) + 0 ∙ − sin(−49°) + 3591 ∙ 0
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡= [ 6479 ∙ sin(−49°) + 0 ∙ cos⁡(−49°) + 3591 ∙ 0 ]
6479 ∙ 0 + 0 ∙ 0 + 3591 ∙ 1
⁡⁡⁡⁡4251
= [ −4890 ]
⁡⁡⁡⁡3591

(5𝑎)

(5𝑏)

(5𝑐)

(5𝑑)

The resulting vector <4,251, -4,890, 3,591> m means that the UAP was located 4,251 m ahead,
4,890 m to the left (the y-coordinate is negative), and 3,591 m below (the +z-axis is pointing
down) the F/A-18. At 3,591 m below the F/A-18 the UAP was at an altitude of 4,029 m (13,219
ft).
Location of UAP at t2
To find the UAP location at t2, the F/A-18 location had to be estimated based upon the known
flight dynamics. Because the aircraft was banking at 14° between t1 and t2, it was turning in a
curved path while moving at an average speed of 190 m/s. As it turned it also changed heading
away from the +x-axis. This rotation away from the axis can be represented as a yaw angle of φ
relative to its orientation at t1, as depicted in Figure 4.
The curved path of the F/A-18 is essentially part of a circle. The radius of that circle, or radius
of curvature, was found from (6).
𝑣𝐹𝐴18 2
𝑅𝑐 =
𝑔 ∙ tan(𝜃𝐵 )
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(6)

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Inserting vFA18 = 190 m/s, the acceleration of gravity g = 9.81 m/s2, and θB = 14° into (6), the
radius of curvature Rc was found to be 14,759 m. These values are shown in Figure 4 with the
radius of curvature and position of the F/A-18 at t2.

Figure 6: The F/A-18 traveled in a curved path from its position at t 1 to reach its position at t2.

To find yaw the angle φ at t2, note that the two φ’s in Figure 4 are equal. The total distance
travelled in the partial circle by the F/A-18 moving at 190 m/s over 13 seconds is 2,470 m. Had
the aircraft kept flying to complete a circle, it would have travelled 2·π·Rc or 92,736 m.
Therefore, only 2.66% of a 360° circle was completed thus φ = 9.6°. Since the yaw is
counterclockwise, away from the positive y-axis, it is a negative value, or φ = -9.6°.
To find the F/A-18’s position at t2, the Δx and Δy change in position from the location at t1 must
be found. Equations (7) and (8) use a cylindrical coordinate transformation [ref 8] to do this.
∆𝑦 = 𝑅𝑐 − 𝑅𝑐 ∙ cos(𝜑) = 14,759 ∙ (1 − cos(9.6°)) = 207⁡𝑚

(7)

∆𝑥 = 𝑟 ∙ sin(𝜑) = 14,759 ∙ sin(9.6°) = 2461⁡𝑚⁡

(8)

Thus, at t2, the aircraft’s displacement was [2,461, -207, 0] m, or 2,461 meters ahead and 207
meters left3 of its t1 position. This will be used momentarily to find the UAP’s location at t2.
At t2 the UAP was at a range of 6,279 m from the F/A-18 such that the pointing vector, v2, is
given by <6,279, 0 ,0> m. As with t1, the LOS vector was defined as pointed in the direction of
+x-axis, not the heading of the aircraft.4 At t2 the sensor elevation and azimuth angles were β = 35° and γ = -57°, respectively. The additional yaw of the F/A-18 of -9.6° required one additional
rotation.5 The rotation by -35° about the y-axis to the sensor elevation is given in (7a-7b).6

3 The negative is applied here to conform with our coordinate system.
4 This is not the direction the F/A-18 was pointed, otherwise there would be a y-component of the vector.

The additional yaw
angle will be handled in the rotation matrices.
5 The sensor azimuth and F/A-18 yaw could be added and performed in a single rotation. In general, the aircraft would have roll
and pitch and adding the platform angle to the sensor angle may give an incorrect result.
6 The written-out step depicting the multiplication of the matrices is skipped here.

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#### Page 13

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2

= √(4,510 − 4,251)2 + (−4,941 − (−4,890)) + (3,612 − 3,591)2

(13𝑏)

= √67,081 + 2,601 + 441 = 265⁡𝑚

(13𝑐)

Dividing this distance by the 13 seconds elapsed between t1 and t2 gave an estimated speed of
about 20 m/s or 45 mph. The heading of the UAP, φUAP, was also calculated from the Δx and Δy
components of the locations.
𝜑𝑈𝐴𝑃 = tan−1 (

(−4,890 − (−4,941))
Δ𝑦
) = tan−1 (
) = −11.14°⁡
(4,251 − 4,510)
Δ𝑥

(14)

The UAP heading is forward along the +x-axis and slightly in the negative y direction, moving in
the same general direction as the F/A-18 (-9.6°) but about 9 times slower. As a reminder, all
depicted locations and directions are relative to the defined coordinate system. Referencing
directions such as North, South, East, and West cannot be done without knowledge of the
location or heading of the F/A-18.
Estimating the UAP Path of Travel
The previous sections explained the methodology used to calculate the positions of the UAP at
the two endpoints of the time interval, t1 and t2. The resulting speed and relative heading
assumed the UAP travelled in a mostly straight, direct path between these two points. The same
mathematical approach was then applied to every frame of the thirteen-second video to estimate
the continuous path of the UAP from the first to last points. This calculation required an
estimate of the time, sensor azimuth and elevation, range to target, and the F/A-18 location for
all frames in the period. The metadata did provide relative frame times, with 0.033 seconds
elapsing between frames in the 30 Hz video.
Path of the F/A-18
The F/A-18’s altitude, bank angle, and airspeed remained constant between t1 and t2. Therefore,
the radius of the curvature of its flight path remained constant from (6). The distance traveled at
each point in time was the elapsed frame time multiplied by the speed. Location and yaw were
then calculated using the previously describe methods.
Path of the UAP
The sensor azimuth, sensor elevation, and range to the object were changing during the video.
The sensor’s display indicated these changes in integers so that many frames would pass before a
value was incremented or decremented. More accurate estimates were made by noting the
frames and times when a quantity incremented or decremented. For example, in the frame that a

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#### Page 14

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value changes from 50 to 51, the value in that frame must be 51.0 (or 50.57) in that frame. These
“change frames” were identified for the sensor azimuth, sensor elevation, and range to target in
the time interval from t1 to t2 and are represented by the black dots in the plots in Figures 5-8.
The values for all frames between 4239 seconds and 4252 seconds were estimated by fitting a 2nd
order polynomial curve to the datapoints. These curves are the dotted lines plotted in Figures 5-8
and are generally a very good fit through the black dots. The fit equation and R2 fit error
estimate are also provided. An R2 equal to 1 would be a perfect fit to the data.

Figure 7: The sensor azimuth “change frame” data points are plotted vs frame time. The dotted
line was fit to the points to estimate the azimuth for all frames in the time interval.

7 Whether the value is 50.5 or 51.0 does not make a difference as the times and positions are all relative and speed is found by

subtraction. An uncertainty error of 0.033 seconds remains for each frame but is negligible here.

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Figure 8: The sensor elevation “change frame” data points are plotted vs frame time. The dotted line was fit to the
points to estimate the elevation for all frames in the time interval.

Figure 9: The range to target “change frame” data points are plotted vs frame time. The dotted line was fit to the
points to estimate the range for all frames in the time interval.

With values estimated for all frames and times, the vector rotation and point translation
methodology described in the previous section were applied to find the UAP’s three-dimensional
flight path. The resulting path through the x-y plane is plotted in Figure 8. The UAP’s direction
of travel is a relatively straight path from the top left to the bottom right. The altitude profile is
provided in Figure 9 and shows the UAP rising about 10 m (30 ft) with a slow, curving descent

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near the end. The bends at the end of both curves may indicate a slight change of direction but is
more likely due to residual error in the estimation of the F/A-18 flight path.

Figure 10: The position of the UAP in the x-y plane is shown over the time considered. The direction of flight is
from the upper left to the lower right.

Figure 11: The altitude of the UAP as a function of time indicates a slow rise over most of the
path with a slight descent in the last few seconds.

The beginning and end points of the path defined by Figures 8 and 9 were compared to the
results from the end-point analysis in the previous section to verify the path calculations are
consistent and that the methodology was correctly applied. The results are provided in Table II
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#### Page 17

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and show good agreement. Because the frame-by-frame method estimates the parameters to a
better precision than just integers and more accurately assigns the time to each value, it is
presumed that this method is more accurate8.
Table II: Comparison of results from the two-point and Continuous Path analysis.

Method
Continuous Path
First / Last Frame

Starting Point

Ending Point

[4284, -4889, 3601] m [4500, -4953, 3592] m
[4251, -4890, 3591] m [4510, -4941, 3612] m

Distance

Speed

226 m
265 m

17.4 m/s (38.9 mph)
20.4 m/s (45.6 mph)

Incorporating Prevailing Winds
To this point, analysis has assumed no effect from the speed and direction of the winds aloft on
the flight path of the F/A-18. The speed on the sensor display in Mach number represents the
relative air speed of the aircraft and does not consider the ambient wind velocity. With a
methodology in place to calculate the UAP locations, the possible effects of the winds at altitude
were explored. This is done by adding the speed and direction of the wind to the speed and
direction of the F/A-18 to obtain a new flight path, then determining the UAP flight path as
described in the previous sections.
Wind Speed and Direction
No information on atmospheric conditions was provided with the UAP report or video, only a
time and general location. Therefore, the historical data for wind speed, direction, and altitude
were sourced from a historical database (ref 9]. The data for the appropriate date and location
were found and were within 15-20 minutes of the time reported with the “Go Fast” event. The
windspeed and direction are plotted in Figure 10. At 25,000 ft (7,620 m), the windspeed was
approximately 101 kts (52.0 m/s) at a heading of 255°, from primarily the West-South-West and
blowing toward the East-North-East. At 13,000 ft (3,692 m), the wind speed was 60 kts (30.9
m/s) at a heading of 265°, primarily from the west9.

All analytic results are relative to the accuracy of the F/A 18’s estimated flight path. It is not possible to state the accuracy for
certain without knowing the exact path of the UAP.
9 Going forward, we will use the metric system. Values here are in kts and ft to represent the data as taken from the source.
8

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Figure 12: Wind speed (left axis) and direction (right axis) for at the approximate location of the “Go Fast” event.

Because the exact location and heading of F/A-18 are not known, the flight path could not be
expressed in terms of compass directions. Thus, the effect of windspeed was assessed for all
possible directions; however, four cases are described first to illustrate the methodology: a
tailwind, headwind, a crosswind from the left, and a crosswind from the right relative to the F/A18. These directions were defined at the initial t1 location in the same coordinate system
described in Figures 3 and 4. In this coordinate system, a tailwind was defined as a heading of
0° (in the direction of the +x axis), a crosswind from the left at 90° (in the direction of the +y
axis), a headwind at 180° (in the direction of the -x axis), and a crosswind from the right at 270°
(in the direction of the -y axis).
Adjusted Flight Paths of the F/A-18
The wind velocity (speed and heading) is additive to the aircraft speed and heading at every
point. Assuming the wind is constant over the 13 second interval, the wind will essentially
“push” the F/A-18 in the direction of the wind from its calculated flight path with no wind.
Figure 11 shows adjusted flight paths accounting for wind direction with the no-wind flight path
as a black line for reference.

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(Text continues in the original file: 26 pages.)

## Historical Record Report Vol. 1 (2024)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_Historical_Record_Report_Vol_1_2024.pdf
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_Historical_Record_Report_Vol_1_2024.pdf
- Agency: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
- Released: 2024
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Volume 1: still no sequel on the nondisclosure agreements.

- Historical Record Report Vol. 1 (2024), AARO, March 6 2024, Office of Prepublication and Security Review
- Reviews UAP investigations 1945‑2022, covering Project SAUCER, SIGN, UAPTF, interview assessments
- No official UAP nondisclosure agreements found; many sightings likely explained by known programs

### Official summary

AARO Historical Record Report, Volume 1 — exhaustive review of U.S. government UAP records.

### Full text

#### Page 1

CLEARED
For Open Publication
Mar 06, 2024
Department of Defense

OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW

THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE

Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement
with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP)
Volume I
February 2024

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Table of Contents
SECTION I: Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 6
SECTION II: Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 7
SECTION III: Scope & Assumptions ........................................................................................................ 11

Scope ......................................................................................................................................... 11
Assumptions .............................................................................................................................. 11
Note on “UAP” Nomenclature .................................................................................................. 12
Congressional Oversight ........................................................................................................... 12
AARO’s HR2 Program of Analysis .......................................................................................... 12
SECTION IV: Accounts of USG UAP Investigatory Programs Since 1945 ............................................. 13

Summary ................................................................................................................................... 13
Project SAUCER (1946/1947–January 1948)........................................................................... 13
Project SIGN (January 1948–February 1949) ........................................................................... 14
Project GRUDGE (Original Organization) (February–December 1949) ................................. 15
Project TWINKLE (Summer 1949–Summer 1950).................................................................. 15
Project GRUDGE (Reestablishment) (October 1951–March 1952) ......................................... 15
Project BEAR (Late 1951–Late 1954) ...................................................................................... 16
CIA Special Study Group (1952) .............................................................................................. 16
The Robertson Panel (January 1953) ........................................................................................ 17
The Durant Report (February 1953).......................................................................................... 17
Project BLUE BOOK (March 1952–December 1969) ............................................................. 18
CIA Evaluation of UFOs (1964) ............................................................................................... 19
O’Brien Committee (1964) ....................................................................................................... 19
The Condon Report (April 1968) .............................................................................................. 19
National Academy of Sciences Assessment of the Condon Report (Late 1968) ...................... 20
Carter Administration Tasking to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
(1977) ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Roswell Investigations/Inquiries (1992-2001) .......................................................................... 21
Advanced Aerospace Weapons System Application Program (AAWSAP) (2009–2012)/
Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP)................................................. 22
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF) (August 2020-November 2021) ......... 24
Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (June 2021) .................................. 24

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Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group (AOIMSG) /
Airborne Object Identification and Management Executive Management Committee
(AOIMEXEC) (November 2021-June 2022) ............................................................................ 24
UAP Independent Study Team (UAPIST) (June 2022-September 2023)................................. 25
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) (Established July 15, 2022) ....................... 25
Foreign and Academic Investigatory Efforts ............................................................................ 26
Key Findings ............................................................................................................................. 27
SECTION V: Assessment of Interviewee Claims of USG Involvement in Hidden UAP Programs ......... 28

Summary ................................................................................................................................... 28
Primary Narrative ...................................................................................................................... 28
Secondary Narrative .................................................................................................................. 30
Findings............................................................................................................................................... 30
No Official UAP Nondisclosure Agreements Discovered .................................................................. 30
Former CIA Official Involvement in Movement of Alleged Material Recovered from a UAP Crash
Denied on the Record.......................................................................................................................... 31
The 1961 Special National Intelligence Estimate on “UFOs” Assessed to be Not Authentic ............ 31
Aliens Observing Material Test a Likely Misunderstanding of an Authentic, Non-UAP Program
Activity ............................................................................................................................................... 31
Allegation that a Former U.S. military Service Member Touched an Extraterrestrial Spacecraft ...... 32
The UAP with Peculiar Characteristics Refers to an Authentic, Non-UAP-Related SAP.................. 32
Extraterrestrial Disclosure Study Confirmed; Not White House-Sponsored ...................................... 32
Aerospace Companies Denied Involvement in Recovering Extraterrestrial Craft.............................. 32
Sample of Alleged Alien Spacecraft is an Ordinary, Terrestrial, Metal Alloy ................................... 32
AARO Investigating Unresolved Historical Nuclear-Related UAP Cases ......................................... 33
SECTION VI: Investigation into Named USG Sensitive Programs .......................................................... 33

Summary ................................................................................................................................... 33
Process for Protecting Sensitive Programs while Investigating Interviewee Claims................ 34
Findings ..................................................................................................................................... 34
One Private Program Mistaken for USG Program .............................................................................. 34
KONA BLUE: A Proposed UAP Recovery and Reverse-Engineering Program ............................... 34
Unnecessary IC Program Expansion................................................................................................... 35
Nexus of Proponents of the USG UAP Reverse-Engineering Allegation .......................................... 35
SECTION VII: Historical Context of UAP Investigatory Efforts Since 1945 .......................................... 36

Summary ................................................................................................................................... 36
Commonalities of 20th and 21st Century UAP Investigations ................................................... 37
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International Security Environment and Technological Surprise ....................................................... 37
Secrecy ................................................................................................................................................ 37
Public Interest ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Alleged Bureaucratic Barriers ............................................................................................................. 38
Insufficient Data and Information ....................................................................................................... 38
Perceived Deception ........................................................................................................................... 38

Differences between 20th and 21st Century UAP Investigations ............................................... 39
Decreased Public Trust ....................................................................................................................... 39
Popular Culture ................................................................................................................................... 39
SECTION VIII: Testing and Development of U.S. National Security and Space Programs Most Likely
Accounted for Some Portion of UAP Sightings ......................................................................................... 39

Summary ................................................................................................................................... 39
Manhattan Project (August 1942) ............................................................................................. 40
V-173/XF5U-1 “Flying Pancake” (1942) ................................................................................. 40
Project Mogul (1947-1949) ....................................................................................................... 40
Project High Dive (1950s)......................................................................................................... 40
Project Aquatone/Dragon Lady (1954) ..................................................................................... 41
WS-117L/CORONA (Late 1956) ............................................................................................. 41
VZ-9AV Avrocar/Project Silver Bug (1958) ............................................................................ 41
Explorer 1 (January 1958) ......................................................................................................... 41
Oxcart/A-12/SR-71 (1958) ........................................................................................................ 41
Project Mercury (1958-1963) .................................................................................................... 42
TATTLETALE/GRAB (September 1960)................................................................................ 42
Project Gemini (1961-1966)...................................................................................................... 42
Project Apollo (1961-1972) ...................................................................................................... 42
Poppy (1962-1977).................................................................................................................... 42
Gambit (1963-1971) .................................................................................................................. 42
Hexagon (1971- 1986) .............................................................................................................. 42
Space Transportation System/Space Shuttle (1972 - 2011) ...................................................... 43
HAVE Blue/F-117A Nighthawk/TACIT Blue (1975) .............................................................. 43
Advanced Technology Bomber/B-2 Spirit (1980) .................................................................... 43
Strategic Defense Initiative (March 1983) ................................................................................ 43
Advent of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 1980s-Present............................................................... 43

4

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SECTION I: Introduction
This report represents Volume I of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office’s
(AARO) Historical Record Report (HR2) which reviews the record of the United States
Government (USG) pertaining to unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP). In completing this
report, AARO reviewed all official USG investigatory efforts since 1945, researched classified
and unclassified archives, conducted approximately 30 interviews, and partnered with
Intelligence Community (IC) and Department of Defense (DoD) officials responsible for
controlled and special access program oversight, respectively. AARO will publish Volume II in
accordance with the date established in Section 6802 of the National Defense Authorization Act
for Fiscal Year 2023 (FY23); Volume II will provide analysis of information acquired by AARO
after the date of the publication of Volume I.
Since 1945, the USG has funded and supported UAP investigations with the goal of
determining whether UAP represented a flight safety risk, technological leaps by competitor
nations, or evidence of off-world technology under intelligent control. These investigations were
managed and implemented by a range of experts, scientists, academics, military, and intelligence
officials under differing leaders—all of whom held their own perspectives that led them to
particular conclusions on the origins of UAP. However, they all had in common the belief that
UAP represented an unknown and, therefore, theoretically posed a potential threat of an
indeterminate nature.
AARO’s mission is similar to that of these earlier organizations. AARO methodology
applies both the scientific method and intelligence analysis tradecraft to identify and help
mitigate risks UAP may pose to domain safety and to discover, characterize, and attribute
potential competitor technological systems.
A consistent theme in popular culture involves a particularly persistent narrative that the
USG—or a secretive organization within it—recovered several off-world spacecraft and
extraterrestrial biological remains, that it operates a program or programs to reverse engineer the
recovered technology, and that it has conspired since the 1940s to keep this effort hidden from
the United States Congress and the American public.
AARO recognizes that many people sincerely hold versions of these beliefs which are
based on their perception of past experiences, the experiences of others whom they trust, or
media and online outlets they believe to be sources of credible and verifiable information. The
proliferation of television programs, books, movies, and the vast amount of internet and social
media content centered on UAP-related topics most likely has influenced the public conversation
on this topic, and reinforced these beliefs within some sections of the population.
The goal of this report is not to prove or disprove any particular belief set, but rather to
use a rigorous analytic and scientific approach to investigate past USG-sponsored UAP
investigation efforts and the claims made by interviewees that the USG and various contractors
have recovered and are hiding off-world technology and biological material. AARO has
approached this project with the widest possible aperture, thoroughly investigating these

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assertions and claims without any particular pre-conceived conclusion or hypothesis. AARO is
committed to reaching conclusions based on empirical evidence.
Lastly, AARO thanks all participants in this review who made this report possible, to
include the interviewees who came forward with information.
SECTION II: Executive Summary
AARO found no evidence that any USG investigation, academic-sponsored research,
or official review panel has confirmed that any sighting of a UAP represented extraterrestrial
technology. All investigative efforts, at all levels of classification, concluded that most sightings
were ordinary objects and phenomena and the result of misidentification. Although not the focus
of this report, it is worthwhile to note that all official foreign UAP investigatory efforts to date
have reached the same general conclusions as USG investigations.
•

Although many UAP reports remain unsolved or unidentified, AARO assesses that if
more and better quality data were available, most of these cases also could be
identified and resolved as ordinary objects or phenomena. Sensors and visual
observations are imperfect; the vast majority of cases lack actionable data or the data
available is limited or of poor quality.

•

Resources and staffing for these programs largely have been irregular and sporadic,
challenging investigatory efforts and hindering effective knowledge transfer.

•

The vast majority of reports almost certainly are the result of misidentification and a
direct consequence of the lack of domain awareness; there is a direct correlation
between the amount and quality of available information on a case with the ability to
conclusively resolve it.

AARO found no empirical evidence for claims that the USG and private companies
have been reverse-engineering extraterrestrial technology. AARO determined, based on all
information provided to date, that claims involving specific people, known locations,
technological tests, and documents allegedly involved in or related to the reverse-engineering
of extraterrestrial technology, are inaccurate. Additional claims will be addressed in Volume
II. AARO successfully located the USG and industry programs, officials, companies,
executives, and documents identified by interviewees. In many cases, the interviewees named
authentic USG classified programs well-known and understood to those appropriately accessed
to them in the Executive Branch and Legislative Branch; however, the interviewees mistakenly
associated these authentic USG programs with alien and extraterrestrial activity. AARO has
reached the following, high confidence conclusions related to:
•

UAP Nondisclosure Agreements (NDA): AARO has found no evidence of any
authentic UAP-related NDA or other evidence threatening death or violence for
disclosing UAP information.

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•

A CIA Official Allegedly Managed UAP Experimentation: The named, former
CIA official was not involved in the movement of extraterrestrial technology. The
same former CIA officer signed a memo rejecting a claim made by interviewees that
he managed the movement of and experimentation on off-world technology.

•

Alleged UAP Intelligence Community Document: An alleged 1961 Special
National Intelligence Estimate that was “leaked” to online sources and suggests the
extraterrestrial nature of “UFOs,” is inauthentic.

•

“Aliens” Present During a DoD Technology Test: AARO reviewed information
related to an account of an interviewee overhearing a conversation about a technology
test at a military base where “aliens” allegedly were observing, and AARO judges that
the interviewee misunderstood the conversation.

•

Claim That a Military Officer Touched an Off-World Craft: An interviewee
claim that a named former military officer explained in detail how he physically
touched an extraterrestrial spacecraft is inaccurate. The claim was denied on the
record by the named former officer who recounted a story of when he touched an
F-117 Nighthawk stealth fighter that could have been misconstrued by the
interviewee, though the named former officer does not recall having this conversation
with the interviewee.

•

Test of Off-World Technology: An interviewee claim that he witnessed what he
believed to be the testing of extraterrestrial technology at a USG facility almost
certainly was an observation of an authentic, non-UAP-related, technology test that
strongly correlated in time, location, and description provided in the interviewee’s
account.

•

UAP Disclosure Study: Interviewees’ claims that between 2004 and 2007 the White
House requested a research institute in Virginia study the theoretical societal impacts
of disclosing that UAP are extraterrestrial in origin; AARO confirmed the study was
conducted, but it was not requested by the White House.

•

Named Companies Allegedly Experimenting on Alien Technology: AARO has
found no evidence that U.S. companies ever possessed off-world technology. The
executives, scientists, and chief technology officers of the companies named by
interviewees met with the Director of AARO and denied on the record that they have
ever recovered, possessed, or engaged in reverse-engineering of extraterrestrial
technology.

•

Experimentation on Alleged Extraterrestrial Spacecraft Sample: AARO has
concluded that a sample from an alleged crashed off-world spacecraft that AARO
acquired from a private UAP investigating organization and the U.S. Army is a
manufactured, terrestrial alloy and does not represent off-world technology or possess
any exceptional qualities. The sample is primarily composed of magnesium, zinc,

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and bismuth with some other trace elements, such as lead. This assessment was based
on its materials characterization.
AARO assesses that all of the named and described alleged hidden UAP reverseengineering programs provided by interviewees either do not exist; are misidentified authentic,
highly sensitive national security programs that are not related to extraterrestrial technology
exploitation; or resolve to an unwarranted and disestablished program. AARO created a
secure process in partnership with the highest-level security officials within the DoD, IC, and
other organizations to research and investigate these programs; AARO was granted full,
unrestricted access by all organizations. It is important to note that none of the interviewees had
firsthand knowledge of these programs—they were not approved for access to nor did they work
on these efforts—which likely resulted in misinterpretation of the programs’ origins and purpose.
•

The interviewees and others who have mistakenly associated authentic sensitive
national security programs with UAP had incomplete or unauthorized access to
these programs; discussion of these programs outside of secure facilities presents a
high risk of exposing national security information.

•

One named program was a UAP-related Prospective Special Access Program (PSAP)
called KONA BLUE that was proposed to the Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) and supported by individuals who believed the USG was hiding off-world
technology. The program was never approved by DHS and its supporters never
provided empirical evidence to support their claims.

•

In 2021, without sufficient justification, the scope of an IC Controlled Access
Program was expanded to protect UAP reverse-engineering. This program never
recovered or reverse-engineered any UAP or extraterrestrial spacecraft. This IC
program was disestablished due to its lack of merit.

AARO assesses that the inaccurate claim that the USG is reverse-engineering
extraterrestrial technology and is hiding it from Congress is, in large part, the result of
circular reporting from a group of individuals who believe this to be the case, despite the lack
of any evidence. AARO notes that although claims that the USG has recovered and hidden
spacecraft date back to the 1940s and 1950s, more modern instances of these claims largely stem
from a consistent group of individuals who have been involved in various UAP-related
endeavors since at least 2009.
•

Many of these individuals were involved in or supportive of a cancelled DIA program
and the subsequent but failed attempt to reestablish this program under DHS, called
KONA BLUE.

AARO assesses that UAP sightings and reports of these sightings to USG organizations
and claims that some UAP constitute extraterrestrial craft and that the USG has secured and
is experimenting on extraterrestrial technology have been influenced by a range of cultural,
political, and technological factors. AARO bases this conclusion on the following factors:

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•

The aggregate findings of all USG investigations to date have not found even one
case of UAP representing off-world technology.

•

None of the programs mentioned by interviewees are UAP reverse-engineering
programs, and all the authentic programs have been properly notified and reported to
Congress through the congressional defense and/or intelligence committees.

•

AARO has no evidence for the USG reverse-engineering narrative provided by
interviewees and has been able to disprove the majority of the interviewees’ claims.
Some claims are still under evaluation.

•

AARO determined that a piece of metal alleged to be recovered from an off-world
spacecraft is ordinary, of terrestrial origin, and possesses no exceptional qualities.

Several factors—domestic and international—most likely influenced sightings, reports,
and the belief by some individuals that there is sufficient proof that some UAP represent
extraterrestrial technology. AARO’s examination of the historical context of UAP
investigations from 1945 to the present reveals that these factors—some common to and distinct
between the earlier era of UAP investigations (pre-2009) and the modern era (post-2009)—
undoubtedly influenced the direction of these investigations, the volume of and spikes in
sightings, and the overall public interest, concern, and debate. These periods are divided into
pre- and post-2009 timeframe because this is the year of the standup of the Advanced Aerospace
Weapons System Application Program (AAWSAP) and Advanced Aerospace Threat
Identification Program (AATIP) efforts. Prior to AAWSAP/AATIP there was about a 40 year
gap in UAP investigation programs since the termination of Project BLUE BOOK in 1969.
•

Common contextual factors between earlier and modern investigations include a
rapidly evolving and dynamic national security environment, concern about
technological surprise, intense secrecy related to government military programs,
public interest in UAP, perceived bureaucratic barriers, and the persistent lack of
quality data.

•

Some contextual factors that were distinct between earlier and modern investigations
include: differences in the level of public trust in the government; the large volume of
popular culture content related to UAP; the perception within some segments of the
population that the USG is hiding extraterrestrial technology; unauthorized
disclosures of classified programs mistaken for UAP observations; the proliferation of
online sources that reinforce these beliefs; the impact that social media has had on
circular reporting; and the rapid spread of misinformation.

AARO assesses that some portion of sightings since the 1940s have represented
misidentification of never-before-seen experimental and operational space, rocket, and air
systems, including stealth technologies and the proliferation of drone platforms. From the
1940s to the 1960s especially, the United States witnessed a boom in experimental technologies
driven by World War II and the Cold War.

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•

Many of these technologies fit the description of a stereotypical Unidentified Flying
Object (UFO). It is understandable how observers unfamiliar with these programs
could mistake sightings of these new technologies as something extraordinary, even
other-worldly.

•

Along with these conventional technology research areas, the USG started the
Manhattan Project in 1942. This program operated in secrecy and led to the
establishment of several “secret cities” across the United States to support the
development of the nuclear bomb. Any misunderstanding stemming from the intense
secrecy surrounding this and similar programs could have been misconstrued for
other efforts.

SECTION III: Scope & Assumptions
Scope
This HR2 is provided by DoD in response to a requirement established in the National
Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for FY 2023, Section 6802(j), which states: “Not later than
540 days after the date of the enactment of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year
2023, the Director of the Office shall submit to the congressional defense committees, the
congressional intelligence committees and the congressional leadership a written report detailing
the historical record of the United States Government relating to unidentified anomalous
phenomena.” This report, pursuant to the legislation, is based upon the records and documents
of the IC and DoD, oral history interviews, open source analysis, interviews of current and
former government officials, and classified and unclassified archives.
AARO will provide its findings to Congress in two volumes:
•

Volume I contains AARO’s findings from 1945 to 31 October 2023 based on the
requirements, and:

•

Volume II will include any findings resulting from interviews and research
completed from 1 November 2023 to 15 April 2024.

AARO interviewed approximately 30 people who claimed to have insight into alleged
USG involvement in off-world technology exploitation or to possess knowledge of UAP that
have allegedly disrupted U.S. nuclear facilities in the past.
Assumptions
AARO and DoD assume that individuals convey their accurate recollection of their
perception of the events they observed or heard. It is important to note that AARO cannot
discount nor rely on interviewee accounts alone because of the extraordinary claims contained in
their reports. Although individual accounts are important, they are only one element of the
larger picture and provide AARO with the opportunity to initiate an investigation. However, any

(Text continues in the original file: 63 pages.)

## AARO Mission Brief (2025)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_Mission_Brief_2025
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_Mission_Brief_2025
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the 2025 brief thinks 2015's 'Go Fast' was just traffic.

- AARO Mission Brief (2025), AARO, 2025, PDF document
- Outlines AARO’s scope, methodology, progress, and case studies like 2022 Middle East orb
- Concludes most UAP have ordinary explanations; case studies likely commercial aircraft or natural phenomena

### Official summary

Official mission brief covering AARO scope, methodology, and progress.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED
CLEARED
For Open Publication
Jun 20, 2025
AARO Department of Defense
OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW
ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY
RESOLUTION OFFICE
The U.S. Defense Department & The UAP Mission
Dr. Jon Kosloski
Director, AARO
ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO) UNCLASSIFIED Last updated: JUNE 2025
25-P-0881

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED

UNIDENTIFIED ANOMALOUS PHENOMENA
Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) are sources of anomalous
detections in one or more domains (i.e., airborne, seaborne,
spaceborne, and/or transmedium) that are not yet attributable to
known actors and that demonstrate behaviors that are not readily
understood by sensors or observers.
“Anomalous detections” include, but are not limited to, phenomena
appearing to demonstrate capabilities or material properties exceeding
the known state-of-the-art.
UAP may consist of one or more objects and may persist over an
extended period.
▪ UAP are primarily attributable to domain-awareness gaps.
▪ UAP may represent advanced capabilities operating in domainawareness gaps.

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

UNCLASSIFIED

2

#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED
AARO
AARO UAP ATTRIBUTION-PERFORMANCE MATRIX
(UNCLASSIFIED)
2 a
LESS IDENTIFIABLE
Misidentified Known Objects Potentially Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena
Possible Safety Concern Anomalous Detections (AARO Mission Area)
Possible Safety of Flight Developmental or
or Navigation Concern Experimental Platforms Ambiguous Source
MORE IDENTIFIABLE
Easily Identifiable/
Not Anomalous Cutting-edge Capabilities Known Source
ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY CIVILIAN/CONSUMER GRADE MILITARY/HIGH-END COMMERCIAL BEYOND STATE-OF-THE-ART
AAR
RESOLUTION OFFICE
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Civil Regulatory/Law Enforcement Department of Defense/Intelligence Community (IC) All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
(UNCLASSIFIED)
ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO) UNCLASSIFIED 3

#### Page 4

UNCLASSIFIED

MISSION, VISION, & FUNCTION
Congress established AARO to investigate what hazards or threats UAP might present across service, regional, and domain boundaries.

MISSION:
Minimize technical and intelligence surprise by synchronizing identification, attribution, and mitigation of UAP in the vicinity of national security areas.

VISION:
Effectively and efficiently detect, track, analyze, and manage anomalous detections and UAP via normalized and systematized DoD, IC, and civil
business practices adhering to the highest scientific and intelligence-tradecraft standards with transparency and shared awareness.

AARO DIVISIONS AND ORGANIZATION
Director
Deputy Director
Chief of Staff
Operations

Analysis
Chief Technology Officer
Science & Technology
ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

Strategic Communications
UNCLASSIFIED

4

#### Page 5

UNCLASSIFIED

SUBMITTING A REPORT TO AARO
(UNCLASSIFIED)

▪ Military and DoD civilian personnel should report through their command or
service per GENADMIN Joint Staff J3 Washington DC 191452ZMAY23
“Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Reporting and Material Disposition.”
▪ Civilian pilots are encouraged to promptly report UAP sightings to air
traffic control. AARO receives UAP-related Pilot Reports from the Federal
Aviation Administration.
OTHER REPORTS TO AARO

AARO accepts reports of U.S. Government programs or activities related to UAP
from current or former U.S. Government employees, service members, or
contractor personnel with direct knowledge. These reports will be used to
inform AARO’s congressionally directed Historical Record Report.
For additional information on reporting, please visit
www.aaro.mil/Submit-A-Report/

(U) Example of the Report Form found on
AARO’s website.

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

UNCLASSIFIED

(UNCLASSIFIED)

5

#### Page 6

UNCLASSIFIED

UAP ANALYTIC TRENDS
AARO analyses confirm only a very small percentage of UAP reports display anomalous signatures. Most anomalous detections reported to AARO
demonstrate ordinary characteristics of readily-explainable sources.

LACK OF DATA HINDERS
COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSES

SENSOR BIAS
INFLUENCES REPORTING

INCREASED CIVIL REPORTING MAY SHIFT
COLLECTION BIAS AND TRENDS

▪ Many cases in AARO's holdings remain
unresolved because of a lack of verifiable
data. Cases lacking sufficient data to inform a
rigorous analysis cannot be resolved.

▪ AARO’s reliance on DoD-sourced reports leads
to a collection bias near major range and test
facilities, special use airspace, and
operational areas.

▪ AARO received more than 100 reports from
the FAA, contributing to analyses of UAP trends
over the United States and its territorial
waters.

▪ High-quality empirical data is necessary for
AARO’s adherence to the scientific method
and intelligence tradecraft, modeling,
simulation, and peer review.

▪ Interagency cooperation and partnerships with ▪ Most civilian reports lack sufficient data to
civil aviation authorities lessens militaryinform a conclusive analysis—i.e., sightings of
centric collection bias by incorporating reports
“lights” without notes on objects’
from commercial pilots. Thus, broadening
morphology/characteristics, geospatial
collection area over a greater geographic area.
location, or anomalous behaviors.

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

UNCLASSIFIED

6

#### Page 7

UNCLASSIFIED

AARO’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO NATIONAL SECURITY
▪ Developing sensors for UAP detection and tracking

▪ Developing protocols for rapid response to anomalies
▪ Advancing scientific understanding of UAP
▪ Synchronizing increased domain awareness in space,
skies, and sea

▪ Disseminating guidance on UAP reporting for DoD and
intelligence personnel
▪ Resolving UAP reports that impact national security,
personnel protection, or counterintelligence missions
▪ Reducing and mitigating technical surprise by
adversaries

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

UNCLASSIFIED

7

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UNCLASSIFIED

CASE - MIDDLE EAST “ORB”
CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE

(UNCLASSIFIED)

▪ In 2022, an electro-optical sensor aboard an MQ-9 Reaper
UAS platform operating in the Middle East recorded a
spherical object.
▪ The object’s characteristics and behavior are consistent
with other “metallic orb” observations in the region.
▪ The object did not appear to demonstrate anomalous
performance characteristics.
▪ The object did not threaten airborne-asset safety.
▪ AARO holds this case in its “Active Archive,” pending
discovery of additional data.
▪ AARO uses Active Archive cases to contribute to trend and
statistical analyses.

(U) Middle East “orb,” unresolved. Poor data quality prevents conclusive attribution.

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

UNCLASSIFIED

(UNCLASSIFIED)

8

#### Page 9

UNCLASSIFIED

CASE - WESTERN UNITED STATES
CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE

▪ During a training mission in the western United States, a P3 pilot reported observing three unidentified objects.
▪ The pilot reported that the objects appeared to move at high
speeds.
▪ The pilot attempted to intercept the objects but was unable
to close with them.
▪ Post event geospatial positioning analysis showed that the
objects were significantly farther from the observer than the
pilot’s initial estimate.
▪ The object’s apparent changes in morphology are visual
artifacts attributable to sensor autofocus.
▪ Air-traffic control data suggest the objects were likely
commercial aircraft following assigned flight paths to and
from major airports.

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

(UNCLASSIFIED)

(UNCLASSIFIED)

(U) Western-U.S. objects, likely to have been commercial airliners distorted by visual artifacts
caused by video autofocus.

UNCLASSIFIED

9

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UNCLASSIFIED

CASE - SOUTH ASIA OBJECT
CHARACTERISTICS AND SIGNATURE

(UNCLASSIFIED)

▪ In 2023, a forward-looking infrared sensor aboard an MQ-9 Reaper
recorded an object that appeared to demonstrate anomalous
propulsion signatures.
▪ An atmospheric wake appears to trail the object.
▪ The “trail” is visually consistent with cavitation—a phenomenon
associated with some modes of propulsion in fluid media.
▪ Cavitation within the atmosphere would indicate an extremely high
energy system.
▪ Post event analysis determined that the visible trail is a camerasoftware artifact.
▪ The video compression algorithm used to save this recording overlaid
frames on top of one another.
▪ These compression artifacts caused the software to attempt to
resolve differences in the gray, infrared gradient.
▪ This attempt to compensate introduced visual artifacts that seem to
form a trail.
▪ Analyses of the object’s morphology and air traffic control data
suggest the object is a commercial aircraft following a known flight
path.

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

UNCLASSIFIED

(U) South Asia object observed with an apparent atmospheric wake,
attributable to video compression artifacts. The object was likely a
commercial airliner.

(UNCLASSIFIED)

10

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UNCLASSIFIED

CASE – “GO FAST”
CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE
(UNCLASSIFIED)

▪ Event: In January 2015, U.S. Navy aircraft recorded an object appearing
to travel at high speeds close to the ocean’s surface off Florida’s east
coast.
▪ Findings: Following in-depth computational analysis of Navy aircraft’s
flight characteristics and sensor readings, AARO, in coordination with
S&T partners, assesses with high confidence the object did not
demonstrate anomalous speeds or flight characteristics.
▪ Analytic Factors: AARO assesses with high confidence that the object’s
altitude was approximately 13,000 feet above sea level and its speed
was approximately between 5 and 92 miles per hour.
▪ Contemporaneous weather data for the area at the time of event
record winds at approximately 69 miles per hour at 13,000 feet.
▪ The object maintained relatively straight flight path during the
observation, consistent with an object drifting with the wind. The object
slowly rose and fell slightly during the recording.
▪ High confidence analysis of the UAP’s exact position was not
possible given a lack of precise positional data from the observing
Navy aircraft.

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

UNCLASSIFIED

(U) The Department of Defense released the Go Fast
video 2017. This image is a screen shot of the video
available at www.aaro.mil. The object is circled for
visual emphasis.

(UNCLASSFIED )

11

#### Page 12

UNCLASSIFIED

CASE – MT. ETNA OBJECT
CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE
(UNCLASSIFIED)

▪ Event: In 2018, a U.S. UAS platform flying over the Mediterranean Sea observed an
eruption of Italy’s Mt. Etna. The UAS recorded infrared video of an object that
seemed to transit the volcano's plume with no impact to its performance, altitude,
or bearing.
▪ Findings: AARO and its IC and S&T partners assess with moderate confidence that
the object was a balloon. AARO and its partners assess with high confidence that
the object drifted with the wind approximately 170 kilometers from the volcano and
did not demonstrate anomalous performance characteristics.
▪ Analytic Factors: AARO’s assessment is informed by full-motion video analysis, 3D
modeling, pixel examination, and novel speed and distance calculation techniques.
▪ AARO estimated the distance between the UAS and the object by incorporating
historical weather data, including wind speed and cloud deck movement.
▪ AARO and its partners found that the object did not transit the ash plume by
comparing the luminosity of the object’s pixels to those around it.
▪ AARO used 3D modeling and wind calculations to predict the object’s location
during frames where it was visually undetectable.
▪ Digital postprocessing tools revealed the object to be where AARO’s modeling
suggested it would be, further validating the findings.

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

UNCLASSIFIED

(U) A screen shot from the “Mt. Etna Object” video
available on www.aaro.mil. The object is circled for
visual emphasis.

(UNCLASSIFIED)

12

## AARO-AARO_PIA_Section_1 — Privacy Impact Assessment

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_PIA_Section_1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_PIA_Section_1
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

AARO's PDF privacy review is the only thing they’re sure isn’t flying.

- Privacy Impact Assessment PDF by AARO, undated, location unspecified
- Reports assessment of AARO data collection and reporting systems
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Privacy Impact Assessment for AARO data collection and reporting systems.

### Full text

#### Page 1

PRIVACY IMPACT ASSESSMENT (PIA)
PRESCRIBING AUTHORITY:DoD Instruction 5400.16, "DoD Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA) Guidance". Complete this form for Department of Defense
(DoD) information systems or electronic collections of information (referred to as an "electronic collection" for the purpose of this form) that collect, maintain, use,
and/or disseminate personally identifiable information (Pll) about members of the public, Federal employees, contractors, or foreign nationals employed at U.S.
military facilities interationally.In the case where no Pll is collected, the PiA will serve as a conclusive determination that privacy requirements do not apply to
system.
1. DOD INFORMATION SYSTEM/ELECTRONIC COLLECTION NAME:
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office Authorized Reporting
2. DOD COMPONENT NAME: 3. PIA APPROVAL DATE:
Office of Secretary of Defense 10/26/23
Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense/All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
SECTION 1: PII DESCRIPTION SUMMARY (FOR PUBLIC RELEASE)
a. The Pll is: (Check one. Note: Federal contractors, military family members, and foreign nationals are included in general public.)
From members of the general public From Federal employees
x from both members of the general public and Federal employees Not Collected (if checked proceed to Section 4)
b. The Pll is in a: (Check one.)
New DoD Information System X New Electronic Collection
Existing DoD Information System Existing Electronic Collection
Significantly Modified DoD Information System
c. Describe the purpose of this DoD information system or electronic collection and describe the types of personal information about individuals
collected in the system.
The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) will publish a website that contains information about AARO and Unidentified
Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) in addition to collecting contact information from persons wishing to make a voluntary disclosure to AARO
about U.S. Government and UAP events and activities. The website will facilitate the collection of contact information from persons who
want to make a report to AARO in support of the Congressionally mandated Historical Record Report and is, therefore, the starting point for
a secure reporting mechanism mandated by law in the National Defense Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2023. Information collected from
persons wanting to make a report to AARO include: Name, email address, phone number, DOD identification number (if applicable),
current postal zip code, current or former employment status as a federal employee, U.S. Government contractor, or U.S. service member,
and currently or previously possessed a U.S. Government security clearance (i.e. yes or no). This information collection is in accordance
with DoD Directive 3115.18 regarding publicly available information.
d. Why is the Pll collected and/or what is the intended use of the Pll? (e.g., verification, identification, authentication, data matching, mission-related use,
administrative use)
The PII collected will be used to contact persons that want to report U.S. Government activities and events related to UAP. Additionally,
information such as current/former employment status and security clearance level will assist AARO in prioritizing persons to be
interviewed in support of the Historical Record Report.
e. Do individuals have the opportunity to object to the collection of their Pll? X Yes No
(1) If "Yes," descr be the method by which individuals can object to the collection of PIl.
(2) If "No," state the reason why individuals cannot object to the collection of PIl.
Individuals can choose not to provide their contact information to AARO and therefore, choose not to be interviewed in the future. The
contact procedure and potential subsequent interview is voluntary in nature. Additionally, persons can choose to provide their contact
information and not provide any security clearance information while still retaining the ability to send their contact information.
f. Do individuals have the opportunity to consent to the specific uses of their Pll? X Yes No
(1) If "Yes," descr be the method by which individuals can give or withhold their consent.
(2) If "No," state the reason why individuals cannot give or withhold their consent.
By checking a block next to text that indicates that the person is consenting to being contacted by AARO (in the event that AARO wants to
conduct an interview of the person), and then clicking, "Submit," the person gives their consent to being contacted by AARO.
g. When an individual is asked to provide Pll, a Privacy Act Statement (PAS) and/or a Privacy Advisory must be provided. (Check as appropriate and
provide the actual wording.)
DD FORM 2930, JUN 2017 PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE. Page 1 of 9

#### Page 2

Privacy Act Statement Privacy Advisory Not Applicable
PRIVACY ACT STATEMENT FOR UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT UNIDENTIFIED ANOMALOUS PHENOMENON (UAP)
REPORTING
AUTHORITY: 10 U.S.C. 113, Secretary of Defense; 44 U.S.C. 2107, Acceptance of Records for Historical Preservation; Section 1673 of
the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (Pub. Law 117-263).
PRINCIPAL PURPOSE: To manage general correspondence and reporting relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena. Information
provided may be used to contact or seek additional information from individuals reporting information relating to such phenomena,
including but not limited to any event relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena and any activity or program by a department or agency
of the Federal Government or a contractor of such a department or agency relating to such phenomena.
ROUTINE USES: The information solicited may be made available as a "routine use" to appropriate Federal, State, local, territorial, tribal,
foreign, or international law enforcement authorities to assist the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office with authorized reporting of
phenomena, to appropriate Federal, State, local, territorial, tribal, foreign, or international agencies for the purpose of authorized scientific
study or counterintelligence activities, or for the purpose of executing or enforcing laws designed to protect the national security or
homeland security of the United States, including those relating to the sharing of records or information concerning terrorism, homeland
security, or law enforcement. A complete list and explanation of applicable Routine Uses is included in SORN DoD-0017, "Privacy and
Civil Liberties Complaints and General Correspondence Records," accessible at
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/10/03/2023-21863/privacy-act-of-1974-system-of-records.
DISCLOSURE: Voluntary; however, failure to provide the information may result in the inability of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution
Office to evaluate the information and engage in follow-up communications in furtherance of the authorized reporting or assessment
processes.
h. With whom will the Pll be shared through data/system exchange, both within your DoD Component and outside your Component?
(Check all that apply)
X Within the DoD Component Specify. PII sharing will be limited to select AARO personnel.
X Other DoD Components (i.e. Army, Navy, Air Force) Component Security or Access Officials for facilitating a
Specify. visitor request to enter DoD controlled spaces for an
interview of an individual.
Other Federal Agencies (i.e. Veteran's Affairs, Energy, State) Specify.
State and Local Agencies Specify.
Contractor (Name of contractor and describe the language in
the contract that safeguards PII.Include whether FAR privacy The government website host will be the IL 4 Cloud
X clauses, i.e., 52.224-1, Privacy Act Notification, 52.224-2, Specify. Environment hosted by Google.
Privacy Act, and FAR 39.105 are included in the contract.)
Other (e.g., commercial providers, colleges). Specify.
i.Source of the Pll collected is: (Check all that apply and list all information systems if applicable)
Individuals Databases
Existing DoD Information Systems Commercial Systems
Other Federal Information Systems
Information provided by an individual will be collected via a properly accredited web host (i.e. accredited for processing and hosting PII)
and subsequently downloaded and saved on a DOD/AARO controlled shared drive folder. The folder will be restricted and only accessible
to those AARO personnel managing the interview process.
j. How will the information be collected? (Check all that apply and list all Official Form Numbers if applicable)
E-mail Official Form (Enter Form Number(s) in the box below)
In-Person Contact Paper
Fax Telephone Interview
Information Sharing - System to System X Website/E-Form
Other (If Other, enter the information in the box below)
Information will be collected via fillable fields on AARO's website.
DD FORM 2930, JUN 2017 PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE. Page 2 of 9

#### Page 3

k. Does this DoD Information system or electronic collection require a Privacy Act System of Records Notice (SORN)?
A Privacy Act SORN is required if the information system or electronic collection contains information about U.S. citizens or lawful permanent U.S. residents that
is retrieved by name or other unique identifier. PlA and Privacy Act SORN information must be consistent.
X Yes No
If "Yes," enter SORN System Identifier DoD 0017
SORN Identifier, not the Federal Register (FR) Citation.Consult the DoD Component Privacy Office for additional information or http://dpcld.defense.gov/
Privacy/SORNs/
or
If a SORN has not yet been published in the Federal Register, enter date of submission for approval to Defense Privacy, Civil Liberties, and Transparency
Division (DPCLTD).Consult the DoD Component Privacy Office for this date
If "No," explain why the SORN is not required in accordance with DoD Regulation 5400.11-R: Department of Defense Privacy Program.
I. What is the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) approved, pending or general records schedule (GRS) disposition authority
for the system or for the records maintained in the system?
(1) NARA Job Number or General Records Schedule Authority. DAA-0330-2023-0002
(2) If pending, provide the date the SF-115 was submitted to NARA. 10/9/2023
(3)Retention Instructions.
Pending approval "Cut off after supersession/update Destroy 3 year(s) after cutoff
m.What is the authority to collect information?A Federal law or Executive Order must authorize the collection and maintenance of a system of
records. For Pll not collected or maintained in a system of records, the collection or maintenance of the Pll must be necessary to discharge the
requirements of a statue or Executive Order.
(1) If this system has a Privacy Act SORN, the authorities in this PIA and the existing Privacy Act SORN should be similar.
(2) If a SORN does not apply, cite the authority for this DoD information system or electronic collection to collect, use, maintain and/or disseminate PIl.
(If multiple authorities are cited, provide all that apply).
(a) Cite the specific provisions of the statute and/or EO that authorizes the operation of the system and the collection of PIl.
(b) If direct statutory authority or an Executive Order does not exist, indirect statutory authority may be cited if the authority requires the
operation or administration of a program, the execution of which will require the collection and maintenance of a system of records.
(c) If direct or indirect authority does not exist, DoD Components can use their general statutory grants of authority ("internal housekeeping") as
the primary authority. The requirement, directive, or instruction implementing the statute within the DoD Component must be identified.
10 U.S.C. 113, Secretary of Defense; 44 U.S.C. 2107, Acceptance of Records for Historical Preservation; Section 1673 of the National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (Pub. Law 117-263).
n. Does this DoD information system or electronic collection have an active and approved Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Control
Number?
Contact the Component Information Management Control Officer or DoD Clearance Officer for this information. This number indicates OMB approval to
collect data from 10 or more members of the public in a 12-month period regardless of form or format.
X Yes No Pending
(1) If "Yes," list all applicable OMB Control Numbers, collection titles, and expiration dates.
(2) If "No," explain why OMB approval is not required in accordance with DoD Manual 8910.01, Volume 2, " DoD Information Collections Manual:
Procedures for DoD Public Information Collections."
(3) If "Pending," provide the date for the 60 and/or 30 day notice and the Federal Register citation.
OMB Control Number 0704-0674 (Expiration Date: 4/30/2024). Collection Title: AARO Contact Form for Authorized Reporting
DD FORM 2930, JUN 2017 PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE. Page 3 of 9

## Puerto Rico UAP Case Resolution

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_Puerto_Rico_UAP_Case_Resolution.pdf
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_Puerto_Rico_UAP_Case_Resolution.pdf
- Agency: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
- Released: 2024
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Those sky lanterns barely outpaced a lazy stroll at eight miles per hour.

- Puerto Rico UAP Case Resolution PDF, AARO, dated March 19 2025, concerning Puerto Rico incident.
- Infrared sensor on a CBP aircraft recorded two objects on April 26 2013 near Puerto Rico.
- AARO found no anomalous performance; moderate confidence the objects were sky lanterns.

### Official summary

AARO case-resolution report on Puerto Rico UAP object.

### AI summary

This document is a case resolution from the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) under the U.S. Department of Defense, dated March 19, 2025, for the Puerto Rico Object case. It reports that on April 26, 2013, an infrared sensor on a U.S. Customs and Border Protection aircraft captured footage of two objects near Puerto Rico. AARO concludes with high confidence that the objects did not exhibit anomalous behavior and with moderate confidence that they were sky lanterns. The objects were assessed to have flown at 8 mph, remained over land, and their apparent separation and movement were explained by sensor limitations and motion parallax.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)
U.S. Department of Defense
Case: “The Puerto Rico Object”

CLEARED
For Open Publication
Mar 19, 2025

Case Resolution | 20 March 2025

Department of Defense

OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW

AARO Assessment and Case Status:

Case Synopsis

1

AARO assesses with high confidence that
the objects did not exhibit anomalous
behavior or transmedium capabilities.
AARO assesses with moderate confidence
that the objects were a pair of sky lanterns.

Location: Puerto Rico
Date: April 26, 2013
Object Altitude (Reported): N/A

Case Overview

Object Altitude (Assessed): 656 ft

On April 26, 2013, an infrared (IR) sensor
onboard a U.S. Customs and Border
Protection (CBP) De Havilland Canada 8
aircraft flying above Rafael Hernandez
Airport near Aguadilla, Puerto Rico
captured thermal video footage of two
objects drifting at wind speed and direction.
The objects appeared to move at a high rate
of speed over the airport and surrounding
area before separating from one another.
The objects seemed to enter, exit, and
disappear into the Atlantic Ocean off
Puerto Rico's northwestern coast.

Object Speed (Reported): N/A

During the encounter, the CBP aircraft flew
in an arc around the Rafael Hernandez
Airport, gaining approximately 1,725 feet
in altitude before losing sensor contact with
the objects at 3,600 feet. The aircraft
entered a layer of scattered clouds as it
passed 3,000 feet in altitude. These clouds
partially obscured the sensor's view,
potentially affecting the objects’ sensor
return. The range between the aircraft and
the objects nearly tripled during the
encounter. These factors contribute to the

Object Speed (Assessed): 8 mph
Object Shape (Reported): N/A
Object Shape (Assessed): Indistinct
Reporter: Publicly available media, originally
recorded by U.S. Customs and Border
Protection.
Data Type: Infrared
Reported Behavior: Split or replicated;
transmedium behavior.
Assessed Behavior: The objects did not
demonstrate anomalous performance
characteristics.
Confidence: High confidence that the objects
did not demonstrate anomalous performance
characteristics. Moderate confidence that the
objects were a pair of sky lanterns.

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video’s diminishing quality over time. Figure 1 reconstructs the aircraft's flight path, sensor lineof-sight to the ground, and position relative to the objects.

Figure 1: A reconstruction of the CBP aircraft's flight path is shown in green. Grey lines
indicate the sensor's line-of-sight to the ground from the aircraft. The yellow arrow shows the
objects’ assessed flight path.
Key Findings
AARO assesses with high confidence that:
•
•

The objects did not exhibit anomalous speeds or other behavior exceeding known stateof-the-art performance characteristics.
The video depicts two objects traveling near each other rather than a single object
splitting into two.

2
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#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED
Performance Characteristics
Object Speed: Systems Toolkit (STK) reconstruction determined the objects drifted at
approximately 3.6 meters per second (8 mph) in a straight line over land, consistent with the
recorded wind speed of 4.4 meters per second (9.8 mph) from the east/northeast. 2
The objects’ apparent high speed is attributable to motion parallax. Motion parallax is an optical
effect that induces an observer to perceive that a stationary or slow-moving object is moving
much faster than its actual speed when viewed from a moving frame of reference. The more
quickly an observer moves relative to an observed object, the more pronounced this effect is. In
this case, the aircraft's flight speed, the sensor’s zoom, and the change in relative positions of the
aircraft and the objects influenced their perceived behavior and performance characteristics.
Object Flight Path: STK reconstruction integrated the aircraft's position with key sensor
parameters (e.g., elevation, azimuth, and slant angle) to model the objects’ flight path. The IR
sensor first detected the objects near the northeastern side of the airport at an altitude of
approximately 200 meters (656 feet). The objects drifted southwest at wind speed before the IR
sensor lost contact with them over the airport's central parking apron.
AARO reconstructed the sensor’s look angle by plotting the aircraft's position and the sensor's
view-to-ground projection onto a map (Figure 1). The reconstruction demonstrates that the
objects remained over land during the encounter.
Apparent Separation: AARO assesses with high confidence that the recording captures two
objects traveling near each other rather than a single object splitting or replicating. The objects
visibly separate multiple times within the first minute, suggesting that the video depicts two
objects the entire time. Separation occurs at approximately 00:29.56, 00:40.76, and 00:47.00
seconds (Figure 2). The IR sensor’s view of the objects changed from side-on to top-down as the
aircraft gained altitude. The sensor’s steeper viewing angle from a higher altitude likely made the
objects' separation more visually dramatic near the end of the video (Figure 3, Image C).
Apparent Transmedium Behavior: The STK reconstruction demonstrates that the objects did
not exhibit transmedium performance characteristics. “Transmedium” refers to objects that
transition between two or more domains, e.g., space, the atmosphere, or water, in ways not
attributable to known technologies. The objects remained over land throughout the video.

3
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Figure 2: Stills images of object separation from within the first minute of the video.

Figure 3: These stills demonstrate how the changing view angle from the sensor to the objects
influenced their perceived behavior as the aircraft gained altitude. They appear to be one object
from a low angle and a low magnification, as shown in Image A at 00:05.14. The objects appear
distinct from one another from a steeper viewing angle and moderate magnification, as shown in
Image B at 00:33.41. Image C, at 02:37.44, shows the objects from a high angle and increased
magnification, clearly showing object separation from a more top-down perspective.
4
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Observable Characteristics and Attribution
Size and Shape: AARO employed pixel analysis to estimate the objects’ sizes to be smaller than
one meter (three feet). Pixel analysis is a method of measuring an object’s size by comparing it
to an object of known dimensions. The objects’ shapes are indistinct.
Number of Objects: AARO assesses with high confidence that the video footage depicts two
objects traveling near each other rather than a single object splitting into two.
Attribution: AARO assesses with moderate confidence that the objects depicted in the video are
sky lanterns. AARO confirmed with local hospitality industry vendors that it is common
practice for hotels and resorts in the area to release sky lanterns during celebrations. The
objects’ size and thermal signature variability support this conclusion. Sky lanterns are typically
smaller than one meter in diameter and emit a flickering, weakening thermal signature as they
expend fuel, gradually losing distinctiveness against the background environment when viewed
through an IR sensor. However, the video’s poor quality reduces AARO’s confidence in
categorically identifying the objects.
IR signatures can appear to “vanish” when the thermal contrast between the object and
background becomes indistinguishable (Figure 4). The objects seem to disappear shortly after the
ocean appears in the background. The objects did not enter the water. Rather, the sensor could
not distinguish the objects from their environment due to a lack of thermal contrast between
them and the ocean.

Figure 4: IR signatures can lose distinctiveness when thermal contrast is low.
5
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UNCLASSIFIED
Data Quality and Methodology
AARO assesses that the sensor data associated with the encounter provides sufficiently detailed
information to resolve this case with high confidence. AARO’s assessment is informed by
reconstruction of the event using STK and Minimum Separation Vectors analysis.
Sensor Effects and Limitations
Thermal imaging can fail to differentiate a target object from the background when its thermal
signature is virtually identical to the surrounding environment to be distinct, known as thermal
crossover. When a sensor fails to discriminate a target from its environment, the object can seem
to vanish or intermittently disappear and reappear. 3 Several factors affected the objects’ IR
signature, contributing to the perception that they entered the water or disappeared.
•

•

•

Thermal Crossover:
­ This natural phenomenon reduces the effectiveness of thermal imaging systems in
detecting the contrast between an object and its environment during and after a rapid
temperature change, such as during sunrise and sunset. It can persist for up to two
hours. 4
­ On April 26, 2013, sunset occurred at 7:48 p.m. local time. The IR sensor recorded
the event at 9:22 p.m. local time, within the two-hour window when thermal
crossover can influence IR sensor return. 5
Sensor Distance:
­ The aircraft’s distance from the objects nearly tripled during the observation period.
Sensor fidelity degrades with increasing distance to a target, especially for objects of
such small size.
Cloud Cover:
­ Scattered clouds at 3,000 feet partially obscured the sensor's view. Cloud cover can
intermittently reduce an object’s thermal contrast, similar to the loss of detection that
can occur during thermal crossover. 6 Intermittent sensor contact can make an object
appear to flicker or disappear and reappear on thermal imaging systems.

Alternative Hypotheses
Anomalous Phenomena: During specific frames, the objects seem to pass behind a utility pole,
indicating that they were at a much lower altitude and traveling much faster than would be
typical for objects of this size. AARO employed pixel analysis to investigate this alternative and
found that the objects did not pass behind the pole, ruling out anomalous performance
characteristics. Pixel analysis alone cannot determine the objects’ altitude or trajectory, though it
can set parameters for further analysis. Therefore, AARO used STK reconstruction to assess the
objects' flight behavior and performance characteristics. The STK reconstruction demonstrates
that the objects moved in a straight line at wind speed over land.
Marine Birds: An AARO partner assessed that the objects traveled between 35 and 130 mph at
an altitude between 300 and 900 feet. The partner suggested that the objects were a pair of
marine birds that descended to the surface of the Atlantic Ocean but noted that poor data quality
6
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#### Page 7

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makes identification difficult. AARO considered this interpretation unlikely, as the STK
reconstruction demonstrates that the objects moved in a straight line at wind speed over land.
Further, birds viewed through an IR sensor at the distances involved in this encounter would
retain identifiable features, such as wings, or pulsate at the frequency of wing beats.
Mylar Balloons: An AARO partner assessed that the objects were a pair of mylar or “party”
balloons. The objects’ behavior is consistent with a pair of balloons drifting together and apart
while tied together. The partner also suggested that the objects’ fluctuating IR sensor return may
be attributable to the balloons’ surface reflecting light from the full moon through intermittent
cloud cover. AARO does not concur with this assessment, because it is unlikely that an IR sensor
could detect reflected moonlight.
(U) AARO is not a member of the intelligence community. This AARO information report should
not be considered finished intelligence. It may contain references to finished intelligence reports
and/or information provided by AARO’s coordinating interagency partners to provide context, show
relevance, or substantiate AARO analytic perspectives.

1 Office of the Director of National Intelligence – Intelligence Community Directive 203: Analytic Standards
2 www.timeanddate.com

3 Journal article, Optics Express; Felton, M. et al.; 22 APR 2010; Measured comparison of the crossover period for mid- and
long-wave IR (MWIR and LWIR) polarimetric and conventional thermal imagery; Vol. 18, No.15.
4 Ibid.
5 www.sunrisesunset.com
6 Journal article, Optics Express; Felton, M. et al.; 22 APR 2010; Measured comparison of the crossover period for mid- and
long-wave IR (MWIR and LWIR) polarimetric and conventional thermal imagery; Vol. 18, No.15.

7
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## SAPCO/CAPCO Authority Memos

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_SAPCO_CAPCO_Memos_on_AARO_Authorities
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_SAPCO_CAPCO_Memos_on_AARO_Authorities
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

David W. Abba signed it, so it’s officially ‘Abba-solutely’ cleared.

- SAPCO/CAPCO Authority Memos, AARO pdf, Office of the Secretary of Defense, dated after 2022, USA.
- Memo authorizes AARO to interview individuals with Sensitive Access, sharing UAP data under NDAs.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Special Access Program Central Office memos on AARO classification handling authorities.

### Full text

#### Page 1

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
3200 DEFENSE PENTAGON
WASHINGTON, DC 20301-3200

MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD
SUBJECT:

Authorization to Provide Information to Personnel Representing the All-Domain
Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for
Intelligence and Security (OUSD(I&S))

References:

Section 1673 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023

1. Representatives of the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) are authorized to
speak to persons and/or conduct interviews of persons that currently have, or previously had,
access to sensitive U.S. Government (USG) information, activities, and/or materials.
2. Individuals with current or previous access to Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP)-related
information which is subject to a USG Nondisclosure Agreement are authorized to provide this
otherwise protected information to AARO representatives. AARO personnel are authorized to
receive this information pursuant to Section 1673 of the National Defense Authorization Act
(NDAA) for Fiscal Year (FY) 2023. The provision of UAP-related information which is subject to
a Nondisclosure Agreement to AARO personnel constitutes an authorized disclosure if the
information is provided and received for the limited purpose of conducting AARO's assigned
mission as specified in Section 1683 of the NDAA for FY2022, as amended by Section 6802 of
the NDAA for FY2023.
3. AARO representatives will conduct any conversation, interview, or disclosure of USG sensitive
information by an individual only within appropriate secure spaces and handled in accordance
with the regulations applicable to the alleged classification level of the potentially sensitive
information discussed, ( e.g., if the individual providing the information indicates that he/she
believes the information to be shared is classified TOP SECRET, special access required, the
AARO representatives will handle the information in accordance with such a level at intake and
until the classification can be determined).
4. Persons in contact with, or interviewed by, AARO representatives are advised that they are to
continue safeguarding classified and sensitive information in accordance with U.S. law and the
terms of any applicable Nondisclosure Agreement. An individual's authorized disclosure of
sensitive information to AARO representatives as outlined in this memorandum in no way
impacts that individual's responsibility to protect and safeguard classified information from
unauthorized disclosure.

DAVID W. ABBA
Maj Gen, USAF
Director, DoD Special Access Program
Central Office

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
WASHINGTON, DC
CAPCO-23-003
SUBJECT: Authorization to Provide Information to Personnel Representing the All-Domain
Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for
Intelligence and Security (OUSD(I&S))
REFERENCE: Section 1673 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023
Representatives of the All-Doma in Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) are authorized to speak
to persons and/or conduct interviews of persons that currently have, or previously had, access to
sensitive U.S. Government (USG) information, activities, and/or materials.
Individuals with current or previous access to Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP)-related or
presumed relevant information which is subject to a USG Nondisclosure Agreement are
authorized to provide this otherwise protected information to AA RO representatives. AARO
personnel are authorized to rec eive this information pursuant to Section 1673 of the National
Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year (FY) 2023. The provision of UAP-related
information which is subject to a Nondisclosure Agreement to AARO personnel constitutes an
authorized disclosure if the information is provided and rec eived for the limited purpose of
conducting AARO's assigned mission as specified in Section 1683 of the NDAA for FY2022, as
amended by Section 6802 of the NDAA for FY2023.
AARO representatives will conduct any conversation, interview, or disclosure ofUSG sensitive
information by an individual only within appropriate secure spaces and handled in accordance
with the regulations applicable to the alleged classification level of the potentially sensitive
information discussed, (e.g., if the individual providing the information indicates that he/she
believes the information to be shared is classified TOP SECRET//SCI or SAR, the AARO
representatives will handle the information in accordance with such level at intake and until the
classi fication can be determined).
Persons in contact with, or interviewed by, AARO representatives are advised that they are to
continue safeguarding classified and sensitive information in accordance with U.S. law and the
terms of any applicable Nondisclosure Agreement. An individual's authorized disclosure of
sensitive information to AARO representatives are outlined in this memorandum in no way
impacts that individual's responsibility to protect and safeguard classified information from
unauthorized disclosure.
Director, Controlled Access Programs Central Office
UNCLASSIFIED

## AARO Satellite Flaring Paper 508 FINAL 04222025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AARO_Satellite_Flaring_Paper_508_FINAL_04222025
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AARO_Satellite_Flaring_Paper_508_FINAL_04222025
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### AI summary

This is an AARO Information Paper titled "Correlations of Starlink 1 Satellite Flaring with UAP Observations," dated December 2024. It was written by the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office. The document explains how satellite flaring, caused by sunlight reflecting off artificial satellites, can be mistaken for unidentified aerial phenomena. It describes diffuse and specular reflections, details the design of Starlink satellites, and outlines how their orientation and movement create visible flares. The paper provides information on predicting when and where these flares occur.

### Full text

#### Page 1

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)

An AARO Information Paper

Correlations of Starlink 1 Satellite Flaring with UAP
Observations
December 2024

Introduction
With the advent of satellite communication mega-constellations including the SpaceX Starlink,
Eutelsat OneWeb, Amazon Kuiper, and Chinese G60 constellations, there are currently thousands
of artificial satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 2 and tens of thousands more planned for launch
over the next decade [1]. Satellite flaring is an optical phenomenon which occurs when sunlight
reflects off a satellite's surfaces, such as antennas or solar panels. This paper discusses specular
and diffuse reflection of sunlight from man-made satellites and how these effects can be interpreted
as unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP). It also provides a method for observers to determine
whether observations may be attributable to satellite flaring.

Background
Using reflected sunlight from man-made satellites to observe and track their movement goes back
to the earliest days of space exploration [2]. As noted above, several companies develop and launch
mega-constellations, providing internet access to most of the globe. Currently, there are nearly
10,000 artificial satellites in LEO and this number is expected to grow several-fold over the next
decade [1]. Figure 1 illustrates the location of Starlink satellites in orbit as of December 2, 2024,
at 11:00 AM Eastern Standard Time. As of the end of November 2024, there were over 6,700
Starlink satellites in orbit.
Figure 2 illustrates the concepts of diffuse and specular reflections, which describe how light
bounces off objects. Figure 3 shows how sunlight reflected in these two ways is directed toward
an observer on the surface of the Earth. As seen in the left side of Figure 2, diffuse reflection occurs
when light reflects from a rough or irregular surface. Light impinging upon a rough surface reflects
in many directions, which spreads the light over a large range of angles from the reflecting surface,
as illustrated by the gray colored "light cone” in the Figure 3(a). From a single observation point,
this cone of light can be visible for up to several minutes as the satellite moves in its orbit across
the sky. Additionally, the intensity of reflected light significantly decreases the further away the
observer is from the reflecting surface. At the Earth’s surface, the intensity of diffusely reflected
light from a satellite in LEO will typically have diminished to the point that the brightness is

Any reference to a non-federal entity is for informational purposes only and does not constitute an express or implied
endorsement of any commercial service, from AARO, the Department of Defense, or the Executive Branch. This
report focuses on Starlink satellites, but its principles are applicable for any analogous satellite constellation.
2
Altitude for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) ranges from 300km to 2,000km.
1

1

#### Page 2

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)

comparable to starlight. Due to their construction and orientation, many man-made satellites in
LEO diffusely reflect sunlight and can appear as stars that move across the night sky.

Figure 1: Graphic of Starlink satellites in orbit. Ref: https://www.heavensabove.com/StarLink.aspx
Specular reflection, also known as glint, occurs from a very smooth, mirror-like surface as
illustrated on the right side of Figure 2. Unlike diffusely reflected light, the light striking a smooth
surface reflects light at the same, or nearly the same, angle as the incident light. Therefore, the
reflected light cone from a satellite in LEO is much narrower for specular reflection as compared
to diffuse reflection, as illustrated in Figure 3(b). This dramatically increases its observed
brightness by several orders of magnitude, but greatly decreases its observation time as the cone
passes over the observer.

Figure 2: Image illustrating the difference between diffuse reflection (left) and specular
reflection (right).
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These very bright, short lived flashes of light are called “satellite flares” or “satellite glint.” The
design, launch, and operation of SpaceX Starlink mega-constellations has led to a significant
increase in the sighting of satellite flares, dubbed “Starlink flares,” noted by scientists and nonscientists alike.

Figure 3: Illustration of (a) diffuse reflection of sunlight from a satellite and (b) specular
reflection of sunlight from a satellite as viewed by an observer on the surface of the Earth.

Satellite Flares and Satellite Trains
Figure 4 shows a Starlink satellite in its operational configuration. Starlink satellites’ unique design
and orientation make them susceptible to both diffuse and specular reflection, which causes their
high visibility in the night sky. There are two key components to most satellites: (i) the solar panel,
and (ii) the satellite bus. The solar panel provides a power source for the satellite bus. The bus is
the primary body of the satellite that contains the electronics and systems to perform its designated
mission. The Starlink bus has multiple mirrored panels and flat antenna arrays on the bottom side
of the bus that faces the Earth in its operational configuration. Dependent on the generation of the
Starlink satellite, the reverse side of the large solar panel can be a very efficient diffuse reflector,
while the satellite bus is a very efficient specular reflector [3].
The phenomenon of satellite flaring is not new. This was well documented in the late 1990s and
early 2000s after the launch of the Iridium satellite constellation [4]. However, satellite trains, or
“Starlink trains,” are relatively new and result from the launch process SpaceX uses, which deploys
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dozens of small satellites during a single launch event. Immediately following a launch, and for
several days afterward, these satellites form a distinctive line of bright objects before fading as
they ascend to their final orbital positions. Figure 5 below provides examples of each flare
scenario.

Figure 4: Rendering of Starlink satellite noting the satellite’s bus and solar panel components.
Adapted from [5].
Starlink satellites transition through three orbital phases on their way to their final orbit, with each
phase creating a different visual phenomenology to ground observers. During the launch phase,
dozens of satellites, with their solar panels folded, are loaded in large groups on the rocket delivery
vehicle. Once the delivery vehicle arrives to an initial position in LEO, the satellites separate and
unfold their solar panels.

Figure 5: (a) photo of a string of Starlink satellites called “Starlink trains” not long after launch
on 29 August 2022 [6]; and (b) photo taken by AARO personnel of a satellite flare at peak
intensity for a Starlink satellite, which illustrates how much brighter Starlink flares can be than
surrounding stars. Photo taken before sunrise on March 11, 2024 near Sidney, Nebraska.
Camera settings: [7]
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All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)

After the satellites have separated and traversed a specific distance from one another, they enter
the second phase known as orbital raise. During this phase, the satellites navigate from their initial
low orbit to their final orbital altitude, which is nominally 550km for the current generation of
Starlink satellites. During the ascent, drag arises due to skin friction along the satellites’ surfaces.
To reduce the effects of drag, the satellites orient into a streamlined profile by shifting their solar
panels parallel to the Earth, see Figure 6(a). It’s this phase that creates the satellite trains, as light
reflects off each solar panel of the ascending satellites. In the third phase, the satellites reach their
final position called their operational altitude. Here the satellites reorient to their operational
configuration with each satellite bus and its mirrored panels facing the ground and their solar
panels extended above to maximize capture of sunlight.
It is this operational orientation of the satellites, Figure 6(b), that leads to flares or glint when the
geometry of the Sun, satellite, and observer are properly aligned. These flares are orders of
magnitude brighter than starlight and appear in a small section of sky called the “flare window.” It
is possible to have simultaneous flares from multiple satellites moving in differing orbits. To an
observer on the ground, simultaneous flares might appear to be spinning lights, small glowing orbs
that disappear and reappear, or tracing out geometric shapes such as triangles, or other odd
morphologies that move quickly across this small section of the sky. To demonstrate how bright
satellites can appear from the ground, AARO personnel photographed Starlink flaring on March
11, 2024, near Sidney, Nebraska (NE). These photographs are shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8.
These images were taken using a 10 second exposure time which makes them appear as short
streaks in the images versus point sources.

Figure 6: (a) rendering of Starlink satellite in its configuration during orbital raise; and (b)
rendering of Starlink satellite in its final operational orbit. Adapted from [8].

Estimating When and Where to See Starlink Flares
The location and appearance of these flares is a function of the satellite’s location, the Sun’s
position, the time, the date, and the observer’s latitude. Many in the astronomy community are
concerned about the light pollution created by satellite flares from these mega-constellations and
their negative impact on scientific studies as well as the risks posed to the access and safety of
space [9] [10] [11] [12]. This has driven some groups to create software models that predict the
brightness of satellites based on their astronomical locations. Despite this, few publications exist
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that discuss how to the predict the azimuth and elevation angles of satellite flares to assist a groundbased observer. The key to performing this prediction is to understand the position of the sun
relative to the satellite and the observer.

Figure 7: Image of Starlink flare taken by AARO personnel before sunrise on March 11, 2024
near Sidney, NE. Image was taken using a 10 second exposure time which led to the Starlink
flare appearing as a streak instead of a point source. [7]

Figure 8: Image of multiple Starlink flares taken by AARO personnel before sunrise on March
11, 2024 near Sidney, NE. Image was taken using a 10 second exposure time which led to the
Starlink flares appearing as streaks instead of point sources. [7]
The Sun’s position in the sky can be described using two measurements: (i) the Sun’s altitude
angle, and (ii) the Sun’s azimuth angle. The Sun’s altitude, or solar altitude, is the angle between
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the Sun and the Earth’s surface at the horizon as viewed from an observer’s position on the earth.
During the day, solar altitude is a positive number expressed in degrees above the horizon. Solar
altitude is negative at night, expressed in degrees below the horizon. Solar azimuth describes the
angle to the Sun as referenced from true North at the observer’s position, e.g., 90° being due East
and 270° being due West. Seasonal changes affect the measurement of solar azimuth because of
the Earth's 23.5° axial tilt. In the northern hemisphere, the Sun appears to rise and set further north
each day between the winter and summer solstices. After the summer solstice, this cycle reverses,
and the Sun rises and sets further south each day until the winter solstice. Thus, the specific
azimuths of the rising and setting Sun are also dependent on the observer’s latitude [13]. There are
many online resources that will calculate the Sun’s altitude and azimuth at a given time and date
for a specific observer’s location expressed in latitude and longitude [14] [15]. Similarly, the
satellite’s altitude with respect to an observer’s position can be represented by an angle above the
horizon. This look angle is the elevation angle from the horizon to the observation point in the sky,
i.e., the point in the sky to potentially see flares. These geometries are shown in Figure 9.
The following calculations provide a guide to help observers predict when and where they might
be able to view a satellite flare in the night sky. This is an approximate mathematical treatment
and meant to be a guideline good to within a few degrees to help the observer estimate the look
angles and times for Starlink flares.

Figure 9: Cartoon of Sun’s altitude and azimuth as referenced to the location of an observer on
the Earth. Also defined is the look angle to observation point in the sky.
Using equations (11), (1) and (5) in reference [16], we can calculate the look angle to the satellite,
e, as a function of the Sun’s altitude, 𝑎𝑎.
𝜋𝜋

𝑎𝑎(𝜀𝜀) = − 𝜀𝜀 − sin−1 �
2

𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸

𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸 +ℎ

𝜋𝜋

sin � − 𝜀𝜀�� + cos −1 �
2

𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸

𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸 +ℎ

�,

(1)
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where ℎ is satellite height above the Earth’s surface, 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸 is the Earth’s radius. As the zenith angle
𝜋𝜋
is complementary angle of the look angle, 𝜀𝜀, the substitution 𝑧𝑧 = − 𝜀𝜀 has been made in Equation

(1).

2

Equation (1) is a transcendental equation, meaning that it must be solved numerically to find ε as
a function of 𝑎𝑎, the sun’s altitude. Using the mathematical software package MATLAB®, a plot
was generated and is shown in Figure 10 for various Starlink satellite constellations, each of which
have varying orbital altitudes between about 540km and 570km.
Figure 11 illustrates the geometry for a nominal Starlink orbital altitude of 550km. Simple
trigonometry is used to determine that θr ≅ θi ≅ 67° and the angle A ≡ |a| + ε ≅ 46°. For
perfect specular reflection and a satellite bus with its bottom surface that is aligned exactly
perpendicular to its orbit, A = 46° and ε = 0. In other words, the satellite and resultant flare are
directly at the horizon. Realistically, no surface is a perfect specular reflector and any small
deviations from exactly perpendicular will reflect light off-axis resulting in ε ≠ 0. Assuming the
light cone is reflected as much as ± 2° off axis, Starlink flares are then generally visible when the
Sun’s altitude is roughly between -38° and -46° as illustrated in Figure 10. This is determined from
the inset in Figure 10, which shows that flares are visible somewhere between the horizon and
about 10° above the horizon for up to 2° off axis reflection, as indicated by the dashed green lines.

Figure 10: Plot of the Elevation Look Angle from the horizon to the satellite flare window as a
function of the Sun’s altitude below the horizon. Green lines indicate best set of Elevation Look
Angles for observing Starlink flares is up to about 10° above the horizon assuming off-axis
reflections up to 2°.
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Figure 11: Graphic illustrating the geometry discussed above. The horizon is indicated by the
dashed arrow. ε is the angle above the horizon to the position of the satellite and potential flare.
These numbers will vary for satellites with different orbital altitudes, but these guidelines are
suitable for the current family of Starlink satellites.
Step-by-step Process to Estimate Location of Flare Window
We now have enough information needed to estimate the look angles to observe Starlink flares,
specifically the sun’s elevation angle and satellite elevation angle. One can use the following
process to predict the flare window’s azimuth and elevation. Table 1 provides a template for
recording your observation.
Note the following information:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Choose the observation location (latitude and longitude).
Select the year.
Select the date.
Predict the Sun's azimuth at the chosen time, date, and location by entering the information
from steps 1-3 into an online calculator of your choice. Two example calculators are
https://www.suncalc.org/ or https://www.timeanddate.com/sun.
Use the slider bar at the top of the page for suncalc.org or the expandable tables on
timeanddate.com to find the time and azimuth after sunset when the Sun's altitude is -38°.
Record the Sun's azimuth and the local time of day.
After recording information from step 6, use the slider bar at the top of the page for
suncalc.org or the expandable tables on timeanddate.com to find the time and azimuth after
sunset when the Sun's altitude is -46°.
Record the Sun's azimuth and the local time.
Repeat steps 4 through 8 for the following day. Find the times and azimuths for the Sun
before sunrise at -38° and -46°.
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10. Using the information in the table, perform the observations and record the measured
values in the table.
Table 1: Example template for recording estimated azimuth and times for Starlink flare windows.
Observation Site

Latitude
Longitude

Date

Time (L)

After sunset
Sun Altitude

NOTES:

-38°

Look
Angle
10°

-46°

0°

Measured Values of Satellite Flare
Date
Time (L)

Azimuth

Flare
Azimuth

Flare
Elevation

Date

Time (L)

Before sunrise
Sun Altitude Azimuth
-46°

Look
Angle
0°

-38°

10°

Measured Values of Satellite Flare
Date
Time (L)

Flare
Azimuth

Flare
Elevation

The scenario below illustrates this process by working through an example.
Scenario
Suppose AARO personnel want to gather images and video of Starlink flares to support the
development of this information paper. AARO personnel travel from March 8-12, 2024, and select
Sidney, NE as the destination. This is due to its ~4000 feet altitude within the High Plains and the
generally flat terrain in this area, both of which make conditions more favorable to observe spacebased objects near the horizon.
The necessary information is:
1. Observation location: Sidney, NE
2. Year: 2024
3. Day: March 10 after sunset and March 11 before sunrise
For steps 4 through 10, see Table 2 below. This was completed using https://www.suncalc.org.
Table 2 shows that the measured azimuths and altitudes of the exemplified flares fall within the
predicted values. Figure 12 and Figure 13 are example photos taken during the two timeframes
noted in Table 2. AARO used https://theskylive.com/planetarium to reference the flare locations
against the known positions of other celestial bodies, which are noted in the images.

Implications for Airborne Observation
Up to this point, the discussion has assumed the observer is located on the surface of the Earth.
However, the phenomena of satellite trains and flares are also visible from aircraft. The angles,
geometries, etc. may differ, but the fundamental principles are the same. For an airborne observer,
the opportunity to see flares can persist longer when flying East to West after sunset in the direction
of the Sun or West to East before sunrise in the direction of the Sun because they can stay in the
flare light cone longer.

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Table 2: Example table completed for the scenario described above.
Observation Site
Sidney, NE

Latitude
Longitude

41.0064°
-103.1260°

After sunset
Date

Time (L)

Azimuth

10:22PM

Sun
Altitude
-38°

305.2°

Look
Angle
10°

03/10/24

11:20PM

-46°

321.6°

0°

Measured Values of Satellite Flare

NOTES:

Before sunrise

Date

Time (L)

Azimuth

2:44AM

Sun
Altitude
-46°

38.1°

Look
Angle
0°

03/11/24

3:43AM

-38°

54.7°

10°

Measured Values of Satellite Flare

Date

Time (L)

Flare
Azimuth

Flare
Elevation

Date

Time (L)

Flare
Azimuth

Flare
Elevation

03/10/24

10:38PM

309.6°

3.2°

03/11/24

3:13AM

47.4°

3.7°

Figure 12: Images taken by AARO personnel near Sidney, NE after sunset on March 10, 2024.
Note that the azimuth to the Starlink flares falls within the predicted angles in Table 2 at the time
of image capture. Camera settings: [7].

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Figure 13: Images taken by AARO personnel near Sidney, NE before sunrise on 11-MAR 2024.
Note that the azimuth to the Starlink flares falls within the predicted angles in Table 2 at the time
of image capture. Camera settings: [7].
Figure 14 shows the geometry of an airborne observer and two ground-based observers. The
altitude of an airborne observer extends the Line-of-Sight (LOS) distance to the horizon as
compared to a ground-based observer at the same latitude and longitude location, O1. For the
airborne observer, this is equivalent to shifting their observation point by a distance d (the arc
length) to align with a ground-based observer at position O2.

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Figure 14: Diagram illustrating that an airborne observer at position O1, shares the same
observation horizon as a ground-based observer at position O2. d is the projected shift of the
observation horizon for the airborne observer.
The LOS distance can be found using the Pythagorean theorem as:

which simplifies to:

Since ℎ𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ≪ 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸 , then

𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = �(𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸 + ℎ𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 )2 − 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸2

(2)

2
𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = �2𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸 ℎ𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + ℎ𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
.

(3)

𝑑𝑑 ≈ 𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 .

(4)

This relationship is plotted in Figure 15.

Figure 15: Projected shift in observation horizon (O1 to O2) as a function of observer altitude.
The latitude and longitude at position O2 (the new effective observation point for the airborne
observer) can be then estimated using the Haversine formula [17]. There are online calculators
available to find the terminal coordinates when given a starting point, bearing and range, e.g.,
https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/find-terminal-coordinates. Alternatively, one could use the ruler
tool in Google Earth to estimate the terminal coordinates.

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The coordinates for O2 are used to determine the Sun’s altitude and the observer’s elevation look
angle to potentially see flares for a given day, time, airborne observer location, and aircraft bearing
(or azimuth look angle as noted in Footnote 3).
Unlike the ground-based observation case discussed above, an airborne observer does not have the
ability to “park themselves” at a given location and wait for the Starlink flaring window to come
into view. Consequently, the process described below is more likely useful to determine whether
a previous sighting phenomenon may have been the result of Starlink flares.
Below is the process for determining the elevation and azimuth look angles for an airborne
observer to determine whether their sighting may potentially have been due to Starlink flares. Table
3 is an example template that may be useful.
1. Choose the observation location (latitude and longitude, O1), altitude and aircraft bearing
for the airborne observer (or azimuth look angle as noted in Footnote 3).
2. Use Figure 15 and online resources or Google Earth to calculate the effective observation
location, O2, for the airborne observer. Note the effective latitude and longitude in Table 3.
3. Select the year of the observation.
4. Select the calendar day of the observation.
5. Select the local time of the observation.
6. Determine the Sun's azimuth for the given time, date, and year at the effective observation
position O2. If O1 and O2 are not in the same time zone, use the time zone for O1 when
converting from local time to UTC.
7. Go to the online Sun altitude and azimuth calculator of your choice, e.g.,
https://www.suncalc.org/ or https://www.timeanddate.com/sun, and enter the information
from steps (2) through (5).
8. Use the slider bar at the top of the page for suncalc.org or the expandable tables on
timeanddate.com to find the Sun’s azimuth for the given local time of the observation and
record this into the appropriate blocks in the table.
9. Use Figure 10 above to estimate the elevation look angle at which Starlink flares should
have been visible and record this information into the table.
10. Compare the Sun’s azimuth and elevation look angle for the estimated flare window to the
sighting’s azimuth and elevation to determine if Starlink flares may be a likely explanation
for the observed phenomena.
Case
AARO received a Federal Aviation Administration UAP report from an airline pilot describing
multiple unidentified lights moving in different directions. The report states that the pilot was
traveling eastbound near Gallup, NM (35.5224°N, 108.7235°W) on October 9, 2022, at
approximately 3:50AM local time. The aircraft was at an altitude of 35,000 feet and had a bearing
It is implied that the airborne observer is looking forward out of the aircraft cockpit, i.e., a pilot, thus, the aircraft
bearing and azimuth look angle are approximately in the same direction. If the observer were a passenger looking out
of a side window, then replace the aircraft bearing with the azimuth look angle of the observer as measured from true
North to project O1 to O2.
3

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(heading) of approx. 70° from true North. The pilot noted that the UAP were “multiple lights
moving in different directions, left of the constellation Leo.” No further data was provided.
The following procedure will determine if the reported lights could be Starlink flares.
Table 3: Example template for recording estimated azimuth and elevation for Starlink flares that
could explain the UAP sighting for an airborne observer.
Observation Site

Latitude, O1
Longitude, O1
Aircraft Altitude
Aircraft Bearing

Effective Obs. Site
Date

Latitude, O2
Longitude, O2

Time (L)

Sun Altitude

Sighting Parameters

Sun Azimuth

Look Angle (Figure 10)

Sighting Azimuth

Sighting Elevation

The necessary information is then:
1) Observation location, O1: 35.5224°N, 108.7235°W
Altitude: 35,000 feet
Aircraft Bearing (also assumed to be observer's azimuth look angle): 70°
2) Using https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/find-terminal-coordinates:
The effective observation location, O2 is: 36.5987°N, 104.8259°W or near Cimarron, NM
3) Year: 2022
4) Date: October 9
5) Time: 3:50AM local
For steps 6 through 8, see completed Table 4 below. This was completed using www.suncalc.org.
Table 4: Example table completed for the airborne scenario described above.
Observation Site

Effective Obs. Site

Latitude, O1
Longitude, O1

35.5224°

Aircraft Altitude

35,000 feet

Aircraft Bearing

70°

-108.7235°

Latitude, O2

36.5987°

Longitude, O2

-104.8259°
Sun Azimuth

Date

Time (L)

Sun Altitude

10/09/22

3:50AM

-38.5°

65.6°

Look Angle (Figure 10)
~9° above the horizon

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Sighting Parameters:

Sighting Azimuth

Sighting Elevation

~63.3°

~5.7°

The specific azimuth and elevations of the sighting were not given, but the pilot does state that the
UAP was to the “left of the constellation Leo.” Therefore, it is possible to approximate the sighting
parameters by determining the Leo constellation’s location at the given day and time when viewed
from the effective observation location, O2. Figure 16 below was generated using the planetarium
view on the website https://in-the-sky.org/satmap_planetarium.php?. Noted in the image is
information on several stars that provide a reference for estimating the sighting azimuth and
elevation location “left of the constellation Leo.” Also shown are numerous Starlink satellites that
were present in the sky during this time. The red satellites are estimated to be flaring per this
website. The red arrows were added to the image by the author to show the direction of motion for
several of the Starlink satellites. Note their crossing directions, which are consistent with the pilot’s
report of “multiple lights moving in different directions.” The azimuth and elevation of the stars
was determined using the website https://theskylive.com/planetarium?.
The estimated area of the sky the pilot likely referenced is circled by a white, dashed oval shape
and the approximate center of this area is provided in the image. Using this estimate, it is possible
to determine the sighting parameters required in Table 4. Comparing these to the expected location
of the Starlink flare window for this date, time, and location (given by the Sun’s azimuth and look
angle in the table), it is seen that these are very comparable. Consequently, the anomalous lights
reported by the pilot are very likely Starlink and other satellite flares.

Figure 16: Graphic of predicted night sky as seen from an observer at location O2. Generated
using reference [18].
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Summary
Both diffuse and specular reflection of sunlight from satellites can explain some of the UAP reports
received by AARO. Specular reflection from the mirrored panels and antennas on the satellite bus
result in bright, short-lived flashes of light called “satellite flares.” Diffuse reflection from dozens
of satellites launched in close spatial and temporal proximity by space-based communications
companies, and particularly SpaceX, lead to “satellite trains.” These nighttime phenomena are the
result of technological advances taken to proliferate global internet by placing thousands of
satellites in LEO. This paper described these effects and provided references and processes, backed
by examples, that can be used to predict or identify satellite flares. AARO anticipates that by
equipping the reader with knowledge of this phenomena and the required information needed to
deconflict satellite flares from UAP events, the quality of reports with supporting data and
measurements will improve.

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Acronyms
Acronym
AARO
LEO
LOS
UAP

Definition
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
Low Earth Orbit
Line of Sight
Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena

References
[1] J. C. McDowell, "The Low Earth Orbit Satellite Population and Impacts of the SpaceX
Starlink," The Astrophysical Journal Letters, p. L36, 2020.
[2] R. Tousey, "VISIBILITY OF THE VANGUARD SATELLITE," in NRL Participation in the

(Text continues in the original file: 19 pages.)

## AAROs Supplement to ORNLs Analysis of a Metallic Specimen

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-AAROs_Supplement_to_ORNLs_Analysis_of_a_Metallic_Specimen
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-AAROs_Supplement_to_ORNLs_Analysis_of_a_Metallic_Specimen
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

July 2024: even the magnesium alloy wanted a promotion, not a waveguide.

- AARO supplement PDF, July 2024, on ORNL magnesium alloy specimen analysis.
- ORNL tested specimen origin and terahertz waveguide suitability; found terrestrial, mid‑20th‑century alloy.
- AARO concurs: not a waveguide, no anomalous properties.

### AI summary

The document is a supplement from the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) to a materials analysis conducted by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) on a magnesium alloy specimen. It was published in July 2024. The report states that ORNL tested the specimen to determine its origin and whether it could function as a terahertz waveguide. ORNL found the specimen to be of terrestrial origin, with isotopic and structural characteristics consistent with mid-20th-century magnesium alloy research. The analysis concluded the specimen does not meet the requirements to function as a waveguide. AARO agrees with ORNL's findings and provides historical context, suggesting the specimen likely originated from experimental magnesium alloy projects.

### Full text

#### Page 1

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
Supplement to Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Analysis of a Metallic Specimen
July 2024
Overview
In 2022, The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) contracted with Oak Ridge
National Laboratory (ORNL) to conduct materials testing on a magnesium (Mg) alloy specimen.
This specimen has been publicly alleged to be a component recovered from a crashed
extraterrestrial vehicle in 1947, and purportedly exhibits extraordinary properties, such as
functioning as a terahertz waveguide to generate antigravity capabilities. In April 2024, ORNL
produced a summary of findings documenting the laboratory’s methodology to assess this
specimen’s elemental and structural characteristics, available on AARO’s website.
ORNL assessed this specimen to be terrestrial in origin and that it does not meet the theoretical
requirements to function as a terahertz (THz) waveguide. AARO concurs with ORNL’s
assessment and provides this supplementary material to add historical context to account for its
likely origin. The specimen’s characteristics are consistent with Mg alloy research and
development projects and experimental manufacturing methods in the mid-20th century.
ORNL Materials Testing
AARO contracted with ORNL to conduct materials measurements to determine:
•
•

Whether this specimen is of terrestrial origin.
Whether this specimen could serve as a THz waveguide.

ORNL measured the isotopic ratios of Mg and lead (Pb) in the specimen and compared the
values against mass standards. A material’s isotopic composition can provide valuable
information about its origin and history. The specimen’s Mg isotopic composition falls within
the expected values for a terrestrial material that has undergone kinetic fractionation, suggesting
likely terrestrial origin. Its Pb isotopic ratio is consistent with ratios found in terrestrial lead,
further supporting this conclusion. ORNL found the isotopic composition of this material to be
unremarkable. The specimen’s Mg and Pb ratios fall within the standard values for
manufactured materials, indicating that it is not a unique or unusual material.
Elemental and structural analysis can help determine whether a structure has the characteristics
of a waveguide. A waveguide is a structure that bounds and directs the propagation of waves.
Waveguides are instrumental to many technologies. ORNL measured the specimen’s top layer’s
elemental composition and crystal structure and found bismuth (Bi) colocated with nearly equal
parts Pb. High-resolution elemental mapping shows repeating layers of Bi and Pb banding
throughout the specimen and zinc (Zn) concentration varying from 1-4 wt%. Structural analysis
shows columnar Mg grains perpendicular to the Bi and Pb banding.
1

#### Page 2

According to Podolskiy et al., Bi can theoretically function as a waveguide when it exists as a
single crystalline layer between surfaces with sufficient dielectric () constants.1 As a single
crystalline layer, Bi displays anisotropic  properties.2 Anisotropic  properties cause
electromagnetic waves to propagate non-uniformly across different axes. Podolskiy et al. assert
that a monocrystalline layer of Bi has sufficient  anisotropy to guide THz frequency waves.
This specimen’s intermixed composition of Pb indicates that Bi never existed as a pure layer,
regardless of any processing effects that may have altered the crystalline structure. Therefore,
this specimen’s elemental and structural characteristics do not meet the conditions to
theoretically function as a waveguide.
ORNL and AARO could not determine whether this specimen was a fragment of a larger object.
However, this specimen’s delamination, oxidation, and structural characteristics are consistent
with exposure to environmental and mechanical stresses over time.3 In its current form, the
specimen probably does not represent its original configuration, condition, or
application. Despite these complicating factors, AARO draws two distinct conclusions from
ORNL’s findings:
First, the specimen’s physical properties are consistent with a material of terrestrial origin.
Materials exhibit a predictable isotopic signature when formed in and exposed to terrestrial
conditions. This specimen’s isotopic signature is consistent with terrestrial signatures and does
not exhibit expected interstellar signatures.4 5 6 7 8
Second, the specimen’s structural and elemental properties are inconsistent with the anisotropic 
properties required to theoretically function as a waveguide.2
Historical Context and Likely Origin
Starting in 1915 and peaking during World War II, there was widespread domestic research on
Mg alloys for airframes, engines, weapons, and delivery systems. At the time, researchers did
not fully understand Mg corrosion and other failure mechanisms. 9 10 11 Many projects studied
magnesium-zinc (Mg-Zn) alloys with 1-4 wt.% Zn in Mg.12 13 14 Other projects studied the
impact of Pb and Bi additives on Mg alloys for corrosion resistance. This research found that Pb
and Bi would concentrate at the surface due to lower surface tension, consistent with the banding
seen in this specimen.15 The specimen’s grain structure, Zn concentration, and banding of Bi/Pb
are also consistent with out-of-equilibrium processes, such as vapor deposition in a vacuum
chamber that may have contained impurities. Before 1970, vapor deposition manufacturing
techniques were not fully mature, and achieving pristine thin films remained challenging.16 17
Research, development, testing, and evaluation is an iterative process of trial and error. This
process subjects test objects to conditions designed to evaluate material limits and identify
modes of failure. Historically, the scientific community has not extensively documented failed
experiments. Many experimental Mg alloys failed for reasons not well understood at the time of
testing, e.g., stress corrosion cracking. 18 19 20 21 Unsurprisingly, records of failed Mg alloy
designs are scant. Neither AARO nor ORNL could verify the specimen’s historical
origin. Unverifiable, conflicting personal accounts complicate its undocumented chain of
2

#### Page 3

custody. Regardless of the specimen’s attributability to a specific research project, it is
consistent with well-documented Mg alloy research projects during the mid-20th century and is
otherwise unremarkable.
Conclusion
AARO concurs with ORNL’s findings that the specimen’s isotopic composition indicates
terrestrial origin. AARO also concurs with ORNL’s findings that its physical and elemental
properties are incompatible with functioning as a THz waveguide. Considering all available
evidence, AARO assesses that this specimen is likely a test object, a manufacturing product or
byproduct, or a material component of aerospace performance studies to evaluate the properties
of Mg alloys.
1

(U) Journal article, Journal of Modern Optics; Podolskiy, V. A., Alekseev, L. V., & Narimanov, E. E.; 03 MAY 2005;
Strong Anisotropic Media: the THz Perspective of Left-handed Materials; Vol. 52(16), pp 2343–2349.
2
(U) Ibid.
3
(U) Report, DOE OSTI Technical Report; Johnson, H.A.; 01 JUN 1954; Experimental Magnesium Alloys. Part 2.
Wrought Alloy Survey of Minor Additions to Selected Mg-Base Alloys; https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4408202;
Accessed 15 FEB 2024.
4
(U) Journal article, The Astrophysical Journal; Nguyen, A, Messenger, S.; 01 APR 2014; Resolving the Stellar
Sources of Isotopically Rare Presolar Silicate Grains through Mg and Fe Isotopic Analyses; Vol. 784:149, pp 1-15.
5
(U) Journal article, Earth & Planetary Science Letters; Chakrabarti R. & Jacobsen S.; 01 MAY 2010; The isotopic
composition of magnesium in the Inner Solar System; Vol. 293, pp 349-358.
6
(U) Journal article, Earth & Planetary Science Letters; Higgins, J. A. & Schrag, D. P.; 03 NOV 2012; Records of
Neogene Seawater Chemistry and Diagenesis in Deep-Sea Carbonate Sediments and Pore Fluids; Vol. 357, pp 386396.
7
(U) Journal article, Reviews in Minerology and Geochemistry; Teng, F.-Z.; 01 MAR 2017; Magnesium Isotope
Geochemistry; Vol. 82, pp 219-287.
8
(U) Journal article, The Astrophysical Journal; Hoppe, P, Leitner, J, Kodolanyi, J; 10 DEC 2018; New Insights into
the Galactic Chemical Evolution of Magnesium and Silicon Isotopes from Studies of Silicate Stardust; Vol. 869:47,
pp 13
9
(U) Journal article, S. A. E. Journal (Transactions); Welty, G.; 01 MAR 1932; Magnesium Alloys in Aircraft-Engine
Construction; Vol. 27, pp 112-115.
10
(U) Report, Light Metals and the Thermal Frontier; Perry, R.L.; 1955; History of Wright Air Development Center, 1
July – 31 December 1955, Vol. 3, pp 1-68; Box A3016, Wright Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH.
11
(U) Missile, Hughes Aircraft Co.; 1954- ca.1962; Falcon GAR-1 Air-to-Air Missile; Inventory No. A19580099000;
Materials: magnesium skin with body and fins of glass fiber-reinforced phenolic plastic;
https://www.si.edu/object/missile-air-air-falcon-gar-1:nasm_A19580099000, Accessed 17 JUN 2024.
12
(U) Report, DOE OSTI Technical Report; Jones, J B.; 01 OCT 1951; Ultrasonics Applied to Solidification And SolidState Transformation; https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4394795; Accessed 15 FEB 2024.
13
(U) Report, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Jones, A., Lennon, J. H., Nash, R. R., Chang, W. H. & MacPeek, E. G.;
01 SEP 1952; Magnesium Alloy Research Studies; https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA075877.pdf; Table XVIII pp
70; Accessed 15 FEB 2024.
14
(U) Report, DOE OSTI Technical Report; Taylor, Henry F. and C. F. Flemings; 01 OCT 1956; Factors Affecting the
Fluidity And Hot Cracking of Magnesium Alloys. Period Covered: June 1955 To June 1956;
https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4354056; Accessed 16 FEB 2024.

3

#### Page 4

15

(U) Report, DOE OSTI Technical Report; Balicki, M., D’Antonio, C., & Kravic, A.; 11 MAR 1957; Development of A
Corrosion Resistant Magnesium Alloy. Part I. Development of Magnesium Alloys For Better Corrosion Resistance.
Period covered May 1955 to September 1956; https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4328344; Accessed 15 FEB 2024.
16
(U) Journal article, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences; Kameneva, AL.; 10 SEP
2015; Evolution of the Film Structure in the Various Evaporation Processes; Vol. 6(5), pp 951-960.
17
(U) Journal article, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A; Greene, J.E.; 08 SEP 2017; Review Article:
Tracing the recorded history of thin-film sputter deposition: From the 1800s to 2017; Vol. 35, pp 1-60.
18
(U) Book, ASM Technical Books; Jones. R.; 2017; Stress Corrosion Cracking; Materials Performance and
Evaluation; 2nd Ed, Chapter 9.
19
(U) Book, Pergamon Press; Lourens, J.J.; 1985; Failure Analysis as a Basis for Design Modification of Military
Aircraft, Fracture and Fracture Mechanics Case Studies; pp 47-56; R.B. Tait and G.G. Garrett, Ed.
20
(U) Journal article, International Journal of Solids and Structures; Zhang, K., Badreddine, H., Yue, Z., Hfaiedh, N.,
Saanouni, K., Liu, J. 15 MAY 2021; Failure Prediction of magnesium alloys based on improved CDM model; Vol. 217218, pp 155-177.
21
(U) Journal article, Safety; Nam, K.-H., Lee, J.-S., Park, H.-J.; 10 FEB 2022; Understanding Combustion Mechanism
of Magnesium for Better Safety Measures: An Experimental Study; Vol 8(1)

4

## Western U.S. UAP Case Resolution

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-Case_Resolution_of%20_Western_United_States_Uap_508-02262024.pdf
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-Case_Resolution_of%20_Western_United_States_Uap_508-02262024.pdf
- Agency: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
- Released: 2024
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Those 300‑nm “UAPs” were just a commuter flight schedule.

- Western U.S. UAP Case Resolution PDF, AARO, dated 8 May 2023, about 2021 Western US incident
- Report says equidistant lights were commercial aircraft on corridors up to 300 nm, per infrared and ATC data
- Case resolved as non‑threatening; no anomalous performance found

### Official summary

AARO case-resolution covering Western U.S. UAP observations.

### AI summary

This document is a case resolution report from the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, U.S. Department of Defense, dated 8 May 2023. It reports on a UAP incident in Western United States military airspace in 2021, where military personnel observed equidistant lights. The report concludes that the objects were commercial aircraft traveling on established air corridors up to 300 nautical miles from the sensor. Analysis of infrared sensor data and air-traffic control information supported this conclusion. The case was resolved as non-threatening, with changes in object shape attributed to sensor vibration.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
U.S. Department of Defense

(U) Case: “Western United States”
Case Resolution | 8 May 2023

(U) Case Overview
(U) AARO assesses that the UAP in this case were
almost certainly commercial aircraft travelling on
well-established air corridors as far as 300
nautical miles from the platform, based on a
thorough review of the data by multiple
analytical and scientific entities.
 (U) Military personnel reported seeing five
equidistant lights that they believed
represented a potential incursion into
restricted military airspace.

(U) Case Essentials
(U) Military personnel reported this case
due to the observed UAP presenting a
potential incursion into restricted
airspace. The UAP were described as
equidistant lights that flew at a relatively
constant pace
(U) Location: Western United States
military airspace
(U) Date(s): 2021

 (U) AARO’s Intelligence and Science and
Technology (S&T) partners independently
came to the same conclusion in accordance
with AARO’s analytic framework.

(U) Altitude: Between 20,000 to 40,000
feet

 (U) The objects strongly correlated with
specific commercial aircraft travelling on
different air routes up to 300 nautical miles
from the sensor.

(U) Reporter: Military personnel

(U) Intelligence Assessment

(U) Case Status: Resolved; the lights
were aircraft up to 300NM away from
the sensor

(U) Shape: Oblong dots/lights

(U) Sensor: Infrared (IR)
(U) Behavior: Equidistant lights that
flew at a relatively constant pace

(U) Analysis of the objects’ positions and
acquisition of additional data led AARO to the
conclusion that the objects were significantly
farther from the platform than originally estimated by the observers.

 (U) Apparent changes in the UAP shapes were the result of sensor vibration and autofocus.
 (U) Analysis of air-traffic control data suggested the objects were likely commercial aircraft
transiting known flight corridors between major airports in the region.

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UNCLASSIFIED

(U) Science & Technology Assessment
(U) AARO’s S&T partners independently came to the same conclusion.
(U) AARO’s S&T partners used boresight analysis to determine that the UAP were commercial
aircraft at an altitude of between 20,000 to 40,000 feet at a similar distance.

(U) Figure 1: Western U.S. UAP shape distortion due to sensor vibration

2
UNCLASSIFIED

## Atmospheric Wakes Case Resolution

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-Case_Resolution_of_Atmospheric_Wakes_508-02262024.pdf
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-Case_Resolution_of_Atmospheric_Wakes_508-02262024.pdf
- Agency: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
- Released: 2024
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Eight‑May report ends with an Airbus A380, not a UFO.

- Atmospheric Wakes Case Resolution, AARO PDF, dated 8 May 2023, U.S. Department of Defense.
- Analyzes three 2022‑2023 Middle East/Mediterranean UAP reports, attributing effects to sensor artifacts.
- Concludes objects were prosaic aircraft, one identified as a commercial Airbus A380.

### Official summary

AARO case-resolution report explaining atmospheric wakes — South Asian object.

### AI summary

This document is a case resolution report from the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, U.S. Department of Defense, dated 8 May 2023. It addresses three UAP cases reported in the Middle East and the Mediterranean Sea in 2022 and 2023. The report concludes that the observed effects were sensor artifacts, not anomalous propulsion or atmospheric wakes. It states that the objects were likely prosaic aircraft, with one identified as a commercial Airbus A380. The assessments were based on intelligence, photogrammetry, and sensor analysis. The case status is resolved.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
U.S. Department of Defense

(U) Case: “Atmospheric Wakes”
Case Resolution | 8 May 2023

(U) Case Overview
(U) AARO assesses that the UAP reported in
these three cases almost certainly were not
exhibiting anomalous propulsion or atmospheric
wakes, rather the observed effect was the result
of a sensor artifact in all cases, based on analyses
by AARO’s Intelligence and Science and
Technology (S&T) partners.
 (U) The object in Case One has not been
identified, but AARO is certain that it was not
exhibiting anomalous behaviors.
 (U) In Case Two, one object was almost
certainly a known military aircraft. The second
object appears oblong due to camera
aberration and remains unidentified, but also
was probably a prosaic aircraft as well.

(U) Case Essentials
(U) These reports were submitted after
three different missions in the Middle
East, and the Mediterranean Sea in 2022
and 2023. The reports were filed due to
the potential hazard posed to the
mission and because the videos depict a
potentially anomalous propulsion
signature
(U) Location: Middle East and the
Mediterranean Sea

(U) Date: 2022 and 2023
(U) Altitude: N/A
(U) Shape: N/A

 (U) In Case Three, the object was almost
certainly a known and identified commercial
aircraft, flying along a recognized travel
corridor.

(U) Reporter: Theater UAV operators

(U) Intelligence Assessment

(U) Case Status: Resolved; prosaic
aircraft; the “wake” is a sensor artifact in
each case

(U) Sensor: Infrared (IR)
(U) Behavior: Exhibited potential
anomalous propulsion

(U) AARO’s Intelligence partners assess with high
confidence that the “atmospheric wake” in each
video is a sensor anomaly. AARO’s intelligence
partners were not able to identify the object of Case One, but have high confidence that it is not
displaying any anomalous characteristics and are almost certain it’s a prosaic object based on
thorough review of the evidence.

1
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#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED
(U) For the two UAP reported in Case Two, it is assessed that both objects are most likely
aircraft, one military and the other a small but unidentified aircraft. Location data from aircraft in
the vicinity were compared and it was determined that one of the UAP matched closely with a
track of a military aircraft.
 (U) Although a similar match of the second object was not possible, it was assessed with
medium confidence that it was a small aircraft. This assessment was based on line of sight
analysis and comparing it to other known objects.
(U) AARO’s intelligence partners have high confidence that they identified the UAP in Case Three
as a specific Airbus A380 commercial aircraft based on commercial flight data.
 (U) Photogrammetry analysis of the object in Case Three was conducted, which resulted in a
close size estimate to that of an Airbus A380.

(U) Science & Technology Assessment
(U) Two of AARO’s S&T Partners also assessed that the “wakes” observed in these three cases
were sensor artifacts, but did not identify the objects captured on the sensors.
 (U) S&T Partner One assessed the trails were camera artifacts resulting from the object rapidly
traversing the camera’s field of view. It was noted that other objects in the videos also leave a
similar trail.
(U) S&T Partner Two conducted a detailed analysis of the full-motion video and the IR sensor,
reaching the same high confidence conclusion that the wakes were sensor artifacts.
(U) Figure 1: “Atmospheric Wakes” Case Two

2
UNCLASSIFIED

## Case Resolution of Eglin UAP 2 508

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-Case_Resolution_of_Eglin_UAP_2_508_
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-Case_Resolution_of_Eglin_UAP_2_508_
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
U.S. Department of Defense

(U) Case: “Eglin UAP”
Case Resolution | 14 October 2023

(U) Case Background
(U) On 26 January 2023, a military pilot reported
four potential unidentified anomalous
phenomena (UAP) while operating in the Eglin
Air Force Base training range off the coast of
Florida. Through the onboard radar system, the
pilot initially observed that the four objects were
aloft between 16,000 – 18,000 feet and appeared
to be flying in formation. However the pilot
observed only one of the four objects visually
and captured two images of the single object via
the aircraft’s electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR)
sensor (see Figures 1A and 1B). The pilot could
not record video of the event because the
aircraft’s video recording equipment was
inoperable prior to and during the aircraft’s
flight. The pilot observed this single object aloft
at 16,000 feet. The following case information is
based on the pilot’s initial report and a
subsequent discussion that AARO held with the
pilot to seek additional details about the pilot’s
observation of the reported object.

(U) Case Essentials
(U) A military pilot reported the object
due to its potential as a flight safety
hazard and an incursion into a sensitive
training range
(U) Location: Near Eglin Air Force Base,
Florida
(U) Date: 26 January 2023
(U) Altitude: 16,000 feet
(U) Shape: Rounded, cone
(U) Reporter: Military personnel
(U) Sensor: Electro-optical, infrared,
visual identification, and radar
(U) Behavior: No confirmed anomalous
behavior
(U) Case Status: Resolved; very likely a
lighter-than-air object, such as a large
commercial lighting balloon

• (U) The pilot described the object as gray
(U) Confidence Level: Moderate
with a paneled surface and orange-red
coloring at the center. The initial report
did not provide the object’s size and speed, but in the subsequent discussion with AARO,
the pilot reported the object was about 12 feet in diameter and that it either moved very
slowly or was potentially stationary.
• (U) In the initial report, the pilot described the bottom half of the object as being rounded,
and the top half as a rounded, three-dimensional cone shape, similar to the shape of the

1
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#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED
“Apollo spacecraft” (see Figure 2). The pilot visually perceived a heat signature emanating
from the rounded bottom portion, which they described as “blurry air.”
• (U) During AARO’s discussion with the pilot, the pilot stated that they thought they saw a
vertically oriented engine affixed to the side of the object that was nearly the height of the
object. This feature is not visible in the two still images taken by the EO/IR sensor, and the
pilot did not include this description in the initial report. AARO has no additional data to
corroborate whether the object may have had an engine.
• (U) The pilot reported that upon closing to within 4,000 feet of the object, the radar on the
aircraft malfunctioned and remained disabled for the remainder of the training exercise.
Post-mission review determined that a circuit breaker had tripped; technicians reported
that the same circuit breaker on this particular aircraft had tripped three times in the prior
months, but technicians could not conclusively diagnose the cause of the fault for this
incident. Based on the previous tripping of this circuit, AARO assesses the malfunction
likely was not caused by or associated with the object.
• (U) During the discussion with the pilot, they recounted that after the radar malfunctioned,
the object descended into the cloud deck.
• (U) There was no EO/IR data for the other three reported objects initially observed on
radar; therefore, AARO could not analyze those reported objects.

(U) Key Findings
(U) AARO assesses the reported UAP very likely was an ordinary object and was not exhibiting
anomalous or exceptional characteristics or flight behaviors. AARO has moderate confidence in
this assessment due to the limited data provided.
• (U) AARO assesses the object was a lighter-than-air (LTA) object, such as a large formfactor balloon; a meteorological balloon; a large Mylar balloon; or a large, commercial,
outdoor, helium-filled, lighting balloon. AARO has moderate confidence in its
identification of the object. AARO bases this assessment on a thorough review of the data
collected, official pilot accounts of the object’s description and behavior, laboratory testing
of a commercial lighting balloon determined to have similar physical characteristics to the
object described in the pilot’s report, a reconstruction of the flight geometry, and the sun
angle at the time of the observation.
• (U) No anomalous flight characteristics, behaviors, or capabilities were confirmed. AARO
assesses the circuit breaker trip that caused the radar to fail was coincidental and likely
due to a pre-existing, undiagnosed technical problem with the system.
• (U) The physical description of the UAP was generally consistent with an LTA object held
aloft and carried by the wind; its direction and reported slow speed are consistent with the
wind direction and speed at the time and the altitude of the observation.

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#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED
• (U) The “blurry air” observation could have been a visual misperception due to
environmental conditions and potentially resulted from a tether hanging below the LTA
object or motion-induced image blurring.
(U) Although the pilot described the object as uniformly gray in the visible spectrum (it appears
uniformly black from the viewing angle in the EO image), the magnified infrared image shows
the object had a strong contrasting signature in the infrared spectrum. This contrast suggests
either a temperature/emissivity difference or a reflectivity difference between its two
hemispheres. AARO identified a commercial lighting balloon (see Figure 1C), which is a close
visual match to the object in the zoomed-in infrared image (see Figure 1A). Commercial helium
balloons such as these are often large and available in many shapes — including ellipses,
spheres, and cylinders — and are used for outdoor lighting at special events, construction sites,
and movie sets. Although these balloons are available in solid colors, some models have distinct
black and white hemispheres. The upper black hemisphere is lined with reflective material to
direct the light downward through the white hemisphere. AARO conducted extensive testing
using one of these balloons and found it could replicate some aspects of the pilot’s account.
• (U) The balloon’s hemispheres have seams resembling the ribbed fabric panels of an
umbrella, which an observer could perceive as “paneling.”
• (U) These balloons are publicly available to rent or buy. Although the balloons are
powered by corded alternating current (AC), during its testing, AARO determined that they
can be converted to direct current or AC battery power.
(U) Beyond these commercial lighting balloons, the object’s description correlates with any
large-form balloon that might be made of two different materials, or the same material of
different colors, with distinct infrared reflective or emissive properties. It is also plausible that
the sun angle at the time of day of the event, when plotted with the EO/IR sensor’s viewing
angle, illuminated the bottom half of the balloon — from the pilot’s perspective — while the top
would appear dark, shaded, and cold (See Figure 3).
• (U) Due to the angle of the sun and the altitude of the object, a meteorological or Mylar
balloon likely would also present in a similar fashion on an EO/IR image. The highly
reflective surface of a Mylar balloon in infrared would exaggerate the perceived
illumination effect.
(U) AARO submitted the case for review to an Intelligence Community (IC) component and a
science and technology (S&T) partner; these two partners independently reached high
confidence assessments that the object did not exhibit anomalous characteristics or behaviors
and, therefore, was an ordinary object. Both partners independently determined that the object
very likely was some form of balloon.

3
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#### Page 4

UNCLASSIFIED

(U) Intelligence Assessment
(U) AARO’s IC partner on this case assesses with high confidence that the object was not
exhibiting anomalous characteristics based on the available data and its reconstruction of the
event. Available data included the altitude, geocoordinates of the object, the aircraft viewing
angle and heading, as well as the sun geometry at the time of the observation.
• (U) Based on reconstruction of the event, to include the viewing angle of the EO/IR sensor
that took the zoomed-in image, the sun would have illuminated the bottom hemisphere in
a manner consistent with the IR image (see Figure 3). The orange-red color at the center
of the bottom half of the object could be explained by the sun glint off the object as the
pilot observed it, thus causing the appearance of the orange-red colors on the balloon.

(U) Science & Technology Assessment
(U) AARO’s S&T partner independently came to the same general conclusions based on the
available data and its deconfliction of military and commercial radar tracks in the vicinity of the
sighting. The partner assesses with high confidence that the object was not anomalous and very
likely was some kind of balloon.
• (U) The S&T partner assesses that the image is consistent with a Mylar balloon as viewed
from above where the bottom is illuminated with light reflected from the clouds or the
earth. This effect is known as “Earth shine.”
• (U) The partner notes that many larger balloons have red-colored tether points around the
circumference of the balloon which could account for the orange-red color the pilot
reported observing near the center.

4
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#### Page 7

UNCLASSIFIED
(U) Figure 3: The below is a visualization of the pilot's point of view of the object based on the position
and altitudes of the aircraft and object, the look angle of the sensor, and the sun geometry
UNCLASSIFIED
Sun
40.06 deg
UNCLASSIFIED
7
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## Case Resolution of Southeast Asia Triangles 508 02262024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-Case_Resolution_of_Southeast_Asia_Triangles_508-02262024
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-Case_Resolution_of_Southeast_Asia_Triangles_508-02262024
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Resolution filed March 17, 2023—apparently even fishing nets need official paperwork.

- Case resolution PDF by AARO, dated 17 Mar 2023, covering 30 Aug 2017 incident.
- Six dark triangles identified, later deemed static cone‑shaped fishing nets on ocean surface.
- Case resolved; no navigation hazard detected.

### AI summary

This document is a case resolution report from the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, U.S. Department of Defense, dated 17 March 2023. It reports on the "Southeast Asia Triangles" case from 30 August 2017, where six dark triangular objects were initially flagged as potentially anomalous. The report concludes that the objects are cone-shaped, static fishing nets on the ocean surface, based on comparisons with later imagery and analysis by intelligence and science teams. The case status is listed as resolved, with no hazard to navigation.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
U.S. Department of Defense

(U) Case: “Southeast Asia Triangles”
Case Resolution | 17 March 2023

(U) Case Overview
(U) AARO assesses that the subjects of the “Southeast
Asia Triangles” case from 2017 almost certainly are
cone-shaped, static fishing nets floating on the surface
of the ocean. This conclusion is based on a thorough
review of the evidence by AARO’s Intelligence and
Science and Technology (S&T) Partners.
 (U) The image was originally flagged as containing
potentially anomalous objects and posing a risk to
navigation. Additional imagery of the area from 2023
was discovered and collected.
 (U) Both the Intelligence and S&T teams compared
the size, shape, and location of the initial image to
existing and subsequent images in the same region,
and compared it to libraries of known morphologies.

(U) Intelligence Assessment
(U) AARO’s Intelligence partners examined the image
and compared it to other imagery. Specifically, they
located clearer images in the vicinity of the objects in
question.

(U) Case Essentials
(U) Six triangular objects in a formation
were originally flagged as potentially
anomalous and potentially posing a risk
to navigation
(U) Location: Southeast Asia
(U) Date: 30 August 2017
(U) Altitude: N/A
(U) Shape: Six dark triangles
(U) Reporter: An Intelligence
Community Member
(U) Sensor: Satellite imagery
(U) Behavior: Noted as possible risk to
navigation
(U) Case Status: Resolved; Objects are
fishing nets on the ocean surface

 (U) The images from 2023 display several triangles and were confirmed to be static, cone-shaped
fishing nets.
 (U) These triangular fishing nets were compared to the black triangles from the 2017 imagery and it
was confirmed that they are all are approximately the same size of about 11m x 7m.

1
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED
 (U) AARO’s Intelligence partners have high confidence in their identification of these objects
and assess they do not pose a hazard to navigation.

(U) Science & Technology Assessment
(U) Three of AARO’s S&T partners agree that the objects imaged in 2017 are fishing nets.
(U) S&T Partner One specifically noted that subsequent images were especially clear; the
location and the size comparison were critical in determining the assessment.
(U) S&T Partner Two acquired and analyzed other images of the same geographical area which
revealed multiple similar triangular shapes taken in late 2022 and early 2023. These images also
show significant downstream turbidity, confirming that these nets are on the water.
(U) S&T Partner Three also found stock footage of fishing nets on the same river, which confirms
the underlying analysis.

(U) Figure 1: “Southeast Asia Triangles” Comparison

2
UNCLASSIFIED

## DD 3212

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DD_3212
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DD_3212
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

It asks for 1945 sightings, yet its own date is still in April.

- UAP Program/Activity Report Form, AARO, issued April 2024, United States
- Outlines reporting procedures for eligible personnel on UAP programs dating back to 1945
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This is a U.S. Government UAP Program/Activity Report Form, issued by the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) in April 2024. It outlines procedures for current or former U.S. government employees, service members, or contractor personnel to report on U.S. Government programs or activities related to unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) dating back to 1945. The form explains what constitutes UAP, who is eligible to report, what should not be reported, and what to expect after submitting a report. It also includes legal protections against reprisal for authorized disclosures and instructions for completing the form. The document is part of the AARO's effort to compile a historical record of UAP-related information.

### Full text

#### Page 1

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)
U.S. Government UAP Program / Activity Report Form

OMB Control No. :
0704-0674
Exp. Date:
20270430

AGENCY DISCLOSURE NOTICE
The public reporting burden for this collection of information, 0704-0674, is estimated to average 5 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,
gathering, and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding the burden estimate or burden reduction suggestions to the
Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, at whs.mc-alex.esd.mbx.dd-dod-information-collections@mail.mil. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision
of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

PRIVACY ACT STATEMENT
AUTHORITY: 10 U.S.C. 113, Secretary of Defense; 44 U.S.C. 2107, Acceptance of Records for Historical Preservation; Section 1673 of the National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (Pub. Law 117-263).
PRINCIPAL PURPOSE: To manage general correspondence and reporting relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena. Information provided may
be used to contact or seek additional information from individuals reporting information relating to such phenomena, including but not limited to any
event relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena and any activity or program by a department or agency of the Federal Government or a contractor
of such a department or agency relating to such phenomena.
ROUTINE USES: The information solicited may be made available as a “routine use” to appropriate Federal, State, local, territorial, tribal, foreign, or
international law enforcement authorities to assist the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office with authorized reporting of phenomena, to appropriate
Federal, State, local, territorial, tribal, foreign, or international agencies for the purpose of authorized scientific study or counterintelligence activities, or
for the purpose of executing or enforcing laws designed to protect the national security or homeland security of the United States, including those
relating to the sharing of records or information concerning terrorism, homeland security, or law enforcement. A complete list and explanation of
applicable Routine Uses is included in SORN DoD-0017, "Privacy and Civil Liberties Complaints and General Correspondence Records,” accessible at
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/23/2023-03745/privacy-act-of-1974-system-of-records.
DISCLOSURE: Voluntary; however, failure to provide the information may result in the inability of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office to
evaluate the information and engage in follow-up communications in furtherance of the authorized reporting or assessment processes
AARO is currently accepting reports from current or former U.S. government employees, service members, or contractor personnel with direct
knowledge of U.S. Government programs or activities related to UAP dating back to 1945. These reports will be used to inform AARO’s
congressionally directed Historical Record Report. This form is intended as an initial point of contact with AARO; it is not intended for conveying
potentially sensitive or classified information. Following the submission of your report, AARO staff may reach out to request additional detail or arrange
for an informational interview.
Unidentified Anomalous Phenomenon (UAP) means (A) airborne objects that are not immediately identifiable; (B) transmedium objects or devices;
(C) and submerged objects or devices that are not immediately identifiable and that display behavior or performance characteristics suggesting that the
objects or devices may be related to the objects or devices described in subparagraph (A) or (B). (Per the NDAA FY23 Section 1673(d)(8))
The DoD considers Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) as sources of anomalous detections in one or more domains (i.e., airborne,
seaborne, spaceborne, and/or transmedium) that are not yet attributable to known actors and that demonstrate behaviors that are not readily
understood by sensors or observers.
“Anomalous detections” include but are not limited to phenomena that demonstrate apparent capabilities or material that exceed known performance
envelopes. A UAP may consist of one or more unidentified anomalous objects and may persist over an extended period of time.
Who is eligible to report:
AARO is currently accepting reports from current or former U.S. Government employees, service members, or contractor personnel with direct
knowledge of U.S. Government programs or activities related to UAP dating back to 1945. These reports will be used to inform AARO’s
congressionally directed Historical Record Report.
What NOT to report:
• Please do NOT submit any information that is potentially CLASSIFIED, or unclassified information that is not publicly releasable
(e.g. subject to export control regulations). If you are unsure whether the information you have is classified or CUI, please do not submit
it on this website.
• Please note that reporting is limited at this time to current or former U.S. Government employees, military personnel, or contractor personnel
with direct knowledge of U.S. Government programs or activities related to UAP dating back to 1945.AARO is NOT currently accepting
reports of UAP sightings/encounters from the general public. In the future, reporting eligibility will be expanded to the general public and
include reports of any event related to UAP.
• Please do NOT report secondhand information or hearsay regarding UAP programs or activities. Please encourage those with firsthand
knowledge to come forward and share their information and experiences with AARO.
• Please do NOT use this unclassified website to submit current operational reports of UAP sightings/encounters that have occurred in the
course of your official U.S. Government duties as a Service member, federal employee, or contractor personnel. Please follow the process
established by your service branch or federal agency to report the information to AARO.
What to expect after filing a report:
Following the submission of your report, an AARO staff member may reach out to request additional detail or arrange for an informational interview.
I signed a Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA). Can I still report to AARO?
Yes. Per the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year (FY) 2023[1], individuals may report to AARO without fear of
violating the terms of current or previous nondisclosure agreements (NDA). However, other than authorized disclosures made to AARO, individuals are
required to abide to their lifetime commitment to safeguard classified national security information and expected to continue protecting information in
accordance with their original NDA.

DD FORM 3212, APRIL 2024

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#### Page 2

By law, AARO may receive all UAP-related information, including any classified national security information, regardless of any restrictive access
controls, special access programs, or compartmented access programs. Moreover, there is no restriction to AARO receiving any past or present UAPrelated information, regardless of the organizational affiliation of the original classification authority within DoD, the Intelligence Community, or any
other U.S. Government department or agency. As a reminder, individuals cannot report classified national security information on this form.
[1] NDAA for FY2023, section 1673(b)(1): An authorized disclosure shall not be subject to a nondisclosure agreement entered into by the individual
who makes the disclosure; shall be deemed to comply with any regulation or order issued under the authority of Executive Order 13526 (50 U.S.C.
31617 note; relating to classified national security information) or chapter 18 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.D. 2271 et seq.); and is not a
violation of section 798 of title 18, United States Code, or other provision of law relating to the disclosure of information.
Prohibition on Reprisal:
Individuals who make authorized disclosures to AARO are explicitly protected from reprisal under law, per the National Defense Authorization Act
(NDAA) for FY2023[2]. If you believe you have experienced reprisal for making an authorized disclosure to AARO, please submit a report to the DoD
Office of the Inspector General Hotline, Office of the Intelligence Community Inspector General Hotline, Department of Energy Office of the
Inspector General Hotline, Department of Homeland Security Inspector General Hotline, or the IG office of your current or former federal agency.
[2] NDAA for FY 2023, Section 1673(b)(2)(A): An employee of a department or agency of the federal government, or of a contractor, subcontractor,
grantee, subgrantee, or personal services contractor of such a department or agency, who has authority to take, direct others to take, recommend, or
approve any personnel action, shall not, with respect to such authority, take or fail to take, or threaten to take or fail to take, a personnel action,
including the revocation or suspension of security clearances, or termination of employment, with respect to any individual as a reprisal for any
authorized disclosure.
Do I meet the criteria for submitting a report?
I am a former or current U.S. Government employee, service member, or contractor personnel.
I have first-hand knowledge of a U.S. Government program or activity related to UAP.
If you answer YES to both of the statements above and you are interested in sharing your personal testimony for our historical investigation, please
complete the report form.
Instructions for filling out the form:
Do not submit classified or other non-public information through this form.
UAP Program / Activity Involvement Section:
Are you U.S. Government Employee, Service Member, or Contractor AND do you have firsthand knowledge of a U.S. Government UAP-related
program or activity? YES/NO REQUIRED
“Firsthand knowledge” refers to an individual who participated in, was involved with, or was directly supporting a U.S. Government
program or activity related to UAPs.
Did you answer NO? This form is only for reports from current or former U.S. government employees, service members, or
contractors with direct knowledge of U.S. Government programs or activities related to UAP dating back to 1945. If you answered
NO, do not continue filling out this form.
Current Contact Information Section:
Current full name:
Provide your preferred salutation (derived if prefer military).

REQUIRED

Provide your full first name (no nicknames or aliases).

REQUIRED

Provide your middle name or initial (no nicknames).

OPTIONAL

Provide your current last name.

REQUIRED

Provide any suffix (e.g.: Jr., Sr.).

OPTIONAL

Contact details:
Provide your current phone number.

REQUIRED

Provide a current email address.

REQUIRED

Current location:
Provide the zip code in which you currently reside.

REQUIRED

Current employment and rank:
Provide the status of your government employment or service: Current or Former

REQUIRED

Provide your current employment/contract with the U.S. Government:
Affiliation: DoD, DoE, DHS, Other Federal Agency, Non-Federal Agency, Prefer not to disclose, N/A REQUIRED
Role: Employee, Service Member, Contractor

REQUIRED

Pay Grade:
Current military branch of service: (If you are a current or former service member):

REQUIRED

For uniformed employees, provide the branch of the military of service and rank: Enlisted 1 – 9; Warrant
Officer 1 – 5; Officer 1 – 10, (for GO/FO use O-7 through O-10); OR For civilian employees, provide the grade
(e.g. GS-14) AND/OR the desired salutation.

REQUIRED

DD FORM 3212, APRIL 2024

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#### Page 3

Current Clearance Information:
Provide the status of your clearance: Currently have, previously had, never had.

REQUIRED

DoD ID # or Agency ID # (DO NOT USE Social Security number if that was your ID #).

OPTIONAL

If you do not know your DoD ID #, look at the back of your CAC, or visit https://cac.mil/ to find out how to get your DoD ID #.

U.S. Government Program or Activity Related to UAP Section:
Provide the approximate years of the UAP-related programs or activities: Start and end years.

REQUIRED

If you have more than one program or activity, or breaks in service, please enter the most recent start year. The additional information can be
discussed in potential follow-up conversations with AARO.
Provide your response of having any firsthand knowledge of additional programs/activities or period of time: No/Yes

REQUIRED

Provide your employment/contract with the U.S. Government:
Affiliation during the UAP-related program or activity: DoD, DoE, DHS, Other Federal Agency, Non-Federal
Agency, Prefer not to disclose

REQUIRED

Role during the UAP-related program or activity: Employee, Service Member, Contractor

REQUIRED

Provide whether or not you are aware of any supporting photos, files, or other physical evidence: Yes/No

REQUIRED

Did you possess a U.S. security clearance at the time of the UAP program or activity?: Yes/No/Unsure

REQUIRED

Provide whether or not you signed an NDA for the UAP program/activity: Yes/ No/ Unsure

REQUIRED

Referral Information Section:
Provide whether or not you were referred to AARO: Yes/ No

REQUIRED

Provide the affiliation of the reference: Congress/ OIG/ Other

OPTIONAL

Provide the name of the reference

OPTIONAL

Certification and Consent Section:
Check the box to certify that to the best of your knowledge, no CLASSIFIED information has been provided on the report
REQUIRED
form to be submitted to AARO.
Check the box to consent to being contacted by a representative of AARO, should additional information be required to
complete the report.

REQUIRED

Check the box to certify that to the best of your knowledge, the information has been provided on the report form to be
submitted to AARO is true and accurate.

REQUIRED

Check the box to indicate you understand that you are voluntarily providing person identifiable information (PII) to AARO. REQUIRED
Check the box to indicate you understand that the information you provide may be subject to the safeguards of the
Privacy Act of 1974.

REQUIRED

Submitting the form:
Ensure all of the REQUIRED fields are completed, and NO CLASSIFIED or unclassified information that is not cleared for public release has
been provided.
If you have completed the electronic form, save the form with the information. Confirm the information by opening it in another browser window or tab,
or in a PDF compatible viewer.
-- OR -If you have hand written the form, convert it to an electronic format by scanning the form, taking a picture, or using a similar electronic capture
mechanism.
Email the form to the following email address: osd.submit-to-aaro@mail.mil
Please include ‘UAP PROGRAM REPORT’ followed by today’s date in the subject line.
Following the submission of your report, an AARO staff member may reach out to request additional detail or arrange for an informational interview.
Interviews conducted in a U.S. Government office are subject to the security and health policies and procedures of that office.

DD FORM 3212, APRIL 2024

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#### Page 4

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)
U.S. Government UAP Program/ Activity Report Form
AARO is accepting reports from current or former U.S. Government employees, service members, or contractor personnel with direct knowledge
of U.S. Government programs or activities related to UAP dating back to 1945*. These reports will be used to inform AARO’s congressionally directed
Historical Record Report.
This form is intended as an initial point of contact with AARO; it is not intended for conveying potentially sensitive or classified information. Following
the submission of your report, AARO staff may reach out to request additional detail or arrange for an informational interview.
* Indicates REQUIRED fields.
Do not submit classified or other non-public information through this form.
U.S. Government UAP Program / Activity Involvement
Former or Current U.S. Government employee, service member, or contractor?
AND
Do you have firsthand knowledge of a U.S. Government program/activity related to UAP?*
Current Contact Information
Providing the information below will assist AARO with potential follow-up.
Preferred Salutation*:
First Name*:

Middle Name:

Last Name*:

Suffix:

Current Phone Number*:
Current Email Address*:
Current Zip Code*:

U.S. Government employment, service member, or contractor Status*:
Affiliation*:

Role*:

If you are/were a service member, select your branch of service and highest rank. For non-service members, select your preferred salutation.
Branch of Service*:

Rank*:

Current U.S. security clearance status*:

Please provide your DoD ID number or Home Agency ID number, if applicable:
DOD ID # :

or Agency ID #:

To find your DoD ID number, look on the back of your CAC or login to DoD ID Card Office Online to view your profile.
If your DoD ID number is the same as your social security number, PLEASE DO NOT enter it on this form!
To find your Agency ID number, open a web browser, navigate to Certificates and under the Personal tab, select your certificate details tab.
U.S. Government UAP Program / Activity Information
If you have more than one program or activity, or breaks in service, please provide most recent start year.
Approximate years of UAP-related programs/activities: Start year*:

End year*:

Do you have firsthand knowledge of additional programs/activities or periods of time?*:
Affiliation*:

Role*:

Are you aware of any supporting photos, files, or other physical evidence?*:
Your U.S. security clearance status during the UAP program/activity*:
NDA signed for security clearance during UAP program/activity?*:

DD FORM 3212, APRIL 2024

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#### Page 5

Referral Information
Were you referred to AARO*:

Reference Affiliation:

Name of person who referred you to AARO:
Certification and Consent
I certify, to the best of my knowledge, that the provided information is NOT CLASSIFIED, and is approved for public release.*
I consent to being contacted by AARO should additional information be required.*
I certify, to the best of my knowledge, that the provided information is true and accurate.*
I understand that I am voluntarily providing personal identifiable information to AARO.*
I understand that the information I provide may be subject to the safeguards of the Privacy Act of 1974.*
PENALTY: This form is to be used for official business with the Department of Defense. Knowing and willful false reporting can be punished by fine or
imprisonment, or both (see 18 U.S.C. 1001). Additionally, falsifying information may have a negative effect on your security clearance, employment
prospects, or job status, up to and including denial or revocation of your security clearance, or your removal and debarment from federal service, if
applicable.

DD FORM 3212, APRIL 2024

Page 5 of 5

## AARO-DOD_109584436 — South Asian Object 1

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_109584436
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_109584436
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2023
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Nine seconds long, and the only thing that burst was the video compression.

- Video file, AARO, recorded 2023 in South Asia.
- Shows an object with apparent wake, captured by MQ‑9 infrared sensor.
- AARO concludes likely commercial aircraft; wake is compression artifact, pending review.

### Official summary

In an open hearing on Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena before the Senate Armed Services Committee on April 19, Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick, director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), shared a video depicting an unidentified object with an apparent atmospheric wake or cavitation trailing it as it moves across the sensor’s field of view from left to right. An MQ-9 forward-looking infrared video sensor captured this footage in South Asia as it was recording another MQ-9. After analysis of the full motion video, inclusion of additional footage with a longer focal length, and analysis of commercial flight data in the region, AARO assesses that the object likely is a commercial aircraft and that the trailing cavitation is a sensor artifact resultant of video compression. Case resolution is pending final review.

## AARO-DOD_109584439 — South Asian Object 2

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_109584439
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_109584439
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2023
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 2:10, the video's length outpaces the object's alleged speed.

- South Asian Object 2 video, AARO, recorded 2023, South Asia by MQ-9 sensor.
- Shows moving object with apparent wake, described as sensor compression artifact.
- AARO concludes object likely a commercial aircraft; case pending final review.

### Official summary

In an open hearing on Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena before the Senate Armed Services Committee on April 19, Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick, director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), shared videos depicting an unidentified object with an apparent atmospheric wake or cavitation trailing it as it moved across the sensor’s field of view from left to right. An MQ-9 forward-looking infrared video sensor captured this footage in South Asia as it was recording another MQ-9. After analysis of the full motion video, inclusion of additional footage with a longer focal length, and analysis of commercial flight data in the region, AARO assesses that the object likely is a commercial aircraft and that the trailing cavitation is a sensor artifact resultant of video compression. Case resolution is pending final review. This video is the additional footage with a longer focal length. The apparent back and forth motion is an artifact of the longer focal length and the sensor attempting to zoom in on the fast moving UAP, rather than the MQ-9.

## AARO-DOD_109584445 — Middle East Object

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_109584445
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_109584445
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2022
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 24 seconds, even the video can't decide its own identity.

- Video file from AARO, 2022, 24‑second clip captured by MQ‑9 over Middle East.
- Shows a silver, orb‑like object crossing the sensor’s field of view, judged non‑anomalous yet unidentified.
- AARO found no anomalous performance; the object remains unidentified pending additional data.

### Official summary

In an open hearing on Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena before the Senate Armed Services Committee on April 19, Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick, director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), shared a video that depicts an apparent silver, orb-like object cross the sensor’s field of view. This clip was taken by an MQ-9 in the Middle East, and while AARO assesses the object in the clip is not exhibiting anomalous behavior, the object remains unidentified. This video is a representative example of many of the cases AARO receives where there is limited data surrounding the observation. These cases are retained in AARO’s active archive pending the discovery of additional information/data that may lead to case resolution.

## AARO-DOD_109670991 — Western U.S. Objects

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_109670991
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_109670991
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2023
- Type: VIDEO

### Official summary

In a public meeting of NASA’s Independent Study Team on Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) on May 31, 2023, Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick, director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), shared a video depicting three unidentified objects recorded on infrared video in 2021 from a military range in the western United States. Analysis of the full motion video, combined with commercial flight data in the region, led AARO to assess that the objects were three separate commercial aircraft flying at a great distance from the infrared sensor. The radar tracks for commercial aircraft aligned with the objects, which were only seen as small dots due to their significant distance from the sensor.

## AARO-DOD_110692791 — Mt. Etna Object

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_110692791
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_110692791
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2018
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 12:21, the balloon finally got a Wi‑Fi signal from the volcano.

- Mt. Etna Object video, AARO, 2018, recorded over the Mediterranean Sea
- FLIR footage shows an object seemingly crossing Mt. Etna’s eruption plume, later attributed to optical distortion
- AARO assesses with moderate confidence the object was a balloon ~170 km from the caldera, moving with wind

### Official summary

In December 2018, a forward-looking infrared video sensor aboard an uncrewed U.S. Air Force platform captured this footage while operating over the Mediterranean Sea. This footage depicts an object that appears to be transiting a plume of superheated gas and ash produced by an eruption of Mt. Etna, a volcano in Sicily, Italy. AARO coordinated an interagency and international analytical effort that determined that optical effects from the intense atmospheric conditions near the volcano distorted the video, causing the object to appear to transit the plume. AARO assesses with moderate confidence that the footage instead depicts a balloon approximately 170 kilometers from the caldera traveling at wind speed and direction.

## AARO-DOD_110692805-1920x1080-9000k — Puerto Rico Objects

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_110692805-1920x1080-9000k
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_110692805-1920x1080-9000k
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2013
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The 3‑minute clip proves even cameras can’t split a single object.

- Video titled Puerto Rico Objects, AARO, 3:54, captured 2013 over Rafael Hernandez Airport, Puerto Rico.
- Shows two infrared objects moving near each other, straight line, at wind speed, no water entry.
- AARO finds no anomalous speeds or flight behaviors.

### Official summary

On April 26, 2013, an infrared sensor onboard a U.S. Customs and Border Protection aircraft captured footage of a UAP event over the Rafael Hernandez Airport near Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. The footage appears to depict a UAP moving at high speed, splitting into two objects, and entering and exiting the water before disappearing into the ocean off Puerto Rico's northwestern coast. AARO assesses with high confidence that the objects did not demonstrate anomalous speeds or flight behaviors. An Intelligence Community partner's reconstruction of the flight path and look angle from the infrared sensor indicates that the video instead depicts two objects traveling near each other rather than a single object splitting into two. This reconstruction also demonstrates that the objects traveled in a straight line at wind speed and did not enter the water at any point.

## AARO-DOD_110872545-1920x1080-9000k — FLIR - UAP

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_110872545-1920x1080-9000k
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_110872545-1920x1080-9000k
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2004
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 1:16, the video finally runs out of frames, just like my patience.

- AARO video titled FLIR – UAP, recorded 2004, 1 minute 16 seconds.
- Shows multiple infrared/TV frames with moving light sources, objects, and sensor gain changes.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

FLIR – UAP Video

## AARO-DOD_110886776 — GOFAST - UAP

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_110886776
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_110886776
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2016
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The crosshair’s degrees jumped from 36 to 46—apparently trying a new workout routine.

- GOFAST video, AARO, 2016, 34‑second length.
- Shows sensor overlay numbers shifting, then object moving left‑down off‑screen.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

GOFAST - UAP Video

## AARO-DOD_110891172 — GIMBAL - UAP

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_110891172
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_110891172
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2015
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video lasts 34 seconds, just long enough for the object to get bored.

- GIMBAL - UAP video, AARO, 2015, 0:34 duration
- Shows object in box below crosshair, moving down‑right, brightening; later central object moves right‑down
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

GIMBAL - UAP Video

## AARO-DOD_110956846 — Al Taqaddum Object

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_110956846
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_110956846
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2017
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 17 minutes, the balloons finally got enough airtime for a mid‑flight commercial.

- Video by AARO, 2017, captured near Al Taqaddum Air Base, Iraq.
- Shows infrared footage of a cluster of partially and fully inflated balloons.
- AARO concluded no anomalous performance; identified as balloon cluster.

### Official summary

In October 2017, an infrared sensor onboard a force protection aerostat near Al Taqaddum Air Base, Iraq, captured 17 minutes of video of an unidentified object.
AARO assesses that the object was a cluster of partially and fully inflated balloons. The object's appearance is consistent with other recorded observations featuring balloon clusters. AARO employed full-motion video analysis and pixel examination techniques to inform its assessment.
AARO assesses that the object did not demonstrate anomalous performance characteristics. AARO used geo-locational data from the aerostat to assess the object's speed and direction of travel.

## AARO-DOD_110982722 — Unresolved UAP Report: Middle East 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_110982722
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_110982722
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Middle East
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 8 minutes 15 seconds, even the video can’t finish its own story.

- AARO video file ‘Unresolved UAP Report: Middle East 2023’, 8 min 15 sec, infrared sensor, 2023, Middle East.
- Shows thermal contrast and moving light spots across four sensor quadrants, without corroborating telemetry.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This video is provided for informational purposes only. Viewers should not interpret any part of the video description below as reflecting an analytic judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance. Viewers should not interpret the absence of a formal assessment as suggestive of anomalous characteristics.
The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office received a report from a U.S. military Service consisting of eight minutes and fifteen seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform. The recording, captured in the Middle East in 2023, depicts an apparent thermal contrast within the sensor’s field of view. The area of apparent contrast exhibited characteristics that may be consistent with the presence of a physical object. However, due to the absence of corroborating telemetry or multi-modal sensor data, AARO cannot determine whether the observed signature represents a sensor artifact or a thermal emission or reflection from a physical source. The available data does not support a conclusive analytic evaluation.

## AARO-DOD_110999231 — Unresolved UAP Report: Middle East 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_110999231
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_110999231
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2024
- Location: Middle East
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 6 minutes 42 seconds, even AARO admits it's just a warm‑up act.

- Unresolved UAP Report: Middle East 2024 video, AARO, 2024, Middle East, 6:42 length.
- Infrared sensor video shows thermal contrast possibly from physical object, but no telemetry or additional sensor data.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This video is provided for informational purposes only. Viewers should not interpret any part of the video description below as reflecting an analytic judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance. Viewers should not interpret the absence of a formal assessment as suggestive of anomalous characteristics.
The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office received a report from a U.S. military Service consisting of six minutes and forty-one seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform. The recording, captured in the Middle East in 2024, depicts an apparent thermal contrast within the sensor’s field of view. The area of apparent contrast exhibited characteristics that may be consistent with the presence of a physical object. However, due to the absence of corroborating telemetry or multi-modal sensor data, AARO cannot determine whether the observed signature represents a sensor artifact or a thermal emission or reflection from a physical source. The available data does not support a conclusive analytic evaluation.

## AARO-DOD_111038535 — Middle East Red Balloon 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111038535
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111038535
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2024
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video’s more balloon than mystery, even at a full minute and thirty‑six seconds.

- Middle East Red Balloon 2024 video, AARO, recorded 2024, 1:36 length
- Shows a slow‑moving spheroidal object captured from a U.S. military platform in the Middle East
- AARO concludes with ≥95% confidence it is a consumer‑grade reflective foil balloon

### Official summary

The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office received a report from a U.S. military Service consisting of one minute and thirty-six seconds of full-motion video footage captured by a camera aboard a U.S. military platform in the Middle East in 2024. According to the reporting Service, the recording likely depicts a slow-moving spheroidal object.
AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the object depicted in the video is almost certainly (≥95% likelihood) a consumer-grade reflective foil balloon. AARO bases its assessment on the object's strong morphological consistency with other resolved imagery depicting balloons and its behavioral correlation with recorded wind speed and direction during the event.

## AARO-DOD_111216897 — PR-001 Unresolved UAP Report, Africa 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111216897
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111216897
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Africa
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The hottest 31‑second African clip this year wasn’t a sunrise, just a mystery pixel.

- PR-001 Unresolved UAP Report, Africa 2022 – AARO video, 31‑second infrared clip, Africa, 2022.
- Infrared sensor shows a bright heat spot near crosshair, moving slightly right‑down then further right.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

In 2022, the United States Africa Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of thirty-one seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform.
The footage shows an apparent heat signature with characteristics consistent with those of a physical object. However, AARO cannot determine whether the observed signature originates from a physical source, either as a thermal emission or a thermal reflection, or other source, such as a heat differential in the environment or sensor display error. The available data is insufficient to evaluate the phenomenon’s performance characteristics.

## AARO-DOD_111216951 — PR-002, Resolved as Migratory Birds, Africa 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111216951
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111216951
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2024
- Location: Africa
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The birds even got a cyan square spotlight—just to feel important.

- PR-002 video from AARO, submitted 2024, recorded over Africa.
- Infrared footage shows multiple moving lights classified later as migratory birds.
- AARO assessed ≥95% likelihood the objects are migratory birds.

### Official summary

In 2024, the United States Africa Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of one minute and eighteen seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform.
AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the objects depicted in the video are almost certainly (≥95% likelihood) a group of migratory birds. AARO bases its assessment on the objects’ strong morphological consistency with other resolved imagery depicting birds and the objects’ flight behavior corresponding to known migration routes. An external Intelligence Community partner concurred with AARO’s assessment.

## AARO-DOD_111217027 — PR-003, Unresolved UAP Report, Africa 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111217027
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111217027
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Africa
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Four minutes, fifty‑eight seconds later, nobody got a clear picture.

- PR-003 video report, AARO, 2023, Africa.
- Infrared footage shows heat signature of unknown origin, source indeterminate.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

In 2023, the United States Africa Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of four minutes and fifty-eight seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform.
The footage shows an apparent heat signature with characteristics consistent with those of a physical object. However, AARO cannot determine whether the observed signature originates from a physical source, either as a thermal emission or a thermal reflection, or other source, such as a heat differential in the environment or sensor display error. The available data is insufficient to evaluate the phenomenon’s performance characteristics.

## AARO-DOD_111294469 — PR-010, UAP Report Resolved as a Balloon, Europe 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111294469
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111294469
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

2022: the year Europe got a surprise birthday balloon from the U.S.

- PR-010 video, AARO, 2022, Europe, 7:56 length, infrared sensor on U.S. platform.
- Shows multiple small bright spots drifting at wind speed, matching balloon behavior.
- AARO concluded with ≥95% confidence the object is almost certainly a balloon.

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of seven minutes and fifty-six seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022.
AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the object depicted in the video is almost certainly (≥95% likelihood) a balloon. AARO bases its assessment on the object’s strong morphological consistency with other resolved imagery featuring balloons and the object’s performance characteristics strongly aligning with those of lighter-than-air objects, e.g., drifting at wind speed and direction.

## AARO-DOD_111300649 — PR-004, UAP Report Resolved as a Balloon, Europe 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111300649
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111300649
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Only thing rising faster than the balloon was the file’s page count.

- PR-004 video, AARO, 2022, Europe; 0:32 infrared footage from US platform
- Object identified as balloon with ≥95% confidence, matching known balloon morphology
- AARO concluded the phenomenon is a balloon

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of thirty-one seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022.
AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the object depicted in the video is almost certainly (≥95% likelihood) a balloon. AARO bases its assessment on the object’s strong morphological consistency with other resolved imagery featuring balloons and the object’s performance characteristics strongly aligning with those of lighter-than-air objects, e.g., drifting at wind speed and direction.

## AARO-DOD_111311850 — PR-005, UAP Report Resolved as a Balloon, Europe 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111311850
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111311850
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

2022 balloon performance: drifting slower than my inbox replies.

- PR-005 video, AARO, 2022 Europe, 0:32 length
- 32‑second infrared clip shows a bright spot moving across crosshair
- AARO concludes with ≥95% confidence the object is a balloon

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of thirty-two seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022.
AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the object depicted in the video is almost certainly (≥95% likelihood) a balloon. AARO bases its assessment on the object’s strong morphological consistency with other resolved imagery featuring balloons and the object’s performance characteristics strongly aligning with those of lighter-than-air objects, e.g., drifting at wind speed and direction.

## AARO-DOD_111311856 — PR-006, UAP Report Resolved as a Balloon, Europe 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111311856
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111311856
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

2022’s hottest balloon party lasted just 21 seconds—no RSVP needed.

- PR-006 video, AARO, 2022, Europe, 21‑second clip submitted by US European Command.
- Shows infrared footage of a small bright spot drifting at wind speed, captured by a US military platform.
- AARO concludes with ≥95% confidence the object is a balloon.

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of twenty seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022.
AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the object depicted in the video is almost certainly (≥95% likelihood) a balloon. AARO bases its assessment on the object’s strong morphological consistency with other resolved imagery featuring balloons and the object’s performance characteristics strongly aligning with those of lighter-than-air objects, e.g., drifting at wind speed and direction.

## AARO-DOD_111311861 — PR-007, UAP Report Closed as Not Anomalous, Europe 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111311861
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111311861
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Five‑second clip, still not enough to label it anomalous.

- PR-007, a 5‑second infrared video, submitted by US European Command to AARO, 2022, Europe.
- Shows an object whose performance matches ordinary aircraft, but origin remains unclear.
- AARO found no anomalous performance; no further analysis warranted.

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of six seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022.
AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the object depicted in the video demonstrates performance characteristics consistent with those of a prosaic aircraft. However, the available data is insufficient to attribute the object to a specific origin or render a determination on its type or application. Though AARO cannot conclusively resolve this object, it does not meet the morphological or performance criteria to warrant further analysis.

## AARO-DOD_111311867 — PR-008, Unresolved UAP Report, Europe 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111311867
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111311867
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 1:21, even the UFO missed the deadline.

- PR-008 is a 1:21 video submitted by US European Command to AARO, dated 2022, Europe.
- Shows an infrared heat signature moving slightly; source and nature remain indeterminate.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of one minute and twenty-one seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022.
The footage depicts an apparent heat signature with characteristics consistent with those of a physical object, However, AARO cannot determine whether the observed signature originates from a physical source, either as a thermal emission or a thermal reflection, or other source, such as a heat differential in the environment or sensor display error. The available data is insufficient to evaluate the phenomenon’s performance characteristics.

## AARO-DOD_111311872 — PR-009, UAP Report Resolved as a Balloon, Europe 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111311872
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111311872
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The balloon’s runway was exactly 20 seconds long.

- PR-009 video, AARO, 2022, Europe, 20‑second infrared footage from U.S. platform.
- AARO notes object moves light source, shows bright spot shifting across crosshair.
- AARO concludes with ≥95% confidence the object is almost certainly a balloon.

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of twenty seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022.
AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the object depicted in the video is almost certainly (≥95% likelihood) a balloon. AARO bases its assessment on the object’s strong morphological consistency with other resolved imagery featuring balloons and the object’s performance characteristics strongly aligning with those of lighter-than-air objects, e.g., drifting at wind speed and direction.

## AARO-DOD_111415209 — PR-016, Resolved as Birds, Europe 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111415209
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111415209
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 25 seconds, the birds barely got a chance to finish their flight.

- PR-016 video, AARO, 2023 Europe, 0:25 length
- Shows infrared objects with trailing lights, assessed as birds >95% likelihood
- AARO concludes objects are almost certainly birds

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of twenty-five seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023. AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the objects depicted in the video are almost certainly (>95% likelihood) birds. AARO bases its assessment on the objects’ strong morphological consistency with other resolved imagery featuring birds and the objects’ behavioral characteristics strongly aligning with those of birds, e.g. maintaining relative positioning for energy conservation during flight, pulsating infrared return at a frequency consistent with wing beats.

## AARO-DOD_111415215 — PR-017, Unresolved UAP Report, Europe 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111415215
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111415215
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2024
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 0:31 the footage still can't make up its mind.

- PR-017, an AARO video report filed by US European Command, 2024, Europe.
- 31‑second cellular rear‑camera footage shows moving bright spots near stationary purple light.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of thirty seconds of video footage from a commercially available cellular device’s rear-facing digital camera in 2024. The video footage associated with this report is insufficient for AARO to render a determination on its subject matter. This unresolved report contributes to AARO’s historical and locational trend analyses.

## AARO-DOD_111415223 — PR-018, Unresolved UAP Report, Europe 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111415223
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111415223
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2024
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Ten minutes, thirty seconds—just enough time to lose the remote at the same speed.

- PR-018 video, AARO, 2024, Europe, 10:30 length
- Infrared sensor footage shows physical object with unremarkable morphology, performance, behavior
- AARO found no anomalous performance; case remains unresolved

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of ten minutes and thirty seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024. AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the footage depicts the presence of a physical object. The object’s morphological features, performance characteristics, and behaviors are unremarkable and do not warrant further analysis. AARO will continue to investigate this case should further information become available to enable a more conclusive attribution. This unresolved report contributes to AARO’s historical and locational trend analyses.

## AARO-DOD_111426396 — PR-012, Unresolved UAP Report, Europe 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111426396
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111426396
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Just 55 seconds, yet AARO needed a spreadsheet for the bright spot.

- PR-012 video, AARO, 2022, Europe, 55‑second length
- Infrared footage shows brief bright spots moving slightly while camera stays static
- AARO deems object physical but unremarkable; case remains unresolved

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of fifty-five seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022.
AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the footage depicts the presence of a physical object. The object’s morphological features, performance characteristics, and behaviors are unremarkable and do not warrant further analysis. AARO will continue to investigate this case should further information become available to enable a more conclusive attribution. This unresolved report contributes to AARO’s historical and locational trend analyses.

## AARO-DOD_111426407 — PR-014, Unresolved UAP Report, Europe 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111426407
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111426407
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Turns out the most mysterious thing in the clip is its 43‑second runtime.

- PR-014, an AARO video report submitted by US European Command, 2022, Europe, 0:43 length.
- Shows infrared footage of a physical object with ordinary morphology and performance, no notable behavior.
- AARO finds no anomalous performance; case remains unresolved pending further data.

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of forty-three seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022.
AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the footage depicts the presence of a physical object. The object’s morphological features, performance characteristics, and behaviors are unremarkable and do not warrant further analysis. AARO will continue to investigate this case should further information become available to enable a more conclusive attribution. This unresolved report contributes to AARO’s historical and locational trend analyses.

## AARO-DOD_111426410 — PR-015, Unresolved UAP Report, Europe 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111426410
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111426410
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Thirteen seconds of footage—just enough time for the object to be politely unnoticed.

- PR‑015, an unresolved UAP video filed by AARO, from 2022, recorded over Europe.
- Thirteen‑second infrared clip shows small bright spots, one moving slightly below center.
- AARO finds physical object, unremarkable, no further analysis warranted; case remains unresolved.

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of thirteen seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022.
AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the footage depicts the presence of a physical object. The object’s morphological features, performance characteristics, and behaviors are unremarkable and do not warrant further analysis. AARO will continue to investigate this case should further information become available to enable a more conclusive attribution. This unresolved report contributes to AARO’s historical and locational trend analyses.

## AARO-DOD_111469069 — PR-011, UAP Report Undergoing Analysis, Europe 2021

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111469069
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111469069
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2021
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Turns out the mystery lasted exactly two minutes and eight seconds.

- PR-011, AARO video report, 2021, captured over Europe, 2:08 long.
- Shows infrared sensor contrast implying a physical object; analysis of attributes and performance ongoing.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of two minutes and eight seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2021. The footage depicts an area of contrast in the infrared sensor display, suggesting the presence of a physical object. Analysis of the object’s physical attributes and performance characteristics is ongoing.

## AARO-DOD_111469070 — PR-013, Unresolved UAP Report, Europe 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-DOD_111469070
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-DOD_111469070
- Agency: AARO / DVIDS
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Europe
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 0:21, even the video runs out of things to say.

- PR-013 video report, AARO, 2022, Europe, 0:21 length
- Infrared footage shows a physical object; features and performance are unremarkable
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States European Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of twenty seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022. AARO assesses, with high confidence, that the footage depicts the presence of a physical object. The object’s morphological features, performance characteristics, and behaviors are unremarkable and do not warrant further analysis. AARO will continue to investigate this case should further information become available to enable a more conclusive attribution. This unresolved report contributes to AARO’s historical and locational trend analyses.

## Director Kosloski — SASC Open Hearing Statement (Nov 2024)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-Dr_Jon_Kosloski_Statement_for_the_Record_SASC_Open_Hearing_
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-Dr_Jon_Kosloski_Statement_for_the_Record_SASC_Open_Hearing_
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

At 19 Nov 2024, even the UFOs filed paperwork on time.

- AARO Director Dr. Jon Kosloski’s hearing statement, pdf, delivered to Senate Armed Services Subcommittee, 19 Nov 2024.
- It outlines UAP investigation efforts, data collection, partnerships, transparency, most reports resolve to common objects.
- No verifiable evidence of extraterrestrial beings or technology found.

### Official summary

Statement for the record by AARO Director Dr. Jon T. Kosloski before the Senate Armed Services Committee.

### AI summary

This is a statement for the record delivered by Dr. Jon Kosloski, Director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), before the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities on November 19, 2024. The document outlines AARO's efforts to investigate UAP, emphasizing data collection, partnerships, transparency, and scientific rigor. It states that most UAP reports resolve to common objects, and no verifiable evidence of extraterrestrial beings or technology has been found. AARO aims to improve data quality, collaborate with government and external partners, and declassify information where possible.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Statement for the Record
Dr. Jon Kosloski, Director, All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities
November 19, 2024
Thank you, Chairwoman Gillibrand, Ranking Member Ernst, and distinguished members of the
subcommittee. It is a pleasure to be here on behalf of the Department of Defense as the new
Director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office. I appreciate the opportunity to provide a
status update on AARO’s work and respond to your questions about unidentified anomalous
phenomena, or UAP.
On behalf of the department and the entire AARO team, I want to say how grateful we are to
Congress for its continued support. Unidentified objects in any domain may pose a threat to U.S.
safety and security. Reports of UAP activity, particularly near national security sites, must be
treated seriously and investigated with scientific rigor by the U.S. Government.
By way of introduction, I am Jon Kosloski. I'm a researcher at my core, with an academic
background in mathematics, physics, and engineering. I have spent most of my career at the
National Security Agency leading advanced research in the areas of optics, computing, and
crypto mathematics. I am drawn to tough scientific problems, which is what brought me to
AARO and the UAP mission.
Since I arrived in August 2024, I have been impressed by the breadth and depth of my team’s
experience and the framework it has established to rigorously analyze UAP reports. AARO has
taken meaningful steps to improve data collection and retention, bolster sensor development,
effectively triage UAP reports, and remove the stigma of reporting a UAP event. Last year,
AARO worked with DoD’s Joint Staff to issue guidance to defense personnel worldwide on how
to report UAP observations and is working with the Military Services to ensure the
implementation of this guidance. Additionally, AARO launched a public website that features
UAP imagery, case resolutions, material analysis, archival records, and more.
These are only a few examples of AARO’s recent progress – and we’re just getting started.

#### Page 2

To date, AARO has over 1,600 UAP reports in its holdings from across the U.S. government. I’ll
share a slide in just a few minutes of updated UAP analytic trends. You’ll see that many reports
resolve to commonplace objects like birds, balloons, and unmanned systems, while others lack
sufficient data for comprehensive analysis. Only a very small percentage of reports AARO
receives are potentially anomalous; these are the cases that require significant time, resources,
and a focused scientific inquiry by AARO and its wide network of partners. It is important to
underscore that, to date, AARO has discovered no verifiable evidence of extraterrestrial beings,
activity, or technology.
To accomplish AARO’s national security mission, I have set three priorities for the Office:
building strong partnerships, promoting transparency, and scaling up the work of the office.
First, AARO cannot do its work alone. Building partnerships across government, academia,
industry, and with the public, is essential to the success of the office. Strong cooperation with the
Military Services is particularly important. We rely on their support to implement our reporting
guidance and to amplify the message that there should be zero stigma associated with UAP
reporting. We also rely on partnerships with the National Labs, the Office of the Director of
National Intelligence, FBI, DHS, and NASA, all of which play a role in the whole-ofgovernment effort to address UAP. Just as important, I recognize the talent and expertise that
reside outside of government. AARO will continue to explore new ways to partner with the
academic and scientific communities to investigate its most complex UAP cases.
Transparency is a related priority for AARO. Our ability to collaborate with key partners,
including the scientific community and the public, relies on information sharing, to include
downgrading and declassifying UAP-related information. In some cases, it may be unclear to the
public why DoD classified a piece of information in the first place. Why are photos of seemingly
benign objects, such as balloons, classified? It is often the case that an object or phenomenon
itself is not a security concern, but the location, source, or method used to capture it is still
sensitive. Many cases are difficult to quickly release to the public but are reported to the

#### Page 3

appropriate committees in Congress that are authorized by the law or House and Senate
leadership to receive the information.
It is important to note that AARO does not unilaterally declassify information. Instead, we work
with the originator of a classified record to ensure that declassifying that record does not
inadvertently harm national security. This can take time. Nonetheless, the Department is
committed to declassifying and publicly sharing more information on UAP, while protecting
sensitive sources and methods. I’ll be sharing some newly declassified imagery in just a few
minutes.
AARO is also working closely with the National Archives and Records Administration to make
UAP-related documents publicly available in a digitized collection. In addition, AARO continues
to review the U.S. historical record relating to UAP. We welcome any former or current
government civilian, contractor, or military service member with relevant information to reach
out to us at www.aaro.mil.
My final priority is scaling AARO’s work to match its mission. AARO needs to bolster the
quantity, quality, and diversity of data that it acquires and examines. This means tapping into
existing data sources within the interagency while deploying AARO’s own organic sensor
capabilities. To the extent that UAP result from domain awareness gaps, more and better data
will help us fill those gaps and help us understand what is being encountered.
In closing, AARO is committed to the highest standards of scientific integrity. We will not
foreclose on any explanation for UAP prematurely. We will continue to follow the science and
data wherever they lead. We will continue to have open and frank dialogue with Congress in
settings like these and also in classified briefings. We will continue to keep you fully and
currently informed of all UAP information, active or historical. And finally, we will continue to
share as much information as possible at the unclassified level to inform the public of AARO’s
activities and its findings.
Thank you for your continued support, and I look forward to your questions.

## History and Origin of KONA BLUE FINAL 508

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-History_and_Origin_of_KONA_BLUE_FINAL_508
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-History_and_Origin_of_KONA_BLUE_FINAL_508
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

DHS gave KONA BLUE a week’s notice before pulling the plug in 2011.

- AARO PDF report titled History and Origin of KONA BLUE FINAL 508
- KONA BLUE proposed SAP under DHS, never approved; stemmed from AAWSAP/AATIP terminated 2012
- No official conclusion in the file

### AI summary

This document is a report from the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) detailing the history of the KONA BLUE program. It was written by AARO and released as part of a declassified set of documents. The report states that KONA BLUE was a proposed Special Access Program (SAP) under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) that was never approved or established. It originated from the AAWSAP/AATIP program managed by the DIA, which was terminated in 2012. DHS briefly considered KONA BLUE in 2011 but later terminated it due to insufficient justification. No materials or data were ever transferred to DHS under KONA BLUE.

### Full text

#### Page 1

The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office

History and Origin of KONA BLUE
The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) first learned of the KONA BLUE
program from interviews conducted as part of its historical review. Multiple interviewees
identified KONA BLUE as a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) sensitive compartment
established to protect the retrieval and exploitation of "non-human biologics." AARO researched
the information provided by the interviewees and learned KONA BLUE was a Prospective
Special Access Program (PSAP) that had been proposed to DHS leadership but was never
approved or formally established. KONA BLUE never received any materials or funding, and
there is no information beyond the proposal presentation marked with the KONA BLUE name.
AARO traced the origin of the proposal for KONA BLUE to the Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Application Program (AAWSAP)/Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification
Program (AATIP) program, which was managed by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
from 2009-2012 and funded through congressional earmarks. Bigelow Aerospace, headquartered
in Nevada, served as the primary contractor executing funds for the program and delivered
multiple reports during the period of their contract. DIA terminated the program due to a cited
lack of merit and lack of utility in the products Bigelow produced for DIA’s mission.
When DIA canceled AAWSAP/AATIP, several individuals involved with that program
advocated for DHS to take the effort over and fund a new version of AAWSAP/AATIP under the
code name “KONA BLUE.” According to the proposal, KONA BLUE would continue the work
previously undertaken by DIA’s AAWSAP/AATIP to investigate, identify, and analyze sensitive
materials and technologies, to include advanced aerospace vehicles. In 2011, the DHS Under
Secretary for Science and Technology (S&T) established KONA BLUE as a PSAP based on
claims that relevant information and material existed and required this level of protection. The
Under Secretary (S&T) also cited congressional interest in the subject and possible impacts on
homeland security as part of the justification for the program. Six months later, however, the
Deputy Secretary of DHS disapproved KONA BLUE as a Special Access Program (SAP), and
further directed its immediate termination citing concerns about the adequacy of justification for
the program, and sufficiency of information central to the proposal development, including
personnel and budget requirements.
It is critical to note that while some DHS personnel believed that relevant information
and material would be delivered to DHS upon establishment of the SAP, no data or material of
any kind was ever transferred to or collected by DHS under the auspices of KONA BLUE.
Information associated with the activities conducted under the auspices of AAWSAP/AATIP
remains within DIA’s archived holdings.
This archived PSAP proposal and associated documents have been declassified in
partnership between DoD and DHS and are being released to the public in accordance with both
agencies’ commitment to transparency.
Other than a single instance of Attorney-Client material redacted from page 38 by DHS,
all redactions were made by the Department of Defense.

## Al Taqaddum Object

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-IMG-Al_Taqaddum_Object
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-IMG-Al_Taqaddum_Object
- Agency: AARO
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Those green crosshairs are AARO’s version of a selfie frame.

- AARO image titled “Al Taqaddum Object” taken at Al Taqaddum base.
- Infrared frame shows blurry dark object with tail, marked by intersecting green crosshairs.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

AARO case-resolution imagery: Al Taqaddum Object

### AI visual description

The image is a grayscale infrared or thermal sensor frame. It shows a blurry, dark central object with a tail-like extension below it, surrounded by lighter and darker patches. Two green crosshair markers are superimposed over the object, one horizontal and one vertical, intersecting at its center. The background is a mottled mix of light and dark gray, with no clear features or textures. There are no visible text, markings, timestamps, or sensor overlays beyond the green crosshairs.

## Atmospheric Wakes Image

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-IMG-Atmospheric_Wakes_Image
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-IMG-Atmospheric_Wakes_Image
- Agency: AARO
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Those blue rectangles are the only thing that looks less mysterious than the wake.

- AARO atmospheric wakes image, undated, unclassified, presented as case-resolution imagery.
- Shows dark oval with lighter trailing shape, resembling a wake, against mottled gray background.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

AARO case-resolution imagery: Atmospheric Wakes Image

### AI visual description

The image is a grayscale sensor/infrared frame showing a dark oval shape with a lighter trailing shape, resembling a wake, against a mottled gray background. Three blue rectangles, two horizontal and one vertical, are in the top-right corner. The image has a white border with a circular logo in the top-left corner and 'UNCLASSIFIED' in the top-right and bottom-left corners. A title and subtitle are in the top border.

## Eglin UAP Thumbnail

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-IMG-Eglin_UAP_Thumbnail
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-IMG-Eglin_UAP_Thumbnail
- Agency: AARO
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

The image's green UNCLASSIFIED label is the only thing that's definitely classified.

- Image titled “Eglin UAP Thumbnail” from AARO, type: image.
- Shows side‑by‑side infrared and electro‑optical frames with oval and square shapes.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

AARO case-resolution imagery: Eglin UAP Thumbnail

### AI visual description

The image is a composite of two grayscale sensor frames, labeled 'Infrared' and 'Electro-Optical', presented side-by-side. The Infrared frame on the left shows a white oval shape with a black area above it, against a mottled gray background. The Electro-Optical frame on the right features a blue-outlined square connected to a blue line, with a small black shape below, against a light gray background with two vertical blue lines. The image has a white border with text and logos, including 'UNCLASSIFIED' in green at the top right and bottom left corners.

## Go Fast UAP

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-IMG-Go_Fast_UAP
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-IMG-Go_Fast_UAP
- Agency: AARO
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Even the infrared can’t keep up with the file’s “Go Fast” title.

- Go Fast UAP image from AARO, date not specified, location not identified.
- Infrared grayscale frame shows textured surface, crosshair, outlined square with dot, and sensor data overlays.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

AARO case-resolution imagery: Go Fast UAP

### AI visual description

The image is a grayscale infrared frame with a black border. The scene shows a dark, textured surface, possibly water or land, with a white crosshair and circle at the top center. A white square outline is positioned below the crosshair, containing a small white dot. Various white text overlays and sensor data are scattered throughout the frame, including abbreviations, numbers, and symbols, but no clear object shapes or colors are visible beyond the outlined square and dot.

## Mt Etna Object

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-IMG-Mt_Etna_Object
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-IMG-Mt_Etna_Object
- Agency: AARO
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Grey rectangles: AARO’s minimalist approach to hiding the volcano’s Wi‑Fi signal.

- AARO image titled “Mt Etna Object,” infrared frame of snowy mountain scene
- Shows snow‑capped peak, dark smoke, two large grey rectangles covering top centre
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

AARO case-resolution imagery: Mt Etna Object

### AI visual description

The image is a black and white infrared or thermal sensor frame. It shows a snowy mountainous scene with dark smoke or cloud cover. There are two large grey rectangles obscuring the top centre of the image. The mountain has a central peak with snow-covered slopes and several lines or paths leading down from the peak. Dark smoke or cloud cover is visible at the bottom and right side of the frame. There are no visible objects, text, markings, timestamps or sensor overlays apart from the obscuring rectangles.

## Puerto Rico Objects

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-IMG-Puerto_Rico_Objects
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-IMG-Puerto_Rico_Objects
- Agency: AARO
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

The 2013 infrared snapshot says the clouds were shy that day.

- AARO infrared image, 26APR2013 01:22:38 UTC+1, captured over Puerto Rico.
- Frame shows small dark object centered, over cloudy sky, with white text overlays.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

AARO case-resolution imagery: Puerto Rico Objects

### AI visual description

The image is a grayscale infrared sensor frame showing a small, dark object in the centre. The frame is overlaid with white text and symbols, including a timestamp '26APR2013 01:22:38 UTC+1.0', a compass rose, and a series of numbers and labels along the bottom and sides. The background shows a cloudy sky and a dark band at the bottom, possibly representing terrain or a horizon. A small white crosshair is visible, centred on the dark object.

## Southeast Asia Triangles Image

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-IMG-Southeast_Asia_Triangles_Image
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-IMG-Southeast_Asia_Triangles_Image
- Agency: AARO
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Turns out the only thing fishing in February is a calendar.

- Image titled Southeast Asia Triangles, AARO, satellite images dated 30 Aug 17 and 23 Feb 17, SE Asia.
- Shows triangular shapes labeled as 11 × 7 m fishing nets in both images.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

AARO case-resolution imagery: Southeast Asia Triangles Image

### AI visual description

The image is a document scan of two side-by-side grayscale satellite images. The left image, dated 30 Aug 17, shows seven black triangular shapes of similar size scattered in a diagonal line against a mottled gray background. A white text bubble points to three of the shapes, labeling them 'Fishing Nets ~ 11 x 7m'. The right image, dated 23 Feb 17, shows three curved lines resembling nets against a darker background. A similar text bubble labels these 'Fishing Nets ~ 11 x 7m'. Both images have a small white compass in the top corner and a source label at the bottom.

## Western US Image

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-IMG-Western_US_Image
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-IMG-Western_US_Image
- Agency: AARO
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Four short blue lines—AARO’s minimalist art class started in the West.

- Western US Image, an AARO image file; date not specified
- Shows three grayscale sensor frames with white outlines, oblong shapes, dots, and a blue overlay
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

AARO case-resolution imagery: Western US Image

### AI visual description

The image is a scanned document showing three grayscale sensor frames arranged horizontally. Each frame has a white rectangular outline and a smaller white square connected by a line, pointing to a small white dot. The frames contain a larger white oblong shape. The central frame has additional small white dots and a blue graphic overlay with four short lines. The document has a white border with text and logos, including 'AARO' and 'UNCLASSIFIED' in green.

## Mt. Etna Object Analysis

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-Mt-Etna-Object.pdf
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-Mt-Etna-Object.pdf
- Agency: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office
- Released: 2024
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

At 24 mph, the ‘UFO’ could’ve been a brisk jog around Etna.

- Mt. Etna Object Analysis pdf, AARO, released April 28 2025, covers December 2018 incident near Mt. Etna.
- Infrared video shows object deemed a balloon, moderate confidence; speed 24 mph, 30 km away, no anomalous behavior.
- AARO concluded the object was a balloon; no anomalous performance reported.

### Official summary

AARO analysis of the Mt. Etna object incident.

### AI summary

A declassified U.S. Department of Defense document from April 28, 2025, titled "Mt. Etna Object," details an analysis of an object captured on infrared video by a U.S. military uncrewed aerial system near Mt. Etna in December 2018. The document states that the object was assessed as a balloon with moderate confidence and that it did not exhibit anomalous behavior. The object's apparent high speed was attributed to motion parallax, and its actual speed was determined to be 24 mph. The analysis concluded that the object did not pass through the volcano's ash plume and was likely 30 kilometers from the sensor. The report notes sensor limitations and atmospheric conditions affected the data.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED

CLEARED
For Open Publication

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office

Apr 28, 2025

U.S. Department of Defense
Case: “Mt. Etna Object”

Department of Defense

OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW

Case Resolution | 28 April 2025
Case Synopsis

AARO Assessment and Case Status
AARO assesses with moderate confidence
that the object was a balloon. AARO
assesses with high confidence that the
object did not exhibit anomalous behavior.
Case Overview
In December 2018, a shortwave infrared
(SWIR) camera onboard a U.S. military
uncrewed aerial system (UAS) operating
near U.S. Naval Air Station Sigonella over
the Mediterranean Sea south of Sicily,
Italy, captured 12 minutes of infrared video
of an eruption of Mt. Etna. For
approximately four and a half minutes, a
round object appears on the video and
seems to exhibit anomalous performance
characteristics by moving at high speeds
and transiting a superheated gas and ash
plume produced by the eruption.

Location: Mt. Etna, Italy
Date: December 2018
Object Altitude (reported): 500 feet
Object Altitude (assessed): 15,000 feet
Object Speed (reported): 345 mph
Object Speed (assessed): 24 mph
Object Shape (reported): Round
Object Shape (assessed): Spherical
Reporter: U.S. Military UAS operators
Data Type: Infrared
Reported Behavior: An object moving at
high speeds through Mt. Etna’s ash plume.
Assessed Behavior: The object did not
demonstrate anomalous performance
characteristics.

Confidence: Moderate confidence the object
The UAS operator reported that the
was a balloon. High confidence the object did
object’s flight behavior was seemingly
not demonstrate anomalous performance
unaffected by transiting the plume, with no
characteristics.
discernable impact on its performance,
altitude, or bearing. The operator reported
the object’s speed as approximately 555 kph (345 mph).
Key Findings
AARO assesses with high confidence that:
•

Optical effects, turbulent atmospheric conditions, and limitations in sensor capability
distorted the object’s apparent behavior, leading to an inaccurate initial assessment of
its performance characteristics.
1
UNCLASSIFIED

25-P-0694

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED
•

The object did not exhibit anomalous speeds or other behavior exceeding known state-ofthe-art performance characteristics. It did not pass through the volcano’s ash plume.

Performance Characteristics
Object Speed: AARO assessed that the object’s speed was approximately 39 kph (24 mph),
moving generally west-to-east, consistent with wind speed and direction. The object’s apparent
high speed is attributable to motion parallax. Motion parallax is an optical effect that induces an
observer to perceive that a stationary or slow-moving object is moving much faster than its
actual speed when viewed from a moving frame of reference. The more quickly an observer
moves relative to an observed object, the more pronounced this effect is. The UAS platform’s
relative motion made the object appear to move at high speeds.
Object Flight Path: AARO estimated the object's distance from the UAS platform by
comparing its speed, the cloud deck’s apparent motion, and the wind speed to plot its trajectory.
Applying this methodology, AARO created a model that accurately predicted the object’s
location later in the video, validating the conclusion that the object moved at wind speed and
heading. (Figure 1) This predictive model aligned with the findings of an independent 3-D model
produced by an AARO partner, further validating the methodology.
(UNCLASSIFIED)

(UNCLASSIFIED)

Figure 1: Predictive trajectory analysis revealed the object’s position when it was visually
undetectable. Pixel examination using post-processing filters rendered the object visible,
validating this approach.
Apparent Anomalous Material Properties: AARO applied comprehensive full-motion video
(FMV) analysis, 3-D modeling, pixel examination, and wind speed calculations to assess that the
object was much closer to the SWIR sensor than initially reported. The object did not pass
through the volcano’s ash plume. The object was approximately 170 kilometers (106 miles)
away from the plume during the recording. AARO conducted a comprehensive FMV analysis to
conclude that the object was approximately 30 km (19 miles) from the SWIR sensor. (Figure 2)
AARO also applied kinematics and photogrammetry techniques to develop a 3-D model of the
event.
2
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED
(UNCLASSIFIED)

(UNCLASSIFIED)

Figure 2: AARO’s top-down reconstruction of the event depicting the object’s distance from the
UAS platform. (not to scale)
Observable Characteristics and Attribution
Size and Shape: AARO employed pixel examination to conclude with moderate confidence that
the object was spherical. Its approximate diameter was 0.3 meters (1 foot). (Figure 3)
Attribution: Due to the object’s size and performance characteristics, AARO assesses with
moderate confidence that the object is a balloon.

3
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 4

(UNCLASSIFIED)

UNCLASSIFIED

(UNCLASSIFIED)

Figure 3: The object at a higher magnification (0749Z) and enhanced using post-processing
tools (0753Z). The object is spherical with an approximate diameter of one foot.
Data Quality and Methodology: AARO assesses that the sensor data associated with the event
provides sufficiently detailed information to resolve this case with moderate confidence.
However, sensor limitations and atmospheric turbulence constrain the modes of rigorous analysis
that can be applied to identify the object conclusively.
Sensor Effects and Limitations: SWIR sensors identify targets by detecting differences in
infrared energy relative to the surrounding environment. Cool objects predominantly reflect
shortwave infrared energy, while hot targets predominantly emit shortwave infrared energy.
These sensors do not employ active range finding, and obtaining the accurate range to a target is
highly dependent on environmental factors. The thermally turbulent atmospheric conditions near
an actively erupting volcano likely disrupted the sensor's ability to capture accurate data.
Volcanic ash, composed of fine particulates, scatters and absorbs infrared radiation in
unpredictable ways, creating a “noisy” thermal environment. These conditions further reduce the
sensor’s accuracy by distorting the object’s signature.
The UAS platform’s SWIR camera was optimized for air-to-ground observation rather than airto-air detection during the encounter. In this configuration, SWIR sensors cannot detect and
track airborne objects reliably and cannot provide an accurate range to the object. Airborne
objects recorded by sensors configured in this way often appear indistinct, blurry, or featureless,
even if they would have visually observable surface features under different collection
conditions.
4
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 5

UNCLASSIFIED
These factors likely influenced the reporter’s perceptions of the event, leading to unreliable
initial conclusions about the object’s speed and performance characteristics. AARO cautions that
the SWIR sensor’s image data should not inform any conclusion of the object’s performance
characteristics because of the significant limitations imposed by atmospheric turbulence, postprocessing effects, and contrast stretching. These effects produce visual artifacts such as
flickering, pulsating, and luminosity differences, significantly reducing the reliability of
traditional FMV analysis and pixel analysis techniques.
Alternative Hypotheses
Anomalous Performance Characteristics: An AARO partner’s initial assessment suggested
the object may have moved up to 5,470 kph (3,400 mph) and that it transited the volcano’s ash
plume. AARO and its other partners do not concur with these findings. AARO’s pixel
examination analysis determined that the object was much nearer to the sensor than initial
estimates, exacerbating the effects of motion parallax and leading to an incorrect assessment of
the object’s speed.
An AARO partner compared the luminosity of the object’s pixels to those around it and assessed
that the object’s gradient luminosity remained constant before, during, and after it appeared to
transit the plume. This conclusion would place the object within the volcano’s ash plume. AARO
and its other partners do not concur with these findings because the UAS platform’s SWIR
sensor cannot provide accurate range-finding data given the atmospheric turbulence. AARO
produced a validated 3-D model demonstrating that the partner’s assessment depends on
unreliable and inaccurate input data.
Bird: Initial assessments from AARO’s partners found that the object appears to flicker in the
sensor display at a steady frequency, which is highly suggestive of a bird flapping its wings to
maintain steady flight. On further analysis, AARO’s partners found that thermal turbulence,
post-processing effects, and contrast stretching produced visual artifacts such as flickering,
pulsating, and luminosity differences in the video footage. Therefore, AARO and its partners
discarded this initial assessment, concurring that the object was unlikely to have been a bird and
was likely a balloon.
AARO is not a member of the intelligence community. This AARO information report should
not be considered finished intelligence. It may contain references to finished intelligence
reports and/or information provided by AARO’s coordinating interagency partners to provide
context, show relevance, or substantiate AARO analytic perspectives.

5
UNCLASSIFIED

## ORNL Synopsis Analysis of a Metallic Specimen

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-ORNL-Synopsis_Analysis_of_a_Metallic_Specimen
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-ORNL-Synopsis_Analysis_of_a_Metallic_Specimen
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

In 2023, they proved the metal isn’t a terahertz antenna, just a boring bismuth sandwich.

- ORNL Synopsis Analysis of a Metallic Specimen, AARO PDF, 2023, evaluates 1947 crash claim.
- Microscopy, spectroscopy, spectrometry show terrestrial composition; bismuth layers unsuitable as terahertz waveguide.
- The specimen is of terrestrial origin; no anomalous performance identified.

### Full text

#### Page 2

Introduction
The All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) sponsored a series of measurements on a layered material
specimen primarily composed of magnesium and zinc, with bands of bismuth and other co-located trace elements.
The material specimen, whose origin and purpose are of long and debated history, is claimed to be recovered
from an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) crash in or around 1947. Furthermore, the specimen’s
physiochemical properties are claimed to make the material capable of “inertial mass reduction” (i.e., levitation or
antigravity functionality), possibly attributable to the material’s bismuth and magnesium layers acting as a terahertz
waveguide.
Previously, US Army Combat Capabilities Development
Command (DEVCOM) established a Cooperative
Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with
To the Stars Academy (TTSA) to evaluate the feasibility
of exploiting any potential disruptive technology
associated with this widely discussed specimen.
AARO, founded in 2022, is congressionally mandated to
explore historical records of UAP incidents and publicly
report its findings. Although the long chain of custody
for this specimen cannot be verified, public and media
interest in the specimen warranted a transparent
investigation that adhered to the scientific method.
Subsequent to the TTSA–DEVCOM CRADA, AARO
secured science and technology partner Oak Ridge
National Laboratory (ORNL), one of 17 US Department
of Energy national laboratories, to independently
assess and perform thorough characterization studies
on the specimen, leveraging ORNL’s 80-year history of
world-leading materials science expertise.

Figure 1. View of the as-received bulk specimen. Sticker
containing internal sample tracking information edited out
for public release.

ORNL, an expert in materials characterization, has the
diverse staff expertise and co-located, powerful instrumentation suites to allow rigorous scientific inquiry beyond
the capabilities of most individual laboratories. Therefore, it is a highly qualified institution to maintain scientific
integrity in its unbiased analysis of this specimen and its properties.
AARO tasked ORNL with assessing whether (1) the specimen is of terrestrial origin and (2) the bismuth in the
specimen could act as a terahertz waveguide. DEVCOM Ground Vehicle System Center provided ORNL access
to the metallic specimen—a single parent sample and three previously derived subsamples, all from the same
material—beginning in February 2023.
ORNL materials science analyses evaluated the sample’s structure, chemical composition, and isotope ratios via
multiple methods, including microscopy, spectroscopy, and spectrometry. Results align with previous DEVCOM
analyses, indicating that the structure and composition of the bismuth layers do not meet the requirements
necessary to serve as a terahertz waveguide. Furthermore, all data strongly support that the material is terrestrial
in origin.

Synopsis: Analysis of a Metallic Specimen

1

#### Page 3

Methods
All analyses and materials utilization were authorized and overseen by TTSA via the DEVCOM CRADA, and all
analyses were preapproved by AARO and DEVCOM before ORNL received the specimen.
Morphology and microstructural characteristics were investigated using the following techniques.
• Optical microscopy: standard microscope analysis that allows imaging of microstructural features.
• Computerized tomography, aka CT scan: X-ray imaging procedure that produces a 3D image of a sample
without damaging it, revealing interior structural features.
• Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS): technique that produces 2D
images at higher resolution to allow analysis of microstructure and elemental makeup.
• (Scanning) transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy ([S]TEM-EDS): a suite
of techniques that pass a high-energy (e.g., 200 kV) electron beam through a thin (<200 nm) foil of sample,
allowing analysis of crystal structure, grain and feature morphology, and defects, as well as elemental
makeup, all with nanometer to subnanometer resolution.
Analyses of bulk chemical, elemental, and isotopic composition used mass spectrometry techniques, a suite of
widely used analytical techniques that identify elements, their abundance within a sample (including very trace
quantities), and their isotopic composition.
Traceable quality control standards and method blanks were run throughout all analyses to monitor sample integrity
and instrument performance.

Results
Morphology and Structure
Data are consistent across multiple imaging approaches,
showing that the material consists of distinct layers
that merge and diverge at various points throughout the
material.
Interfaces showed fractures and other features that
ORNL determined are consistent with a material that was
originally whole but was strained by heat exposure and
mechanical forces, possibly for extended periods. Figure
2 shows images of the specimen constructed using CT.
ELEMENT

AVERAGE

Bi

3813

Pb

2859

Tl

215.13

Fe

55.1

Cd

36.96

Mn

28.99

Au

10.618

Mo

0.5922

Sn

0.1328

Ва

0.0465

Units: trace elements are in parts per million
(micrograms per gram of sample)

Table 1. Trace element
composition of the
specimen (sans the
bulk magnesium-zinc
matrix), in decreasing
order of abundance.
All
are
considered
“trace,” at less than
0.1% abundance. Gray
reflects results from
inductively
coupled
plasma
optical
emission spectroscopy
(ICP-OES); Blue reflects
results
from
highresolution ICP-MS.

Synopsis: Analysis of a Metallic Specimen

Figure 2. Images produced via CT showing multiple
angles of the bulk specimen, showcasing features
including the layer nature of the material (bottom left)
and edge with probable heat damage (bottom right).

Chemical Composition
Analysis using SEM-EDS determined that magnesium
and zinc are the primary elements present in the
specimen, comprising approximately 97.5% and 2%
of the material, respectively. Minor elements detected
(Table 1) were lead (Pb) and bismuth (Bi) (Figure 3),
with lesser trace amounts of iron (Fe) and manganese

2

#### Page 4

(Mn). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the most sensitive analysis technique performed,
additionally revealed the presence of small amounts of cadmium (Cd), thallium (Tl), gold (Au), molybdenum (Mo),
tin (Sn), and barium (Ba). If a detected element abundance fell beneath the lower bound of the calibration curve or
below the method detection limit, then the element is not displayed in Table 1 because that element was extremely
unlikely to have been a purposeful addition to the manufacturing process.
Mg Wt%

C Wt%

BSE

200 μm

Zn Wt%

100

100

50

50

0

0

Pb Wt%

5
0

Bi Wt%

5

5

0

0

Figure 3: Backscattered electron image (BSE, top left) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) maps
from one subsample (SEM beam energy: 30 kV), presented as estimated weight percent (minor elements not
shown, so numbers will not total 100%). Carbon (C) map indicates the embedding epoxy. The magnesium
matrix (Mg) is clearly visible, along with the cracks in the matrix. The zinc (Zn) map shows regions of higher
and lower zinc content. At the top of the lead (Pb) and bismuth (Bi) maps, co-located layers are visible.
(Figure 5 presents additional imaging of the banded element composition, showing multiple Pb–Bi layers.)

Crystalline Structures
TEM revealed that the crystalline structure of magnesium in the specimen was consistent with common magnesium
alloy structures (Figure 4). Laser ablation ICP-MS revealed banding of the zinc components, along with layered colocation of lead and bismuth (in an approximate 1:1 ratio) in the bands. The bismuth-rich portions of the specimen
lacked a clear crystalline structure, instead appearing to consist of highly nanocrystalline pockets in an otherwise
amorphous matrix (Figure 4).
Pure single-crystalline bismuth in a single thin layer has been postulated to have the ability to function as a waveguide,
a material that can disrupt or direct an electric or energy field—in this case, terahertz waves (electromagnetic waves
with microscale wavelengths). Although the damage to the specimen (including suspected heat stress) precludes
a definitive statement describing the specimen’s original structure, the amorphous and nanocrystalline appearance
of the bismuth in the examined layers of the current specimen likely indicates that a pure crystalline layer of bismuth
was never present within the material.
Moreover, the postulated structure of such a theoretical bismuth-based waveguide requires it to be in a single
layer between a material possessing a different dielectric constant. However, multiple bismuth layers throughout
a material have not been postulated to be capable of achieving or improving this waveguide functionality—in fact,
multiple layers could instead interfere with such functionality. Thus, the layered nature of the impure bismuth within
the specimen likely precludes it from acting as a waveguide (Figure 5).

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3

#### Page 5

Finally, based on the postulated hypothetical uses of bismuth, the dielectric properties necessary for bismuth to
function as a waveguide would have been disrupted in this material because the bismuth in the specimen is colocated and mixed with lead (Figures 3 and 5). Based on these findings ORNL determined that this material is highly
unlikely to have ever functioned as a bismuth-based terahertz waveguide.

(a)

(b)

5 μm

5 nm-1

(d)

(c)

5 μm

Bi2O3
γ =3.0

5 nm-1

Bi

Figure 4: (a) TEM micrograph of a single-crystalline region from the bulk of the sample; structural defects are visible at
this level of resolution (this figure is showing an area that represents just 2 to 3 pixels of the area shown in Figure 3). The
vertical lines at the bottom are a focused ion beam preparation artifact. (b) Selected area electron diffraction pattern
(SAEDP) from the region in (a), indexed to the standard Mg structure. (c) A low-magnification montage TEM micrograph
of an area showing a dense bismuth-rich layer (dark central band). (d) A SAEDP from a bismuth-rich band. The electron
diffraction pattern (with image processing γ=3.0) from the bismuth-rich region is shown in the white rings. Both bismuth
(Bi, yellow) and Bi2O3 (red) calculated ring patterns are shown for comparison; Bi is a slightly better match. The diffraction
indicates that the bismuth layer is nanocrystalline and highly defective.

Synopsis: Analysis of a Metallic Specimen

4

#### Page 6

Figure 5. Laser ablation ICP-MS elemental maps. (Top) Colocation of lead (green), bismuth (blue), and zinc (red), the three
primary minor elements in the material. Blending of colors indicates co-location: teal indicates the nearly 1:1 ratio of lead
to bismuth. (Bottom) Elemental map of bismuth concentration (hot [yellow] = more, cool [purple] = less). Bismuth is most
concentrated at the top but is present in many repeating layers.

Isotope Analysis
Multicollector ICP-MS analysis showed that the specimen’s magnesium and lead isotope composition is consistent
with other materials manufactured and used terrestrially (Figures 6 and 7). Isotopes are varying forms of the same
element with differing mass, and their proportions affect the chemical properties of and reveal information about
the history of the material within which the isotopes are found. All elements have isotopes, and the ratio between
the amounts of various isotopes is called the isotopic signature, which is akin to a fingerprint in chemical analyses.
The magnesium isotopic signature of the specimen is fractionated (possibly owing to the mechanical and heat
strain that the material appears to have undergone) but falls within normal terrestrial compositions and precisely
within the expected trendlines of fractionation (Figure 6). Each star system has a magnesium isotopic composi­tion
that was inherited from its local star-forming region. Figure 6 shows the magne­sium isotopic signature of various
materials originating within our solar system. The straight lines in the bottom graphic representation are the kinetic
and equilibrium mass fractionation trendlines, which define the types of isotopic shifts incurred on the basis of
mass. Fractionation occurs due to chemical reactions and physical processes (e.g., manufacturing and mining)
and is normal during the lifespan of natural and manufactured ma­terials and their components. The materials in
Figure 6—including the specimen—fall on or near the fractionation trendlines, strongly indicating that their starting
compositions were once the same and have been systematically changed as a result of mass fractionation. If a material originated outside our solar system, its magnesium isotopic signature could plot nearly anywhere in the top
graphic representation of Figure 6—in­stead, the specimen’s data plots it precisely within the expected fractionation
trendlines for known compositions specific to our solar system.
Less complexly, the lead isotopic signature of this specimen is fully consistent with “common lead” compositions
that exist naturally on Earth and within terrestrial materials (Figure 7), distinctly separate from even lunar materials,
indicating it is extremely likely that the material originated on Earth.

Synopsis: Analysis of a Metallic Specimen

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#### Page 7

-400

-200

0

200

UP TO 1400

400

-200

200

0

UP TO 1,000

δ25Mg (‰)

0

UP TO 5.0 X 105
UP TO 1.5 X 106
UP TO 5.0 X 105
Graphite HD - low metal AGB

-200

200

Graphite LD - Super Nova
Group 1 - low to intermediate mass Red Giant or AGB star

UP TO 750

Group 2 - low/very low-mass AGB star
Group 3 - low mass, low metallicity

δ26Mg (‰)

-400

Group 4 - Super Nova

400

0

4

δ25Mg (‰)
2
0
-8
-4
-6
-8
-10

δ26Mg (‰)

-12
-22

-17

-12

-7

-2

Equilibrium fractionation

Meteorites

Seawater

DOW metal

Kinetic Fractionation

Sample A

Manufactured metal

NASA JSC metal

Earth

Aerospace metal

Brazilian specimen

0

Figure 6: Artistic representation including the magnesium isotope systematics of the unknown material, specifically shown
relative to other terrestrial, non-terrestrial, and extrasolar materials. The figures plot the δ26Mg′ vs. the δ25Mg′, which represent
the differences in 26Mg/24Mg and 25Mg/24Mg isotopes relative to a known standard (DSM-3) in parts per thousand (‰)
notation. This calculation adjusts for known instrumental mass bias effects inherent in ICP-MS analyses and is consistent
with how magnesium data in literature are often presented. (Top) The extreme magnesium isotope compositions possible
from different star types. (Bottom) A zoomed-in view of the magnesium isotope compositions of local solar system
materials and the material in question. Uncertainty envelopes are not included, but when plotted with their uncertainties,
data points overlap the kinetic and equilibrium fractionation lines. (Note: Data points shown with a diamond shape, included
for completeness, were extracted from an older analysis source; we cannot directly verify the precision or correctness of
these data. The delta values were calculated relative to DSM-3, and a systematic offset correction factor was applied; error
bars for these points reach ± 2 ‰ uncertainty.)

Synopsis: Analysis of a Metallic Specimen

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1.400

1.200

1.000

0.800

Pb/206Pb

207

0.600

0.400

0.200

Pb/206Pb

204

0.000
0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

0.120

Sample A
Silver Coins

SRM-982 measured

Industrial Pb

SRM 982

Galena

SRM 981

Airborne Particulate Matter

SRM 983

Feldspars

Pacific Ocean Sulfides

Meteorite Troilite

Lunar Glasses

Mars

Gasoline

Figure 7. Lead (Pb) isotope systematics of the unknown material, shown relative to other terrestrial and non-terrestrial
materials in 206Pb/204Pb vs. 207Pb/206Pb. This plot has three end-member compositions: (1) primordial lead, which is the
starting composition of the lead in the solar system; (2) pure radiogenic lead from the decay of naturally occurring uranium;
and (3) terrestrial lead or “common lead,” which is defined by repeat analyses. The specimen has a lead isotopic composition
that plots precisely in the field of terrestrial lead compositions. SRM stands for standard reference material, materials
typically used to perform instrument calibrations due to their well-characterized composition or properties, as measured
and certified by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Institute for Standards and Technology.

Synopsis: Analysis of a Metallic Specimen

7

#### Page 9

Conclusion
AARO secured ORNL to independently assess the requirements necessary to confirm or contest public claims
that this historical specimen is of non-terrestrial origin and that it is capable of functioning as a bismuth-based
terahertz waveguide. Although the origin, chain of custody, and ultimate purpose of this specimen remain unclear,
a modern and robust analysis of its chemical and structural composition and properties does not indicate that its
origin is non-terrestrial, nor do the data indicate that the material examined ever had the pure single-crystalline
bismuth layer that could possibly have acted as a terahertz waveguide. The intended or actual past use of the
material remains undetermined, but ORNL has a high level of confidence that all data indicate the material was
manufactured terrestrially—albeit using an uncommon mixture of elements by today’s standards—and then incurred
damage caused by mechanical and heat stressors.
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## ORNL ANALYSIS OF AN ALUMINUM SPECIMEN

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-ORNL_ANALYSIS_OF_AN_ALUMINUM_SPECIMEN
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-ORNL_ANALYSIS_OF_AN_ALUMINUM_SPECIMEN
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the alloy’s melting point is less dramatic than the 1990s sightings.

- ORNL ANALYSIS OF AN ALUMINUM SPECIMEN, AARO, 2023 PDF, Oak Ridge Lab, central Ohio 1990s sample.
- Report details chemical, imaging, spectroscopy showing near‑eutectic aluminum‑silicon alloy from standard casting.
- Material identified as conventional near‑eutectic aluminum‑silicon alloy; no anomalous properties.

### Full text

#### Page 2

Executive Summary
The All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) sponsored a series of measurements on drill
shavings and a small sectioned piece from a metallic specimen. Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(ORNL) independently performed multiple, cross‑validated measurements showing that the
material is a conventional, near‑eutectic aluminum–silicon alloy (i.e., an ordinary aluminum
alloy made for common applications). Its chemistry, microstructure, internal porosity, and lack
of radiological signature are consistent with decades of known industrial practice, specifically
falling within the profile of standard 300/400‑series casting alloys that have been widely produced
since at least the 1970s.
AARO requested a technical analysis of a metallic specimen with claimed association to an unidentified
phenomenon occurring over central Ohio in the mid-1990s. ORNL was charged with evaluating specific
assertions of unusual sample composition. ORNL received three bags of drill shavings and one small
bulk piece of the specimen—integrating chemical assays, multiscale imaging, x-ray spectroscopy, and
gamma spectroscopy to perform this evaluation.
ORNL found the sample exhibits the following qualities: (1) aluminum composition with approximately
12% silicon by weight; (2) standard second phases and casting pores; (3) features indicating slow‑cool‑
ing, consistent with conventional large casting in a mold; and (4) no abnormal gamma emission. Nothing
in the data suggests novel physics or exotic origin.
Specifically, microscopy revealed silicon plates/needles, iron‑ and manganese‑bearing intermetallic sec‑
ond phases, and shrinkage porosity—features that are typical of slow‑cooled castings. The sample’s
chemical composition shows no evidence of elements outside those expected for conventional alumi‑
num metallurgical engineering, and gamma spectroscopy showed no unexpected emission.
In conclusion, none of these data support claims of unusual characteristics. The evidence points to
ordinary, terrestrial industrial metallurgy consistent with parts used in (late 20th century) automotive,
aerospace, and consumer applications. These conclusions are robust for the samples provided and for
the methods described herein.

Synopsis: Analysis of a Aluminum Specimen

1

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1. Overview
AARO is congressionally mandated to investigate unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) incidents
and publicly report its findings. AARO sponsored a series of measurements on a metallic alloy composed
of primarily aluminum and silicon, claimed to have association with a UAP in or around 1995 and further
asserted to have nonstandard composition. AARO secured science and technology partner ORNL, one of
17 US Department of Energy National Laboratories, to independently assess and perform thorough char‑
acterization studies on samples from the specimen, leveraging ORNL’s 80-year history of world-leading
materials science expertise.

Figure 1. Photographs of the received samples.
(Left) Metal shavings in their transfer vials.
(Above) The main mass material.

The central charge to ORNL was to investigate (1) the composition of the metal, (2) whether the chem‑
istry or structure is anomalous, and (3) whether it emits a gamma-ray signal. Drawing on established,
peer‑reviewed methods and side‑by‑side quality controls, ORNL found that the sample is a conventional
near-eutectic aluminum–silicon alloy near the Al–Si eutectic composition.
A eutectic composition is an alloy that melts at a lower temperature than either of its individual compo‑
nents and typically exhibits superior castability and fluidity, making such alloys preferred for manufac‑
turing applications where shaping of parts is critical. Eutectic compositions are thus well understood
and common in manufacturing—details are documented on phase diagrams that show where an alloy
in liquid form transforms into separate solid phases simultaneously upon cooling. Specifically, the sam‑
ple in question can be best described as a eutectic aluminum–silicon alloy nearly, though not perfectly,
matching American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) designations A413.1/369.1.
In addition to finding no evidence of unusual elements or chemistries that would imply novel mecha‑
nisms, ORNL found no evidence of rapid cooling or gamma emission.
The use of multiple, independent methods (with calibration against recognized standards) reduces the
chance of a systematic error and increases confidence that these samples are representative of the
source part. Additional pieces from different locations of the original component, or access to manufac‑
turing records, could narrow the identification to a specific catalog grade and heat treatment, but such
data are not necessary to support the central findings reported here, which indicate no behaviors incon‑
sistent with ordinary cast aluminum.

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2. Methods
To identify the alloy family and probe claims of unusual behavior, ORNL combined multiple complemen‑
tary methods that analyze different size samples with cutting-edge precision.
2.1 Bulk chemistry/elemental makeup — Portions of the shavings were dissolved and analyzed by
inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectroscopy (OES) for major and minor elements
and by high‑resolution ICP mass spectrometry (MS) for trace elements. The bulk piece was analyzed
by glow discharge (GD)‑MS to cross‑check the overall composition. Chemistry is the primary fingerprint
of an alloy; if an element were out of place or at an unusual level, it would appear here.
2.2 Structure from micro‑ to macroscale — Individual shavings and polished cross‑sections were
examined by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to
visualize the distribution of elements and features such as grains and precipitates. X-ray computed
tomography (CT) provided a 3D view of internal pores and their connectivity (i.e., casting features).
Structure reveals how a specimen was made—cast versus wrought, fast‑cooled versus slow‑cooled—
and whether it resembles known industrial practice.
2.3 Signal detection/monitoring — Gamma spectroscopy monitored three of the metallic samples for
a period of approximately two days. This technique is sensitive to a wide band of isotopes and low
levels of emission. This evaluated whether unusual signals were emitted from the metal.

3. Results
3.1 Chemistry: An Al–Si alloy — Results indicate that the
sample is an aluminum–silicon (Al-Si) alloy near the Al–Si
eutectic. The dominant elements are aluminum (~86 wt%)
and silicon (~12 wt%), followed by iron (Fe, ~1 wt%),
copper (Cu, ~0.37 wt%), magnesium (Mg, ~0.30 wt%),
zinc (Zn, ~0.20 wt%), and manganese (Mn, ~0.20 wt%).
Several other elements (lead [Pb], chromium [Cr], nickel
[Ni], titanium [Ti], and gallium [Ga]) appear only at trace
levels (tens to hundreds of parts per million). These are
the expected elements within common casting grades and
do not suggest exotic additives. The shavings and the bulk
sample had identical chemistry for all elements measured,
by multiple techniques, within the analytical uncertainties
of the instruments. This chemical composition is consistent
with a near‑eutectic Al–Si casting alloy—conventionally
used when designing molten aluminum to flow easily into a
mold and reproduce fine details.
3.2 Shavings vs. cross‑sectioned shavings: Impact of drilling
changes — The shavings given to ORNL show folding
tool marks from drilling performed before AARO acquired
the material. The undisturbed interior was exposed by
embedding the sample in epoxy, cross-sectioning, and
polishing. In the interior, ORNL observed a suite of phases
consistent with standard cast Al–Si alloys: aluminum

Synopsis: Analysis of a Aluminum Specimen

Table 1. Bulk composition summary
(weight %). Values are rounded; trace
elements shown for context. Analyses
of the bulk sample and shavings were
compositionally consistent.

Instrument

Element

wt%

GD-MS

Al

86.10

GD-MS

Si

11.90

ICP-OES

Fe

0.97

ICP-OES

Cu

0.37

ICP-OES

Mg

0.30

ICP-OES

Zn

0.20

ICP-OES

Mn

0.20

ICP-MS

Pb

0.04

ICP-MS

Cr

0.03

ICP-MS

Ni

0.03

ICP-OES

Ti

0.03

ICP-MS

Ga

0.01

3

#### Page 5

matrix, needle- and block-shaped silicon, Fe/Mn‑rich intermetallics, and occasional Cu/Mg‑bearing
precipitates. Small Pb‑rich pockets are present but scarce in both the bulk and shavings, most likely
representing incidental impurities commonly seen at very low levels in industrial feedstocks and
tooling. This indicates that the alloy’s chemical identity is not an artifact of machining: the bulk interior
matches the chemistry and phase assemblage inferred from the shavings.

Machining marks

Folding

Figure 2. An individual shaving on a carbon sticky tape background and SEM stub, imaged at low magnification.
Machining marks and deformation are noted (20 kV, in-column electron detector).

3.3 Bulk piece and computed tomography: Slow‑cooled with connected porosity — The specimen shows
microstructure consistent with cast Al–Si: thin plates and needles of Si embedded in an aluminum
matrix; small particles rich in Fe and Mn; and Mg–Si–Cu precipitates. The spacing and size of these
features (several hundred micrometers), together with the pattern of interconnected pores, indicate
slow cooling—likely in a mold, as in a large sand or permanent‑mold casting. Fast quenching (i.e.,
rapid cooling) produces a much finer microstructure (tens of micrometers) that was not observed.
BRIGHT FIELD

DIFFERENTIAL INTERFERENCE CONTRAST

200 𝝻𝝻m

Figure 3. Optical micrographs of the polished bulk section.
Background is aluminum; darker shading shows precipitates.

Synopsis: Analysis of a Aluminum Specimen

4

#### Page 6

(a)

(b)

CuMg-rich

Matrix

FeMn-rich

(c)
Si-rich

Pb-rich

Cu Fe, Mn Pb Si Mg Electron

(d)

Figure 4. 20 kV electron beam, polished shavings sample. (a) Low-magnification concentric backscatter electron image
showing a surface of one end of a shaving. (b) Area denoted in the yellow box of (a), showing multiple phases from the
epoxy (black), matrix (dark), and various intermetallics and second phases (medium gray to white). (c) False-color x-ray
map denoting the major phases; marked areas are quantified. (d) Quantitative X-ray mapping of the major and minor
elements. The metal atoms’ speckle in the epoxy region is noise. Rough compositions in weight percent of the marked
regions in (c): Cu-rich: 46Al, 22Si, 19Mg, 13Cu. Matrix: 98Al, 2Si, trace Cu. FeMn-rich: 61Al, 22Fe, 10Si, 6Mn, possible
trace Cu. Si-rich: 79Si, 21Al. Pb-rich: 35Al, 33Pb, 13Si, 12O, 6Mg, trace others.

Synopsis: Analysis of a Aluminum Specimen

5

#### Page 7

The bulk specimen’s interior contains clusters of winding, interconnected pores—a typical pattern of
interdendritic shrinkage that occurs as castings solidify and contract. The large pore size (from 0.5
mm to over 1 mm) suggests a relatively slow cooling rate, which is typical of thick‑section or larger
molds. Together, the porosity, intermetallics, and Si features are consistent with a sample that was
gradually cooled from a large cast.

YZ

XY

5 mm

Figure 5. Two renderings from the XCT data. The purple surfaces are the pores.
Light blue lines are the approximate location of the sectioning cuts.

Table 2. Microstructure at a glance.

Silicon (Si)
precipitates

These appear as plates or needles in the aluminum matrix. Because silicon improves
castability, such structures are common features in industrial manufacturing.

Fe/Mn‑rich
intermetallics

Small, bright “Chinese‑script” features common to Al–Si castings, introduced for
improved mechanical properties; their chemistry can shift with trace additions but
their presence is standard.

Cu/Mg‑bearing
precipitates

Typically very fine, these contribute modest strengthening effects—again consistent
with well‑known alloy families.

Lead‑rich pockets

Observed in minute amounts as isolated pockets/smears; compatible with trace
elements and not indicative of unusual chemistry.

Synopsis: Analysis of a Aluminum Specimen

6

#### Page 8

(a)

(b)

Cu Fe, Mn Pb Si Mg Electron

(c)

Figure 6. 15 kV electron beam, bulk sample. (a) Backscatter and (b) False-color X-ray denoting the major phases.
(c) Quantitative X-ray mapping of the major and minor elements.

3.4 Gamma spectroscopy: No unusual signal emissions — Gamma spectroscopy results indicate no
radioactivity emitted by the metal flake material. Background spectra were acquired for count times
almost 50% longer than the samples. The resulting spectra were compared to background and
found to be indistinguishable from background spectra when count time normalization was applied.
No radioactive emissions were detected in any sample. Figure 7 shows the results from one of
the metal flakes, which is representative of the other metal flake spectra. This is consistent with
expected behavior of a typical aluminum casting: it does not radiate on its own.

Synopsis: Analysis of a Aluminum Specimen

7

#### Page 9

Figure 7. Gamma
spectroscopy
of
metal flakes. Energy
emission
(keV)
plotted vs total counts
plotted for one of
the metal flakes.
The spectra show
no emission above
background
across
the range of energies.

3.5 Comparison to industry standards — When compared to catalog grades, the sample best matches
A413.1 and 369.1 (with similarities to 361.1/365.1/4032 as well). These eutectics are long‑established
aluminum–silicon casting alloys used across automotive, aerospace, and consumer sectors.
Because melts and castings vary by foundry practice, a one‑to‑one element‑by‑element match is
not necessary to assign the alloy family. It is common for castings to deviate slightly from catalog
numbers depending on melt practice, heat treatment, and the location within a large part. The overall
chemistry and microstructure of the sample fall within the expected envelope for these standards.
Table 3. Measured alloy composition compared to important industrial standards. Bold text denotes outside the
standard specification. Broadly speaking, silicon content is most informative of alloy identification and intended
application, so silicon is emphasized in red.

Measured

Alloy (reference)
A319.0

319.1

319.2

360.2

361.1

A365.1

369.1

A413.1

4032

4047

ASTM
B969

ASTM
B179

ASTM
B179

ASTM
B179

ASTM
B179

ASTM
B179

ASTM
B179

ASTM
B179

ASTM
B211/
B211M

MIL-DTL32495A

Balance

Balance

Balance

Balance

Balance

Balance

Balance

Balance

Balance

Balance

Cr 0.03 ± 0.003

—

—

—

—

0.2-0.3

—

0.3-0.4

—

0.1 max

—

Cu 0.369 ± 0.019

3-4

3-4

3-4

0.1 max

0.5 max

0.02 max

0.5 max

1 max

0.5-1.3

0.30 max

Fe 0.97 ± 0.075

1 max

0.8 max

0.6 max

0.7-1.1

0.8 max

0.15-0.20

1.3 max

1 max

1.0 max

0.80 max

Al 86.099 ± 1.663

Ga 0.012 ± 0.002

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Mg 0.298 ± 0.09

0.1 max

0.1 max

0.1 max

0.45-0.6

0.45-0.6

0.15-0.60

0.3-0.45

0.1 max

0.8-1.3

0.10 max

Mn 0.198 ± 0.012

0.5 max

0.5 max

0.1 max

0.1 max

0.25 max

0.3-0.6

0.35 max

0.35 max

—

0.15 max

Ni 0.029 ± 0.003

0.35 max

0.35 max

0.1 max

0.1 max

0.2-0.3

—

0.05 max

0.5 max

0.5-1.3

—

Pb 0.044 ± 0.005

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Si 11.902 ± 2.175

5.5-6.5

5.5-6.5

5.5-6.5

9-10

9.5-10.5

9.5-11.5

11-12

11-13

11.0-13.5

11.0-13.0

—

—

—

0.1 max

0.1 max

—

0.1 max

—

—

—

Ti 0.025 ± 0.004

0.25 max

0.25 max

0.2 max

—

0.2 max

0.10 max

—

—

—

—

Zn 0.203 ± 0.014

1 max

1 max

0.1 max

0.1 max

0.4 max

0.07 max

0.9 max

0.4 max

0.25 max

0.20 max

Others Total

0.5 max

0.5 max

0.2 max

0.2 max

0.15 max

0.15 max

0.15 max

0.25 max

0.05 max

0.05 max

0.05 max

Sn <0.01

Others Each

Synopsis: Analysis of a Aluminum Specimen

0.15 max
0.05 max

8

#### Page 10

4. Conclusion
Analysis of the sample indicates it is a conventional, terrestrial aluminum alloy produced using standard
methods available since at least the late 1970s. The alloy families aligned with the sample (Table 3)
are widely used for cast housings, brackets, pump or compressor bodies, gear cases, and similar appli‑
cations where castability and good dimensional fill are prioritized. The microstructure of both the bulk
sample and shavings suggests the material was slow‑cooled, consistent with origination from a larger
original part.
Specifically, the specimen is consistent with industry standards such as A413.1/369.1, conventional
near‑eutectic aluminum–silicon casting alloys. Based on multiple analytical approaches, its features align
with ordinary aluminum metallurgy, and no data indicate anomalous emissions or extraordinary origin.
As with any forensic materials assessment, our conclusions apply to the samples examined. Our con‑
clusions reflect the characteristics and composition of these samples, within the agreed scope of work.

Synopsis: Analysis of a Aluminum Specimen

9

## SASC AARO Open Hearing Case Slides 19Nov2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-SASC_AARO_Open_Hearing_Case_Slides_19Nov2024
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-SASC_AARO_Open_Hearing_Case_Slides_19Nov2024
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### Full text

#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED

THE PUERTO RICO OBJECT
▪ Event: On April 26, 2013, a U.S. Customs and Border Protection (USCBP) aircraft
recorded infrared (IR) video of a potential unidentified anomalous phenomenon
(UAP) over Puerto Rico’s Rafael Hernandez Airport. The video appears to show
an object traveling at high speed, splitting into two objects, and entering and
exiting the water. The object was deemed anomalous based on these initial
perceptions.
▪ Findings: AARO, in coordination with Intelligence Community (IC) and Science
and Technology (S&T) partners assess with high confidence that the UAP did
not demonstrate any anomalous speeds or flight characteristics.
▪ Two distinct objects were airborne in proximity to each other, rather than a
single object splitting into two.
▪ Modeling and Minimum Separation Vectors analysis indicates the illusion of
splitting was likely due to the changing angle of sensor view allowing only
intermittent views of both objects.
▪ The perception of high speed was attributed to
motion parallax.
▪ Reconstruction confirmed the objects traveled at
wind speed in a straight line over land during the
entire observation period, never entering
the water.

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

UNCLASSIFIED

3

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UNCLASSIFIED

THE PUERTO RICO OBJECT
▪ Analytic Factors: Perception of objects’
fading in and out due to Thermal
Crossover.
▪ Trajectory reconstruction shows the
objects traveled southwest in a straight
line at a consistent speed of ≈3.6
meters per second while slowly
descending to ≈200 meters.
▪ Winds were 7 knots (3.6 m/s) out of the
east-northeast. Cloud cover was
approximately 50 percent, with scattered
clouds at 914 meters (3000 feet).

Vector analysis is used to plot the line of sight of the sensor as a function of time. Using a closest-approach
method, a track of the object can be estimated

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

UNCLASSIFIED

4

#### Page 5

UNCLASSIFIED

GO FAST
▪ Event: In January 2015, U.S. Navy aircraft recorded an object
appearing to travel at high speeds close to the ocean surface off
Florida’s east coast.

* Video released by DoD in 2017

▪ Findings: Following in-depth computational analysis of Navy aircraft’s
flight characteristics and sensor readings, AARO, in coordination with
S&T partners, assesses with high confidence the UAP did not
demonstrate any anomalous speeds or flight characteristics.
▪ Analytic Factors: The UAP’s altitude is assessed with high confidence
as approximately 13,000 feet above sea level at a calculated velocity
of approximately 45 mph / 39 knots.
▪ Analysis of contemporaneous weather patterns in the area at the
time of event indicate winds were approximately 60 knots at
13,000 feet
▪ Analysis of its flight path in relation to the Navy aircraft revealed the
object maintained a relatively straight, slightly rising trajectory with a
slow, curving descent near the end of the analyzed video.
▪ High confidence analysis of the UAP’s exact position was not
possible given a lack of precise positional data from the
observing Navy aircraft.

ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

UNCLASSIFIED

5

#### Page 6

UNCLASSIFIED

MT. ETNA OBJECT
▪ Event: In 2018, a U.S. UAV flying over the Mediterranean Sea observed
an eruption by Italy’s Mt. Etna, capturing video of a potential UAP
seemingly passing through the volcano's plume with no apparent impact
to its performance, altitude and bearing.
▪ Findings: AARO, in coordination with IC and S&T partners, assesses with
moderate confidence that the object was a balloon drifting with the wind
approximately 170 kilometers from the volcano.
▪ Analytic Factors: Coordinated analysis employed full-motion video
analysis software, 3D modeling, pixel examination — as well as novel
speed and distance calculation techniques — to reach this conclusion.
▪ The estimated distance between the UAP and the UAV is based on
weather analysis of the cloud deck and wind speeds.
▪ AARO and its partners disproved the object flew through the ash plume
by conducting an analysis of the luminosity of the object’s pixels in
relation to a sample range of pixels immediately around it.
▪ To validate the estimated UAP speed and bearing, 3D modeling and wind
calculations were used to estimate the UAP’s location when the UAV
operator lost sight of it. Subsequent video analysis found faint tones of
the UAP where the modeling assessed it would traverse, further
validating the findings.
ALL-DOMAIN ANOMALY RESOLUTION OFFICE (AARO)

UNCLASSIFIED

6

## UNCLASSIFIED FY23 Consolidated Annual Report on UAP Oct 25 2023 1236

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/AARO-UNCLASSIFIED-FY23_Consolidated_Annual_Report_on_UAP-Oct_25_
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/AARO-UNCLASSIFIED-FY23_Consolidated_Annual_Report_on_UAP-Oct_25_
- Agency: AARO
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

October 25, 2023: the day paperwork finally caught up with the sky.

- UNCLASSIFIED FY23 Consolidated Annual Report on UAP, AARO, published Oct 25 2023, pdf.
- AARO logged 291 UAP reports Aug 31 2022‑Apr 30 2023; 274 recent, 17 older, trend up, FAA dominant.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED

Table of Contents
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 2
II. SCOPE AND ASSUMPTIONS ................................................................................................. 4
III. UAP REPORTING IS INCREASING ACROSS THE USG, AND THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF IMPROVED ANALYTIC PROCESSES IS REVEALING TRENDS 5
A. Overall Trend Analysis .......................................................................................................... 5
B. Geographic and Safety Trends Coming into Focus ................................................................ 5
C. Increased FAA Reporting Shifting Geographic Collection Bias and Morphology Trend ..... 8
D. No Health/Physiological Impacts from UAP Incidents Reported .......................................... 8
E. Data and Intelligence Sources Received Through Various Intelligence Channels ................ 8
IV. AARO PROGRAM UPDATES ............................................................................................... 8
A. Analytic Division ................................................................................................................... 8
B. Operations and Collections Division ...................................................................................... 9
C. Science and Technology (S&T) Division............................................................................... 9
D. Strategic Communications Division....................................................................................... 9
V. WAY FORWARD ................................................................................................................... 10
VI. APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 11
Appendix A: Case Closure Report ............................................................................................ 11
Appendix B: Glossary of Terms................................................................................................ 14

1
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#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is provided by the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Office of the
Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) in response to a requirement established in the National
Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year (FY) 2022, Section 1683 (h), as amended by
Section 6802(k) of the FY 2023 NDAA (as codified at 50 U.S.C. § 3373).
The report covers unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) reports from 31 August
2022 to 30 April 2023, and all UAP reports from any previous time periods that were not
included in an earlier report. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) received a
total of 291 UAP reports during this period, consisting of 274 that occurred during this period
and another 17 that occurred during previous reporting periods from 2019–2022, but had not
been conveyed in previous submissions.
Reporting from this period continues to depict a strong but shifting collection bias. Most
reports still reflect a bias towards restricted military airspace, a result of reporting from military
personnel and sensors present in such areas. This bias has been lessened by reporting from
commercial pilots showing a more diverse geographic distribution of UAP sightings across the
United States. However, these reports mostly cover observations over U.S. airspace and littoral
waters, and therefore, as these reports continue to come in, a U.S.-centric collection bias will
grow significantly relative to the rest of the world.
During the reporting period, AARO received no reports indicating UAP sightings have
been associated with any adverse health effects. However, many reports from military witnesses
do present potential safety of flight concerns, and there are some cases where reported UAP have
potentially exhibited one or more concerning performance characteristics such as high-speed
travel or unusual maneuverability. AARO has de-conflicted these cases with potential U.S.
programs and continues to work closely with its DoD and Intelligence Community (IC) mission
partners to identify and attribute any objects found in these cases. Additionally, AARO
continues to investigate and research all cases in its holdings.
While the mere presence of UAP in the airspace represents a potential hazard to flight
safety, none of these reports suggest the UAP maneuvered to an unsafe proximity to civil or
military aircraft, positioned themselves in flight paths, or otherwise posed a direct threat to the
flight safety of the observing aircraft. Although none of these UAP reports have been positively
attributed to foreign activities, these cases continue to be investigated.
AARO continues to make progress receiving, standardizing, analyzing, and resolving
reports of UAP; working with military and technical partners to improve sensor placement and
calibration to better collect against UAP; to elevate the quality of reporting; and to provide risk
reduction for improved domain awareness.
While this progress is facilitating collection and analysis of the UAP problem set, the
continued volume and unidentified nature of most UAP is a direct consequence of gaps in
domain awareness. These gaps are the direct result of insufficient data secured by radar, electrooptical (EO)/infrared (IR) sensors; the presence of sensor artifacts, such as IR flare; and optical
2
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 4

UNCLASSIFIED
effects, such as parallax, that can cause observational misperceptions. Based on the ability to
resolve cases to date, with an increase in the quality of data secured, the unidentified and
purported anomalous nature of most UAP will likely resolve to ordinary phenomena and
significantly reduce the amount of UAP case submissions.

3
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 5

UNCLASSIFIED
II. SCOPE AND ASSUMPTIONS
Scope
This consolidated annual report is provided by DoD and ODNI in response to a
requirement established in the NDAA for FY 2022, Section 1683(h), as amended by Section
6802(k) of the FY 2023 NDAA (as codified at 50 U.S.C. § 3373), which states: “Not later than
180 days after the date of the enactment of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year
2023, and annually thereafter for four years, the Director of National Intelligence and the
Secretary of Defense shall jointly submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on
unidentified anomalous phenomena.”
This report was drafted by AARO and ODNI’s National Intelligence Manager for
Military Integration (NIM-MIL) and coordinated with the Under Secretary of Defense for
Intelligence and Security; the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland
Defense and Hemispheric Affairs; the Office of the Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of
Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs; the Office of the Deputy
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Matters; the Office of the General Counsel of the
DoD; the Office of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs; ODNI’s NIMEconomic Security and Emerging Technology; ODNI’s National Counterintelligence and
Security Center; ODNI’s National Intelligence Council; the Department of Energy; the Nuclear
Regulatory Commission; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); the
National Security Agency; the Defense Intelligence Agency; the National GeospatialIntelligence Agency; the DoD Joint Staff; the National Ground Intelligence Center; the Missile
and Space Intelligence Center; the Office of Naval Intelligence/National Maritime Intelligence
Center; the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA); the
National Reconnaissance Office (NRO); the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration; the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL); the National Air and Space
Intelligence Center (NASIC); the Oak Ridge National Laboratory; the Naval Criminal
Investigative Service; the U.S. Army; the U.S. Navy (USN); the U.S. Marine Corps; the U.S. Air
Force (USAF); and the U.S. Space Force (USSF).
Assumptions
The assumptions inherent in this mission set remain the same as outlined in the previous
report, which is that a wide range of factors can influence the observation and detection of UAP,
observers convey their accurate recollection of their perception of the event, and that sensors
generally operate correctly. However, AARO and NIM-MIL recognize that many reports are
probably the result of sensor artifacts, equipment error, misidentification, or misperception.

4
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#### Page 6

UNCLASSIFIED
III. UAP REPORTING IS INCREASING ACROSS THE U.S. GOVERNMENT (USG),
AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IMPROVED ANALYTIC PROCESSES IS
REVEALING TRENDS
A. Overall Trend Analysis
The report covers UAP reports from August 31, 2022, to 30 April 2023, and all UAP
reports from any previous time periods that were not included in an earlier report. AARO
received a total of 291 UAP reports during this period, consisting of 274 that occurred during
this period and another 17 that occurred during previous reporting periods from 2019-2022 but
had not been conveyed in previous submissions. Of these reports, 290 occurred within the air
domain and one in the maritime domain. No transmedium or space domain UAP reports were
submitted to AARO. The increase in reporting is, in part, due to deepening federal relationships
and AARO’s ability to incorporate new reports into its adjudication and research process. UAP
mission partners continue to coordinate, collaborate, and streamline processes. With these new
reports, as of April 30, 2023, AARO has received a total of 801 UAP reports.
B. Geographic and Safety Trends Coming into Focus
Reporting from this period continues to depict a strong but shifting collection bias. Most
reports still reflect a bias towards restricted military airspace, a result of reporting from military
personnel and sensors present in such areas. This bias has been lessened by reporting from
commercial pilots showing a more diverse geographic distribution of UAP sightings across the
United States. However, these reports mostly cover observations over U.S. airspace and littoral
waters, and therefore, as these reports continue to come in, a U.S.-centric collection bias will
grow significantly relative to the rest of the world.

5
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#### Page 7

UNCLASSIFIED
Figure 1: Reported UAP Morphologies FY 2023

Orb, Round, Sphere,
25%

Ambiguous Sensor
Contact, 5%

Rectangle, 2%
Triangle, 1%
Irregular shapes, 6%

Not reported, 53%

Disk, 2%
Cylinder, 1%
Oval, 4%
UNCLASSIFIED

Figure 2: Reported Lights FY 2023

Lights , 21%

No Lights, 79%

UNCLASSIFIED

6
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 9

UNCLASSIFIED
C. Increased FAA Reporting Shifting Geographic Collection Bias and Morphology Trend
AARO has received over 100 UAP incident reports from FAA that contribute to the trend
analysis of activity over the United States and its adjacent waters. Of the incident reports FAA
has shared with AARO, the vast majority concern sightings of unidentified lights without
specific shape at widely varying estimated altitudes (from less than 5,000 feet up to 60,000 feet).
None of these reports suggest the UAP were exhibiting anomalous characteristics, maneuvered
to an unsafe proximity to civil aircraft, or posed a threat to flight safety to the observing aircraft.
AARO will continue to add these reports, as appropriate, to the active archive where they will be
used in the overall trend analysis.
D. No Health/Physiological Impacts from UAP Incidents Reported
To date, no encounters with UAP have been confirmed to have directly contributed to
adverse health-related effects to the observer(s). ODNI and DoD acknowledge that healthrelated effects may appear at any time after an event occurs, therefore any reported health
implications related to UAP will be tracked and examined if and when they emerge.
E. Data and Intelligence Sources Received Through Various Intelligence Channels
AARO’s new integrated analysis process ensures that raw intelligence related to UAP
from various intelligence disciplines are assimilated into all-source data packages analyzed by
teams of scientists and intelligence analysts. AARO’s analysts scour multiple classified and
unclassified databases to identify any existing data on each UAP case, prioritizing technical
sensor information that yields the highest quantity of pertinent, valuable data for review. As the
office employs more sensors specifically tailored for UAP detection, the amount and variety of
technical data produced will increase, facilitating more and better analytic fidelity.

IV. AARO PROGRAM UPDATES
A. Analytic Division
AARO’s analytic efforts are confirming that only a very small percentage of UAP reports
display interesting signatures, such as high-speed travel and unknown morphologies. The
majority of unidentified objects reported to AARO demonstrate ordinary characteristics of
readily explainable sources, while a large number of cases in AARO's holdings remain
technically unresolved because of a lack of data. Without sufficient data these cases cannot be
resolved. For the few objects that do demonstrate characteristics of interest, AARO is
approaching these cases with objectivity and analytic rigor. This approach includes physical
testing and employing modeling and simulation to validate analyses and the underlying theories,
and then peer reviewing those results before reaching any conclusions.

8
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#### Page 10

UNCLASSIFIED
B. Operations and Collections Division
During the period of reporting, AARO, in close collaboration with the Joint Staff and
other DoD components, further normalized UAP operations, led development of reporting
standards; informed acquisition of mission-specific sensors; and guided integration of UAP
detection, identification, and mitigation efforts. Improving the quality of data from DoD sources
is important, since up to this point, most UAP cases have been derived from DoD mission reports
and are representative of observations in the Department’s operating, training, and testing areas.
C. Science and Technology Division
In accordance with the FY 2022 NDAA, Section 1683(g), as amended by the FY 2023
NDAA, Section 6802, AARO has established a multilayered science and technology (S&T) plan
that incorporates close partnerships with DoD Services, USG agencies, and other centers of
excellence to identify systems that may assist in AARO’s mission to detect, track, and
characterize UAP. This plan includes a sensor calibration campaign to measure known objects
that are often reported as UAP. These objects include balloons (hobbyist and commercial),
unmanned aircraft systems, and natural phenomena. The resulting data are turned into models
for use in pilot training and algorithm development. AARO and its mission partners have
developed models of known and unknown shapes that can be used within a simulator for sensor
operators. This modelling will help AARO increase its analysis and resolution of future cases as
well.
D. Strategic Communications Division
AARO successfully exercised its process for declassifying data and full-motion videos of
UAP events for an open congressional hearing held on 21 March 2023. This process is a
complicated, synchronized effort that involves various stakeholders and information owners with
differing processes. AARO is working to standardize and routinize this declassification process
to ensure as much transparency as possible.
AARO has launched a public-facing website that shares information about its mission,
operations, UAP analytic trends and statistics, and declassified UAP data and footage. The
website will also link to AARO’s secure mechanism for authorized reporting of UAP.
AARO has established classified collaboration mechanisms to encourage cooperation on
UAP investigation and research among government agencies.

9
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 11

UNCLASSIFIED
V. WAY FORWARD
The space and maritime domains need to be fully integrated into AARO’s processes.
Airborne UAP continue to dominate UAP reporting with 290 of the 291 reports from this
reporting period occurring within this domain and, consequently, the relationship between
AARO and air domain elements such as NIM-MIL, the USAF, including NASIC and AFRL, and
air command elements remains strong and continues to deepen and expand in terms of collection,
analysis, exploitation, and resolution. Collaboration with Space Force, U.S. Space Command,
NRO, and NASA is well underway.
Integration of the maritime domain is another area where AARO will seek to make
significant progress in the coming year. AARO will work with the U.S. Navy and NIM-MIL to
ensure timely and quality reporting via existing reporting mechanisms, and begin conducting
research on sensor calibration relevant to the maritime domain.
Mitigating reporting bias and increasing reporting quality. To further mitigate the
inherent collection bias and to develop more comprehensive domain awareness, AARO and
NIM-MIL are strengthening targeted collection by the IC. This partnership will help
organizations focus on the information they should be seeking from UAP observers to provide
valuable, complete reporting for subsequent analysis by AARO and its partners.

10
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 12

UNCLASSIFIED
VI. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: CASE CLOSURE REPORT
Attached is a pilot example of the result of AARO’s full-phase analytic process. The
files and accompanying data in each case have been given to AARO’s IC and S&T partners for
their analysis, and this resolution report reflects AARO’s determination based on the results.
These case resolutions and accompanying unclassified analyses will be published on AARO’s
website.

11
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 13

UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office
US Department of Defense
Case: "Western United States" AAR
Case Resolution | 8 May 2023
(U) Key Findings
(U) AARO assesses that the UAP in this case (U) Case Essentials
were almost certainly commercial aircraft
travelling on well-established air corridors as far (U) Military personnel reported this case
as 300 nautical miles from the platform, based due to the observed UAP presenting a
on a thorough review of the data by multiple potential incursion into restricted
analytical and scientific entities. airspace. The UAP were described as
• (U) Military personnel reported seeing five equidistant lights that flew at a relatively
equidistant lights that they believed constant pace
represented a potential incursion into (U) Location: Western United States
restricted military airspace. military airspace
(U) AARO's Intelligence and Science and (U) Date(s): 2021
Technology (S&T) partners independently
came to the same conclusion in accordance (U) Altitude: Between 20,000 to 40,000
with AARO's analytic framework. feet
(U) The objects strongly correlated with (U) Shape: Oblong dots/lights
specific commercial aircraft travelling on (U) Reporter: Military personnel
different air routes up to 300 nautical miles
from the sensor. (U) Sensor: Infrared (IR)
(U) Behavior: Equidistant lights that
(U) Intelligence Assessment flew at a relatively constant pace
(U) Analysis of the objects' positions and (U) Case Status: Resolved; the lights
acquisition of additional data led AARO to the were aircraft up to 300NM away from the
conclusion that the objects were significantly sensor
farther from the platform than originally
estimated by the observers.
1
UNCLASSIFIED
12
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 14

UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• (U) Analysis of air-traffic control data suggested the objects were likely commercial aircraft transiting
known flight corridors between major airports in the region.
(U) Science & Technology Assessment
(U) AARO's S&T partners independently came to the same conclusion.
• (U) AARO's S&T partners used boresight analysis to determine that the UAP were commercial aircraft
at an altitude of between 20,000 to 40,000 feet at a similar distance.
AAR Western United States Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena UNCLASSIFIED
. A
o
UNCLASSIFIED
(U) Figure 1: Western U.S. UAP shape distorted due to sensor vibration.
2
UNCLASSIFIED
13
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 15

UNCLASSIFIED
APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Unidentified Anomalous Phenomenon (UAP): Sources of anomalous detections in one or
more domain (i.e., airborne, seaborne, spaceborne, and/or transmedium) that are not yet
attributable to known actors and that demonstrate behaviors that are not readily understood by
sensors or observers. “Anomalous detections” include but are not limited to phenomena that
demonstrate apparent capabilities or material that exceed known performance envelopes. A
UAP may consist of one or more unidentified anomalous objects and may persist over an
extended period of time.
Spaceborne UAP: Sources of anomalous detections above the Karman Line (i.e., 100 km above
Earth's mean sea level).
Airborne UAP: Sources of anomalous detections between Earth’s mean sea level and the
Karman Line.
Seaborne UAP: Sources of anomalous detections at or below Earth’s mean sea level within a
body of water.
Transmedium UAP: Sources of anomalous detections that transit more than one domain.
UAP Objects and Material: Corporeal artifacts of UAP. UAP may contain one or more UAP
objects (e.g., airborne craft exhibiting apparent anomalous capabilities). UAP material are
samples, in whole or in part, of UAP objects (e.g., debris).
UAP Data: Any records of UAP detection, observation, identification, effects (on persons or
equipment), mitigation, and material-exploitation. UAP data includes but is not limited to
written notes, still and full-motion photographs, audio recordings, full-/ partial- spectrum
characterization, and digital record from observers, sensors, platforms, debriefers, and
investigators.
UAP Incident: Any occurrence where UAP is detected by persons or sensors.
UAP Incursion: Any UAP incident in, on, or near U.S. military installations, operating areas,
training areas, special use airspace, proximity operations, and/or other national security areas of
interest. Other areas of interest include but are not limited to U.S. critical infrastructure, IC
installations and platforms, and national defense equities of Allied military and intelligence
coalitions (e.g., Five Eyes).
UAP Engagement: Bringing UAP under kinetic or non-kinetic fire, to deny, disrupt, or destroy
the phenomenon and/or its object(s).
UAP Interrogation: The elicitation of UAP location, capabilities, characteristics, and/or intent
using passive and/or active sensing capabilities-including but not limited to electrooptical/imagery, infrared/thermal, radiofrequency/radar, light/laser/lidar/ladar, electromagnetic,
gravitational, and radioactive means.

14
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 16

UNCLASSIFIED
UAP Attribution: The assessed natural or artificial source of the phenomenon and includes
solar, weather, tidal events; U.S. Government, scientific, industry, and private activities; and
foreign (allied or adversary) government, scientific, industry, and private activities.
UAP Risk: A safety hazard to persons, materiel, or information (e.g., from collision).
UAP Threat: A force-protection and/or national- security threat to persons, materiel, or
information by UAP that demonstrate hostile intent.

15
UNCLASSIFIED

## CANADA-NRC-UAR-N-116-125 — NRC UFO file UAR/N/116-125 (1967), including Shag Harbour, Nova Scotia

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CANADA-NRC-UAR-N-116-125
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CANADA-NRC-UAR-N-116-125
- Agency: National Research Council of Canada
- Incident date: Oct 1967
- Location: Lower Woods Harbour (Shag Harbour), Nova Scotia
- Released: 1967
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

The National Research Council of Canada's file of non-meteoric sighting reports UAR/N/116-125, including the reports on the object seen to descend toward the sea off Lower Woods Harbour (Shag Harbour), Nova Scotia, on 4 October 1967. 35 pages. Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics – Reports on non-meteoric sightings, unidentified flying objects, UFO's. National Research Council of Canada, file UAR/N/116-125. Library and Archives Canada, RG77, R1207-31-X-E (MIKAN 134925). Reproduced for non-commercial purposes; a copy of the version available at https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/ufo/001057-119.02-e.php?isn_id_nbr=4725&page_id_nbr=3567

### AI summary

A classified Canadian Forces document from September 1967 reports a UFO sighting in Vancouver, British Columbia. The document, addressed to Mr. H. Melanson, describes a white light that turned red, seen from Beach Avenue. It notes several similar calls to Vancouver Air Control. Another document, dated September 1967, reports a flashing red light over Stanley Park, later turning white and disappearing. A third document, from October 1967, details two white lights and a brighter white light seen in Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia, with an observer estimating their altitude at 50,000 to 100,000 feet. All reports were forwarded for evaluation by the Canadian Forces.

### Full text

#### Page 2

PRIOR TY
NNNNUVVVN ICA058NWBO53VWA118 WVA022 SEP 20 07 41*58
PP RCCWO O.P.I.
DE RCWVC 13 28/0706Z
P 280650Z SEP 67
FM RCC VANCOUVER CFOL
TO CANFORCEHED 28213
BT
UNCLAS AT0361 repats
FOR CFOC UFO REPORT as
A 280500Z SEP 67.
B CLEAR SKY VIS 3 MILES IN SMOKE
H MELANSON, 3625 WEST ELEVENTH AVE VANCOUVER BC
D IN CAR DRIVING EAST ON BEACH AVE THEN SOUTH ACROSS BURRARD BRIDGE
E MRS MELANSON
MR AND MRS BUISE. 2170 WEST 44TH
F WHITE LIGHT SIMILAR TO A/C NAV LIGHT WAS SEEN FROM BEACH AVE AT
DENMAN ST. IN DIRECTION OF UBC AND 30 DEGREES ABOVE HORIZON. LIT
GRADUALLY TURNED TO RED. AS CAR REACHED SOUTH END OF BURRAD
P.
FROM THE OTHER THEN A BUILDING INTERRUPTED THEIR VIEW.
G 45 MINUTES
H VANCOUVER ACC HAD SEVERAL PHONE CALLS WITH SIMILAR REPORTS
BT
16
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 310
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 3

V 2000-4 (D Ops)
Canadian Forces Headquarters
Ottawa 4, Ontario
2October, 1967
Mr H. Helanson
3625 West Eleventh Avenue
Vancouver, B.C.
Dear Kr Melanson:
Objeet has been passed to this office for evaluation. Your sighting report of an Unidentified Flying
Your interest in reporting this matter is appre-
ciated, and if further information is required, an officer
of the Canadian Forces will be in touch with you, Thank
you for your eo-operation.
Yours truly,
D.F. Robertson
Wing Oommander
for Director of Operations
S/L JA Morrison/2-4535/lv
Distribution A
Cire
File
Orig
116
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 310
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 4

1 PRIORITY
VV ICA057NWB052 VWA117 WVA021 UU SEP 28 07 41'58
PP RCCWC
M O.P.I. e FOC
DE RCWVC 12 28/07062
P 280645Z SEP 67 Y
FM RCC VANCOUVER t0 P
TO CANFORCEHED funcher
mo
BT
UNCLAS ATO360 sssey
FOR CFOC UFO REPORT
A 280500Z SEP 67
B CLEAR SKY. VIS 3 MILES IN SMOKE
C GARY HUNTER, SUITE 302 2355 WEST SECOND AVE. VANCOUVER DOPS O See 28 0928 CFHO OPERATIONS CERTRE
D HOME
E MRS HUNTER (WIFE)
F A FLASHING RED LIGHT APPEARED OVER STANLEY PARK MOVING WESTERI
ABOUT 45 DEGREES ELEVATION. LIGHT TURNED GLOWINGWHITE AND WAS
APPROXIMATELY SAME SIZE AS NAV LIGHT ON A/C. TWQ WHITE PARTS THEN
FELL AT ABOUT 1O SECS INTERVAL AND MAIN LIGHT ARCED DOWNWARDS
AND DISAPPEARED.
G 45 SECS
BT
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 310
Conseil national de recherches du Canada.

#### Page 5

V 2000-4 (D Ops)
Canedian Forcos Headquarters
Ottawa 4, Ontario
∠October, 1967
Mr Gary Hunter
Suite 302
2355 west Second Avenue
Vaneouver, B.C.
Dear Mr Hunter:
Your sighting report of an Unidentified Flying Objeet
has been passed to this office for evaluation.
Your interest in reporting this matter is appreciated,
and if further information is required, an officer of the
Canadian Forces will be in touch with you. , Thank you for your
co-operation.
Yours truly,
C
D.F. Robertson
Wing Commander
for Director of Operations
S/L JA Morrison/2-4535/lv
pistribution
Cire
File
Orig
117
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 310
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 6

CRfile V2000=4
O '67
OcT 4·201
VV ICA004PEA0020EA005A0A119 5.P.1. CFOC
L FP RCCWC
DE RCEOA 68 04/23072
P 042251Z OCT 67 Ocr 5 00
FM CANFORBASE SHEARWATER DOPS G CFHO OPERATMINS SENTRE
TO CANFORCEHED
ET ?2 '67
UNCLAS AOPS
FOR CFOC. UFO REPORT. PRIORITY
A.032345Z
B. SCATTERED CLOUD AT TWELVE THOUSAND
C. MR. WILLIAM THIBEAULT
D. EASTERN PASSAGE N.S.
E. BROTHER OF MR. THIBEAULT
F. TWO DIM WHITE LIGHTS MOVING RAPIDLY
ACROSS SKY FOLLOWED BY ONE BRIGHTER
WHITE LIGHT MOVING SLOWLY IN
NE TO SW DIRECTION
G. 5 MIN
H. OBSERVERS USED SURVEYORS TELESCOPE
D VIEW OBJECTS. IN THE'OPINION
OF THE OBSERVER THE OBJECTS WERE
VERY HIGH; ESTIMATES 50000-100000
PAGE TWO RCEOA 68 UNCLAS
FEET, OBSERVER WORKS WITH
AIRCRAFT FOR FAIREY OF CANADA
AND OFTEN WATCHES HIGH ALTITUDE
JET TRAFFIC: HE DOES NOT BELIEVE
THAT THE BJEETS SIGHTED
ER ACR
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 310
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 7

v 20004 (1 0ps)
Ottaia h, Ontario Canadian Forces Headquartere
October, 1967
Mr. William Thibeault
Eastern Passage, N.S.
Dear Hr. Thibeault:
been passed to this office for evaluation. Your sighting report of an Unidentified Flying Object has
if further information is required, an officer of the Canadian Forces Your interest in reporting this matter is appreciated, and
will be in touch with you. Thank you for your comoperation.
Yours truly,
_D.F. Robertson
Wing Comander
for Direetor of Operations
/L JA Morrison/2-4535/MR
OrIg Distribution
118
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 310
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 8

THE GLOBE AND MAIL, SATURDAY, SEPT. 30, 1967
-
S
LANDING SITES AVAILABLE
SIGNED... Barry Vvers MAYOR
This sign, welcoming unidentified flying objects and'offering them landing sites, was erected in Brewer, Me. last year after UFOs were reported over the area, but there were no takers.
UFOs: a subject still up in the air y DAVID SPURGEON craft or occupant has been produced."
practical difficulties of converting matter thousands of alleged landings.
MOULD SCIENTISTS take UFOs seri- Prof. Markowitz examines known prin- into energy and of utilizing it in a space- Prof. Markowitz calls absurd the claim
ously? The answer of the University. of ciples of flight and concludes that published craft without burning up the occupants. that the air force is withholding information
Foronto's Institute for Aerospace Stu- reports of landing and lift-offs of UFOs, are Physical processef are carricd out with that UFOs are extraterrestrial. "The pres-
dies is yes. Last weck the director, Dr. not reports of spacecraft controlied by ex. practically i00 per cent efficiency, and tige of announcing the existence of extra-
Gordon, Patterson, announced that the insti- traterrestrial beings, if the laws of physics complicated equipment never breaks. terrestrial beings would be so great that
tute would set up a division to' study the are walid. down. no scientist, journalist, politician, or gov.
myst us phenomepa. But he admitted "We can reconcile UFO reports with ex- Prof. Markowitz points out that if a ernment - whether of the United States.
that m py of his fellow scientists thought. traterrestrial controf by assigning various spacecraft travelling between galaxies England, France, the USSR or China
the wbqle subject was nonsense. magic properties to extraterrestrial met an interstellar particle of dust one would hesitate for a moment to release the
Dr. Pasterson was backed up by Dr. J. beings," he says. "These include 'telepor- ten-thousandth of an inch in diameter, the news." he says. "It could not be kept a se-
Allen Hynek, director of the Dearborn Ob. tation' (the instantaneous movement of energy of the collision would likely de- cret."
servatory of Northwestern.University and a material bodies between : planets and stroy the craft and its occupants. Prof. Markowitz notes that the U.S. pat.
consultant to the U.S. Air Force on UFOs. ·stars), the creation of 'force fields' to drive "'if extraterrestrial beings are not bound ent office takes the position that it is im-
Dr. Hynek came to Toronto to advise the space ships, and propulsion without reac- by the laws of physic? and do visit us," he possible to construct a perpetual motion
UTIAS on setting up its new division. tion. says, "then we should expect to see them machine, and suggests that the air force
Dr.. Hynek previously had written a let. The last of these would permit a man or their spacecraft. The facts are as fol- should be able to take a position closing
ter to the editor of Science, journal of the to lift himself by his bootstraps. Anyone lows: out UFO investigations.
American Association for the Advancement who wishes is free to accept such magic "No extraterrestrial spacecraft or pas- "We have been remined that Twenty-first
of Science, urging scientific investigation of properties, but I cannot." senger thereof has every been presented to Century science will look back on us," the
a residue of puzzling UFO cases. In the On another level are semi-magic hy. Congress, to any state legislature, or to
potheses proposed by scientists, says Prof. any recognized scientific society in the Unit. professor concludes. "This is true. We, our.
Sept. 15 issue of that journal, be gets a Markowitz. These are based in part on ed States. selves, look back on eras when many peo-
rather disappointing response from Dr. sound scientific laws but include magic "No reliable report exists of ahyone ple believed in the existence of centaurs.
William Markowitz, professor of physics at properties not explicitly stated. having talked with an extraterrestrial visi- mermaids, and fire-breathing dragons. I
Marquette University in Milwaukee, who The general theme is that, through the tor. am afraid that Twenty-first Century sci-
gives what might be termed a more ortho- use of nuclear energy and the time-dilation "No accident has ever occurred at land. ence will contemplate with wonder the
dox scientific view of UFOs. effect of relativity, everything is possible. ing or lift-off which has left an extrater- fact that, in an age of scienice such as ours,
Prof. Markowitz says he has investigated Little attention, however, is paid to the restrial spacecraft on the ground, despite the U.S. Air Fqrce was required to sponsor
UFOs, and he has concluded that they are repeated studies of UFOs.
not under the control of extraterrestrial "I have no quarrel with anyone who wish-
beings, and the data published on them es to believe that UFOs are under extrater-
does not justify the holding of investiga- restrial control. As for me, I shall not be-
tions. lieve that we haye ever been visited by an
extraterrestrial visitor - either from the
Hard-data cases moon, from a planet of our solar system,
or from any other stellar system - until
Prof. Markowitz says there has been al. am shown such a visitor.'
mont no discussion of UFOs in scientific
journals, not because scientists are reluc- Useless to speculate
tant to study the phenomenon, but because
no reports of bard-data cases (reports from Prof. R. C. Tennyson, who will head the
responsible witnesses-detailed and docu- Unfversity of Toronto's aerospace institute
mented) have been published in scientific division on UFOs, indicates that he and his
journals. colleagues may not be so far from Prof.
He acknowledged that the search for ex- Markowitz's views: as;first appears. He
traterrentrial life is one of the most inter- says it is useless to speculate about the or-
esting aspects of our times. And he notes igin of the phenomena until some reliable
that proposals to explore Mars are soundly data is at hand. He agrees with Prof. Mar-
based ou accepted principles of engineering kowitz that there has not been much of this
and physics. in the scientific literature.
This is not the case, however, for in- "To the best of our knowledge, very lit-
vestigations of UFOs, because the extra- tle·hard-core data has been obtained, " he
terrestrial control of reported UFOs is says. "That's what we're after -hard-core
contrary to accepted principles of physics," scientific measurements."
be says. But -Prof. Tennyson - who prefers to
'Unidentified flying objects have been call UFOs UAPs (for Unidentified /Amos-
Investigated by the U.S. Air Force and its pherie Phenomenn)--disngrees-with Prof.
scientific consultants for nearly 20 years, Markowitz on one point: he thinks Investi-
and not a single extraterrestrial space- Dr. J. Allen Hynek has urged scientific investigation of a number of puzzling UFO cases. gations are worthwhile, and not a waste of
money.

#### Page 9

THE GLOBE AND MAIL, SATURDAY, SEPT. 30, 1967
CANADA background on events and issues from ,across
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Safeguards
for buyers
By DOUGLAS COLLINS
VANCOUVER- Attorney-General
Robert Bonner has announced that the
provincial Consumer Protection Act
will become law on Jan. 1, at. which
time grantors of credit must disclose
true rates of interest in all loan and
business transactions with the exception
of morgages and agreements for sale on
real property. Also, customers who buy.
goods worth more than $50 from door-
to-door salesmen have the right to can-
cel their contracts within three days.
Violations of the law will bring fines
of up to $25,000 for corporations, and for
individuals, fines of up to $2,000 and two
years imprisonment.
The law looks tough, and Mr. Bonner
has stated with some satisfaction that
British Columbia joins Alberta, Nova
Scotia and Ontario in protecting consum-
ers. But he also said that, unlike those
provinces, he will not set up any "bu-
reaucratic apparatus' to police the new
regulations, and that he does not intend
to ho atwveryone's elbow" when pri-
vate cotirects are signed. Joseph Smallwood has led-his Liberal Party to six provincial election victories and has been Premier of Newfoundland since, the province ent
This hts led to some doubt about
whether the law can be effective. Offi-
cialr of the Better Business Bureau, for NEWFOUNDLAND
example, say that the absence of such
apparatus will mean that people in- This is the last (perhaps and maybe), the Premi
voived in bad deals would have to take
their cases to court and that many
would not be able to afford this step.
Nevertheless,, the new law has been By BREN WALSH C. R. Granger - Mr. Pickersgill's for- shuffle - Mr. Smallwood demonstrated be his last, Mr. S
welcomed as a good start. Disclosure of ST. JOHN'S - Premier Joseph Small mer executive assistant -resigned his once again that while he thrives on he also planned to
credit terms must be made before a wood will be 67 on Christmas eve Newfoundland Cabinet job as Minister every aspect of the job he hias held since November by-electi
transaction is completed and borrowers which means he is just'a year and a bit of Labrador Affairs to be sworn in at Newfoundland became a province "in that 'be
must be given written statements show- away from his old-age pension. Ottawa as Minister without Portfolio. He 1949, the thing that really turns him on askdO
ing the amount actually received in However, not even his most bitter en- is seeking confirmation in Mr. Pickers- is a political campaign. "Ch, I don't real
'cash, the cost of borrowing expressed in emy would dare to suggest that he gill's former riding. on the night following his re-election a far cry from
dollars and in annual percentage rates) detects even the slightest trace of de- A'provincial by-election - which will last fall as head of the Liberal Govern- he had exhibited
and what penalties are faced in default cline in Mr: Smallwood. be held Oct. 20 - will fill the Gander ment for a sixth successive term, Mr. The truth is tha
of payment. Politically, at least, the Premier ap District peat forimerly held by Mr. Smallwood said that it would definitely advisors really kn
Contracts-written by itinerant sales- pears to improve with age, as he demon- Grangen. be his last contest. He indicated that he are and there hav
men involving more than $50 must show strated earlier this week when he told.a The Liberal candidate will be 55-year would continue in office for three or four bly frustrated op
full details of payment terms and. news conference in St. John's that he in- old Mayor Jack Robertson of Gander, years, but would be out of office before
where no warranty exists, a clear state- tends to play an active role in twp. up- and the Conservatives are to pick their the next provincial general election. suggested that he
ment to that effect. The customer can coming by-elections in the province. man'at a nomination corvention in Gan- The consensus then was that he meant However, specul
opt out of the deal within three days of A federal by-election will be held der this weekend. To date, the Tories wood's retirement
his receiving the contract. If the goods Nov. 6 to fill the vacancy in' Bonavista- have not named anyone to run against However. after this week's news con- lor game and the
are not delivered promptly. the period Twillingate created by the resignation Mr. Granger in Bonavista-Twillinghte. ference, even the most confirmed be- that if he really
during which the contract may be can- of J. W. Pickersgill from (he Commons At his news conference - during lievers began to have second thoughts "in three or four
celled is extended. and the Cabinet. which he announced a major Cabinet Asked if the Gander by-election would forgotten or chang
The act also provides for strict con-
trols over credit advertising. which
must include facts regarding true inter- QUEBEC
est rates. But it is not yet clear whether
this applies to the important fields of
radio and television advertising. Similar- An 'underground policy fades in the light of so
ly, it is not certain that the law covers
banks, which receive their charters from
the federal Government. Mr. Bonner By FRANK HOWARD Tremblay spoke of Quebec acceding to There are no e
would only say that "those who opt out It must have assured sepagatists in
of these regulations do so at their own QUEBEC - The Union Nationale sovereignty first and then negotiating an the party that something dramatic was of the number
peril as far as public opinion is con- party and its absent leader, Premier arrangement with the rest of.Canada, it about to happen and the document was volved, or other t
cerned." Daniel Johnson, may have been hoisted was deemed that he was inspired by circulated to strengthen. that impres- is an arbitrary doo
However, there is little doubt that the on their own petard with the publication something like the document. At least sion. One of these, Denis Bousquet, who But for the un
new rules will hit hard where they are this week of a five-year plan for seces- the authors of the document, Quebec was not in on the drafting of the docu- may have given U
intended to hit hard-at some finance sion. lawyers Guy Bertrand and Guy Pinson- ment two years ago, said last week he ence was supportir
companies, department stores and sec- The plan, a document prepared two nault and stockhroker Georges Caron was aware of it. What the party
ond-hand car dealers. years ago by a pro-separatist group, was seemed to think so last week. In a press conference later this week. when it allowed i
published by the Quebee City daily Mr. Tremblay's outipokeness obvi- he showed that he was still confident late was that oth
l'Action with headlines that suggested ously was intended to counter the posi- that Quebec was headed toward inde- ously enough to pu
NEW BRUNSWICK it was the underground policy of the tion taken by federal Justice Minister pendence, But it is obvibus that if inde- But even peopl
present Government. Pierre Trudeau and possibly to hedd off pendence is achieved, it will not be done may have got m
Finance Minister Paul Dozois, who is unrest that might result if 'some Lib- on the bagis of the highly improvised expected out of the
sitting in for Mr. Johnson while the Pre- eral, for example Rene Levesque, took document released by I'Action.
The platforms a clear pro-secession stand. The plan outlined by the document is The MLA fron
mier vacations somewhere "on the Pacif. Mr. Tremblay's press conference not the result of a technical study. The himself back
ie coast" was quick to deny that Quebec evoked the image of a party ready to authors merely guessed how long it pendence
had any plan for' separating Quebec make the leap to independence in a rel. would take to transfer administrations program
are crowded from the Canadian federation. (He kept atively short time. from Ottawa to Quebec. phoned in
the possibility 9f-independence open as ratists wer
a long-range option if Quebec failed to lence.
By VERT BURGOYNE get its way in a frenewed constitutron.) One new
Mr. Dozois, who is reported to have- ion was
FREDERIeTON New-Brunswick's rejected further study of the proposal in Separatism and economics "Instead
Liberal Government and Conservative 1965 because he was worried about the visit.
opposition untimbered massive etection French minorities In other provinces, you do mor
manifestoes this 'week and continued may have a new reason for burying the By ROGER NEWMAN be confined-within a completely sep-
manoeuvring into position for a cam- document today. arate Quebec. This is i
It. ie hennminer djfflonlt to find Cana- MONTREAL - Quebeckers have Renault Automobiles Canada Ltd. for visits often
hegun "tn eonsider senaratism.from th

#### Page 10

ICA128PEA133 OEB076 COA038 UU
mlokowe
DE RCEOC 29 05/1320Z OcT 5 14 19*67
P 0513202 OCT 67
RM RC HALIFAX PRIORITY O.P.1.
TO CANFORCEHED FOC
BT
ad
UNCLAS RCC076
FOR CFOC UFO REPORT
A 0502102 OCT 67. a
B NIGHT CLEAR , NO MOON
C CPL WERCICKY RCMP BARRINGTON PASSAGE OcT 5
D OUTSIDE LOWER WOODS HARBOUR, N S 0OPSO
E 6 OTHER WITNESSES - NAMES KNOW TO RCMP CPL 1501'69
F DARK OBJECT - IN EXCESS OF 6O FT - 4 WHITE LIGHTS
HORIZONTALLY i5 FT SPACING - MOVEMENT EASTERLY
LOW ALTITUDE ON DOWN TO WATER SURFACE
G UNKNOWN BUT IN EXCESS OF FIVE MINUTES
H UFO DESCENDED RAPIDLY TO WATER WITH HIGM WHISTLING
SOUND. BRIGHT FLASH ON HITTING WATER. SINGLE
LIGHT FLOATING ON SURFACE REMAINED FOR LONG TIME
SAND BEFORE RCMP COULD GET BOAT TO IT. AREA SANK
SEARCHED EXTENSIVELY BY CCG LIFEBOAT 1OI AND
PAGE 2 RCEOC UNCLAS
MANY SMALL BOATS - NIL RESULTS. POSITION OF
LAST SIGHTING 4330.5N 6545W. ALL 0THER POSSIBLE
LEADS (A/C , FLARES, ETC.) CHECKED - NIL RESULTS.
FOLLOW UPI AT 05I2I5Z COAST GUARD CUTTER 101
PROCEEDING TO ARÉA WITH RCMP ON BOARD /TO RESEARCH
AREA BASED ON A/REF DATUM POIN.
BT
e-WA TIME Gee
$0792
108
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#### Page 11

AKSAFETYAFILMIO
MEMORANDUM -
V 2000-4 (D Ops)
6 Oetober, 1967
Gee DS
UFO REPORT
LOWER WOOD HARBOUR NS -
1. On O4 October 1967 at 2345 hours local RCHP Corporal
WEkCICky from Barrington Passage NS and six other witnesses
of approximately five minutes, flew down to the water surface, sighted a large flying object. This object, in the time interval
floated and sank,
I
2. The flying object was deseribed as being in excess of
tally at a distance of 15 feet. The object, flying in an easterly 60 feet in diameter and carried four white lights spaced horison-
produced a bright flash on impact. One light remained on the direetion when first sighted, descended rapidly to the water and
it. surface for considerable time but sank before a boat could reach
3. The Rescue Co-ordination Centre conducted preliminary
was produced by an aircraft, flares, floats, or any other known investigation and discounted the possibilities that the sighting
objects.
4. investigation into the sighting. At the present time one Offieer and Maritime Conmand were asked, on O5 Cct, to conduct an
a diving team of three men are on the scene aided by Coast Guard Cutter 10. i
W. W. Turner
Colonel
Director Operations
Bain S/L.
2-2900
Distribution
Orig
Circ
File
120
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#### Page 12

0 MESSAGE FORM FILE
NUMBER
PRECEDENCE-ACTIO ECEDENCE-INFO
PRIORITY DATE-TIME GROUP
DEFERRED 0521202 OCT
FROM CANFORCEHED
TO ECURIT GR
CANMARCOM
UNCLAS
ORIGINATOR'S NUMBER
INFO RCC HALIFAX
OPS 533
SUBJECT: UFO. REF RCC HALIFAX RCC Ø76 Ø5132øZ OCT. (1)
REQUEST SUBJECT UFO REPORT BB INVESTIGATED BY YOUR HQ. (2)
CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE GIVEN FOR AN UNDERWATER SEARCH OF
AREA ASAP.
DOPS4-2
MESSAGE
PAGE OF NAMI OFFICE
PAGES
NO (W BA1N) S/LD0PS 4-2 2 2900
FOR TOH
OPR'G R D SYSTEM OPERATOR
USE
DND 90S MORRISON S/L
7530-21-562-1800
COPY 3
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#### Page 13

S/C Bani
PRIORITY
OcT 6 00 45 *67
O.P.1. DMfOKS.
Dopsa
UFO
V ICA001PEA0030EA001V0B132 UU
PP RCCWC
DE RCEOC 301 05/2254Z
P 052250Z OCT 67
IM CANMARCOM
TO ZEN/CANCOMDIVELANT OcT_6
INFO RCCWC/CANFORCEHED CFHD GPERA
RCEOL/CANFORSTA SHELBURNE D OPS G W
ZEN/GRANBY
BT or
INCLAS CUROPS 438
DIVING ASSISTANCE
1. ONE DIVING OFFICER AND THREE MEN TO CONDUCT
INVESTIGATION OF OBJECT REPORTED BY RCMP IN THE
VICINITY OF 433ON 6545W. 0BJECT APPROX 300 YARDS OFF SHORE.
2. PERSONNEL PROCEED TO CLARKS HARBOUR NOVA SCOTIA
WHERE CGC 10I AND RCMP CORPORAL WILL ASSIST AND-ADVISE
EXACT LOCATION OF OBJECT
3. PONC AUTHORIZED
4. FOR CFS SHELBURNE. PROVIDE LOGISTIC ASSISTANCE IF REQUIRED 11/20
National Research Council of Canadal RG 77, Vol. 310
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#### Page 14

IIA38 OPEB144 EA24 A 3.67
UU
PP RCCWC O. P.T. DOPS
DE RCEOC 217.06/18172
P 061913Z OCT 67
FM CANMARCOM
TO ZEN/CANCOMDIVELANT
INFO RCCWC/CANFORCE ED PRIORITY
RCEOL/CANMARSTA SHELBURNE
ZEN/GRANBY
BT
INCLAS CURPS 451 0 9 10
CANFORCEHED FOR DOPS 0 540 0
DIVING ASSISTANCE
A. MY 052250Z 498
1. AREA TO BE EXPANDED AND SEARCHED THOROUGHLY.
2. APPROVED TO HIRE LOCAL BOAT TO CONTINUE OPERATIONS
AT WHICH TIME CGCIOI TO BE RELEASED
3. PERIODIC VERBAL SITREPS TO CANMARCOM OLERATIONS
LOCAL2716. FINAL OPSUM ON COMPLETION
BT
LAS CUROPS
168120
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#### Page 15

J086E0PEA0230EB017C0B014 SU
1
PPARCCME OcT 7 0?5 *67
IE 3CgOC 7 07/0150Z 1 DoPs
P 070146Z OCT 67 0.P.1.
IM CANMARCOM DnFoRs
TO RCEOA/CANFORBASE SHEARWATER 0r5-4
INFO RCCWC/CANFORCEHED
RCEDA/HU 21
ZEN/CANCOND IVELANT PRIORITY
HEEPVM/CFS BARRINGTON
ZEN/GRANBY Ocr 7 02
RCEOL/CANMARSTA SHELBURNE DOPSG CFHO OPENATIONL CINTRE
BT 50'57
UNCLAS CUROPS 457
CANFORCEHED FOR DOPS
HLO AIRLIFT
1. PROVIDE HELO TO AIRLIFT THREE DIVERS PLUS 4O0 LBS EQUIPMENT
SHEARWATER TO BARRINGTON 07 OCT 10
2. ITINERARY AS FOLLOWS .
HEP SHEARWATER O709OOP ARR BARRINGTON A/R
DEP BARRINGTON A/R ARR SHEARWATER A/R
BT V20
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#### Page 16

PRIORITY
NANNVVVV ICA108PEA025 0EA026 AOA005 UU Ocr7
PP RCCWC 03 '67
DE RCEOA 2 07/0246Z O.P.I.
P 070223Z OCT 67
FM CANFORBASE SHEARWATER
TO RCEOC/CANMARCOM DoPs.2
INFO RCCWC/CANFORCEHED Doros - 4
RCEOC/CANCOMDIVELANT DMiORS
RCEPVM/CFS BARRINGTON
RCEOL/CANMARSTA SHELBURNE
RCEOC/GRANDBY D OPS G Ocr 7 0344*7 CFHO OPERATIONS CPNTRE
ZEN/HU-21
BT
UNCLAS AOPS
FOR CUROPS
CANFORCEHED FOR DOPS
HELO AIRLIFT
REF A CUROPS 457 070146Z
B TELCON POWICK/SAUNDERS
1. HO4S WILL BE PROVIDED SHEARWATER-SHELBURNE-SHEARWATER
IAW REF B
BT 1/20
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#### Page 17

PRIORITY
Oer b 45 '67
vV. ICA003 PEA0010EB003COB001 O.T UU
PP RECWC DOPS
DE RCEOC 1 O8/00O4Z J
P 080002Z OCT 67
FM CANMARCOM
TO CANFORCEHED
BT DGPS O OcT 0 01 07*87 CFHO GPERATIONS CENTRE
UNCLAS GUROPS 463
SITREP - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECT
A. MY CUROPS 420 061819Z
1. TWO DAYS OF UJNDERWATER SEARCH BY DIVERS OF PROBABILITY
AREA UNDER GOOD CONDITIONS HAS PRODUCED NIL RESULTS. AREA
1/2 MILE BY 1 1/2 MILES THOROUGHLY SEARCKED BY 072230Z
2. UNDERWATER SEARCH WILL RESUME FIRST LIGHT SUN 8 OCT.
IF NO RESULTS OBTAINED BY PM 8 OCT INTEND TERMINATING
SEARCH
ET
C WA-BAVS OF-- UNDERWATER-
140 120
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 310
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 18

NANNAV ICA903PEB0010EB001 COAOOS UU PRIORITY
PP RCCWC OcT 9 00 '67
DE RCEOC 33 08/2321Z 0.P.1. Do$ Ocr 9 00 23 "67
P 082319Z OCT 67
FM CANMARCOM
TO CANFORCEHED DOPSY
ET
UNCLAS CUROPS 470
SITREP UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECT
A MY CUROPS 463 080002Z
1. SEARCH CONTINIED O8 OCT NEGATIGQ RESULTS NEGATIUE
2. SEARCH TERMINATED 082130Z
BT
120
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 310
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 19

ation Serrices
OCT - 7 1967 HALIFAX HERALD
THING CONCRETE
BOR UFO-RCAF
Wastinal Defense reperted
Nary dvters atanched the notling mlsing from airerafh. Continue
wr yestendar and foond ot stlips.
muthing, hut wit be back at i No planes were reecied
wich exindrenenta tnday. operuting in the aree at the
No shipe or plazen were Tne, and a epclesean soid It
reported in the area at the wae unlrly anytibing fn Search
time of the sighlinpgs Wed frm an alfecralt becwate of
enday. the ghiing pubtere drseribed
by most wflsemues.
monst dramatle, sighieng of Is was the bird, buat by far The Barringlan Pamage ra-
UFOw In Nove Seotins slaces In detr statinn repertied ns sighn. Today
De past I days. Chms were Inge at the same, the nany
National Research Council of Canada/ ever the Acmdale Botary said
weeh Thurnday and is Durt The RCMP Inmedately
mouth the sae sigld at the called od Canadien Cosst By EAY MacLEno
Cunrd Iifebeat int from Salf Wrler
Shng Harbor sighting Charke's Harber and elight
NO EXPLANATION hocal Bashing weiols jeloed the A spokesman for a special and_little
Alt armed forces ellerts aet Wthis as hoat they were an known Royal Canadiun Air Force depart-
being cxntered on the Sag the erea, plapoisted by ate- ment In Öltawa for the Investigation of
Barbere bndifest, bat as yef eral sighings. Unidentilied Flying Objects said-last night
explasatios for the sighdings. epekmmen sald they had ne Nothing was found escept a series of bright lights which glided into
A exstremely barge patch at the occan off Shag Harbor. Shelburne
They begen Wedneaday obout bubbling waier and foomt. County, Wednesday night may be one of
1pm. Captaln Bradlerd Shand,
I was with Norm Ssith Shag Harbor, said he thought the extremely rare cases where "something
af we were driving to Shng Tiy- stzaege fotn, at desnt ao comcrete" may be found.
Sot wide wai yeln
RG 77, Vol. 310 alt Dek Eandricha, 11. eale and waid that whie be The spokeaman, who identified himself
When ae gat to Boar Puilst paooed through the area as Squadrom Lender Hain, said his depart-
e san a beight lighd In the everyday while fahing be had ment was "very interented" in the matter.
anrt of reddiah erainge." pever seen anything like
betire. We get hundreds oft reprets
Navy dirern troem HMCS every week." he sald. "hat
Crashy began inrtatigatinns the Skag Harbor Ineidend a
The Friday of moon. A seartch I5 te of the Sew wbere ae
The firt doxik in wafter rang Iimm 3 way gst smething coerunte
laty of Bhe to a foet reveale -
aost Wie flaren, and Rondricks Thre more then
The sracch wit condbut
ything liie therm before." baday. The Enardan dhilag
le Jadged them to be bas reporle wit be aegmoaurd bo three
thret ilen gwag to the have
weat.

(Text continues in the original file: 35 pages.)

## CANADA-NRC-UAR-N-200 — NRC UFO file UAR/N/200: Falcon Lake, Manitoba, May 1967 (Stefan Michalak)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CANADA-NRC-UAR-N-200
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CANADA-NRC-UAR-N-200
- Agency: National Research Council of Canada
- Incident date: 20 May 1967
- Location: Falcon Lake, Manitoba
- Released: 1967
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the missing page wanted a front-row seat at the 1967 show.

- NRC UFO file UAR/N/200, National Research Council, 20 May 1967, Falcon Lake, Manitoba.
- Two saucer-shaped objects 35-40 ft, violet light, whirring, burned Michalak; he lost 12 lb, stomach burns.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The National Research Council of Canada's file UAR/N/200 on Stefan Michalak's report of 20 May 1967 near Falcon Lake, Manitoba. 117 pages; page 44 (image e002749639) is missing on LAC's own server and is shown as a placeholder. Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics – Reports on non-meteoric sightings, unidentified flying objects, UFO's. National Research Council of Canada, file UAR/N/200. Library and Archives Canada, RG77, R1207-31-X-E (MIKAN 134925). Reproduced for non-commercial purposes; a copy of the version available at https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/ufo/001057-119.02-e.php?isn_id_nbr=4731&page_id_nbr=3773

### AI summary

A classified report from the National Research Council of Canada details an unidentified flying object (UFO) sighting by Stefan Michalak near Falcon Lake, Manitoba, on May 20, 1967. The document describes two saucer-shaped objects, approximately 35 to 40 feet in diameter, observed on the ground. Michalak approached one, which emitted a violet light and a whirring sound, and was burned by the object's exhaust. He reported losing 12 pounds and experiencing burns on his stomach. The report notes that investigators planned to revisit the site on May 30 with RCMP and radiation detectors but found no evidence. The document includes a follow-up from June 1967 and mentions that no radar detections were recorded.

### Full text

#### Page 2

PCB129VV PWA241HA103 UU MaY 23 20 25'67
PP RCCWC
RCWPT 116 23/18362 O.P.1. cfoc
P 251830Z MAY 67 PRIORITY
FW RCC WINNIPEG
TO CANFORCEHED Da OPS 421 2l
BT
UNCLAS A0662 232100
FOR CFOC. UFO REPORT
A 1700E 20 MAY 67
B CLOUDY SKY
C MR S MICHALAK, 14 LINDSAY ST WINNIPEG 9 MANITOBA• PHONE
489-3162
D FALCON LAKE MANITOBA. 49AIN 9515W
E NIL
F TWO OBJECTS ON GROUND APPROX 35 TO 40 FEET IN DIAMETER, EIGHT
FEET HIGH, SAUCER SHAPED, COLOUR OF UNPOLISHED STEEL ON CROUND
AND CHANGING TO HEATED METAL COLOUR ON DEPARTURE
G EXCESS OF ONE HALF HOUR
N MR MICHALAK OBSERVED THE TWO UFOS FROM A SHORT DISTANCE FOR ONE
HALF NOUR AND OBSERVED ONE DEPART VERTICALLY THEN HEAD SOUTH.
HE WENT UP TO THE REMAINING ONE, OBSERVING AN OPEN DOOR WITH A
VIOLET LIGHT PREVENTING HIM FRON SEEING INSIDE• AS HE APPROACHED
200
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Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 3

PACE 2 RCWPC 116 UNCLAS
HE COULD HEAR A WHIRRING SOUND AND INDISTINGUISHABLE VOICES
FROM WITHIN. UPON TOUCHING THE OBJECT VITH NIS GLOVED LEFT HAND
NIS GLOVE BURNED, THE DOOR CLOSED AND THE OBJECT STARTED ROTATING
COUNTER-CLOCKVISE THEN DEPARTED VERTICALLY ALSO HEADING SOUTH.
HIS SHIRT WAS BURNED FROM THE EXHAUST PANELS ON THE OUTER EDGE
AND KE REQUIRED MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR BURNS ON HIS STOMACH• HE
HAS LOST TVELVE POUNDS SINCE AS HE HAS BEEN UNABLE TO EAT•
WHILE HE WAS APPROACHING HE COULD SMELL WHAT NE RELATES TO AS AN
TAKE OFF ELECTRICAL FIRE. THE NOISE INCREASED IN PITCH TO A MIGH WHINE ON
BT
13 200
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches du Canada
5

#### Page 4

MESSAGE FORM PILE V2000-4(D0M)
EN/SIGNALS USE NUMBER
ENCE ACTION PRECEDENCE-INFO DATE TIME GROUP SAGE INSTRUCTIONS
PRIORITY DEFERRED 23/6ZMAY67
FROM CANPORCEHED WREFIX
GR
BECURITY CLASSIFICATION
TO CANTRAINICOM
UNGLAS
GINATON
INFO OPS H21
SUBJECT UFO REPORT.
REFERENCE ROC WINNIPEG AO 662 231836% MAY.
MAY A RESPONSIBLE OFFICER INVESTIGATE THE SUBJECT UFO REPORT
AND ADVISE GFHQ ATTE DOPS.
REFERS TOI MESSAGE DRAFTER'S NAME
PAGE OF PAGES 22b.
CLASSIFIEDYES NO
FON FIME NTOTEM OFERATOR DATE TEM CECZASING OFFICEN'S SIGHATUNE
uPa's D
USK H.H.A. Parker Col 5
2
DND 903
7830.21-8 02-1558
COPY 2
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#### Page 5

RE YOWR OPS 421 23210OZ MAY. SL BISSKY TCHQ INVESTIGATING
MIGNALAE BEPORT IN CONJUNCTION WITH RCMP. RCMP HAD CONDUCTED
TWO AND ONE HALF NOURS INTERVIEW BEFORE SL BISSKY APPOINTED,
THEREFORE MOT INTENDED TO INTERVIEW REPORTER UNTIL TRANSCRIPT RECEIVED
FROM RCMP. VISITED GENERAL AREA FALCON LAKE 25 MAY AND OBSERVED
FROM HELICOPTER LOW LEVEL ALSO GROUND PARTY COVERED GENERAL AREA
DESCRIBED BY MR MICHALAK VITH NIL RESULTS. PROPOSE VISITING AREA 3O
MAY VITH MR NICHALAK, RCMP, RADIAC DETECTORS AND PHOTOGRAPHER, IN
ATTEMPT TO LOCATE AREA, PARTICULARLY OUTER SHIRT WHICH APPARENTLY
WAS BADLY BURNED AND LEFT AT SCENE OF INCIDENT. MR MICHALAK HAS
BEEN UNDER DOCTORS CARE SINCE INCIDENT AND HAS BEEN UNABLE TO
ACCOMPANY INVESTIGATORS UNTIL 30 MAY
BT 10fom Cantraincom
to Canforicked. 200
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#### Page 6

0
PARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENCE MINISTÉRE DE LA DÉFENSE NATIONALE
2000-4 FLYTRG)
Training Command Headquarters
Westwin, Man
27 Ju67
Referred to D
Chief of Defence Staff JUL 5 1967
Canadian Forces Headquarters
Department of National Defence
Ottawa 4 Ont Chg'd. to
Attention: DOps 4 (W/C Robertson)
INVESTIGATION OF UFO SIGHTING
FALCON LAKE - 20 MAY 67
Forwarded herewith is the m/n report regarding the alleged
UFO sighting by Mr. Steven Michalak at Falcon Lake on 20 May 67.
Also enclosed is an addendum to the report containing the latest
information as of 26-27 Jun 67.
2. Any additional information on this report will be passed
when received.
P. Bissky
T2 Squadron Leader
for Commander Training Command
Enc
200
3c//7
National Research Council of Canada/ RG.77, Vol. 311
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#### Page 7

Experts may probe man's UFO claim 3 hay
land, bad watched i for ot scriptions given here colncide persons who've reported simi- welds or riveta cannot His family doctor saw him
By HEATHER CHISVIN Lar incidents. And the amell be seet. Monday and saye he gave
minutes, and had touched clnoely with those given of Mr. Michalak sayn i coming The one difference is that him something.
Tribnne Staff Writer it. UFOe apotted in the past. the door that opens is Asked If be thought the pa-
Last Friday reaidents of His chest is burned and he "There in no variation frem somewbere withins him round. Mr. Michalak said it Lient should be checked for
Parkdale, residential devel- claima the exhamat from the at all," be aaid today, refer has also been reported by othi-. was agaure with taree levels. radiation, the doctor replied:
opmont halfway to Lockport. flying objoct which gave off (ers, BAys the APRO member. Two silding kto the sides of The burn E juat on the
reported seeing an tmident. a red liglt when it moved - claims to have deen at smell comes from inside, but the machine and coe open- sullace, Mr, Michalak says Jtn Irem blast of sir frous some
fined flying object in the alr. cauaed it The apaed It maved Falce. ing "Iike I was moving by algraft he's never soen be
he said. "I'm going to pass Uhis lo- Bunt edors. hydraulic M Michalak, a 50
Ing ring of best around is and Although Saturday's alght- formation on to usy erganita- Although very few UPOs Today induatrial mechanic. from outer space.
speedi they aid. tocok oit at an indeocribalile ing has precipitated rah of tion and they'll have beets algted by trained year-old in bed. Although his
check into IL." obtervers, says mearly Is home he's leeling a bit bet- stomach so I gave him
Saturday, Winnipeg inan He nays oven the hurns en ewryore has Faved BoI mayn thing. I think he'lt be all
told The Trlbume similar of the Aerini are simi- LeF, he wtill hdan't eaten aince
story from Falcen Lake, He Mr. Michalak' body aother machines, claiming seams, the experience.
said he had setn the craft Tucson, Arit. maye the de- lar to thosn gotfered by 43
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 8

41
When Mr. Michalak was treat-
ed in the casualty ward at
Man's UFO Report Misericordia Hospital, he told the
doctor that he had received the
hurns from an airplane exhaust.
"Father was just afraid that he
By HUBERT BEYER craft; he said they were the most would be laughed at." his son
Steve Michalak, who claims to perfect joints he had ever seen: said.
have touched two unidentified and father should know, he's a "He knows what he saw, and
flying objects (UFOs) north of what he touched. He doesn't
Falcon Lako Saturday. is still mechanic." Octwve that tnese objects are
recovering from shock at his When he was close enough to necessarily from outer space.
home at 314 Lindsay Street. the object, Mr. Michalak report- They could easily be some new
"I've lost 12 pounds in the last edly saw a door open, emitting a military invention being tested.
two days, and I've Been laughed brillinnt violet color. Noises of "No, dad never had any hailu-
at, but I thought it was my duty air hissing into out cinations. He was only sick once
to report what I had se the craf were clean and that was years ago from
zine poisoning." -
50-year-old Mr. Michalak said Tn His son also said that Mr.
a telephone interview Tuesday. Michalak was never keenly in-
Mr. Michalak also said he terested in science fiction and he.
received two telephone calls but nothing happened. voices never really believed in flying
from two people who said they saucers.
had seen similar objects in the "I didn't see any figures; all I However. there had been no-
same area Saturday. could hear were voices which thing to back up Mr. Michalak's
They said they didn't want were distorted by the whirring claim. And that is what he was
the publicity and didn't want to and hissing sound the craft made." afraid of right from the start, his
be laughed at. But they des- 'When the craft finally took son said. "That's why he didn't
cribed the objects to me and I off, he said, it blew him over to tell the doctor." A check with the RCAF radar
came to the conclusion they had the side. Within a minute or Mr. Michalak said Tuesday. site at Beausejour also revealed
seen the same thing." less, it had disappeared on the "I still don't feel too weil. Not nothing. They hadn't heard of
Suffering from chest burns he norizon. only have I lost 12 pounds in any unidentified flying objects
ciairs he received from the heat "I eramined the spot where these two days, I still vomit and and nothing registered on the
emitted by one of the two objects the craft had nettled down and I I still can feel a sort of foul screen that day.
Mr. Michalak, 314 Lindsay couldn't see any prints that small coming from inside me." Officials of the department of
Street, wasn't talking Monday. might have been left by legs of Mr. Michalak had observed transport's radar installation at
Mr. Michalak described the two any kind. All I saw was a bare this pecular smell immediately Winnipeg International Airport
objects as about a5 feet long. spot. circuiar in ahape, with all after he had gone through his also said that nothing unusual
eight foet high with a three-foot leaves and grass removed by perience, was observed in its territory
protrusion on top. Resembling the heat. I presume," The RCMP at Falcon Lake said last Saturday.
stainless steel. the objects, he Michalak said. Mr. they had heard no reports of Residents and businessmen at
said, gave off a glaring red light. 'It was when the craft took any UFOs. Mr. Michalak says ne Falcon Lake resort were "eaught
Mr. Michalak's son Mark, 19, off that father received burns tried to tell the RCMP, but they by surprise" when they heard of
in an interview Monday, said at his chest." his son said. The advised him that they couldn't the news on radio.
Father says he watched one burns aren't even at random: do anything about it.. "I hadn't heard the first thing
of the two objects, which had they resemble ar pattern, geo- An RCMP conatable of the about it." a service station
Innded, for about half an hour metrically burned like a checker Falcon Lake detachment said be operator said in a telephone in-
and then cautiously approached board, one sguare has a number didn't personally talk to Mr. terview. "Nobody else saw any.
it. He was surprised to find no of dots in it, whije the next one Michalak, and that was all he thing. dr I would have heard
welding and no bolting on the in bare." could say about the matter. about it.
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
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#### Page 9

Winnideq tidie 2e Iay67.
By HEATHER CHISVIN 'I was burned by UFO' - city man it. And, be says, there seems thing. Air seemed to be com- He tried to tell the RCMP
Tribune Staft Writer to be a smell "coming from ing In or going out somehow." at Falcon, but they told him says her husband is definite- Mrn. Michalak however,
imide me and I can't get rid of it." Still alightly shaken up by they could do nothing about
Steve Michalak is suffering the experience, he said the it be says. ly not acting normally. He
from chest burns be claims Mr. Michalak was out look- joints on the UPO were "the And he didn't tell the doctor hasn't eaten since be's been
be received Saturday from an ing at some land north of most perfect joints I've ever home, has been vomiting and does have a strange odor
unidentifiable flying object he Falcon about noon on Satur- zeen. he thought he would be laugh- about him.
touched just north of Falcon day when be heard a pair of "I can't underatand bow it ed at. br Michalak hays he does
Lake. geese start to cackle insane- was doue, There was no weld- The doctor on charge in not know it the UFO was a
It was about as feet long. by, he says. ing, no rivets, no bolting, and
eight foet high with a three- I looked up and saw these when the doar closed I could casualty at the time, says be flying saucer or not.
foot protrusion on top, looked two objects caming from a see nothing." did treat Mr. Michalak for "Our technology doesn't
like stainiess steel when it south south-westerly direction. When he finally decided to burns Saturday night, but said have anything like it, but it
landed, but gave off a glaring They were glaring red. I can't approuch the thing, he heard there was nothing unusual could have been a new innova-
red light when it started to describe how fast they were voices coming from it that about them at all. tion being tested frotm the
move through the air at a going. You just can't put it were "definitely human." But ,As for their spreading, be U.S. It came from that diree-
speed the 50 year-old indus- in time. he couldin't understand them says this is quite normal for tian and took off to the same
trial mochanic says he can't "One was cruising about 10 because of the sound of the even surface burns. They space,
even begin to describe." feet above the ground and craft, he says. sometimes soem to spread at "But I do know one thing.
And there were voices com- one lancdod. I watched it for "I spoke English, Russian, first, rather than disappear. It wasn't a meteor. I studied
ing from it. he said in an about a half-hour before go- German, Italian and Polish, But, he says, he noticed no geology for years and, when a
interview at his 314 Lindsay ing near it." but the door closed, heat came unusual amell about the pa- meteor crasbes, it splits. This
Ave, home Sunday. voices He aays it locked like stain- from a pattern of holes in the tient and except for a alight thing landed in one plece and
that sounded human but were less steel as we know it, but aide, it started to move in an hand trembling when be tried took off again.
obscured by a whirring sound gave off kind of rainbow re- anti-clockwise direction and to show the doctor how upset "If they had seen me they
the UFO made all the time it flections. And when a three- took off." he was, there was no sign of probably wouldn't have even
wan on the ground. depth door finally epened, all He claims it was this heat shock. landed.
He has remnanta of an un- he could see wad a hriliant that started to burn his shirt. He was talking quite flo- "Mayhe I should contact the
dershirt with a geometrically- vinlet color. although he told a docter at ently and, although his hand air force, but maybe I should
patterned burned spot an it, A "It zeemed to be making a the Misericordia Hospital he trembled alightly when he not tell
hat with a bole burned through sort of whistiing nolse, like i was suffering from burns from showed it to te, it was quile "But it wasn't a mirage.
was sucking in air or soene- an airplane exhaust. till when he put it down." I'm too sober a man for iI-. lusions."
P.21/2.
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#### Page 10

31
6680-1M
MEMORANDUM
Westwin, Man,
26 May 67
S/L P Bissky
SSO AIROPS/TC
Re: Telephone Communication
Mr. Steve Mychalak
1. I have at your request contacted the physican who examined the
above named, Saturday evening 20 May at Misericordia General Hospital Winnipeg,
following Mr. Mychalak's reported exposure to an UFO:
2. At the time of examination the physician was unaware of the
circumstances surrounding Mr. Mychalak's burns.
3. At examination the physician found'an area of first degree burns
over the upper abdomen, covering an area of 7-8 inches and consisting of
several round and irregular shaped burns the size of a silver dolzar or less.
These were a dull red in color, the hair over the lower chest was singed as
was the hair on the forehead with some questionable redness of the right
cheek and temple.
4. Subsequently Mr. Myehalak complained d feeling ill and his-clothes
and blood were checked for radiation and found to be negative.
5. As of this date Mr. Mychalak is reported to be feeling better.
6. If anything further is descovered the physician has offered to
call me
SGD
(D J SCOTT) SgLCDR
Deputy Base Surgeon
542
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#### Page 11

Dy HUBERT BEYER S. UFO Expert In Winnipeg Proleaar Ray Craig, anso- people are afraid of being a scientific team preparing a missianed by the air force to
If you believe that unidenti- cinte professor of plynical ridiculed." report for the U.S. Air Farce prepare an extensive report
sclence at the Boulder, Col. Prof. Craig said that It was on UFOa, With a background to give the public the com-
fied flying objeets (UFOur univeraity, arrived in Winni- better to report a sighting of elght years in the field of plete truth of the situatien re-
are nothing but hallucina- peg Saturday to conducta that might turn out to be a nuclear phywics, he doesn't garding UFOs.
tionn, or the invention of pub- three to four - day investiga- balloon, or any other object. commnit himself to a definite "There has always been
tion. than to run the risk of not statement on the probability the thought that the public is
licity : hungry individuals, Prof. Craig zaid in as in- reporting something valuable. of the existence of UFOs. not given the whole truth
there is nothing in the world. terview Saturday that the People should get ac- "We are attempting to give For this reason there was
that could conclusively prove mais aim of his atay in Win- quainted with the thangs in an bonest evaluation: we preasure brought upon the
you wrong. nipeg was to gather as much the sky, There are ballocns. have on open mind: the re- government, and for this rea-
Reports of recent sightings informatios as posaible about. there are images created by port we received fromn Winni- son we are now engaged in
Manitoba, however. the sightings, certain weather conditions. peg was certainly interesting our investigations"
aroused enough inderest "I hope I can get people These things can be explain- enough to warrant an investi- The report. Prof. Craig.
ha the University of Color- to come forth with informa- ed, but there are also a lot gation; that's why I'm bere." said, was expected to cone
do hias sent someone to Win- tion, We still don't get 1o per of thinge that cannot. The toam of which - Prof. out at the end of this
ipod to investigate. cent of all reperts because Prof. Craig is a member of Craig is a member was com- and will be made publig
.
National Research Council of Canada/ RG77, Vol. 311
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#### Page 12

38
No trace
of UFO
located
north of Falcon Lake where a A search of the area just
watched an unidentified flying Winnipeg man claims to have
duced nothing yet. object for 45 minutes, has pro-
ate prolessor of physical aci- But Prof. Ray Craig, associ-
rado, says he hasn't given up ence at the University of Colo-
yet.
claims by Steve Michalak, a 50- In Winnipeg to check out
who says he was burned by a year-old incustrial mechanic
he intends to go back to the UFO May 20, Prof. Craig said
spot and search again.
G-HOUR SEARCH
Mr,Michalak 314
trace of the UFO.
interview. eald is
there the whole soene has "Butgwhen you
changed. There were no leaves then and now you can't even
see 50 feet ahead of you." Prof. Craig, a member of a
port on UFOs for the USAF. scientific team preparing a re-
entific measurements, simply says he's not taking any aci-
UFOs in the area. checking out |any reports of
stories about UFO sightings are He saya although no two
typical" ever alike, Mr. Michalnik's is
HARD TO TELL
had on his chest, Prof. Craig As for the burns Mr. Michaiak
ed and difficult to tell what says they are pretty well heal.
kind they are,
until Wednesday. He expects to remain in town
UFOs are from outer space, he As to whiether he believes
until the study has been com- said he can't make any decision
pleted.
this man had a significant ex- "But there's no doubt that
perience, He apparently con-
RCMP
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 13

MONDAY, MAY 22, 1967
TRIBENE PAGES 13 to 24
Steve Michalak, after hospital treatment lor burns, shows his sketch of the UFO. Tribune phote by Fred Jewcil.
National Research Courieal ot Canada/ RG. 77, Vol. 311
Consetd natiqnal de recherches thu Catatla

#### Page 14

ShwoxD 36
Case - Greatest
Scientific Interest'
the University of Colorado's interview, Mary-Lou Armstrong, An investigating committee of In a long distance telephone Street. reporled seeing t w o UFOs.
come to Winnipeg to check into set up by the U.S, Air Force to feet long, eight feet high, with a UFO project department may of the Colorado UFO team. He said they were about 35
a Winnipeg man's claim that he conduct research into and pre- three-fqot protrusion on top and flying object near Falcon Lake saw and touched an unidentified pare reports on UFO activities, gave off a glaring red light.
Saturday. said that every aspect of the In a telephone interview
And Prof. James McDonald of checked. Winnipeg case would be Weduesday, Mark Michalak, 19,
the Institute of Atmospheric "If we are satisfied that there who answers all the calls for his
Physics, University of Arizona, may be enough new information would not disclose the exact father, said that Mr. Michalak
said the Winnipegger's observa- available, we will send a team location of his sighting to the
tion matched in detail dozens of to Winnipeg to check further
others he has investigated. "I into the case," she said. press.
firmly believe there is some- News of the UFO sighting "We have been asked by a
thing of the greatest scientific erupted Monday when Steve terent involved." group wanting to investigate not
Michalek, 50, i Lindsay Please See UFO Page -Cont
UFO Case Stirs U.S.
CONTINUED Interest
to tell anyone where the object department would have no
landed. As soon as my father report to investigate.
feels a little better, we will go But if a report is made,
.out with these people and show Operation Blue Book
them." worksinconjunctie
Mr. Michalak was treated in NORAD as a joint U.S.-C
hospital here for burns he said operation -will be notifed,
he received as the UFOs took sald. Denatd bhamed public
off. officials and defence depart-
The group young Mr. Micha- mend. peraansel for not dealing
lak referred to is the National seriously enough with the iswue.
Investigations Committee on He said that he had investigated
Aerial Phenomena, a privately- some planations of UFO
supported body with head. sightings given by the air force,
quarters in the U.S. and they were more fictitious
It has a representative in than any UFO report could ever
Winnipeg. The group is not a be.
body of scientists. 'It is. of course, not for us to
Mr. Michalak said his father say where the objects come
was fecling better. The burns from and what they want, but
had not spread, contrary there are just too many cases
previous reports, but that involve absolutely reliable
healing. and credible persons which
"He still can't eat. but cannot be explained, We have
reached a point where this
feels a lot better now." problem can no longer be
Mrs. Armstrong said that her ignored.
department - 25 members "When the first railroads
composed largely of scientists startad running 100 years ago,
- operates on a $300,000 USA 40 aldn't foresee jet travel or
grant, but that it acts ekets to the moon and to
pentently.
"We have investigated dorens ay is it so hard to admit
of cases and all we are obliged there is a possibility that
to do for the air force Is to other civilization is maybe 100
submit a report by the end of ahead of us, expecially
the year, But they can't tell us scientists tend to agree on
what to do and what not to do." possibility of life. on other
Prof. MeDonald. who for the 15?"
past year has done UFO research . McDonald also said that
not only in North America but from contact with the
also in Europe and Australia, had been reported be-
said in a Iong-distance telephone fore In some cases, he said,
interview he has thrown his full these burns were radioactive,
support behind the theory of their Prof. McDonald said he be-
existence. lieved that an answer may well
I have investigated cases be found within the next year or
myself wbere the individual has two, "In my opinion there's
claimed he saw and touched a definitely more to thcse reports
landod craft. I have not had any than public officials, the defence
reason to doubt the credibility depariment and newwpaper
of these individuals. Frae Parcss editors will believe at the
"I firmly believe that there is moment."
mething of the greatest scien- In Ottawa, a national delynce
interest involved. The department spokesman aaid
number of incidents of Tuesdsy Canadian UFO reports
Aimost suggests a are referred to Operation Blue
I deer't mnderstand it. Phich hns ite headquarters
pattern is Chere, never- United State
200 neuting on
who sat
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#### Page 17

28
ADDENDUM TO REPORT
1. At l8o0 hrs 26 Jun 67, S/L Bissky received a telephone
call from Mr. Michalak who advised that he (Mr. Michalak) had been
back to Falcon Lake over the weekend and had located the alleged
UFO landing site and that he had samples of his burned shirt and
moss which he was prepared to turn over th S/L Bissky.
2. S/L Bissky advised Brig Tedlie of the latest developments
and arranged for an RcMP to visit Mr. Michalak at l930 hrs.
3. Both the RCMP and S/L Bissky arrived at 1930 hrs. The
presence of the RCMP was a noticible surprise to Mr. Michalak, who
wanted to know how the RCMP had found out about his being out to
Falcon Lake again. This was very inconsistant with his previous
verbal agreement with Cpl Davis (RCiP) that the next time he visited
the area with the intention of locating the site, he (Mr. Michalak)
would ask for the assistance of the RCMp at Falcon Lake and perhaps
have one of them accompany him to the area to corroberate the finding.
At least this was the understanding of both S/L Bissky and Cpl Davis.
4. As it turns out, Mr. Michalak called a complete stranger, a
Mr. Hart whom he had never met but spoken to on the telephone only
once before, and asked if he could accompany Mr. Hart to Falcon Lake
on 2h Jun if Mr. Hart was planning to go for the weekend, It appcars
that Mr. Hart had offered Mr. Michalak the use of a cottage at Falcon
again. Lake whenever he intended to pursue the locating of the alleged site
5. Tha following morning (Sunday 25 June) eleven hours were
spent in painstakingly retracing the alleged route initially folloved
by Mr. Michalak and after allegedly passing the area once, returning
to the actual location. Mr. Hart accompaniad Mr. Michalak on this
search and was on site during the actual finding. Mr. Michalak ootainad
what remains he couid locate of his burned outer shirt and samples of
burned moss from the area which apparently still retains the outline
of the fifteen foot diameter circle supposedly caused by the UFo. Mr.
Michalak stated he took some photograyhs with his own camera and would
provide S/L Bissky with some when developed.
9:0
6. Also located at precisely 4o paces from the circle was the
metal tape which Mr. Michalak stated previously he had left at the site.
Tnis tape together with samples provided by Mr. Michalak will be forwarded to CFHq for analysis.
7. When asked to provids the location of the site, Mr. Michalak
objected very strongly on the basis that during his 25 June hunt he
had in fact located what he had searched for originally and until such
time as he could stake his claim, he had no intention of having anyone
go near the area. It was pointed out to him there was no intention of
jumping.his claim and that it was in the interest of the Canadian Public
that he show the site to S/L Bissky. Mr. Michalak stated that no matter
what anyone thought of him, he would not cooperate until his clain was
filed. It turns out, hovever, that he now has to share his claim with
his new-found partner, Mr. Hart, whom he has never met before. This
was particularly surprising since he was vary noticably suspicious of
the RC.-P during the visit, so much so that he did not invite the RCiP
into the baseiment to examine sone the latest samples brought back from
the latest "hot find". He did show these to S/L Bissky, but would not.
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches du Canada
4

#### Page 18

29
2.
release even a small sample for analysis for radio activity.
He did volunteer to have the samples checked in the basement,
which will be done at his convenience. He permitted the samples to
be tested for magnetic field, and each of the larger section of ore
had a reaction on a hand held compass. Smaller particles were
subject to pick-up by a small magnet which Mr. Michalak had in
the basemant. From an uninitiated amateur viewpoint, this would
indicate very high metal concentration in the two samples. In fact
both samples looked like crystalized metal. Asked if he, (Mr. Michalak)
though there may be any uranium or radio active material in the
samples, Mr. Michalak stated that he would have recognized it immediately
had there been any present.
8. A considerable amount of ore was concentrated in the basement
at Mr. Michalak's workoench. Only tha two larger pieces were
permitted to be examined by S/L Bissky. The entire load was allegedly
brought back from an area very close to where Mr. Michalak had
encountered the UFo, hence his reluctance to release the site location
until his claim was filed. He hestitated to estimate the length of
time this may require as he was filing for the maximum permissable
of l8 claims. No amount of persuasion or inducement could sway Mr.
Michalak into showing the location on a map.
9. As for Mr. GerahiA.V. Hart, the RCMp did a cursory check on
his background and it appears he has somewhat of a shady background
with a record of his past activities already registered with the RCMP.
He is recorded as having very "anti-everything" tendencies on general
principles, boarding on possible mental disturbances.

(Text continues in the original file: 117 pages.)

## CANADA-NRC-UAR-N-201-214 — NRC UFO file UAR/N/201-214 (1967), including Falcon Lake and Lower Woods Harbour material

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CANADA-NRC-UAR-N-201-214
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CANADA-NRC-UAR-N-201-214
- Agency: National Research Council of Canada
- Incident date: 1967
- Released: 1967
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

At 45° elevation, even the sky seemed to need a swivel chair.

- NRC Canada file UAR/N/201-214 (1967) covering Falcon Lake May and Lower Woods Harbour Oct.
- Round flashing object over Lake Simcoe; red-to-white oval light, 15 min, 45° elevation.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The National Research Council of Canada's file of non-meteoric sighting reports UAR/N/201-214 (1967), which includes material on the Falcon Lake, Manitoba (May 1967) and Lower Woods Harbour, Nova Scotia (October 1967) cases. 44 pages. Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics – Reports on non-meteoric sightings, unidentified flying objects, UFO's. National Research Council of Canada, file UAR/N/201-214. Library and Archives Canada, RG77, R1207-31-X-E (MIKAN 134925). Reproduced for non-commercial purposes; a copy of the version available at https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/ufo/001057-119.02-e.php?isn_id_nbr=4732&page_id_nbr=3890

### AI summary

This document is a report from the Canadian Forces Headquarters in Ottawa, dated November 27, 1967, regarding an unidentified flying object sighting. It includes a report from Constable French of the Ontario Provincial Police, who observed a large, round object with flashing lights moving south over Lake Simcoe. The document also includes a report from Nancy Schilikie in Coppercliff, Ontario, describing a bright red light that turned white and was oval in shape. The document notes that the object was visible for fifteen minutes and was located 45 degrees above the horizon. The report was forwarded for evaluation by the Canadian Forces.

### Full text

#### Page 2

PRIORITY
PCBM15VVV PWAS02 JZA075 lave 10 300
UU
lar
WE 4CWPJZ 49 23/22292 Nov 24 00 07*67
PR 2322202 NOV 67 0.P.1.
CFOC
FM CANFORBASE MOOSE JAW
RCCNC/CANFORCEHED- The farthr action reguied. The
ANFO RCWPC/CANTRAINCOM Cller regueed
B7
UNCLAS M898
1 FOR CFOC UFO REPORT REF CFAO 71.6 PERATIONS CENTRE
A 0785 7 NOV 67 23'6
B CLEAR AND DARK, JUST PRIOR DAYEREAK
C 27764 SGT AH WATERS
D WALKING SE FROM BASE HQ BLDG
E N/A
F APPEARED AS VERY ERIGHT LIGHT IN SOUTH EAST DIRECTION AT AN
ALTITUDE OF 3 TO 4,OOO FEET. THE LIGHT WAS STATIONARY WHEN FIRST
OBSERVED AND REMAINED SO FOR A PERIOD OF APPROX 12-15 SECONDS.
DURING THE STATIONARY PERIOD THERE WAS A NOTICEABLE INCREASE AND
DECREASE OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND WHAT APPEARED TO THE OBSERVER
AS SMALL MOONS ARCING THE OUTER PERIMETER OF LIGHT. THERE WAS A
SLOW UPWARD MOTION OF THE LIGHT FOR APPROX S-4 SECONDS AT WHICH
TIME IT APPEARED TO THE OBSERVER TO BE ELONGATED IN SHAPE. THERE
PAGE 2 RCWPJZ 49 UNCLAS
WAS A RAPID INCREASE IN SPEED AFTER THE INITIAL MOTION WAS OBSERVED
IN AN UPWARD AND SLIGHTLY SW DIRECTION.
G APPROX 20-25 SECONDS
H NIL
BT
65 PRIORITY
201
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 3

1: Nov 71 1843'67
AAANNNN
cFOC
PRIORITY
No further, actiorn reist.
vV ICA271PEA2820EB201 COA107 UU
PP RCOWC
DE RCEOC 123 21/1 7382 suse wa 1921v
P 211737Z NOV 67
FM RCC HALIFAX
TO RCCWC/CANFORCEHED
INFO ZEN/CANMARCOM
RCEOG/CANFORBASE GREENWOOD
BT
INCLAS RCC 027
FOR CFOC
WO REPORT
MLOWING RECEIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES VESSEL CYGNUS
QUOTE - ÁT 21094OZ LEFT SHELBURNE AT 4 AM AST AND ABOUT 4.10 AM
A LIGHT CAME SEAWARD WEST OF CAPE ROSEWAY (4337N 651SW) AND
FROCEEDED TOWARD CAPE NEGO (43SIN 6522W). HAVE BEEN WATCHING IT
FOR APPROXITATELY ONE HOUR AND FORTY MINUTES AND FOR LAST TWENTY
MINUTES SEEMS STATIONERY. JUST A BRIGHT LIGHT OVER EAST POINT
(4332N 6522W) BRIGHT ENOUGH FOR US TO SEE BUILDINGS ON LAND.
OUR POSIION ABOUT THREE MILES OFF CAPE NEGRO, UNABLE TO PICK
UP ON RADAR BU STILL QUITE VISIBLE. UNQUOTE
ET 203
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Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 4

PRIORITY
NNNNVV PC:235GJA085 UU Nov21 19 02*67
PP RCCWC
O.P.L. CFOC
DE RCCPGJ 64 21/1758Z
P 2118002 NOV 67
FM CANFOR-ASE TORONTO
TO RCCRC/CANLIFTCOM No furthen action necemary.
RCCRC/RCC TRENTON Letter of thank unk
RCCWC/CANFORCEHEDV d3 nw Dor4 Mw2 19 2107 CFHO OPERATIONS CENTRE
BT
UNCLAS ATC33
UFO SIGHTING. CONSTABLE FRENCH OF ONTARIC PROVINCIAL POLICE HO,
KEELE STREET, AND 4SI HIGHWAY TORONTO, REPORTS SEEING A LARGE, ROUND
ORJECT WITH GREEN RED AND WHITE FLASHING LIGHTS MOVING SLOWLY
SOUTH IN'LEVEL FLIGHT. OFFICER WAS IN A POLICE CRUISER ON HIGNWAY 27
4@Z AND II SOUTH OF A LINE ELOW COOKSTOWN CLOVERLEAF. THE GBJECT
HEADED SOUTH OVER LAKE SIMCOE UNTIL SIGHT LOST IN NEWNARKET AREA.
OFFICER SUBMITTING REPORT TO OWN NO. ATC MALTON WAS ADVISED BY OPP.
WEATHER AT TIME SIGHTING B3SS LOCAL TO S4ES LOCAL FOR YZ
M30 EROKEN VISIBILITY ETTER THAN 15, FOR BORDEN 23S THIN BROKEN
VISIBILITY BETTER THAN FIFTEEN
ET 202
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 5

V 2000-4 (D Ops)
Canadian Forces Headquarters
Ottawa 4, Ontario
27 November, 1967
Constable French
Ontario Provineial Police Headquarters
Keele Street and 4Ol Highway
Toronto, Ontario
Dear Sir:
Your sighting report of an Unidentified Flying Object has
been passed to this office for evaluation.
Your interest in reporting this matter is appreciated, and
if further infopmation is required, an officer of the Canadian Forces
will be in toych with you. Thark you for your co-operation.
Yours truly,
U.HR
W. W. Turner
Colenel
Director Operations
W/C DF Robertson/2-5427/lv
Ops 4
Cire
File
202
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Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 6

KODAK SAFETYAFILMII
N22 mail
VV PCA179SCA117VVV NFAOOG UU ops
RR RCCWC
DE RCCSNF 6 21/1324Z tho futher aition reg'ed
R 211309Z NOV 67 thanke
FM CANDEFRAD FALCONBRIDGE Litten f
TO RCCWC/CANFORCEHED OPS 2310
INFO RCCPGJ/RQYAL ASTRONMICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA, COLLEGE ST.,
TORONTQ 2B, ONTARIO ,
RCCWC/METEOR CENTRE, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, OTTAWA 2 ONTARIO
BT
UNCLAS CES567
(A) 2301502: D OPS O Nov 21 15 09 *67 CHO OPERATIONS CENTRE
(B) OVERCAST
(C) COPPERCLIFF ONT
ONE OBJECT
(E) VERY BRIGHT NO SHADOWS
(F) SPOT LIKE-BRIGHT RED LIGHT TWIRLING TURNING TO WHITE LIGHT
(G) LARGER THAN A STAR SMALLER THAN THE MOON OVAL SHAPE
(H)FIFTEEN MINUTES
(J)NO
(K) 45 DEGREES ABOVE HORIZON
(L)NIL
(M) MANCY SCHILIKIE 45 STERPENTIN ST. COPPERCLIFF ONT
BT 61 204
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Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 7

O
V 2000-4(D Op8)
Canadian Forces Headquarters
Ottawa 4, Ontario
27 November, 1967
Hiss Nancy Schilikie
45 Sterpentin Street
Coppereliff, Ontario
I
Dear Miss Schilikie:
Your sighting report of an Unidentified Flying Object has
been passed to this office for evaluation.
if further information is required, an officer of the Canadian Forces Your interest in reporting this matter is appreciated, and
will be in touch with you. I Thank you for your co-operation. −
Yours truly,
Colonel
Director Operations
W/C DF Robertson/2-5427/lv
Ops 4
Circ
File
204
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#### Page 8

P-ARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENCE SECURITY CLASSIPICATION
MINUTE SHEET FILE NUMBER
TD
DATED
PEPERRED TO ( lul aApo Telephon Nu Dat) REMARKS
DSC
and retern plse. attacked fo general interest
for enestey atiany 2. of NRe accept the responi
jwite DND, en
are on he ga
4 Qt. 17Rolertoonswk
WeRobeston Thouls D0p04 Dors4 A
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24N0047
DHD S17
7800-21-002-7241
National Research Council of Canada/ RG77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 9

Directorate of Information Services
Department of National Defence
Globe & Mail - Sep 67
Dops
dvice on what to do
when encountering a UFO
A U.s. astronomer yester- tonable position for a scien-
day gave a seminar of scien- ts be sald. But there is aleotk wide In- are something more than fig-
tists and gradunte students at . Hynok- a grey-haired terest in the phenomenon. The ments of the imgaination, and
the University of Toronto's In- niig with a grey mustache turnout at the semnlar was an 5 million reported having had
stitute for Acrospace Studies thd goaice -told the group example, he asld. Last weit UFO experience, Dr. Hynek
whle lype of study he felf at Los Alamos, Ele of a Eig sald. Yet at tho same time,
the benefit of his to yaars of wid be useful, and evea told U.S. seientific centre. aimost the U.S. Air Force hnd re-
experience in assesaing ual- _ n what to do if they saw 900 persons tutned oit wille weived only 15,000 reports.
dentifled flying objects. 050: D at Goddard Sonce Flight Cen- A first. he thought the
The astronomer wis Dr. J. the heat of television tre, aimost Le cntira sclien- whale ing was a craze like
Alien Hynok, dui of tho fifle staft turned sut to hoar the hu hoop or eating gold-
astronomy deshe lighis, he began by relating him. fh, a that it was a purely
Northwestern Ucn at his carly skeptieist about A Gallup Poll roported that U.S. onon.
an adviser to the and UFOs when he was consuited of all the quostions ever
Force and t a eseraity of Ar by the U.S. Alr Force. "My asked, more poeple were Bet os have contimued
Colorado study of UFOa. The cwa conclusion after more aware of UFO phenomena on a T basis, he said.
seminar was boteg held in than is years is that the non- than any other. Fity million conting at more than 70 countries. f
condection-wil. ta establish- sanse school of UFOs is as Americans believe that UFOs
ment of a CarCin UFO doad as the theory of the He said that caly by gelting
study by the Aerospace Inati- stehidy-state univarse. I don't sclentific instrurnents to give
tute. actual readings UFO sight-
Dr. Gordon Patersnn, d- have answers, but I belleve ings could real results be ob-
there is E signal In the tained.
rector of ths lintituta, re- 10:15." A team might go to UFO
contly anneunbed the tady as He sald he had long called sighting areas'carrying cam-
A counterpars 0 . 3tudy tor a serlous dearehy cddort on cras, a spectrograph and tape
direcled by D an Con- don of the LN'Oe an. hs waa happy with Pecorder, and bring em
rado. Yestaroy) sald the y o Colo- ttan to start one In Cana- back alive."
institute woc" iS n aaid thd Condon study At a press conference, Dr.
aion In the Dl Up0 tt- p d divi- s Inrication that the Hynek said he belleves less
dien. dtihgt is boirgf taken seri- than 5 per cent of UFO sight-
The divils int inelode wa ir thae United States, ings are hoaxes. He acknowl-
seven ba ers houd- toa ed that UFOs seem to vlo-
ed Dr. Rde Adcod luter for his personal laws of clnssical
Tero, asalst Esvietionn about UFOs, he ni and he said they act
ant prash eeroapaca td I think I youldn't be a mh a they were images
studies. D rson sald. ram uotual objects.
the diviee cllain as fccnlas It I sald I had any
many ac. detalines as belle ar covietions. Be- Asio tane should do if
possiple Sculd includa ibalongs jar more in theolo- one encounde a UFO, Dr. Hynek said:
ciorical deaa to recelve ey thao in selence . All I
Informotiun is UFO dlightinga. ati prepured to say at the Firat, get wiinecses, A sin- 1
"It Is wal koown that mgay montent is that I cannot gle witnoss is no witness at
selentists ea that the whdle cousteniince the fonsense Ail. Second, note the time,
subject is bolderdash, but sthosi of UPOs. I belleve It is take pictures if you have a
their feelings are too olton An pheuomcnon that belongs camera, try to assign num-
based on litte atoly," Ir. u ntural world. But bers to tho rate of travel and
Patterson said, That is an tn- . I da not know. sire. Note the wind direction.
Kynck acknowledgo And immedintely set down on
Uhs Lis UFO field is full of paper a narrative description.
e sald h had been
o example, that the
e, ad Comilg would be el-
Toosed an a tlying saucer,
206
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Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 10

UFO's
No Threat
To Nation?
(By The CP).- Checks on
unidentified flying objects will
be made by civilian scientists in
future because the military has
found no sign that the UFOs
threaten national security, it
was disclosed Wednesday.
The National Research Coun-
qil announced consultations are
nearly complete on transferring
the responsibility to its space
research facilities branch from
the defence department.
Dr. R. S. Rettie, chief of the
branch, said in an interview
that defence officials have felt
for some time the UFOs repre-
sent no threat to tho country's
security.
The space research facilities
branch already runs the rocket
range at Churchill, Man., and
has responsibility for the scien-
Jific sounding rocket program.
Dr. Rettie said his branch will
"filter" reports of sightings.
Some would be of definite scien-
tific interest, such as reports of
meteorites or fireballs, especinl-
ly where there was evidence
that material had reackfed the
ground.
Part of the role will be in
reassuring the public, he said.
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
Conséil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 11

V 1540-1050 TD 7305 (SA/VCDS) v 2000-4
Ottawa 4, November 15, 1967.
The Honourable C.M. Drury, P.C., M.P., Minister of Industry,
Ottawa.
My dear Colleague,
letter of October 2Srd, that it is uanecessary I concur in the view, expressed in your
UFO sightings. and wasteful of effort to investigate all reported
recent sightings that have caused considerable However, there are examples of
investigation by a government'agency. local public concern and therefore required
of aerial phenomena which, in general, cannot be Most frequently reported are sightings
fruitfully investigated after the event. Occasionally,
however, there are associated physical phenomena on the ground that require scientific investigation.
recent occurrences in that category are attached. As examples, reports of investigations into three
is required. It is suggested that all reports of As you say, a judicious sampling procedure
Council, where the decision on sightings be channelled to the National Research
scientific investigation wouid be made. It is agreed the necessity for
that participation of field units of other departments, including DND, would be required.
8
of effective procedures, would you have an appropriate In order to proceed with the development
staff member of NRC contact Dr. H. Sheffer, Scientific
Assistant to the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff.
Yours sincerely,
ORIGINAL SIGNED BY
L CADIEUX
cc Secretary Defence Staff
20
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Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 12

MINISTER OF INDUSTRY MINISTRE DE LINCA TRIE
CANADA DEC 14 1907
The Honourable L. Cadieux, P.C., M.P., 12, December 1967
Minister of National Defence,
125 Elgin Street,
Ottawa, Canada
My dear 'Colleague,
Thank you for your letter of Noyember 15
concerning U.F.O. sitings and for the attached examples of
recent occurrences.
In order to take up your, suggestion that
effective procedures for reportinç be developed so that
carefui decisions can be made as to the need for further
investigations of specific selected cases, I have arranged
that Dr. R.S. Rettie, Chief of the Space Research Facilities
Branch of the National Research Council will get in touch
with Dr, H. Sheffer, Scientific Assistant to the Vice Chief
of the Defence Staff.
Yours sincerely,
C.M. Drury
Maution
207
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
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#### Page 13

Bill
news release
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OTTAWA 7, CANADA TEL. 99-3-9101
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
If consultations between the Department of National Defence and
the National Research Council of Canada are concluded, as expected, the
Space Research Facflities Branch of NRC will soon be acting as a clearing
house to determine whether reports of unidentified flying objects should
be investigated, the Council said today.
When the Branch, receives information on a specific case, this
information will be examined to determine whether there are any scientific
reasons which would warrant further investigation. The extent of the
initial examination in terms of time and expenditure will depend on the
nature of the information received.
If this initial examination shows that a further investigation
is warranted, other agencies, such as the Department of National Defence,
may be called on for assistance since NRC has no field capabilities to
conduct such further investigation. Such further investigation will
not be recommended unless it is also clearly evident that such further
investigation/will have scientific significance.
30
D Ops (Colonel Turner)
January 1968 You may find this intersting.
I have kept a copy for a book I plan to write
after I retire - The Power of Negative Thinking".
207
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 14

DUPLICATE
Nov27 180907
MVV PCB095V SCB057NFA009 UU DO PS
RR RCCWC O.P.1.
ZFD NRE
W NFA008 UU
RR RCCWC RCCPGJ
DE RCCSNF 8 27/1602Z
R 2713002 NOV 67
FM CANDEFRAD FALCONBRIDGE
TO RCCWC/CANFORCEHED OPS
I FO RCCPGJ/RYAL ASTRONMICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA, COLLEGE ST.,
TORONTO 2B, ONT
RCCWC/METEOR CENTRE, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, OTTAWA 2 ONT
BT - fele
UNCLAS CES568 To fuitheu actin
(A)2622002
(B) CLEAR
(C) NEW SUDEURY AT RESIDENCE w27-101007
(D) TWO OBJECTS FLASHING :
CE) BRIGHT
(F) GREEN
G) SMALL DOTS
H 45 MINUTES
JTO FAR AWAY
(K) NORTH WEST OF OBSERVER MOVING SOUTH EAST
KLNIL
(M) GUY DESJARDIN 1530 KINGSZYT. PHONE 566-3181
ET
8
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches du Canada 1

#### Page 15

PRIORITY
VV AVC055. UU Nov 27 19 20*67
FP RCCWC
DE RCCBC 44 27719112 O.P.I.
P 271620Z NOV 67
FM CANAMMDEP ANGUS 10
TO CANFORCEHED lettu
ET 27 You
UNCLAS AS1
FOR CFOC UFO REPORT
SUBJECT: REPORT OF UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
A. 27 0835Z NOV 67
B OVERCAST CMM CLOUDY CMM SLIGHT SNOWFLURRIES OPSO Nou 27 19 27°69 CHO OPERATIONS CENTRE
C. 101967 ACFN SAYN FJ MP811-
D. 13X DETACHMENT ANGUS ONT
E. CORPS OF COMMISSIONAIRE ROSS JONES
F. SPHERICAL IN SHAPE CMM ENLARGING AND CONTRACTING CMM AT SAME
TIME CHANGING IN LIMINOUS COLOURS FROM WHITE TO RED TO GREEN PD
NO SET PATTERN BUT RED COLOUR PREDOMINATING PD ONE UFO ONLY
OBSERVED PD DISTANCE AND ALTITUDE NOT ESTIMABLE PD APPEARED ABOUT
3 FEET ABOVE TREE TOP LEVEL PD OBJECT MOVED FROM 120O OCLOCK
FOSITION TO 3.OO OCLOCK POSITION IN RELATION TO OBSERVERS
POSITION PD NO SLIPSTREAM OR TRAIL FOLLOWED ITS POSITION
G. APPROX 10 MIN
PAGE 2 RCCBC 44 UNCLAS
H. SKY BRILLIANT IN NORTH EASTERLY POSITION FROM OBSERVERS PD
SKY BECAME VERY DARK AND OVERCAST AS OBJECT DISAPPEARED
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 3i1
Conseil national de recherches du Canada
6
1

#### Page 16

v/2000-4(D Ops)
Canadian Forces Headquarters
Ottawa 4, Ontario
November, 1967
101967 ACFN Sayn FJ
13X Detachment
Angus, Ontario
Dear Sir:
Your sighting report of an Unidentified Flying Object has
been passed to this office for evaluation.
Your interest in reporting this matter is appreciated, and
if further infoneation is required, an officer of the Canadian Forces
will be in touch with you. Thank you for your co-operation..
Yours truly,
Colonel
W/C DF Robertson/2-5427/lv
Ops 4
Cire
File
209
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches dy Canada

#### Page 17

Reprinted From AVIATION WEEK & SPACE TECHNOLOGY August 22, 1966
Spectacular corona display along General Electric's experimental 5OQ,OOO-v. transmission line near Pittsfield was produced by
application of more than 12o% of rated voltage. Corona also is induced by dirt, salt crystals or other foreign particles on the
line or insulators. An extremely high voitage gradient can develop across these, exceeding breakdown voltage of air.
Plasma Theory May Explain Many UFOs
By Philip J. Klass top Soviet scientists, including Academi-
cian Peter Kapitsa.
Washington-Luminous plasmas of ionized air, a special form of "ball lightning" Five years ago, several U.S. labora-
generated by electric corona that occurs on high-tension power lines under certain tories began' to invest gate the phenome-
conditions, may explain many sightings of lower-altitude "unidentified flying ob- non, motivated in part by its possible
jects." It is related to St. Elmo's fire, sometimes seen on or near aircraft in flight. application to anti-ICBM defenses
If this theory is correct, it would explain the increasing frequency of UFO sight- (Awast Dec. 4, 1961, p. 52). These in-
ings in recent years when there have been growing numbers of very high-voltage cluded the Bendix Research Labora-
power lines. Also there has been increasing atmospheric pollution whose contami- tories, the Illinois Institute of Technol-
nants may play a catalytic role in the phenomenon. ogy's Research Institute and Raytheon's
Descriptions contained in a recent advanced development group.
book, "Incident At Exeter." appear to out last November. Fuller speculates There is a striking similarity between
support this theory. John G. Fuller, its that the extra-terrestrial spacecraft may the reported characteristics of ball Iight-
journalist author, interviewed dozens of be attracted to the power lines as a ning and the UFOs sighted by dozens
persons who reported seeing UFOs in source of energy for refueling their pro- of persons in the Exeter area, as re-
the vicinity of Exeter, N. H., approxi- pulsion systems. ported 'by Fuller, who used a tape re-
mately a year ago. Electric corona, which this writer be- corder to insure accurate observation
Fuller expresses the belief that top lieves is the mechanism that triggers one details. For example:
Air Force and government officials form of "ball lightning" under suitable Color: Ball lightning is multi-col-
know that the UFOs are extra-terrestrial conditions, is a moderately well under- ored. but red is the most predominant
spacecrafi but have successfully kept stood phenomenon. But most scientific color reported, followed by intense blu-
this a secret for nearly two decades to investigations of corona have been ish-white and green. A vast majority of
prevent national panic. But a much aimed at devising means of suppressing the sightings reported from Exeter said
more plausible scientific exolanation it, rather than gaining fundamental theo- the object was red, whil the remainder
emerges when the Exeter sightings are retical understanding. were either bluish-white, green, or a
analyzed. Ball lightning, most frequently re- combination of all of these.
Most of the UFO sightings in the ported during or immediately following Shape: Ball lightning normally is
Exeter area occurred along or very near a thunderstorm, is poorly understood. either spherical or ellipso'dal with many
to high-tension power lines, according Until recent years it attracted little scien- reports of a doughnut-shaped or ring
to the author. The same is true of two tific attention, having been treated by configuration. The Exeter sightings were
other sightings he investigated in west- many as an "old wives tale." But in the mostly round. oval-shaped or dome-
ern Pennsylvania and others rerorted at late forties and early fifties, ball light- shaped.
the time of the Northeast power black- ning attracted the attention of several Sound: Ball lightning is often ac-
Copyright 1966 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. 211
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 18

lonized plasmas produced by electric discharge in laboratories of Illinois Institute of Technology's Research Institute several
years ago show some of the characteristic shapes of UFO sightings. However, these pictures were made with extremely short
film exposure times of 0.2-0.5 microsec., far briefer than the Lucci photo (below).
companied by a sizzling or hissing
sound. Exeter sightings reported that
the UFO sometimes made a soft hum-
ming or hissing sound.
Dynamics: Ball lightning has been
reported as hanging motionless at times,
yet able to move up, down and horizon-
tally at extremely high speeds. It ap-
pears to move by rolling and gliding.
often along electrical conductors or
structures and frequently exhibits a spin-
ning motion. The Exeter sighting re-
ports said the objects often hovered over
a fixed location, frequently power lines,
often rolled or bounced along. some-
times exhibiting a spinning motion and
would then appear to zoom off at great
speed and disappear from sight.
Lifetime: Ball lightning reports in-
dicate that they can have a lifetime rang-
ing from several seconds to mapy min-
utes. Observers at Exeter reported that
objects remained in view for a few sec-
onds or as long as 15 min. Unidentified flying object photographed over high-tension power lines near Beaver.
Size: Ball lightning has been re- Pa., in August, 1965, by James Lucci with full moon visible to the left of UFO, is
ported in sizes up to 15 ft. in diameter. believed to be a form of ball lightning induced by electric corona discharge, Photo
Exeter observers estimated the size of was taken using film with ASA speed of 1OO. lens opening of f/3.5, set at infinity,
objects sighted at from the size of a and exposed for 6 sec. Film development time was 12 min.
basketball to as much as 200 ft. in
diameter. power line until cooled and extinguished Transmission lines near the ocean
This apparent size discrepancy is ex- by external forces. are also susceptible to corona because
plainable in several ways. All but two of So long as a transmission line and salt crystals deposit on the lines and
the sightings reported at Exeter by its insulators are clean and suitably insulators, according to A. F. Rohlfs,
Fuller were made at night and one of designed, corona does not normally manager of high voltage development
the two occurred at dusk. The absence occur. But if small particles of dust or for General Electric at Pittsfield, Mass.
of visible landmarks for size comparison salt crystals, for example, become af- Exeter is located only 10 mi. from
would make it difficult for a layman to fixed to the line or insulators they can the ocean. The power lines of the
estimate size accurately, especially when trigger the corona, according to Darrell Exeter and Hampton Electric Co.,
the object could induce fright in the Shankle, míanager of field research in which were involved in the sightings,
observer. Westinghouse Electric's electric utility
Additionally, the type of ball light- operations. The reason is that an ex- run right down to the ocean beach
ning triggered by electric corona may ·tremely high-voltage gradient develops beyond Hampton. The company's chief
be a lower-gnergy plasma of larger size across the dust or salt crystal which engineer, Stanley Sawyer, says that
than that usually induced by lightning exceeds the breakdown voltage of air. corona occurs more frequently "when
discharges. there is not much rain to clean off the
Electric corona is a luminous plasma Even flying insects that alight on the lines."
caused by ionization of the air sur- line can trigger a corona. For example, A check with the U.S. Weather Bu-
rounding a transmission line or one of during the months of August and Sep- reau shows that conditions during the
its insulators. When electric corona tember a very high-voltage transmission summer of 1965 preceding the Exeter
first occurs, it briefly resembles a small line in West Virginia experiences fre- sightings in September were especially
stroke of lightning. The corona can quent coronas caused by "flying spiders" conducive to corona in that area because
remain fixed or can travel along the that are carried by the winds and alight it was an extremely dry summer.
on the lines, according to Shankle. For example, during the months of
2
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 19

uly, August and September the Exeter
qrea received barely more than half of UFO-Ball Lightning Observations Compared
normal rainfall. During these three
months, there was only 6.0 in. of rain, CHARACTERISTICS EXETER UFOs BALL LIGHTNING
compared to the average of 10.8 in. Color
When corona first occurs, it usually Usually reddish-orange and/ Multi-colored, with red
has a bluish color which can then take or bluish-white, sometimes dominating or bluish.
on the color of a lightning strike, ac- green. white.
cording to experts on the subject. But Shape Round, oval or dome-shaped ·Spherical, ellipsoidal
the presence of sodium-chloride (salt) or
on the line could give it a pronounced doughnut-shaped.
orangish-red color from the sodium Movement Often hovering or moving Sometimes hangs motion-
with a touch of green due to the up/down slowly. Also moves less or moves vertically
chlorine. horizontally at slow or high and horizontally at slow
. This suggests that some of the Exeter speed. or high speed.
sightings could have been no more than Dynamics Often seems to move with Appears to bounce or roll
a corona discharge traveling along the rocking or undulating mo in horizontal direction.
power line. Here are some of the first- tion. Sometimes appears to Sometimes exhibits spin.
hand observations described by Fuller be spinning. ning motion.
in his book:
Meredith Bolduc: "This thing was Sound No sound, or slight hum- Sometimes exhibits a siz-
coming up the power lines toward the ming or hissing. zling or hissing sound.
road... Lifetime
Mrs. Jerline Jalbert: "We see it reg- From several minutes to up From few seconds to
ularly along here. Always seems to be to half an hour. many minutes.
somewhere near the power lines." Size Difficult to estimate by most Daytime sightings (in
Mr. Heselton: "Just the other night, observers during night sight. brighter ambient light)
some other people saw it along another ings, but those given range usually are a few inches
section of the power lines." from basketball size to 200 in diameter but have
Mr. A. Reid Bunker, Sr. "We were ft. in diameter. ranged up to 15 ft.
under the high-power lines,. . . when at
10:45 p.m. we saw an object approach
.It had red lights most, and sort of vided an unexpected opportunity for that the complexity of such systems
green and white lights S... " additional evidence that indicates a rela-
makes it difficult to pinpoint readily a
First Sighting tionship between electric transmission speaific faulty circuit breaker. But no
The first Exeter sighting on Sept. 3. lines, and associated power distribution competent expert has publicly advanced
1965, that triggered many subsequent apparatus, and the type of object sighted the idea that the blackout resulted
reports, made by a teenager and subse- near Exeter and Pittsburgh. from external causes.
quently witnessed by two policemen, A private pilot, Weldon Ross, was
was located near the 34,500-v. trans- approaching Hancock Field at Syracuse, Voltage Surges
mission line of the Exeter and Hampton N.Y., for a landing "at almost the exact
Electric Co. The line is mounted on moment of the blackout. As he looked During conditions of such power net-
wooden poles approximately 29 ft. below him, just over the [345,000 v.] work instabilities, there are voltage
above the ground. In total there were power lines near the Clay, N.Y., sub- surges at some points in the network.
73 instances, Fuller writes, where per- station, a huge red ball of brilliant These higher-than-normal voltage con-
intensity appeared." ditions would induce very large corona
sons reporting UFO sightings near Exe- This particular substation initially was discharges.
ter used the words,"power lines" or reported to be the "crux of the diffi- The leakage current during corona
"transmission lines" or referred to loca- culty," Fuller writes. contains harmonics in larger than usual
tions near power lines. proportions, creating an inductive effect
During the period in which Fuller was Same Report which aggravates network instability.

(Text continues in the original file: 44 pages.)

## CANADA-NRC-UAR-N-215-225 — NRC UFO file UAR/N/215-225 (1967), including Falcon Lake follow-up

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CANADA-NRC-UAR-N-215-225
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CANADA-NRC-UAR-N-215-225
- Agency: National Research Council of Canada
- Incident date: 1967
- Location: Falcon Lake, Manitoba
- Released: 1967
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

The National Research Council of Canada's file of non-meteoric sighting reports UAR/N/215-225 (1967), including further material on the Falcon Lake, Manitoba case of 20 May 1967. 27 pages. Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics – Reports on non-meteoric sightings, unidentified flying objects, UFO's. National Research Council of Canada, file UAR/N/215-225. Library and Archives Canada, RG77, R1207-31-X-E (MIKAN 134925). Reproduced for non-commercial purposes; a copy of the version available at https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/ufo/001057-119.02-e.php?isn_id_nbr=4733&page_id_nbr=3973

### AI summary

A classified report from the National Research Council of Canada, dated 1967, details procedures for investigating unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP). It outlines two categories for classifying reports: one for phenomena resembling fireballs or meteorites, and another for reports not fitting typical patterns. The document includes a follow-up on the Falcon Lake incident, where a man reported physical contact with a UFO, resulting in burns and radiation detection. It also describes other sightings, including one in Alberta where photographs were taken and analyzed. The report concludes that no definitive explanation was found for the incidents.

### Full text

#### Page 1

i
-8-
12. A recont proso item comtained in a Toronto paper
indicated that the Univeraity of Toronto ill ndertake a
sorious acadeumie reviw ith the otjat of dotermining
whother UFos are memable to soientifie study. The murrent
journals of the American Asociation for Advancment of
Seienoe have recently ontained lottere sugosting that sm
riou thonghtthntifie ti
It h booe vidhf seenii
agomeios are bogiming to how an interost in UOs and are
ouupting the that the invostigation of is primrily
sciemtifie reuponoibility and,t louser degreo, ih
concerms the military,
CFH: IVESTICATION OY UFOS
SLIE 3ON rociving uO roport ab cFHa, the Operations
Staff firot endsavour to elassify the informatiom into one of
two eategorion, mmely:
. Salesarz Ong-Infomation which suggouts thr
typo of phenomene associatod with fireballs and
mbooritos, or, .../9
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( -9-
b. Categorz Two - Informatiom that does not conform
to the physieal patterns ueually associated with
firoball or motcorito acotivity.
SLIDE 3 OFF
14. A "fireball" may be described as a bright meteor with
luminoityu xoedh he it
planot and wich moves mpidly aeross the y.ttimes,the
firoball my leave a trail o glodng particles, in adition,
the fireball my plode with brt or light and loud sound
th coure vt myrepontd several timn ding
single fall.
15. The Droctor of Seimtifie Co-ordination (Dsc)assists
7 te Opeation o ntit a
meteorites and UFOs. Fireball and meteorite reports are for-
and topresntativ th provin i ih thghting
was made for study and evaluntion.
6Reporto whdch are clapsified under eatogory "two" are
re-clausified into ano of three classes bused on the importano
1 ../20
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1:

#### Page 3

'- -10 -
Clasg Information provided marrants a
forml investigation, orj
b. Class "Ee - Information provided is of an
intcresting nature but doee not
warrant a formal investigation, orj
Class "G" - Information provided is of little
practical value, no investi_ation
SLIDE A OFF or further action required.
SLIDE S ON 17. Prior to 1966, Da received approximatoly forty (40)
uFO reports a year, however, in the last tho yeare the mmber
has inreasod apprciby p, betwn th pd
noinclude reports wich have ben identified irbell
and motcorites) have been referred to this Headquarters. of
2
warrant a formal investigation and wore clnsified under
1s
and clasaifiod under Clans "Br, and the reainder rclassfied
under Class "Ca.
../11
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1
-11-
18. A formal investigation my take the form of a oimple
interview btwen the party mking the roport and the
investigating offieor, or it may develop inte a detailed
investigation in which such ageneies ao the RckP, NRc, DRB,
-4 National Health and Welfare are requested to provide
SLIDE SOFY assistance.
SLIDE 6 CN 19. UFO sightings reported to this Headquartere from
the 1 January 1967 to the 30 Hovmber 1967 have beem plotted
on a map or Canada. An unsuccesaful attampt wao made to drew a
relationship betweon such factors as place of sighting,
time, desoription, manouvres and othor relating factore.
It may be noted fram thu sighting ploto an the map that it is
1
not possible to draw any fized relationship or pattorm between the
various sightings.The plots recorded were reported fro
various places on different dates and timoe. Gnly in the
very broadest of terms is thore a mall relationship in the
BLIDE 6 OFP sise of the UFO comtaimed in o mumber of reporte.
.../12
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-12-
29
SLIDE AGE 20. of the o roporta received a th Hgdquarter
during the last year and reclasified under Clase "A" or
Class "B", the followding sightings may.be of interest:
SLIDE AOFP
a. UFo Sighting - Pal oon Lake Area
(A Hr. Steven Michalak of Wimipog, Honitoba,
raported that he had dome into physieal con-
taat with a UFO during a prospeeting trip
in the Falcon Lake Area, some 90 miles east
of wimipeg on the 20th May 67. Htr. Michalak
stated that he was exanining a roek formation
when two UFOs appeared before him. One of
the UFOs remained airtorne in the imediate
aree for a fow moments, then flew off at great
speed. The second uro landed a few bundred Y
fæet away fram his position. As he approsched
the Uro, a side door oponed and voices were
heard coming from wthin. Mr. Kichalak
states he approached the objeat but was u-
able to soe inside due to a bright yellow -
buich light which bloked his viedom. Ho ../3
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-13-
endeayourod to communioto wih te peroomo
inside the object but without result. As he
aprouched witn t of theje the
door closed, be heard a whining moise and the
abject cosmenced to rotate anti-clock wise and
reised off the ground. He reached out his left
7 gloved band and touched the objoct as it bogan
Caropbate thpe its lift off; the glove burned immediately he
(a) body burna touched the objoct. As the object loft the
(b) clothing burns
(e) clothing burns ground the exhaust gasos burned his cap,
(4) sketch drawm by Br. Kichalak.
outer and inner garmento and he sustained
rather severe stamach and chest burns,
As a result of thee burns ho ws houpitalised
for a number of days. The doctore who
attended and interviowed ir. Kichalak wore
unable to obtain any information which eould
account for the burna to hie body.' The
personal items of clothing which were alleged
to have been burnt by the uso ware subjected
to an extenuive analyois at the nCap erime
..s/24h
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- -u_{-
Laborutory. The anlyuis me umable to reach
any conclunion ao to what my have aused the
burn damago. Soil samples taken fram the im-
mediate aree ocoupied by the Uo by Hr.
Hichalak were ammlyoed and found to be radio-
ative to a degron that the samploo had to bo
mfoly disponed. An exeminntion of oil sumples
from the alleged upo landing area was carried
out by a mdiologist from the Department of
Health and Welfare and a mall araa wo found to
be redip-sctive. The Radiologist ims unable
to provido an explanation as to what eaused
this ares to become contaminated.
()Neither the DND nor the RCHP investigation
teams were able to provide evidence which could Y
-
dispute Kr. Nichalak's story. Although the
investigation has beon ecupleted, a getiSraftory
explenation or conclusion in still lacking.
.../15
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.
"

#### Page 8

i -15-
b. UFO Sighting - Kr. Karren Smith
()Another interesting UFO report was made by
Hr. Warren Smith of Calgary, Alberta, on the
3rd July, 1967. Hr. Suith and two companions
wero prospecting in an area 30 miles west of
lanton, Alberta, when a UPO suddenly appeared
above an area of trees, few hundred feot from
the observers. kr. dmith was able to take
two eoloured photographs of the object and
the two prints were developed and submitted
Circulate the to laD for study. The two prints were sub-
two photographs
of the UFO
jected to a detailed analysis by the Photo
Intelligence Interpretation Centre. The
Centre coneluted its investigation by
stating, assuaing the photograph to be
genuins, the Uro fitted the deseription of the
object reported by Hr. Smith.
.../16
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-16-
C. UFO. Jighting - hr. B. Greene
()ar. Greene and members of a family from Cloar
Water Bay, houl Lake, Catario (4935 9507)
were returning to their home by boat on the
evening of the l8 June when they observed a UFO.
The object was first observed hovering approximately
- 50 feot above troe tops approximately mil ay.
1 As ir. Greeno we unable to identify the object
he decided to carry out an investigation. As he
approsched the hovering object, it suddenly desended
towards his boat at great speed. lir, Greene
inmediately retreated using maximum power to the
oppoudto shore where the oceupants lo't the boat.
The objeat broke off ito flight and returned to ite
original position. lir. Greene and party decided to
I make a second attaupt to invostigate the objeat by
I boat, Howover, as he approsehed te objeat, it again
descended at great speeod towards his boat and ence
again bo wao foroed to retreat at full spoad to the
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-- -17-
partyf.
the entire household who in tum aerved the otjeet
for approzimately 15 minutes before it mpidly disap-
peared in tnortheat direotiontowards Palon
Lake. (The seene of ancthor UFO sighting of interent
reported by Kr. Hichalak.)
(3)The object was deseribed as oval in shape with a
alight rise on top, (uch like a canopy) when first.
obourved it s desaribod motalie or glanny in
colour. o lighte wore visible, howover as the abject
descended towards the bat the tope of the trees
appeared to glow white. The object was clearly visible
and was estimated as being 25 to 3o feot aaross and
approximately 10 to 15 feat in height. s the jt
approuchod the boat it took on an orange tinge and no
noise was heard by any of the obsorvers. lowover,
noighbour in the are who wis questiened during the.
inveatigation distinetly remmbere listening to his
radio at the time that the Uo was sighted and received
so much statie on the radio that in we forood to tum
.../1s
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KODAK-SAFETYA
:
-18-
it off. the ineident wam ramambered for aftor
turning the radio off he wnt to the yindow
expeating to e a build up of thunderstoms and
was surprised to note that the aky wo clear.
(4)A detailed investigation conducted by DMD in
co-operation with the RCaip found Hr. Greene to be a
reliable, compatont and sincure witness with no
indulgance tendencies. The investigation confimed
thto i everag y
members of the party during the evening in question.
dr. Gruene's eye sight is rated exgellent and he does
not wear glasses.
(5 wilted leaves fyom a tree in the imediato area of
the Upo sighting have been analysed by the Univermity
of Kanitoba and one set of samples showad evidence of
fungus which eaused the wilting the otber
remaining omples showed no evidence of fumgus or
blight.The Deparimont of Forestry have exmined a
number of trees in the Uvo slghting area and reported
P.4 that they ae abl to eplain the reason for iting
.../19
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-19-
of ldaves on a mumber of trees. Sevorel troes were
affeated with no sot pattern ovident except the wileing
occured at the top of the trees. The Forestry Depart-
ment atatod that the wilting my have beon cauned by
heat although no other evidence is available to support
this possibility.
)The investigation has been ecneluded without any fixed
4
conclusions or findinge being made.
d. UFO Si hting - Gpl. Wereicky (RCHP)
(1A Cpl. Wereicky of the RCHP and aix other witnesses
reported a UFC sighting at Barrington Passage on the 5
Cetober 1967. 4
)The object was deseribed as dark, in excess of 6o feet,
4 white lights spaced horisontally approximately 15
feot apart. when first sighted the object wo moving
in an oasterly direction at a low altitude over the
water. Suddenly the objeat descended rapidly to the
water making a high whistling noine. It made cqutact
with the water with a bright splash which resulted in
a singlo light floating on the water. As the ackp
.../20
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-20 -
official appromched the white light by boat it
sank. The area wes carefully searched by the
Canadian Coast Guard lifebout and a mumber of mall
boats iithout success.
(3) An investigation conduated by ind which included an
underwater search failed to locate any evidence
4j which could be associated with a iFC. The invest-
igation ms coneluded without arriving at any fixed
findings.
Unidentified Radar Returns by DOT
(At cl00 hrs G.h.T. on the 7 July 1967 DCT reported
that an unidentified radar target was tracked through
seven dweepe of their radar and witnossed by three
1
controllers and two technicians sume 70 miles east of
Winnipeg. The padar plot showed that the target inereased
from a speed of 720 Knots to,3600 Enote in one minute
and ten seconds. The three controllers and the two
technicions who winessed this feat are certain it ws
a rodar target and not somothing associated with
mechanical, electronie or equipmont faults.
.../21
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-22-
()Kenora redar reported an unidentified radar objeet
at 032h hrs G.k.T. an the 7 July. The unknowm
object was under positive radar contact and followed
for some 29 minutes. The object followed Air Caneda
Flight 405 for a period then dimppeared from the
seope. It reappeared and followed Air Canada Flight
927 for a period of time. DOT are unable to explain
aD
these rader ruturns.
(3) An investigation by dad hae failed to account for
these positive radar returns reported on the 7 July
by Winnipeg and Kenora radar eontrollers.
f. uPO Sighting - Hr. E. Patrigs
(A K. E. Patrige of Camrono, Alberta made a roport to
Da an the 8 August 67 coneerning severel deep
impressions which were madc by an unknown ebject in
pasture located near Camrose, Alberta.
)An investigation condueted by lad substantiated that
an unknowm object or objeets had left six, aix inch
h 3to 36 dimetor irelas in theoll a
……/2
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A

#### Page 15

-22-
and the impressions indieated distinet pressure.
There was no physieal evidence of any damage to
trees or shrubs in the field and no svidence to suggest
a deliterate interference or involvement by any
person. A survey by Dr. Jones from the DRB Experi-
mental Station at Suffield, with a geiger eounter
failed to show any rediation eontamination.
(3)The investigation wes concluded without arriving at
any fixed condlusions as to what made the marks in the
.
soil.
22
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-23-
REPRESENTATION TO NRC TO UNDLRTAKE
THE AESPONSIBXLITY FOR INVESTIGAZING UFO
21. Information obtained from certain UFO investigations
would suggost that these UFCs exhibit some seientifie cr
ecmial features wich euld posibly onbribute to seientifie
or techmieal research. in the basis of this finding, formal
representation bas beon made to the Jational hesearch Couneil
(ac) with the view of this seientifio governaent agmey
aecepting the responsibility for investigating UFOs.
with reference to a letter Trom the Kinister of Industry,
C.. Drury, addressed to the Kinister of Nntional Defence dated
12 December 1967 arrangements have been made for ir. B.5. Hettie, Chiof of
the Spaoe kesearch Faeilitie Eranch, MC to visit Dr. H. Sheffer,
Seientifie Assistant to the VCis to discuss effective reporting
procedures to be developed so that careful decisions can be nade ae
to the need for further investigations of specifie soleated UFC cases.
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-
-24-
END POLICY - RELEASE OF UFU INFORMATION
HELD BY DND
22. In view of the increased interest in uFOs by the goneral
public, it is imperative that ihd adopt a firm policy designed
to release Dd held uFo information to recognised pereons and
organisatione whose purpose is to provide a publie service and
to further the seientifie and objective research into UPOs.
It is important that due eaution be exoraised to avoid creating
an impredeion that id is "hiding or concealing something".
23. Classified material such as police investigations
which may be ineluded as part of the Dad report would be
protested frem relense. However, unless otheruise specifically
statd, the relense ofherthan classifed material would be
made in the interest of the genoral public.
SUINGARY
2h. The administrative work load required to action UFC
reports referred to this Bgndquartore has increased aypreciably
during the lst twelve months.The marked inorease in the Air
.../25
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-25-
Seetion administrative work: lond whiah is direated towaris
aetioning uro reports is reaching a stage which is considered
detrimental to the primary operaticnal responsibilities and
duties of the seetion. Correspondingly, Field Units have also
indicated that the adninistrative work load increace assceiated
with UFOs is causing some concern and disrupticn to their normal
duties. 1
25. It is almo important to stres at this point, that the
Director of Cperations has neither the qualified teannical
staff, the establinhed strength, nor the necessary seientifie
assistance raquired to conduct an objeetive type investigation
into uro reports.
26. It is evident from investigations conducted by D,
and frm the findings mnade by a nimber of promipent and highly
qualified personal, that the primary intereat of uPCs liee in
the riedd of seience, and to a lnssor dogree, to one that is
assointed wdth national security. it is, howaver recognised,
that should NRC aeept the responeibility for Investigating UFCs,
.../26
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K
-26-
th Doporont oftional Defnce must o iing t t
in muah aress ao field investigations. It will also be nocosary
to ensure that NRC advise DaD on any information, findinge or
conelusions which may, or could possibly affect mational security.
27. It is the opinion of the Cperations Staff, that e should
make asorious offort to ensure that a sientifie researh offort
in properly ordinted with orointifie agencios dortaking
UFO studies in order to avoid a noediess duplication of effort. It
would indoed fortunate should goncias niverty
of foronto, Univeraity of Colorado and other seientific groups
investiguting Us wore to carry ot their om private ad independent
stuiis without due liaison and eo-operation with each other.
JECOHENDATIORS
2B. The following recosmendatione are made:
he dational Resarh Counell cept the reeponeibllity
for eo-ordinating a eientifie and objective investigation
into UFO reports.
.The Direetor of Operutions shall be the dD eo-ordinating
ageney between HC and anD units providing a field
./27
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#### Page 20

27
invectigation service.
e. For other than elasnified material the Director of
Information Services (ws) shall be responsible for
releasing DND held wFo information to the generel
public. The Direetor of Cperations shall be responsible
1
for seting on mattere eoncerning UFOs which are not
shiey ot normally a funetion of ils.
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#### Page 21

THURCSDAY SEPT 14 OTTAWA JOURENAL
UFOs Reported Over Smiths Falls
SMITHS FALLS (Staft) - All four said the three craft, a saucer with two men flying, after he shone his car lights
Three flying saucers, UFOs which appeared oval in shape around it at Joycevile on on the craft.
or whatever you want to call and seemed to be spinning Highway 15 near Kingston. Other strange craft, have
The man said the two men been spotted by local residents
them, were spotted hovering around, crossed the sky from went back into the saucer in this area earlier this year.
over Spooner Public School the south to the east at a tre
Wednesday night by a Smiths mendous speed.
Falls woman and three boys. All three vehicles, they said.
Mrs. Harold Willoughby, of hovered over the school area
3 Catherine Street. her two 1 for a few minutes then one
sons, Scott. 13. and Chris, 15. craft went one way and the Little Men
and Stephen Carty 12, said it other two in the opposite
was shortly after 8.30 p.m. direction.
when they saw the strange Two months ago a Toronto
n craft which gave off a red- man on his way to Montreal Wore White
dish and yellow glow. reported to police that he saw
—Motorist
SMITHS FALLS (SIAff)-
The flying saucers are at it
again in this district. This
time a saucer was spotted
on Highway 15 near Joyce-
Landing Spot ville by a Toronto man at 4
a.m. today.
Pointed Out Staniey Moxon, 64 Pleas-
SEP ant Boulevard, reported the
incident to Smiths Falls po-
JOYCEVILLE, Ont. (CP) lice, who in turn forwarded
Stanley Moxon of Toronto the information to Kingston
te Wednesday showed provincial 21 1967 OPP for further investiga-
police officers the spot where tion.
te he says he saw a flying. saucer Mr. Moxon was on his
m and two four-foot-high men way to Montreal today when
dressed in white, suits on Aug. he saw a green light jn a
d 3 near this community about field to his right between
'e 10 miles cast of Kingston. Joycevilin and the Glen
Mr. Moxon shid he was driv. Grove Road, 40 miles south-
T Ing along Highway 15 on his
C way to Smiths Falls, Ont, west of here.
when he saw two small figures He turned off his lights
working on their downed craft and drove down a side road.
e) in a field beside the road. He A few minutes later he turn-
at said they took off at high ed on his lights and "they
speed when he turned his car shone on a huge saucer-like
'o lights on them. craft. Two persons. about
ir An OPP officer said there four feet in height and wear-
did not seem to be any special ing white suits and helmets
markings on the ground where were startled by the lights
the flying saucer was supposed and appeared to fly back in-
to have rested. to the saucer."
The craft, according to
Mr. Moxon, immediately left
the ground' withoutv any
noise at a tremendous speed.
KINGSTON oPP 613- 546 3/31 Mr. Moxon when making his
report assured police he was
not tired and had not been
seeing things.
223
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48 Vendome Crescent
Riviera, Touraine, Que.
20 Dec., 1967.
Directorate of Operations,
Canadian Forces Headquarters,
Cartier Square,
Ottawa, Ont.
Attn: W/C D.F. Robertson
Sir:
Enclosed is a copy of press clippings from the Ottawa Journal
mentioning the UFo sighting we discussed over the phone.
As I told you, mail was returned from the address given in
the clippings, I have written to Kingston OPP for correct
or complete address, but really do not believe they will
help. (They have denied knowledge of similar involvement
before as I told you.)
However, if you think the sighting worth investigating, you
probably will have little difficulty.
I would appreciate knowing what you think.
Season's Greetings.
Techuel
Bob Rickerd
39101
NKC
223
223
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#### Page 24

100P6 4-2 to DsC.
PCA367 CPA026 gellow e action
RCCWC 10YR
DE 2CCPCX-13 26/23002 Dec 26 23 0 8 '67 27 llec
RCIP-18 9TT CFOC
69 OTT DEC26 O.P.I.
FOLLOWING RECEIVED FRON RCMP EDHONTON QUOTE
37/38 PRIORITY DEFERRED EDM DEC26 INCLAS
COMR OTT
INFO 1 DOPSO dc26 2 22W GFHIO OPERATIONS CENTRE
CANFORCEHED
ESD JASS FLWG REC FRON ST PAUL DET QUOTE FOR-CFOC-UFO-REPORT 85
A SUBJ SIGHTED GO1I PH 25 DEC 67 B SKY CLEAR C OBSERVER CST
PU THATCHER RCHP 'D HWY 26A NEAR MALLAIG ALTA E NONE KNOWN
F ROUND FIRE BALL BLUISH WHITE MOVED EAST TO VEST ONE OBJ OBSER-
VED ALTITUDE UNDETERNINED @ DURATION OF SIGH 5-10 SECONDS
H OBJECT APPEARED TO BURST IN THE SKY NO SOUND HEARD OBSERVER
BELIEVED OBJ POSSIBLY A NETEORITE UNQUOTE
K DIV
BT
140, 229
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#### Page 25

PCA055 SCA014 IMA002 UU Dec 28 0604'67
PP RCCWC
RCCSIM 1 28/0447Z 8 S
P 280845Z DEC 67
FM CANDEFRAD MONT APICA PRIORITY
TO RCCUC/CANFORCEHED
RCCSWR/CANDEFCOM NORTH BAY DOPS any
RCCSKL/CANDEFCOM LONGUEUIL yellow egy auny LO7R
BT lon't beleve
UNCLAS NIL inves
FOR CFOC UFO REPORT a8 hlew Dec 28 0612
A 28 DEC 02452 DOPS O CFHQ OPERATIONS CENTRE
B CLEAR
C 91893 LAC BERUBE JJP APICA 54A
D 7 MILES SOUTH OF CFS MONT AIICA ON HIGHWAY S4Q-
E NIL
F SIMILAR TO A BOTTOM HALF OF A CONE. LUMNIOUS BLUE GREEN IN COLOR
ALTITUDE INTERMITTENT BUT NOT VERY HIGH MOVEMENT OF GRADUAL
DESCENT. ONE UFO OBSERVED.
G 3 OR 4 SECONDS IN DURATION IN THE AIR AND IT SEEMED TO LAND
H A BEAM WAS NOTED AFTER IT WENT
PAGE 2 RCCSIM 1 UNCLAS
OUT OF SIGHT AND THIS BEAM VAS SIMILAR TO THAT OF A ROTATING
SEARCHLIGHT ON A CONTROL TOWER.
BT 124 225
C WA CFS MONT APICA WA HIGHWAY 5AA
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#### Page 26

PCB0375C5090 IMA007 UU ②DOPS 4-2
BR. RCOVC ve had
DE RCCSIN 4 08/1550Z
R 031300Z JAN 68
FM CANDEFRAD MONT APICA Olgect a ito sogue pent. foo dase fom te
TO RCCWC/CANFORCEHED tehile.
RCCSKL/CANDEFCOM LONGUEUIL 9 JAN 104R
BT yellow epy lDse,
UNCLAS CES 645 DOPSO CFHO OPERATIONS CENTRE
FOR CFOC. UFO REPORT. AMPLIFYING PREVIOUS MESSAGE OF 28 DEC
A 2802452 DEC 67
B CLEAR SKY, NO MOON, STARS ALL SEEN. NEGLIGIBLE WINDS.
C 91893 LAC JJP BERUBE RAD TECH GP 1 AGE 22. 2 YRS SMONTHS SERVICE
IS FIRST UFO SIGNTING. DID NOT BELIEVE IN SUCH THINGS BEFORE
D 8 MILES SOUTH OF MONT APICA GUARDHOUSE BY ROAD ON HIGHWAY 54A.
APPROXIMATE POSITION NEAR LAKE MARS 4752N 711SW. ROAD ON
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP IS NOT DRAWN AT CORRECT. LOCATION
E ALONE IN HIS CAR AT THE/TIME HEADING NORTH
F ATTENTION ATTRACTED TO ONE BRIGHT LIGHT HIGH IN SKY AT 2 OCLOCK
POSITION. IN APPROX 3 SECONDS, IT CAME DOWN IN AN ARC TOWARDS
1 OCLCOK POSITION. A SLOWING DOWN AND REACCELERATION HOVEMENT WAS
225
National Research Council of Canada/ RG 77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

#### Page 27

PAGE 2 RCCSIM 4 UNCLAS
Ω MOTICED ALONG THIS ARC. OBJECT DISAPPEARED FROM VIEW BEHIND TREES.
OBJECT PROFILE LIKE BOTTOM HALF OF A CONE AND ENTIRELY LUNINOUS.
BLIE-GREEN IN COLOR. VERY INTENSE· LIGHT. NO CHANGE IN INTENSITY
63 SECONDS
H ABOVE PART OF SIGHTING REMAINS UNEXPLAINED BUT REPORT OF
POSSIBLE LANDING OR NEAR LANDING WAS INVESTIGATED THE FOLLOWING
DAY. OBSERVER HAD STOPPED AND FOR 1O MINUTES HAD WATCHED INTERMITTENT
ROTATING BEAM OF LIGHT FROM APPARENT LANDING SITE AIMED AT SKY AT
75 - 80 DEGREE ANGLE. A THREE-MAN PARTY FROM THIS UNIT INCLUDING
THE OBSERVER SNOWSHCED TO AREA AND FOUND A PERFECTLY NATURAL
EXPLANATION. A HUGE LOG LOADING MACHINE AND 18 WHEEL TRUCK
VERE ON LOCATION. THEY OPERATE 24 HRS A DAY VITH 4-5 TRUCKS
AND WERE THERE THE PREVIOUS EVENING, ALTHOUCH WITH DIFFERENT
OPERATORS. ALL TRUCKS HAVE A ROTATING LIGHT ON TOP CABIN AND
SHINING UPWARDS THROUGH HOLES OR GRILLES IN PROTECTING STEEL
PLATES. INTERMITTENCE.OF LIGHT BEAM CAUSED BY LOADER CRANE OVER
CABIN. DEFINITE SHAPE WAS SEEN IN FIRST PART OF SIGHTING. ITS
DESCRIPTION AND MOVEMENT CORRESPOND ALMOST EXACTLY TO WHAT WAS
SEEN OVER TWO WEEKS BEFORE BY MAJOR BOLDUC IN SAME GENERAL AREA.
BT 225
19
National Research Council of Canada/ RC77, Vol. 311
Conseil national de recherches du Canada

## CIA-UAP-002 — Scientific Advisory Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects, Report, 1952-1953

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-002
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-002
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: 1952-1953
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

In 1953 they decided UFOs were harmless—just the press needed a good debunking.

- CIA-UAP-002, CIA Scientific Advisory Panel report, 1952‑1953, United States
- Finds UFOs pose no direct national‑security threat but public fascination creates indirect risk
- Recommends debunking policy and training to filter misidentified reports

### Official summary

This file contains correspondence and reports dated 1952–1953 from the Scientific Advisory Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects, convened by the CIA’s Office of Scientific Intelligence. The panel’s primary conclusion was that “flying saucers” did not pose a direct physical threat to the national security of the United States. The panel found no evidence that these phenomena were attributable to hostile foreign artifacts or indicated a need to revise existing scientific concepts. 

However, the panel identified a significant indirect threat stemming from the public’s fascination with the subject. The panel concluded that the high volume of reports, encouraged by a "sensationalist press," could overwhelm and clog vital intelligence and communication channels, potentially distracting from genuine threats. Furthermore, they warned that a “morbid national psychology” could be exploited by adversaries to incite “hysterical behavior and harmful distrust of duly constituted authority.” To mitigate these risks, the panel recommended an official policy of “debunking” to “strip the UFO subject of its mystery,” alongside a training initiative for military personnel to better recognize and filter out misidentified objects, thereby reducing communication “noise” and allowing the national security apparatus to focus on more "legitimate defense concerns."

### Full text

#### Page 2

f

•

FEDERA

CIVIL DEFENSE ADMINIST!

iON

WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR

19
Mr . Richard . Dr in
Secretary
Intelligence dvisory Committee
2430 E Street, N .
ashington 25, D . C .

ear Mr .

rain:

e have carefully studied the report of the P n 1 of
Scientific Consultant ■ on t e subject of "Unidentified
Flying Objects , " which you eent this gency o
arch 13 .
The concl sions of the P nel nd its recommendation ,
p rticul rly in term• of public due tion, ar of coni er ble interest in connection with the civil def ns
program.
appreciate your indicated willin e •
to assist in implementing t e ppropriate aspects of
the Panel' s report
applicable to Civil Defense, nd
suggest that conference be arranged for a full di c s­
aion of the subject on a mutu Uy
ti factory dat .
Sincerely~

Val P ter on

-

#### Page 3

SECPET
Security Inormation
13 March 1953
Mr. Eaward T. Dickinson
Vice Chairnan, dational Security
Resources Board
Room 211
Executive office Butlaing
Fachington 25, D. C.
Dear Mr. Dickinson:
The Director of Central Intelligence has asked that you be
furniehed a copy of the attached report prepared by a panel of
scientists on the subjeet of Unidentified Pying Objects. This
panel was convened at the direction of General Saith, folloving the
reconsmendation of the Lntelligence Aivisory Committee
The conelusions and recoumendatIons may be of interest to you,
in that they point out certain potential dangers to national security
which are related to the subjeet and suggest vays of their eliaination.
Although thds Agency does not coneider problens arising from
sightings of rlying seucers primarily its concern, we shall be
plessed to assist in any appropriate aetion that you may deem ad-
visable.
Copiea of this report are also being sent to the Secretary of
Defense and to the Shntr curtty R
This documant has been Federal Evil defense tdministration.
approved for release throuch Sincerely yours,
the HISTORICAL REVIEW PRGGNAM-OF
the Central Intelligenco Agency.
Date 7 JON 91 BICHARD D. DRAIN
HRP 89-2 Secretary
Intelligence Advisory Committee
Enclosure
Distribution:
Orig. and I - Addressee The material contaius Information
1 - DD/I alecting he national defens of
- Admin Files the United Statee with ihe meaning
1 - AD/SI of the espionage Tille 18, USG,
1-De1 Lncs. 793 and 4, and franemisslon
STGRET or revelatd of which in any maener to
ea_ wrauthorized persen is prohibileu ky
Security Information 400164

#### Page 4

•

•
13

rch 1953

The Honorable
The Seer ta.ry of Defense
Depart nt of Def nae
Washington 25, D. Q.
Dear Mr. Secretary:
The Director of Central Intelligence has asked
t you be
furnished a copy of the attached report prepared by a 1.)SJlel of
scientists on the subject of 11Unid ntified Flying Objects," This
panel was convened at the direction of General Smith, following the
racommendation of the Intelligence Advisory Committee.
The conclusions and recommendations may be of interest to you,
in that they point out certain potential dangers to national security,
which are related to the ubject and sUggest ways of their elimination .
AJ.though this Agency does not consider problems arising from
sightings o'f" "flying saucers" primarily its concern, ve shall be
pleased to assist in any appropriate action that you may deem ad­
visable.
Copies of this report are also being sent to the
ational Security Resources Board.

..>efaga• and to the Chairman,

incerely yours,

RICHARD D. DRAIN

Secretary
Intelligence Advisory Co
Enclosure
Distribution:
Orig and 1 -- Dddressee

l -- DCI
1 -- DD/I
1 -- Ad.min Files
1 -- AD/SI

OIC:RDD:KR (13 March 1953)

ittee

#### Page 5

•
V
13 March 1953
The Honorable Val Peterson
Administrator, Federal Civil
Defense Administration
1930 Columbia Road, N. W.
Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr . Peterson:
The Director of Central Intelligence has asked ilhat you be
f'urnished a copy of the attached report prepared by a panel of
scientists on the subject of "Unidentified Flying Objects." This
panel was convened at the direction of General Smith, following the
r•commendation of the Intelligence Advisory Committee.

The conclusions and recommendations may be ot interest to you,
in that they point out certain potential dangers to national security,
which are related to the subject and suggest vaya of their elimination.
Although this Agency does not consider problems arising from
sightings of "flying saucers" primarily its concern, we shall be
pleased to ass i st in aey appropriate action that you may deem ad­
visable.
Copies of this report a.re also being sent to the Secretary of
Defense and to the 6M1xm) ~:erM.eeal. See't:1'!'1~ :Res91.t"ce& Bomch'
~ f
I
•
i$ , s a , W.

~!Z{y~o::,s .
RICHARD D. DRAIN

Secretary
Intelligence Advisory Committee
Enclosure
Distribution:
Orig and l -- Dddressee
l -- DCI
l. -- DD/I
1 -- Ad.min Files
1 -- AD/SI

••~rial contal::s Info

c,
n

er to

OIC:RDD:KR (13 March 1953)

by

#### Page 6

!~~~

..

Sec~ ~mation
'/!ORM LETTERJ

l2 March 1953

Mr. C. D. Jackeoo
Special Aas1etant to the President
Tbe White House

Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr. Jackson:

Mr. Robert Amory, Jr., Assistant Deputy Director/Intel­
ligence, bas asked me to torvard to you tor your information the
enclosed report "Report of the Scientific Panel on Unidentified
Flying Objects", dated January 17, 1953

This report was prepared by a panel convened 1n January
1953 at the direction of the former Director or Centra.l Intelli­
gence, General Wal.ter B . Saith., with tbe concurrence ot the
Intelligence Advisory C0U1111ttee
Copies are being transmitted to tbe Secretar, of Defense;
tb.e Director, Federal Civil Defense Administration; and the

Chairman, National Security Resources Board.

r

Sincerely yours,

RICHARD D. DRAIN
Secretary

J

Intelligence Advisory Committee
OIC:RDD:KR (12 March 1953)

e C. ;, ':b::t> /
0 S I

r

#### Page 7

s~

Secu~

ation

One copy of the attached form letter aent to each of
the following:
Mr. Robert CUtler

224 Executive Office Building
Mr . C. D. Jackson
Special Assistant to the President
The White House
Mr. Jamee S . Lay
Executive Secretary
Nationa.l Security Council
302-A Executive Office Building

Mr. George Morgan
Psychological Strategy Board
7o8 Jackson Place

Mr . Tracey Be.mes
P ychological Strategy Board
708 Jackson Place

#### Page 8

PJ-!PCET OF THE SCIEN'l'IFIC PAUEL

JAN 171953

ON

UNIDENTI1IED FLYlBG OBJECTS

1,

Pw.·euant to the requeat of the Assistant Director tor Scientific

Intelligence, the undersigned. Panel of Scientific Consultants haa met to
evaluate any possible three.t to national security posed by Unidentified
!'lying Cbjec:ts ("Flying Saucere"), and to make reconmendationt> thereon.
The Panel has received. the evio.enee as presented. by cognizant inteL1i­

gence agencies, primarily the Air Technical InJ,elligence Center, and has
revieved n selection of the beat documented incidents.
2.

As a result of its considerations; the Panel concludes:

a.

That the evidence presented on Unidentified Flying

Objects shows no indicetion that theae phenomena constitute
a direct physical threat to national security.
We firmly believe that there is no residuum o't cases vbich indicates
phen0!112na whieh are attributable to foreign artifacts capable of hostile
acts, and tb.e.t there ia no evidence that the phenOfllena indicate a n~­

for the revis~.on of current scientilic concepts.
The Psnel f\wther coneludes:

a.

ibat the continued emphasis on the reporting of

these phenomena does, in these parlou.c, times, result. in e.

mthreat to the orderly functioning

0~ the protective

organs

of the body politic.
We e:tte aa e~lee the eloggin~ of channels of' communice.tion by irrelevant

reports, the danger of being lei. by continued false alarms to ignore real

•

S ~

ET

#### Page 9

E .. ~

Secnr

,,

T

l~

rmation

in~icationa of hostile action, and the cul.tivatiO!l or a morbid national

psyehologr in wtch skillful hostile propaganda could ~.nduce byaterieal
behavior ena. bal'lllf'u.l diet!"USt of duly constituted authority.

4.

In order most effectively to otrcngtb.en the x:£.tional. facilities

for the ti!Jlely recognition mid the appropriate handling of true indieationa
of hostile action., and i;o minimize the conc01!11tant ciengers alluded to

above, t':l.e Panel l"'eC01l!:?l;.?:lldB:
a.

i'ha.t the natianal security agencies tak~ immediate steps

to strip the Unidentified F.'.cyu,.g ObJects of the special status tbey
have been g-1ven and t.he i'.ura of nwstery they have unt'o1"'i.'1lD8tely

acquired;
b.

That the national. security agencies 1.nstitute policies

on intelligence, training, 6Ild public education designed to pr-ape.re
the me;.;erj.al. defenses E.nd. the mcrale ot the country to recognize

most px•omptly and t.o r-eact n\Ost effectively to true 1udicat.1cns

ot hostile intent or action.
We suggest uiat these aims may be at!hieved by an integr..--.ted program

de6igned to reassure the public ot the totru. lack of evidence of inimical.
torcee behind the phenomena, to tra:i.n persoonel to recognize &D.d reJect
false indications quickly and efteetively, and to etrengthen regular
channels tor the evaluation of and prompt reaction to true indications
or hostile measures.
/ s/

&_B. P. Robertson

, Chairman

Lloyd V. Berkner

Associated Universities, Inc.

/s/ s. A. Goudsmi't
Brookhaven National laboratories

California. Institute of Technology

LsL Luis W. Alvarez

University of Ca11f'or-a1a

Le/ 'Jhornton P~
obna Hopkins University

s

'l'
ro

#### Page 10

. ' ..,
I

'rAB B

SCDMIFIC ADVISORY PANEL ON
lJNIDmTIFIF.D FLID!l OBJID?S

14 • 17 January 1953
EVIDlllCE mmooliD

lo Sevent:y-f'i~e case histories or sightings 1951 - 1952 (seleCted b7

.&TIC as thoae beat documented).

2o

ATIC Status and Progress Reports or Projoot GRDOOE and Project
BWE BOOK

3.

(code namep to:r ATIC studT ot subject).

Progress Reports or .Project &'TORK (code name tor Battelle Manorial

Institute contract work supporting A.TIC).

4o Sumnaey Report o£ Sightings at Holleman Air Force Base, Bev Me,d.ooo
5o Report ot USAF Res8CIX'Ch Center, Cambridge, Maas• ., Izwestigation of
•Green Fireball" Fbencmena (Projeot TWIN!LE).

6. Outllno or Investigation or u.F.o.ea Proposed by nrtland Air Farce
Be.se

7o

(.Proj oct FOUOOE) •

Motion Picture Films of sightings at Tranonton0 Utah, 2 July 1952
a1ld Oz-eat Falls, Montana, August 1950.

s. Su.mm!u-7 Report ot 89 seloot&d cases ot sightings ot various
categories (Formations, Blinking Lights, Hcmlring, etc.).

9. Draft of manna]! •How to l-i!ke a FL?OBRP.r-, irepared at ATmo

10., Chart Shoving Plot ot Geographic Location of Unexplained Sightings
1n the United States during 1952.
11.

Chart Showing Balloon u,,inching Sites in the United St&teso

12. Charts Showing S(flected Actual Balloon Flight Paths and Relation
t.o RGpOrted Sightings.

130 Charts Showing Frequency of Reports or Sightings, 1948 - 19520

14. Charts Sh°"1ing Categaries of .&tpl.anations or Sightings.
15. Kodachrome Tranape.renciea of Polyethylene Film Ba1l.ooms 1n Bright
Sunlight Showing High Ref'lectivityo

s~
Secm-~on

#### Page 11

..
A

,

'

$ ~

Secur~
16.

~Mon

TAB

B

Motion picture ot seagulls 1D bright l!IIJDl:lght ahowillg high ref'lectirlty.

l?o Intelligenoe Re~ Rel.ati,n,g to u.s.S.Ro Interest in 'U., S. Sighti?Jgs.
18. Samples ot OttioW us.a Re,porting Form and Copiea ot P ~

Air FCXl'Ca, Arm:, and navy Orders Rela.t1Jlg to Subject.

190 Semple Pol.yeth:yle.ne • Pillow" Balloon (54 inches square) •

20. •variations 1n Radar Coverage•• J'AlfP 101 (tmiual illuetra.ting UJrWN&l
oparating characterlstios of Service radar).

21. Mtecellaneous otficial letters and tareign 1ntelllgeno0 reports
deal1ng with subject.
22. Oopi• of poi:w,ar published vorks dealing vith wbject (art!.oles
1n pc-iodicale, newspaper ollppi:ngs and booka).

#### Page 12

SABET
Security Ixformation TAB C
SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY PANEL ON
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
14, - 17 Jamuary 1953
MEMBERS ORGANIZATION FIELD OF COMPETENCY
Dr. H. P. Robertadn(Chairman) California Institute Physics, weapons
of Technology systems
Ir. Luis W. Alvarez University of Physics, radar
California
Wr. Lioyd V. Berkner Associated Univer- Goophyaica
sities, Ineo
Dr. Samel Goudmit Brookhaven National Atomie structure,
Laberatories statistical
problems
Dre Thornton Page Office of Researah Astronony, Astrom
Operations, Johns physies
Hopkins University
ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
Dr. J. Allen Hynak Chio State Univer- Astronony
sity
Mr. Frederick G. Durant Arthur D. Little, Rockets, guided
Inee missiles
INTERVIEWEES
Erig. Gen. William M. Garland tumanding General, Scientific and
ATIC technical intelli-
gence
Dr. H. Marshall Chadwell Ass'stant Drector, Scientific and
O,SI, CIA technical intelli-
gence
Mr. Ralph L. Clark Deputy Assistant Soientific and
DirotOr, O/SI, CIA technical intelli-
gence
SECAET
Securit Information

#### Page 13

SCET
Seaurit Iormetion TAB C
INTERVIEJERS (oz't) ORGANIZATION EIELD OF COMPETENCL
Mr. Philip G. Strong Chief, Operations Seientifie and
Staff, 0/SI, CIA tochnical intelli-
gonne
Mr. Stephan T. Fossony Asting Chief, Spesial Seientifie and
Stady Croap, D/I tochnical intelli-
USAP gezne
Capt. Edverd J. Ruppelt, USAr Chief, Aerial Phenomane Seientifie and
Branch, ATM, USAF toohnical intalli.
geDGe
Mr. J. Dewey Feurnet, Jr. The Ethyl Corporation Aero Eng-
It. R. S. Neashamg USH USM Photo Interpretar Photo Intarpretation
tion Leberatory,
Amacostia
Mr. Harry Weo USM Photo Interprete- Photo interpretation
tion Lebiratory,
Annoastia
SECRT
Sesurit Meremation

#### Page 14

~ e)
.

S-~

'R~

S~
mation
IAC-D-67
18 February 1953
INTELLIGENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
1. Transmitted herewith is a copy of the report (Tab A) of the
scientific panel convened as a result of the action taken by the
Intelligence Advisory Committee on 4 December (IAC-M- 90, paragraph
3A) on this subj ect. Attached ·to the report are a sunma.ry of evi­
dence presented (Tab B) and a l i st of the personnel participating
(Tab C).

2 . It is proposed to t r ansmit copies of this report to the
Secretary of Defense; the Director, Federal Civil Defense Adminis ­
tration; and the Chairman, National Security Resources Board for
their information and such action as they may f eel neces sary.

3. The results of the panel's studies have moved CIA to conclude
that no National Security Council Intelligence Directive on t his sub ­
ject is warranted.
4. Please inform the undersigned by 25 February 1953 if you do
not concur in the action and conclusions conta ined in paragraphs 2
and 3, above.

JAMES Q. REBER
Secret a ry
Mrs . Powell called 24 Feb and said that Mr . Amory said when approved
_ _.:,:g.r.._release to those mentioned in paragraph 2 , copies should be sent to
'ic() , ~ (

Mr . ~tler Mr! lay
~
C. D. Jackson
Tracey Barnes
George Morgan

5~,r

~62•/ ~-r ~;.,,._ BJ. '1'
C.
°3 0 (J ~~~ ~~ H-jJ.•u...., f-- l dJ
w..t..:..G. If ~
I
0
~o t/P

'-1(_.

, __ ,,,,½! ~ ?,5 tJ
1 oty l<' ,..[~ ,___; f}.

v

#### Page 16

IRDEI:

!Ka

•

Parpose

1

Part Ia Bistor., of Meetings ot Panel

1

Part IIa COU11110Uts and SOggestiona or Panel

7

Gensral

?

On 14ck ot Danger

8

Air Farce Reportag Syatc

9

Artifacts or Ex:traterrestial Origin

lO

Tremonton, Utah, SightiJ?g

ll

Potential Related Dmlgers

15

Geog:raph1o locations ot Unezpl.ain0d
Sightings

1S

Instrumentation to' Obtain Data

16

Radar Problem of 1'htual !ntert'GNmee

l8

11nmcplained Cosmic Rq fherM111B119,

19

Fdueatioml. Program

19

Unofficial Investigatirlg Groups

23

Increase in Dmabar ~t Sighting•

24

Repcrt ot Panel

Tab A

l4at of Personnel Concerned with MeetJ.Dga

Tab B

LI.~ or Docsummtor7 Eddence Presented

Tab C

#### Page 17

PART 111 20J:1MPT§ MP suoowrro?§ or P.yp;,
Gl8@1AL

Th$ Panel Manbers v.-e impressed (u have been others, imlud­

mg 0/SI personnel)- in the lack or aoum data 1n the great mjari.t7
of case histarles1 also, in the lack ot s ~ tollow-up due prinariq
to the lDDdest size ·and llm.1.ted tacillties ot the ATJ.'C section concernedo
.Am!>ng th'e case histariee ot aicUficant s1ghtines discussed in detail

were the tollow1nga
Belletontaine, Ohio (1 Aueust 1952) 1 Tremonton, Utah (2 July 1952h

Great tans,; Montana (15 August 1950) •· taat, Montana (1 September
1952h W ~ n , D. c. area· (19 July 1952) J and Haneda A.F.B.,
Japan· (5 August 1952), Part Huron, Michigan (29 J ~ 1952) J and

Presque Isle, Mdne (10 Ootobc- 1952).
After review am d1acuas1on ot these caau (am about 15 oth~s,

in leas detail), the Panel concluded that reasonable a:plamtiona
could be suggested tor most sightings and •by deduction and eciantitic
method it, could be induced (giv-en additional data) that other eases
might be explained 1n a similar snner".

The Panel pointed out that

because or the brevity- o.r same sightings· (e.g. 2-3 seconds) and the
inability ot the vitnesses to eaqreae themselves elear~ (sEIDBDtics) ·
that conclusive axplanatiomt oould not be expected far ev~ case
reported.

P'urtharmore, it was considered that, normally, it vould

be a great vaste ot effort to trr to solve moat or the sightings,

unless such action would benefit a training and educational program

(see belov). The writings or Charles Fort vere referenced to show

#### Page 18

•

~tion

.

tba't •st.-rege things 1n the sky" had been recorded for hundreds ot

,-ra.

It appared obvious that thare va.s no aingle explanat1Gr1

tar a majority ot the thiDgs seen. The pr-esence ot radar am astro­

nomical spac1alists on the Panel iroved ot ftlne at once in their
oont'idant recogmtion ot fhenomem. related to their field.so

It~

apparent that spec1allsta 1n such additional. .fields Q P870holoa.
meteoroloa, cueodyna:mics, arnithology and mUitary air oparationa
vould ez.te:na the abilit)r· o~ the Panel to roe~• any mare oate­

gortee ot lit~Jmown }menomen&o

ON WI 91 poom
T h e ~ concluded unan1no\S~ that there was no evidence~

a direct threat to national.secur1t71n the objects sighted•
. Instances of "Foo Fighters" were cited.

These vere unexpls1nad.

ph~ena siehted by ab-~ pilots during.• ~orld War II 1n both
European am Far East theaters or operation warein •be.lls ~ light•
vould fly near ar with the aircraft am ?1BMUVer rapidl.)r.

They vere

believed i;o be eleotro;tatie (~imUr,r to Sto Elmo's tire) or electro­
magnetic phenanena ar possibq light retlections .trom ice arystal.a
in the air, but their exact cause ~ nature ws Dft'C' defined. Both

Robertson and Alvarez had been concerned in the investigation of
tbese phenomma, wt David T. Griggs (Professor ot Geophysics at

the Universit:, ot California at !Qs Angeles) is believed to have
been the most knowledgeable person on this aubjecto If tlle term
•ny1ng saucers" had been poiW41" 1n 1943 • 1945, these objects would
SE~

s~~ion

-s-

#### Page 19

s~
Secul'i~tion

have been ao labeled.

It was 1nt;eresting that in at least two

oaaQS revi«-1~ that the object sighted was categorized by Robert8011
and Al.var'9z as probe.bl¥ "Foo Pighters" , to date unexplained bat. not
dangerou&J th.417 were not hapw thus to d1am1ss the. sightings b:,

calling them names. It vas their teeliDg that these phenomiena are
not beyond t.be domain ot present lcnffllledge ot phyaical science• hOIIGV8l'o

,m llJCE Rµ,cmm
smm
. .
It vu the Panel0 s oplnion that BOGG ot the Air Poree concern
over

u.f.o. •a (notwithstanding A1r Defense Ccnnand amdeey r.nor tut

radar tracks) was irobe.b~ caused by public iressure-.

The re8Ult

· today. is that the Air Force has 1.mitituted a tine channel far

receiving reports of near~ anythiDg anyone sees in the sky and
tails to umarstand. This has been particular~ encouraged 11'1 po~
lar articles on this and other subjects, such as apace travel and

science f'iction. The result is the maSB recetpt ot low-grade reports
which tem to overload channels or Offll'l!Dln1~t1oi-i with material quite

f.n-elevant to hostile objects that. might eome day appeBr. The Panel
agreed gener-~ that this mass .ot pom'l-qUallty reports containing

little, if any-, scientific data was ot no value. Quite the opposite,
it was possib~ dangerous in having a m.Uitaey Hl"Vice foster public
concern in "nocturnal mea.maring lights• .

The implication being,

since the ~e:rested agency was military, that these objects were
ar might be potential direct threats to national security.

Aocard­

.tngq, the need far deamphasization made ltsel.£ apparent.

Ccmiments

on a possible 8'illoational _JXL:ogrqt are 8l'lllm8l"&ted below.

#### Page 20

It was the opinion ot Dr. Robertson that the •saueor" problem
ha4 been toum. to be dittarent in nature rrcm the detection and

investigation ot German v-1 am V-2 guided missUos prior tQ their
operational uae 1n World War n. In this 1943-1944 intelligence
operation (CR~BOW), there vas excellent ~olligence and bf June

1944 there was material evidence ot the mstence ot •hardware"
obtainttd fl-oll.l crashed vehicles in Sweden. Thia evidence gave the
1mr•st1eat~ team a basis upon which to operate.

The absence ot BDT

•hardt.Jare" resulting rrom unexpla1ned u.r.o. sightings l~s a "will­
ot-the wiap) mtur.e to the ATIC problem.

The results ot their 1.nvoot1-

gation, to date; strongly indicate that no evidence or hostile act
or danger md;.ata. ~hermore, the current reporting syst(D vould
.

.

have little value in the case of detection ot 8Dal\1 attack b7 oormmtional a1rcraf't or guided missiles; unda'l" such conditions • ~11

voul.d be available almost at once.

ARTIFACTS or Jq'l'RATmRfflIAL CRlGJJi
It was 1ntarestirlg to note t~t none or the members ot the
Panel,.... loath

~

accept that this earth might be visited by extra­

terrestrial intelligent beings or some sort, some day.

What th97 did

not find \188 m,y evidence that related the objecta eight.cl to spaoa

travelers. Mr. Fournet, 1D hie presentation, shoved hov he bad elim­
inated each ot the known eJX1 probable causes of sightings leaving him
•extra,.terreatial• as the only one remaining i n ~ cases~ Fournat0s

background as an aeronautical engineer and technical in'c,elllgenco

#### Page 21

officer (Project Of'f'icer, BIDFl300K f~ 15 months) could not ba
allghtedo However, the Panel could ?)Ot accept a:ar of' the oases
sighted by' him because they vare raw, unsv~uated reports.

Terrestrial explanations ot the aighti.Jlga were suggested in. sane
cas~ and in others the time ot sighting was so short as tp cause
SWtpieion of visual im.pl-essions. It -was noted
by Dr. Goudamit and.
'
.
othara that extraterrestrial artitacts, U' they did extat11 are no·
cause for a.larmJ rather, they are in the realm ot natural phenomena

subject to eoientitic stu~, just as co=ic ~ were at the time

ot th~ disc;ovel'7 20 to_30 yosrs ago. This ims an atti~ude 1n
~ch Dr. Robertson did not concur, as he felt that such artif'acts

would be ot 1mn81liate am great concern mt only to the u. s. hit
to all countries.

(Nothing l1ke a comnon threat to unita peoples!)

Dr. Page noted that present astronanical lmowladge ot the solar
l

system makes the mstence of intel.llgent beings (as we know the
tc-m) elsewhere th,an on the earth extremely un11ke~, and the

ooncentration of their •ttention by 8117 controllable means confined
to auy one continent ot the earth quite preposterous.
1'ROODTON. OTAR, SIGRrDO

Thia case was considered signif'icant because ot the ax,ellant

document&r7 erldence 1n the torm ot lndacbrome motion picture films
(abottt 1600 framu). The Panel studied these tllma, the case h18tor7,
ATIC 1 a interpret.at.ton, and received a 1:rief'ing b7 repreaentat.1ves ot
the USN :Photo Interpretation le.boratory on their ~ i s of the
film. Thia team had expended (at .A1r Force request) approxim~

#### Page 22

1()00 man.-hours ot professional and sub-proteasional time 1n the

preparation of graph pl.Qts ot 1ndividu&l frames ot the tUm, ahaw­
i!Jg apparent and relative motion ot objects and variation 1n their

light !ntenait;r. It was the opiDion ot the P.I.L. representatives
that the o~jects sighted vere not birds, balloons or aircraft•
vere •~ .retlections ~ e there was no bl.1nking vhUe ):&asing
0

through &J • ot &rd' and w.-e, ther~tore, 11 MU'~lum1.nous".

Plots ot

motion om variation 1n light intensity ot the objects vare die­
p ~ . While the Panel Members were impressed b;v th~ evident
e n ~ imustry a!!d extent of etf~ ot the P.I.L• .team_ they

could not accept the conolusions reached. · Same or the reuona tor
thia vere as tollws1
&o

A aami-apharical obj~t can reed1'q troduce a rof'leotion

ot sunlight without "blinldng" through t,oo of arc travel.
bo Although no data was available on the "albedo" ot birds er

po~lene halJoona 1n bright aunlight, the apParent

motions, ai,;e■ and 'brlghtnesaes ot the objects ware
considered strong~ to suggest birds, psrticularq attar
the Panel viewed a abort film showing high ref'l.ectiut7

0, seagulls 1n bright 8UDlight.

o. P.I.L. description of the objects sighted as •c!rcular•

bluish-white" in color would be expectad 1n cases of
apecular reflections ot sunl 1ght trcm convez surtaoes vhere
the lrilliance of the retleotlon vould obscsure other portions
of the object.

#### Page 23

. d.

Object• 1n the Great 1'alla case vare 1»lieved to b&Ye

probably bein ~ , am th• brlght lights nch Ntleotiona.
e. Th.re vae no ft.lid reason tor the attempt to relate the object.
1n the Tremonton eightillg to those 1n t.he Great Falla a1ght-

1ng. rue mq have been due to m1sumcstam1ng in their
~active. The objects 1n the Great Falla eightblg are
atrongq auspectec1 ot being ret1ect1ona ot a1rcrllft Jmown to
have been :bi the area.

to The intensity change ~ the TNmoJiton lights vu too g . t

tar ~~e of tho P:I.L. bypothesia ~ t the appaNDt

motion Md changing intensity ot the lights mlicated u t r ~
high speed in small orbital i:atha.

g. Apparent lack ot guidance or investigators b;1 thoee tam131ar
'With u.F.o. reports am axplanatiom,.
h. ~ i s ot light 1ntensi't7 ot objects made tram dupl.1cate

rather than arig1.ml. film. The or1g1nal t1lm vaa noted to
ha.Te a 1IIIOh lighter background (atf'ectiilg •relat1w brightnaa

of object) and ·th• objocta appeared ?DW?h leas bright..
1. Method or obtaining data ot light intensity appeared raul.ty
bacause of unauitabilit7 of equipnent and questionable
assumptions 1n maJdng av.rages ot readi:ngs.
j. Ro data had bean obtained on the senait1v1t7 ot Xodac!n-ome

film to light ot various intensities usillg the·same Ceiiili&
type a.t the aame lans openiJJgs.

#### Page 24

ko

Hom •jitter" trequencia (obtaimble !rClll earq part ot

Tremonton t:tlm) vere not removed from the plota ot the
•111ng1e paaa plots" at the end or the tUm.
The Panel beliend atro~ that the data aailable on th1•
•ighting as eutticient tor positive idantitioation it further data

1a obtaiDed b7 ~otograpbing poqeth7lane •pillow" balloona released
near the eite ullder o1m1lar weather condition■, checldng bSN fliaht.

and Nf'hotion charactaristlo• vith competent arm.tholcciata am
calculatblg apparent •a- forces a ~ upon objects from their apparent
trackao

It vas coneludod that the resul.ta ot auch tests vould prob­

ably lead to ereditable explanationa or value in an educational ar
tra1nbJg programo

lloweYer, the Panel noted that the coat 1n teohldoal

manpow8l" etrort :required to tollcN up and ·exp1a1n every ane ot the

thousand or more reports received through channel.I eaoh JNr' {1,900 in
1952) could not be justitied. It was telt that there will alvaye be

sightings, tor which complete data 1a lacldng, that can o~ be
explained with disproportionate effort and with a lC"11g time delq, U
at allo

The lcmg de~ 1n expla1Jdng a sighting tenda to eliminate

any intelllg~e ftl.ue. The educational or training program ehoul4
haTe u a J1Bjor purpose the elimination ot popular reeling that •••7

a1ghtii2g, no matter how poor the data, must be explained in detailo
Attention should be directed to the requirement amo!lg scientists that
a nw phenomena, to be accepted, mast be complete~ am comimini~
documented.

In other words, the blrden of proot is on the sighter,

not the explainer.

#### Page 25

m.tmtJtL I\IYTU, ·ppp.ffl§
'l'be Panel Mambar-e vm-e 1n agreament vlth 0/SI op1n1.on that,

although evidence ot any dh-ect t.broat tltaa th a sightings vu
vho~ laelf!ng, Nlated daz]gc-a Jldgbt veil ecdllt ruul.Ung trcaa
•• M:181dentit1caUon ot actual 8Dal\V' artitaets b.r datanse

personnel.
ho

~erload1• ot emargeDC7 report1ng ehannela w1th •tal.w
intOl'llll!Ltion ("no1ae to signal ratio" analao--Bc-kntr)o

0o

Subject1vit,' ot piblto to mas• ~at.ria _a nd grreate vu]...
IIGl"abili~ to PQSsible ~ P87Cholog1oal. VU'tare.
'

~tJiough nOt the concern of CIA, the .t11'8't two
. ot those probled
may smouaq atteet the Air n.teruse 1ntel.l.fgenee state, ml ahoa14
be studied by u:perta, poasibJ.lr unde" ADC.

It u.r.o.•11 became 41.,..

credited 1Ji a reaction to the "t:cy!.ng aa.uc..- aoare, or it report-..
ing channels are saturated with tal.se am poor~ documente4 report■,
oui- oapability of detecting hostile act1vi't7 will be reduced.

Dr I> Page noted that mare campetent, screening or tilter!JJg ot reported

aightinge at or near the source 1e required, and that thie can beat
be acccmpliahtkl b7 an educational program.
GGRAPHl'C JLCATIQNS Ql 01n4P1f\WD smmng

The map prepared by ATIO llhOlling geograpbic looatiou ot otticialq

reported unexpla1ned sigbtillga (1952 onl.7) was aandned bJ' the Panel.
Thia •P showed ol\llJtera 1n certain strategic areas such as Los ~
Thia might be a:plained on the basis of 21.--haur vatchtul guard an4

­

#### Page 26

avareneaa ~security-measures naar such loeiationa. On the other
hand, tbare had bean no sightings 1n the nc~t;y ot Nn81t!:ve
related AE establishments while there were oocaa1o~ multiple
cases ot ~ sightings in DOD-Btrategic aNUo

Furtharmore,

there ~~ed. to be no logical relat1onsh1p to population ffDters.
The ftmel coald t1m no road1' ezplamtion tar these oluatera.

It

waa noted, hOW8'9'm", that if ten-est.rial artitacta were to be o?:laarved
it vould b e ~ that the;y would be seen first near tortdgn areu

rathm- than c.entral U. s.

IN§TRUMF1fl'ATION TO OBTAIN DATA
The Panel ,nuJ or the opinion that the present ATIO program to
pl.ace 100 inaxponsiva 35 m. stereo camaras in the hams ot various

airport control tower operators would rrobabl3 produce little ftlu­

(Text continues in the original file: 42 pages.)

## CIA-UAP-003 — The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance; The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-003
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-003
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: 1954-1974
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

U‑2 and OXCART, 1954‑1974: CIA’s high‑altitude hobby, not UFO sightings.

- CIA-UAP-003 PDF, CIA authored, covering 1954‑1974 overhead reconnaissance programs.
- Chronicles U‑2 and OXCART development, missions, Powers downing, and CIA‑to‑Air Force handoff.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This CIA History Staff document chronicles the complete history of the U-2 and OXCART (A-12) high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft programs from 1954 to 1974, detailing their development, operations over the Soviet Union and other targets worldwide, the famous downing of Francis Gary Powers in 1960, organizational reforms following that incident, and the eventual transfer of operations from CIA to Air Force control. A more redacted version of this document has been available on CIA's public website.

### Full text

#### Page 4

♦ Chapter 1

Searching for a System

The Need for High-Altitude Reconnaissance ............................................ 1
Early Postwar Aerial Reconnaissance ................................................... 2
New Approaches to Photoreconnaissance........................................... 4
The Air Force Search for a New Reconnaissance Aircraft............... 8
Lockheed CL-282 Supporters and the CIA. ........................................ 13
Scientists and Overhead Reconnaissance ............................................... 17
The BEACON HILL Report .................................................................... 17
Concern About the Danger of a Soviet Surprise Attack ................ 19
The Air Force Intelligence Systems Panel......................................... 21
British Overflight of Kapustin Yar ....................................................... 23
The Intelligence Systems Pane! and the CL-282 .............................. 24
The Technological Capabilities Panel ................................................. 26
Project Three Support for the Lockheed CL-282 .............................. 27
A Meeting With the President ............................................................. 32
CIA and Air Force Agreement on the CL-282 .................................. 33

♦ Chapter 2

Developing the U-2

The Establishment of the U-2 Project..................................................... 39
Funding Arrangements for Project AQUATONE .................................... 43
Major Design Features of the U-2 ........................................................... 45
The Development of the Camera System .............................................. 48
Preparations for Testing the U-2 ............................................................. 56
Security for the U-2 Project...................................................................... 59
The CIA - Air Force Partnership .............................................................. 60
Technical Challenges to High-Altitude Flight ......................................... 61
Delivery of the First U-2 ........................................................................... 66
Initial Testing of the U-2 ........................................................................... 68
U-2s, UFOs, and Operation BLUE BOOK................................................ 72

#### Page 5

Sec, el NOFORN

Hiring U-2 Pilots ........_................................................................................. 73
Pilot Training ............................................................................................... 75
Final Tests of the U-2 ................................................................................ 76
Three Fatal Crashes in 1956 ..................................................................... 79
Coordination of Collection Requirements ............................................... 80
Preparations To Handle the Product of U-2 Missions ......................... 82
The Impact of the Air Force Project GENETRIX Balloons................... 84
AQUATONE Briefings for Selected Members of Congress ................. 88
The U-2 Cover Story .................................................................................. 89

♦ Chapter 3

U-2 Operations in the Soviet Bloc and Middle East, 1956-1958

The Deployment of Detachment A to Lakenheath ............................... 94
The Move to Wiesbaden ........................................................................... 95
President Eisenhower's Attitude Toward Overflights............................ 96
First Overflights of Eastern Europe ....................................................... 100
First U-2 Flights Over the Soviet Union ............................................... 104
Soviet Protest Note .................................................................................. 109
The End of the Bomber Gap................................. :................................ 111
Tactical Intelligence From U-2s During the Suez Crisis .................... 112
Renewed Overflights of the Soviet Union ........................................... 122
Radar-Deceptive "Dirty Birds" ................................................................ 128
The New Detachment C .......................................................................... 133
Detachment B Flights From Pakistan .................................................... 135
The Decline of Detachment A ................................................................ 139
Cooperation With Norway ....................................................................... 142
Declining Overflight Activity.................................................................... 143
Concerns About Soviet Countermeasures Against the U-2 .............. 147
More Powerful Engines for the U-2 ...................................................... 149
Intervention in Lebanon, 1958 ................................................................ 152
British Participation in the U-2 Project ................................................. 153
The U-2 Project at the Beginning of 1959 ........................................... 157

♦ Chapter 4

The Final Overflights of the Soviet Union, 1959-1960

The U-2 and the "Missile-Gap" Debate................................................ 159
The Last Overflight: Operation GRAND SLAM .................................... 170
The Aftermath of the U-2 Downing ...................................................... 177
The Withdrawal of the Overseas Detachments ................................... 181
The Fate of Francis Gary Powers .......................................................... 183
Changes in Overflight Procedures After May 1960 ............................ 187

#### Page 6

Geeret PJOFORN

..'t', Chapter 5

U-2 Operations After M ay 1960
U-2 Operations in Latin Ameri ca ................ ...................... ................... .. 197
U-2 Support to t he Bay of Pigs Invasion.. ..... ............ .............. ....... 197
Aerial Refueling Capability for the U-2 ........................... ........ ....... .. 198
U-2 Coverage Duri ng the Cuban Missile Crisis .............................. 199
U-2s Over South America ............. ..................................................... 211
U-2 Operations in Asia ........ ........................... ......................................... 211
Detachment C and the Indonesian Revolt of 1958 ............... .... ..... 211
China Offshore Islands Dispute of 1958 ................................ ..... ..... 215
U-2 Support for DDP Operations in Tibet....................................... 216
U-2Cs for Detachment C....................... .................... ... ....................... 217
U-2 Crash in Thailand ......................................................................... 219
End of Detachment C Operations ...................................... ............... 219
Detachment G Missions Over Laos and North Vietnam .............. 221
New Detachment on Taiwan ......... ......... ........................................... 222
Use of Detachment H Aircraft by US Pilots ............................ ....... 230
U-2s in India ................. ........................................................................ 231
Increasing Responsibilities. Inadequate Resources in Asia ........... 233
Advanced ECM Equipment for Detachment H................................ 237
Infrared Scanner Over PRC Nuclear Plants ....................... 238
.............................. ......... 240

~~::-::;--::,-;-~~:F:::.:-:=--::-r-;~
=-=-=~
The End of U-2 Overflights o
ain an China ............................. 242
Peripheral M issions by Detachment H ................... .......................... 244
Operation SCOPE SHIELD Over North Vietnam ............................. 246
Improvements in U-2 Technology .........................................................247
Modification of U-2s for Aircraft Carrier Deployment ... ... ............. 247
Use of Car rier-Based U-2 To Film a French Nuclear Test Site... 249
A New Version of the U-2 ...................................................... ........... 251
Replacement of the Orig inal U-2s W ith U-2Rs............. ........ .......... 253
The Final Years of the U-2 ................. ................................................ .... 253
Support to Ot her Agencies .... .......... .................................................. 254
Overseas Deployment Exercises and Missions ............................... 255
The Phaseout of the Office of Special Activities ........ ................... 257

0)

Chapter 6
The U-2·s Intended Successor: Project OXCART, 1956-1968
The Evaluation of Designs for a Successor to the U-2 .... ................ 260
Competition Between Lockheed and Convair ...................................... 267
The Selection of the Lockheed Design .............. ... ................ ................ 270
Efforts To Red uce t he A·12's Radar Cross Section ............................ 274
The OXCART Contract ............................................................................. 277

#### Page 7

See, et NOFOAN

New Technologies Necessitated By OXCART's Hig h Speed ............. 279
Designing the OXCART's Cameras ........................................ ....... .. ... .... 281
Choosing Pilots for OXCART .................................................................. 283
Selection of a Testing Site fo r t he OXCART.............................. ......... 283
Delivery of t he First OXCART ............................................ .................... 286
Changes in the Project Management .................................................... 286
OXCART' s First Flights.............. ... .............................. .... ..... .......... .. ......... 288
Speed-Related Problems .... .. ........................................ ........... .... ............. 290
New Versions of the OXCART ............................ ............ ..... .................. 291
The Question of Surfacing a Version of the OXCART ...................... 292
Additional Problems During Final Testing ............................................ 295
Discussions on the OXCART's Future Employment ........................... 297
First A-12 Deployment: Operat ion BLACK SHIELD ............................. 304
The End of the OXCART Program ........................................................ 307
Possible Successors to the OXCART..................................................... 312
Summary of t he OXCART Program ...................................................... 313

♦ Chapter 7

Conclusion
U-2 Overflights of the Soviet Union ..................................................... 315
Participation of Allies in t he U-2 Prog ram........................................... 319
U-2s as Collectors of Tactical Intelligence .................... ....................... 319
Advances in Technology............................................... ........................... 320
Cooperation With the Air Force ............................................................. 321
Impact of the Overhead Reconnaissance Program o n the CIA. ....... 321

♦ Appendix A: Acronyms ............................................................................. 325

♦ Appendix

B: Key Personnel ..................................................................... 327

♦ Appendix C: Electronic Devices Carried

by the U-2 ........................... 335

♦ Appendix D: U-2 Overflights of the Soviet Union, ............................. 337

4 July 1954-1 May 1960
♦ Appendix E: Unmanned Reconnaissance Projects .................... .......... 339
♦ Bibliography ................................................................................................ 347
♦ Index ............................................................................................................ 355

#### Page 8

Warning Notice

Intelligence Sources or Methods Involved (WNINTEL)

National Security Information

Unauthorized Disclosure Subject to Criminal Sanctions

Dissemination Control Abbreviations
NOFORN (NF)
NOCONTRACT (NC)
PROPIN (PR)
ORCON (OC)
REL..

WN

Not releasable to foreign nationals
Not releasable to contractors or contractor/
consultants
Caution-proprietary information involved
Dissemination and extraction of information
controlled by originator
This information has been authorized for re­
lease to...
WNINTEL-lntelligence sources and meth­
ods involved
Classified by~~~~
Declassify: OADR
Derived from multiple sources

All material on this page
is Unclassified.

#### Page 9

ieeret NOFGftN

FOREWORD

This History Staff Monograph offers a comprehensive and authorita­
tive history of the CIA's manned overhead reconnaissance program.
which from 1954 to 1974 developed and operated two extraordinary
aircraft, the U-2 and the A-12 OXCART. It describes not only the
program's technological and bureaucratic aspects, but also its politi­
cal and international context. The manned reconnaissance program,
along with other overhead systems that emerged from it, changed the
CIA's work and structure i.n ways that were both revolutionary and
permanent. The formation of the Directorate of Science and
Technology in the I 960s, principally to develop and direct reconnais­
sance programs, is the most obvious legacy of the events recounted in
this study.
The authors tell an enigrossing story. The struggle between the
CIA and the US Air Force to control the U-2 and A-12 OXCART
projects reveals how the manned reconnaissance program confronted
problems that still beset successor programs today. The U-2 was an
enormous technological suc:cess: its first flight over the USSR in July
1956 made it immediately the most important source of intelligence
on the Soviet Union. Using it against the Soviet target it was designed
for nevertheless produced a persistent tension between its program ·
managers and the President. The program managers, eager for cover­
age, repeatedly urged the President to authorize frequent missions
over the Soviet Union. President Eisenhower, from the outset doubt­
ful of the prudence and prt0priety of invading Soviet airspace, only
reluctantly allowed any overflights at all. After the Soviets shot down
Francis Gary Powers' U-2 on I May 1960, President Eisenhower
forbade any further U-2 flights over the USSR. Since the Agency
must always assess a covert operation's potential payoff against the
diplomatic or military cost if it fails, this account of the U-2's em­
ployment over the Soviet Union offers insights that go beyond
overhead reconnaissance programs.
Indeed, this study should be useful for a variety of purposes. It is
the only history of this program based upon both full access to CIA
records and extensive classified interviews of its participants. The
authors have found records that were nearly irretrievably lost and
have interviewed participants whose personal recollections gave in­
formation available nowhere else. Although the story of the manned

-Sac,et

#### Page 10

See1et N0F0RN

reconnaissance program offers no tidy model for imitation, it does
reveal how resourceful managers coped with unprecedented techno­
logical challenges and their implications for intelligence and national
pol icy. For this reason, the program's history provides profitable
reading for intelligence professionals and policymakers today.
Many people made import.1nt contributions to the production of
this volume. ln the History Staff's preparation of the manuscript,
Gerald Haines did the final revision, Diane Marvin again demon­
strated her high talent as a copy editor, and[
[provided
staunch secretarial support throughout. As usual, we are indebted to
more members than we can name from the Publications, Design. and
Cartography Centers in the Office of Current Production and Analytic
Support, whose lively interest in the publication went far beyond the
call of duty. Their exceptional professional skill and the masterly
work of the Printing and Photography Group combined to create this
handsome volume.
Donald E. Welzenbach, who began this study, and Gregory W.
Pedlow, w_llo completed it, brought complementary strengths to _this
work. A ~eteran of C[A service since 1960, Mr. Welzenbach began
research on this study in 1983, when he joined the DCI History Staff
on a rotational assignment from the Directorate of Science and
Technology. After tireless documentary research and extensive inter­
viewing. he finished a draft manuscript of the history before returning
to his directorate. In early 1986, Gregory W. Pedlow, a new member
of the DC( History Staff, was assigned to complete the study. A Johns
Hopkins University Ph.D. who has served as an Army intelligence
officer and University of Nebraska professor of history, Dr. Pedlow
undertook important research in several new areas, and reorganized.
edited, and revised the entire manuscript before leaving CIA to be­
come NATO Historian in late 1989. The final work, which has greatly
benefited from both authors' contributions, is the CIA's own history
of the world's first great overhead reconnaissance program. ♦

J. Kenneth McDonald
Chief, CIA History Staff
April 1992

#### Page 11

Secret l\10FeAN

PREFACE
When the Central Intelligence Agency came into existence in 1947,
no one foresaw that, in less than a decade, it would undertake a
major program of overhead reconnaissance, whose principal purpose
would be to fly over the Soviet Union. Traditionally, the military
services had been responsible for overhead reconnaissance, and
flights deep into unfriendly territory only took place during wartime.
By the early I 950s, howe v,er, the United States had an urgent and
growing need for strategic :intelligence on the Soviet Union and its
satellite states. At great risk, US Air Force and Navy aircraft had
been conducting peripheral reconnaissance and shallow-penetration
overflights, but these missions were paying a high price in lives lost
and increased international tension. Furthermore. many important
areas of the Soviet Union lay beyond the range of existing reconnais­
sance aircraft. The Air Force had therefore begun to develop a
high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft that would be able to conduct
deep-penetration reconnaissance missions over the Soviet Union.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his civilian scientific advisers
feared that the loss of such an aircraft deep in Soviet territory could
lead to war and therefore authorized the development of new non­
military aircraft, first the U-2 and later the A-12 OXCART, to be
manned by civilians and operated only under cover and in the
greatest secrecy. Primary responsibility for this new reconnaissance
program was assigned to the Central Intelligence Agency, but the Air
Force provided vital support.
The Agency's manned overhead reconnaissance program lasted
20 years. It began with President Eisenhower's authorization of the
U-2 project in late 1954 and ended with the transfer of the remaining
Agency U-2s to the Air Force in 1974. During this period the CIA
developed a successor to the U-2, the A- 12 OXCART, but this ad­
vanced aircraft saw little operational use and the program was
canceled in 1968 after the Air Force deployed a fleet of similar air­
craft, a military variant of the A-12 called the SR-71.
Neither of these aircraft remai ns secret today. A great deal of in­
formation about the U-2 and its overflight program became known to
the public after I May 1960, when the Soviet Union shot down a CIA
U-2 and publicly tried its pilot. Francis Gary Powers. Four years

See,et

#### Page 12

later, at press conferences in February and July 1. 964, President
Lyndon B. Johnson revealed the existence of the OXCART-type of
aircraft, although only in its military YF- l 2A (interceptor) and SR-7 l
(strategic reconnaissance) versions.
The two CIA reconnaissance aircraft have also been the subject
of a number of books, beginning with David Wise's and Thomas B.
Ross's The U-2 Affair in 1962 and then Francis Gary Powers'
memoirs, Operation Overflight, in 1970. Two recent books give many
more details about the U-2 and OXCART air,craft: Michael
Beschloss's Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev and the U-2 Affair
(l 986) and William Burrows's Deep Black: Space Espionage and
National Security ( 1987). Although well written and generally ac­
curate, these books suffer from their authors' lack of access to
classified official documentation. By drawing upon the considerable
amount of fonnerly classified data on the U-2 now available to the
public, Beschloss has provided an accurate and insightful depiction of
the U-2 program in the context of the Eisenhower 21dministration 's
overall foreign policy, but his book does contain errors and omissions
on some aspects of the U-2 program. Burrows's broader work suffers
more from the lack of classified documentation. particularly in the
OXCART/SR-71 section, which concentrates on the Air Force air­
craft because little information about the Agency's aircraft has been
officially declassified and released.
After the present study of the Agency's overhead reconnaissance
projects was completed, a new book on the U-2 was p+ublished in the
United Kingdom. Chris Pocock's Dragon Lady: The History of the
U-2 Spyplane is by far the most accurate unclassified account of the
U-2 program. Pocock has been able to compensate for his lack of ac­
cess to classified documents by interviewing many former
participants in the program, especially former pilots. Pocock is also
quite familiar with aircraft itself, for he had worked with Jay Miller
on the latter's excellent technical study of the U-2: Lockheed U-2
(l 983).
There has also been a classified official study of the U-2 and
OXCART programs. In 1969 the Directorate of Science and
Technology published a History of the Office of Speci,al Activities by

SeeFet

#### Page 13

Helen Hill Kleyla and Robert D. O'Hern. This 16-volume Top Secret
Codeword study of the Agency's reconnaissance aircraft provides a
wealth of technical and operational information on the two projects
but does not attempt to place them in their historical context. Without
examining the international situation and bureaucratic pressures af­
fecting the president and other key policymakers, however, it is
impossible to understand the decisions that began, carried out, and
ended the CIA's reconnaissance aircraft projects.
In preparing this study of CIA's overhead reconnaissance pro­
gram, the authors drew on published sources, classified government
documents, and interviews with key participants from the CIA, Air
Force, contractors, scientific advisory committees, and the
Eisenhower administration. The interviews were particularly impor­
tant for piecing together the story of how the CIA became involved in
overhead reconnaissance in the first place because Agency documen­
tation on the prehistory of the U-2 project is very sketchy and there
are no accurate published accounts. Research on the period of actual
reconnaissance operations included the records of the Director of
Central Intelligence, the Office of Special Activities in the
Directorate of Science and Technology, and the Intelligence
Community Staff, along with documents from the Eisenhower
Presidential Library in Abilene, Kansas, and additional interviews.
Both authors are grateful for the assistance they have received
from many individuals who played important roles in the events they
recount. Without their help a good deal of this story could never have
become known. The assistance of Agency records management
officers in the search for documents on the overhead reconnaissance
program is also greatly appreciated.
To ensure that this study of the Agency's involvement in over­
head reconnaissance reaches the widest possible audience, the authors
have kept it at the Secret classification level. As a result, some
aspects of the overhead reconnaissance program, particularly those
involving satellites and related interagency agreements, have had to
be described in very general terms. The omission of such information
is not significant for this book, which focuses on the Agency's recon­
naissance aircraft. ♦

#### Page 14

Seeret NOFORN
Chapter 1

1

Searching for a System

THE NEED FOR HIGH-ALTITUDE RECONNAISSANCE
For centuries, soldiers in wartime have sought the highest ground or
structure in order to get a better view of the enemy. At first it was tall
trees, then church steeples and bell towers. By the time oif the
American Civil War and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, ob­
se_ryers were using hot-air balloons to get up in the sky for a better
view of the "other side of the hill." With the advent of dry film, it
became possible to carry cameras into the sky to record the disposi­
tion of enemy troops and emplacements. Indeed, photoreconnaissance
proved so valuable during World War I that in 1938 Gen. Werner von
Fritsch, Commander in Chief of the German. Army, predicted: '·'The
nation with the best aerial reconnaissance facilities will win the next
1
war."
By World War II, lenses, films , and cameras had undergone many
improvements, as had the airplane, which could fly higher and faster
than the primitive craft of World War I. Now it was possible to use
photoreconnaissance to obtain information about potential targets be­
fore a bombing raid and to assess the effectiveness of the bombing
afteiwarcl
Peacetime applications of high-altitude photography at first in­
cluded only photornapping and surveying for transcontinental high­
ways and mineral and oil exploration. There was little thought given to
using photography for peacetime espionage until after World War II,
when the Iron Curtain rang down and cut off most fonns of communi­
cation between the Soviet Bloc of nations and the rest of the world.

' Roy M. Stanley II, World War I/ Photo Intelligence (New York: Scribners. 1981), p. 16.

#### Page 15

6cc. ct P.OFORN

Chapter 1
2

By I 949 the Soviet Union and the states of Eastern Europe had
been effectively curtained off from 1the outside world, and the Sov iet
military carried out its planning. production. and deployment activi­
ties with the utmost secrecy. All Soviet strategic capabilities­
bomber forces, ballistic missiles. submarine forces, and nuclear weap­
ons plants-were concealed from outside observation. The Soviet air
defense system, a prime consideration in determining US retaliatory
policies, was also largely an unknown factor.
Tight security along the Soviet Bloc borders severely curtailed
the movement of human intelligence sources. In addition. the Soviet
Union made its conventional means of communication-telephone,
telegraph, and radio-telephone-mo re secure, thereby greatly reduc­
ing the intelligence available from tlhese sources. The stringent secu­
rity measures imposed by the Communist Bloc nations effectively
blunted traditional methods for gathering intelligence: secret agents
using covert means to communicate intell igence, travelers to and
from target areas who could be asked to keep their eyes open and re­
port their observations later, wiretaps and other eavesdropping meth­
ods. and postal intercepts. Indeed, the entire panoply of intelligence
tradecraft seemed ineffective against the Soviet Bloc, and no other
methods were available.

Early Postwar Aerial Reconnaissance
Although at the end of World War II the Un ited States had captured
large quantities of German photos and documents on the Soviet
Union, this material was rapidly becoming outdated. The main source
of current intelligence on the Soviet Union's military installations was
interrogation of prisoners of war returning from Soviet captivity. To
obtain information about Soviet sci,entitic progress, the intelligence
community established several programs to debrief German scientists
who had been taken to the Soviet Vinion after the end of the war but
were now being allowed to leave.~

: A t the end of World War II. th<! Bri tish had e:stablished Project DRAGON to g:iin infor.
mation from German scientists who had work,:d on the Peenernunde rocket project. and
the term DRAGON later was used to refer to individuals possessing scientific or technical
information. In 1948 the US Air Force set up Project WRINGER in Germany to gather
intt:lligence on the Soviet Union from defecto1rs and refugees: th is project was later ab­
sorbed into the combined armed forces/CIA Detector Reception Center (DRC). which b<! ­
gan operations in February 1951. In October 1951. a separate organization 10 exploit
individuals with scientific or technical backgrou1nds. especially German scientists who had
worked inside the Soviet Union. c:ime into existence. This organiz:ition was known :is the
Returnee Exploitation Group ( REG) and was located in Fra~kfurt By 1958 the flow of
s,.i,-orisrs ~as so small that the REG merged wi·th the DRC.[
)
he Defecwr Receprio11 Center Germany. 1951 w /967. Clandestine Service
Historical Series CSHP-41 (CIA: History Staff.. 1972). pp. 5-6. 29-30 (S).

I

#### Page 16

Sec, et NOF=ORI\J

Chapter 1
3

Interrogation of returning Germans offered only fragmentary in­
formation, and this source could not be expected to last much longer.
As a result, in the late 1940s, the US Air Force and Navy began trying
to obtain aerial photography of the Soviet Union. The main Air Force
effort involved Boeing RB-47 aircraft (the reconnaissance version of
the B-47 jet-propelled medium bomber) equipped with cameras and
electronic "ferret" equipment that enabled aircrews to detect tracking
by Soviet radars. At that time the Soviet Union had not yet com­
pletely ringed its borders with radars, and much of the interior also
lacked radar coverage. Thus, when the RB-47s found a gap in the
air-warning network, they would dart inland to take photographs of
any accessible targets. These ·'penetration photography" flights
(called SENSINT-sensitive intelligence-missions) occurred along
the northern and Pacific coasts of Russia. One RB-47 aircraft even
managed to fly 450 miles inland and photograph the city of Igarka in
Siberia.

(Text continues in the original file: 406 pages.)

## CIA-UAP-004 — CASE 17708 (CLOSED) and DR. Leon Davidson

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-004
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-004
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: 1958
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

1958 phone call: the only thing transmitted faster than the message was the redacted text.

- CIA-UAP-004 memo, CIA, 1958, phone call with Dr. Leon Davidson
- Reports concerns about a destroyed “space message and its transmitter
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This 1958 CIA memorandum discussing a phone conversation with Dr. Leon Davidson regarding concerns about a destroyed "space message and its transmitter." A redacted version of this memorandum has been available on CIA's public website.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Approved for Release 2026
Chief, Contact Divisica 9 January 1958
FOR : Sugport Branch CHI-58-17
Chief, Chicago Office
5-49559
Case I77o8 (Clcsed) and Dr. Leon Davidson
FEY : WA 26643, aod Connell, Lohmann, LaMountain Telecon of 8 Jan 58
1. We bave contacted Dr. Davidson by telephone advising him
that we camot resolve bis problen concerning the space message and
its transmitter because records an the ratter bave been destroyed
by tbo evalratiag egency. Davidson accepted this statenent with the
canment that be bad been told this beiore, that he now bad a second
article for publicaticn concerndng Air Force bandling of spacs sight-.
ings in the bands of the Pentagon Becnrity review people (which he
thought vas mild enough to pass them), and be hinted that he might
wish to take mp again at a later date the matter of this particular
message.
2. We appreciate that there have been many cooks in the kitchen
on this dish and that, as a reault, the extraordinarlly nonccamittal
and evasive answer we were instructed to give Davidson was perhape the
only one posaible if we vere to avoid crossing up previous statements
of our ow, and other involved agencies, to this nan. But the answer
was bardly fair to Davidsen, and ame not likely to be fully accepted
by hin.
3. Referenced telephons couversaticn disclosed that there is
nothing in the record to show that Davidson knev he was dealing with
the agancy in his coatacts with Walker and Skakich, that in fact, an
effort bad beea made to canceal their CIa identity from him. We are
reasorably sure that when Daviison talked to ns in the Court af Appcals
Bullding conference roan, he hnow very well with vhom be ias dealing,
and in the Davidson-Lahamtain telephone conversation, Davidson specg-
iflcally mentianed "yoar agency" by which he presurably weant cIA.
4, We are sure more willl be heard from Davidson.
R.P.B. LOMMANN
FXLaMomtain:rs FULL TEXT COPY DO NOT RELEASE

## CIA-UAP-005 — German Scientist's Article on 'Flying Discs'

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-005
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-005
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: 1950
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out the only thing rotating in 1950 Chile was the scientist’s imagination.

- CIA-UAP-005: CIA PDF report dated 31 July 1950, concerning a German scientist in Chile.
- Describes Dr. Ludwig’s theory that “flying discs” use rotating cylinders or gas‑turbine exhaust for lift, not conventional wings.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This 1950 CIA Information Report from Chile discusses a German scientist's article theorizing that "Flying Discs" could be explained as a new type of aircraft based on aerodynamic principles developed in German research facilities during and after WWI, using rotating cylinders or gas-turbines to create lift through boundary layer manipulation, rather than conventional wings. A redacted version of this report has been available on CIA's public website.

### AI summary

This document is a Central Intelligence Agency report dated 31 July 1950, classified as restricted. It summarizes an article by Dr. Eduard Ludwig, a German scientist in Chile, about "flying discs." The report states that the article discusses the possibility that the discs are related to exhaust from a rotary gas-turbine and compares them to aircraft developments from the 1910s, including Flettner-Rotors. The report notes that the article was submitted for publication in a German-language magazine in Chile and includes a translation of the article. The document was approved for release in 2026.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Approved for Release 2026 1200
CLASSIFICATION
CENTRAL. INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT NO. SO DB-27143
INFORMATION REPORT CD NO.
COUNTRY Chile/Gormany DATE DISTR. 31 July 1950
SUBJECT German Scientist's Article on "Flying Discs" NO. OF PAGES 1
PLACE Kotard to (ia Licrary NO. OF ENCLS. 1
ACQUIRED Chile, Santiago (LISTED BELOW)
DATE OF SUPPLEMENT TO
INFO. Frior to nid-l950 REPORT NO.
GRADING OF SOURCE COLLECTOR'S PRELIMINARY GRADING OF CONTENT
[COMPLETELYUSUALLY FAIRLY NOT NOT CANNOT CONFIRMED PROBABLY POSSIBLY PROBABLY CANNOT
reli able RE LIABLERELIABLE USUALLY RELIABLE DE BY OTHER TRUE TRUE DOUBTFUL FALSE DE
RELIABLE JUDGED SOURCES JUDGEDAN
A. x lc. ID. E. IF. 1. 2. 3. 4. s.fff 6.
OP YME UNNTED SYATEO WMYHIW THE DEARIISO OP THU RSPIONAOR ACT BO This pocuctENy cortaiNg infonesamon arvectinO tzr uaTional oEIen86 * Documentary
U.S. C. 8I AND 82. A8 ADENIDED. ITS YRANSWIBSION OR TDE BEVELATION THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
OD I7S CONITENYS EN ANTV EANNER YO AN UMAUTNORIZED PERBON IS PRO-
uiDtkd BW Lay, BEprODucYiOy oF Tul gony 13 PaohiBwliD,
SOURCE
Attached for your information is a copy, in translation, of an articlt
submitted bf Dr. Eduard_ Luduig for publication in Condor, a Geruan language
magazine published in Chile. The articlo is entitled "The itystery of the
'Flying Discs,' a contribution to its possible explanation".
th
scie ihet inthii refort is that the slashonelcap ,
wifoil ha 1 beendisplon tei to frs duce p
typw f tirfoil.
CLASSIFICATION RESPRIOTED dit
STATE NAVY x NSRB DISTRIBUTION
ARMY xAR x FBI
ANCUIVAL: BEDOND
ARANAY ANCHIVES; BLDO: A-10 PLEASE HDTURN rd
232702

#### Page 2

RESTRIOTED
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY SO DB-27143
Attachment 1
-l
THE MYSTERY OF THE "FLYING DISCS"
A contribution to its possible explanation.
By Dr. Eduard Ludwig, Santiago, Chile.
Av. Cristobal Colon 1916
Though the continuously reappearing reports on the appearance of now,
mysterious airoraft of unknown construction should be considered with severe
skepticism as the result of a sort of mass-hypnosis, nevertheless some of the
detailed and coinciding accounts of technically trained observers deserve atten-
tion and permit one to draw conolusions as to the probable classification of
these new airoraft.
Since so far the observations have been made mainly in the dark, which
means that only the luminous parts of the craft are visible, every report brings
the description of shining discs or oircles, If one should discard the absurd
conjecture that these aircraft originate from beyond this earth, then it is easy
to arrive at the conclusion that the shining ciroles bear a relation to the ex-
haust of a rotary gas-turbine. The posslbility exists that the rotor of a tur-
bine is used at the same time as a stabilizing top and is therefore fixed
vertically to the level of the other turbine rings, which in the darkmess pro-
duces the effect of the "rings of Saturn".
These obsorvations remind ne of a completely new type of airoraft uhioh was
developed during the years I worked in the research plant of Professor Junkers
in Dossau, which was attached to the airplane factories kmown all over the world.
I do not know how many of my co-workere are still alive today, but I do know that
Dr. Bock, Professor at the Technical High School of Berlin, and who was at that
time my chief and friend of many years, has been deported to the Soviet Union.
The name of Profesgor Bock was never widely known due to his modest character,
but he may have been the greatest genius of German airplane theoretics, and later,
in view of his extraordinary faoulties, he was named head constructor of the Ninistry
of German Airways and Director of the German Institute of Airways Research in
Berlin-Adlershof.
In order to explain to a wider cirole of readers the basic idea of the new air-
craft, I should like to submit first the following explanations:
The first [physiclamjand mathematician who considered the new Science of Aero-
dynamics after the commencement of purely experimental developments of aircraft
construction was the Russian Professor Jukowski of Moscow, Before the first World
War and together with 'my esteemed teacher, Dr. Kutta from the Technical High School
of Stuttgart, Germany, he developed the theory of airplane-wingbeam. Professor
Kutta succeeded in establishing the famous "Differential equation of the_boundary
oundary stratum) which for the first time throws light on the processes in current particles
and which in any case explains for the first time theoretioally the reason why a
planewing can bear a load while moving forward through the air. Since then the
"Kutta-Jukowski Theory of Airplane-wingbeam" has been the foundation of all aero-
dynamios. As already mentioned, the oore of this work is the so-called "boundary
layev -etratum", whioh consists of the thin layer of air in which the transition of
Velocity Zero to the Velocity of the Moving Object takes place, If the object is
streamlined then the boundary stratum will endeavor not to sever, no whirlwinds will
occur, and therefore no loss of onergy will take place in that stratum, Since
nature always functions most economically, it always tries to avoid loss of energy,
and therefore a planowing would rather bear weight than cause a disruption of the
course of the ourrent and let the wing drop.
The logical conolusions based on these thooretio discoveries were obvioust
already in the yoar I9l5 Profeesor H. C. Bauman, also from the Technical High School
of Stuttgart, reoeived a patent on the "Splitwing" through whioh the artifioial
interruption of -the'course of the ourrent, the tearing of the boundary stratum and
the consoquent brakding and diminishing of the landing speed would be attained. This
ARCHIY 'rO )G. A-18 RESTRICTED -
HIVES,
ACIRNCX

#### Page 3

RESTRICTED
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY SO DB-27143
Attachment 1
--2
procedure was later applied to a great extent to the fighter plane liuster Ju. 88
under the name of "dive-brake", This patent had to be handed to the Inglish
factory Handley-Page after World War I, which explains that the nane of "Handley-
Page Splitwing" is more widely known.
However, developments proceeded. It was principally the Aerodynanie Ex-
perimental Institute of the Gottingen University, directed by the renowned
Professore Prandtl and Betz, and Constructor Flettner, which drew its conclusions
from the theory of the airplane-wlng-bean. Flettner proved that the conditions
of a rotating object are similar to those which appear in a "translatorischen"
movement. Thus evolved the "Flettner-Rotor",
Professor Junkers, head of the well knowm airplane works in Dessau, who in
the year l9l5 received his pathbreaking patent on the one-piece metal wing without
junctures, ordered a research group, whioh was headed by Professor Dr. Bock, and
to which I had the honor to belong, to investigate to what extent the uplift of a
wing could be increased through the attachment of a Flettner-Rotor in the shape of
a oylinder turning at great speed. The cylinder was two-thirds of the length of
the wing and was installed in the nose of the wing, where it could best be adapted
to the wing's profile, To assiot us with aorodynamic problems, the Gottingen
University sent us Professor Prandtl. The experiments turned out to be extrenely
difficult and involved many casualties. The purely technical question of the
speedy uplift of a long cylinder of light construction could not be solved at that
time. Inexplicable vibrations and axle breakages oocurred time after time which
Professor Junkers ordered us to investigate, and with which we were occupied for nonths
Not less than four ren, all experienced and tried pilots of the first World iiar and
outstanding engineers, died in these experiments, It was clear to us that only a
gas-turbine could produce the direct uplift of the cylinder. However, since mean-
while more prossing problens awaited solution, experiments with this type of air-
craft were interrupted.
Meanwhile the Aerodynanio Experimental Institute of Gottingen made new and
enlightening discoveries. Professor Betz found that supersonic speeds, such as
are produced by quickly rotating propellers, created entirely new conditions.
This investigation, however, needed the furnishing of a wind tunnel for supersonic
speeds which could only be built many years later, and which after the war was
forwarded to the United States where it greatly amazed all scientists.
Now light was shed on nany things. It was found that the tearing of the
boundary stratum at supersonio speeds involved much greater resistance, so that
an object with full atnospheric pressure practioally "hangs" fron the upper layer
of air, and theoretically experiences there the same uplift as an object of the
same surface in the water, The converting of the revelations found in research
into reality, however, needed the solution of the starting force through a gas-
turbine or another equivalent machine or instrument. rapidly
Many heretofore unexplained phenomena now found an explanation. For example
it had often been observed that the range of quekly rotating missiles ("Drall-
wirkumg") was much greater than could be explained according to the laws of
ballistics, Paradoxical explanations were sought for this such as that the air
resistance decreases with growing speeds. Today we know that these quickly rotating
missiles "swim" in the surrounding layors of air and therefore lose part of their
weight. Full glarification was brought about only with supersonic speeds, which
were obtainod in the experiments with rockets (v-2) and were arrived at by flights
of many hundreds and thousands of kilometers, and whioh can only be axplained by
the way in whioh these missiles literally "hang" in the air. The surprise of the
specialized soiontists the world over at the astounding results of the German V-2
was not less than that which is produced today by the appearance of the mysterious
"Flying Disos".
In the same way in which the ingenious discernment of Professor Junkers
pointed the way for airplane construction for the whole world, thus also may his
idea of attaching, Flettner Rotors have a revolutionary effect, Airplanes of this
type mugt have such an enormous carrying capacity as to be practically comparable
to amphibious planes of the same size. The lack of uplift produced by the Flettner
Rotors can easily bo achieved through the oblique position of the entire airplane
A18
.
NESTRICTED-
AURNOX

#### Page 4

RESTRICTED
CENTRAL INPELLIGENCE AGENCY SO. DB-27143
Attachment 1
-3-
with a positive starting angle in connection with the onormously high starting
speod. The attaohing of speedily rotating tops assures side stability, There
is also the possibility of attaching horizontal auxiliary propellers of the
helicopter type. And what about the qusstion of the starting forco? The safoty
of such an airoraft stands and falls on the starting force of the oylinders, and
only too well do I remember the casualties inflicted by the lack of it. As I
mentioned before, only the development of a gas-turbine can bring the solution,
since it consists only of rotating parts and works with the dependability of a
steam engine.
There is only one more question to be answered: could such an airoraft
carry enough fuel for world-wide journeye? This quostion is easily answered in
the affirmative, In the first place such an aircraft has a tremendous oarrying
capacity, as we have already seen; and in the second place chemical researoh has
made astounding developments in this respect, We knoy today--quite apart from
atomie energymmgarriers of energy of unsuspected power and duration, LIt should be
remembered that the missiles of Gernan anti-tank weapons were coated with chemical
substances which melted up to 20 omts, of steel plates within fractions of a
second. JEnorgy carriers of this type, if applicable to a gas-turbine, should make
an action-radius possible which far surpasses that of gasoline engines.
The future will show whether the "Flying Discs" are only the products of
imagination or whether they are the results of a far-advanced German science which,
possibly, as well as the nearly finished atomie bombs, may have fallen into the
hands of the Russians.
A-18
ai
AWNOX RESTRIOTED

## CIA-UAP-006 — Sighting Of Unconventional Aircraft

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-006
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-006
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: November, 1955
- Location: Baku, Azerbaijan
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

It rose 45°, just enough to dodge the CIA's 45‑degree paperwork angle.

- CIA-UAP-006, CIA report, November 1955, Baku, Azerbaijan.
- Eyewitness saw triangular aircraft, three lights, spiraled, climbed 45° from airfield.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

This CIA information report from November 1955 describes a US national's eyewitness account of triangular aircraft with wing lights launch at a steep angle from an airfield near Baku, Azerbaijan on October 4, 1955. A redacted version of this report has been available on CIA's public website.

### AI summary

This document is an information report prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and approved for release in 2026. It details a sighting of an unconventional aircraft in Azerbaijan SSR on October 4, 1955. A U.S. national, a publicity and advertising vice president, reported seeing a triangular object with three lights that launched from an airfield, making fast spirals before climbing at a 45-degree angle. The report notes the object's size was comparable to a U.S. jet fighter and describes the sighting as resembling a missile ejection. The document is marked as unevaluated information.

### Full text

#### Page 1

-

Approved for Release 2 0 26

----- ·

SEE BOTTOM OF PAc;i ·roR ADDITIONAL SPECIAL CONTROLS, lF ANY

S-E•e-B B 4'

Thia mcii~~ ~ ·'-1otaatlon aHec:lhig th•
~ a tional Defense ol the United StalH ,irithln Ille
meanillg ol lhe Espionage Laws, Tille 18, U.S. C.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _, Secs. 793 a nd 794, the transmission or ren lat1oa

INFO~MATION REPORT
.._P_R_E_P_A_R_E_D_A
__
ND_D
_IS_S_E_M_I_N_A_T_E_D_B_Y_ _ _ _ __

of which ID any manner to an unauthorized pe r•

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

aon la prohiblled by law.
REPORT NO.

COU NTRY

USSR

00- 13 - ')02.20
DATE DISTRIBUTED

SUBJECT

Sighting ot Unconventional Aircraft
NU . UI- ENCLS.

NO . OF PAGES

! '

i '

SUPPLE M Eh T TO REPORT 11

RESPO NSIVE TO

PLACE ACQUI RED /Br aourceJ

Azerbaijan SSR

1----- - --~------------------1
OAT£
Of dales, on or .be lween w hich,
DATE ACQU I RED /Br •ourceJ

4 Oct 55

OF I NFORM ATION (Dale

e veaa oz condiliom de.sc,i.bed la report exialedJ

4 Oct 55

THI S IS

UNEVALUATED

INFORMATI ON

souRcE US national, 41 years old, publicity and advertising vice president o:f' large
US corporation. His Mjor education was in the field ot political sci~nce
(Phi B~ta Kappa), and he has lectured extensively on current affairs . He has had
no technical training or experience in aviation matters . He recently visited
the USSR as a tourist at the invitation of a senior Soviet official.

At 1630, 4 Oct 55, I boarded a train at Baku for Tiflis in the company ot

l.

three other US nationals, one of whom shared a Wagon-Lit compartment with .
me; the other two occupied the ad.Joining compartment. The train ran very
slowly, making evffY stop; I vould estimate its overall speed. at 20 Jll.l)h.
Exactly tvo hours and forty minutes out of Baku, one ot our group in the
compartment next door entered my compartment and said, "Did you see that
out theret I just saw a ny1ng saucer o " I and my compartment companion
vere about to laugh it off wen the man from next door pointed out ot the
window again, and then we all saw the following sight .
On the letthand side ot the traill, between the train and the Caspian Sea
coast, was a large air field o The evening we.a dark but clear o A huge

2.

1earc:hlir,ht 1 on the tield itselt, shar,e on a triangular obJect on the
ground wich :i: would say was probably not more than tvo miles distant
from the railroad . [collector ' s comment i Source first estimated that
the air field was about five miles away but, on further reflection,
chansed the distance to the obJect to two mi.l.es;J i'b.e eize ot the object
was comparable to that ot a US Jet tighter, vith a squat shape and in the
form of an equilateral tmngle . There were three lights on the obJect,
one on each point of the triazigle, presumably two wing lights and a tail
light. As we watched, it was eJected from its launching site, mak1ng not
less than three anti not :more than seven fast spirals in the air, a:tter
which it cl.im'bed extremely tut at about a 45 degree angle o We watched
·- it climb and saw it reach a high altitude; the •earchlight followed
it all the way.

I wish to ~haaize that this was no ordinary take-of'f but a launching
procedure more like a m.ssile eJection. OUr companion from next door
reported that this was the second launchil:Jg in rapid succession.

4.

I believe that the train at the time of the ai&}lting vu 'betveen 50 and
65 miles south ot Baku. Thet!Cupian Sea vu still visible. While the
fo~_..Q:C. ua were still watching the obJect asceruJ1ns, _!he steward ~ - - - - i
-rn and pulled d ~ e bllnO:s o When I bepn to protest, the •tetard
---Jio"fii~etr""toward the rear ot the car and shook his head, 1D41c:ating to me
that the MVD man who had boarded the train at the moaent ot departure
had ordered the blinds drawn o
:
i

l! . ..,.,
'
DISTRIBUTION
STATE

NOFOBN

AR MY

NAVY

<._

FBI

ffO DlSSEM ABROAD

.

UMITED: Dinemfnation limited to full•lime employees o/ CIA, AEC and FBI; and, "'" hln Slate and Defe nse, lo the intelligence components, other
1s. Not to be disse minated to consultants, externa l p ro/ects
offic:.s producing NIS eleme nts. and .higher echelons with their Immediate s uppor ting
or reser-re personnel oa short term a ctive duty (excep ting indi viduals who ar e n ormuuy tull-Ume employees ol CIA. AEC. FBI, Sta le or Defense)
unlu.s the wrUlen permission of I.he odqinatinq olllce has been obtained through the A.ssislanl Director for Collecllon a nd Dl.s:semlnalfon, CIA,

#### Page 2

.....

5. our party ha4 wished to make this part of the Journey by air, but we
were intormed by DTOURIST in Baku that there were no flights between
Baku and Tiflis . In Tiflis the Ill'l'OURIST people were surprised that
our party had not tlo"Wll and said that there were several flights a
clay.
- end -

!,

## CIA-UAP-007 — Current Status Of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO) Project.

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-007
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-007
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: December, 1953
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Only ten percent of sightings stayed unsolved—perfect for a lazy analyst.

- CIA-UAP-007, CIA memorandum dated 17 December 1953, issued from the Physics and Electronics Division, Washington.
- Reports status of Air Force UFO project, equipment procurement, Canadian lab, and project oversight.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This December 1953 memorandum provides a status update on the Air Force's UFO project activities, including ongoing intelligence operations, equipment procurement for photographing UFOs, and Canada’s establishment of a "laboratory" for recording observable phenomena. A more redacted version of this memorandum has been available on CIA's public website.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Approved f or Rel ease 2026

1

17 December 1953
r,";g1,~0MNDUM TO,

.Assistant Director, 3c:i.entif'ic Intelligence

FROM

:

Chief, Phys l cs and Electron.ics Division; SI

SUBJECT

:

Current Status of Unidentified Flying Objects

(UFOB) Project.

l.

In accordarii'.~e with the verbal request ol' Mr. Brent,.. Exec/SI,

on 30 November, the following resume of the current status or' unidenti­
fied flying objects activities has been prepared.
2. P&E Division assumed responsibility for the OSI project on
unldentified f lying objects as a result oJ: ~,our memorandum of
27 Ma~ 1953. The project has been con:t'l~ed to rr:aintainiog awareness
of the nctlvities of other agencies {notabl_y the USAF) in ·the
unidenti fied f lying objects business and t o !aa.intenance of files.

3.

Sta.tus ot' Depa.rtrnent of Defense Act ivi ties.
.

.

a. Air Force. The Air Force continues to ,1JS.1.Gtain, but with
aJ)parently decreasing emphasis, .Lts interest in UFOB's. The present
interest of th•~ Directorate of Intel ligence, Hq. , USAF, is conf.).ned to
a curso~ cop.,nlzance of ATIC's project (.iuebook No. 10073). At ATIC
the project is carri ed by one officer (Capt . Charles A. Hardin), one
airman (A/lC Max G. Futch), and a secreta.lJ· operating as tlie .Aeri al .
Phenomena. Secti on of'. the Electronics Branch, Technic_al A:Qalysis Division.
In s:pite of thls 11.::nited staff, as weLle as several changes or proJect •
officer, the project records appear to be up-to-date. ATIC personnel
no longer conduct f ield investigations of UFOB sightings (these are
requested from USAF intelligence officers C9priroarily Air Defense
Command and Airways and Air Communications ServiciJ nearer to the
a j ghtings), but confine their acti vl tiea .to receiving and checking
reports as received; requesting a.ddi~ional f ield investigation where
necessary, pe.rfcnning necessary checkine against meteorological,
ast~omical, aircraf t, and b.a lloon data, and record.lug their findings
and honclusions in a cross-referenced system by date, location, source,
tJ~e ·or observa.tioo and conclusion drawn. The Aerial Phenomena Section
also deals directly ~1th the Public Information Office of Hq., USAF,
re~ing 1nfo:rma.tion for public release. For about the past year,
apprcxbiately ten percent of the reported s.i.gb.tlngs have been tagged
us unsolved. •..

Of pa.:r.ticular interest is the fact that ATIC is i n the
process oi' transterring pr9Ject Bluebook ~6 Hq., Air Defense Command .
Accord Jng to Lt . Col. Harry Johnsto~, Chief , Electron i cs Branch, the
reason for the transl'er was that l\DC bad been doing most of the

s.

#### Page 2

SECRET
luvestigative wcrk of the project and "if it turns out that these
things (uFOB's) are space ships or long range aireraft from another
country, ADC is the (Air Force) Connnand that would have to take
action." Col. Johnston followed this comnent with the somewhat
contradietory statement tbat the project transfer did not reflect
any change in Air Force policy. It is tndoubtedly true that ADC
is the Air Force Command primarily concerned with UFOB's at the
present inte n tha their interceptors are occasionally dispatched
"aga nst" reported UFoB's and that their reporting stations and
commnications systems are involved in a considerable portion of
the UFOB act vity, ATIC will maintain liaison with the project.
Approximately a year and one half ago ATIc initiated a
program to purchase cameras for selected ADc radar sites and AACS
control LOwers in locations where consistent UFOB reports were
rece ved n the hopes of photographing UroB's. One lens of the
camera (a stereoscopic type) was to be covered with a simple grating
i o record the spect rographic nature of the UFoB photographed. One
h. udred 'videon" 35 mm. cameras with "stereon" anastigmat f 3.5 lenses
were prchased along with l00 gratings (15,Ooo line) from CENco,
Chicago. Seven y-four (74) cameras were distributed. Ninety percent
o the gra:ings have "gone bad"--.he actual grating separating from
the plastic mounting plates. New gratings are expected shortly and
ATIC expecis to recall all of the 74 distributed cameras and re-
eq'p them with the new gratings.
Several months ago we were advised that ATIc planned to
set np a concenirated instrumentation observational el'fort in the
Albuquerqe arer. This has now been dropped.
Project STORK (sECRET) has beenpreparing,at ATIC request
a comprehensive sla is ical report on UfoB sightings during the
period 1o47 hro gh 1952. This study is now expected to be completed
by 1" Decenber 1953.
ATTC ssues status reports on Project Bluebook on a tri-monthly
basis the rost recent being Report No. 12 30 September 1953.
b. Navy. The Navy in spiie of press reports to the
contrary, is presently devoting only part of one ONI analyat's
time to maintain'ng cognizance of Urob's.
Army. The Army has ev denced little or no interest in
UFOB's other than cooperating with the Air Force in reporting sightings
and pert 'nent data using the Air Force format.
4. Investigations or Interests of Foreign Governments.
a. Canada. Considerable attention in the U. S. press was
recently given to reports that the Canadian Defence Research Board
and Department of Transport had jointly and officially established a
-2-

#### Page 3

SECRET
i's
"laboratory" for recording observable phenomena connected with UFoB's.
It s nteresting to note that in his recently published book "Flying
Gaycers From Outer Space" Mr. D. E. Keyhoe states tha, a Wilbur B.
Smith of the Canadian Department of Transport had been conducting
"saucer" investigations for three years before l952, or beginning in
1ck9. If Keyhoe is correct and it is the same Wilbur B. Smith
ment oned in his book as in the recent press releases, one might
wonder why the matter hit the press four years late. It is, of course
quise possible tha: the press item was prompted by the information in
Keyhoe's book. Several reports have been received
thai experiments on a flying saucer are actually being
conducted at A. V. Roe, Ltd., Toronto.
b. Grea: Britain. The subject of UFoB's was discussed
brierly during his recent visit. He
stated that Since investigation of UfoB's or two and
one half years ago, initiated
the only British activity is the filing of reports as
received by the RAF.
c. Sweden.
No further information
is available.
d. Other. Aside from a few scattered reports, mostly old,
which indicate interest in UFoB's by private individuals or groups,
there is no information of concern or inquiries of consequence in
other toreign countries.
5. Results of OSI Panel Recormendations. The consultants who
considered this problem in January 1953 recommended that UFoB's be
stripped of special status and aura of mystery and that policies on
intelligence, training and public education pertinent to true
:ndicat ons of hostile intent or action be prepared. The definite
drop in the nurber of "sightings" reported during l953 over l952
could be attributed to actions following these recommendations. Two
recent books ("Flying Saucers From Outer Space" by Keyhoe and "Flying
Saucers Have Landed" by Leslie and Adamiski) take full advantage of
"official" UFOB reports released by the Air Force to develop a central
theme that UFOB's are extraterrestrial in origin. Fortunately, the
la ter book s so nonsensical and obviously fraudulent that it may
actyolly help calm down public reaction. These books do, however,
ill strate the risk taken by the present policy. There are no other
as yet apparen, res:lts of these recormendations.
TODOS M. ODARENKO
-3-

## CIA-UAP-008 — Speculative Paper By N Kardashev and A Sakharov on Charged Mass in Space at Conference on Origins Of Life, Armenia, 6-8 September 1971/Low Scientific Level Of Other Soviet Papers

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-008
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-008
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: 1972
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out the only thing that bounced back was the conference agenda.

- CIA-UAP-008, CIA report dated 10 April 1972, covering a 1971 conference in Armenia
- Describes Kardashev‑Sakharov paper on charged mass collapsing and bouncing in space‑time
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This 1972 CIA Intelligence Information Report summarizes a US attendee's observations of a speculative paper regarding charged mass behavior in space presented by Soviet scientists N.S. Kardashev and A. Sakharov at a conference in Armenia. A more redacted version of this report has been available on CIA's public website.

### Full text

#### Page 1

App r oved f o r Re l ease 202 6
. .• ··- ··-- - - -- - -- - - - - - ------

-- ~- . ···-··- - --· --

___
-----.. ------

....,._

•

Intelligence Information Report

DIIECTOIATI Of
INTWIOOICI

COUNTRY

USSH

REPOP.TNO.

SUBJECT

Specw.ative Paper by li KardubeY and
/\ Sakharov on Charged Hus in Cpa.;.,e
nt Cont'erenee on Orici,'13 or Lite,
Armenia, 6-6 September 1971/IAw
Scientific Level ot' Other S~v:let
Pnpers

DATE OISTlt.

DATE Of INFO.

NO. PAGH

00-B-'321/0770')-72 ·

10Apr72
2

DCS Cue ST,026

6-8 September 1911

PLACE & DATE ACQ. BY SOURCE

Yerevan/6-6 September 1971

THr4i IS UNEVAWATEO INFORMATION
------------------

..

US cithen!
fni1a report consists
or edited abstracts trom a 1 etter recel ved from a reliable colleague
who attended the Yerevan Conference,

SOURCE

'

i

l,

I

At the Conference on the Origins of Lite in Yerevo.n, Armenia, $SR,

6-8 Septemher 1971, NS ~.ardashev, Ins titute for Sp~c~ Research, Moscov,

l

r e ad an interesting but highly Dpeculative paper he had prepared on
r.enera.l relativity and the possibility of a bod;f collap3inc into a
black hole in apace. His co-author vas tbe internationally f81110us
theoretica.l. physicist, Andrei D Su.harov. Y..o.rda.ohev iD very much like
hi s superior and former teacher at the Institute, IS Shklovskiy, in
his cq>proaeh to acientific problems. Ile is not at'raid to speculate in
his effort to find a solution,
2.

3.

·1

I
I

I

The Kardnshev-Sakharov paper concerned the authors' study of vhat hnppene
when a charged mass or bod,v collapses in space. Knrdn.:.hcv stnteci that,
if it \·~re not cha.ri;ed, the mass would Just co llnpse pas t the point of
~ravitational singularity and be gone forever. In other words, the mass
vould close in on itself and have no more contact with t he outside
world. 'l'he Soviets speculated on what vould happen 1 f the mass were
charged. '!'hey stated that t hen the mnse vould be o.ble to boW1ce. It
would collapse but boW1ce back out. Hovcver, the mass will come back
into n different part of space time.

I
I

I

After his presentation, Kardashev told a US attendee that Sakharov vo.s
mo~tly interested in this charced mass phenomenon study becaus e i t in­
d.i.catcs that the structure of space may be much more complicated than
i s preaently thought. Kardashev vas interested i n the s t udy from t he
vi evpoint or what implications it has for o.strophysi c~ , provided the
basic pnysics of the phenomenon 1s correct, 'l'he US attendee f elt the
a uthors • speculation vas a little fantastic and they had tllkcn off in
Ii rather vild vo.y.
lfovcver, he believed their paper vas grounded in
e ood and sound physica,

.I
. 'I

s

5

4

4

J

J
2

2

#### Page 2

-2
4. The US attendee considers Kardashev to be very competent technically
and further to be very self-possessed. He recalled an incident in the
spring of l97l when Kardashev, L I Matveyenko and he visited Acadenician
Lev Artsimovich, secretary of the Academy's Department of General
Physics and Astronomy. Matveyenko, Institute for Cosmic Research, is
a Conmunist Party member and very expert in political matters. He was
almost cringing in Artsimovich's presence whereas Kardashev was cool
and confident in his business-like discussions with the senior Academi-
cian.
5. In gencral, the scientific level of most of thc Soviet papers nt this
Conference was not very high. One little known Soviet [source could not
recall his name) gave a very naive paper on the detectability of planets.
Another Soviet, who was a member of a committee the UsSR has established
to investigate unusual phenomena, in other words, flying saucers, gave
a serious talk which was actually very humorous. Kis approach was,
"Well, of course, we know there isn't anything to this allegcd phenome-
non (flying saucers), but on the other hand---." During this talk
Shklovskiy and other Soviets joked and laughed and obviously did ncil.
take the speaker's remarks seriously. Shklovskiy remarked later tc 1
US attendee that the "flying saucer committee" consists of many poli-
ticians, theorists, historians and similar type people. It has little
if any scientific talent.
6. Shklovskiy gave a general, entertaining talk on some interesting but
unimportant subjcct. Vitaliy L Ginzburg, one of the leadin, astrononcrs
in the ilSSR, also gave a talk on the basis of physic:l theory, that is,
the ilentification and comparison of fundamental asswnotions in physics.
Ginzburg has a first rate mind and is sounder in his physics knowiedge
than Shklovskiy. Ginzburg thinks realistically, which wa: shown in hi:
answer to a US attendee's question about the Conference. "he Sovier:
was asked whether the Conference was worthwhile in that it -as mostly
devoted to theoretical subjects, very remote from tangible goals.
Ginzburg said, "Well, if it helps to build up support for the Goviet
reseorchers to get new astronomical equipment, then certainly the Con-
rerance makes sense."
- end -
L

## CIA-UAP-009 — Unknown Flying Objects Observed Over Budapest

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-009
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-009
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: 1957
- Location: Budapest, Hungary
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

1957: when even the pigeons filed a request for air traffic control.

- CIA-UAP-009: CIA report, 1957, Budapest, Hungary
- Describes sightings of unknown flying objects over Budapest in 1957
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This is a 1957 CIA Information Report regarding UFO sightings over Budapest. A more redacted version of this report has been available on CIA's public website.

## CIA-UAP-010 — Report on Conversations with Soviet Scientists on Subject of Unidentified Flying Objects in the USSR

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-010
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-010
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: August, 1967
- Location: USSR
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

August 1967: the only thing flying over the USSR was paperwork.

- CIA-UAP-010, CIA PDF, August 1967, USSR.
- Details conversations with Soviet scientists about UFO sightings during a US astrophysicist’s USSR visit.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

This CIA document from August 1967 reports on conversations about UFO sightings with Soviet scientists during a US astrophysicist's trip to the USSR.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Approved for Release 2026
11 AUG 1967
CONTROLLED DISSEM NO DISSEM ABROad
COUMIRY USSR REPORT NO. 00-B-321/23490-67
SUNECT Raportmon Conyeroattone With"Soytot DATE DISTR. 18 AUG 67
Seientiete on Bubject of Unidantified
Plyiag Objecto in the ussr NO. PAGES 16522-6
REFERENCES
(351)
DATE Of iNFO. May 1967
PLACE & DATE ACQ. US SR: MAy 1967
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
SOURCE Us citixen; an astrophyaiciet on the staff of lorge resoarch in-
etitute. The inrormation in this report was extracted Irom memorandum be
wrote for bi: superiors,
(Thie report was developed by an Air Force (Avnin) representative as-
signed to the office of priparation.)
Thie report is an account of convereationcl exchanges on the subject of
uro'• during the coureo of a one-month trip of a us scientist through
the ussr in the spring of l967, for the purpose of vieiting several astro.
nomicol obearvatoriee haying etaff mopber: engaged in planetary research.
The only seientiste contacted during the trip were astronomere, and in-
quiries concerning Soviet observations and interpreiatione of uro'•
were a minor aopect of the trip, Within these limitatious, an attemot
was made to aesees Soviet scientific thinking on this controvereial
topie.
3. He vieited V.I. Moroz, Steruberg Institute, Moscow, who was noncomdt-
tal on the eubject of uro'o. The scientist who surved as tranelator,
a radio astronomer, on phatically stated thatlhe knew of no eightingo
of uro' in the usSr and added with a laugh that if they were only aeen
in the Us, they must be of Soviet origin.
3. At the Pulkovo Observatory, Leningrad, oneof the astronomere mentioned
that ehe had beard of somd eightinge of unidentified objecte near the
Caucasus. She was unaware of any study being made of them but was open
minded on the gubject.
The us scientist'o main vieit was to N.A. Kozyrev, who was very inter-
lated into Ruegian) but did not accept hie conclusions, g, Kozyrey knew
of some eightinge in the northern part of the Ussr, but seid that re-
porte of such sightinge are not printed in Soviet newapapers because
they are not regarded as scientific obeervatiene. . (Commant: thio L
interesting in view of the readlnere of Soviet newepapere to print ra-
ther fantastic reporte of bypothesen and "observatlone" eusgested by the
more imnginetive members of the scientific community.Apparently some
officiel sanction io nceded.) Kozyrev has been interested in us re-
porte of uro' and readily accepts their reality. In fact, it is hio
personal opinion that the Uro'o may originate on Venus. He io well
avare of the negetive affect of "enlightened" ecientific opinion on
the interpretation of questionable observatioas as he hae had personal 2
TONRLPORT INFORMATION RE
Yo "S You
The dissemnglion y this docunant is limied to civilian employees and edlivo duly mililary peionnel within the inlalligontg componenis
1e DcioM7amyaB 8% misthoid gencios of ihd U. S Govommen) idrocily

#### Page 2

CONTROLLED DISSEM C-O-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L NO DISSEMABROAD
-2 - 00-B-321/23490-67
experience of this effect. (Comment: Kozyrev is a controversial figure
in the Soviet scientific community as well as internationally. Appar-
ently one of his queationable observations (the activity of the central
peak in the lunar crater Alphonsus) has turned out to be correct. On
the other hand, it is really more accurate to say that this obaervation
led to an intensive search for activity on the Moon that has produced
some positive results, There may be no connection between the two sets
of data, however.)
At the Main Astronomical Observatory, Kiev, little interest is shown in
the UFO question. I.K. Koval mentioned that he and several other as-
tronomers had been out in the countryside one evening and had seen a
curious, reddish object flashing through the sky that they were convinced
was neither a satellite nor a meteorite. However, their immediate in-
terpretation was that this object might have been a fragment of a satel-
lite or rocket returning from orbit, buraing up in the atmosphere. Koval
thought that UFO's had been seen in the USsR but he could not be specific
as to locations and characteristics.
6. At the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Crimea, again little interest
was shown. One of the astronomers, L.I. Galkin, was with the group men-
tioned by Koval and confirmed the observation of a peculiar object. He
did not discuss the experience in detail but clearly had been struck by
the possibility that the object might have been a "saucer."
At the Astrophysical Institute, Alma Ata, there was considerable interest.
The institute includes an Atmospheric Optics Section presided over by
G.S. Lifschitz. However, the initial discussion of the problem was with
the director of the institue, G.M. Idlis. He too had read Menzel's
book, but considered it an adequate treatment of the sub ject which he
consequently felt was closed. He indicated that no observations of UFo's
had been made by his staff and that they had received no reports of such
observations. However, when the US scientist proceeded to indicate the
results of MeDonald's critical study of the problem, Idlis readily con-
ceded that there might be more to it and concluded by stating that it
was "clearly still an open question."
8. Another eatronomer mentioned that in the northern part of Kazakhstan
there had been repeated sightings of ball lightning. The University in
Alma At. had sent a team out to investigate and diucovered that what war
being seen were reflections of automobile headligints from an inversion
layer.
9 Later, a discussion was held with Lifachitz. He was not very impressed
with Menzel's book, but was also not impressed with the significance of
the phenomenon. It is possible that some interest was kindled that might
lead to additional investigations,
10. A stellar spectroscopiet, Dr. FNU Kupo, was also interested in this
problem, partly as an ad junct to her attempts to locate fragments from
bolides. Sha was also dissatisfied with Menzel's book and felt that
there was definitely an opportunity for additional research.
11 The general feelinig one gets is that no official treatment of the UFO
problem has been given in the UsSR. Instead people refer to the US
work, principally Menzel's book, to demonstrate the absence of real
scientific problems. At the same time, there is an almost universal
awareness of the history and characteristics of the phenomenon often as-
sociated with considerable interent. The result is that a demonstration
of the inadequacy of US Official explanations coupled with some proof of
the reality of the observations might excite enthusiasm more rapidly
among Soviet astronomers than amorg their US counterparts who are more
strongly influenced by the offieial ridicule associated with Ufo' in
the US.
end

## CIA-UAP-011 — The Sary Shagan Weapons Testing Range

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-011
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-011
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: December, 1973
- Location: USSR
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

That summer’s green disc was the range’s polite way of canceling test flights.

- CIA-UAP-011, CIA report, December 1973, Sary Shagan, USSR
- Details facilities, SA‑2 and System‑300/Aldan missiles, laser rumors, bright green circular UAP forming concentric circles
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This CIA Intelligence Information Report from December 1973 provides information on the Soviet Sary Shagan Weapons Testing Range, including details about its facilities, weapons systems (System-75 SA-2 and System-300/Aldan warheads), rumored laser weapon research, and unidentified aerial phenomenon observed at the site. A more redacted version of this report has been available on CIA's public website.

### AI summary

This document is a classified intelligence information report from the CIA, approved for release in 2026. It was written by a former Soviet citizen who served as a source, covering events from November 19, 1973. The report details information about the Sary Shagan weapons testing range, including facilities, security, and missile systems such as System-75 (SA-2) and System-300/Aldan (ABM-1 GALOSH). It mentions rumors of laser research and an unidentified aerial phenomenon observed in late summer 1973, described as a bright green circular object that formed concentric circles before disappearing. The source had no opinion on the nature of the phenomenon.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Approved for Release 2026
Intelligence Intormation Keport
WARNING NOTICE
SENSITIVE INTELLICENCE SOURCES AND AETHODS INVOLVTD
Clussifiod by Recorded Reporting Officer. Exempt frs-m Genoral Declassifsation Sshedule of E.O. 1i6s? E.
timpossible to determina duie of automatic declassificuton.
DIRECTORATE OF PACE IU
OPERATIONS THIS IS AN INFORMATION REPORT, NOT FINALLY EVALUATED INTELLIGENCE
CONELDENTIAL REPORT NO. FIK K-311/01636
DATE DISTR. CDEcEMbET
COUNTRY USSR .
DOI November 19;2-November 1973
SUBJECT The Sary Shagan Weapons Testing
Range
ACQ Germany FIELD NO.
SOURCE former Soviet citi:en who serve.
This report
Summary: This report provides limited information on the Sary
Shagan weapons testing range, to include facilities, work sreas,
security fencing, the regfonal headquarters (V/Ch o3oso), and a
warhead checkout unit (V/Ch O3l42). Also included is limited
information on the following: System-75 (SA-2] and System-300/
Aldan [ABM-1 GALOSH) warheads; rumored laser rese rch; and an
unidentified aerial phenomenon. End of Summary.
5
3 3915084-/3
CONEIDENTIAL
(slass16cation) NSA X07X 5xx(For Fhohd Diseributien ao fised paregaphd (distem controle)
STATE USIA FBI SWS NPIC IAS OSR OWI OSO OCR DIA

#### Page 2

C O N F D ET-FAE/NARMIN. CTICE - SENSITIVE INTELLIGENCE
SOURCES AND METHODS INVOLVEI
iIRK -311/ 01638 -77
. 4 -
10. Besides the System-7s SA-2] warheads, Site 4 also
checked the warheads for a missi:e(s) known as the System-300
and/or Aldan. (Field Comment: i.ource did not incw if Aldan was
another name for the System-Sou: rissiie, or :i thry were two
similar missiles.j The System-3lo/Aidan warheais after being
checked at Site 4 were taken to ite 35 for launching. According
to rumor, the missile was for antimissile defense (orotivo
raketnaya oborona - PRo). (Field Comment: Source identified the
System-Suo/Aldan missiTe in avaiiable rererence material as the
ABM-1/GALOSH.)
li. The warhead for the System-3oo/Aldan missile was about
two meters long and 80 to l0o certimeters in diameter. : The war-
head weighed approximately 4o0 kilograms, and it contained an
unrecalled number of black cassettes, 45 x 12 centimeters, which
housed an unknown number of metal bails (sharikii. Warheads for
the System-75 {SA-2} missile had approximately T00 grey cassettes,
30 x 7 centimeters, each of which heid about 200 to 300 metal balis,
each no more than l.S centimeters in diameter. (Field Comment:
Source had no knowledge regarding nuclear warheads. He opined
that all systems could be equipped with nuclear warheads.' However,
Source stated all work done by, his department was basically
experimental (opytnaya).)
13. According to hearsay, ecperiments involving laser weapons
were being conducted at an unknown location at the range. Sup-
posedly, the tests involved powerful antennas (no further details).
14. On one evening in late Summer 1973, Source observed an
:401
C0 AL

#### Page 3

-C-O N F I D E N T I A L/WARNING NOTICE - SENSITIVE INTELLIGENCE
SOURCES AND METHODS INVOLVED
FIRK-311/01638--
- 5 -
unidentified phenomenon at Site 7. While watching a sport com-
petition between Canada and the: UsSR on television, he stepped
outside for some air and observed an unidentified sharp (bright)
green circular object or mass in the sky. The object was situated
west of the site at an angle of sighting of approximately 70
degrees. The altitude of the object was undeterminable.' (Field
Comment: Although there were no clouds in the sky that evening.
Source believed that the green mass would have been higher than
cloud level. Source could not estimate the diameter of the
object.) Within 10 to 15 seconds of observation, the green circle
widened and within a brief period of time several green concentric
circles formed around the mass. Within minutes the 'coloring dis-
appeared. There was no sound, such as an explosion, associated
with the phenomenon.' (Field Comment: Source had no opinion as
to what this phenomenon was. There was no resultant rumors.
Source could not provide any further details.)
;
-

## CIA-UAP-012 — Combating Fatigue In Crewmembers

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-012
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-012
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: November, 1976
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The UFO line was just the CIA’s way of spicing up a fatigue report.

- CIA-UAP-012, CIA pdf, November 1976 report
- Details Soviet Aeroflot fatigue research, conditioning, rapid vital‑sign testing, radiation biologist discussion
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This November 1976 CIA Foreign Intelligence Information Report summarizes Soviet Aeroflot's involvement in aerospace medical research, including their methods for combating crew fatigue through physical conditioning, automated biological testing equipment that measures vital signs in 1-3 minutes, and discussions about UFO phenomena with a Soviet radiation biologist. A more redacted version of this report has been available on CIA's public website.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Approved for

Domestic CoJkcrion Division
Foreign I nrdlig.cnn: I nformario,1 R c.:pon
01•£CTOIAlf Of
OP( u. IIONS

COUNTRY

USSR

OC0 REPOU NO.

00- B-321 /33474-76

SU6J£CT

Combating Fa tigue in Crewmembers/
Aeroflot Work Cyc les/Use of Drugs/
Bi ologica l Eff ects of Ai r c r n fc Noise/
Radi a t 1•o n Researc h/UFO Phenomena,1

DATE OIS!ll .

lo November l.976

NO. PAGES

4

Prototype Pilot Biological Psychomotor REFERENC ES

f

Nl~~=~:•~ i

{

DA TE Of !

!i~:,~::::t•tial Navigation 1 .. ·- · .. .. I___

-·-------- ·- ---·

THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION

-·-··----· ·----·-

SOURCE

IJ
l1

i

I
SUMMARY: Aeroflot of-f icials are actively involved in aerospace
medical research. They are concerned with the medical aspects
of physical conditioning which impinge upon crewcember perfor•m•
ance and have perfected several devices which test pilot bio­
logical functioning and motor response ability. Or Inal
Ge"orgiyevich Akoyev, a noted radiation biologist explainr,d cosmic
ray particles (phosphenes) which are causing Aeroflot pilots to
"see" flashes ·of light during night flying. Or [fnu ]
Akutin,
cvhern:ti:ist at the Civil Aviation Institute of Leningrad showed
~ __ prototype pilot biological psychomotor testing equip ­
.____a:e
_ n~t~ w~ i-c~ -me~asu r es blood pressure, pulse rate, cardiovascular
function and 1110tor ability. The equipment is automatic and test­
ing is _completed in approximately three minutes.

8
l

j

l,

5

The Soviets deal with crelllllember fatigue in several ways. First, :hey
emphasize and ' prOlllote physical conditioning. • If a creWl!lember 1s phy$ i cally
fit, he wil l be less prone to fatigue and will recover sooner after
tiring flights, Aeroflot provides exercise facilities at all major alr• •
pores, and these facU.ities are supervised by a well known a.thlete. The
second thing they do is to thoroughly test each cre,,,oeober prior to flir,~~
to insu~e his physi~al fitn~s• and 111ental al,ertness. At the present ti-.ttf.,
these tests are cond~ted by a medical team headed by a doctor, usualiy a
woun. A crewmetnber 1a not alloved to fly if he fails the examina·tfon. : •
These teats are nov being automated aad will take only l-3 minutes whim the
prototype equipment becomes operational. Finally, there is a third Approach
Aeroflot 1s using--a prophylactoriWll. Each 111.ljor airport has one, a 3 to
4 story building set off from the 11141n airport buil~1ngs, . but easily acces!
sible by foot. These facilities are well landscaped and are designed to provik.
total rest and relaxation for trans1e~t crewaembera." They have a lat'te kitcher,

¢

3

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#### Page 2

00B-321/33474-76
3
6, Dr Akeyey nsked for personal opinion of thu Ufo pher.omencn:.
He was told that gg percent of these occurreutus were trareable
to either nocaral or man-made phenomena such as celestial movement, air-
crait or artificial satellites, and that the other one percent coanot be
expiained--possibly an hallucination. Akoyev then ssked, "Do you think
it is possible...could there be some:hing coming from outer space?"
7. Dr linu Akutin, a cyberneticist at the Civil Aviation Institute of
Leningrnd. has developed several prototypes of pilot testing equipment.
The equi; "ant is planned to replace most of the current duties of medical
nersonnal who examinc pilots prior to flight. The automatic devices will
be installed in ali airport flight operations facilities. Akutin and his
.ssociates lemonstrated a set of instruinents which automat-
icallv murvure a pilot s blood pressure and pulse rate, tecord his cardio-
vascnla: aretioning with anelectrt ardiogram, and test hi: motor reaction
process.
8. The device is activated by inserting a small metallic plate into the
testing machine. The plate, one of which is carried by each crewmember,
contains a biological baseline on that particular individual. His normal
blood pressure, pulse rate, electrocardiogram, and motor ability are coded
into the metal plate. This plate is updated annually,or more often if
required. After the plate is inserted into the machine, the pilot places
the middle finger of each hand into two little holes and rests his wrists
on two smail metal plates on a table. Small, automatic pneumatic cups
close arcund the fingers and inflate. The machine then measures the blood
pressure and pulse rate by comparing the two fingers, conputing a mean, and
then comparing the result with the encoded information on the pilot's plate.
The systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate are then displa)en
on the face of the machine in an electronic digital form. At the same tire
the machine automatically administers an electrocardiogram "across the
heart" and displays this on a cathode-ray tube. If any of these values a.i:
outside the normal standa:d for that particular individual, a light illus..
mtes and further examination is required by a medical doctor. If no light
illuminates, the pilot is passed. COPI
9. The pilot then faces a panel of red and green colored lights. On the panei
are green and red colored bnttons. The lights begin to illuminate in a
randon fashion, with the pilot being required to press the corresponding
color button immediately to extinguish the colored light. This test
continues for approximately 20-30 seconds, during which the lights flash
in & random sequence. At the end of the testing period, the machine scores
the pilot's performance and digitally displays his score in the number of
correct and wrong responses. If he scores as high or higher than his
standard, he is passed; if his score is lower, a light illuminates anc
further examination is required by a medical doctor. There are three
separate programs which are randomly selected, making it impossible to
memorize the sequence of the lights.
l0. Finally, the pilot is seated before a miniature cockpit with a control :
stick and an attitude indicator. . The control stick must be moved to keep
the attitude indicator (artificial horizon) straight and level. The
indicator pitches up and down and from side to side and very closely dupii-
cates actual instrument flying conditions. The control stick also
closely approximated necessary pilot skills.', At the end of this test,
the score is again displayed and, depending upon his standard, a pilot passes
or fails. The entire sequence of testing, from taking blood pressure to
the control stick evaluation, takes approximately three minutes. If a
pilot passes all phases, his personal profile plate along with a certiii-
cate card is returned to him. He must present the certificate card to
the flight dispatcher before he is ailowed to board the aircraft.

## CIA-UAP-013 — Report of Unusual Flying Object Sightings and Attendant Scientific Activity

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-013
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-013
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: 1956
- Location: Budapest, Hungary
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Budapest‑Moscow route, yet nobody filed a 1956 flight plan.

- CIA-UAP-013, CIA report, 1956, Budapest, Hungary
- Describes sub‑source sightings, includes sketch of formation and Budapest‑Moscow path
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This 1956 CIA Information Report describes flying object sightings reported by a Budapest-based sub-source, including a sketch showing the objects' suspected formation and flight path between Budapest and Moscow. A more redacted version of this report has been available on CIA's public website.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Approved for Release 2026
' 045028
SEE BOTTOM OF PAGE FOR ADDITIONAL SPECIAL CONTROLS. IF ANY
C-O-N-F-F-B R-NT-IA-L This moterial contains information affecting the
INFORMATION REPORT National Defense of the United Siaies within the
meaning of the Espionage Laws, Tifle 18. U. S.C.
PREPARED AND DISSEMINATED BY Seca. 793 and 794. the tranamission or revjirtion
of which in cny manner to da unauthorizrd per-
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY son in probiblled by law.D4572.98
COUNTRY Hungary REPORT NO, 00- B93674
SUBJECT Report of Umuaual Flying Objeet Sightings and DATE DISTRIBUTED
Attendant Scientifie Activity 17 APr 56
NO. OF PAGES 1 NO. OF ENCLS.
SUPPLEMENT TO REPORY #
PLACE ACQUIRED (By aDBRCe) RESPONSIVE TO
0o1. Guide.15BA8
OATE ACQUIRED (BY SOUrCe) DATE oF INFoRMATION (DuLe or datCR, on or bofweoN mhich, 201 51-806
events or eoaditions deseribed in report existed)
Nov 55 Mov 55
THIS IS UNEVALUATEDINFORMATION
source Naturalized US citizen of Mungarian extraction. He corresponds regularly with
two nieces living in Budapant.
10 In November l955 I received a letter from my niece in Budapest. This Letter
contained tha following inseresting item /free translation/:
"The so-called flying saucers (rocketa) [sic] for several weeks kept
the people in a nervous state. These very Tast speeding flyers kept
scientiiie groups very busy- I'm sure you heard already frdm the
papers, i2 thouaand km per hour was estimated on these flyers."
20 Included with the letter was the following sketch indicating the fornation
and suspected course of the ebove objects:
Budapest
Moscow
3. This is the first time ry niece has mentioned such objects in her letters.
4. /Available on loan from CIA Library is a photostatic copy of original letter
in Hungarian. avd an English tranelation. . The excerpt quoted in para. 1
- end -
DISTBIBUTION
STATE AHMY NAVY y·A1R F2t
NOFORN NO DISSEM ABROAD LIMITED
LIMITED: Dissemination limited to lull-time employees of CIA. AEC and FBl: and. within State and Defense, to the Inielligence componen!s, other
offices producing Nis elements, and higher echelons with theiz immediate supporing statis. Not to be diseminated to consulants, external projci.s
or reserve personnel on short lerm gefive duty fexcepting individuals who are normally full-time employees of ClA, AEC. FHi, State or Defense)
unless thp wriften permission of the ariginating oftice has been obtained through the Assistont Director for Collection and Dissentination, CiA.

## CIA-UAP-014 — British activity in the Field of "Unidentified Flying Objects"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-014
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-014
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: December, 1952
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out the only thing standing longer than the committee was the paperwork.

- CIA-UAP-014, CIA memo dated 18 December 1952, about British UFO activity, RAF field sighting.
- Reports a 16‑month UK flying‑saucer committee led by Dr James; RAF ruled objects non‑enemy.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

A December 1952 Memo on the activities the British are taking to identify UFOs. The memo references a UFO sighting at an RAF field seen by high officials and RAF pilots. A more redacted version of the memo has been available on CIA's public website.

### AI summary

This document is a classified memo from the CIA, dated 18 December 1952, discussing British activity related to "Unidentified Flying Objects." It was written by H. Marshali, Assistant Director of Scientific Intelligence. The memo reports that the British have had a standing committee on flying saucers for about 16 months, which is now led by Dr. James. The RAF has concluded that the observed objects are not enemy aircraft. The memo also mentions the Yorkshire incident, where a saucer was seen by officials and pilots, leading to media coverage. It notes concerns about public reaction and potential threats to defense systems, including identification delays and mass hysteria.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Approved fo r Release 2026 Under Section 18 42 o f the Nat ional Defense Aut h ori zat i on Act
fo r Fiscal Year 2 02 4
..
,,

·-seeRErsecurity nformatlon
f

18 JDecemeer 1952
MEM0RANDtJM FOB RECORD

Sl:'JBJEC'?:

l.

British Activity in the field 0f "Unidentified Flying Objects"
I

On 15 December, the recem.tly arrived messenger from Britain reported

the following.

Re 1aa4 talked with R. V. Jones and

~I---~

2.
The British have be.4 a standjng committee created a.bout sixteen
months ago on f'lyillg saucers. . Pre8'1Dlably this is now ud.er Dr. Jeaes through
inheritance. The RAF are aetien peopl.e. The graup bas c~ncludea. that the
observations are not eneiq aircraft and ~ t none have been. over Brita.in.

3. The activity has been quiet and normal up to about tem. to twelve
days ago, at wJaich time the Yorkshire incident took place. In some W' field,
there was same sort of demenstratien to whieb. high official.a of the BAF in
Lendon had been invited. During the show, a "perfect f ~ g saucer 11 -~ •seen
by these officials as well ..as BAF pilots. So.Dlal:lY peaple saw it tbat ~
articles appeared in the pulic presa. Thi~ is disturbing te Jones because
he rea1izes that the ·ereatisn of the e0rrection Qf pablic opinion is a part
of' his responsibilities.
4.
Jones reminded us ef the SWedisb. incident (pres'QD18.bly he refers
to the 013.e in 1946-)., and reminds us o'f a paper on the origin of' meteari tes
pu.blisllted ill the French Acu.em;y of' Sciences betlfeen 176o and 1780 by Cb.la.dni.

5.

The traveler teld Jones of' 0ur interest at this time, mentioned
the film vhich had been taken by the Naval non-commissioned officer (1'remonton
incident). It is possibl.e that Jones. Will. write asking for a copy of'. the film
or :further on the same subJect . .

~(!_

H. MABSHALI. ClWJWELL

l

Assis~t Direc;tor
Scientific Intelligence

Distributien:
/
Opns/SI - l.
P&E7SI - l.
W&E/SI - 1
AD/SI - 2

/

/SECRET-

·:•,

-....__ ~: ,
. ~ .:- ~

'

_.

.~·.,....,.,, ,

·,. . •.

#### Page 2

\

While there is no indication that these objects represent a
direct threat to the national defense, there are certain potential
dangers which are related to these sightings. These are:
1.
The difficulty and delay in positive 1dentification
which could weaken the early warning system in alerting defense
in the event of commencement of hostilities.*
2.
The possibillty of mass hysteria whieh might be ~ ­
posely induced by an enemy at a critical time by faked reports.

3. The possibillty that the emergency eonmnmications
systems to command headquarters might be seriously overloaded
at a critical time by such reports.
It is believed that the problems of communications confusion and
overload and the serious e:ff'ects of mass hysteria mist be dealt with
outside the intelligence community, and 1t is planned to bring these
matters to the attention of those agencies with whom the prime respon­
sibility appears to rest. With respect to ma.ss hysteria, it is believed
this problem would lie with the Federal. Civil Defense .Administration and/
or the Interdepartmental. Cammittee on Internal Security. Accordingly,
it is planned to bring this to the attention of the FCDA and ICIS through
established channels. With respect to emergency eommm:deatiellS overload­
ing, it is believed that each of the individual Mil.itary Services should
examine this problem. Accordingly, we intend to introduce the subject
at a meeting of the Joint Communications and Electronics Cammittee.

"

-·z

"

"

#-1:f±t ~ ~ - - ~ - · ~ ; ~ c ,

## CIA-UAP-015 — Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14 (Analysis of Reports of Unidentified Aerial Objects)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-015
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-015
- Agency: CIA
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

May 5 1955: the only Cinco de Mayo the CIA celebrated with spreadsheets.

- CIA-UAP-015 PDF, CIA cover, authored by ATIC, Wright‑Patterson AFB, dated May 5 1955.
- Analyzes 1947‑1952 UAP sightings, detailing coding, processing, and statistical trends.
- Concludes low probability that unidentified objects represent unknown technological developments.

### Official summary

This is the USAF Project Blue Book with a CIA cover sheet stating the document is "Official Record Copy." With the exception of the handwritten note on the first page, the content of this document has been available on CIA's public website.

### AI summary

This document is a CIA report titled "CIA-UAP-015, Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14 (Analysis of Reports of Unidentified Aerial Objects)." It was authored by the Air Technical Intelligence Center at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and dated May 5, 1955. The report analyzes data on unidentified aerial objects received by the U.S. Air Force since 1947. It details methods used to process and evaluate sighting reports, including coding systems and statistical analysis. The study concludes that there was a low probability that unidentified objects represented unknown technological developments, and it notes trends in identification rates over time. The data analyzed covers sightings up to the end of 1952.

### Full text

#### Page 1

----~.~ ..:_:._~,. /

Approved fo..r: Release
2026 Under Section 1842 of the National Defen~5.e ,..,_
1
6 64 2250
•
Authorizati6n Ac -e' for Fiscal Year 2024
~
5'f.J _:

FORM

1

(PLACE FORM qgo HERE)

0 FFI C/IAL
RECORD
J

The,
Agenc.
in accc.
additior,
Records

.,.----------

RETURN IMMEDIATELY AFTER USE TO THE
CIA ARCHIVES AND RECORDS CENTER

_ .,-<,y-; ~ -- --<-4H~

~- _,.,/

#### Page 2

FORM
6-64

2250

(PLACE FORM ~90 HERE}

OFFICIAL
RECORD
COPY
J

WARNING
The attached document (s) must be safeguarded.

It is the

Agency's Official Historical Record and must be preserved
in accordance with the Federal Records Act of 1950.

For

additional information, call the Chief, CIA Archives and
Records Center, extension 2468.

RETURN IMMEDIATELY AFTER USE TO THE
CIA ARCHIVES AND RECORDS CENTER

#### Page 4

PROJECT BLUE BOOK

\I

SPECIAL REPORT NO. 14

'

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:1

(ANALYSIS OF REPORTS OF UNIDENTIFIED AERIAL OBJECTS)

PROJECT NO. 10073

5 MAY 1955

I
1

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ii

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FOR OffIC!Al USt ONlY
(AFR 190-16)

!1
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AIR TECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE GENTER
WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE

o:mo

No copyright materiel ls contained In this publication,

#### Page 5

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

vii

SUMMARY.
INTRODUCTION
ORIGIN AND NATURE OF DATA

3

REDUCTION OF DATA TO MECHANIZED COMPUTATION FORM

4
4

Questionnaire .
Coding System and Work Sheet
Identification of Working Papers.
Evaluation of Individual Reports

6
7
10

14

ANALYSIS OF THE DATA.
Frequency and Percentage Distributions by Characteristics
Graphical Presentation .
Advanced Study of the Data
Position of the Sun Relative to the Observer
Statistical Chi Square Test
The "Flying Saucer" Model

14

16
16
16
60
76

CONCLUSIONS

94

APPENDIX A. TABULATION OF FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE
DISTRIBUTIONS BY CHARACTERISTICS

95

APPENDIX B.

255

WORKING PAPER FORMS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure l

Frequency of Sightings by Year for Object, Unit, and All Sightings

17

Figure 2

Distribution of Evaluations of Object, Unit, and All Sightings for All Years

18

Figure 3

Distribution of Object Sightings by Evaluation for All Years With Comparisons
of Each Year for Each Evaluation Group •

19

Figure 4

Distribution of Object Sightings by Evaluation for All Years and Each Year

20

Figure 5

Distribution of Object Sightings by Evaluation Within Months for All Years

21

Figure 6

Distribution of Object Sightings by Certain and Doubtful Evaluations for
All Years and Each Year •

22

Frequency of Object Sightings and Unknown Object Evaluations by
Months, 1947-1952.

23

Distribution of Object Sightings by Sighting Reliability Groups With
Evaluation Distributions for Each Group .

24

Distribution of Object Sightings Among the Four Sighting Reliability
Groups for All Years and Each Year .

25

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10 Distribution of All Sightings by Sighting Reliability Groups, Segregated
by Military and Civilian Observers, With Evaluation Distribution
for Each Segregation

26

Figure 11 Distribution of Object Sightings by Reported Colors of Object(s) With
Evaluation Distribution for Each Color Group •

27

Figure 12 Distribution of Object Sightings by Number of Objects Seen per Sighting
With Evaluation Distribution for Each Group

28

Figure 13 Distribution of Object Sightings by Duration of Sighting With Evaluation
Distribution for Each Duration Group .

29

iii

#### Page 6

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
(Continued)
Page
Figure 14 Distribution of Object Sightings by Months Among the Eight Duration
Groups for All Years

30

Figure 15 Distribution of Object Sightings by Shape of Object(s) Reported With
Evaluation Distribution for Each Shape Group ,

31

Figure 16 Distribution of Object Sightings by Reported Speed of Object(s) With
Evaluation Distribution for Each Speed Group .

32

Figure 17 Distribution of All Sightings by Observer Location for All Years and Each Year

33

Figure 18 Comparison of Known and Unknown Object Sightings by Color, 1947-1952

34

Figure 19 Comparison of Known and Unknown Object Sightings by Number of Objects
per Sighting, 1947-1952

35

Figure 20 Comparison of Known and Unknown Object Sightings by Speed, 1947-1952

36

Figure 21 Comparison of Known and Unknown Object Sightings by Duration, 1947-1952

37

Figure 22 Comparison of Known and Unknown Object Sightings by Shape, 1947-1952

38

Figure 23 Comparison of Known and Unknown Object Sightings by Light Brightness, 1947-1952

39

Figure 24 Comparison of Monthly Distribution of Object Sightings Evaluated as Astronomical
Versus Total Object Sightings Less Astronomical.

40

Figure 25 Comparison of Monthly Distribution of Object Sightings Evaluated as Aircraft
Versus Total Object Sightings Less Aircraft

41

Figure 26 Comparison of Monthly Distribution of Object Sightings Evaluated as Balloon
Versus Total Object Sightings Less Balloon,

42

Figure 27 Comparison of Monthly Distribution of Object Sightings Evaluated as Insufficient
Information Versus Total Object Sightings Less Insufficient Information

43

Figure 28 Comparison of Monthly Distribution of Object Sightings Evaluated as Other
Versus Total Object Sightings Less Other

44

Figure 29 Comparison of Monthly Distribution of Object Sightings Evaluated as Unknown
Versus Total Object Sightings Less Unknown

45

Figure 30 Characteristics Profiles of Object Sightings by Total Sample, Known Evaluations,
and Individual Known Evaluations, With Unknown Evaluations Superimposed ,

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Figure 31

Frequency of Object, Unit, and All Sightings Within the U. S., 1947-1952, by
Subdivisions of One Degree of Latitude and Longitude

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,-

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Figure 32 Distribution of Object Sightings by Evaluation for the Twelve Regional Areas of
the U. S., With the Strategic Areas Located

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Figure 33 Comparison of Evaluation of Object Sightings in the Strategic Areas of the
Central East Region

49

Figure 34 Comparison of Evaluation of Object Sightings in the Strategic Areas of the
Central Midwest Region

50

Figure 35 Comparison of Evaluation of Object Sightings in the Strategic Areas of the
Central Farwest Region

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Figure 36 Comparison of Evaluation of Object Sightings in the Strategic Areas of the
South Midwest Region .

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Figure 37 Comparison of Evaluation of Object Sightings in the Strategic Areas of the
South West Region

53

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
(Continued)

Figure 38 Comparison of Evaluation of Object Sightings in the Strategic Areas of the
South Farwest Region .

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Figure 39 Diagram of a Celestial Sphere.

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Figure 40 Frequency of Object Sightings by Angle of Elevation of the Sun, Intervals
of 10 Degrees of Angle.

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Figure 41 Frequency of Object Sightings by Local Sun Time, Intervals of One Hour

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Table

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Object Sightings

Table

II Chi Square Test of Knowns Versus Unknowns on the Basis of Color

62

Table

III Chi Square Test of Knowns Versus Unknowns on the Basis of Number

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Table

IV Chi Square Test of Knowns Versus Unknowns on the Basis of Shape

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Table

V Chi Square Test of Knowns Versus Unknowns on the Basis of Duration of Observation

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Table

VI Chi Square Test of Knowns Versus Unknowns on the Basis of Speed

ti6

Table VII Chi Square Test of Knowns Versus Unknowns on the Basis of Light Brightness

67

Table VIII Chi Square Test of Revised Knowns Versus Unknowns on the Basis of Color

70

Table

IX Chi Square Test of Revised Knowns Versus Unknowns on the Basis of Number.

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Table

X Chi Square Test of Revised Knowns Versus Unknowns on the Basis of Shape

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Table

XI Chi Square Test of Revised Knowns Versus Unknowns on the Basis of
Duration of Ob~ervation

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Table XII Chi Square Test of Revised Knowns Versus Unknowns on the Basis of Speed

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Table XIII Chi Square Test of Revised Knowns Versus Unknowns on the Basis of Light Brightness.

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SUMMARY
Reports of unidentified aerial objects (popularly termed "flying
saucers" or "flying discs") have been received by the U.S. Air Force
since mid-1947 from' many and diverse sources. Although there was no
evidence that the ·unexplained reports of unidentified objects constituted
a threat to the security of the U.S., the Air Force determined that all
rep,orts of unidentified aerial objects should be fovestigated and evaluated
to d,etermine if "flying saucers". represented technological developments
not known to this country.
In order to discover any pertinent trend or pattern inherent in the
data, and to evaluate or explain any trend or pattern found, appropriate
methods of reducing these data from reports of unidentified aerial objects
to a form amenable to scientific' appraisal were employed. In general, the
original data upon which this study was based consisted of impressions and
interpretations of apparently unexplainable events, and seldom contained
reliable measurements of physical attributes. This subjectivity of the data
presented a 'major limitation to the drawing of significant conclusions, but
did not invalidate the application of scientific methods bf study.
The reports received by the U.S. Air Force on unidentified aerial
objects were reduced to IBM punched-card abstracts of the data by means
of logically developed forms and standardized evaluation procedures.
Evaluation of sighting reports, a crucial step in the preparation of the data
for statistical treatment, consisted of an appraisal of the reports and· the
subsequent categorization of the object or objects described in each report.
A detailed description of this phase of the study stresses the careful
attempt to maintain complete objectivity and consistency.
Analysis of the refined and evaluated data derived from the original
reports of sightings consisted of (I) a systematic attempt to ferret out any
distinguishing characteristics _inherent in the data of any of their segments,
(2) a concentrated study of any trend or pattern found, and (3) an attempt
to determine the probability that any of the UNKNOWNS represent observa.:.
tions of technological' developments not known to this country.
The first step in the 'analysis of the data revealed the existence of
certain apparent similarities between cases of objects definitely identified
.i.nd those not identified. Statistical methods of testing when applied indicated
a low probability that these apparent similarities were significant. An
attempt to determine the probability that any of the UNKNOWNS represeri'ted
observations of technological developments not known to this country necessi­
tated a thorough re-examination and re-evaluation of the cases of objects not
originally identified; this led to the conclusion that this probability was very
small.
The special study which resulted in this report (Analysis of Reports
of Unidentified Aerial Objects, 5 May 1955) started in 1953. To provide the
study group with a complete set of files, the informatio~ cut-off date was
established as of the end of 1952. It will accordingly be noted that the
statistics contained in all charts and tables in this report are terminated

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with the year 1952.

In these charts, 3201 cases have been used.

As the study progressed, a constant program was maintained for
the purpose of making comparisons between the current cases received
after I January 1953, and those being used for the report. This was done
in order that any change or significant trend which might arise from
current developments could be incorporated in the summary of this report.
The 1953 and 1954 cases show a general and expected trend of
increasing percentages in the finally identified categories. They also.show
decreasing percentages in categories where there was insufficient informa­
tion and those where the phenomena could not be explained. This trend had
been:. anticipated in the light of improved reporting and investigating pro­
ceduJ;"es.
Official reports on hand at the end of 1954 totaled 4834. Of these,
425 were produced in 1953 and 429 in 195'!. These 1953 and 1954 indi­
vidual reports (a total of 854), were evaluated on the same basis as were
those received before the end of 1952. The results are as follows:
Balloons

- 16%

Aircraft

- 20%

Astronomical

- 25%

Other

- 13%
1 7%

Insufficient Info
Unknown

- 9%

As the study of the current cases progressed, it became increasingly
obvious that if reporting and investigating procedures could be further improved,
the percentages of those cases which contained insufficient information and
those remaining unexplained would be greatly reduced. The key to a higher
percentage of solutions appeared to be in rapid "on the spot" investigations
by trained personnel. On the basis of this, a revised program was established by AF Reg. 200-2 Subject: "Unidentified Flying Objects Reporting"
(Short Title: UFOB) dated 12 August 1954.
This new program, which had begun to show marked results before
January 1955, provided primarily that the 4602d Air Intelligence Service'
Squadron (Air Defense Command) would carry out all field investigations.
This squadron has sufficient units and is so deployed as to be able to arrive
"on the spot" within a very short time after a report is received. After
treatment by the 4602d AISS, all information is supplied to the Air Technical
Intelligence Center for final evaluation. This cooperative program has re­
sulted, since 1 January 1955, in reducing the insufficient information cases
to 7o/o and the unknown cases to 3%, of the totals.
The period l January 1955 to 5 May 1955 accounted for 131 unidentified
aerial object reports received. Evaluation percentages of these are as follows:

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-

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Balloons

- 26%

Aircraft

- 21%

Astronomical

- 23%

.....

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Other

20%

Insufficient Info -

7%

Unknown

3%

-

All available data were included in this study which was prepared by
a panel of scientists both in and out of the Air Force. On the basis of this
study it is believed that all the unidentified aerial objects could have been
explained if more complete observational data had been available. Insofar
as the reported aerial objects which still remain unexplained are concerned,
there exists little information other than the impressions and interpretations
of their observers. As these impressions and interpretations have been
replaced by the use of improved methods of investigation and reporting, and
,by scientific analysis, the number of unexplained cases has decreased rapidly
towards the vanishing point.
Therefore, on the b_asis of this evaluation of the information, it is
considered to be highly improbable that reports of unidentified aerial objects
examined in this study represent observations of technological developments
outside of the range of present-day scientific knowledge. It is emphasized
that there has been a complete lack of any valid evidence of physical 'matter
in any case of a reported unidentified aerial object.

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INTRODUCTION

In June, 1947, Kenneth Arnold, a Boise, Idaho, businessman and
private pilot, publicly reported the now-famous sighting of a chainlike
formation of disc-shaped objects near Mount Rainier, Washington. Result­
ing newspaper publicity of this incident caught the public interest, and,
shortly thereafter, a rash of reports of unidentified aerial objects spawned
the term "flying saucers". During the years since 1947, many reports of
unidentified aerial objects have been received by the Air Force from many
and diverse sources.
The unfortunate term "flying saucer", or "flying disc", because of
its widespread and indiscriminate use, requires definition. Many defini­
tions have been offered, one of the best being that originated by Dr. J.
Allen Hynek, Director of the Emerson McMillin Observatory of The Ohio
State University, who has taken a scientific interest in_the problem of
unidentified aerial objects since 1949. Dr. Hynek' s definition of the term
is "any aerial phenomenon or sighting that remains unexplained to the
viewer at least long enough for him to write a report about it 11 ( 1). Dr. Hynek,
elaborating on his definition, says, "Each flying saucer, so defined, has
associated with it a probable lifetime. It wanders in the field of public in­
spection like an electron in a field of ions, until I captured' by an explana­
tion which puts an end to its existence as a I flying saucer' 11 ( 1).
This definition would be applicable to any and all of the sightings
which remained unidentified throughout this study. However, the term
"flying saucers" shall be used hereafter in this report to mean a novel,
airborne phenomenon, a manifestation that is not a part of or readily ex­
plainable by the fund of scientific knowledge known to be possessed by the
Free World. This would include such items as natural phenomena that are
not yet completely understood, psychological phenomena, or intruder air­
craft of a type that may be possessed by some source in large enough
numbers so that more than one independent mission may have been flown
and reported. Thus, these phenomena are of the type which should have
been observed and reported more than once.
Since 1947, public interest in the subject of unidentified aerial objects
fluctuated more or less within reasonable limits until the summer of 1952,
when the frequency of reports of sightings reached a peak, possibly stimu­
lated by several articles on the subject in leading popular magazines.
Early in 1952, the Air Force's cumulative study and analysis of
reported sightings indicated that the majority of reports could be accounted
for as misinterpretations of known objects ( such as meteors, balloons, or
aircraft), a few as the result of mild hysteria, and a very few as the result
of unfamiliar meteorological phenomena and light aberrations. However,
(1) Hynek, J. A.• "Unusual Aerial Phenomena"• Journal of the Optical Society of America. 43 (4).
pp 311-314, April, 1953.

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a significant number of fairly complete reports by reliable observers re­
mained unexplained. Although no evidence existed that unexplained reports
of sightings constituted_ a 1>hysical threat to the security of the U. S., in
March, 1952, the Air Force decided that all reports of unidentified
aerial objects should be investigated and evaluated to determine if "flying
saucers" represented technological developments not known to this country.
Originally, the problem involved the preparation and analysis of about
1,300 reports accumulated by the Air Force between 1947 and the end of
March, 1952. During the course of the work, the number of reports sub­
mitted for analysis and evaluation more than tripled, the result of the un­
precedented increase in observations during 1952. Accordingly, this study
is based on a number of reports considered to be large enough for a pre­
liminary statistical analysis, approximately 4, 000 reports.
This study was undertaken primarily to categorize the available
reports of sightings and to determine the probability that any of the reports
of unidentified aerial objects represented observations of "flying saucers".
With full cognizance of the quality of the data available for study, yet with
an awareness of the proportions this subject has assumed at times in the
public mind, this work was undertaken with all the seriousness accorded
to a straightforward scientific investigation. In order to establish the
probability that any of the reports of unidentified aerial objects represented
observations of "flying saucers", it was necessary to make an attempt to
answer the question "What is a 'flying saucer'?". However, it must be
emphasized that this was only incidental to the primary purpose of the
study, the determination of the probability that any of the reports of un­
identified aerial objects represented observations of "flying saucers", as
defined on Page 1.
The basic technique for this study consisted of reducing the available
data to a form suitable for mechanical manipulation, a prerequisite for the
application of preliminary statistical methods .. One of International
Business Machine Corporation's systems was chosen as the best available
mechanical equipment.
The reduction of data contained in sighting reports into a form suit­
able for transfer to IBM punched cards was extremely difficult and time
consuming.
For this study a panel of consultants was formed, consisting of both
experts within and outside A TIC. During the course of the work, guidance
and advice were received from the panel. The professional experience
available from the panel covered major scientific fields and numerous
specialized fields.
All records and working papers of this study have been carefully
preserved in an orderly fashion suitable for ready reference. These

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records include condensations of all individual sighting reports, and the
IBM cards used in various phases of the study.

ORIGIN AND NATURE OF DA TA

Reports of sightings were received by the U. S. Air Force from a
representative cross section of the population of the U. S., and varied
widely in completeness and quality. Included were reports from reputable
scientists, housewives, farmers, students, and technically trained mem­
bers of the Armed Forces. Reports varied in length from a few sentences
stating that a "flying saucer" had been sighted, to those containing thou­
sands of words, including description, speculation, and advice on how to
handle the "problem of the I flying saucers 1 " . Some reports were of high
quality, conservative, and as complete as the observer could make them;
a few originated from people confined to mental institutions. A critical
examination of the reports revealed, however, that a high percentage of
them was submitted by serious people, mystified by what they had seen and
motivated by patriotic responsibility.
Three principal sources of reports were noted in the preliminary
review of the data. The bulk of the data arrived at A TIC through regular
military channels, from June, 1947, until the middle of 1952.
A second type of data consisted of letters reporting sightings sent by
civilian observers directly to A TIC. Most of these direct communications
were dated subsequent to April 30, 1952, and are believed to be the result
of a suggestion by a popular magazine that future reports be directed to the
Air Technical Intelligence Center. As could be expected, a large number
of letters was received following this publicity.
A third type of data was that contained in questionnaire forms com­
pleted by the observer himself. A questionnaire form, developed during
the course of this study, was mailed by A TIC to a selected group of writers
of direct letters with the request that the form be completed and returned.
Approximately 1,000 responses were received by ATIC.
In general, the data were subjective, consisting of qualified estimates
of physical characteristics rather than of precise measurements. Further­
more, most of the reports were not reduced to written form immediately.
The time between sighting and report varied from one day to several years.
Both of these factors introduced an element of doubt concerning the validity
o,f the original data, and increased its subjectivity. This was intensified by
the recognized inability of the average individual to estimate speeds, dis­
tances, and sizes of objects in the air with any degree of accuracy. In
spite of these limitations, methods of statistical analysis of such reports m
sufficiently large groups are valid. The danger lies in the possibility of
3

#### Page 14

forgetting the subjectivity of the data at the time that conclusions are
drawn from the analysis. It must be emphasized, again and again, that any
conclusions contained in this report are based NOT on facts, but on what
many observers thought and estimated the true facts to be.
Altogether, the data for this study consisted of approximately 4, 000
reports of sightings of unidentified aerial objects. The majority were :re­
ceived through military channels or in the form of observer-completed
questionnaires; a few were accepted in the form of direct letters from un­
-questionably reliable sources. Sightings made between June, 1947, and
December, 1952, were considered for this study. Sightings alleged to have
occurred prior to 1947 were not considered, since they were not reported
to official sources until after public interest in "flying saucers" had been
stimulated by the popular press.

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The plan for reduction of the data to usable form consisted of a pro­
gram of development comprising four major steps: ( 1) a systematic listing
of the factors necessary to evaluate the observer and his report, and to
identify the unknown object observed; (2) a standard scheme for the trans­
fer of data to a mechanized computation system; (3) an orderly means of
relating the original data to_ all subsequent forms; and ( 4} a consistent pro­
cedure for the identification of the phenomenon described by the original
data.

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Questionnaire

I

REDUCTION OF DA TA TO MECHANIZED COMPUTATION FORM

As received by the Air Technical Intelligence Center, the sighting
reports were not in a form suitable for even a quasi-scientific study. A
preliminary review of the data indicated the need for standardized interro­
gation procedures and supplemental forms for the reduction of currently
held and subsequently acquired data to a form amenable to scientific
appraisal.

I

The first reports received by A TIC varied widely in completeness
and quality. Air Force Letter 200-5(2} and Air Force Form 112( 1) were
attempts to fix responsibility for and improve the quality of the reports of
sightings. To coordinate past efforts and to provide standardization for the
(1) A modified Air Force Form 112 lists pertinent questions to be answered in regard to an unidentified-object
sighting.
(2) Air Force Letter 200-5 places responsibility with the Air Force for the investigation, reporting, and
analysis of unidentified aerial objects. This letter is dated 29 April 1952.

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future, it was imperative to develop a questionnaire form listing the factors
necessary for evaluation of the observer and his report, and identification
of the unknown objects. In addition, it was decided that such a questionnaire
should be designed to serve as an interrogator's guide, and as a form for
the observer himself to complete when personal interrogation was not possi­
ble or practicable.
Ideally, a questionnaire for the purposes required should contain
questions pertaining to all technical details considered to be essential for
the statistical approach, and should serve to obtain a maximum of informa­
tion from the average individual who had made a sighting in the past or
would be likely to be reporting sightings in the future. Besides these ~is­
crete facts, an integrated written description of a sighting would be re­
quired, thus enabling the reported facts of the sighting to be corroborated.
Also, a narrative description might allow subtle questions to be answered
concerning the observer's ability, such as indirect questions that would
reveal his reasoning ability, suggestibility, and general mental attitude.
As a whole, then, the information contained in a questionnaire should make
possible the classification and evaluation of the sighting, the rating of the
observer, the probability of accuracy of reported facts, and the identifica­
tion of what was reported by the observer as unidentified.
During the course of this project, three questionnaire forms were
developed, each intended to be an improved revision of the one preceding.
The improvements were suggested and confirmed by members of the panel
of consultants connected with this project.
The original form was evolved by the panel of consultants as their
first work on this project. It was intended to allow the start of the reduc­
tion of reports to discrete data, and was immediately subjected to exten­
sive review and revision by the panel. The revised ( second) form was
subjected to a trial test before adoption. A TIC sent a copy to observers
reporting sightings, with the request that the form be completed and re­
turned. Of the first 300 questionnaires returned during July and August,
1952, 168 were analyzed by a consulting psychologist. On the basis of this
analysis, plus the experience gained in working with past reports, the final
form of the questionnaire - the U. S. Air Force Technical Information
Sheet - was evolved. Copies of the three forms of the questionnaire, in
the order of their development, are shown as Exhibits BI, B2, and B3 in
Appendix B.
In order to implement the transcription of data from past sighting
reports, each succeeding form was put to use as soon as it was developed
and approved. Accordingly, experience was obtained with each form in
relation to past data, an important factor in the improvement of the quality
and completeness of the later reports included in this study.

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Coding System and Work Sheet

The reduction of non-numerical data to numerical form is mandatory
in the machine handling of data. Thus, the selection of the IBM punched­
card system for analysis of data forced the adoption of a master coding
plan. Since it was impracticable to transfer detailed data of a~ exact
nature from the questionnaire to the IBM card, an intermediate transfer
form, coordinated with the master code, was necessary.
The master coding plan was evolved during the early stages of the
preli~inary analysis of data, and was reviewed by the panel of consultants
before use. It was recognized that this system of coding would be the
heart of the analysis, that is, the completeness of the facility for trans­
lation of data could make or break the study.

(Text continues in the original file: 312 pages.)

## CIA-UAP-016 — Sightings of Unidentified Flying Objects in Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-016
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-016
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: 1968
- Location: Ladakh, Nepal | Sikkim, India | Bhutam
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

1968: the year UFOs finally got their own CIA file number.

- CIA-UAP-016: CIA PDF report, 1968, Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan
- Documents seven sightings of bright lights, sounds, and moving objects between 19 Feb‑25 Mar
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

A 1968 report about UFO sightings in Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. Seven UFO sightings are listed that took place between 19 Feb. to 25 Mar. 1968. A more redacted version of the report has been available on CIA's public website.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Approved for Release 2026 Under Section 1842 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024
He is convinced UFO's are intelligently controlled
from Outer Space-Donald E. Keyoe, director of.
the National Investigations Committee on
Aerial Phenomena.
He will try to find out-Dr. Edward Condon,
former head of the National Bureau of Standards
and recently named director of the Air Force-
sponsored civilian investigation of UFO's with
headquarters at the University of Colorado
in Boulder. 3

#### Page 2

DIRECTOR MI/FTO CONFIDENT IAL XGDS 269
203708 ***CIRCOL OFFLINE OUTPUT - HQFTD/NIIB, WRIGHT-PATTEPSON AFB, OHIO***
4.21.53 PM JIN 13,1974 - PAGE 14
√
*CIA ATTN: CRS/ISG/U/ RM 1H46 HCS WASH. J. C. 20505;
I 38 501353 * 152 DOCUMENTS SATISFIED THIS SEAPCH FOR LINDA:
304441
ACCESSNR I30 501353
FILMNR 1884/0135
CLASSIF 1
DOWNCRAD 1
DATE 69
TEXT 0.0070
CLASSIF ICATION: CONFIDFNT IAL
RESTRICTIONS:
CONTROLLED DISSEM
NO FOREIGN DISSEM
TITLE SICHTINGS OF UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS IN
LADAKH, NEPAL, SIKKIM AANID BHUTAN -C-
AUTHOR MONE
TOPIC TAGS -IN--NP--3T--CH- 2 5 UNIDENTIFIED FLYING (RJECT,
AIRCRAFT ADDIDENT
DOCNR SOURCE
DIRECTCR NI/FTO CONFIDENTIAL XGDS
DIRECTOR NI/FTD CONFIDENT IAL XGDS
203703 K**CIRCOL DFFLINE OUTPUT - HQFTD/NIIB, WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFR, OHIO***
4.21.53 PM JUN 13,1974 - PAGE 15
*CIA ATTN: CRS/ISG/U/ RM 1H46 HQS WASH. D. C. 20505:
I 3 8 50 135 3 * 1S2 DOCUMENTS SATISFIED THIS SEARCH FOR LINDA;
DIRECTOR NI/FTO CONF IDENT IAL XGDS

#### Page 3

-·
I N FO RM A T I O N

R E f) 0 R T

a

'i

I N FO RM A T l O N

R E P O RT

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
!',, - ,,';••,.:, -~nt•11"'~ 1:if.-.,r--.,!1('1n, .iifl, Ii·.,: th,. ~al,o('.d r~--h•:,•,(' of fh(' Unilt>d ~,.,,('~ ••,.. i1h1n Ow,..• Ufllnf...., thf"· r- r• ·n · ~ L ..... ,. T1llr
1, f' " C. ~r, s. :'<ll .tn,t .. ,ll. lh•· lr,11~•.,~,,, ,,c,n or tr" l.,t,oo of w 111C·h an any m;i,nn•·r to ,,n unnulho11.r,·tf r,rr,on t•, I r,./,1'..,!, ff t-, 1• I••

DATE OISTR.

COUNTRY

India/Nepal/Bhutan/China

DOI

Februar.r - March 1968

SUBJECT

•

~ir,htings of
c___,u~r~,1~a~e=n~t~il~i~od---,-----sFl,.,--::y=-"ing Objects in
Ladakh, Nepal, .:,ikkim and Bhutan

4CQ

SOURCE

~~~~~-~~~~~--~I sightings of unidentified flyini:; objects

in Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan during the period 19 February - •
25 J.arch 1968.

Particulars of Bright Objects 3een Over South Ladakh, :iorth East Nepal,
!lorth Sikkim and Western Bhutan,
•
Date

Local
Time

Area over
which seen·

Direction
of flight

?articulars
of the Cbiect

East to

One white
li[71t and
siriul taneously
two blasting
sounds were heard.
Also, one reddish
lir,ht followed by
whi 7,.1 smoke.

Lada}:h

4 March 1968

1300 hour1:.

Chang La, Fukch<.;
and Koyul

West

5

•
J

J

2

S 9 lJ F I B B N 'f I A h/NO FOREIGN DISSEM/CONTOOLLED DISSEM

2

•
.___......_.....__ n_,•_1.-."_,._
. ._•...J...__.,_•v_•--1._"_"_'1---"s_•__._•_•_o_.__c,._s__.~_ _1F_.,_F1_._14_D_,._"_•1tv_,_,..,_,__,_•"-"'-'""-'-"'=--'".-:.•-'hJ'----~

,Nt-0RM.ATION

REPORT

INFORMATION

REPORT

#### Page 4

nama
Date Leca: Time Area over whih Lirection of flight Particulars of the
seen object
--
: rtheast Nepal
19 February 1968 Fetreen Walungchurg-Ce North-East to South- A feet-movinig object,
200 and Ghunsa arta West long and thin, emitti-g
:5 red and green brigh' ght,
as bright as to cause day-
light. Thunder sound hear
after few seconds of sightry
of object.
kim
19 February 1968 etreer. Lachung, Lache:.. This information is t object giving
2:00 i Thangu, Mugutha rather ronfusing. Yat from tail." It
:115 and Chholham Directit. was report; ight enough to b
as being from Scuth- ghten the entire area.
east to North-west over innder sound was heard
T7- gkarla, Lachung, Myolnamu after
Li..n& Muguthang. sigating the object.
Over ih Lhamo and
Sese La, the direction
was reportedly from
KASSIG North-east to South-
west. The latter
direction coincides
with the one over Nepal
and is likely to be
more correct since the
STTOH ASSIG date and timing of the
IYILNE rlight of object also
coincide.
nma
.-t*
(

#### Page 5

'::..

'\~
~

.,
II.I

...

CD

◄

Date

Local Time

Area over -which

Direction of fiight

Particulars of the
object

seen

..:t

~

~

""

21 February 1968

21.30

~impu

II.I

...

CD

◄

East to West. However
since due east of
Thimpu there is nothing
but Indian terr"'-0ry
the direction o_ flight.
c0"1ld well be frox:.
North-east to South-west,
that is, f'ro111 the dirtc­
tion of' Tibet.

A bluish colored object
moving at high speed wit.b­
out any noise. It vas
bright enour-h to brighten
the area.

Ladakh

4 March 1968

]JOO

25 ¥.arch 1968

2150

Ane La area

Cbject wa~ following a
circular pa th. Left a
trail of mnoke behind
it.

Fllkche, Koyul,

Appeared from Chang La
side and waa eeen
moving towards Demochok,
i.e. from north to south.
Rocket-lil-:r- • :·.ject leaving
white-yel1
1ite.trail
about 20 y , long at a
height of 20-2SsOOO feet.

Demchok

I

I
A

I

•

i

<J

1,.

#### Page 6

nm…
Dat Local Time Area over which Direction of night Particulars of the
aeen ctiect
--
Nepl
10 9 25 March 1968 215 Kaski region in Appoared to be north
NW Nepal. to south. A blazing
object, flaahing
intermittently,
arcorpanied by big'
, inder sound disinte-
: . uted over Kaski
region. A huge metallio
disc-ahaped object with
a six-loot tase and four
feet in height was found
in a crater at Baltichaur,
five miles NE of Pokhara.
Portions of a similar
object were found at
Talakot and Tirepasel.
2. MSSIG GTTRHINCO/WSSIQ NOITHON ON1
IINIHC
MAMNN
)
J

## CIA-UAP-017 — Placement on High Alert Due to Perceived Aggressive Foreign Posturing

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-017
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-017
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: July, 2008
- Location: Harare, Zimbabwe
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

July 3, 2008: when even the sky needed a warning flag.

- CIA-UAP-017: CIA report, July 2008, Harare International Airport, Zimbabwe
- Disc-like object, hollow center, rotating lights, observed via radar and optical means
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

A never before released July 2008 report on a UFO sighting at the Harare International Airport. Individuals debated if the sighting was an advanced reconnaissance device of a foreign government or of extraterrestrial origins.

### AI summary

This document is a classified intelligence report from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) dated 3 July 2008, concerning an unidentified object observed over Harare International Airport in Zimbabwe in early July 2008. The report states that the object was seen possibly by radar and optical means, described as disc-like with a hollow center and rotating lights on the underside. The report notes that observers could not determine if the object was a foreign reconnaissance device or an unidentified flying object of extraterrestrial origin. The incident led to the decision to place Zimbabwe on high alert.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Trident

https://www.trident.cia/DispJayDocument.do?documentView=original
Approv e d for Release 202 6 Under S e cti o n 18 42 o f the
Na t io na l Defense Autho ri z at io n Act fo r F i sca l Yea r 2024

8E8fU!.?MNOFORN

SECRETNOFORN
03171OZ CIA WASHINGTON DC 455482
TO: WHITE HOUSE SITUATION ROOM WASHINGTON DC, DNI WASHINGTON DC, SECSTATE
WASHINGTON DC//INR/DSITA//, NGA NAVY YARD WASHINGTON DC, DIA WASHINGTON DC,
JOlNT STAFF WASHINGTON DC, DA AMHS WASHINGTON DC, DA WASHINGTON DC, ONI
WASHINGTON DC, CNO WASHlNGTON DC, DTRNAVCRIMINVSERV WASHINGTON DC// ATAC
/0022//, CMC WASHINGTON DC, CSAF WASHINGTON DC, AFIAAAMHS BOLLING AFB DC,
JWAC DAHLGREN VA//J2//, DIRNSA FT GEORGE G MEADE MD, ANCHORY FT GEORGE G
MEADE MD, DEPT OF lREASURY WASHINGTON DC, FBI WASHINGTON DC, US SECRET
SERVICE WASHINGTON DC//ID//, NCTC WASHINGTON DC, FAA NATIONAL HQ WASHINGTON
DC, DEPT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON DC//S-60//, HOMELAND SECURITY CENTER
WASHINGTON DC, TSA HQ WASHINGTON DC, DEPT OF COMMERCE WASHINGTON DC, CDR
USEUCOM INTEL VAIHINGEN GE//J-2//, JAC MOLESWORTH RAF MOLESWORTH UK//OOA//,
US SURVEY DIV SHAPE BE, CDRUSAREUR DCSINTHEIDELBERG GE//AEAGB-IAD//, UTAIS
RAMSTEIN AB GE//INO//, COMSIXTHFLT, SRJOIC NAPLES IT, CTF 67, CTF 69, COMSOCEUR
V AIHINGEN GE, HQ USJFCOM NORFOLK VA, COMUSFLTFORCOM NORFOLK VA,
COMMARFORCOM, ACC IN LANGLEY AFB VA, CJTF 6 FT BLISS TX//FCJT-J2//,
COMSECONDFLT, USSTRATCOM INTEL DIRECTORATE OFFUTT AFB NE, CDR USTRANSCOM
INTEL CELL SCOTT AFB ·IL, USSOCOM INTEL MACDILL AFB FL, COMJSOC FT BRAGG
NC//J2//, HQ lJSAFRTCOM STI JTTGARTGE
I

I

PASS: DrA FOR TERRORISM .
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT, NOT FINALLY EVALUATED INTELLIGENCE
WARNING: SENSITIVE INTELLIGENCE SOURCES AND METHODS
INVOLVED. ANY TRANSMISSION OR REVELATION OF THIS
INFORMATION IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTIIORIZED PERSON
IS PROHIBITED. VIOLATORS MAY BE SUBJECT TO CRIMINAL
PROSECUTION, INCLUDING UNDER 11-IE ESPIONAGE LAWS OF
TH E UNITED STATES.
REPORT CLASS S EC RE T --NOFORN
DIST: 3 JULY 2008
COUNTRY: ZIMBABWE
TOPIC: DEPS/FMCC__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
SUBJ: PLACEMEN'Ij'-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _pN HIGH
ALERT DUE TO PERCEIVED AGGRESSIVE FOREIGN POSTURING
DOI· EARLY JULY 2008

SUMMARY· NONI-'.
TEXT:

1.I

2 . As of early July 2008, I

8liiiiGAE'F.'JIH8F6Rli.l

1 of3

6/ 15/2009 2:05 PM

#### Page 2

https://www.trident.cia/DisplayDocument.do?documentView~original

TridGnt

SEGRE I /lrJOflOI\I~

~ - - - - - - - - - - - -______Jw.as reporting from Zimbabwe
!regarding an unidentified object
~h~o=v~e~r~1=n~g~a~.t~=h1~g~h~~a~T~r~1~tude over the Harare International
Airport. This object was observed, possibly by both radar
and optical means, in the skies abo;;z.ec__li.ar_a_r_,e_ru;LLLna_-1:Jie__~
afternoon of 2 July 2008. Reporting
a
e o Jee
a an un e erm1
directly over the Harare airport. At one point
during observation ''beams'' were observed emanating from
the ob'ec
3. Individuals~~==~~~~=~~~==~~~~ ho were
aware of the incident ha
e object was
'an advanced reconnaissance device belonging to a foreign
government, or whether the object was an unidentified
flying object of extraterrestrial origins. According to
observers ~----~the object was disc-like in shape with
a hollow center, and had a series of rotating lights on
the underside of the airframe. After a period under
observation from the ground, the rotating lights under
the object shifted colors and the object quickly ascended
to higher altitudes and out of visual ranue. Reuardless
of the orinins. this incident.I
l
I

~"u~~~:L.LE'-'L~~·ted in the decision to place the Zimbabwe
Ion hi h alert.
0

SEGRE I JJIQOFORN

2 of3

6/15/2009 2:05 PM

## CIA-UAP-018 — Report of Unusual Flying Object Sightings and Attendant Scientific Activity

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-018
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-018
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: 1955
- Location: Hungary
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Those 12,000 km/h saucers would’ve outrun Budapest’s 1947 tram schedule.

- CIA-UAP-018 PDF, CIA, 1955, Hungary
- Letter describes “saucers” moving 12,000 km/h, exciting scientists and families
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

A 1955 report on a UFO sighting in Hungary. The information came from a letter between Hungarian relatives, living in the USA and Budapest. A more redacted version of the report has been available on CIA's public website.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Approved for Release 2026 Under Section l842 of the National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024
." ' 045028
SEE BOTTOM OF PAGE FOR ADDITIONAL SPECIAL CONTROLS, IF ANY
GONFIDENTIAL This material contains information aiiecting the
INFORMATION REPORT National Defense of the United Siaies within tho
meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title 18. U. S. C.
PREPARED AND DISSEMINATED BY Secs. 793 and 794, the transmisaion or revvir:tion
of which in any manner to aa unauthoritrd per-
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY son in prohiblted by law.D45729
COUNTRY REPORT NO. 00-B-93674
Hangary
SUBJECT Report of Unusual Flying Object Sightings and DATE DISTRIBUTED
Attendant Scientifie Activity 17 APr 56
NO. OF PAGES 1 NO. OF ENCLS.
SUPPLEMENT TO REPORY #
PLACE ACQUIRED (By SOBICO) RESPONSIVE TO
oo/c. Guide. 1BA
DATE ACQUiRED (By souzce) DATe oF INFoRmaTioN (Dale or dates, on or betwean wrhich, 201 51806
events or condltiona deseribed in report existed)
Nov 55 Nov 55
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
source Naturalized US citizen of Hungarian extraction. He corresponds regularly with
two nieces Living in Budapest.
10 In November 1955 I received a letter fram my niece in Budapest. This letter
contained tha following inberesting item /free translation/:
"The so-called flying saucers (rockets) [sic] for several weeks kept
the people in a nervous state. These very fast speeding flyers kept
scientifie groups very busy. I'm sure you heard already frem the
papers, i2 thougand km per hour was estimated on these flyers."
20 Included with the letter was the folloging sketch indicating the formation
and suspected course of the ebove objectss
Budapest
Moscow
3. This is the first time my niece has mentioned such objects in her letters.
Available on loan from CIA Library is a photostatic copy of origiual letter
in Hungarian. ad an English tranelation. .The excerpt quoted in para. I
- end -
uNDi yuwome on ln CDes
-
.OISTBIBUTION
STATE ARMY NAVY y.AIR FB1
NOFORN NO DISSEM ABROAD LIMITED
LIMITED: Dissemination limited to lulltime employees of CIA. AEC and FBl; gnd. within State and Defense, to the Inieligence components, other
offices producing NIS elements, and higher echelons with their immediate supporting staifs. Not to be disseminated to consullants, external projee.s
or reserve personnel on short term active duty (excepting individuals who are normally fulltime employees of ClA. AEC. FBl, State or Delense)
unless the wrilten permission of tho originating office has been obtained through the Assistant Direcior for Collection and Dissemination, ClA.

#### Page 2

Dear Uncl
I don't J:r.nm;r whether the letter I sent before will arrive. I wish you

all a very Merry Christmas and a happy New Year.

preparing for Christmas.

Here, the children are

"rhe shops are full of toys and Christmas trees . •

The streets are crowded with window shoppers.
The three of us are spending the holidays in Pest
~---~

fhe childre~ will have a vacation from 20 December through 17 January,

Ir
took a d~y off on All Souls' D a y l ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

you write so little.

How are your·

Has the family grown7

Are you all well?
~ - - - ~ i s having a lot of trouble with her back.ohas been sent
off for a week to do some work in the province, he won't return till the
evening of the 24th.
A famous German circus is on tour here now with many animals and artists ..
They say it is very good.

We

are planning to see it with the children~

Ev.eryone has been ·excited by the so-called saucers for the past few
weeks.

These fast-rushing heavenly phenorna have been and still are keeping

scores of scientists busy -~I_____~ras surely seen them or read about them;
these amazing ~liers moved at a speed of 12,000 kilometers per hour.

We wish you all good health and send our regards and affection to mother
and the children.

Much love and many prayers,

## CIA-UAP-019 — Australian Dept of Defense Scientific and Intel Aspects of the UFO Problem

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-019
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-019
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: 1971
- Location: Australia
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

1971—that's when the report was written, not when the UFOs arrived.

- CIA-UAP-019: Australian Dept of Defense report, dated 1971, originating Australia.
- Analyzes scientific and intelligence aspects of UFOs, reviewing USAF Project Blue Book and related challenges.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Dated to 1971, an Australian review of the USAF Project Blue Book. This document was released by the National Archives of Australia.

### Full text

#### Page 3

The carly analyses of Uro reports by Usar intelligence
indicated that real phenomena were being reported which had flight
characteristier so far in advance of U.S. aircrart that only an
extra-terrestial origin could be enviseged. A goveroment agency
which later events indicated to be the ClA Ofrico of Sclontific
Intelligepce (osr), studied the UFO reports with the intention of
determiniag the Uro propulsion methods. At that time, OST was
responsible for intelligence on foreign research and development
In nuelear and eissile matters.
2 The ClA hecame elarmed at the cverloading of military
communications during the mass sightings of l9s2: and censidered
the possibility that the USsr may take adventage of such a situa:iok
As a result, osl acting through the Robertson-panel 'meeting of
mid-January lo53, persuaded the USAp to use: Project BLUr BooK as
Uro's, and at a later stage to allccoto
:funds for the Avro advanced , "eaucer" aircraft and the launching or
erash programme into anti-gravity pover: To initiate such progrkmnes
decades ahead of normal scientific development vould indicate 'that
the U.S. Goveroment aeknovledged the existence of advanced "aireral
which presumably used a gravity-control method of propulsion. An
sdditional motivation couid have been the fear that the Ussr vould
achieve this goal before the U.S.
3 By erocting a facade of ridicule, Uhe U.S, hoped to allay
publid alarm, reduce the possibility of the Soviet taking advantage
of Uro mass sightings for either psychological or actual warfare
purposes, and act as a cover for 'the real V.S. "programme of developing
vehicles that emulate UrO performances." The: RAaP togcthor with cany
other countries of the vorld give credenco only to the USar public
facade and appear to have uncritically acceyted the associated
information. This information has beon sidely diseredited by rotiring
U.s. service personnel formerly engaged on UrO investigations, as
well as by scientiata abd private citizens.
4 The conclusions of the Condon report conflict vith its own
contents and has been discredited by many reputable scientists
including the Uro scientific consultant to the USAr. In accordoneo
NationalArchives bfAustralia NAA:A13693,3092/2/000

#### Page 4

4,dth the recommerdiitiunis nf the Condon report, Project BLUE BOOK
vas terI11inated, but presumably this veu]d ha.vo little effect on

the main progr1-;1,n,me.

5.

It would a.ppenr wrong for Au:stralia to remain ignorant ci'

the true situa'ticr::..

We l&ck an intelligence viewpoint th11.t ca.n

the nature and poasiblo consequences of the problem, ~
scientific vie~~oint that co~ld derive :!ICicntifically valid data
from the reports &nd a public relations viewpoint that ca~ honestly
satisfy public intere:!lt. To overcome these deficiencies in the
Australian iuvestigaliun of UF0 1 s, it would :5eem that a strong ce.s,:i
exists for the acceptance. of the RAAF suggest.ion that another
government department assume responsibility for the investigation
&seess

and analysis o.r UFO report.!.

National Archives of Au,straHa

NAA: A 13693, 3092/2/00Q

#### Page 5

U.S. OPFICIAL ATTITUDE TO U.P.D•:s
In June of 19,17 the Air Techni~ o.l Int('lligcncc Centre
(ATIC) near Dayton, Ohio, assumed a. re·,pcnsibili ty to investiga.te
the ioi tio.l

1 ::.:ports

cons:iderc~I tho:!. tlui
origin.

of 'flying saucers'.
plHWDllH!llct. Wt!.tl~

Vi tldn a month

ii, 1ou

I"F!tLl o.nd !H·obably of Soviet

Ey the end of' the y .. a.r 1 when ATIC was offie ial ly author iso-i

to invntiga.to under the project code no.n.c of SIGN and with a. high
priority,most nf the investigators lrl'er:: focus:dng on an inter­
planetary ra~her tha11 a. Soviet origin.
cry:stalliz:;-d into

11

in September 1948.

TJJese opi n:i ans were

"'ri tten csti:nate that .,,·as sent to the Pentagon
Vnen the inte rplo.nc to.ry cone lusions were re ,:j ~c .od

on th<J groumls of instifficiant ha.rd evidence, a reaction :set in a.t

ATIC e.gl!l.insti trying to unravel the liFO problem.
2.

In Febru~ry 1949, ATIC personnol ur. Project SIG~ were

replaced Witt> nev personnel

1-0

form Project tHtUJJGE.

A defini·te

attempt vas mado during !.9·19 to use Project GRUDGE to destroy any
acccptani::o of UPO'!!!. The motives for this ;ue not t:lear: po:s:o.ih!y
Air Pore,~ embarnLssmE!.n t at being incap.,.ble of controlling tha
situation <tnd/ :•r a fear of national p{l.nic prompted L"SAF to try and
remove the problem by denying its existence.

Another possible

motive mo.y have been to provide a breathing spncc ror nno Urnr
"inve:stigati ve agency '1 to 1·each some cone lusion; the agency had been
asehting A.TIC through 1948 and, con1.rary to official USAF policy,
vas maintaining a bich level of interest during 1949.

This govcrn~ental

agency '-'IHI not th,~ FBI, e.nd had rcckl!'t, nuclca.· and inti!llig,~ncP.
experts; their pur1,o,;;e was to study OFO n:port,s in an effort to HlltllE!l'
de:,ign data Oil int-erplanetury space sh ip!'I. In lhe light of l.a ter

development~, thiR agency wus almost certainly the CIA.
3.

Project GRUDGE failed to eliminate the UFO problem,

U1"0

reports in 1949 actmdly exceeded the numbr!r in 1918, and several
people who had gained ,1.ccess to earlier offici,d repor!.s wPre ublli
to contnuJic l Lhe USAF.

Journalists gonero.lly !el t that GRCDGE

:reporting represented e. cover to a more serious kno•.!cdgc.

Eventually,

USAF intelligence dE>c ided. thi'.t a fresh approo.ch to the JJr1,bl em "'HS
ne-ccs~ary.

Between Se1,t.r1m·:Jr:r 1951 unu I.he establ:i.shnent of Pro,i(•Ct

BLUE BOOK in March 1952, UFO investigation rugn.incd ndcquo.tc finrinC'inl
and o.dministra:tive :JUpport to once a.gain aaa.ly:se the col lee teu uc.ta,
Projttct BLUE IlOOK was a.ble tu process !Jiu data frci::n 3,200 report,E int.o

a form suitable for their consul tan Ls to bl' :!.blc to use IBM card-

National Archives of Australia

NAA: A 13693, 3092/2/000

#### Page 6

2•
•

sorting machines.
~-

The su111me r

{if

1952 sa"'

&

more thaa twenty-fold rise in

the normal r1,1.te of reporhng and inclu~ed I-he two cxtensi ve Jul!·
eigbtings invdviog lia.shington D.C. This marked increase in !'!ightin~:s

bad diverae efl'ect:,.

A cu•npunent. of USAF intcl..1..igence considertJd
th1.t UPO 's W&l'e intcrpl1\11eia!"y spo.cClships \lhich vore about to make

closer ec,utnct,

To prepare the public for this po:isibili ty 1 41

previously cl~ssified reports vere re}Pasei for publication bet~eeo.
AugtJ.st 19~ 2 rnd February 1953.

These reports contradicted the

ear lie?' offic io.1 USAF policy of di511li5siog the reporb as mi5identification:, etc. On the other hand, the CIA regarded tho su~mPr
UFO activity as a throat to national security mainly because the
resulting crowdeo communications and defence forcee involvement
lessened. the lfvel of national a.lertmi:ss r:,gains t possible en!'my P.ttaclt.
5.

.\ 3C ienti!'ic p:.ncl chaired 'Dy H.P. Robert:son was '::onvened b1•

the Office of Scientific 1nte11 igence c!' CU. during mid-January 1953
tor the purpose of recot1m11nding future o.ction on the UFO proble11.
Briefings vcr<; n,a.dc both by CIA a.nd USAF.

ATJr:: per:,onnel

sho•ti11

t:1e

then c l:i.asified two rnovi e films of UPO 's and the early results of
statistical analysis of J,200 reports. Because of the vital issues
invol Vl'Jd, th~ pane I f'e J t re:: t ric ted to recon::mend i ne that the
investigetion be contimrnd, but 'Wi Lh increased personnel and equipn:ent.
'l'he USAF responded proa1ptly '>li th a.n ins true tion to comply vi tb these

recommondntiona.
6.
Th~ CIJ. 1 ho-ever, in a report dated 16 February 1953 aho'o,c,d
a preference to publicly abandon the investigo.tion whil:!it intensifying
the collection Clf data. Hy September 1953 Lhe CIA position had been
la.rgdy achieved with Project BLUE BOOK rcducad from A staff of ten
qualified po:rsonnel operating at a top secret level to a virtually
inactive project involving one airman.

The invc5tigating ~omponPnl

had bel'n tre.nsferred to the 4602nd Air 111 lc.,.ligli'nce Se:rvic e Squadron
vhieh was trained in rapid intelligence procurement and reported to
Air Defence Command and USAF Intellizence '\ia!';hi.ngt.on rel.her than
Bl,IJE DOOK.

Direct accus s be tween the 4602nd AISS and ::.11 USAF uni t.s

vas atnhorized by AFH 200-2 whcrens previously this privilege had

boon gi ve-n to BLUE BOOK.

Al thnugh on1y Llw v.irracrn (first-class)
remained in Sept.e111ber 1943, BLUE BOOK was later built up to one
officer, one sergeant, one secret-ary, and a pa:rL-t.ime·c:-00!:!ultc:1.nt

NAA: A 13693,_____
3092/2/000 _.
__________________

: National Archives of __:_
Australia

___;,

#### Page 7

3.

f Dr J. All(m Hyrwk, staying at about this level until it was closed
dovn in December 1969.

During Lhis t.inw BLUE BOO){ served mo.inly
as e. moo.ns of supplying unclo.ss ified su111maries of UFO identifice:Li<mB

to the public, a.nd did not form a vitn1 link in collection or
Berious analysis.

7.

Control of public awareness of the UFO situati.:in vas
tightened by the issuing of JAKAP 146 in 1953 which prohibited
service personnel from di.,cussing UFO's by threatening defaulLerc;
with up to 10 years gaol and up to a $10,000 fine. When service
personnel resigned or re tired, howe..-er, 1 t wa.s po:iisible to reTeal
US.AF attitude~ o- opinions even if 11.ctual jR.ta was still rec1 t.dc Le(1 ,
Ia. this way many Intelligence .Dffi::crs associ-o.tcd·-_wi th the UFO problem,
including Major D. Fournet who was BI.CF. BOOK Project Officer at the
Pentagon until l~te 1952, Captatn E. Ruppolt who headed Project
GRUDGE and Prt,ject BLUE .BOOK until September 1')53 and Admiral
Hillenkoetter who directed CIA from it, inception until October 1950,
on retiring froffi tho services, all publicly s~ated that the U.S.
Gover:iment knc., UF0 1 s were extra-torrestial but vu.s ..,.ithholding
this fact fro!D the public.
8.
When the National Investigation Committee on Aerial Phenom~na
(NICAP} was fornllHi in 1955 to counter the publicly suppre3sed USAF
invostigation of UFO's, the firet Cha.irman was Admiral D.S. Fahrney

who h~d directed the Navy's guided missile programme from its
inception. Apft,rt, from Admiral Hillenl~oettt>r, Major Keyboe and
Major Fo11rne-t, other Directors have incluilod Rear Admi!"al H.B. Kno1,les,
General A. Wedemeyer and t:ol J,J. Brye.a (who was .:i. special assistant
to the Ser.retl'l.ry of the Air Foree). To reduce the effect of these
&nd similar defections from o!ficia.l policy after rd,irernP.ni., the
revised JANAP 146E, passed in 1960, made it an offence under the
Eepionage Act if data on UFO's were revealed,
The change in style of USAF reporting before and after the
Robertson penel meeting is clearly indicated in the Project BLUE BOOK
Special Report No. 14,
The body of the rl'port. prep<'-rell hetve.en
March 11)52 and early l95J, i:dthough bicsod in favour of a natural
expll:.na-Licn for UE'O' s, ne"",:irl.'rui l ciss shm,ed mathematically that the
evidence favoured an explanation that was scientifically unknown,
9.

This sect.ion of the 116 page report was not released to the public
other then aa ~ copy to ho consulted, assuming the readnr kn~w uf

National Archives of Australia

NAA: A:1 3693, 3092/2/000

#### Page 8

4.

4 its existe-nce.
ee.lled

11

Public disl.rihut.ion vaa !ll~de, ho,.-ev{lr, of a so­

summa.ry" 1-hich in fa.ct did not Sul"lmariso, nor scarcely

&lludo to the 19·17-52 dc.ta 1 but conccntra.tcd or. 1953-55 rcportin.;
which vas cle~rly designed to reduce the residual unknowns to nn

insi{:nificant number, no matter how senseless tho identification
became.
10.

Vi t.hin U1u body of the dif fi cul t.-to-oh ta.in .re po'r l thei-e

il!I an intores~ing diagram.

The product of the estimated obr.erv"r

relia.bil i ty and t.be rel)ort reliability be,ame the sighting
relinllility.
a.s t•unkno1.1n

11

Tht! ,percenlng!! of reporls that had to be register"'J

(i.e. incapsble of being .,ye,. approximately identif i ,.-d

aa a. known object) increased as the sighting reliability impi.·o·:ed.
Conver5eJy, the percentage listed as "insufficient info~naLion"
d"creased with improving reliability.

~ighting
Relia.bili ty

No. of
Reports

Poor

435

Doubtful

794

Good

757
213

Excellent

Uoknovn

(%)

Insufficie111,
Informs.ti en

16.6
13.0

14.0

(,t;)

21.4

24.8

J.6

33.3

'1.2

11.

Throughout the years of the UFO phc,nomenon, there has been
e. persistent for:n of official pronouncements ',/hich state thut th-,

percentage of unknnwn5 would bA redu~ed if more data were c~ailnble.
The tshove table contradicts that statement.

Reports of excellent

reliability g1merally s tom from a.strono:nerE:, pilots, scientists,

surveyorn 1 mctcorolo;:ists, radar operators etc, complete with
instrumented valueR and Rccund,ely cllit.fdlt~d uc:counts. The
introduction o~ good raliablo reporting pr•vnnts the roady prosaic
int.eq>ri~tation,
In all probability the overall average percentr.g!J
of llnkno..,ns ( 19. T~) would h :~.ve be ,m subs len I, ia l ly increased if thE.'

dita hnd been more reliablo.
12,

Project BLUE BOOK ccmsul tants sta.ti s t:i cal ly tos ted the

unknovn object popula~ion to determine the likelihood tbat it wn3
similar to the popult\tion of identified objects and found tha.t the
probability was less than one in 10 28 (i,e. using the American

~ational Archives of Australia

NAA A13693, 3092/2/000

#### Page 9

4.

4 its existe-nce.
ee.lled

11

Public disl.rihut.ion vaa !ll~de, ho,.-ev{lr, of a so­

summa.ry" 1-hich in fa.ct did not Sul"lmariso, nor scarcely

&lludo to the 19·17-52 dc.ta 1 but conccntra.tcd or. 1953-55 rcportin.;
which vas cle~rly designed to reduce the residual unknowns to nn

insi{:nificant number, no matter how senseless tho identification
became.
10.

Vi t.hin U1u body of the dif fi cul t.-to-oh ta.in .re po'r l thei-e

il!I an intores~ing diagram.

The product of the estimated obr.erv"r

relia.bil i ty and t.be rel)ort reliability be,ame the sighting
relinllility.
a.s t•unkno1.1n

11

Tht! ,percenlng!! of reporls that had to be register"'J

(i.e. incapsble of being .,ye,. approximately identif i ,.-d

aa a. known object) increased as the sighting reliability impi.·o·:ed.
Conver5eJy, the percentage listed as "insufficient info~naLion"
d"creased with improving reliability.

~ighting
Relia.bili ty

No. of
Reports

Poor

435

Doubtful

794

Good

757
213

Excellent

Uoknovn

(%)

Insufficie111,
Informs.ti en

16.6
13.0

14.0

(,t;)

21.4

24.8

J.6

33.3

'1.2

11.

Throughout the years of the UFO phc,nomenon, there has been
e. persistent for:n of official pronouncements ',/hich state thut th-,

percentage of unknnwn5 would bA redu~ed if more data were c~ailnble.
The tshove table contradicts that statement.

Reports of excellent

reliability g1merally s tom from a.strono:nerE:, pilots, scientists,

surveyorn 1 mctcorolo;:ists, radar operators etc, complete with
instrumented valueR and Rccund,ely cllit.fdlt~d uc:counts. The
introduction o~ good raliablo reporting pr•vnnts the roady prosaic
int.eq>ri~tation,
In all probability the overall average percentr.g!J
of llnkno..,ns ( 19. T~) would h :~.ve be ,m subs len I, ia l ly increased if thE.'

dita hnd been more reliablo.
12,

Project BLUE BOOK ccmsul tants sta.ti s t:i cal ly tos ted the

unknovn object popula~ion to determine the likelihood tbat it wn3
similar to the popult\tion of identified objects and found tha.t the
probability was less than one in 10 28 (i,e. using the American

~ational Archives of Australia

NAA A13693, 3092/2/000

#### Page 10

5.

4f system, the odds were ten thousand trillion trillion to one
ago.in:5t the unk,rni.n:5 being the same as the known:s). Since the
consultants !'tad arbitrarily called al 1 gni~n firoball!5 a.ml short
dura. tion (i.e. less than f i vc seconds) n.1.ght-timc si.ghtings ns
known nstronornicltl
tba.t cntogo1'y.

0l1j11r. t.R

!,here was

tin

undue preponderance in

Hence, as1rnming that 11'> ·'1'3trononlical objocts were

left in the unknni.ns, the :stati:stical tests ..-ere repented vi th

astronomical i,lentifice.tions removed.

i.-~ tri l lior. ~ril lien to one-.

Tne odds were reduced to

The ena.lysts could not find a way

to reduce th.:?se odds sufficiently further to warrant additional
tel!!ting, and i rra.tionally considered. the results to ba "inconc lu~ ive 11 •
lJ.

While PROJECT BLUE DOOK cndao.Tourcd to reduce the official

number of uukr_o.:ns - in 1957 they claimed. ouly 14 out of l tQQ(i
sightings remained unidentified - the covert programme expanded
considcra.bly.

'l'he govcrnn:ent agency ( al-no:it certainly CIA) tha.~

had been collecting da.ta on l:F(' per!orma:ice a.nd propulsion methods
durini; 1948-52 presu:nably inf' luenced U.S. goYernmen tal funding of
certain 'lava.need projec·l:i. One project was the Canadian Avro sau;:-er.
ill Gctober

1955. showed a typical

in many UFO reports.

The Secretary of t¾I!

A dra.win1 oft.his saucer 1eleo.scd
flying disc a!"

dt~<;t~ r i !:rnd

Air Force, D,J,., Q~.,arles, appeared moderately confident that such
a vehicle '1ould be s1:cce!'l:!irul1y develop!:!tl oy the U.S.
14.

A more utounding deci:don en the part of the U.S. Government
was ·1,o allocate considerable:- funds to investigate gravity and a.
■ eans

nf controiling g:ravity.

Despite the fact that science b.::.d

not attained a Jqvel of competence to d~al with either gravity or
anti-gravity probler.1s aJld the only tt1oory tha.t mJ.ght be ui>:tilicuhle
W&!

Einstein's Unified Field Theory 'l\'hich was still incomplete e.t the

time of his death, tbn U.S. chose to support gix universitios and
government agencies in an all-out drive to conquer the proble~.
TL is significant t.hat at this Lime thll' cu.-rent Urnories on UFO

pro:puhlon were a ndxture of gra:v.i ty con.trol and eleat:ro...ma.gn,etic

propul.lio.n ..
15.
Dli.r:lng J. 955 1 beee,use :insuttie:i,t1.1:1t, $1:,aft C()U.J!,d. be recrtlli,i,•)•cl.
for the project, recourse waa made to an urgent appeal for theoretical
phy,.i:-,:d. s1,$ e,ni:l. !1Ht1:,ha111.111,t,ie i,MUI. fr~11ll. A:~~1:u; Ha,rwell, U.K.

Thtl Si.I.

Gravit:,, Rasea1•,ch C,entres btiinlil adabl islu?d Yere at thll: Institute for

A4vanced s:t.udy (P.1~:i..n.,111e1:,on., H,,J,), Prim:et,01:1 U111. i . nr'sity, Un.1.v,:rsU:y
,;I

1 . ,,tiJatio,~,all Archives o•f Australia

NAA: A13693 1 3~92/2t0q1Q

#### Page 11

6.

~ of Indiana, Purdue Univenity Rel!learch Pounda.tion, University of
Norlh Ca.ru) ina and the Mlls.sachutH! Gt.s Ins Ii '..u Le 01' 't echnology
through the (Roger Bn.hson) Gravity Ras">a.rch Institute (New Bost1n
H.H.). The latter institute is a non-rr~fi't. organization found·.:d
in 1949 vith Geo:cge M. Ridecnit &s Pre!'.l~dcnt. Jt 1<as believed that
to make a gravity motor, a gravity dj ffcrentie.l lla.s required 'o'hi ch
ncccssitntcd the discovery of an ili:ml&.t,or, deflector or absorber

of gravity.

By 1955, 485 esl!lays had hcen written on this subject

and awards totalling Sl0,800 mad0 for c~iginal contributions.
16.

The l!lcienti.st.s invu1ved i.nclwfod Teller from Univereity

of Califox•nia, C'ppenheim1;1r and F.J. Dyson cf tha Institute of
.ldvanced Studies, J.A. Vheeler -an~ ,&j chord 'Ai'+fow:tt·t of Princeton,
Va.cle.y- Hlavaty r,f University of Indiana {who hP_d !ourked with
Einstein in Prague) and Stanley Duser.

gravity.

Tho objective l1a.s to control

During 1955 the followiug firms entered into gravity

&nd/or electromagnetic programme5:

Glenn L. M11-rtin Av"i at.ion Co.

(specifically Dr B. Heirn from Goettingen University and Dr P.
Jordan from Ha.n:iiurg University), Convair of San Die 6 o, Bell Aircraft

of Buffalo, Sikorsky Divi5ion, Lear Inc. o:r Sant.a Moidca., Clarke.
Electronics of :Palm Springs, California, a.nil. Sperry Gyroscope
Division of Great Neck, Long Island, N.Y.

17.

Such a.n intensive onslaught on the gravity enigma was

entirely irrational from the standpoint of conventional science,
and can only be rationalized within the context of a firm belief
tbat UFO' s \l'erl' real and thE.t the in tell il!7tmces behintl thew. know
how to control gravity. The drivu to b~rnesE this power before
the USSlt could do !O 1.-ould be a .strong incentive for the U.S.
GoTernment to fully support an anti-grn.v.ity programme. By 1966,
46 sapa.ra.te projects of this nature were being financially supported,

33 of which wcro under tho ~upcrvision of the U.S. Air Poree.
Al though details of most of these projects havA: been kP-pt. c·l HSS if.ii~d
it would appear that generally they have not been successful. Work
on gravitationn.l vuvcs by J. Vcbcr and his associates under USA~
Ca.mbrid.ge ReseA.rch L11.bora.tory ju1·.isdic l,lan hal:! he1:1n reported.

fairly extensively since 1966,
18.

Dudng August of 1965 Project ELl,;E BOOK rocci vcd 262

reports which was about six times the a.veraee number for a month
a.nd 'Was

twice any pr1:.•v l.ous rnon th s i nee November 1957.

National Archives of Australia

On

NAA: A 13693, 3092/2/000

#### Page 12

7.
28 S4-pte1nber 1965 Pfaj, Gen. Ll'Bailly, Dintctor of Information,
formally requested tho Air Force Scientific Advisory Board to
review Project i3Lm: BOOK. The review aug::;eated tha.t the lirni tc>i!
Project BLUE BO JK staff 11.nd the official inves ti,ga ting of ricer~
did not possess the tcchnicul competence Lo properly identify lne
phenomena and that university tea.ms should be appoi.nted to
invl'stigo.te selec tcd sightings.

This cone lusion wn.s supported b:•

the Rouse Armed Servic1~s Commit.tee which met on April 5Lh 1966
in the shndo.._ or a pub lie furore consequent to the USAF idf. nti ::'), ng
the ,rn 11-public ised Michigan sightings as b1d.ng si.amp gas.

The

Colarado University 1,ns s1?lecte-d for the task and Dr Ed.re.rd U. Ccndon
appointed to le,~d the project with o.n in .. tia.l allocation of $Jl) ,OOC
later raised to $525,000.
19.

The Colorado project became di!!Cr•}di tad when Dr Condon

atr..ted publicly un 25th Janu.:i.ry 1967 that "my a.ttitude rigt..t Go,..
ie thot there's nothing to it, but I'm not supposed to reath a
conclusion for another ycar 1' . The reve&l ing of a memorandum
outlining a method to trick the public, ~ombined with & grnoral
dis!la.ti:,fact:;.on ~t Conrlon' s biassed ai.ti tude J led to the dismissal
and re:,ignation of mo•t of the staff &ftrr most of the investigations
had been made but no L compll!tcly written up. The fioal report o.f' 9(:}
poges lacked coherence, Condon's conclusions Wl'rc ~t variance with
individual staff conclusions, although only Condon's conclusions were
J>Ub lie ised.
Aa a result of the Condon re port, USAF c losi!d do,.n
Project BLCE BOOK shortly before the .\merican Association for the
Adv1rncerucn i, of' Sc iea1.:o held a special mc(iting 1,o counter-act th~

effect of the Condon report. The Chairman of the Special (;orumittuP 1
Dr Thornton Pa.gl?, was ono of tbe signatories to the Rob£rtson r(~por t.

20.

Dr J. Allen Hynl?k, l!cientitic consultant to Project Blue

Book 1948-69 1 bogo.n his association with n convicticm that 11.ll
sightings could be conv~ntionally explainud,

Even though doubts
grew in his mind, he found hjmself obliged to support offjcial USAF
public policy. Since 1966, ho-.;ever, he has become more outspol,en
against the l;SAF attitude and has as.! i!!lcd ·to convcme both
congressional hearings and scientific syr:1.pos in on the subj cc t.
AHhough ini Li 1ll ly :mp port i.ng the Condon Comrai ttee he became
di£illusiancd and critical of it with thP pnssng~ of time. It is
quite clear that Dr Hynek along with many o thcr reputable sc i(!ntis ts
do not accept the USAP explrmation of misidentifies t.ion, hyst.cr in or

National ~r~ives of Australia

NAA: A13693, 3092/2/00_0

#### Page 13

RAAP ATTITUDE TO UFOLS
:
The Diroctorate of Air Force Intelligence is the componeat
of the Ruur that is responsible for the analysis of all official
reporting of Unidentified Plying Objeets. At no stage has there
been more than one port-time ofricer allocated to this taak.
Initial investigation of reports is often undertaken by a part-time
investigotor from near-by air bases. The Raar admits that its
intorests Iie solely in the area of air defence and it lacks both
interest and competence to consider the scientific aspects, A
1957 request for the Soientirie Intelligence section of JiB to accept
UFo responsibility vas rejected by JIB, In l968, the Department of
Air stated that it intended "to take up. further the question of
Commonvealih departmonts, e:g, Defenco, Supply, Bducation and
Science, Prime Minister's Dopartment etc. to see whether some other
Commonwealth Agency is better placed to assume responsibility for
Unidentified Plying Objects, At the same time we vould maintain
our interest in the matter and work with any other Commonxealth
ageney who is considered to be more appropriate as a co-ordinating
agency for the Gommonvealth as: a whole", There does not arpear to
have been aoy fulfillment of this intention to soek Commonwealth
assistance.
2* In support of the Raar's admission of scientific disinterest,
an identification list of all sightings made between l9oo and l965
contains 15 identifications. of. Venus, not one of which is valid.
In every case Venus vas in a totally difrerent part of the sky or not even
above the horizon. Out of 37 meteor identifications, only 9 could
possibly be meteors and even several of those cases would be doubtful.
This off-band unscientific attitude to identification did not escape
the notice of the press or various scientists,
3. In goneral, the RAAr attitude has been guided by the USAp
public releases which vere aimed at allaying public interest by
denying: the reality of UFo's, Consequently, most of the Australian
reports vere given identifications vithout a great concern for
rational correlation, Most investigators and colloctors regarded
their Uvo tasks as an intrusion into thoir more legitimate basks.
As a result, there hos been a negligible scientific anelysis of the
data and most opinions oxpressed by Darl have been, largely a reflection
of the USAP public attitude, With the present reduced staff of DAPI
National Archives of Australia: NAA: A13693, 3092/2/000

#### Page 14

9.

#
it is unl:ikely tlmt. UFO report!! will receive any treatment beyond
filing.

4.

If Au:<. t,r,11ia is to follov the U. S, lead,._ instead or

follo1'.'.i.1ie the public USAF a.ttitudo, it would hf' prPferablc to

follow 1-hc USAF/C:::.A. role of cnncentratins ori gP..ining a kno1oledge
of the po\.'er !!ourccs involved.

Howcvo-r, it may be preferable to

&ct inc.lependent1y of the U.S. a.nd initia.te a programne that is
scientifically sound and intollectually honest towards unravelling
the UFO 111y:r>tcry.

Ill such

11.

venture, it ma.y be worthwhile 'tforking

ao11c-..,ha-L c:1o:.;er t.o the public than i.s usual

I

National Archives of Australia

in the U.S. and U.K.

NAA: A13693, 3092/2/0Q0

#### Page 15

APPENDIX "X"
ATION
Event
24,6,47 Arnold sighting of nine "sauc ers" creatcs publie interest
6.47 Investigations initiated by Air Technical Intelligence
Contre (Atld) or Air Material Command (AMD, Army" Air Forces)
at Wright-Patterson Air Foree Base near Dayton, Ohio,
Initially Soviet advanced airdraft vere suspeoted,
26.7.47 National Security Act creates both the VSar and CIA.
23.9.47 Lt Gen, Tvining (AM) requested the Commander Army Air Forces
to issue an authority, priority and code name for the
investigation of "flying dises"," Preliminary conclusions
by Arc Vere that the phenomenu gore "real and not viaionory
controlled. Any U.S. attempt to design aircraft of similer
to other projeets, Investigatinns by ANC Would contiauo
pending further adrice.
30.12.47 Authority given to ANc to investigate the phonomona on a
priority" 2A basis: under tho codc-name Project Sign.
Minimum elassification wes Restwieted, reports were to be
made quarterly and data exchanged vith interested parties,
15.1,48 UsAr officially a separate service.
22,1.48 Project Sign starts orfieially.
24.7.48 Noarecollision botween DoD and Uro pronpt ATIc to vrite
in Bstimste of the Situation.
9,48 The Top Secret Batimate vas forvarded to the Pentagon, Tho
conclusion that Uro's vere of interplanetary origin was not
acceptable to the Air Force Ghief of Stafr (Oeneral Vandenbergl
who insieted on domonatrable proof not circumstautial
detailed photographs:
13,12,48 Dr J,B. Lipp, of the Rand Corporation rorliod to the Diroctor
or Rescarch and Dovelormont, UsAy, that if the flying objects
vere inter-planetary they would most likely originate: from
Mars although intelligent life as we know it vould "be more
oceupied vith survival than ve are on Barth", Our present
technology Gonnot Gonceive as to bor an. inter-stellor raoe
could roach Bartb, evde: Shough it is conceded that there is
a high probability that intelligent life does exist within
say 16 light-years from Barth.
1,49 USAr orders Project Sign to becone Projeet Grudge vhich
should terminato before tho end of l949.
2, 49 Pinal report of Project Sign (TR-2274-IA of the Technical
Intelligonce Division AMo) recommended Ihat only a
minimum effort bo dovoted to recording, analyzing and
evaluating reports, but on the other hond where Taotdel
National Archives of Australia NAA: A13693, 3092/2/000

#### Page 16

ond dnta on Size, and shope is involved,, every etfort
shonld: be made to dolleet, Uhls ovidence. Radio alortal to
othor ni)itary unito should be mode.
11,2.49 Projeet Sign officially becomos Project Grudge, According
to Ropelt, 9
vere conpolled to loave, after vbich they vere replaced" by
1949, Grudge personnel did not follow up reports.
8.49 Becret Technical Report No. 102 A0 49/15-100 "Unidertifiod
with tha concluaion Uhat all reporte vere the result of
misidentiricatibns, mass hysteria and hoaxes even though
* the
report vas declassified 1 Angust l952.
27.12.49 :
flying aaucer projeet had boen terminated.
3.50 Publication of a report, proviously clenred by the U.S.
Army, desoribing the trocking, of a Uro by on offiojal tyam
provibg ground, Pron ihe traoking date, it vas concluded
14.9.51 On leacning that ATic was not investigating UFo reports,
the VSar Director of Intelligence (General "Cabell)" ordered
Projeet Grudge to be revitalleed.

(Text continues in the original file: 19 pages.)

## CIA-UAP-D001 — Intelligence Information Report, USSR, 1973

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-D001
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-D001
- Agency: Central Intelligence Agency
- Incident date: 12/20/73
- Location: USSR
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The object's green glow outshone the report's conclusion—because there wasn’t one.

- CIA-UAP-D001, Intelligence Information Report, CIA, 1973, USSR
- Source observed bright green airborne object with concentric circles, silent, lasting several minutes, then dissipated
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) intelligence information report (IIR) that describes human intelligence gathering activities in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). This report characterizes its content as informational, not as finally evaluated intelligence. In section 14 of this document, the source describes an incident occurring in summer of 1973, where he allegedly observed an airborne, luminous, bright green, unidentified object. The source described concentric circles forming around the phenomenon over a period of several minutes, before it dissipated. The source also stated that no sound attended the observation. The source offered no opinion on the nature of the phenomenon and was unable to provide further details regarding the incident.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Approved for Release 2026
Intelligence intormation Keport
WARNING NOTICE
SENSITIVE INTELLICENCE SOURCES AND METHODS INVOLVTDD
Ciustifiod br Recorded Roporting Offiser. Exempt frem Generel Declossification Schedwle of E.O. 1i6s2 E. .t..
impasaiblv to datermine dole of outomatic declassifice.tion.
DIRECIORATE OF PASE U
OPERATIONS THIS IS AN INFORMATION REPORT, NOT FINALLY EVALUATED INTELLIGENCE
CONEIDENT TAL REPORT NO. FIX K-311/O1A3.--
DATE DISTR. 2C DECEMBET 1E--
COUNTRY ·USSR ,
DOI November 19:2-November 1973 ::
SUBJECT The Sary Shagan Weapons Testing
Range
ACQ Germany FIELD NO.
SOURCE former Soviet citizen who serva.
This report
Summary: This report provides limited information on the Sary
Shagan weapons testing range, to include facilities, work areas,
security fencing, the regfonal headquarters (V/Ch O3oso), and a
warhead checkout unit (V/Ch O3l42). ' Also included is limited
information on the following: System-75 (SA-2] and System-30o/
Aldan [ABM-1 GALOSH) warheads; rumored laser reseprch; and an
unidentified aerial phenomenon. End of Summary.
5
4 3915084-/5
3
2 CONELDENTIAL
1
(rlassifcation) (diseem ceatrale)
NSA X07eRX f9fxx (fer fhold Dlaribatien m finad perog mph? -*
STATE USIA FBI SWS NPIC IAS OSR OWI OSO OCR DIA

#### Page 2

r, 0 \ F j il f •• ~I.' L/\•iAR\:~..- ,c-~iC.:L - ·):=:~.s;-;-j\":: ;~;-:-I::LLIGENCE
;::>00RCES A\D ME7HODS I :,;\"OL n.r

~JRf-311/01638-77

4 •

10. Besides the Syste~-75 SA-21 warheads, Site 4 also
chec~ed the warheads fo~ a missi:e(sJ know~ as the System-300
and/or Aldan.
(Field Comment: :.ou;ce did not ~new if Aldan was
another· name for tf:e Svstem-.~a,, ,.iss.:.:r:, ::ir : f ·,:.c-y v,ere two
similar missiles.j The System-3(·0/A.lchn ,.._.r.1r;1ea.:;; :.:ifter being
checked at Site 4 were taken to ~-.it~-for laun-:hing. According
to rumor, the missile ~as for antimissile defense (nrotivo
raketna~a oborona - PRO).
(Fie}d Comment: Sour-:e 1dent1fied the
System- ~oa;Alctan m1ss1le in avafj able rererence materi?.l as the
ABM- I/GALOSH.)

li. The warhead for the Sy5tem-300/Aldan missile was about
two meters long and 80 to 100 certimeters 1n diameter. The war­
head weighed approximately 400 kilograms, and it ~ontained an
unrecalled number of black cassettes, 45 x 12 centimeters, which
housed an unknown .number of meta] balls (shariki). Warheads for
the Sys:em-75 [SA-2) missile had approximately 100 grey cassettes,
30 x 7 centimeters, each of which held about 200 to 300 meLal balls,
each no more than 1.5 centimeters in diameter.
(Field Comment:
Source had no knowledge regarding nuclear warheads. He opined
that all systems could be equipped ~ith nuclear warheads. However,
Source stated all work done by his department was basically
experimental (opytnaya) .J
• •

13.

According to hearsay, ecperiments involving laser weapons

were being conducted at an unknown location at the range. Sup­
posedly, the tests involved powe:i:--Eul antennas (no further details).
14.

On one evening in late :,ummer 1973, Source observed an

e e NF I BBNT I Ab

#### Page 3

C O !i F l B f. I< 'f I A t/WARNING NOTICE - SENS IT IVE INTELLl GENCE

SOURCES AND METHODS INVOLVED

FIRK-311/0lb38--7

unidentified phenomenon at Site 7. While watching a sport com­
petition between Canada and·the.U::iSR on television, he stepped
outside for some air and observed an.unidentified sharp (bright)
green circular object or ~a~s in the sky. The object was situated
\>.·est of the site at an angle· of sighting of approximately 70
degrees. The altitude of the object was undeter~inable. (Field
Comment; Although there were no clouds in the sky that even1n 6 ,
Source believed that the green mass would have been hiiher than
cloud level. Source could not estimate the diameter of the
object.) Within 10 to 15 seconds of observ~tion, the green circle
widened and w'ith'in a brief period of time several ireen concentric
circles formed around the mass. Within minutes the'coloring dis·
appeared. There was no sound, such as an explosion, associated
with the phenomenon. (Field ColllJllent: Source had no. opinion as
to what this phenomenon was. 16 n-vas no resultant rumors.
Source could not provide any further details.)

I

I
1·

I

I
l
I

I
!

## CIA-UAP-D020 — Memorandum on Unconventional Aircraft Sightings, 1955

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-D020
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-D020
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: 1955
- Location: Azerbaijan
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

1955 report: ‘greenish‑yellow’ UFO, pre‑traffic‑light era visual cue.

- CIA-UAP-D020 memorandum, CIA, 1955, Azerbaijan (Baku‑Tiflis)
- Debrief of four witnesses, including Sen. Russell, saw green‑yellow luminescent object from train
- Conclusion: likely steep‑climbing aircraft or missiles; evidence insufficient for new Soviet type

### Official summary

This memorandum summarizes a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) debriefing of a group of four individuals who reported observing a “flying saucer” or “unconventional aircraft” in 1955. The group, which included U.S. Senator Richard Russell, a U.S. military service member, and two U.S. Government officials, reported observing a luminescent “greenish-yellow” phenomenon, as seen from aboard a train while traveling within the Soviet Union, in present-day Azerbaijan, between Baku and Tiflis (Tbilisi, Georgia). The document concludes by stating that the observation can “probably be explained as steep climbing aircraft or missiles,” and that “the evidence does not appear sufficiently firm to warrant the conclusion that the Soviets have developed […] a radically new type of aircraft.” The document “CIA-UAP-D021” contains a contemporary analysis of the incident.

### Full text

#### Page 1

--

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Approved for Release 2026

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DATE DOCUMENT RECEIVED

DOC. NO.

ooc. DATE
COPY NO. ~ ( # / ~
NUMBER OF PiCGES
2
NUMBER OF ATTACHMENTS

LOGGED BY

7~
ATTENTION:

This form will be placed on top of and attached to each Top Secret document received by the Central Intel•
ligence Agency or classified Top Secret within the CIA and will remain attached to the document until ShCh time as j t
is downgraded, destroyed, or transmitted outside of CIA. Access to Top Secret matter is limited to Top Secret Control,
personnel and those individuals whose official duties relate to the matter. Top Secret Control Officers who receive
and/or release the attached Top Secret material will sign this form and indicate period of custody in the 1eft•hand
Each individual who sees the Top Secret document will sign and indicate the, date of handling in the
columns provided.
right•hand columns.
REFERRED TO

RECEIVED

OFFICE

Y·~

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spaces below and transmitted to Central Top Secret Control for record.

• •

DISPATCHED (OUTSIDE CIA)

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26

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DATE

(40)

#### Page 2

178 42 -4
A9
Memmamoom Pon: Director of Comtrnd Intelligmmce
; Sightings of Flying Gmncurs or Uooarvaitiooal Airorart
1, All four participante in the obgervution of the flying amucers
or unocavwntional airorart bave Aw beoo dehriefed and the tollowing
is a swaary of their obmarvaticns.
2. Tho party was trevalling by train frame Baina to Tiflis at
the ayweirie requamst of Senator Paumeall wao tried to wne rail
trwzaportation womuver it was at all fumgible, Pam sightings wera
moted about ton aimmtes beyond Alyaty at lglo huoury waum it wae
already dark, Senmtor Mumaell was rvating alcmn in ais eompartamcat
vith the lights out wami he noted a meall gaeemisb yelley giowing
tall rising quite repidly, Me iaformed the othmr mmmbwrs of the
party wio ware occugying thse ciher camgartoamt aad a few minmtem
later they too obearved another Objeet.
3. Sermtor Fummell mever sav the form of the objoct only the
lumaineeoent ball. lar, Erron sww oniy two lighte regembling syma.
Coicnal Bathaway saw a stmdowy object with a siagle light in the
aiddle at the top mnd a rotetiog ligit or ligiada aimilar to eabausto
at the baee, Smmiator Rumaall hed the irgroesion that the object
could bave bewns as mall as a rocket although there wre ao objeeto
aveilabie to produoe a satiefactory scale and ao trail was lort by
the rising ball, Ar, Gros and Colomei Mathmuay coneidered the sise
or the object to be eosparahle to that of a U. S. jet figater,
icwever, Colonel Mathavay bolievas that the objeot did not reemnble
any aireraft, rocket or aisslle that be had evur seg, All obmervers
agree on the imgreusiom that the objeet whs rotating or whirling
duriug ite rise along its initial stoap trajectory, Neithor Gonator
Auseell por Mr, Gros moted amy chamge in this trajectory, but
Colonal Bnthrway and Mr, Efron stabed that the objoet aitered
its pattein to boripontal Clight matte ahmrply, Meither Samiotor
Rumsell, Colonel Amthawmy nar ir, Ftron auw any objmete on the
groaund with the eroggtion or the gearch ligirt, but Mr, Gros
reprted tbe presence or a triangular ohject with three ligite
whicb appeared to be ojected froes a lamching aite,
4, Bnned on the interviewn so rad, the only teetisony waich
would sappart the exlatence of fiying suuners or redieally
uaccoventioual aireraft is thst of Colcmsl Bathaenmy, All othar
T. S. 115h05
Con a ol20

#### Page 3

lJncT: Bgbtiog of Flying lancers or Ucoovmational Airerart
obpervutiuns can probably be explained as stcey climbing airerart
or miasiles. Purtber disoungions will probebly be reguirwd befcre
the matter cav: be corpletely roeoived, in the moantime, wowover,
the evidence does aot appenr surficioutly firm to warrant the
conclusion ihat the Sovdete have doveloped and hmve in operation
a radicaliy now type of atreratt.
Bruwt Scovllls, JR,
Assistant Director
Scieitifie Intelligwnce
OSI:HScoville:gs (31 October 1955)
Distribution
Orig & l - , fwd
1 - DD/I
1 - OCI
1 - ASD/SI
1 GM/SI
2 - AD/SI
9.s. 115485
Copyot

## CIA-UAP-D021 — Analysis of Unconventional Aircraft Sightings, 1955

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-D021
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-D021
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: 1955
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

1955 memo says Project Y, not UFOs—guess they were just bright ideas.

- CIA-UAP-D021, CIA memorandum, 1955, analysis of sighting reports
- Describes two lights rising vertically, passing observers, deemed not unconventional aircraft
- Reports conclude sightings did not indicate unconventional aircraft

### Official summary

Sections 1 and 2 of this memorandum document a 1955 analysis of reports of “flying saucers” or “unconventional aircraft,” referencing the incident described in observer debriefings contained within CIA-UAP-D020. The memo summarizes the incident as consisting of two lights rising vertically, then passing above the observers. The memo contains caveating language that suggests the author concluded that the reports, as described, did not indicate the presence of an “unconventional aircraft.” Section 3 cites a previous finding by Dr. [Howard] Robertson (of the 1953 Robertson Panel) that “almost all the sightings […] represented no threat to the U.S.” Section 4 discusses the state of then-current research into “saucer-like aircraft” under Project “Y,” a contemporary joint U.S.-Canadian aerospace development program.

### AI summary

This is a Top Secret document from the CIA, dated 1955, titled "Analysis of Unconventional Aircraft Sightings." It includes a signature record and cover sheet, along with a document description. The form is for tracking access to classified materials and includes sections for logging who received, saw, and released the document. The document was approved for release in 2026. It contains information about handling and controlling Top Secret material within the CIA.

### Full text

#### Page 1

...

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SIGNATURE RECORD AND COVER SHEET

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•A4•
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_tCUMENT DESCRIPTION

REGISTRY

SOURC

CIA CONTROL NO.
,,_

//.5'1,··J5
DATE DOCUMENT RECEIVED

DOC. NO.
DOC. DATE

..

COPY NO.

--

-

'

.(:

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;

LOGGED BY

NUMBER OF PAGES
NUMBER OF ATTACHMENTS

"~

ATTENTION: This form will be placed on top of and attached to each Top Secret document received by the Central In telligence Agency or classified Top Secret within the CIA and will remain attached to the doc um en t until s1cch time as it
Access to Top Secret matter is limited to Top Secret Control.
is downgraded, destroyed, or transmitted outside of CIA.
personnel and those individuals whose official duties relate to the matter. Top Secret Control Officers who receive
and/or release the attached Top Secret material will sign this form and indicate period of custody in the left•hand
columns provided. Each individual who sees the Top Secret document will sign and indicate the date of handling in the
right-hand columns.

REFERRED TO

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TIME

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DA TE

TIME

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NOTICE OF DETACHMENT:
spaces below and transmitted to Central Top Secret Control for record.

DOWNGRADED

DISPATCHED (OUTSIDE CIA)

DESTROYED

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I APR 55

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DATE

(40)

## CIA-UAP-D022 — Unidentified Flying Object Reported near Puerto Rico, 1965

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-D022
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-D022
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: 2/1/65
- Location: Caribbean Sea
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

February 1, 1965 memo on a Mach‑3 mystery—talk about a slow Tuesday.

- CIA-UAP-D022 PDF, CIA memoranda, dated 1 Feb 1965, concerning incident near Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea
- Naval pilot saw delta‑shaped object, visual Mach 3; radar on USS Gyatt recorded 3,800 knots
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This file contains Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) memoranda exchanged between the Assistant Director for Special Activities (AD/SA) and the Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence (AD/SI) regarding an incident allegedly involving unidentified aircraft in the vicinity of Puerto Rico. The AD/SI was then-responsible for analyzing foreign scientific advancements and technological threats, such as Soviet nuclear, chemical, and ballistic missile capabilities. The AD/SA managed the CIA’s classified overhead reconnaissance operations, including the deployment of advanced aircraft like the U-2 and A-12 OXCART. Together, these offices ensured the United States could both gather critical intelligence over contested territories and accurately evaluate the technical capabilities of foreign adversaries during the Cold War.

The memoranda refer to an incident on November 19, 1964, in which a U.S. Naval aviator described observing an unidentified object as “delta-shaped, about the size of a jet fighter.” The pilot visually estimated the object’s velocity as Mach 3 (approximately 2,200 mph). A corresponding track from an AN/SPS-49 radar system aboard a U.S. Navy guided missile destroyer in the area, USS Gyatt, measured the object’s speed at 3,800 knots (approximately 4,373 mph). The memoranda indicate that, in the opinion of the AD/SI, the object was conceivably associated with foreign intelligence gathering activities, citing active missile testing within the AFWR, or Atlantic Fleet Weapons Range, as being an attractive reconnaissance target. The AD/SA and AD/SI also ruled out domestic experimental aircraft, such as the YF-12A OXCART, as a potential attribution.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Approved for Release 2026
RET

DENTIAL

UNCLASS IFIEO

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ATTACHED MATERIAL SHOULD BE CIRCLED TOP AND BOTTOM

ACTION SHEET
DATE REC'D IN IC

IC I

DESCRIPTION OF ATTACHED MATERIAL:
TYPE OF MATERIAL

DATED

FROM

TO

SUBJECT
FOLLOW-UP DATE

DEADLINE DATE

DELI VER ED TO

DIVISION ROUTING
TO

DATE

ACTION REQUIRED

COMMENTS•

INIT,

.,

ll,

5,

6,

•

INSTRUCTIONS: Under each co~ment a line should
across sheet and each comment numbered
to correspond with the number in the "TO" column,
be drawn

• tf comments bear a higher classification than

the attached material, the security classifi­
cation of this sheet be changed.

i
FORM 9511
6- 63

"f

USE

UNCLASSIFIED

PREVIOUS EDITIONS

CONFIDENTIAL

SECRET

IOF 31!.CIU!;(

#### Page 2

}OP SECftET/1
I

'

'.

-

coNrRoL NO

/I
REFERRED TO
OFFICE

SIGNATURE

DATE

TIME

DATE

TIME

F

-

fsEEN'sv

RELEASED

RECEIVED

_ _i ~ u:

NAME & OFFICE SYMBOL

DATE

ADB/DS )/SI

Handle Via Indicated Controls

BYEMAN
Access to this document will be restricted to those persons
cleared for the specific projects;

OXCART

.....................
.....................

.....................

.....................

WARNING
This document contains information affecting the notional security of the United States within the meaning
of the espionage lows U. S. Code Title 18, Sections 793 and 794,
The law prohibits its transmission or
the

revelot/on of lts contents in any manner to an unauthori1ed person, as well as its use In any manner

prejudicial to the safety or interest of the United States or for the benefit of any foreign government to the
detriment of the United States. It is to be seen only by personnel especially indoctrinated and authorized
to receive information in the designated control channels. Its security must be maintained In accordance
with regulations pertaining to BYEMAN Control System,

TOP SECRET

#### Page 3

BYE-35171/65
Copy. Zof 8 Coples
11 FE8 1965
MEMORANbUM, FOR: Aaeistaat Director for Special Activities
SUBJEC T: Vaidontified Flyiag Ooject
RLFERENCE: BYE-Zosl/o5 and Attachmeats, 1 Feb 65
i. Detalled anaiyais of the radar photography of 19 Novemnber
17od and review of associated corrsopumdence iadicate that there wae,
la fact, ao aigh aititude uitra-bigh-ogeed UFO north of Fuerto Rico
ciuring the io-24 Novemjor l9b4 period, There were, however,
appareatly valid tracks and/or observations ot unideatified aizcraft
in the viciaity of che Atiantic Fleet Weapon Raage on Io, I7, i8, 19,
and 24 Novemoer 1964.
2. Relative to tho incideat during the eveaiog of ly Novenuber,
the Us Navy F-aC pilot was aaie t.s distiaguish the object as a delta
shape abobt the eize of a jet fighier, reported it as having riluch
bigher performance, and eatimated object speed to be in excees of
Miach 3, The Uss Gyatt roported a radar track ia exoess ox 3aoo knota.
a, Dariag this iacident, radar photographs were
takea of the SPS-49 radar FPl presontatina. Analyais of
these photographs abuw a good track in excoee of 3o0 a.m.
for the object in guestiua. " The joject was flyiag * caurse
of aooui los" relative to the Gyatt at a relative speed of
aoout dus kaote.
HANDLE VIA BY CANTROL SYSTEM CR9 1
XCART lerckdai fam andones.
PROJECT Tur L scangradng aed
cociaecifcation

#### Page 4

2
SUBJEC T: Uaidentified Fiyiag Object
D. At the tims, tae AN/sPS-49 radar aboard
the Gyatt was undergoiag as evaluation teot prograra --
henct, the vse of a recordiag eamera.
3, In view of the radar photographs and pilot obaervation, it
is concluded thot the su-called UrO on i9 November was probaoly 8
deita-wing figator of a type haviag a sigaificantiy higher climo
performance than the F -8C at the So, Oou foot altitude regime. Basod
cn the liraited irlormation provided ia the aasociated correepondeace,
Other oojects reported duriag the period af 16 to 24 Novomber would
appear to ve waideatitied aircraft.
4, Apparontly, misaile tost firings were scheduied for the
AFW R during this time period, aad it is Conceivable that the area
in queetion could bave boea an altractive target for reconnaisbance,
The Us5 Gyatt was located 325 a. ma. froc the eagtera tip of Cube
auriag the 19 Novamber iacideat, wall withia MiG-2i raaye. The
USSk has a MiG-Zi recvaamissance coafiguration with AFA-3y aorial
Camera aad pobaioly SiGin I squipment. Thore is ao evideace at
band to suggeet or deay aay MiG-il reconaaissance activity uased
in Cuta, either with Soviet or Cuban pilota.
DONALD F. CHAMBERLAIN
Assistaat Director
Scioatific Intelligeaca
Attachmeate:
Three attachmnenta to BYE Zool/o5
Distribution:
Cy : & Z - Addressee (w/attach)
Cy 3 * 4 -AD/SI
Cy S & 6 - DSD/SI
Cy 7 & d - ADB/DSO/SI
OSI/DSD/ADB: 1dl/6621 (10F0565)
CANDLE VIA D YEMAN CONTROL SYSTEM
Ton
PROJECT

#### Page 5

0~////////////////~
•~ ,"· - -• -~ e TOP SECRET
CONTROL NO.
REFERRED TO
OFFICE

A~

RELEASED

RECEIVED
SIGNATURE

BYE 2081-65

DATE

TIME

DATE

TIME

., SEEN BY
NAME & OFFICE SYMBOL

z#-t~·.--

Handle Via Indicated Controls

BYEMAN
Access to this document will be restricted to those persons
cleared for the specific projects;

.....................

OX€ART
.....................

. ....................

.....................

.....................

.....................

.....................

.....................

WARNING
This document contains information affecting the national security/ of the United States within the meaning
of the espionage laws U. S. Code Title 18, Sections 793 and 794. The law prohibits its transmission or
the revelation of its contents in any manner to an unauthorized person, as well as its use in any manner
prejudicial to the safety or interest of the United States or for the benefit of any foreign government ta the
detriment of the United States. it is to be seen only by personnel especially indoctrinated and authorized
to receive information in the designated control channels. Its security must be maintained in accardance
with regulations pertaining to BY EMAN Control System.

TOP SECRET

DATE

#### Page 6

'Hai~lo ~ia . D)"EMAN.
Cmrirct S-;stem ,; · ·- ••

'fOP SEOR:B'i'
OXCART

BYE 2081-65
Copy ..1_

1 FEB 1965
MEMORANDUM FOR:

Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence

SUBJECT:

Unidentified Flying Object

1. OSI and OSA, we believe; received similar information
regarding a UFO in the vicinity of Puerto Rico during period
18-24 November 1964. As you can see by the cable originated
by the Commander, Caribbean Sea Frontier, to Commander in
Chief Atlantic Fleet, date time group Ol/2048Z December,
CINCLANTFLT was informed that UFO identified by CO Ramey as
being YF-12A. We think ONI finally convinced, through our
efforts, that UFO in fact not YF-12A or similar category
Lockheed Aircraft.
2. Navy has provided, at our request, pertinent traffic
on this subject, as well as original radar film, Attachment 1,
with accompanying prints of same. Request OSI, possibly in
conjunction with OEL, evaluate the radar photography to
determine if any further information can be gotten through
a thorough scientific analysis of the material relative to a
high speed, high altitude UFO.
3. Request on completion of OSI study that the attached
documents, film and prints be returned to the TCO/BCO/OSA
for return to Navy.

. . __i

ACK C. L

Colonel
ssistant Director
(Special Activities)
Attachments As stated above
•iir. . .
)r

OXCART
TOP SEGRECJ.l

er.our

r ... "I

Excl~,~~~/'.~~-t!~~Btlcl
1.,..,..,

!'"I'''. ·• ••

·~

## CIA-UAP-D023 — Briefing Notes for Mr. Walter Elder

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CIA-UAP-D023
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CIA-UAP-D023
- Agency: CIA
- Incident date: Undated
- Location: Caribbean Sea
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

This document contains briefing material prepared for Mr. Walter N. Elder, Executive Assistant to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), regarding a November 19, 1964, incident allegedly involving unidentified aircraft in the vicinity of Puerto Rico. The previous entry in this collection, CIA-UAP-D022, contains CIA memoranda on the same subject matter. The briefing includes additional details regarding that incident, including a characterization of the meteorological conditions and sensing capabilities of nearby U.S. military collection systems.

The briefing states that a radar system aboard USS Gyatt, a guided missile destroyer operating in the vicinity, detected a contact tracking more than 3,800 knots (approximately 4,373 mph) over a period of 21 minutes. The briefing contains visual estimates regarding the phenomenon’s apparent capabilities from the pilot of an F-8 Crusader who was present during the incident.

### AI summary

This document is a briefing note written by an unknown author for Mr. Walter Elder. It dates to November 19, 1967, and reports on unidentified objects observed near the Puget Sound to Rico area. It describes a fighter aircraft tracking an object on radar, with the object moving at high speed and altitude. On November 24, another incident involved a Crusader aircraft flying at Mach 0.99, 45,000 feet, when an object moved rapidly away. The document mentions that a pilot identified the UFO as a delta-shaped object and noted it moved faster than a jet fighter. The document also states that ONI has no further information and requested not to be notified of future incidents. U.S.

### Full text

#### Page 1

BlUEFING N0Tl£S FOR MR. WALT
t:rNl.OJi;NTlFIED OBJECT FL"nNQ
ON 16. 11. 1a, 1,. AND z4 Nev ·,

l.

On 19 Novemh", th• w.

ftghter rapidly.

The object appear

';ffl~ VlCINlTY OF PUgR TO RlCO

'BR

•

•

& &yatt pit:ked up on itt radai- a

on Clyatt'• radar for tvttnty..one

again closed on the fighter £:rom ast . n to few: miles.
2. On 24 November. the At nth: Fleet Wfapona Rang.• again
held a high.. speed, high~altitude tar

.•,

t which eimultaneoutl:y pulUtd

away rapidly from anethe:r CJ."usader aircraft which at that time waw
flying at Mach . 99. 45, 000 feet.

3. The Cru.eader pilot Qn th. ntght of the 19th oba.erved the UFO
in fiul moonlight, weather was good

vbl'ibility WBiJt good.

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## CONGRESS-CHRG-119hhrg61718 — House UAP hearing: Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection (9 Sep 2025)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/CONGRESS-CHRG-119hhrg61718
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/CONGRESS-CHRG-119hhrg61718
- Agency: U.S. Congress
- Location: Washington, D.C.
- Released: Sep 2025
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing hotter than that Hellfire was the committee's agenda on 9 Sep 2025.

- House hearing transcript, U.S. Congress, 9 Sep 2025, Washington D.C.
- Discusses UAP transparency, whistleblower protection, and critiques AARO and DoD cooperation.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Official transcript (Serial No. 119-44) of the House Oversight Committee's Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets hearing on UAP, 9 September 2025, chaired by Rep. Anna Paulina Luna. Witnesses: George Knapp, Jeffrey Nuccetelli, Chief Alexandro Wiggins, Dylan Borland and Joe Spielberger. Rep. Eric Burlison plays a whistleblower video of an MQ-9 firing a Hellfire missile at an orb off Yemen, 30 October 2024 (p.32).

### Full text

#### Page 1

RESTORING PUBLIC TRUST THROUGH
UAP TRANSPARENCY AND
WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION
HEARING
BEFORE THE

TASK FORCE ON THE DECLASSIFICATION
OF FEDERAL SECRETS
OF THE

COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND
GOVERNMENT REFORM
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED NINETEENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION

SEPTEMBER 9, 2025

Serial No. 119–44
Printed for the use of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform

(
Available on: govinfo.gov, oversight.house.gov or docs.house.gov
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
61–718 PDF

WASHINGTON : 2025

#### Page 2

COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM
JAMES COMER, Kentucky, Chairman
JIM JORDAN, Ohio
MIKE TURNER, Ohio
PAUL GOSAR, Arizona
VIRGINIA FOXX, North Carolina
GLENN GROTHMAN, Wisconsin
MICHAEL CLOUD, Texas
GARY PALMER, Alabama
CLAY HIGGINS, Louisiana
PETE SESSIONS, Texas
ANDY BIGGS, Arizona
NANCY MACE, South Carolina
PAT FALLON, Texas
BYRON DONALDS, Florida
SCOTT PERRY, Pennsylvania
WILLIAM TIMMONS, South Carolina
TIM BURCHETT, Tennessee
MARJORIE TAYLOR GREENE, Georgia
LAUREN BOEBERT, Colorado
ANNA PAULINA LUNA, Florida
NICK LANGWORTHY, New York
ERIC BURLISON, Missouri
ELI CRANE, Arizona
BRIAN JACK, Georgia
JOHN MCGUIRE, Virginia
BRANDON GILL, Texas

ROBERT GARCIA, California, Ranking Minority
Member
ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of
Columbia
STEPHEN F. LYNCH, Massachusetts
RAJA KRISHNAMOORTHI, Illinois
RO KHANNA, California
KWEISI MFUME, Maryland
SHONTEL BROWN, Ohio
MELANIE STANSBURY, New Mexico
MAXWELL FROST, Florida
SUMMER LEE, Pennsylvania
GREG CASAR, Texas
JASMINE CROCKETT, Texas
EMILY RANDALL, Washington
SUHAS SUBRAMANYAM, Virginia
YASSAMIN ANSARI, Arizona
WESLEY BELL, Missouri
LATEEFAH SIMON, California
DAVE MIN, California
AYANNA PRESSLEY, Massachusetts
RASHIDA TLAIB, Michigan
Vacancy

MARK MARIN, Staff Director
JAMES RUST, Deputy Staff Director
MITCH BENZINE, General Counsel
RYAN GIACHETTI, Deputy General Counsel and Parliamentarian
KAITY WOLFE, Deputy Director for Oversight
GRAYSON WESTMORELAND, Senior Professional Staff Member
MALLORY COGAR, Deputy Director of Operations and Chief Clerk
CONTACT NUMBER: 202–225–5074
ROBERT EDMONSON, Minority Staff Director
CONTACT NUMBER: 202–225–5051

TASK FORCE ON THE DECLASSIFICATION OF FEDERAL SECRETS
ANNA PAULINA LUNA, Florida, Chairwoman
NANCY MACE, South Carolina
TIM BURCHETT, Tennessee
LAUREN BOEBERT, Colorado
ERIC BURLISON, Missouri
ELI CRANE, Arizona
BRANDON GILL, Texas

JASMINE CROCKETT, Texas, Ranking Member
RAJA KRISHNAMOORTHI, Illinois
SUMMER LEE, Pennsylvania
DAVE MIN, California
Vacancy

(II)

#### Page 3

C

O

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T

E

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T

S

OPENING STATEMENTS
Page

Hon. Anna Paulina Luna, U.S. Representative, Chairwoman .............................
Hon. Jasmine Crockett, U.S. Representative, Ranking Member .........................

1
4

WITNESSES
Mr. Jeffrey Nuccetelli, U.S. Air Force Veteran
Oral Statement ........................................................................................................
Chief Alexandro Wiggins, U.S. Navy
Oral Statement ........................................................................................................
Mr. George Knapp, UAP Journalist
Oral Statement ........................................................................................................
Mr. Dylan Borland, UAP Witness, U.S. Air Force Veteran
Oral Statement ........................................................................................................
Mr. Joe Spielberger (Minority Witness), Senior Policy Counsel, Project on
Government Oversight
Oral Statement ........................................................................................................
Written opening statements and bios are available on the U.S. House of
Representatives Document Repository at: docs.house.gov.
INDEX OF DOCUMENTS
* Letter to SECDEF Regarding Major David Charles Grusch Reprisal;
submitted by Rep. Crane.
* Article, NYT, ‘‘DOGE Put Critical Social Security Data at Risk, WhistleBlower Says’’; submitted by Rep. Lee.
The documents listed above are available at: docs.house.gov.

(III)

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#### Page 5

RESTORING PUBLIC TRUST THROUGH
UAP TRANSPARENCY AND
WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 2025

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM
TASK FORCE ON THE DECLASSIFICATION OF FEDERAL SECRETS
Washington, D.C.
The Task Force met, pursuant to notice, at 10:05 a.m., Room
HVC–210, U.S. Capitol Visitor Center, Hon. Anna Luna, [Chairwoman of the Task Force] presiding.
Present: Representatives Luna, Mace, Burchett, Boebert,
Burlison, Crane, Gill, Crockett, and Lee.
Also present: Representatives Biggs, Begich, Ogles, Perry,
Grothman, Titus, and Moskowitz.
Mrs. LUNA. This hearing of the Task Force on Declassification of
Federal Secrets will come to order.
Welcome, everyone. Without objection, the Chair may declare a
recess at any time. Additionally, without any objection, the following members are waived onto the Task Force for the purpose of
questioning witnesses at today’s hearing: Representative Biggs of
Arizona, Representative Begich of Alaska, Representative Ogles of
Tennessee, Representative Titus of Nevada, and Representative
Moskowitz of Florida. There are no objections.
I recognize myself for the purpose of making an opening statement.
OPENING STATEMENT OF CHAIRWOMAN ANNA PAULINA LUNA
REPRESENTATIVE FROM FLORIDA

Mrs. LUNA. Good morning, and welcome to the hearing regarding
Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) disclosures. For too
long, the issue of unidentified anomalous phenomena, commonly
known as UAPs, has been shrouded in secrecy, stigma, and in some
cases outright dismissal. Today, I want to state clearly that this is
not science fiction or creating speculation. This is about national
security, government accountability, and the American people’s
right to the truth.
I have spoken now to a number of whistleblowers from the military to include the infamous Eglin Air Force Base incident that occurred when myself and former Representative Matt Gates, as well
as Representative Burchett, followed up on a lead from multiple active duty Air Force pilot whistleblowers that alleged that the
(1)

#### Page 6

2
United States Air Force was covering up UAP activity at Eglin Air
Force Base.
We have heard from a number of whistleblowers, specifically
military pilots, that the reason for not coming forward publicly is
out of fear that speaking out would cost them their flight status
and potentially their careers. This is unacceptable. We cannot protect our airspaces if our best trained observers are silenced. We
cannot advance science if we refuse to ask questions. And we cannot maintain trust in government if we keep the American people
in the dark.
Now, Congress has tried to fix this problem. Congress tried to
create formal channels through the All-domain Anomaly Resolution
Office, also known as AARO, and the intelligence community inspector general for servicemembers and officials to make disclosures. But the reality, the reports come in are too often brushed
aside, slow-walked, or met with skepticism rather than serious investigation.
Recently, the former AARO director known as Sean Kirkpatrick
attacked our witnesses and members on this Committee. It should
be noted that he is a documented liar and brings into question
what his purpose at AARO really was if it was not to followup on
investigations and disclose his findings to Members of Congress.
A former deputy assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence,
Chris Mellon, described a report published by AARO that found no
evidence that any USG investigation, academic-sponsored research,
or official review panel has confirmed any sighting of UAP represented extraterrestrial technology as the most error-ridden and
unsatisfactory government report I can recall reading after decades
of government service.
Mellon further noted that this was a first AARO report submitted to Congress without the director of national intelligence’s
sign-off and seemingly excluded input from any scholars or experts
who have studied or written extensively about this topic, as would
normally be in any other case in this field.
Mellon determined that this report failed to fulfill the congressional mandate under which it was required, omitted entire agencies with known investigations or activities related to UAPs, and
omitted any discussion of efforts to hide classified or unclassified
information about UAPs. Such efforts were unaddressed by the report, despite the existence of agency records and investigations concurring with them, including those at U.S. Customs and Border
Protection. If we set up offices and oversight bodies only to let
them become graveyards for testimony or, worse yet, ruses for pretending to investigate when in actuality there was no followup,
then we are not doing our jobs.
In recent months, Congress has also been presented with evidence that points to technologies that to our knowledge are beyond
our current capabilities. It is our duty as elected representatives to
follow the facts wherever they lead and to ensure that those facts
are not buried under classification stamps or bureaucratic excuses.
Let me be clear. Whether UAPs represent adversarial technology,
natural phenomena, or something beyond current human understanding, Congress has a responsibility to investigate. If these objects are foreign in origin, then they pose a direct threat to our na-

#### Page 7

3
tional security. And if they represent something unknown, they demand rigorous scientific inquiry—not ridicule, not secrecy, and not
silence.
The stakes are very high. Adversarial nations are not waiting for
us to catch up. They are studying these phenomena aggressively,
as multiple nations have also announced their own parliamentary
investigations into this very topic. If we are to continue to hide information from ourselves, we risk strategic surprise. If we continue
to ignore our pilots and servicemembers, as well as countless government whistleblowers, we risk losing their trust. And if we continue to shield the truth from the public, we risk eroding the very
foundation of democratic accountability.
This is why this hearing matters. This is not about fueling speculation. This is about demanding the basic transparency from the
Department of Defense and the intelligence community and other
military contractors. It is about asking the questions every American has the right to ask. What do we know? What do we not
know? And why in a free society are we being told so little?
A major barrier to this Committee’s inquiry into UAPs has been
the lack of cooperation and transparency from the Department of
Defense and the intelligence community. In preparation for previous UAP hearings, the Committee repeatedly asked the Department of Defense to allow members to view videos and files related
to UAP incidences.
Unfortunately, the Department of Defense notified the Committee staff that, due to the Department’s special access program
rules, only members of the House Armed Services Committee, as
well as the Defense Subcommittee on House Appropriations, also
known as HAC-D, were allowed to be read in onto such programs.
For a non-committee member to be allowed to view these documents and videos, individual members must be approved by the
Chairman and Ranking Member of both HASC and HAC-D.
Independent staff oversight has presented a consistent problem
for Congress, as well as program budgets are classified. Additionally, oversight reporting to Congress is classified and only provided
to the authorizing and Appropriations Committees of jurisdiction.
The American people are not fragile. They do not need to be
shielded like children from reality. What they cannot tolerate and
what they will not forgive is a government that withholds the truth
and punishes those who dare to speak up.
I want to close with this. Future generations will look back at
this moment and ask what we did when presented with the unknown. Did we look away, embarrassed or afraid, or did we pursue
the truth with courage? I intend to be on the side of truth, transparency, and accountability, and I hope my colleagues on this Task
Force will be able to do the same.
To quote a few elected officials, Senator Schumer has stated multiple credible sources allege a constitutional crisis over Unidentified
flying objects (UFO)s. Senator Rounds has stated that these are
brilliant individuals, and they are not making this stuff up. And
our current Secretary of State, Marco Rubio, has stated very high
clearances and high positions within our government in regards to
these whistleblowers. Senator McConnell also described these whistleblowers as sane and credible.

#### Page 8

4
And the witnesses today are not alone. In fact, they are far from
it. In fact, 34 senior military government and intelligent officials
have broken their silence. This includes Senator, now Secretary of
State Marco Rubio, Senator Rounds, Senator Gillibrand, General
Jim Clapper, the former director of the government’s UAP Task
Force, the former head of aviation security for the White House
National Security Council, the former Secretary of Defense, and
many more.
Again, to quote Secretary of State Rubio in an upcoming documentary known as The Age of Disclosure, even Presidents have
been operating on a need-to-know basis that begins to spin out of
control. And to quote Senator Gillibrand, who also went public in
this documentary, ‘‘It is not acceptable to have secret parts of this
government that no one ever sees.’’ It is time for the fundamental
truths of UAP to be revealed to our Nation’s leaders and the public.
It is time for this government to exercise transparency.
Mrs. LUNA. And with that, I yield to Ranking Member Crockett
for the opening statement.
OPENING STATEMENT OF RANKING MEMBER
JASMINE CROCKETT, REPRESENTATIVE FROM TEXAS

Ms. CROCKETT. Thank you so much, Madam Chair.
At a time of increasing distrust in government, it is important
for Congress to take action to restore the government’s credibility.
Bringing transparency to an issue of great public interest is a step
toward doing just that, so I thank Chairwoman Luna for calling
this bipartisan hearing to discuss unidentified anomalous phenomena, or UAP, which is today’s term for what was commonly
known as UFOs, unidentified flying objects. And while some people
think of flying saucers when they hear these terms, it is vital that
we focus on the real-world impact of UAPs on critical infrastructure, civilian safety, and national security.
There is good reason to believe that most UAPs have origins far
closer to home. Currently, NASA has not found any evidence that
any UAPs have an extraterrestrial origin. Our adversaries are
working to develop new capabilities to gain military advantages,
and those efforts are a likely explanation for the mysteries that we
have observed.
Nevertheless, the Federal Government has a responsibility to the
American people to investigate and provide transparent disclosures
about every incident. The Federal Government is equally obligated
to protect those who report what they have seen, especially to commanding officers and supervisors. And Congress should do everything in its power to protect whistleblowers and conduct oversight
of agencies that are failing to provide that protection. Democracy
depends on transparency, and transparency often relies on the
courage of individuals willing to risk their careers, reputations, and
in some cases their personal safety to tell the truth.
So, I look forward to hearing from the witnesses today. We
should welcome their accounts and acknowledge the bravery they
have shown to come before us. We must ensure that all whistleblowers feel that they can come to Congress to tell their stories
without fear of retaliation or professional consequences.

#### Page 9

5
We need transparency not just to make better policy, but also to
ensure that information flows between all those who need it. There
are too many tragic examples in our history where information
lapses and a lack of cross-agency coordination led to disaster. Just
this year, failure to communicate between FAA and the Department of Defense led to tragedy over the Potomac.
The Biden-Harris Administration sought to eliminate some of
these lapses when it established the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office at the Department of Defense. AARO can convene
sources from all branches of military, the FAA, and NASA to combine forces to create a comprehensive picture of what is happening
in our skies. Some UAP reports have perfectly normal explanations—satellites, consumer drones, weather balloons, even
pranks—but we need to track down each and every single UAP.
The United States has millions of eyes in the sky, both electronic
and human, but only the combination of civilian, commercial, and
military sources can begin to create a complete picture. So, we need
to ensure that people can come forward and report what they have
seen to the relevant authorities, and they have to have the right
to do so without fear of retaliation.
This country has a history of dedicated public servants standing
up for what is right, even in the face of potential consequences.
From the Pentagon Papers to Watergate to torture programs, whistleblowers have not only informed the public but also empowered
Congress to fulfill its constitutional duty of oversight. Past Congresses have written laws to grant legal protection for whistleblowers, and it is up to us to work responsibly with all sources to
hold the executive branch accountable.
We are here today to listen to the stories of those who have witnessed events of interest to the American people and to support the
policies that cultivate an environment that welcomes and protects
whistleblowers. I hope this hearing will be an example of the respect and protection whistleblowers deserve and the importance of
conducting oversight of the Federal Government.
I yield back.
Mrs. LUNA. I am pleased to welcome the panel of witnesses for
today’s hearing. I would first like to welcome Mr. Jeffrey
Nuccetelli. He is a United States Air Force veteran and a career
Federal employee with more than 20 years of experience in national security, law enforcement, and public administration.
Next, we have Mr. Alexandro Wiggins. Mr. Wiggins is currently
serving as a senior chief operations specialist in the United States
Navy. Mr. Wiggins is testifying in his personal capacity today and
not on behalf of the United States Navy.
Next, I would like to recognize a gentlewoman from Nevada, Representative Titus.
Ms. TITUS. Thank you very much, Madam Chairman, Ranking
Member, for allowing me to sit with you on this panel today.
I am honored to be able to introduce a witness here who is from
my district, George Knapp, who has been the definitive expert and
reporter on this topic that you are exploring today, UAPs or UFOs.
George is a longtime friend, I would say that up front, but a very
respected journalist and a recognized expert in this field nationally
and internationally.

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6
Just a little something about George, he came to Las Vegas in
1979 and joined KLAS television station as a general assignment
reporter in 1981. Since 1995, he has been the chief investigative reporter for that channel. He also hosts a national radio show you
can listen to on Coast to Coast AM, which covers many of the paranormal topics that you all are discussing.
Over the years, George has been, as I said, recognized for his
work. He has been honored with the Peabody Award, the DuPont
Award, the Edward Murrow Award, and 27 different regional
Emmys for his investigative reporting. Indeed, he has told Nevada’s story with clarity, with objectivity, and with integrity, so I
know that his testimony today is going to be of great interest and
value to this Committee. So, thank you very much.
Mrs. LUNA. Next, we have Mr. Dylan Borland. Mr. Borland is a
United States Air Force veteran and has a long career in Federal
service.
And finally, I would like to introduce Mr. Joe Spielberger, senior
policy counsel at the Project On Government Oversight.
Pursuant to committee rule IX(g), the witnesses will please stand
and raise their right hand.
[Witnesses sworn.]
Mrs. LUNA. Let the record show that the witnesses answered in
the affirmative.
Thank you. You may take your seat.
We appreciate you being here today, and I look forward to hearing your testimony. Let me remind the witnesses that we have
read your written statements, and it will appear in full in the hearing record. Please limit your oral statements to 5 minutes, but I
understand you have a lot to get through, so if it goes a little over,
do not worry about it.
As a reminder, please press the button on the microphone in
front of you so that it is on and the Members can hear you. When
you begin to speak, the light in front of you will turn green. After
4 minutes, the light will turn yellow, and when the red light comes
on, your 5 minutes have expired, and we will ask you to please
wrap it up.
I now recognize Mr. Nuccetelli for his opening statement.
STATEMENT OF JEFFREY NUCCETELLI
U.S. AIR FORCE VETERAN

Mr. NUCCETELLI. Good morning. Thank you, Chairwoman Luna,
Ranking Member Crockett, and Members of the Task Force, for
giving us the opportunity to testify today.
My name is Jeffrey Nuccetelli. I am a former military police officer with 16 years of active-duty service in the U.S. Air Force. I am
here today because the American people have both the right and
the responsibility to know the truth about unidentified aerial phenomenon. That truth remains hidden, classified and silenced by
fear, retaliation, stigma, and confusion. Today, we are here to help
break that silence.
Between 2003 and 2005, five UAP incidents occurred at Vandenberg Air Force Base, home to the National Missile Defense Project,
a top national security priority. At the time, we were conducting
launches deemed by the National Reconnaissance Office as the

#### Page 11

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most important in 25 years. These were historic launches. These
facilities were vital, and they were repeatedly visited by UAP. Each
incident was witnessed by multiple personnel, documented, investigated, and reported up the chain of command. We sent information up, but we got no guidance down on how to handle these
events.
I personally witnessed one of these events and investigated others as they occurred. Six other servicemembers have provided me
with the information that I will share with you today.
The incursions began on October 14, 2003, when Boeing contractors reported a massive glowing red square silently hovering over
two missile defense sites. After several minutes, it drifted further
east onto the base and vanished over the hills. This event, now
known as the Vandenberg red square, was referenced by Representative Luna at the first hearing on this topic. Official Air
Force records of this event are in possession by AARO and the FBI.
Later that night, while I was on duty, security guards at a critical launch site reported a bright, fast-moving object over the
ocean. I responded to the incident. Chaos ensued over the radio as
the object approached rapidly. I heard my friends screaming, ‘‘It is
coming right at us, it is coming right for us, and now it is right
here.’’ Moments later, I heard them say that it had shot off and
was gone. When I arrived on scene, I talked to five shaken witnesses who described a massive triangular craft larger than a football field that hovered silently for about 45 seconds over their entry
control point before shooting away at impossible speed.
About a week later, another patrol reported a light over the
ocean behaving erratically. Believing it might be an unannounced
aircraft, they declared an emergency, and an armed response force
responded. Before the forces could arrive, the object descended and
either landed or hovered on our flightline and then took off again
at impossible speed. The witnesses to this event were threatened
and intimidated afterward. They were told to keep quiet and think
about what they were reporting.
After that, things did get quiet until about 2005 when another
patrol reported a massive triangular craft larger than a C–130 silently floating over the installation. He watched it for a few minutes. It traveled west and disappeared into the night.
And then I had my own encounter again in 2005. I was off duty
sitting in my backyard with two other police officers when we noticed what first appeared to be a satellite in orbit, but it was not
acting like a satellite. The light was strange, it was pulsing, and
then it started to maneuver. It dropped in elevation, at times it
would vanish from view and reappear in a different location in the
sky, and eventually it reappeared 200 feet over my house. It was
a 30-foot diameter sphere of light. My friends and I watched it for
a moment, and then it gently accelerated and traveled up and disappeared into the stars.
These events profoundly changed my life and the lives of my
friends. We stand at a pivotal moment in history. The question is
no longer whether these events are real, but whether we have the
courage to face them. True leadership requires vision, a willingness
to confront the unknown with transparency and resolve. So, I ask
the Congress to help we, the people, enact this vision.

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There are three goals: Fund independent research and treat UAP
study with the same seriousness as we would any other scientific
field.
Two, end secrecy and overclassification. Transparency is the
foundation of truth. Without it, witnesses like us are dismissed.
Three, protect the witnesses. Many stay silent out of fear for
their careers, reputations, and the safety of their families. Protect
them, and you will embolden others to join this cause.
These phenomena challenge our deepest assumptions about reality, consciousness, and our place in the universe. Exploring them
can unlock transformative breakthroughs in technology, biology,
and human understanding. Let this be the moment when America
chooses courage over fear, transparency over secrecy, and progress
over stagnation. Let us show the world that our Nation leads not
only through strength, but through fearless pursuit of the truth.
Thank you.
Mrs. LUNA. Thank you, Mr. Nuccetelli.
I now recognize Chief Wiggins for his opening statement. Please
press your button. Thank you.
STATEMENT OF ALEXANDRO WIGGINS, U.S. NAVY

Chief WIGGINS. Good morning, Chairwoman Luna, Ranking
Member Crockett, and Members of the Task Force and the Committee. Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.
My name is Alexandro Wiggins. I am an active duty U.S. Navy
operations specialist, senior chief petty officer, father of three, and
dedicated American testifying today in my personal capacity. The
views I share are my own, and I do not represent the official positions of the Department of the Navy or any subordinate organization.
On the evening of February 15, 2023, at approximately 19:15
PST, in the Whiskey 291 warning area off the coast of southern
California, I was serving onboard USS Jackson. During that period, I moved between the Interior Communications Center, ICC–
1, and the bridge wing, correlating the sensor picture with visual
observations, part of my routine responsibilities for surface and air
picture management. What I observed and what our crew recorded
was not consistent with conventional aircraft or drones as they appeared on our system. A self-luminous tic-tac-shaped object
emerged from the ocean before linking up with three other similar
objects. The four then disappeared simultaneously with a high-synchronized, near-instantaneous acceleration.
I observed no sonic boom and no conventional propulsion signatures, no exhaust plume, no control surface articulation on the
SAFIRE image system. Shortly after the synchronized departure,
radar tracks dropped. These observations were multi-sensor and recorded inside of ICC–1 with time location overlay visible in our
source frames that have been made public by journalists.
From my experience operating in this region over many years
and consistent with our public characterized encounters, unidentified objects reoccur in United States operation areas off southern
California. That fact alone does not tell us what they are, but it
does argue the systematic stigma-free reporting and for the preser-

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vation of sensor data so analysts can evaluate safe and intelligence
implications with rigor.
I want to underscore three points for the Task Force and the
Committee. Aviation and maritime safety: When crews and
watchstanders observe objects that maneuver or accelerate in ways
that does not match known profiles and do not—and do so near our
ships and aircraft, that is first and foremost a safety issue. Standardized checklist and training should ensure we capture the best
possible sensor data in real time, including infrared (IR) settings,
slant range estimates, and bearing and range altitude snapshots
and immediate change of—chain of custody for any recordings.
Reporting without stigma, protection without retribution: Sailors
need to know that reporting UAP encounters will not harm their
careers. Congress can help by reinforcing witness protection and by
directing the relevant office to maintain confidential destigmatized
channels for servicemembers who step forward with data.
Declassification and transparency where possible: The Task
Force declassification mission is directly relevant here. Where operational security permits releasing metadata-preserved sensor excerpts or at least technical summaries would improve public trust
and accelerate outside scientific scrutiny. That includes, when feasible, the time geo-reference IR frames and radar parameters needed for independent analysis.
To be clear, I am not here to make claims beyond my lane. I am
here to provide a first-hand account of what I saw, what our systems recorded, and why I—why it matters for safety, for intelligence, and public confidence. My request to you is practical. Help
us capture, protect, fairly evaluate the evidence, and provide a safe

(Text continues in the original file: 54 pages.)

## DOD-DIA-Tehran-Routing-Slip-1978 — DIA routing slip with the attaché cable on the 1976 Tehran UFO incident (8 Dec 1978)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOD-DIA-Tehran-Routing-Slip-1978
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOD-DIA-Tehran-Routing-Slip-1978
- Agency: Defense Intelligence Agency
- Incident date: Sep 1976
- Location: Tehran, Iran
- Released: Dec 1978
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

A Defense Intelligence Agency routing and transmittal slip dated 8 December 1978, filed with the U.S. attaché cable reporting the September 1976 night intercepts of a bright object over Tehran by Imperial Iranian Air Force F-4s, including a radar lock-on. Released in DoD's 2021 UAP FOIA reading-room batch.

### AI summary

This document is a U.S. Department of Defense routing slip and attached report about the 1976 Tehran UFO incident, dated 8 December 1978. It was prepared by Louis E. Foster of the DIA. The report describes an unidentified object sighted in Iran on 19 September 1976, involving multiple calls from citizens and an F-4 fighter jet scrambling to investigate. The object was described as bright, with flashing lights in a rectangular pattern, and caused communication and instrumentation failures. A second object appeared later, and the incident was reported to involve radiation checks. The source of the information was a conversation with an IIAF pilot.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Serial: · 19597 E.
Date
ROUTING AND TRANSMITTAL SLIP 8 Dec 78
TO: (Name. office symbol, room numbr. initials Date
building. Agency/Post)
1.
6.
Action Filo Note and Retum
Approval For Clearance Per Conversation
s Requested For Correction Prepare Reply
Circulate For Your Information See Me
Comment Investigate Signature
Coordination Justity
REMARKS
Per telecon.
DO not use this form as a Record of approvals, concurrences, disposals,
clearances, and similar actions
FROM: (Name, org. symbol, Agency/Post) Room No.—Bidg.
Louis E. FOster, RDS-3A, DIA Phone No.
25766
$041-102 OPTIONAL FORM 41 (Rev. 7-76)
U.S. G.P.0. 1977-241-530/3090 FPMR (41 CFR0 101-11.206 Prescribed by GSA
Rereasanie Evaluation Nigt Requested
NaME of EvaluAtoR DOJNGRADING AND DECLASSIEICATISN INETRUCTIONS
EVALUAVOR'S CRCANIZATION chy.DAOR3
JSCHEDULE OF EXECUTIVE ORCER 1IGS2 SUEJECT-TO CENERAL_DECLASSIFICATION
;. SIGNATURE OF-APPROVIN JAUTCMATICALIY DOWNOHADED AT TWO
OATE EVALUATEO AUTHOSITY
MUPITH DAY *.* EECLASSifieD ON-31 DECemEER 9 (YEAR-INTERVALS

#### Page 2

5.: Dirm:
MonTH OXte Evaluat: “
aiserest " Siailare Visual iqualgt :L Not at
i.s 1 Qt }Cutea1 Partially ESPONDED TO
OAY :
−
"44
r AUTHORI Icnatui Namz of 1 physiologieal e 7. 2. collector's request 1. icA Reason for evaluat
1 czceuvar- brightness 2si mDoubt 3. Cannot be
otentialty_ Us RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION ANALYST INITIATIVE ELEC Ource numez
JYEARTN AUTCMA SUEJEC SPECIAL REQUEST COunt:
EASED 1 SCHEDULE OF Classiffect"by DOSNGRADING AND aa,3isplxyed by object)." BY coL MGR :57141
DECtASSIFIEO*ON-31 DECE:ASE3 NTESVALS }Releasable Evaluation fiqt Requestad A
; ; •• ORIGINATOR
TICAELY DOWHGRADED AT TWO T-TO. GENERAL_DECLASSIFICATION 40R3 •• −
YALUE dF INFORMATION 4cn th ATE RZCZiVEO JY EVALiATOR MOn TH Mon TH .
E Ozcer 1 2671 E
4:
12 11G52 STRUCTISNS stiviry

#### Page 4

DEPARTMENTOFDEPENS
JOINTCHIFFS OF STAFF
MESSAGE CENTER
PAGE..2
18, (u) USDAO, TEHRAN, IRAN
13. (U) PRANK B, MCKENzIE, COL, USaF, DATT
(U)NA
15. THIS REpoRT FOrnardS INFormatION COncernInG THE
SIghTinG oF an uFO In IRaN on 19 SEptemBeR I976,
A. AT ABOUT 123B AM ON 19 SEP 76 THE IMPERIDAL IRANIAN
AIR.FOrcE (IIaF) COmMaND POst REcEIvED FOuR TElEpHonE CAlls
From"Citizens liying In The Shemiran Area of Tehran Saying
That: They had seen strange Objects In the sky, Some Reported
A KIND, OF BIRO-LIKE OBJECT WHILE OTHERS REPORTED A HELICOPTER
:WITH.A.LIGHT ON, THERE WERL NO HELICOPTERS AIRBORNE AT THAT
TIME, THE COMMAND POST CALLED BG YOUSEFI, -SSISTANT DEPUTY
'COMMANDER oF OPERATIONS, AFTER HE TOLD THE CITIZEN IT WAS ONLY
STARS AND HAD TALKED TO MEHRABAD TOWER HE DECIDED TO LOOK POR
'Himself,. He Noticed an Object In The Sky Similar to A Star
BIGGER ·AND BRIGHTER, HE DECIDED TO SCRAMBLE AN F-4 FROM
SHaMrokhI afB 'To InvestiGate,
B, at ei3B Hrs On The 19tH The P-4 TOok Off and Proceeded
TOkA'POiNT ABOUT 40 NM NORtH oF TEHRAN, DUE tO ITS BRILLIANCE
THE OBJECT WAS EASILY VISIBLE FROM 70 MILES AWaY,
AS' TME"F-4 APPROACHED A RANGE OF 25 NM ME LOST ALL INSTRUMEAiATION
AND'COMMUNICATIONS (UHF AND INTERCOM), HE BROKE OFF THE
INTERcEpT AND HEAdED BACK tO SHAHRoKHi, WHEN THE F-4 TURNEd
Anay .Erom The .object ·and apparently was no Longer Tmreat
TO -I'T: THE AIRCRAPT'REGAINED ALL INBTRUMENTATION AND COM-
MUNiCATionS, AT OI4O MrS A SECOnD F-4 WA8 LaUnCHED, THE
BACKSEAtER ACOUIRED A RADaR LOCK ON AT 27 NM, 12 OiCLOCX
HIGH PDSITION WITH THE vC (RATE OF CLOSURE) AT ISO NMPH.
AS THE, RANGE DECREA8EO.TO 25 NM THE OBJECT MOVED AWAY AT A
BPEED THAT WAS VISIBLE ON THE RADAR SCOPE AND STAYED AT 25NM,
..C. THE BIZE DF THE "RADAR RETURN. MAS COMPARABLE TO JMAT OF
ATOYTANKER.-THEVISUAL:SIZEOETHEOBJECT MADDIFEICULT
TO.DISCERN BECAUSE OF. ITS: INTENSE BRILCIANCE THE.
LIGHISTHAT ITGAVE OFF -HAS THAY. OF FLAIHING STROBE-LIGNTS
ARRANGED IN A RECTANGULAR PATTERN -AND ALTERNATING BLUE,:GREEN
RED AND ORANGE IN COLORTHE BEOUENCE-OF THE.LIGHTS NA8 SO
FAUT THAT ALL TME -COLORS: COULD BE :BEEN AT-ONCETHE-OBJECT
AND-THE. PURSUING.F-.CONTINUED.ONACOURSETO:IHEBOUTH.OF:
TEMRANHHEN ANOTHER:BRIGHTLYLIGHTED::OBJECJ:ESTINATEOTO-DE
LONE HALETD ONE THIRO THE PAPPARENT BIZE OF THE MDOND CAME.
OUT OE THE CORIGINAL-OBJECT THIS SECOND OBJECT MEADED BTRAIGHT
MTONARD-THLEK-ATA VERYFASTRATE ON.BPEEO STHE PILOT
ATTEMRTED TO-PIRE-AN AIMGO MIBSIEE:AT-THE:OBJECT BUT AT-TH

#### Page 5

PAGE: PagE
:'s WHILE THE F04 THE GROUND ANTICIPATING A COMMUNICATIONS (UHF
THE CREW DEscEndEd From THEIR A .
PEOPLE TALKED ABOUT A LQUD NOISE AND VERY BRIGHT- LIGHT A SMALL HOUSE WITH.A -GARDEN JHEY LANDED AND ASKED FHE PEOPLE LANDED (A DRY LAKE BED) BUT AS THEY CIRCLED DFF TO THE NOTHING: WAS NOTIGED AT THE BPOT NHERE THEY THOUGHT AREA IN A MELICOPTER.WHERE THE OBJECT APPARENTLY MAD LANDEO BETWEEN THE MQUNIAINS AND.THE-REFINERY OBJECT: PASSED OVER THE: F.A THE TOWER DID NOT HAVE A:VIBUAL OTHER. -KNOWN TRAFFIC IN. THE AREA, DURING THE TIME THAT THE IN THE MIDDLE, WHEN QUERIED THE TONER STATED THERE WAS NO AT 10M) XITH BRIGHT STEADY LIGHTS ON EACH END AND A FLASHER Another Cylinder Shaped Object (about The Size of A T-Bird vICiNity: (KilO ZUlU) But DiD NOt REpORt SEEinG ANYtHinG, SAmE .TIME EXpERiENCEd .COmmUNICATIONS FAILURE IN THE SAME THE -ONE CIVIL AIRLINER THAT WAS APPROACHING MEHRABAD DURING THIS OF 150 DEGREE FROM EHRABAD THEY LOST THEIR COMMUNICATIONS (UHF ON THE UHF AND EACH TINE THEY PASSED THROUGH A MAG, BEARING FOR ACSTRAIGHT IN LANDING. THERE WA8 A LANDING SO AFTER ORBITING MEHRABAD A Had, SOME DiFfICuLty In AdjuStinG THEIR NIgHT vIsiBiLIty FOr CONTINUED TO OBSERVE AND MARK THE OBJECTIS POSITION, ·LIGHT: OVER AN AREA OF ABOUT :2-3 KILOMETER8 TO'COME TO REST GENTLY ON THE EARTH AND CAST A VERY BRIGHT ANd' ThE WEAponS CoNTroL. PAnEl ANd WAtChEd thE ObjEct APProach GREAT..RATE OF SPEED, THE F-4 CREN HAD REGAINED COMMUNICATIONS Other:.side of The Primary Object going Straight Down,at A Primary. Object another Object appeared to Come out of The :O SHORTLY AFTER THE SECOND OBJECT JOINED UP WITH THE REtURNEd tO THE PRIMARY OBJECt FOR Object. the second O8ject went to the .Inside of his turn Then 3-4 NM, A8 HE CONTINUED IN HIS TURN AWAY FROM THE PRIMARY :=
A Long FInal Approach The Crew Noticeo AND INTERPHONE) AND THE INS FLUCTUATED FROM. 30 DEGREE8 60 DEGREES AlTITUDE Of 26M t0 15M anD A Large Explosion, MESSAGE CENTER JOINT CHIEFS OF STAF
A lot of Interference A few Times They Went out Perfect rejoin,
…"; THIS OBjECT APPEAREd
THE OBJECT .a: , They
:00110101 12843

#### Page 6

+
DEPARTMENT OLDEFEN
T CHIEFS OFSTAFFE
MESSAGE CENTER
PAGE : 4 120.43
LIKE LIGHTENING, THE AIRCRAFT ANJ:AREA WHERE THE OBJECT I8
BELNEVED TO MAVE LANDED ARE BEING-CHECKED FOR POSSIBLE RADIATIONG
Ro Comments: ACTUAL INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT
WAS OBTAINED FROM SOURCE IN CONVERSATION WITH A BUB-BOURCE, AND
IIAF PILOT OF ONE OF THE F-AS. MORE INPORMATION WILL BE
FORWARDED WHEN IT BECOMES AVAILABLE.
BT
*9575
ANNOTES
JEP 117
.7.
OX555865 DIA-OS-3C 23 SEP 1976 13 -
=
001i01:01.
NNNN
2308107:

## DOD-GAO-B-262046-Roswell-1995 — GAO B-262046: Results of a Search for Records Concerning the 1947 Crash Near Roswell, New Mexico (28 Jul 1995)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOD-GAO-B-262046-Roswell-1995
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOD-GAO-B-262046-Roswell-1995
- Agency: U.S. General Accounting Office
- Incident date: Jul 1947
- Location: Roswell, New Mexico
- Released: Jul 1995
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing missing was the paperwork for the ‘flying disc’.

- GAO report to Rep. Schiff, 28 Jul 1995, about 1947 Roswell crash, NM
- Found four post-8 Jul AAF accidents; earlier records destroyed
- No air accident report identified

### Official summary

The General Accounting Office's 28 July 1995 letter to Rep. Steven H. Schiff on its search for government records about the reported 1947 crash near Roswell. GAO found four Army Air Forces accidents in New Mexico that July, all involving military aircraft and all after 8 July, and that RAAF administrative records for March 1945 to December 1949 had been destroyed. Released in DoD's 2021 UAP FOIA reading-room batch.

### AI summary

This document is a report from the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) dated July 28, 1995, addressing a request from Representative Steven H. Schiff. It details the GAO's search for government records related to the 1947 Roswell crash in New Mexico. The report states that Army Air Forces personnel recovered a "flying disc" reported on July 8, 1947, which was later identified as a radar-tracking balloon. The GAO found two 1947 records: a history report by the 509th Bomb Group and an FBI teletype message. No other records mentioning the crash were found, and some records were destroyed. The report concludes that no air accident report was identified for the event.

### Full text

#### Page 2

GAO·

United States

General Accounting Office
Washington, D.C. 20548
National Security and
International Affairs Division

B-262046
July 28, 1995
The Honorable Steven H. Schiff
House of Representatives
Dear Mr. Schiff:
On July 8, 1947, the Roswell Anny Air Field (RAAF) public information
office in Roswell, New Mexico, reported the crash and recovery of a
"flying disc." Army Air Forces personnel from the RM.F's 509th Bomb
Group were credited with the recovery. The following day, the press
reported that the Commanding General of the U.S. Eighth Air Force, Fort
Worth, Texas, announced that RAAF personnel had recovered a crashed
radar-tracking (weather) balloon, not a "flying disc."
After nearly 50 years, speculation continues on what crashed at Roswell.
Some observers believe that the object was of extraterrestrial origin. In the
July 1994 Report of Air Force Research Regarding the Roswell Incident,
the Air Force did not dispute that something happened near Roswell, but
reported that the most likely source of the wreckage was from a
balloon-launched classified government project designed to determine the
state of Soviet nuclear weapons research. The debate on what crashed at
Roswell continues.
Concerned that the Department of Defense (DOD) may not have provided
you with all available infonnation on the crash, you asked us to determine
the requirements for reporting air accidents similar to the crash near
Roswell and identify any government records concerning the Roswell
crash.
We conducted an extensive search for government records related to the
crash near Roswell. We examined a wide range of classified and
unclassified documents dating from July 1947 through the 1950s. These
records came from numerous organizations in New Mexico and elsewhere
throughout DOD as well as the Federal Bureau oflnvestigation (FBI), the
Central Intelligence Agency (cv..), and the National Security Council. The
full scope and methodology of our work are detailed at the end of this
report.

Pagel

GAO/SSI.AD-95-187 Government Records

#### Page 3

B-262046

Results in Brief

In 1947, Army regulations required that air accident reports be maintained
permanently. We identified four air accidents reported by the Army Air
Forces in New Mexico during July 1947. All of the accidents involved
military aircraft and occurred after July 8, 1947-the date the RAAF public
information office first reported the crash and recovery of a "flying disc"
near Roswell. The Na"Y-y reported no air accidents in New Mexico during
July 1947. Air Force officials told us that according to record-keeping
requirements in effect during July 1947, there was no requirement to
prepare a report on the crash of a weather balloon.
In our search for records concerning the Roswell crash, we learned that
some government records covering RAA.F activities had been destroyed and
others had not For example, RA.AF administrative records (from Mar. 1945
through Dec. 1949) and RA.~ outgoing messages (from Oct. 1946 through
Dec. 1949) were destroyed. The document disposition form does not
indicate what organization or person destroyed the records and when or
under what authority the records were destroyed.
Our search for government records concerning the Roswell crash yielded
two records.originating in 1947-aJuly 1947 history report by the
combined 509th Bomb Group and RA.~ and an FBI teletype message dated
July 8, 1947. The 509th-RA..~ report noted the recovery of a "flying disc"
that was later determined by military officials to be a radar-tracking
balloon. The FBI message stated that the military had reported that an
object resembling a high-altitude weather balloon with a radar reflector
had been recovered near Roswell.
The other government records we reviewed, including those previously
withheld from the public because of security classification, and the Air
Force's analysis of unidentified flying object1 sightings from 1946 to 1953
(Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14), did not mention the crash or
the recovery of an airborne object near Roswell in July 1947. Similarly,
executive branch agencies' responses to our letters of inquiry produced no
other government records on the Roswell crash.

Reporting Air
Accidents

According to press accounts from July 1947, Army .i.Ur Forces personnel
from RA.~ were involved in the recovery of an airborne object near
Roswell. Therefore, if an air accident report was prepared, it should have
1According to Air Force regulation, an unidentified flying object ls an airbor:le object :hat by
performance. aerodynamic characte~stics, or unusual features. does not conio!'Tll to known airc~ or
missiles. or does not correspond to •.\ir Force definitions of famiiiar or known objects or unidentrned
aircraft.

GAO/NSL.\D-95-187 Government Records

#### Page 4

B-262046

been prepared in accordance with Army regulations. According to an
Army records management official, in 1947 Army regulations required that
air accident reports be maintained permanently. An Air Force official said
there was no similar requirement to report a weather balloon crash.
According to an Air Force official who has worked in the records
management field since the mid-1940s, air accident reports prepared in
July 1947 under Army regulations should have been transferred to Air
Force custody in September 1947, when the Air Force was established as a
separate service.
The Air Force Safety Agency is responsible for maintaining reports of air
accidents. We examined its microfilm records to determine whether any
air accidents had been reported in New Mexico during July 1947. We
identified four air accidents during this time period. 2 All of the accidents
involved military fighter or cargo aircraft and occurred after July 8,
1947-the date the RAAF public information office first reported the crash
and recovery of a "flying disc" near Roswell. According to the Army Air
Forces' Report of Major Accident, these four accidents occurred at or near
the towns of Robbs, Albuquerque, Carrizozo, and Alamogordo, New
Mexico. Only one of the four accidents resulted in a fatality. The pilot died
when the aircraft crashed during an attempted take-off.

Search for Records

In searching for government records on the Roswell crash, we were
particularly interested in identifying and reviewing records of military
units assigned to R:\AF in 1947-to include the 509th Bomb Group, the
1st Air Transport Unit, the 427th Army Air Force Base Cnit, and the
1395th Military Police Company (Aviation).
Document disposition forms obtai.."1ed from the National Personnel
Records Center in St Louis, Missouri, indicate that in 1953, the Walker Air
Force Base (formerly RAAF) records officer transferred to the Anny's
Kansas Cicy records depository the histories of units stationed at Walker
Air Force Base. These histories included the 509th Bomb Group and RA.l,,F
for Februazy 1947 through October 1947; the 1st Air Transport Unit for
July 1946 through June 1947; and the 427th Army Air Force Base Unit for
Januazy 1946 to February 1947. We could not locate any documentation
indicating that records of the 1395th :Military Police Company (Aviation)

:!These records do not include information regarding mishaps of air vehicles =>e!onging to ci"ilian or
other government agencies. These records also do not include mishaps in\"Oi\ing unmanned air
vehicles such as remotely piloted airc:"3!t. low-sp~d cruise missiles. and mos• balloons.

GAO!'l;SlAD-95-187 Government Records

#### Page 5

B-262046

were ever retired to the National Personnel Records Center or its
predecessor depositories .
The July 1947 history for the 509th Bomb Group and RAAF stated that the
RA..\F public information office "was kept quite busy .... answering inquiries
on the 'flying disc,' which was reported to be in [the] possession of the
509th Bomb Group. The object turned out to be a radar tracking balloon."
By his signature, the RAAF's commanding officer certified that the report
represented a complete and accurate account of RA.AF activities in
July 1947. (Excerpts from the report are contained in app. I.)
In addition to unit history reports, we aJ.So searched for other government
records on the Roswell crash. In this regard, the Chief Archivist for the
National Personnel Records Center provided us with documentation
indicating that (1) RAAF records such as finance and accounting, supplies,
buildings and grounds, and other general administrative matters from
March 1945 through December 1949 and (2) RAAF outgoing messages from
October 1946 through December 1949 were destroyed. According to this
official, the document disposition form did not properly indicate the
authority under which the disposal action was taken. The Center's Chief
Archivist sta.ted that from his personal experience, many of the Air Force
organizational records covering this time period were destroyed without
entering a citation for the governing disposition authority. Our review of
records control fornlS showing the destruction of other
records-including outgoing IL~.AF messages for 1950--supports the Chief
Archivist's viewpoint
During our review of records at FBI headquarters, we found a July 8, 1947,
teletype message from the FBI office in Dallas, Texas, to FBI headquarters
and the FBI office in Cincinnati., Ohio. An FBI spokesperson confirmed the
authenticity of the message.
According to the message, an Eighth Air Force headquarters official had
telephonically informed the FBI's Dallas office of the recovery near Roswell
of a hexagonal-shaped disc suspended from a large balloon by cable. The
message further stated that the disc and balloon were being sent to Wright
Field (now Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio) for examination.
According to the Eighth Air Force official, the recovered object resembled
a high-altitude weather balloon with a radar reflector. The message stated
that no fu~ther investigation by the FBI was being conducted. (A copy of
the teletype message appears in app. IL)

Page4

GAO/NSIAD-95-187 Go,,-enunent Records

#### Page 6

B-262046

To follow up on the July 8th message, we re\-iewed microfilm abstracts of
the FBI Dallas and Cincinnati office activities for July 1947. An abstract
prepared by the FBI Dallas office on July 12, 1947, summarized the
particulars of the July 8th message. There was no mention in the
Cincinnati office abstracts of the crash or recovery of an airborne object
near Roswell.
Because the FBI message reported that debris from the Roswell crash was
being transported to Wright Field for examination, we attempted to
determine whether military regulations existed for handling such debris.
We were unable to locate any applicable regulation. As a final step, we
reviewed Air Materiel Command (Wright Field) records from 1947 to 1950
for evidence of command personnel involvement in this matter. We found
no records mentioning the Roswell crash or the examination by Air
Materiel Command personnel of any debris recovered from the crash.

Queries to Federal
We sent letters to several federal agencies asking for any government
•
.
records they might have concerning the Roswell crash. In this regard, we
Agencies Regarding
contacted DOD, the National Security Council, the White House Office of
Records on the Crash~ Science and Technology Policy, the CIA, the FBI, and the Department of
Energy.
The National Security Council, the 'White House Office of Science and
Technology Policy, and the Department of Energy responded that they had
no government records relating to the Roswell crash. (Copies of their
responses appear in app. ill, IV, and V.) The FBI, DOD, and the CL~ provided
the following information.

Federal Bureau of
Investigation

The FBI informed us that all FBI data regarding the crash near Roswell had
been processed under Freedom of Information Act (FOL~) requests
previously received by the Bureau. We re\iewed the FBI's FOIA material and
identified the July 8, 1947, FBI teletype message discussing the recovery
near Roswell of a high-altitude weather balloon with a radar reflector.
(A copy of the FBI's response appears in app. v1.)

Department of Defense

DOD informed us that the U.S. Air Force report of July 1994, entitled Report

of Air Force Research Regarding the Roswell Incident, represents the
extent of DOD records or information concerning the Roswell crash. The
Air Force report concluded that there was no dispute that something

Page 5

GAO/XSIAD-95-187 Government Records

#### Page 7

B-262046

happened near Roswell in July 1947 and that all available official materials
indicated the most likely source of the wreckage recovered was one of the
project MOGUL balloon trains. At the time of the Roswell crash, project
MOGUL was a highly classified U.S. effort to determine the state of Soviet
nuclear weapons research using balloons that earned radar reflectors and
acoustic sensors. (A copy of DOD's response appears in app. VII.)

Central Intelligence
Agency

In March 1995, the CIA's Executive Director responded to our letter of
inquiry by stating that earlier searches by the CIA for records on
unidentified flying objects produced no information pertaining to the
Roswell crash. The Executive Director added, however, that it was unclear
whether the CL.\. had ever conducted a search for records specifically
relating to Roswell. In the absence of such assurance, the Executive
Director instructed CIA personnel to conduct a comprehensive records
search for information relating to Roswell. On May 30, 1995, the CIA's
Executive Director inforrned us that a search against the term "Roswell,
New Mexico," in all CL.\. databases produced no CIA documents related to
the crash. (A copy of CL.\.'s response appears in app. VIII.)

Agency Comments

A draft of this report was provided to DOD for comment. DOD offered no
comments or suggested changes to the report. The Chief Archivist,
National Personnel Records Center offered several comments clarifying
matters dealing with records management. These comments have been
incorporated into the final report where appropriate.
The Ct.\., the Department of Energy, the FBI, the National Security Council,
and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy also
received excerpts from the report discussing the activities of their
respective agencies. They had no substantive comments and made no
suggested changes to the report.

Scope and
Methodology

To determine the requirements for reporting air accidents in 1947, we
interviewed military sen.ice records management officials, reviewed
military record-keeping regulations in effect during this time period, and
examined Army Air Forces and Navy air accident reports.
We also sought to identify any government records related to the Roswell
crash. In this regard, we visited and reviewed records at the locations
listed in table 1.

Page 6

GAOn-;sIAD-95-lSi Go,.·ernxnent Records

#### Page 8

B-262046

Table 1: Locations Visited and Records Reviewed
Locations visited

Records reviewed

National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Air Force papers on unidentified flying objects
Army Counterintelligence Corps historical files, 1947-49

National Archives II, College Park, Md.

Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14
National Security Council meeting minutes, 1947-48

National Archives, National Record Center, Suitland, Md.

Army Inspector General reports, 1947-58
Army staff intelligence correspondence, 1947-56
Headquarters Army Air Force message traffic, 1947-54
Army Air Force and Air Materiel Command (Wright Field} research and
development files, 1947-50

National Personnel Records Center,
St. Louis, Mo.

Morning reports for RAAF units, July 1947
Eighth Air Force messages, 1947-50
Eighth Air Force correspondence, 1947-51
Eighth Air Force weekly activity summaries, July 19~7
Service records of key personnel assigned to RAAF, 1947
Project Signa investigative reports, 1948
Army Adjutant General correspondence, 1947-49
Missile test firing reports at White Sands, N. Mex., 1947-54

Department of the Air Force, Washington, D.C.

Current and past records management regulations
Report of Air Force Research Regarding the Roswell Incident, July 1994

Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.

Current and past records management regulations

Department of the Navy, Washington,

or.-

Air accident reports, July 1947

Air Force Safety Agency, Kirtland Air Force Base, N. Mex.

Air accident reports, July 1947

Air Force History Support Office, Bolling Air Force Base.
Washington, D.C.

509th Bomb Group and RAAF monthly histories, Ju:y and August 1947

National Security Agency, Fort Meade, Md.

FOIA records, Citizens Against UFO Secrecy

Military History Institute, Army War College, Carlisle, Pa.

Army Counterintelligence Corps reports, 1947

Army Central Security Facility,
r=crt Meade, Md.

Army Counterinte!ligence Corps reports, 1947

Central Intelligence Agency, Langley, Va.

Scientific Advisory Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects (Robertson Panel)
report
FOIA records, Ground Saucer Watch, Inc.

rederal Bureau of Investigation, Washington. D.C.

FOIA records on unidentified flying objects

National Atomic Museum, Kirtland Air Force Sase, N. Mex.

509th Bomb Group historical information, 1947
RAAF base newsoacer Atomic Blast. July and August 1947

•Project Sign was the predecessor to ?roject Blue Sook.

Our search of government records was complicated by the fact that some
records we wanted to review were missing and there was not always an
explanation. Further, the records management regulations for the
retention and .disposition of records were unclear or changing during the
period we reviewed.

Page7

GAO/NSIAD-95-187 Government Records

#### Page 9

B-262046

We also queried the National Security Council, the White House Office of
Science and Technology Policy, the Department of Energy, the FBI, DOD,
and the CIA to detennine what government records they have on the
Roswell crash. We did not independently verify the information provided
to us in their written responses.

In addition to physically examining government records, we contacted the
following federal activities to detennine whether they had any information
about the Roswell crash:
• Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama;
• Air Force Aeronautical Systems Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,
Ohio;
• Army Center for Military History, Washington, D.C.; and
• 509th Bomb Wing, Office of the Historian, Whiteman Air Force Base,
Missouri.

We conducted our review from March 1994 to June 1995 in accordance
with generally accepted government auditing standards.

Unless you publicly announce its contents earlier, we plan no further
distribution of this report until 30 days after its issue date. At that time, we
will make copies available to other interested parties upon request.
If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please call me on
(202) 512-3504. A major contributor to this report is Gary K Weeter,
Assistant Director.
Sincerely yours,

Richard Davis
Director, National Security
Analysis

Page 8

GAO/NSIAD-95-lSi Government Records

#### Page 11

Contents

Letter

1

Appendix I
Combined History for
July 1947

12

Appendix II
FBI Teletype Message
Dated July 8, 1947

14

Appendix ill
Comments From the
National Security
Council

15

Appendix IV
Comments From theOffice of Science and
Technology Policy,
Executive Office of
the President

16

AppendixV
Comments FrQrn the
Department of Energy

17

Appendix VI
Comments From the
Federal Bureau of
Investigation

18

Page 10

GAO/NSIAD-95-187 Government Records

#### Page 12

Contents

Appendix VII
Corrunents From the
Department of
Defense

19

Appendix VIII
Corrunents From the
Central Intelligence
Agency

20

Table

Table 1: Locations Visited and Records Re'\riewed

7

Abbreviations
CL~

DOD
FBI
FOL~

RAAF

Page 11

Central Intelligence Agency
Department of Defense
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Freedom oflnformation Act
Roswell Army Air Field
GAOr.-iSlAD-95-lSi Government Records

#### Page 14

Appendix I
Combined History for July 1947
RESTRICTAD
Tho ather three brietings were these w:ich wore given to the VIp
ani a siaulated trietiag to a largo grorp of Air Scouts rorrasontirg
all of the troops in Zow kexice thich ms giveo ox ic July l947.
Several saall projects wore completed duriag the month including
sigas aa all the erfice doors, a building directory, and a world situation
may ndlich ia maintaiaod on a dey-to-day basis."
The Sistorical Section of S-2 has boen sariously handicapped by
the reoval of the regular stenographer mith the reiuction in forze.
Due to the faet that the qulity of tho doparuent roports has
in goneral beon so inadequate, loctures aro being proparud to be ziven
early it august to properly traia the lialsou rupresontatives of oach
deparJrent.
The oftice os Publlc Inforsatioo we ikopt quits busy during the
mocth answgriag imquiries oa the "rlyiog disc", wnich we roported to
be ia posseasion of ths Sogt: Boab Group. Zho object tursed cut to be
a redar tracking ballooa.
Dhe aaia projoct of the month was zaking all arranzements for a
successful Lir Forte Day. Lt. Colonel oliver Lafargc, Air Reservo Corps,
at Saata Fo, made arrangeaerts for Colozel Blanchard to visi: the Governor
of Sow Ferico ard ask hin to declare Air Pbrce tay in Yow Koxico on
1 August.
2ZSTRICTED
39
Page 13 GaO/nSLaD-95-187 Government Records

#### Page 15

Appendix
FBI Teletype Message Dated July 8, 1947
TELETYFE
.:
FBI DALLAS 7-5-47 6-17 Pi
:
DIRECTOR AMD-SAC, CINCINNATI- CRGENT
FLYING BISE, INFORNATION CONCERNING. HEADCUARTTRS
EIGHTH AIR FORCE, TELEPHONICALIY ADVISED THIS OFFICE THAT AN OBJECT
.
PURPORTINC" TO"BE A FLYING DISC WAS RE COVERED NEAR ROSWELL. NEY
MEXICO, 'THIS DATE. THE DISC-IS .HEXAGONAL IN SHAPE.AND WAS SUSPENDED
FROM A RALLON BY CABLE, WHICH EALLON UAS AFPROXIMATELY TUENTY
'FEET IN DIANETER.
FOUND RESEMBLES A HIGH ALTITUDE WEATHER BALLOON WITH A RADAR
REFLECTOR, BUT THAT TELEPHONIC CONVERSATION BETWEEN THEIR CFFICE
. AIND URIGHT SIELD HAD NOT SEME ERSODME OUT THIS BELIEE.:DISC AND
BALLOON BEING TRANSPORIED TO VRIGHT FIELD SY SPECIAL PLANE FOR EXAMINAT
INFORMATION PROVIDED THIS OFFICE BECAUSE CT NATIONAL INTEREST IN CASE .
MX AND FACT THAT NATICNAL BROADCASTING COMPANY, ASSOCIATED.PRESS,. AND
OTHERS ATTEMPTING -TO BREAK STORY OF LOCATION OF DISC TODAY.
ADVISED VOULD REQUEST WRIGHT FIELD TO ADVISE CINCINNATI :
OFFICE RESULTS.OF.EXAMINATION.:NO FURTHER INVESTIGATION BEING
CONDUCTED. •
WYLY 19-8347
END RECORDED B
CXXXX_ACX IN ORDER
UA 92 F3ItCI MJV : IC
.:4- .."
.BPI:H8
i*.
8-38:PM0
6-22 P:; CX FDI
.
QK78I
Page 14 GAO/NSLAD-95-1S7 Government Records

#### Page 16

Appendix ill

Qomments From the Nation~l Security
Council

NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL

2948

WAS><NlTOH. D.C. 20906

April 28, 1995
MEMORANDUM FOR M:t. U'OSEPH E. KELLEY
Director-in-C.~arqe,

Inte:national
Aftairs Issues
General. Accou."ltinq Off:.ce
SU3JECT:

Request for NSC Records

I am respor.dinq to ycur J.pri! 12, 1995, request for infor~ation
or NSC records related to t~e crash of ar. airborne object nea=
Roswell, New Mexico in July 19~7. Tt.e NSC has no records er
i~for.:nation related to the i~cident a: Roswell.

For information about any qovernment records that may doc~ent
the c=asr. at Roswell, we su;ges: you contact the -National
A:chives, Textual Reference o:.vision, S601 Adelphi Road, ~ollege
~k, Maryland 2074C.
Their telephone number is (301) 713-7230.

~~
Andrew D. Sens

Exec~tive Se~retary

Page 15

G..\O/NSLU>-95-187 Government Records

#### Page 17

Appendix IV

Comments From the Office of Science ahd ·
Technology Policy, Executive Office of the
President
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
WASHINGTON. D.C. 20500

April 26, 1995

Dear Mr. Hunt:
In response to your recent inquiry of April 12, 1995. The Office of Science and
Tecbnology Policy reviewed its records regarding the Roswell lncjdenl. OSTP has no direct
knowledge of what occurred at Roswell and DO records, except for the information I received
from the Air Force.

I look forward to receiving the GAO report.
SiDccrcly,

,I?-~
~~tor

Mr. William Hunt
Director, Federal Mmagcmcat Issues
United Swcs Govcnnncnr AccoumiDg Office
Washington, DC 20548

Page 16

GAOINSIAD-95-187 Government Records

#### Page 18

Appendix V

Comments From the Department of Energy

@

Department of Energy
Washing1on, DC 20585
Jur.e 8. 1995

l?i chard Davis
Director, National Security
Analysis
General Accounting Office
Washington, D.C. 20538
Dear Mr. Davis:
This is in response to your request for records related to the crash of an
airborne object near Roswell, New Mexico, in July 1947. We conducted an indepth search for docll9ents ~lated to the crash and have found no such
documents.
If 1ou have any questions regarding this matter, please do not hesitate to
Barry Uh11g of my staff on.202-586-1910.

----c~ntict

"'"~,z-~

~

F. y;.,.,
Chief Financial Officer

Page 17

GAOINSIAD·95-187 Government Records

#### Page 19

Appendix VI

Comments From the Federal Bureau of ~
Investigation

........ D.c.Wli
April 24, 1915

11r. Richard Davis

Director
Attn: Gary JC. Weeter
National security .&nal)'llb
General Ac:counti119 Office
Wa.biJMJton, D. c.

o.ar Kr. Davia:
Thi• i• in reapome to a latter dated April 7, 1995,
from Horman ;s. Rabkin, Director, Adainiatration of Ju•tice
Iuu. . , General Ac:countinq Office, to Jobn J:. COllingwood, ·
Inspector in Cbu'V•, Of:fic:• of Public and C0ft9ruaional Affairs,
FBI, regardinq vovarmaent record• c:onc8Z1lillCJ tba crash of an
airborne object near Roavell, Rav JlaXJ.c:o, in July 19'7 (Coda
701034).
A search of l'BI indic:e• for infor9ation relatinq to th•
crash of an airborne object near RollVell, Nev Mexico, in 1947,
daterained that all FBI data concernillCJ the incident ha• been
proc:asaed under th• proviaiona of th• J'reedcm of Information Act
(FOIA) and is available for review in our FOIA Jteadin9 :aooa. A
c:opy of the doc:uaent forwarded to . . by Gary Weeter is ..anv the
cloc:mlenta in tba RaadinCJ aooa. If your ataff wish•• to review
the . .terial, plea•• call Kargaret Trablay, a --.Hr of ay
ata:ff, at l•a•t 48 hours in advance of th• desired appointaent.
Sh• can be reached on 324-!5292.

sincerely yours,

~¢~q

svanson D. Carter
Supervisory Special Agent
Office of Public and
congressional Affair•

Page 18

GAOINSIAD-95·187 Government Records

#### Page 20

Awendix VII

Comments From the Department of Defense

INSl9ECTOR GENERAL
DEPARTMENT OI" DIEP'IENH

•

AltMY NAVY DltlVS
AlllUNGTON, Vl-INIA
•91

uaoa

llr. aicbard Davia
Du.c:tor, . .uonai security Analymia
V.8. General AOcoanting Office
441 G Str.et •···
JtoOll 5025
-.wbi!M)ton, D.C. 20549

Dur llr. Davia:
fte ~ Of the .air !'ore. July 19'4 report
ia the DoD reapcmae to quuticma pomel in JQUr April 12
letter :n1ated to cao COda 701034.

Xf you baft any .-tiona, pl.... cant.act llY
action officer, Pattie Cirino, at 703-C04-H31. If 9be
ia aot available, pl.... contact ... lfm"l.... L. scalu
at 703-404-H26.

Pagel9

GAOINSIAD-96-187 Government lleeords

#### Page 21

Appendix VIII

Corrtments From the Central Intelligence

Agency

......... ll.C.ZID

30 Hay 1995

Mr. Richard Davis
Director. National Security Analysis
US General Accounting Office
Washington. D.C. 20548
Dear Mr. Davis,
In a letter dated 30 March 1995, this Age..~cy aevised you
--eftat it would conduct a comprehensive record se~rch to aid in
t..~e completion of your investigation of the crash of an airbcrne
object near Roswell, New Mexico, i.~ July 1947. !n accoreance wit~
your re<illest, we have searched all of our data bases against the
terms •project Moqul• a..~d "Roswell. New Mexico.•
The search did not yield any doel!.~ents relate~ to either of
these ter::IS. There:ore, this Aqenr:-J has no ir.forlrllttior., beyond
t~ose records already reviewed by ~.r. Gary Weeter of your staff,
relevant to your investigation.
Si::.ce:-ely,

Nora Slatkin
Director

Exec-~tive

'701o:i ..n

'"""' 20

GAO!NSL-U}-95-187 Government Records

## "Now You See It, Now You Don't!": the 1976 Tehran F-4 intercepts

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOD-USAF-Now-You-See-It-Tehran-1976
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOD-USAF-Now-You-See-It-Tehran-1976
- Agency: U.S. Air Force
- Incident date: Sep 1976
- Location: Tehran, Iran
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

They declassified it on Dec 8 1981, still nothing to see.

- 1976 Tehran F-4 intercept PDF by USAF, incident Sep 1976, Tehran, Iran.
- Two Iranian F-4 crews chased a bright cylindrical object; one aircraft lost instruments and communications.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

An Air Force article by Capt. Henry S. Shields, HQ USAFE, recounting the September 1976 episode in which two Imperial Iranian Air Force F-4 Phantom crews chased a brightly lit object near Tehran. Released in DoD's 2021 UAP FOIA reading-room batch.

### AI summary

A declassified report from 1976 details an encounter involving two F-4 Phantom crews of the Imperial Iranian Air Force. The document, authored by Captain Henry S. Shields, HQ USAFE/INOMP, describes sightings of unidentified airborne objects near Tehran. On a clear autumn morning, reports of strange objects led to the scrambling of an F-4, which lost all instrumentation and communications before returning to normal. The crew later reported a cylindrical object with lights, and a subsequent search near a dry lake bed found no evidence, though a beeper signal was traced to a nearby house. The document was declassified on December 8, 1981.

### Full text

#### Page 1

NOW YOU SEE IT, NOW YOU DON'T! . )
. Coptatn Henry S. Shields, HQ USAFE/INOMP
Sometime in his career, each pilot can expect to encounter
strange, unusual happenings which will never be adequately or
entirely explained by logic or subsequent investigation. The follow-
ing article recounts just such an episode as reported by two F-4
Phantom crews of the Imperial Iranian Air Force during late l976.
No additional information or explanation of the strange events has
been forthcoming; the story will be filed away and probably for-
gotten, but it makes interesting,and possibly disturbing, reading.
* * · . * * *
Until O030 on a clear autumn morning, it had been an
entirely routine night watch for the Imperial Iranian Air Force's
command post in the Tehran area. In quick succession, four calls
arrived from one of the.city's suburbs reporting a series of strange
airborne objects. These Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) were
described as 'bird-like', or as brightly-lit helicopters (although
none. were airborne at the time). Unable to convince the callers
that they were only seeing stars, a senior officer went outside to
see for himself. Observing an object to the north like a star, only
larger and brighter; he immediately scrambled an IAF F-4 to
. investigate.
Approaching the city, the F-4 pilot reported that the
brilliant object was easily visible 70 miles away. When approxi-
mately 25 NM distant, the interceptor lost all instrumentation and
UHF /Intercom communications. Upon breaking off the intercept
and turning towards his home base, all systems returned to normal,
as if the strange object no longer regarded the aircraft as a threat.
4Dei81
DECLASSIFY ON hy:-. ACS/I HQUSAF 0
32
28:38:3753288.7822872

#### Page 3

••
adjusting their nighy vision devices for landing. The landing was
further complicated by excessive interference on UHF and a further
complete loss of all communications when passing through a 150
degree magnetic bearing from the home base. The inertial naviga-
.tion system simultaneously fluctuated from 30 to 50 degrees. A civil
airliner approaching the area also experienced a similar communica-
tions failure, but reported no unusual sightings.
While on a long final approach,. the F-4 crew noted a further
: .UFO. This was described as a cylinder-shaped object (about the
size of a T-33 trainer) with bright steady lights on each end and a
flasher in the middle. It quickly approached and passed directly
over the F-4. 'In answer to the pilot's query, the control tower
i::
reported no other air traffic in the area, although they subsequently
obtained a visual sighting of the object when:specifically directed
where to look.
The following day, the F-4 crew was flown by helicopter
to the location where they believed the object had landed. This
turned out to be a dry lake bed, but nothing unusual was noticed.
As the helicopter circled off to the west, however, a very noticeable
beeper signal was received, and eventually.traced to a nearby house.
They immediately landed and asked the inhabitants if anything strange
or unusual had occurred the previous night. Yes, they replied;
there had been loud noises and a very bright light, like lightning.
The helicopter returned to base and arrangements were made to
conduct various tests, such as radiation che.cks, 'in the vicinity of
the house. -Unfortunately, the results of such tests have not been
reported. .:t 4Dec81
DECLASSIFY ON. :ACS/IHQU5AK

## DOD-USAF-Roswell-Report-1994 — Report of Air Force Research Regarding the "Roswell Incident" (July 1994)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOD-USAF-Roswell-Report-1994
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOD-USAF-Roswell-Report-1994
- Agency: U.S. Air Force
- Incident date: Jul 1947
- Location: Roswell, New Mexico
- Released: Jul 1994
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

The Air Force's July 1994 report on the "Roswell Incident", prepared during a GAO audit requested by Rep. Steven Schiff. It concludes the material recovered near Roswell in 1947 was consistent with a balloon device and most likely came from a Project Mogul balloon train, and found no records of a crashed spacecraft or recovered bodies. Released in DoD's 2021 UAP FOIA reading-room batch.

### AI summary

This document is a report from the U.S. Air Force dated July 1994, detailing research into the "Roswell Incident" of 1947. It was prepared by the Air Force's Security and Special Program Oversight office. The report concludes that the Air Force found no evidence of a cover-up or recovery of extraterrestrial materials. It states that the debris recovered near Roswell was identified as a weather balloon from a classified project called Project Mogul. The report notes that the incident was not considered a UFO event until the late 1970s and that no records indicated the recovery of alien bodies or spacecraft. The research involved reviewing records and interviewing personnel from the time.

### Full text

#### Page 1

REPORT OF AIR FORCE RESEARCH REGARDING THE
"ROSWELL INCIDENT"
July 1994

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The "Roswell Incident" refers to an event that
supposedly happened in July, 1947, wherein the Army Air
Forces (AAF) allegedly recovered remains of a crashed
"flying disc" near Roswell, New Mexico. In February,
1994, the General Accounting Office (GAO), acting on the
request of a New Mexico Congressman, initiated an audit
to attempt to locate records of such an incident and to
determine if records regarding it were properly handled.
Although the GAO effort was to look at a number of
government agencies, the apparent focus was on the Air
Force. SAF/AAZ , as the Central Point of Contact for the
GAO in this matter, initiated a systematic search of
current Air Force off ices as well as numerous archives
and records centers that might help explain this matter.
Research revealed that the "Roswell Incident" was not
even considered a UFO event until the 1978-1980 time
frame. Prior to that, the incident was dismissed because
the AAF originally identified the debris recovered as
being that of a weather balloon. Subsequently, various
authors wrote a number of books claiming that, not only
was debris from an alien spacecraft recovered, but also
the bodies of the craft's alien occupants. These claims
continue to evolve today and the Air Force is now
routinely accused of engaging in a "cover-up" of this
supposed event.
The research located no records at existing Air Force
offices that indicated any "cover-up" by the USAF or any
indication of such a recovery. Consequently, efforts
were intensified by Air Force researchers at numerous
locations where records for the period in question were
stored. The records reviewed did not reveal any increase
in operations, security, or any other activity in July,
1947, that indicated any such unusual event may have
occurred. Records were located and thoroughly explored
concerning a then-TOP SECRET balloon project, designed
to attempt to monitor Soviet nuclear tests, known as
Project Mogul. Additionally, several surviving project
personnel were located and interviewed, as was the only
surviving person who recovered debris from the original
Roswell site in 1947, and the former officer who
initially identified the wreckage as a balloon.
Comparison of all informat~on developed or obtained
indicated that the material recovered near Roswell was
consistent with a balloon device and most likely from
one of the Mogul balloons that had not been previously
recovered. Air Force research efforts did not disclose
any records of the recovery of any "alien" bodies or
extraterrestrial materials.
INTRODUCTION
Air Force involvement in the alleged UFO-related
incident popularly known as the "Roswell Incident" began
as the result of a January 14, 1994, Washington Post
article (Atch 1) which announced Congressman Steven

#### Page 2

Schiff's intent to initiate a General Accounting Office
(GAO) effort to resolve this controversial matter.
Having previously been involved in numerous Freedom of
Information Act (FOIA) and Congressional requests on
"unusual aircraft," to include Unidentified Flying
Objects (UFOs), The Director, Security and Special
Program Oversight, Office of the Secretary of the Air
Force, (SAF/AAZ) believed the Air Force would become
involved in any GAO effort involving this subject.
Thus, in late January, 1994, SAF/AAZ directed its
research/declassification team, SAF/AAZD, to attempt to
locate any official records relative to this matter.
These initial research efforts focused on records at the
Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA), Maxwell
AFB, AL, the Air Force Safety Agency (AFSA) at Kirtland
AFB, NM, and the National Archives and Records
Administration (NARA).
On February 15, 1994, the GAO officially notified
Secretary of Defense William J. Perry that, it was
initiating an audit of the Department of Defense (DoD)
policies and procedures for acquiring, classifying,
retaining, and disposing of official government
documents dealing with weather balloon, aircraft, and
similar crash incidents (Atch 2). This notification was
sub- sequently passed to the Department of Defense
Inspector General who in turn officially notified the
Secretaries of the Services and other affected parties
of the audit in a February 23, 1994, memo (Atch 3). This
memorandum indicated that the "GAO is anxious to respond
to Representative Schiff's request and to dispel any
concerns that the DoD is being unresponsive." These were
the first official us Government documents that
indicated that the purpose of the GAO was to review
•crash incidents involving weather balloons and unknown
aircraft, such as UFOs and foreign aircraft, and (2) the
facts involving the reported crash of an UFO in 1949
(sic, 1947) at Roswell, New Mexico .•. (and an) alleged
DoD cover-up."
entrance meeting of potentially concerned parties was
held in the offices of the DoD Inspector General on
February 28, 1994. During this meeting it was learned
that, while the audit officially would be reviewing the
records of a number of DoD (and possibly other Executive
Branch entities), the bulk of the effort would be
focused on Air Force records and systems. The audit was
officially given the GAO code 701034, and entitled
"Records Management Procedures Dealing With Weather
Balloon, Unknown Aircraft, and Similar Crash Incidents."
Although this official title appeared rather broad,
there was no misunderstanding that the real purpose was
to attempt to locate records and/or information on the
"Roswell Incident." This incident, explained later in
more detail, generally dealt with the claim that in July
of 1947, the us Army Air Forces (USAAF) recovered a
flying saucer and /or its alien occupants which
supposedly crashed near Roswell, New Mexico. When the
USAAF ultimately became the United States Air Force
(USAF) in September, 1947, the USAF inherited equipment,
personnel, records, policies, and procedures from the
AAF. In this particular case, the Air Force also
inherited the allegation that it had "covered up" the
"Roswell Incident" and has continued to do so for the
next 47 years.
An

#### Page 3

Within the Air Force, the Office of the Administrative
Assistant to the Secretary of the Air Force (SAF/AA) is
responsible both for information management procedures
(SAF/AAI) and security policy and oversight (SAF/AAZ).
Because of this organization, SAF/AA was the logical
entity to assist the GAO in its audit and SAF/AAZ was
officially named as the Central Point of Contact for
this endeavor (Atch 4). Subsequently, the then
Administrative Assistant, Mr. Robert J. McCormick,
issued a tasking memorandum dated March 1, 199~ (Atch
5), to a number of current Air Staff and Secretariat
offices that might possibly have records related to such
an incident if, indeed, something had actually occurred.
This search for records was purposely limited to Air
Force records and systems since:
(a) The Air Force had no authority to compel other
agencies to review their records;
(b) The Air Force would have no way to monitor the
completeness of their efforts if they did; and
(c) the overall effort was the task and responsibility
of the GAO--not the Air Force.
During the in-briefing process with GAO, it was learned
that this audit was, indeed, generated at the specific
request of Congressman Steven Schiff of New Mexico.
Earlier, Congressman Schiff had written to the
Department of Defense Legislative Liaison Office for
information on the "Roswell Incident" and had been
advised that it was part of the former UFO "Project
Bluebook" that had previously been turned over to NARA
by the Air Force. Congressman Schiff subsequently
learned from NARA that, although they did, indeed, have
the "Bluebook" materials, the "Roswell Incident" was not
part of that report. Congressman Schiff, apparently
perceiving that he had been "stonewalled" by the DoD,
then generated the request for the aforementioned audit.
It is within this context that the following research
and assistance efforts were conducted in support of the
GAO. This report is intended to stand as the final
official Air Force response regarding this matter.
THE "ROSWELL INCIDENT"--WHAT WAS ORIGINALLY REPORTED
IN 1947
The modern preoccupation with what ultimately came to be
called Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) actually_began
in June, 1947. Although some pro-UFO researchers argue
that sightings of UFOs go back to Biblical times, most
researchers wil~ not dispute that anything in UFO
history can compare with the phenomenon that began in
1947. What was later characterized as "the UFO wave of
1947" began with 16 alleged sightings that occurred
between May 17 and July 12, 1947, (although some
researchers claim there were as many as 800 sightings
during that period). Interestingly, the "Roswell
Incident" was not considered one of these 1947 events
until the 1978-1980 time frame. There is no dispute,
however, that something happened near Roswell in July,
1947, since it was reported in a number of contemporary
newspaper articles; the most famous of which were the
July 8 and July 9 editions of the Roswell Daily Record.

#### Page 4

The July 8 edition reported "RAAF Captures Flying Saucer
On Ranch In Roswell Region," while the next day's
edition reported, "Ramey Empties Roswell saucer" and
"Harassed Rancher Who Located 'Saucer' Sorry He Told
About It."
The first story reported that the Intelligence Officer
of the 509th Bomb Group, stationed at Roswell AAF, Major
Jesse A. Marcel, had recovered a "flying disc" from the
range lands of an unidentified rancher in the vicinity
of Roswell and that the disc had been "flown to higher
headquarters." That same story also reported that a
Roswell couple claimed to have seen a large unidentified
object fly by their home on July 2, 1947.
The July 9 edition of the paper noted that Brigadier
General Roger Ramey, Commander of the Eighth Air Force
at Forth Worth, Texas, stated that upon examination the
debris recovered by Marcel was determined to be a
weather balloon. The wreckage was described as a
11
• • bundle of
tinfoil, broken wood beams, and rubber
remnants of a balloon ••..•• The additional story of the
"harassed rancher" identified him as W.W. Brazel of
Lincoln County, New Mexico. He claimed that he and his
son, Vernon, found the material on June 14, 1947, when
they "came upon a large area of bright wreckage made up
of rubber strips, tinfoil, a rather tough paper, and
sticks." He picked up some of the debris on July 4 and
11
•
• • the next day he first heard about the flying discs
and wondered if what he had found might have been the
remnants of one of these. 11 Brazel subsequently went to
Roswell on July 7 and contacted the Sheriff, who
apparently notified Major Marcel. Major Marcel and •a
man in plain clothes" then accompanied Brazel home to
pick up the rest of the pieces. The article further
related that Brazel thought that the material:
11
• • might have been as
large as a table top. The
balloon which held it up, if that is how it worked,
must have been about 12 feet long, he felt,
measuring the distance by the size of the room in
which he sat. The rubber was smoky gray in color and
scattered over an area about 200 yards in diameter.
When the debris was gathered up the tinfoil, paper,
tape, and sticks made a bundle about three feet long
and 7 or 8 inches thick, while the rubber made a
bundle about 18 or 20 inches long and about 8 inches
thick. In all, he estimated, the entire lot would
have weighed maybe five pounds. There was no sign of
any metal in the area which night have been used for
an engine and no sign of any propellers of any kind.
Although at least one paper fin had been glued onto
some of the tinfoil. There were no words to be found
anywhere on t~e instrument although there were
letters on some of the parts. Considerable scotch
tape and some tape with flowers printed upon it had
been used in the construction. No string or wire
were to be found but there were some eyelets in the
paper to indicate that some sort of attachment may
have been used. Brazel said that he had previously
found two weather balloons on the ranch, but that
what he found this time did not in any way resemble
either of these."

EVOLUTION OF THE EVENT FROM 1947 TO THE PRESENT

#### Page 5

General Ramey's press conference and rancher Brazel's
statement effectively ended this as a UFO-related matter
until 1978, although some UFO researchers arque that
there were several obtuse references to it in 1950's era
literature. Roswell, for example, is not referred to in
the official USAF investigation of UFOs reported in
Project Bluebook or its predecessors, Project Sign and
Project Grudge, which ran from 1948-1969 (which
Congressman Schiff subsequently learned when he made his
original inquiry) .
In 1978, an article appeared in a tabloid newspaper, the
National Inquirer, which reported the former
intelligence officer, Marcel, claimed that he had
recovered UFO debris near Roswell in 1947. Also in 1978,
a UFO researcher, Stanton Friedman, met with Marcel and
began investigating the claims that the material Marcel
handled was from a crashed UFO. Similarly, two authors,
William L. Moore and Charles Berlitz, also engaged in
research which led them to publish a book, The Roswell
Incident, in 1980. In this book they reported they
interviewed a number of persons who claimed to have been
present at Roswell in 1947 and professed to be either
first or second hand witnesses to strange events that
supposedly occurred. Since 1978-1980, other UFO
researchers, most notably Donald Schmitt and Kevin
Randle, claim to have located and interviewed even more
persons with supposed knowledge of unusual happenings at
Roswell. These included both civilian and former
military persons.
Additionally, the Robert Stack-hosted television show
"Unsolved Mysteries" devoted a large portion of one show
to a "re-creation" of the supposed Roswell events.
Numerous other television shows have done likewise,
particularly during the last several years and a
made-for-TV movie on the subject is due to be released
this summer. The overall thrust of these articles, books
and shows is that the "Roswell Incident" was actually
the crash of a craft from another world, the US
Government recovered it, and has been "covering up" this
fact from the American public since 1947, using a
combination of disinformation, ridicule, and threats of
bodily harm, to do so. Generally, the US Air Force bears
the brunt of these accusations.
From the rather benign description of the "event" and
the recovery of some material as described in the
original newspaper accounts, the "Roswell Incident" has
since grown to mythical (if not mystical) proportions in
the eyes and minds of some researchers, portions of the
media and at least part of the American public. There
are also now several major variations of the "Roswell
story." For example, it was originally reported that
there was only recovery of debris from one site. This
has since grown from a minimal amount of debris
recovered from a small area to airplane loads of debris
from multiple huge "debris fields." Likewise, the
relatively simple description of sticks, paper, tape and
tinfoil has since grown to exotic metals with
hieroglyphics and fiber optic-like materials. Most
versions now claim that there were two crash sites where
debris was recovered: and at the second site, alleged
bodies of extraterrestrial aliens were supposedly
retrieved. The number of these "alien bodies" recovered
also varied. These claims are further complicated by the

#### Page 6

fact that UFO researchers are not in agreement among
themselves as to exactly where these recovery sites were
located or even the dates of the alleged crash(es).
Consistently, however, the AAF was accused of securing
these sites, recovering all the material therefrom,
keeping locals away, and returning the recovered
wreckage (and bodies) to Roswell under extremely tight
security for further processing and later exploitation.
Once back at Roswell AAF, it is generally alleged that
special measures were taken to notify higher
headquarters and arrangements made to have recovered
materials shipped to other locations for analysis. These
locations include Ft. Worth, Texas, the home of the
Eighth Air Force Headquarters; possibly Sandia Base (now
Kirtland AFB), New Mexico; possibly Andrews AAF,
Maryland, and always to Wright Field, now known as
Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio. The latter location was the
home of "T-2" which later became known as the Air
Technical Intelligence Center (ATIC) and the Air
Materiel Command (AMC), and would, in fact, be a logical
location to study unknown materials from whatever
origin. Most of the Roswell stories that contain the
recovery of alien bodies also show them being shipped to
Wright Field. Once the material and bodies were
dispersed for further analysis and/or exploitation, the
government in general, and the Army Air Forces in
particular, then engaged in covering up all information
relating to the alleged crash and recovery, including
the use, of security oaths to military persons and the
use of coercion (including alleged death threats) to
others. This, as theorized by some UFO researchers, has
allowed the government to keep the fact that there is
intelligent extra-terrestrial life from the American
public for 47 years. It also supposedly allowed the US
Government to exploit recovered extraterrestrial
materials by reverse engineering them, ultimately
providing such things as fiber optic and stealth
technology. The "death threats," oaths, and other forms
of coercion alleged to have been meted out by the Army
Air Forces personnel to keep people from talking have
apparently not been very effective, as several hundred
people are claimed to have come forward (without harm)
with some knowledge of the "Roswell Incident" during
interviews with non-government researchers and the
media.
Adding some measure of credibility to the claims that
have arisen since 1978 is the apparent depth of research
of some of the authors and the extent of their efforts.
Their claims are lessened somewhat, however, by the fact
that almost all their information came from verbal
reports many years after the alleged incident .occurred.
Many of the persons interviewed were, in fact, stationed
at, or lived near Roswell during the time in question,
and a number of them claim military service. Most,
however, related their stories in their older years,
well after the fact. In other cases, the information
provided is second or thirdhand, having been passed
through a friend or relative after the principal had
died. What is uniquely lacking in the entire exploration
and exploitation of the "Roswell Incident" is official
positive documentary or physical evidence of any kind
that supports the claims of those who allege that
something unusual happened. Conversely, there has never

#### Page 7

been any previous documentary evidence produced by those
who would debunk the incident to show that somethinq did
not happen; althouqh loqic dictates that bureaucracies
do not spend time documentinq non-events.
SEARCH STRATEGY AND METHODOLOGY
To insure senior Air Force leadership that there were no
hidden or overlooked files that might relate to the
"Roswell Incident;" and to provide the GAO with the best
and most complete information available, SAF/AAZ
constructed a strategy based on direct tasking from the
Office of the Secretary, to elicit information from
those functional offices and organizations where such
information might logically be contained. This included
directing searches at current off ices where special or
unusual projects might be carried out, as well as
historical organizations, archives, and records centers
over which the Air Force exerted some deqree of control.
Researchers did not, however, go to the US Army to
review historical records in areas such as missile
launches from White Sands, or to the Department of
Energy to determine if its forerunner, the Atomic Energy
Commission, had any records of nuclear-related incidents
that might have occurred at or near Roswell in 1947- To
do so would have encroached on GAO's charter in this
matter. What Air Force researchers did do, however, was
to search for records still under Air Force control
pertaining to these subject areas.
In order to determine parameters for the most productive
search of records, a review was first conducted of the
major works regarding the "Roswell Incident" available
in the popular literature. These works included: The
Roswell Incident, (1980) by William Moore and Charles
Berlitz; "Crashed Saucers: Evidence in Search of Proof,"
(1985) by Moore; The UFO Crash at Roswell, (I 99 1) by
Kevin Randle and Donald Schmitt; The Truth About the UFO
Crash at Roswell, (1994) also by Randle and Schmitt; The
Roswell Report: A Historical Perspective, (1991), George
M. Eberhart, Editor; "The Roswell Events," (1993)
compiled by Fred Whiting- Crash at Corona (1992) by
Stanton T. Friedman and Don Berliner, as well as
numerous other articles written by a combination of the
above and other researchers. Collectively, the above
represent the "pro" UFO writers who allege that the
government is engaged in a conspiracy. There are no
specific books written entirely on the theme that
nothing happened at Roswell. However, curtis Peebles in
Watch the Skies! (1994) discussed the development of the
UFO story and growth of subsequent claims as a
phenomenon. There has also been serious research as well
as a number of detailed articles written by so-called
"debunkers" of Roswell and other incidents, most notably
Philip J. Klass who writes The Skeptical Inquirer
newsletter, and Robert Todd, a private researcher. The
concerns and claims of all the above authors and others
were considered in conducting the USAF records search.
It was also decided, particularly after a review of the
above popular literature, that no specific attempt would
be made to try to refute, point by point, the numerous
claims made in the various publications. Many of these
claims appear to be hearsay, undocumented, taken out of
context, self-serving, or otherwise dubious.
Additionally, many of the above authors are not even in

#### Page 8

agreement over various claims. Most notable of the
confusing and now ever-changing claims is the
controversy over the date(s) of the alleged incident,
the exact location(s) of the purported debris and the
extent of the wreckage. Such discrepancies in claims
made the search much more difficult by greatly expanding
the volume of records that had to be searched.
An example of trying to deal with questionable claims is

illustrated by the following example: One of the popular
books mentioned that was reviewed claimed that the
writers had submitted the names and serial numbers of
"over two dozen" personnel stationed at Roswell in July,
1947, to the Veterans Administration and the Defense
Department to confirm their military service. They then
listed eleven of these persons by name and asked the
question "Why does neither the Defense Department nor
the Veteran's Administration have records of any of
these men when we can document that each served at
Roswell Army Air Field." That claim sounded serious so
SAF/AAZD was tasked to check these eleven names in the
Personnel Records Center in St. Louis. Using only the
names (since the authors did not list the serial
numbers) the researcher quickly found records readily
identifiable with eight of these persons. The other
three had such conunon names that there could have been
multiple possibilities. Interestingly, one of the listed
"missing" persons had a casualty report in his records
reflecting that he died in 195 1, while the writers
claimed to have interviewed him (or a person of the
exact same name) in 1990.
While the historical document search was in progress, it
was decided to attempt to locate and interview several
persons identified as still living who could possibly
answer questions generated by the research. This had
never been officially done before, although most of the
persons contacted repor.ted that they had also been
contacted in the past by some of the listed authors or
other private researchers. In order to counter possible
future arguments that the persons interviewed were still
"covering up" material because of prior security oaths,
the interviewees were provided with authorization from
either the Secretary of the Air Force or the Senior
Security Official of the Air Force that would officially
allow discussion of classified information, if
applicable, or free them from any prior restriction in
discussing the matter, if such existed. Again, the focus
was on interviewing persons that could address specific
issues, raised by research and no consideration was
given to try and locate every alleged witness claimed to
have been contacted by the various authors. For example,
one of the interviewees thought vital to obtain an
official signed,· sworn statement from was Sheridan
Cavitt, Lt Col, USAF (Retired) who is the last living
member of the three persons universally acknowledged to
have recovered material from the Foster Ranch. Others
were also interviewed as information developed
(discussed in detail later). Additionally, in some cases
survivors of deceased persons were also contacted in an
attempt to locate various records thought to have been
in the custody of the deceased.
Even though Air Force research originally started in
January, 1994, the first official Air Force-wide tasking
was directed by the March 1, 1994, memorandum from

#### Page 9

SAF/AA, {Atch 5) and was addressed to those current Air
staff elements that would be the likely repository for
any records, particularly if there was anything of an
extraordinary nature involved. This meant that the
search was not limited to unclassified materials, but
also would include records of the highest classification
and compartrnentation.
The specific Air Staff /Secretariat offices queried
included the following:
{a) SAF/AAI, Directorate of Information Management
(b) SAF/AQL, Directorate of Electronics and Special
Programs
(c) AF/SE, Air Force Safety
{d) AF/HO, Air Force Historian
{e) AF/IN, Air Force Intelligence {including Air Force
Intelligence Agency--AFIA, and the National Air
Intelligence Center, NAIC)
{f) AF/XOW, Directorate of Weather
{g) {added later) The Air Force Office of Special
Investigations {AFOSI)
In addition to the above Air Staff and Secretariat
offices, SAF/AAZ also reviewed appropriate classified
records for any tie-in to this matter. With regards to
highly classified records, it should be noted that any
programs that employ enhanced security measures or
controls are known as a Special Access Proqrams (SAPs) .
The authority for such programs comes from Executive
Order 12356 and flows from the Department of Defense to
the Services via DoD Directive 5205.7. These programs
are implemented in the Air Force by Policy Directive
16-7, and Air Force Instruction 16-701. These directives
contain detailed requirements for controlling and
reporting, in a very strict manner, all SAPS. This
includes a report from the Secretary of the Air Force to
the Secretary of Defense (and ultimately to Congress) on
all SAPs submitted for approval, and a certification
that there are no "SAP-like" programs being operated.
These reporting requirements are stipulated in public
law.
It followed then, that if the Air Force had recovered
some type of extraterrestrial spacecraft and/or bodies
and was exploiting this for scientific and technology
purposes, then such a proqram would be operated as a
SAP. SAF/AAZ, the Central Office for all Air Force SAPs,
has knowledge of, and security oversight over, all SAPs.
SAF/AAZ categorically stated that no such Special Access
Program{s) exists that pertain to extraterrestrial
spacecraft/aliens.
Likewise, the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief
of Staff, who head the Special Program oversight
Committee which oversees all sensitive programs in the
Air Force, had no knowledge of the existence of any such
program involving, or relating to the events at Roswell
or the alleged technology that supposedly resulted
therefrom. Besides the obvious irregularity and

#### Page 10

illegality of keeping such information from the most
senior Air Force, officials, it would also be illogical,
since these officials are responsible for obtaining
funding for operations, research, development, and
security. Without funding such a program, operation, or
organization could not exist. Even to keep such a fact
"cover-up" in some sort of passive "caretaker status"
would involve money. More importantly, it would involve
people and create paperwork.
The aforementioned March 1, 1994, SAF/AA tasking
generated negative responses (Atch 6-12) from all
recipients; i.e. all offices reported that they had no
information that would explain the incident.
Consequently, these negative responses led to an
increase in the already on-going historical research at
records centers and archives.
The extensive archival and records center search was
systematically carried out at by the SAF/AAZD
Declassification Review Team. This team is composed
entirely of Air Force Reserve personnel who have
extensive training and experience in large scale review
of records. (Previous efforts include the Southeast Asia
Declassification Review, declassification of POW/MIA
records, and the review of the Gulf War Air Power Survey
records) . The team members all had the requisite
security clearances for classified information and had
the authority of the Secretary of the Air Force to
declassify any classified record they found that might
be related to Roswell. SAF/AAZD conducted reviews at a
number of locations, including: the National Archives in
Washington, DC; the National Personnel Records Center,
st. Louis, MO; the National Archives, Suitland, MD, the
National Records Center, Suitland, MD; Naval Research
Laboratory, Washington, DC; Federal Records Center, Ft
worth, TX; the INSCOM Archives, Ft. Meade, MD; National

(Text continues in the original file: 22 pages.)

## DOE-UAP-D001 — Enhanced PANTEX Imagery

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOE-UAP-D001
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOE-UAP-D001
- Agency: Department of Energy
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing enhanced is the file name’s excitement level.

- DOE-UAP-D001, an Enhanced PANTEX Imagery PDF from the Department of Energy; date not specified, Pantex site
- Reports an enhanced image from a ground surveillance radar tower of an unidentified object incident
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

A Pantex Unidentified Object Incident Report that includes an enhanced image from ground surveillance radar tower.

## DOE-UAP-D002 — James Tuck Correspondence, 1970s

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOE-UAP-D002
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOE-UAP-D002
- Agency: Department of Energy
- Incident date: 1970s
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

He asked for a simulated atomic reaction, not a light show rehearsal.

- DOE-UAP-D002, Dept. of Energy, physicist James Tuck, 1970s, Los Alamos affiliation
- Describes green night lights 1940‑1951 near Wlasos, afternoon sighting over Lee Alanise, atmospheric vortices, book reference
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Personal correspondence to and from James Tuck, a Los Alamos National Laboratory-affiliated physicist, regarding his interest in unidentified anomalous phenomena circa 1970s.

### AI summary

A correspondence document from the 1970s, authored by James Tuck, discusses reports of green lights observed in the 1940s through 1951 near the Wlasos area, typically at night, and mentions sightings over Lee Alanise in the afternoon. It references atmospheric vortices and a book titled "Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects" by Dr. Edward U. Coadon. The document also mentions a person named James M. McCampbell and includes a reference to a library call number. The sender requests information about a simulated atomic reaction. The document was sent from the U.S. Army Engineering School in Port Belvoir, Virginia.

### Full text

#### Page 1

A-83-001_2-1
BL11-23-20
Mear Mr.Fuok: In bery that I Coundt Fice
Out the vithihed forne fince the
escape me. d can Houer, hie fou Times lind idates og ang seghtirp
that tesring the iars 1948 throuigh
1951 fenerle poghhinge Q Sreen ligkte
Were Made at des Wlasos, Thes lsully
Night, Hens Fis elenan, thnd wére Usually
ihe the Jenney Momlains.
I Car recall Diverkl instancee of
green tighle uaring in aved dut
Montai speake, Thes bees all reperted
To the prstcve ferce Sedfatere tnd
bhouldl he k mathr y recerd on thier
log.
Obpcts Shping Over Lee Alanise iv
the aftinore. They were thping from
Soecthest to HeIthulest kdel appeared
g the reteclve Foice was
ane by the five or'pid piple thot

#### Page 2

sighld theae abjeks, ansther person
sou Might eheck with is (b)(6)
fthe phetetine terce. tiny og the
the "Hile"dusing the lasly '50
thouth recale ale the rephertel deghhig
during This fine.
I'n pery thet 2 cen't he y mere
access to Tthe pro 7orce bogs dhering
The buen light sighlings— Can ke abtined cs to Tine and dules
Sd duk (b)(6)

#### Page 3

(t>)(6)

u. s. },,:my Eagiaaerins School

Port Belvoir, Virginia 22060

Attent100:
Dear

(b)(6)

Departzant of Mechanical and
Technical Equipment

j

A.a agreed ill our t:e kl'I
coaverution of today' a date. I
vould like to have the recipe that wa.a used for the simulated :itomi.c
bad> (!r�ia tr at ions.
We are intenated in the large abnospheric vortices 1mich are
produced as reported in the bCJOk ' 1 3cientif1c Study of Unidentified
l'lyitlg a,jects'' by Dr. Edward U. Coadon.

Yours sincerely •
:n.:l:gaa

.Jazu,e:, L. T�k

#### Page 4

lovember 28
Dear Jim:
Miniful of your interes ting reyor't on bali Ligitnine, I am enclosing
comnents on same by aUFo believer, James M. l.icCumpbell, in his Ufolocy,
1976, appearing on the new non-ficticn shelf at the Mesa Library, call
number 629.1338
M125u.
His chanter FLIGHT AND PROPUlsION strengthens My conviction tha.t
Einstein, whiie seeningly straying fron the main current of physieal
re earch in his later years, was on scent like a oloodhound wnen ne
rersisted in trying to lock in on a unified field theory.
Reards,
(b)(6)

## DOE-UAP-D003 — Pajarito Astronomers Invitation, 1986

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOE-UAP-D003
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOE-UAP-D003
- Agency: Department of Energy
- Incident date: 5/20/86
- Location: New Mexico
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

May 20, 1986’s biggest mystery: a meeting agenda, not the atmosphere.

- DOE-UAP-D003: DOE letter to Pajarito Astronomers, 5/20/86, New Mexico.
- Announces 5/29/86 Fuller Lodge meeting with Dr. John Warren on scientists’ UFO concerns.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

A letter to the members of the Pajarito Astronomers club regarding an upcoming meeting featuring a presentation from a Los Alamos National Laboratory-affiliated physicist, Dr. John Warren, titled “Why Should a Scientist be Concerned about UFOs?” The referenced event was not officially hosted by Los Alamos. The laboratory has no record of the subject matter discussed at the meeting.

### AI summary

Document is a meeting notice from the Pajarito Astronomers, dated May 20, 1986, sent to members in Los Alamos, New Mexico. It announces a meeting on May 29, 1986, at Fuller Lodge's Ranch Room, featuring Dr. John Warren from AT-6 discussing why scientists should be concerned about UFOs. The document provides location details for the meeting.

### Full text

#### Page 1

- 86 -o l_1l- :
7· E.-w-.- #-Is3
-/ ! �
5/so/€

IPj@rat@® As@mo@omens

P.0. Box 1092, Los Alamos NI1, 87544
President
MS K553
Vice President
1SE531
Treasurer
1SF665
8p00800

Tuesday, May 20, 1986
Dear Members,
Our next meeting will be Thursday, May 29, 1986, in the Ranch
Room at Fuller Lodge, at 7:30 p.m. Guest speaker will be Dr. John
Warren of AT-6, whose topic will be "Why Should a Scientist be
Concerned about UFO's?*
To find the Ranch Room, go around (outside) to the south end of the Lodge
(facing Central Ave.), and go upstairs. See you there.

Sincerel
�

## DOE-UAP-D004 — Los Alamos Conference on Aerial Phenomena, 1949

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOE-UAP-D004
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOE-UAP-D004
- Agency: Department of Energy
- Incident date: 3/22/49
- Location: New Mexico
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 1949 Los Alamos gathering outlasted the half‑life of a plutonium isotope.

- DOE-UAP-D004, Los Alamos Conference, 3/22/49, New Mexico, DOE PDF
- Discusses “green fireballs” reports, including 12‑Dec‑1948 sighting with horizontal path, constant brightness, silent
- No consensus reached; leading ideas remained speculative

### Official summary

This document is a transcript of a 1949 conference held at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (now Los Alamos National Laboratory), Los Alamos, New Mexico. Attendees included several eminent scientists and physicists, many of whom had contributed to the development of the first nuclear weapons during the Manhattan Project. The purpose of the conference was to discuss and gather hypotheses to account for the nature and origin of a phenomenon involving “green fireballs” that had been reported over a period of several months in the vicinity of the laboratory. The group did not come to a consensus on a likely attribution for the phenomenon, though a leading hypothesis was that the observations may have been related to meteors entering the atmosphere at a shallow angle and high altitude. Dr. Edward Teller suggested that if not a “material body,” an “electron phenomenon” might be the cause, while Dr. Lincoln LaPaz, an expert specializing in meteorics, expressed that “nothing like this, to [his] knowledge, has ever been observed in the case of meteorite drops.”

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNITED STATES
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION DECLASSIFIED
LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO
Authority:
ADDRESS REPLY TO:
MANAGER, SANTA FE DIRECTED OPERATIONS NND 58378
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
P. O. BOX 1539
LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO
AND REFER TO: R & D ROUTING
SFD-5-1 March 22, 1949
INFO ACTION INITIALS
DIRE TOR
DEPUTY - 302
EXECUTIVE
"E"
Lt. Cmdr. Richard Mandelkorn
AFSwP Headquarters "M^
Sandia Base
Albuquerque, New Mexi co
"N"
Dear Cmdr. Mandelkorn:
ADMIN
Furnished herewith is a transcript of
the minutes of the conference held at SUSPENSE
FILE M-9
Los Alamos February 16, l949, pertaining a
to aerial phenomena.
Very truly yours,
Sidney Newburger, Jr.
Chief, Security
Operations Branch
Encl:
As indicated
Department of Energy Declasoification Review
REVIEW-DATE:202ACO3 DETERMINATION [CIRCLE NUMBER(S) 1. CLASSIFICATION RETAINED "When seperated from enclosures, handle this
AUTHORYY: 2. CLASSIFICATIONICHANGED TO document as...
Deslved From: 3. CONTAIRIS NO DOE CLASSIPHED INFO .COORDMATE WIFK itornivies
REVIEW-DATE: 1023606.03 DECLASSIPIED
smecic S COTHER (SPECIFY: DHL UEOULY B CLASSIFIEDT INFO BRACKETED
MORTYDO
DECLASSIFIED
Athor N 58378
BKTA D/3/2026
SEGRET TMANSMI ITA
ducl#5 SHORT-TITLE24lL-5522

#### Page 2

~

- ,~

COE'BREliCE

On
AERIAL PHENOMENA

Held a.t 1300, 16 February 1949, 1n conference room P-162, Los Alamos Scientific
La.boi."'atory, Lo& Alamoa, Bew Mezico.

Present:

4th Any:

Major Winn
Major Oodsoe
C~ptain Reef
l!anima,naer Mo.lldelkorn

t1n1versity ot XevMenco:

~- La.Paa

!'BI:

Mr.Maxlrell.

USAEC, 81"00:

Mr. Morgan
Mr. Bevburger

University ot California:

Dr. Bradbury
D.r. Holloway­
Mr. Hoyt
Dr. Me.nl.ey
Dr. Reines

Dr. Teller
1-1r. Ilelfburger opened the contereD.Ce and s~ted that the subJect ot Aerial

Phenomena was olassifie4 Secret 11'1tbia the mean111g of AR 380•5 mld canparable
appropriate regulations o~ the Navy and A11: J'orce~, and tba.t oil penonnel at
this meeti?Jg vere properfy cleared.

Mr. !l&wburger th<m 1nt1'0dueed Captain

Beef, who briaf'ly outlined the purpoe" of tbia meet;ing.
Captain Beet:
8Ql1i.e

It aU start d back 1n DecGmber, 1948, when w first received

reports from same airline pilats tha.t these 6NCJ1. :firebe.lls vere sisb.ted.

At this s~e v~ bad no idea what to do with it or vhat it ,ran.

We e.pprooobf:d

Dr. LaPaz 'Who has been aqsisting us, gratis, since tbat date. Almost over two
"
months now that he hao been assisting us, oo in order to have you get the tacts _·'
as they ue to a sc1en-tiet, I'll let Dr. IaPaz q:plain these tbings as we have ~
:found t.hem. Then you ~ give ua your opinion trom. theft; that 18 what we are
'"
interosted in.
Dr. La.Paz: I would like to ·rev1ev ubat is observed in the ca.ee ot a. conven­
tiol'l&l. meteorite fall. Rot that I bave e.n7 )lopes of saying anytb1113 10u don't
a,l.ready kncnf, but because I regard the observational ev14ence observed by tm,
conventional meteorite falls as providine tbp necessary b a c ~ for tlhat is
?1,0t,J ob3erved.
Meteorite falls (tor next minute or two, Dr. L&Paz'a cet!Jments
on recoi-d drowned out by noise trcm di tell digger immediately outeide conference

roQm) • • • • • • • Bece.uae of eou:nd phenomena ~ , the hll ot a large
me·lreor1te wiU cQWJe great frisht among button beings neceasar1.1.y but primari~
among animals, o~ all kind~. 'Ihe tact toll~, by- a meteorite falling into the

• DECLASSIFIED .....
All1fladlJ HM R 5 8 2J8
•
BJ '.}Jl.1f · r fCARA, 8atf fp/3/ ~ fj(,

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Conference on AERIAL PHENOMENA

earth, ts as you would elt!)ect, one at rend.ool - in azimuth and elevation.

I.f

the rad.laat t7hi te is knovn., yor: can preciict the minimum angle with respect to
the plane of the horizon nt which the m.eteoi-i•ce path has been observed. There
is no choice, e.s f'a.r as the ..... for direction wen rceteorites fe.11 in at
ranc1om. I'd like to contrast 11o·n-, at this time, thia fact with what has been
observed by some indivi.duals here at the co.:?lf'erence and by r.::aey of the AESS
inspectorll, UAL pilota, special a.gents, goodness knows how many other categories

of people. I choose to describe ·Ghe only one of the incidents that I vas
pereonally o. wi:~nesa to. It io the only one of the incidents that I am in a
nooiticn to vouch fo~ on the basis of experience, dating from 1915, as a member
of the Am~rican !>1etaor Society; w-as most certainly not a. conventioll81 meteorite
fall. It -was the so-called St:U.--vation Peak incident on the night of December 1.2,
19116. 'l'iue of observation around 9;02 P.M., plus or minus 30 seconds. This
rir0·oa11 nppeared in full intenoity instantly • there was no increase in light.
Its color,, estimated to be somewhere arotmd wave length 5200 engstroma, .ms a.
hue green, or yello-11 green, such ae I had never observed in meteor falls before.
The path ua.e a& I!.etlrly horizontal as one could determine by visual observation.
We have ~ pho·togra:1>h which might be some li--;; ra ot departure from horizontal..
The trajectory was traverse at, I am inclined to believe, constant angular
velocity. Just befor0 the end of the pat;h ·there we.a the very 811gb.test drooping
of the path, that io the green fireball broke into fragments, still bright green.
Dr. Teller:

And all this time the intensity uas approxiJDately constant?

Dr. !.a.Paz:: All -the time, as fa'.!." ae I cou.ld determine.
e.dmitted.l.~r a very crude phcrcographer.

Dr. Teller:

The eye, of course, is

Rov long did the phenomenon last1

Almost exactly two i:;econds. We have in the reports here, I brought
the com:plt::te file nth ma and uould be glad. to circulate them, duration measures

Dr. 1-.'i.Paz~

in 1•ela.tion. to all observations.

Fev of -these, h~rever, I believe, were

deter.Jlinoo under as favorable circumstancea as the duration of the Starvation
Peak incident.

Possibly I should go back and review the situation a little bit.

Because oom~ report, iaau.ed by the AESS, uoul.d certain]Jr suggest that I was
prinillrily responsible for starting this whole matter I am glad that Captain
Reel' corrected that impression. Actually:- I YaS on an investigation in regard
to -'che green fireball. observed on tho night of December 5th at the time the
Dece111ber 12th incident occurretl. As a :result I was keyed up; I was 'WBtehing;
I h'.1.cl a stop vatch with me and a transit. We got into position and made
measures, transit :ciee,suros, on azimuths and elevation readings; that is, we
ma.de a dm.·a:cion check, certainly within not more than tvo or three minutes
sftor the incident occurred. To that extent, I believe, it is posaibly' the
best observed ot any incident up to tha time of the January 30th fall.
Dr. Manl~r:

Hem did you have time to use ·t;b.e tranai t?

Dr. La.Po.~: The transit was in the back of ·the car. The mament the car was
parked a:c the aide of th2 road, we yanked. the transit out and set 1t u,p and

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Conference on AEBJ.AL PHENOMENA

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Page 3

We were i r. motion at the time but ,re ve1•e able to ge·t; a
very good check of 'Uhat w obsc!'Ved at the time on the road near Starvation
Peak. Ue had a cJ.ea.r view of the sky to the Northwest om the WeBt, and the
object wan so low over the horlzon it was possible to compare 1t not o:nly to

began meauurement.s.

the ste.:r•a irith which I am f'am1J.iar, but with 1--espect to Il¥)untain peaks -~t

were also visible. To continue, that duration vas a.bout two second.Q. 'l'his is
one of tho puzzling ~ s to the meteorists. I believe I do not exaggerate
-.:hen I say tila:'c ':}(:ffa of the d~tion detcrmi:nations that have bclen made 1n the
case of the green f'il."'eballs have given durations right in that vicinity.
Whel'ees you -take, sa.y, 100 ord:luarymeteor observations you will :tind the
·widest diversions in durations. You could take tbe same leason a.a observed
by 100 people - possibly that 0 z a better example .. and there would be wide
va.rietionn in the estimates of dm-ation.
Dr. MaDl.e~r:

Did you correlate the ardmu.tha vi th ..•.. '?

No. T'.iJ.ere ie an azimuth factor here which I am goiDg to talk to
you about, that relates to the choice of clirection. Both our observations are
single station observations, no that it beeomes impossible ~am the observe.•
tion mec.aure to deter.nine the x·eal path of the fireball in the atmosphere.
There have been only 'three caeea vhere the.t path was determinable. one, as I
rece.ll it.:- 'W'aS tbat of Dacembez- 12, a.ncrcher December 20, and f'1nally, of course,
the very :.nrge fall 0,.1 January 30, 1949. Pll give you some particulars on the

Dr. LaPe.z :

path3.

I do wrm:c to observe, however, that even our station observations

present a puzzling eharacteris·,ic to the meteorista.

I f you plot what are
called, by meteorists, the admiosible protozons for a gi'een fireball tbat has

been obse11Ved, you vill find thut they give, on the average, an approach al:most
to the North, come dOffll. from the North, they are not restricted to 'l
•
Bow

whe.t about. -I.he real patbo? I e;ave sane indications e.s to the altitude at which
m.eteoriteo normally disrupt full . . . . . and cme d0m1. That relates to the
loi-rest . . . . . o~ path. The green fireballs are unusual in this respect:
probably that they a.re horizontal or nearly so, or that their horizontal path
is traverced very lcn1 down in the otmosphere. In the ce.se of the real paths
f'or wicl'l vre have be - able to make determinations so ~e;r, those are sra,phical
determinations, as ve have not taken the trouble to use Chablis (t) method& or
. . . . . bec~use the observstions a.re regarded aa necessarily too rough for
• ema.tical niceties. Those paths are ·traversed at elevations between 8 and
10 d.lee. I defy you to find anywhere amoDg meteorists, examples of conven­
tional. meteorites that move over long horizontal. pa.tbs reserving nearly constant
angular velocities a.nd t.herefo1·e, on the average, con.st.ant linear velocities, at
elevat iomi of the order o-r 8 to 10 miles. There is a good deal of evidence that
may be of value in the complete reports that a.re available hore, but since this
is sn introduction, I wuld like to summarize at. this stage: the fireball which
I personoJ.1y vi tnesaed on the night of December 12, 1948, ws not, in my
opinion, e. conventional. meteor :fall. S1!1Ce the majority of the green fireballs
nave been reported to me, both before and. a:fter this December 12th occurrence.,
poeeess elnost all the propertielil vbich I persOllally observed on the night of
December 12th, I feel that 1n all probabillty they are not themselves conven­
tional met,eol~ falls. Now, the easy wy out of this is -to coajure u;p an un•.
conventional. type of . . . . . metcorite, vhioh comes in practically parallel to the

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Conference on AEICAL PHENOMENA

surface of the e~~h and is aa.:i.ehol{ eadowcd vi th tbe property against the very
grea"i:, atmor.pher1c reointance tlmt is experienced. on a level, it reserves neerly
eons-t-..e.n.t ve1lccity over paths say of th.e order of 25 to over 100 miles, as in
the case oi' the greeu fireball en January 30th. It should also bave the
property that i t is a very remerkable h·t1e of green, not heretofore observed,
to my knowledge, in "i:.ho case of a:ey- conveutional meteor falls. And finally,
and this pcseibly Ls the moa·I; i.1;1plausible :t"ea.ture of c.ll, that although 1 t
produce:, l:i.ght vi:;i".)lc at distances of the o:rder o-f 1!00 miles, i t doeSI1't make
e.. sound. J.:n the case of che Jru.?.uary 30th fell, due to the fact that there had
been o. lcre;e mmibcr of milltc1-"7 :persoxmi:?l alerted, ve wre able to obtain
obeervat:i.ona vith".n a minute af'\,je? the fall occurred end pursued the investiga­
tion over E'. d.i.atsncc of 1,600 miles - in Texas mud. prim2r1ly! - in some ten

,,e saw not one substan..

days• ti!lle inte..'1"V'ie'lf'lng literaJ.J.y hundreds oz people,
tio.ted accc,unt ot no:l.ee produced by the meteorite fall.

Dr. Teller:· V.ay I a.ok how many people have seen this one big meteorite?
Dr. laPaz:

T'ABt .:a difficult to say. (r~cord blank for abort perl,od) ••••••••
FinaUy, ir: the illten-ogation of such persons, w invariably interview them ae
individuaJ.t1. lie •:;rlod a :f'amily o'f 8 the first night, as Majo:z- Godsoe will
recall.• :i.n·· erviev-lng ..•.. and :tt became apparent at once that there vas same
i;ympe:chetiu influence o.nd we broke j_t off after I think the th:trd or fourth
oboervatiOI~ c.:nd thereafter inte:.'.'Vie,red separately. Ii' you were to search,
howe"ter, the inde::9endent observations of those who were v.tdely separated,
!'.)ossibly stations o! the order of 100, ·there lrere probe.bl.y 100 ditterent

staticna Teporting.
D1·. Teller:

What area did that cover?

Dr. taPa8: All o::' New.Mexico, ell the Western half of Texas.

I have a map

here mth ume indic:itions of possibly the extent of that.
Hoyt and B:•adbury:

Wasn°t that Sunday the 2l~th?

Dr. L~az: Ro, 1-t was definitely Sunday tha 30th. The nevspapers have very
hrlrfull.Y conceelccl mst of the r~levan'G facts relating to tb.is f'ireball. First.,
they described it as a firebaJ.l., second, ·they .••• (record blank tor f'ev seconds).
interi'eri·ec. m.th OSI and mum ~t a.ble to do that this time. Thie is the f'ield
map and ,rll.l give 111 various eolore, dots and pencil <iashs, etc. all of the
obsei-vationa obta~ned on the T~a.s search.
Dr. Tellel":

All ~:elate to one i'a.1.1?

Dr. 1'..a.Paz: Yee. T'aese lines a.re drat.'D. from points o:f observation. The center,
cs you see. of i,o:·nts of e.ppearerce is SO"Jlevhere Southwest of Amarillo or South­
oouthveai of Amarillo. The disappe~.re.nce point is in the vicinity of Lubbock,
Texas. At the time this Ul18 dr...wn, before I 1-ra.s able to make out t?'aalSit
meaoures 111 ·i;b.e v:l.cinity of Alb\:.querque, this ,re.o the beet apparent path of tho
?ircioo.llc. These other illk lines are independent, made by other groups ot
obsej,""Vero i:rorking on the Scmle p:. oble:m. ( record blenlt again for short time) •
Thi:; transtt, Uilfortunately, had. s. needle with a ben·c p1et-..on and it was Mt

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Page 5

discovered until m,.ch 1e;~er tha-c ve uere getting faulty z-ecords.

Independently,
I b£.ve re~deten:.ined, using the best equip:nent available at tho University, the
lines of sight a.t all po:~ta where the faulty t.rans1t had been used. I have
plotted on this map only obser. at:l.on.s that I made pG>.-son.9.l.ly or such obuerva­
tions as I have c-,1cry reason to believe ,,rere Jnade by experienced personnel, for
exam.ple UAL flyers, who took tll~ trouble to make measures, or possib~ civil
engj.neel'G.

Dr. Teller:

You mean theae people right afterwards or shortly a.f'term,.rds took

an i11st1'Ull:en:c e.tit. tried ·:;o meavure it?

Dr. u.Pa.z:

'.!..'hat a right.

Dr. Teller:

Thie is the po:Lnt where 1t disappeared?

Dr. LaPa.z: And r.01-me.J.l..y', all you td.ll get is the point where it disappears,
becauae t.te ave1•£1gc man is ali'ar~ ot the fa.ct that when he i i , not w.rned, he
mak~s e. very im.t:curate observation. Having been uai-ned by- the appearance 0:
the fireball, hio attent:J.on is fixed and he wtches where it bursts, where it
explodes, where :it disappears. So I say thia is a much better det.o:m:Snaticm..
This begirning point, al-though you notice the .•.. of line here, is reasonably
sa.tisfactcry.
Dr. Te.lle1·: Are these points here observers of the teat, locations of those
obs~rvatic:118? •
Dr. LaPaz: Usua.Uy e. dotted c::rcle like tb&t illd1ca.tes a. reported sound obSe't'"•
vation. f'e use this symbol: n c11·cle is a report, whether or not the
observation includ.es azimuth o:? elevation, light appearances, is indicated ,,....,,.
the preser.ce of a. cross. U i"G is blacked out, both light and aound vere
heard. nu, ever;/ one o~ those thiI!go baa been disproved. In the area vb.ere
the end poin.t w.u located, oil well drilling was underuay, dynamite blasting
in connection 'f7i th ae'c·ting up of i-igs, same nitro beill,g used apparently to
ehe:tter . . . . . In ave17 case ,re .rere able to e%Cl.ude the posaibil.1ty that the
noioea :reported 00-tu.s..Uy 't1ere ·ded 1n vith the meteorite fal1. At least let
me say, 1It my op:;.n:Lon, those noisee vere excluded. In certain cases,
1nde:pe.ndet:.tly, ths.:~ ws conf'ir~ed by a visit of Lt. Rym:l. of the Roswell group
of -the om:. For instance, the best case of all, near Amherst ? , or noise the obeer\-er, i t ea true, was only a ten-year old boy, but be wrote a very
intelligent letwr, and 1t is 1:-ell lmO"W tbat children, like en1maJ e, are more
seru:;i tive to sound than people v.bo have listened for too many years, say, to
the xa.dio. It appeared eonceiva.blo that he had actually made a soUDd observa­
tion, but Lt. Ryan uent to Amhent ?, found that even three members of the
family "i!ere not able to confirm his observation of noise cmd. no oue 1n the
town, aome 300 o:r 4oo persons I think in all vere eetimated to have been
visited, l'.O one o.t all had hem,! a sound, so I think that Mike probably hen.rd
the samll! c ~tc blaat as had been reported by Miss Winoon Didpasture .. I
diful't tal.e that name out of the tunny papers, it actually exists.
( continual e~nation of the maps m th minor interrogations concern1.Dg
markings.)

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Con:rerence on AERIAL PIDmO:mNA.

Dr. Le.Paz: W!th 0&"1e exception, in the ca.a,.., of' Roswell, there e.re two types
of cound aasoci&ted 11ith meteorite fu.lls end, I acsume, associated vi.th the
motion of any very high velocity projectile or missile through tbe air.
T°J'.lere sre vb.at ~rc1c1ats wuld cul reczoneble oounda, end while he would
not acknm,lede;e i J.;, s1multaneouoly with ~.;he c.ppaarcnce or a meteor1te, you
hear c. meteorite, yhc physicist ,;rill refuse to believe the observation.

revert.Jwleas, there i.a a tremendous volume of evidenc indicating that these
m~maloU3 sc'\lllds oc:cu:..-red. Anyone who cioes field work 1n the search for
zaeteo:rites 'tr.Lil c0:.1e acroso possibly 'JUI, oi' the observers who say that,
although my a"i.tention ~ attracted by hn-..ari.Il8, a miining noise, e vhistling
noioc: I looked up and ·Ghere ,mo the fir~bal.l. In o:ther words, this ana:nalnus
1?:ound a.ppe.rently attracts attention to the occurrence. I bnve an article by
Brandon . . • . . one of ·Ghe flO!I.S of the man w~ first investigated the great
creter out :,.n Ar1Zon3, and. s chap by the name or Bart ? vith 1r"ho:n I am not
perao:aally ccgy.z.dnted but a :p~~icist ap_parontly at Princeton, 1n which they
etteJeyt ·w ~ uotify t.b.e occurrence of ano:m.1.ous sound. They express 1 t roughly
in th:f.a fe:aion. Elcctro.I!t3gnctic radiation is net up by
(Dr. Teller excused. to anawer the phone.)
Dr. L3.Pllz: You wouldn't believe it anylray! Ho~r, •.••• electromagii.etic
ra.d.iction iu rectified somehow by the . • . • . changed into sound tbat can be
heard and, •aieref'ore, you cu. he:u- the reetcorite at the seme time you ece it
fell. In the case of the Roswell observation apparently that occurred. t::e
have
e;ro,.ql of five men • there uerc nea.r a. stee1 '1!ll0kestack • ond tSVfi1rY
le.ct one of them m;e1.""'0 that they heard at the same time they were va.tchillS
the green f:.reball eo by, c. noise like, se.y., o eaeoline blOV"torch. 'lb:lt ie

ccrtoinly not an ordinary explosives cound.

One :core thing in connection

m:'Gb the noirnea. In every other :meteorite f'all, any one meteorite :tall that
I ho.vc inventigated, - that cove1·0 ms.ey yea.rs .. I have ver yet found sn

occasion of n detonating fireball., vithout meteorites caning dovn at all,
:!.:!'l '!rh.ich ·chore vao not sam.e evidence of ala..""l!l of an1rnal s.

Chickmls will fly

e:-oun.il to tcy to uet under cover. DogG vill howl o.nd try to get into the
houGe. liorsea vill run o.vay. In the ca6~ of the TCJm.s fall., in epite or the
tranend.oun a.reg:. in llbich the llght 1,-as obcerved., we found not a a1ngl.e caoe

;,t

in which ·c.ho w1rool6 vere disturbed. We lm2w
the cdtie of a farmer who hwl,
in mmny Te.me, a pond vi.the f'ive-inch layer of ice, tmo reported that e.
~~teori te had foll.en through the ice on tbat pond, had broken a hole. Captain
Neef here pu-'c on o. pair of rubber booto l.1lld very thoroushly searched the pom
wi-'Gho it finding n meteorite. Even 1u that oaoo there vae no evidence of

alarm by ~h~ e.n1nm,Jo.
I bel.ievc vith tlmt aummary, I'd better cease operations
and have yo 1 o.sk quetrl;icma.

Q-u.estion:

llou ?mny obnerved fall.6?

Dr. L9.Paz:

I'd like to clasaify thooo into three groups.

I ·would 88-,Y that

there ere ten instances that definitely merit the moat eerioue conaidere.tion.
They are strictly e.mlogous to the green fireballs of the night of December 12.
On top of that, there muat be sauething of the order of tmmtymore which ere

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Page 7

so ·irell rapo:..'ted, from Los Alaoos for example, tha.t although the green fire­
bsllu observed ohoved small . • . • the na.ture of the fireball • • • • many
obs~rva"iiions ot ob3ervers· lrho paid prectically no attention to the sky at
P.ny other time in their lives and now vhen they see a really bright light,
they report it. You will find a great; na.ny instances of bluish-white tire•
balls. In my op:!.nion, thoi.;e fa.lJ.iug vertical.ly and leaving trails, are
c:iro:ply ordinary shooting stars. Of high intensity, that is, what we call
fircbal.l.s, a blue light, 8.1.'e not in ezr:, sense to be associated with the green

lights.

Those th...-ee categories ·chen.

Dr. Mmley:

?

Dr. La.Paz: In the ce,se of the tuo green fireball paths, determined from Los
Ala::no:s obse:r-·tations, in one caae the Ste.rvation Peak incident, we have an
Ea.st-Wet3t :modon, and then also a motion exactly parallel to ••••• In other
'lfOI"d.B, ·these two real pe.tho Bho-vr, I think they are the only two ·or the first
category that show any real dei.>artui e tram the • • • • • It is possible to
explain t!l.S.t. It is qui.te evident that ue have no case ot assurance tb.s.t
bot!.l gt-o~is of ob£ervcrs, the observe1·s at.Starvation Peak and the observers
at Los Alamos, s11"t-·· the oame point of ..... so that if' we were to merely ask
·lfba.t are the linite Within which ouch real paths might fall., it t'l.1l'lU3 out
tha:t it migb.i; be eo short ae 12 miles instead of bei:ng 25 miles long, and in
ths.t case i .,.; woulo. be directed almost directly to the North; it vould come
doun veey ncs.rly .,"i·thin 2 degrees, 5 ~et;rees say, of the North,. In the case
of the 'l'exao obE:Cl'\ratioI\.8, whe:::-eao I hav-e ind.icated and the maps show, we
ha;rn Jl'.I.BJ.lY obaervut.tons by tra:1.ned observers, motion :J.o clearly almost directly
North -to South. I have been informed that tllan are reasons for regarding the
. . . . . oat here (ditch digger) . . . and you no·cice that this passeo reasonably
close to Lubbock. The seme is true of the two earlier fireballs, those of
Decembe~ 12 and Decembe1· 20. They both ps.saed • one passed centrally over
Loo Al.a.mos and the other about six mil.eo North o-r the center, but this would
not be trae . • • . . (ditch digge::) . Ono point that poasibly should have been
me -i;ioned ea.'1'.'ller is this: I 1mo the more interested vhen Captain Neef came
to my ottice and brought the December 5th incident to my mind because very
nuch earlier I bad been conto.c·.:;ed firet by • • • White, Director of Texas
Obs~rve!"s, in regard. to ·their remarkable green :na..-re aecn on January 1, 1948.
Second, f'rom a tr. Pru1 tt, Director lforthweGtcrn Section, City &..~tion, o~
the Meteor Socie·Gy, I had been informed that earlier occurrences of bright
green t'ireba.llo, r.ot too far f::.•om the Hanford area. When Captain Neef' came
in ,;..r:i.th r(!l)orte of green fireballs ne~.r Lo.a Vegas and particularly when ho
disclosed that the1-e l.'aG a Los Ala.mos near !Bs Vegas - the real !Qa Alamos it 1.1ad much interest.
Dr. 'BolJ.mray:

Are there aey reports of theac from otlwr install&tions, such

aa Troy, New York, or places like that?
Dr. Le.Paz:. I xaised that ques..; ion end ! lmorr or no other cases. I mean to
aay the a:~eaa from which these reports came, as in one, t'or such evidence as
..... , they do not relate to the green f'ireballs; they relate to the daylight
occurrence of hcrlzo.ntaJ. moving, bright wbite obJecte - same in Memphis,
Tem1essee iziMay, 1948 - tbat :..a not too far from Oak Ridge. They relate to

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Con.fer~nco on AERIAL PHEUO.MlfflA

Page 8

the Ranfo1:d area as far as the Pru1tt observations go, a?Jd to the observations
that I 81re mentio 1ed. here in the I.!ts Vege.s-Los Alamos e.rea • o . • • • • A very
curious thing has came to light during these investigations. I published not
long ago n.n artiole in Science mustrated on the recovery of the • o • • • T~m
meteorite. The -'Yi.me that fell: Februnry 18, 1948, the rumor got around
sameholf' in l,orthern Kensas and Southern Kansas that it was a Russian bomb,
and 1 t ,mu e.imed at the geogra1>hical center of the Unived States which is not
-very far :."rem •• o • • Apparently, a great many p~le gave credence to that
rumor and vere d~llghted mi.en 'tre i'inall.y recovered meteoritee up there and
pro·red :l.t waan 8 ·, eeything but e-.n ol:dinary mcteor1 te :fall. Incidentally, 1 t
did not have the cha:racteristics of tb.e ~ fireba:l.l we're t-Olk1ng about here.
There mis a.n air transpor·i; pilot wo made a moet curious observation while
fly-.lng near Cher-oourg on January 16, 1946. His observation was tbe observation
of a bounning meteor. After 'tfliat I •ve been telling you about the green 1'1::e­
balls, you. probably think it not unreasonable that a meteorite should bounce
but to thr~ meteorlytical mind J..;hat seems very hard to swallow. The interest
is ·that oae or your ovn persons here at Los Alamos, one aDd confirmed at least
in ~ b;r four othe!' persona, SE',v one of the green f"in:bal.le come down e:od
then glido of'f horizontally. 1lhe bouncing rueteor1te 1a, manually ezplained by
having it fom, say sinusoidal motion lying in about the plane at wich the
observer ·ma loo't:1.ng so that he first eav the high point of the curve or the
peak. Th<! next time it vaa at the peok, it w.e so -r.s:r away that the altitude
,ro.s very :i.cn,, ";fhich will give yo1.1. the 8:l?Pearance of a bouncing meteorite. I
otter-~·-; as a :possible explanation. ot course, he may have landed in Paris
befcre he J!l£.de t::le Cher'bourg flight 8.Jld then we should disregard the testimoey
ent:t1--ely!
Mr. Iiewbu::-ger:. Dr. La.Paz, you men..i ;ioned, I beli,ve, at one of our other
meetingo ·.;hat they had compared the color of this with certain metals?
Dr. LaPo.z: Tbatas r-lght. Initially ve coul.a. onl.y ask them what 'they thougb't
it looked like. .And we got such interesting responses that ve eventually
carried a:.~und a spectrum chart and al.loved. everybody to make hie own choice.
Of' course, the use of the apectni:m clwrt lra.S UDI1ecessary il they have a color
like one :Lady vho had aroUlld he:r neck a green scarf' vhich she assured. me had
er..actly the ceme hue, but norma1ly not having euch tbb1gs to look at, they
were plealed to have the chart to loolt at. They will choose, i n ~ of the
cases, ca·cegory 1 o.nd. category 2 a uave length Wieh corresponds to something
between 4900 and possibly 5300. Most o:r them Yill tall vuy close to 5218
1,.hich is .1bout the color you get whim you have copper saltcs in the Bunsen
buner. I cheeked With Dr. Regener on that and asked him if an alloy had
been. used, like, eo.y, copper beryllium, U there wollld be any change in th.st
hue, and :ie has ~ssured me thei-e would not. He se.id 1t ,fOUld still g1ve
s.wronr.1a·~ e.ppearonce ot bery1.lilllil copper . . . • • You 'trill find 1n probably
1350 of t:..ie 1500 only the mereat trace of copper occurrence. There are e.
few z4eteo:l!"ites like . . . . . in South Dakota, mi.ere 11ttle veins of copper have
been toUDil, making up possibly .l~ of 1i.
Dr. Bradb.iry:

Is this true or all meteorites?

#### Page 10

Conference on AERIAL PHENOMENA

•

Page 9

It Os true in 8JlY' ce.tegory. Even ill the irons, the presence ot
copper is very hard to detect, ,re::ey little. . . . . . (ditch digger). I don't
kn.01, whether you gentlemen could auggest an easy way to obtain green firebull.

Dr. LaPaz:

spect!'a 01" not.
Dr. Teller: Wha.t is the geogI'G'.!)hieal solution ot this?
Dr. La.Paz~

Ano·t.~.er map trould probably answer that best of a.11.

{Lool:ed at more mapa m.th GOl!!e talk that vaa not audible.)
Mr. Hoyi coni"ir.ned the green hu.e of the gre fireball he had seen on the
night of December 30., 1948. (Reco1·d dead dor minute or tvo.)
Mr. lioyt: I would have said approximately as tar above the mountain as tho
floor 0£ the val.ley -.ra.a below the top of the mountain. I felt that wuld
give me somewhere in the neigblorhood of 20,000 feet or thereabouts. It we.s
about 5 minutes to 6, on my '!ray up here. I have a reeling that it had a
dmm~d path. ! mean it 'Ira.a going South.
Dr. La.Paz:

But :~t was not 1Strietly horizontal?

Mr. Hoyt:

Ro.

Dr. LaPaz: We have some discrcpanciea in tbnt regard. 9':/1, or the observa•
t1011s indicate a vary nearly horizontal path. One fram Fort Worth, Texas,
which im.s not made by ••.•• but meas~d by them, indicateo an elevation o:f
6 degrees st the beginning and 2½ to 3 degrees at the end.
Mr. Boyt: That 'n what I would have said, but remember that the ridge wuld
give you the senBa-c;ion ·i;hat it was taking a d011Jlll'lU'd path. Duration • e.t
the tim~ I wou.ld say it wao approx.ima.tc:ly 3 seconds.

Cre:td.'t". Mandelkorn:

How does the calculated velocity ot thsse objects compare

vith the known velocity o~mcte~rites?
Dr. J'..a.Pa~:

Appal'ently ver-y much lower; that 1s,· more tban the ordina.r1ly
Fin.it., to observe in the cast of an actual
meteor!te :tall you have a relatio-A o~ ·~e velocity from the auricle ot .....
atmoaphere down to the 1mpaet velocity which may be very ..... but i t isn't

observed r.ceteorit;e falls.

fair to compare the velocity of the green fireballs to the impact velocity
of •••••• (ditch digger and.

(Text continues in the original file: 25 pages.)

## DOE-UAP-D005 — Pantex Unidentified Object Incident Report, 2015

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOE-UAP-D005
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOE-UAP-D005
- Agency: Department of Energy
- Incident date: 9/1/15
- Location: Texas
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even a two‑page PDF can’t hide a diamond‑shaped mystery.

- DOE-UAP-D005, Dept. of Energy report, September 1 2015, Pantex Plant, Texas.
- Radar tracked silent, diamond‑shaped object west of plant, non‑threatening, no propulsion visible.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This file contains imagery and a report documenting the circumstances surrounding a September 1, 2015, incident involving an unidentified object intruding the airspace above the Pantex Plant near Amarillo, Texas. The Pantex Plant is a sensitive national security site that contains the primary facility for the assembly, disassembly, maintenance, and life-extension of nuclear weapons. Pages 5 and 6 of this report were originally released under the PURSUE initiative in a more redacted form on May 22, 2026. (See: DOE-UAP-D001, Enhanced Pantex Imagery)

### Full text

#### Page 1

Office 806.477.3918
Fax
806.477.5690

~SEP ,0 92015

·-

Deputy Assistant Manager
for Safeguards & Security
NNSA Production Office
Post Office Box 2050
Oak Ridge . Tennessee 37831-8009
Dear-

:

Pantex Unidentified Object Report

Enclosed for your review is the complete report for the Pantex Unidentified Object that occurred on
September 2, 2015. If you have any questions a concerns, please contact me at
or
at .
Sincerely yours,

.
,
tex
Pantex SS&ES Operations
GDW:~v

Endosure: As stated
c/enc:

Document transmitted herewith

contains UCNI.
When separated from
attachments. handle this

doct.ment as Unclassified.

lNCI.ASSUU:I) (:O!\'TROI .U:ll ~l CLF.AR
INFOR~l\TIO~ SOT FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Unaithonad disscmu,a1KIi subj«t to civil and cnm■ tal sancuons
under :.a:li11n 148 of the: A10m1c Energy Act of 19S4. a.s amended
(42 USC 2163)
Hev1ewiniOfficiat -

oatc: September 8, 201 s
liuidancc Used· Cu-SS-4, Sept 2000. Chg, 7 HO 0C

SS&ES-1 5-15095144230-SS&ES

Unclassified Controlled Nuclear Information

#### Page 2

ParrrEX/

UCNI

Pantex Unidentified Object
Incident Report
Septembe.- 2, 2015

Pantex Plant
Amarillo, TX 79120-0020

UNCLASSIFIED CONTROLLED NUCLEAR INFORNMATION
NOT FO'R PUSLIC RELEASE

Unauthorized dlssemlncttlon subject t<> clvll and criminal ~nctions under
Section 148 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 US.C 2168}
Reviewing Official:
PT>! VA

oate: 9.L212Q1s
Guidance Used: CG-SS-4. 9/2000 Chg. 7. 0OE OC

UCNI

#### Page 3

Pal1TEX /
M lfli90(t -

0,,.r•""'1 •1>'

Con>06dat•<I Nucl•• s«i ,nty. llC

UCNT
Pantex Unidentified Object Incident Report

On September 1, 2015 at approximately 0710 hours, the Pantex Ground Surveillance Radar
(GSR) detection system identified an unknown object flying in a non-threatening manner west
of Pantex facilities in a northerly trajectory. The Protective Force (PF) responded in accordance
with the NPO approved ~curity Incident Response to Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS} plan. The
object was initially identified just north of Highway 60 and was traveling in a northerly
trajectory approximately 10-lSmph. PF personnel were alerted to the object and subsequently
dispatched t o follow it in an effort to obtain as much information about the object as possible.
PF personnel on the ground confirmed the presence of the object and maintained observation
via PF vehicle. PF personnel followed the object for several miles north of the plant until it was
no longer visible. All plant pedestrian and vehicle gates leading into and out of security areas
were immediately secured upon identification of an unknown object by the GSR. Furthermore,
PF patrols moved to a position to ensure the protection of assets.
A subsequent comprehensive review of the incident was immediately initiated. The following
text describes actlons taken by Central Alarm Station (CAS) and Secondary Alarm Station (SAS)
GSR operators, PF officers and Security Police Officers (SPOs) during the event.

At approximately 0708 hours, the
an object
approximately 1.75 miles SW of Z-12 South traveling at 10-15 mph (see map below titled,
Ground Surveillance Radar Tracks). Several other radar hits were received as the object
traversed to the NNW.
to attempt to locate the object and
report its position and direction of travel. A PF lieutenant (Lt.) and SPO in the area spotted the
object and followed it as it traveled north. The Lt. and SPO attempted to intercept the object as
it traveled over Pantex Drive in an attempt to view the object directly from below. Although
they were unable to catch up to the object, they stopped their vehicle and got out. Once
outside, they noted that the object did not make any sound. Furthermore, the Lt. and SPO
stated that they were unable to identify any type of propulsion system on the object while
using binocuJars to assess the object. After viewing it for 1-2 minutes, the object then
continued north offsite. The Lt. and SPO then followed the object for several miles north of
Pantex before they lost the object due to lack of roadway access. The location where the object
was last seen was near County Road G and F.M. 1342. The Carson County Sherriff's office was
notified when the object began to tr.averse off-site and requested to respond to the area and
assist in locating the object. A Sherriff's Deputy met the Lt. and SPO at the point where the
object was last 'Seen. The Deputy stated that he did not see the object but would perform a
search in the area for anything unusual. It was noted that the object seemed to increase in
speed and changed direction as it was being followed. The last known direct of the object was
that it was heading in an ENE direction. The Lt. and SPO were debriefed upon their return to the

UCNI

Page 2 of 6

#### Page 4

PanrEX

UCNI

~•ndO!,.,•tedbr

(Gn$Olod~ltd N\lCln• S,w.,ty UC

Pantex Unidentified Object Incident Report

plant. Their perspective of the object was that it was a "diamond" type shape with it being
more round at the top.
Security Police Officers in a Bearcat with a Common Remotely Operated Weapon System
(CROWS) unit were also able to locate and track the object via CROWS camera as it traversed
the plant. The SPOs stated that it was 100-200 ft. above the ground and they were able to track
the object for 3-5 minutes. The SPOs location was approximately 75-100 meters from the
object.

Other PF personnel that observed the object, including a SPO that was viewing the object
through binoculars described it as being approximately 4 ft. tall and 2 ft. wide at the bottom.
The object was also described as being thinner at the top. However, there were some
discrepancies in the color of the object. Some personnel stated that it was black in color while
others noted that it appeared to be silver, red and blue.
Video was obtained from the GSR tower that was closest to the object and subsequently sent to
Sandia National labs for further study (see image below titled, Image from Ground Surveillance
Radar Tower). The video does not provide much detail of the object due to the distance of the
object to the GSR tower. It should be noted that at no time did the object appear to be
threatening in nature nor did it come to close proximity to any sensitive assets. The object
remained over open unpopulated areas ofthe plant prior to it proceeding offsite. All evidence
of the incident {i.e. statements, video, etc.) were turned over to FBI agent

UCNl

Page 3 of6

## DOS-UAP-D001 — Diplomatic Cable, Brazil, November 14, 1963

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOS-UAP-D001
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOS-UAP-D001
- Agency: Department of State
- Incident date: 11/14/63
- Location: Bahia, Brazil
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

1963’s deep crater made headlines, not landing gear.

- Diplomatic cable DOS-UAP-D001, State Dept., November 14, 1963, Bahia, Brazil.
- Reports newspaper claim of large metal balloon, dead crewman, 10‑meter‑deep crater, no object recovered.
- No object found; no official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a U.S. Department of State diplomatic cable from the U.S. Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to the Office of the Secretary of State in Washington, D.C., on November 14, 1963. This cable documents an effort by the Embassy to verify that the Department had assessed certain content published in a local newspaper as inauthentic, following a discussion on a poor-quality telephone connection the previous night.

To ensure both offices were referencing the same reporting, the cable cites descriptive language paraphrased from the press, namely a “large metal manned balloon” and a “dead crewman aboard wearing [a] uniform or spacesuit with strange markings.” The cable concludes with the embassy’s understanding that an object assessed to be a weather balloon had been reported in the vicinity, but that no such object had been found to have crashed. A follow-on correspondence regarding the alleged incident is included in this collection under the title “DOS-UAP-D002.”

### AI summary

This is a diplomatic cable from the U.S. Department of State, dated November 14, 1963, from the American Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It reports that a local newspaper claimed a large metal manned balloon was found near Salvador with a dead crewman wearing a uniform or spacesuit and strange markings, and a 10-meter-deep crater was formed upon impact. The cable states that an object was sighted in the area around that date, tentatively identified as a weather-type balloon, but no such object had been found on the ground. It notes appreciation for cooperation from air and science attaches.

### Full text

#### Page 1

e

:>l -

INCOMINGT Ii~

ACTION COPY

.

PERMANENT RECORD COPY

Department of State

59

UNCLASSIFIED

Action

SCI
Info
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Fit AMEMBASSY mIQDLJANEIR,tY

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ACTION SALVADOR 94 INFO D£Pf ~ R
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FROO SCIATT SIMOf:JPIETRI •
,
. SINCl R~OIOTELE_PHONE CONNECTION LAST NIOKI AS AK, pt AS£
a>~OR CORRECT Y UNDERSTANOINO OF YOUR UNQUALIFIED

(/)

-~GATIVf; ON LOCAL NEWSPAPER REPORT TO EFFECT THAT LARGE METAL

-u

MANNED B~LLOON ffAD·BEEN FOUND VICINITY SALVADOR APPROXIMATELY
NOVEMBER 8, DEAD CREWMAN ABOARD WEARING UNIFORM OR SPACESUIT
VITH STRANGE MARKINGS, THAT ,otm-METER•DEAP CRATER FORMED
lPON f;. PACT.
.

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IN TK~'r VICINITY AROUND THAT DATE, THAT SAID OBJECT HAD BEEN

T£NTATIVELY IDENTIFIED .AS WEATHER-TYPE BALLOON, BUJ' THAT NO
REPEAT NO SUCH OBJECT HAD B£EN FOUND AGROUND.
AIR AD SCIENCE ATTACHES APPREC IATE COOPERATION. GORDON r
Br
S()TE:

INlERNATIOM,L S~IENTIFIC AFFAIRS

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AMS 910111211
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DECLASSIFIED NND 939551

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PASSED DEFENSE ANQ NASA AT 2 :20 PK 11/14/63

0

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I

## DOS-UAP-D002 — Diplomatic Cable, Brazil, November 20, 1963

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOS-UAP-D002
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOS-UAP-D002
- Agency: Department of State
- Incident date: 11/20/63
- Location: Bahia, Brazil
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the story crashed harder than any object on November 20, 1963.

- Diplomatic cable DOS-UAP-D002, Department of State, sent November 20 1963, from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
- Cable reports alleged crashed object was unsubstantiated; local newspapers and Ministry denied any strange object.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a U.S. Department of State diplomatic cable from the U.S. Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to the Office of the Secretary of State in Washington, D.C., on November 20, 1963. This cable relays the findings of the scientific attaché at the American Consulate in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, that a widely reported incident allegedly involving a crashed unidentified object was unsubstantiated, characterizing the reports as a fabrication originating in Rio de Janeiro.

The Consulate cites a lack of contemporary local reporting regarding the alleged incident, as well as contradictory reporting from local newspapers after the fact, as evidence that the published claims are unsubstantiated. The Consulate also cites a statement from the Brazilian Ministry of Aeronautics categorically denying that there was “any “strange object” in Conde [Bahia].” This correspondence follows a previous exchange between the Embassy and the Department of State, included in this collection under the title “DOS-UAP-D001.”

### Full text

#### Page 1

ORIGIN/ ACTION

DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Rl,4/R

REP

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EUR

FE

NEA

CV

INR

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p

L

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;o/'~rt!Il@!:M~M
UNCLASSIFIED

A-628

,

s

10

F O R RM USE ONLY

NO.

: DEPARTMENT OF STATE
: Amconsul SALVADOR

TO

INFO

Department:

AI O

.•

Pass copies

,;
I
A. GR

COM

FRB

FROM

:

Amembassy RIO DE JANE:mO

Negative Report on UFO (Unidentified Flying Object)
Reportedly Sighted Near Salvador, Bahia on November 8, 1964.
REF
: Embtel 94 to Amconsul Salvador (to SecState 1054) of
November 14, 1963.
---=---+-~-~~ r
Information copies of the above Embtel were sent to the 7
Department with the request that they be passed to Defense (for
the Air Force) and NASA.
IN T

LAe

TA R

SUBJECT:

Mr. Harold Midkiff, the Consul in Salvador, replied by
telegram No. 157 of November 14 to the above cited Embtel; as
follows:
"Story of strange object descending in region of Conde Bahia
apparently fabricated in Rio no such objects seen by
anyone in the area according to newspaper reporters and
others who rushed there before investigation reports
were received Secretary Public Security speculated object
might be weather balloon but no such sighting verified."

In addition, he forwarded by pouch also on November 14
two newspaper clippings from Salvadoran journalswhich substan­
tiate the above message, respectively Diario de Noticias of
November 9, and the Jornal da Bahia of November 11. The first
of these states that the Ministry of Aeronautics categorically
denies that there was any 11 strange object" in Conde. The other
is entitled "The Airship that wasn't there".
According to the Jornal da Bahia reporter, the only news­
worthy aspect of the episode is that it produced an astounding
by-product: he sent a telegram to his paper from the federal
telegraphic office in Conde - by an old morse code transmitter L

,.

••a•~"'

FORM
4 • 82 DS-323

~

.

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.------~.;.:.....c-"

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•.JJ ~ UNCLASSIFIED

: SA:ACSimonpietr1/vmd 11-20-63
Cluranccs: AA:RDKalb
in substance

DECLASSIFIED NND 939551

'

_J

""FOR DITT USE ONLY

cit?n'

□ Out

## DOW-UAP-D003 — Mission Report, Arabian Gulf, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D003
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D003
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the dots needed a GPS signal in the 2020 Gulf.

- DOW-UAP-D003 Mission Report, Arabian Gulf, 2020, Department of War
- Operator described a line of dots followed by a trailing dot; four UAP in formation, clouds obscured view
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing a “line of dots followed by a trailing dot.”
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 1

(b)(1)1.4a
Misrep 8799515
Narrative
(b)(1)1.4a (b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4c
Admin
CLASSIFICATION
Classification:
Associated Caveats: (b)(1)1.4a
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): (b)(1)1.4a
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20480603
OPERATION
Operation: (b)(1)1.4a
Domain: (b)(1)1.4a
Operations Center: (b)(1)1.4a
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFCENT
• Combatant Command (COCOM):(b)(1)1.4a
MSGID
Report Type: MISREP
Originator (Unit or Squadron): (b)(1)1.4a
Submit Date (Auto-generated):
(b)(1)1.4a

#### Page 3

(b)(1)1.4a

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:
• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• (b)(1)1.4a

• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:
• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: (b)(1)1.4a
• TGT Pod Name or Designator:
• Additional Avionics: (b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a

(b)(1)

(b)(1)1.4a

#### Page 4

(b)(1)1.4a
Data Link:
Gentext:
Timeline
Takeoff
• Callsign:(b)(1)1.4a
Number of Aircraft:
• Asset Type (Aircraft):
Aircraft Tail Number (s): (b)(1)1.4a
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code):
• Takeoff Time DTG:(b)(1)1.4a
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes):
Gentext/Additional Details: WEATHER WAS (NOT) A FACTOR
(EXPLAIN WHY IF IT WAS)
• Mission Canceled:
Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): (b)(1)1.4a
Last Land Time: (b)(1)1.4a
•Last Engine Shutdown Time: (b)(1)1.4a
• Total Mission Time:(b)(1)1.4a
•Gentext/Additional Details:
ISR
• Time-on Station DTG:(b)(1)1.4a
Time-off Station DTG: (b)(1)1.4a
• Aircraft Callsign:(b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type:(b)(1)1.4a
Primary Sensor: (b)(1)1.4a
• Sensors Available:(b)(1)1.4a
• Tasking Type:(b)(1)1.4a
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): -
•BE Number (if NTISR): -
• Tasked Start Point:(b)(1)1.4a
Activity Descr iption: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): -
EEIs Observed:
• Number of EEIs:
(b)(1)1.4a

#### Page 6

(b)(1)1.4a

• Killbox (Location):
• Mission Type: (b)(1)1.4a
• JTAC Callsign:
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: (b)(1)1.4a
• Total Time On Station: (b)(1)1.4a
• Gentext/Additional Details:

UAP
(b)(1)1.4a

• Initial Contact DTG:
• UAP Event Type: (b)(1)1.4a
• UAP Maneuverability Observations:
• UAP Response to Observer Actions:
• MDS Type / Asset Type:
• Tail Number: (b)(1)1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft Location:
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: (b)(1)1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory:
• Observer Assessment of UAP:
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: (b)(1)1.4a
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns)::
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters:
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable):
• Operational Range:
• UAP First Seen Location: (b)(1)1.4a
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):
• UAP Physical State: (b)(1)1.4a
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means:
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe):
• UAP Signatures:
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP RF Frequency:
• UAP RF Duration:
• UAP Event Serial Number: (b)(1)1.4a

(b)(1)1.4a

(b)(1)1.4a

(b)(

(b)(1)1.4a

#### Page 7

(b)(1)1.4a

• UAP Effects on Persons:
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe):
• UAP Effects on Equipment:
• Full Name:
• Rank/Grade:
• Email:
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): 4X UAP OBSERVED
FLYING IN (b)(1)1.4a FOV. CLOUD COVERAGE OBSTRUCTED (b)(1)1.4a FROM FOLLOWING AND
GETTING A CLEAR VISUAL. (SEE ISR 1).
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): AT APPROX 1736Z 4 UAP WERE OBSERVED BENEATH
(b)(1)1.4a
1X UAP OBSERVED AT 17:36:22, 2X UAP OBSERVED SIDE BY SIDE AT 17:36:30, AND 1X
UAP OBSERVED AT 17:36:49.

(b)(1)1.4a

## DOW-UAP-D004 — Mission Report, Arabian Gulf, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D004
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D004
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2020 Gulf sighting: faster than a take‑off, but still not fast enough to avoid paperwork.

- DOW-UAP-D004 Mission Report, Department of War, 2020, Arabian Gulf.
- Observer logged UAP at 1258Z, speed 321 knots, increased speed and turned east, no altitude.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing a UAP traveling at an estimated speed of 321 knots (369 mph). The observer reported that the UAP “increased speed and changed direction towards the east.”
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 5

1.4(a)

GENTEXT/UAP
• Description: (S//REL) AT 1258Z, 1.4(a) OBSERVED POSS UAP IVO 34SDG9041417044. BRIEF
OBSERVATION PRECLUDED UAP ALTITUDE ESTIMATES. VELOCITY ESTIMATED AT 321
KNOTS. UAP INCREASED SPEED AND CHANGED DIRECTION TOWARDS THE EAST.
PILOT: (b) (6)

(b) (6)

(b) (6)
SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

## DOW-UAP-D005 — Mission Report, Arabian Gulf, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D005
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D005
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Mediterranean Sea
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2020 Gulf sighting filed from the Mediterranean—bureaucracy’s favorite travel route.

- DOW-UAP-D005 Mission Report, Department of War, 2020, Arabian Gulf (file location Mediterranean Sea)
- Operator observed two UAP, ~278 knots, increased speed, turned southward
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing two UAP traveling at an estimated speed of 278 knots (320 mph. The observer reported that the UAP “increased speed and changed direction towards the south.”
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

## DOW-UAP-D006 — Mission Report, Arabian Gulf, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D006
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D006
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Pacific Ocean
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The Gulf report took a detour to the Pacific before anyone noticed.

- DOW-UAP-D006 Mission Report, Department of War, 2020, Arabian Gulf (file stored Pacific Ocean)
- Operator reported observing an unidentified anomalous phenomenon
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing a UAP.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

## DOW-UAP-D007 — Mission Report, Arabian Gulf, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D007
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D007
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

At 31,000 ft, even the balloon needed a thermal camera to stay warm.

- DOW-UAP-D007 mission report, Department of War, 2020, Arabian Gulf.
- UAP described as balloon‑like, 31,000 ft, traveling with winds, tracked via onboard infrared (TFLIR).
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing a UAP, describing it as “look[ing] like a balloon.” The report describes the UAP as “traveling with the winds at approximately 31,000 ft.” The visually tracked the UAP via onboard infrared sensor.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 6

1.4(a)

1.4(a)

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): LOOKS LIKE A
BALLOON, SIMILAR TO PREVIOUSLY REPORTED UAP FROM 48FW.
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (SECRET) OBSERVED A WEAPONS QUALITY 1 TRACK OF
A UAP TRAVELING WITH THE WINDS AT 31,000 FT MSL IVO 323'S. 1.4(a)
WAS ABLE TO
MAKE A NEXT TO SHOOT ON THE TRACK AND VISUALLY ID THE UAP IN THE TFLIR.

1.4(a)

## DOW-UAP-D008 — Mission Report, Djibouti, 2025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D008
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D008
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Mediterranean Sea
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

At 240 knots, even the sun needed a seatbelt in 2025 Djibouti skies.

- Mission Report DOW-UAP-D008, Department of War, 2025, Djibouti operation.
- Operator observed two round, white, hot UAPs moving south at ~240 knots, 1653Z.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing two “white hot UAPs.” The reporter estimated the UAP’s speed as approximately 240 nautical miles per hour (276 mph).
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 7

1.4(a)

1.4(a)

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): (SECRET//REL TO
OBS 2X ROUND WHITE HOT UAPS
USA, FIN, SWE, FVEY, NATO) AT 1653Z, 1.4(a)
DYNAMIC SOUTH AT APPROX 240NM/HOUR IVO 35SQT3423692957.
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (SECRET//REL TO USA, FIN, SWE, FVEY, NATO) AT 1653Z,
1.4(a)
OBS 2X UAPS DYNAMIC SOUTH AT APPROX 240NM/HOUR IVO 35SQT3423692957.

1.4(a)

## DOW-UAP-D010 — Mission Report, Middle East, May 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D010
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D010
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 5/6/22
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

May 2022: when even the birds filed a flight plan.

- DOW-UAP-D010 Mission Report, Department of War, May 2022, Iraq.
- Operator saw five UAPs; one possibly a missile, four possibly birds.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report. 
A U.S. military operator reported observing “5x UAP fly across the screen.” The report continues by describing one of those observations as a “possible missile” and the remaining four as “possible birds.”
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a classified mission report from May 2022, declassified in October 2025 by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff. It details a flight operation conducted by an aircraft designated 1.4a, which took off from 1.4a and conducted signals intelligence collection from 0958Z to 2036Z. At 1514Z, the aircraft observed one unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP). Later, between 1514Z and 1934Z, five UAPs were recorded, with four of them appearing similar to birds. The mission ended with the aircraft returning to base and landing at 0004Z.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 7 October 2025

Misrep undefined-7473483
Narrative
(SECRET\\REL TO USA, FVEY) AT 0246Z,
TOOK OFF FROM 1.4a
1.4a
AT 0253Z,
HANDED OVER WITH THE LRE WITH FULLY MISSION CAPABLE SENSORS.
1.4a
AT 0958Z,
BEGAN SIGINT COLLECTION.
FROM 0958Z TO 2036Z, 1.4a CONDUCTED TARGET DEVELOPMENT ON OP
ISO
SEE ISR 1).
1.4a
AT 1514Z, 1.4a OBSERVED 1X UAP (SEE OBSERVATION 1).

1.4a

AT 2036Z,
RETURNED TO BASE.
AT 2036Z, 1.4a STOPPED SIGINT COLLECTION.
AT 2257Z,
HANDED BACK TO THE LRE.
FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY DGS1.
AT 0004Z, 1.4a LANDED AT

1.4a

WITH A LAST ENGINE SHUT-DOWN TIME OF 0014Z.

1.4a
1 IMINT TASKING PROSECUTED,
HOURS, 1 SIGINT TASKING PROSECUTED, 2 TOTAL TASKINGS PROSECUTED; 1
OBSERVATION
1.4a

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: REL TO USA, FVEY
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20470506

OPERATION

(b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0093 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/20/25 001

#### Page 2

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 7 October 2025

• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFCENT
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron):
• Submit Date:

1.4a

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): AB
• Mission Type: XCAS
• ATO Mission Number 1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - United States
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poc

POC
• Rank: SSgt
• Full Name:(b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 1.4a
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone Number: (b)(6)
• Email:
(b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

QC
• Rank: SrA
• Full Name: (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 1.4a
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone Number:
(b)(6)
• Email:
(b)(6)
• Service: Air Force

(b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0093 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/20/25 002

#### Page 3

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 7 October 2025

• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

APPROVER
• Rank: SSgt
• Full Name(b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: ISRD
• Wing: 379 AEW
• Phone Number
(b)(6)
• Email:
(b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:

(b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0093 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/20/25 003

#### Page 4

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 7 October 2025

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:
• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each
1.4a
• TGT Pod Name or Designator:
1.4a
• Additional Avionics:
• Data Link:
• Gentext:

1.4a

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign:
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft): 1.4a, 1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s): 1.4a
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): 1.4a
• Takeoff Time DTG: 060246:00ZMAY22
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes):
• Gentext/Additional Details: • Mission Canceled:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 060958:00ZMAY22
1.4a
• Callsign:
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: REC\XCAS
• JTAC Callsign: • Gentext/Additional Details: • Did not Arrive On Station:

(b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0093 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/20/25 004

#### Page 5

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 7 October 2025

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 062036:00ZMAY22
• Total Time On Station:
1.4a
• Gentext/Additional Details:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): 1.4a
• Last Land Time: 070004:00ZMAY22
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 070014:00ZMAY22
1.4a
• Total Mission Time:
• Gentext/Additional Details: -

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 060958:00ZMAY22
• Time-off Station DTG: 062036:00ZMAY22
• Aircraft Callsign:
1.4a
• Msn Type: REC\XCAS
• Primary Sensor: FMV\SI
• Sensors Available:
1.4a
• Tasking Type: PLANNED
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): • BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 38SMC54 1.4a 96 1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed:
• Number of EEIs:

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
CONDUCTED TARGET
1.4a
DEVELOPMENT ON OP
MISSION INTENT FOR THE TASKING WAS TO
1.4a
REPORT ALL PERSONNEL, VEHICLES, WEAPONS, FOOTPATHS, COMMS EQUIPMENT, AND
OCCUPIED BDLS. AT 1515Z 1.4a OBSERVED A POSSIBLE UAP IN ITS FOV IVO OF
1.4a
38SMC54 1.4a 96 1.4a (SEE OBVS 1). 1.4a CONDUCTED
ACTIVITY UNTIL RTB.

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: MAG
• Supported Operation: OP

1.4a

(b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0093 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/20/25 005

#### Page 6

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 7 October 2025

• Precoord Time: 240 MINUTES
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (SECRET\\REL TO USA, FVEY) DUST HINDERED MOST FMV COLLECTION OF
THE GROUND.

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: -

OBSERVATION
• Observation DTG: 061514:00ZMAY22
• Aircraft Callsign:
1.4a
• Aircraft Location: 38SMC53 1.4a961.4a
• Aircraft Heading: • Aircraft Altitude: 1.4a
• Aircraft Airspeed: • Relative Bearing or Clock Position: • Range: • Killbox & Keypad: • Observed Activity Location: 38SMC53 1.4a96 1.4a
• Observed Activity Description: 1X UAP
• Method of Observation: FMV
• EEIs Observed:
• Number of EEIs:

GENTEXT/OBSERVATION
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) FROM 1514Z to 1934Z,
1.4a
OBSERVED 5X UAP FLY ACROSS THE SCREEN. AT 1514Z 1.4a OBSERVED A UAP WITH THE
VISRECCE OF A POSSIBLE 1.4a MISSILE FLY ACROSS THE FOV IVO 38SMC531.4a 96 1.4a
1.4a PROCEEDED TO SEE 4X OTHER UAPS IN THEIR FOV UNTIL 1934Z. ALL 4X REMAINING
UAP FIT CLOSER TO THE PROFILE OF POSSIBLE BIRDS.

WEATHER
• Weather: (SECRET\\REL TO USA, FVEY) DUST HINDERED MOST FMV COLLECTION OF
THE GROUND.

(b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0093 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/20/25 006

## DOW-UAP-D012 — Mission Report, Iraq, May 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D012
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D012
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 5/20/22
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The UAP's GPS must've been set to 'north‑northeast' on May 20, 2022.

- DOW-UAP-D012 Mission Report, Department of War, May 2022, Iraq, authored by MG Richard A. Harrison
- Operator observed a single UAP north‑northeast at 2043Z, tracked as long as possible, not identified
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing one UAP flying north to northeast. The observer reported following the UAP for as long as possible but was unable to positively identify it.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a classified mission report from May 2022, authored by the USCENTCOM Chief of Staff, MG Richard A. Harrison, and declassified on October 8, 2025. It details a reconnaissance mission involving an aircraft designated 1.4a, which took off late from OKAS, conducted signals intelligence collection, and supported Operation Phantom Flex. The report notes that the aircraft was cleared off station and returned to base. It also mentions an unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) observed at 2043Z, which was tracked north to northeast but could not be positively identified. The document is marked SECRET with restrictions for the USA and FVEY.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

Misrep undefined-7528881
Narrative
(S//REL) AT 0542Z,
TOOK OFF LATE FROM OKAS. AT 0551Z, 1.4a
1.4a
HANDED OVER FROM THE LRE. FROM 0614Z TO 2346Z, 1.4a COLLECTED SIGINT VIA
AIRHANDLER VERSION 2. FROM 0927Z TO 2121Z, 1.4a SUPPORTED OP PHANTOM FLEX
IVO 38SMC36 1.4a 201.4a ISO MAG (SEE ISR 1). AT 2121Z, 1.4a WAS CLEARED TO RTB. AT
0005Z, 1.4a HANDED BACK TO THE LRE. AT 0036Z, 1.4a LANDED AT OKAS. FMV WAS
EXPLOITED BY DGS 1.

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: REL TO USA, FVEY
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20470521

OPERATION
• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 196 ATKS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 001

#### Page 2

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Tasking Order (ATO): AP
• Mission Type: RECONNAISSANCE
• ATO Mission Number: 1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poc

POC
• Rank: SrA
• Full3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: 163 AW
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Phone Number:
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

QC
• Rank: Ctr
• Full Name:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Unit: 12 AF PAROC
• Wing: Other
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: Other

APPROVER
• Rank: TSgt
• Full
Name:
3.5c,
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 609 AOC
• Wing: Other
• Phone Number:3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

INGEST
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 002

#### Page 3

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign:
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:
• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:
• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each:
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: ANDAS4
• Additional Avionics: AHv2
• Data Link:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 003

#### Page 4

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign:
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft): 1.4a, 1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s): 1.4a, 1.4g
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
• Takeoff Time DTG: 200542:00ZMAY22
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): 2232
• Gentext/Additional Details: (S//REL) AT 0542Z,
COMM ISSUES.
• Mission Canceled:

1.4a

TOOK OFF LATE FROM OKAS DUE TO

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 200551:00ZMAY22
1.4a
• Callsign:
• JTAR Number:
• Killbox (Location): 89AS
• Mission Type: RECONNAISSANCE
• JTAC Callsign:
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 210005:00ZMAY22
• Total Time On Station: 18 hours 14 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
• Last Land Time: 210036:00ZMAY22
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 210046:00ZMAY22
• Total Mission Time: 18 hours 54 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 004

#### Page 5

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 200927:00ZMAY22
• Time-off Station DTG: 202121:00ZMAY22
• Aircraft Callsign: 1.4c
• Msn Type: RECON
1.4c

• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#)
• BE Number (if NTISR):
• Tasked Start Point: 38S MC 36 1.4a 20 1.4a
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR):
• EEIs Observed:
• Number of EEIs:

1.4a

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (S//REL)
COORDINATED WITH MAG 136 MINUTES PRIOR TO
1.4a
TAKE OFF. PRE-COORDINATION WAS SATISFACTORY DUE TO THE SUPPORTED UNIT
PROVIDING ADEQUATE MISSION INFORMATION. AT 0927Z, 1.4a ARRIVED ON OP
ISO MAG AND CONDUCTED FMV AND SI. AT 2121Z, 1.4a WAS CLEARED
1.4a
OFF STATION AND RETURNED TO BASE.

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: MAG
1.4a
• Supported Operation: OP
• Precoord Time: 136 MINUTES
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (U) WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (S//REL) 1.4a

WAS EFFECTIVE.

UAP

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 005

#### Page 6

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Initial Contact DTG: 202043:00ZMAY22
• MDS Type / Asset Type: UNK
• Tail Number: UNK
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 38S MC 851.4a 77 1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: 18,000FT
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: • Friendly Aircraft State: • Training Range (If applicable): • Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: • Number of UAP Sighted: 1
• UAP Signatures:
• UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Effects on Persons:
• Full Name:
• Email:
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
• UAP First Seen Location: 38SMC79 1.4a 70 1.4a
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured): UNK

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): (S//REL)
1.4a
OBSERVED A UAP AT 2043Z FLY NORTH TO NORTH EAST AND FOLLOWED AS
1.4a
LONG AS POSSIBLE. 1.4a SCREENER COULD NOT GET A POSITIVE ID ON THE UAP.

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 006

## DOW-UAP-D014 — Mission Report, Iraq, May 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D014
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D014
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 5/29/22
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the SIGINT crew missed the mystery before declassification in 2025.

- DOW-UAP-D014, Mission Report, Iraq, May 2022, Department of War, Syria.
- Operator observed one UAP flying north‑northeast, followed it, unable to identify.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing one UAP flying north to northeast. The observer reported following the UAP for as long as possible but was unable to positively identify it.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a classified mission report from May 2022, authored by the USCENTCOM Chief of Staff and declassified in October 2025. It details an aircraft mission originating from Sigonella Airbase, conducting signals intelligence (SIGINT) and imagery intelligence (IMINT) operations over the Eastern Mediterranean. The report notes a possible small unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) observed at 0117Z and a probable Su-27/35 landing near Assad Airfield. The mission involved interactions with Russian Su-30 aircraft, but no engagement occurred. The aircraft returned to base after completing its tasks.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

Misrep undefined-7561279
Narrative
(S//REL) AT 13552,~TOOK OFF FROM SIGONELLA AIRBASE (LIC2).
AT 14242,~HANDED OVER FROM THE LRE.
FROM 15072 TO 09062, ~ COLLECTED SIGINT VIA AIRHANDLER.
AT 15512,~WAS ON STATION IN SRO TRACK (41EMD).
FROM 19382 TO 02302,~ CONDUCTED IMINT ISO 603 AOC\OP HUMMER SICKLE IYO
41EMD IYO EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN. SEE ISR LINE 1.
AT 21472,~WAS REACTED TO BY 1-3 ACFT, INCLUDING lX POSS RFAF SU-30. SEE
REACTION LINE 1.
AT 01172, ONE POSSIBLE SMALL UAP WAS OBSERVED. SEE UAP LINE 1.
AT 00112,! 1.4a !OBSERVED ONE PROBABLE SU-27/35 LANDING IYO AL ASSAD AFLD. SEE
OBS LINE 1.
AT02302,

WAS CLEARED TO RTB.

AT 06162,

WAS OFF STATION.
1.4a

AT09342,

HANDED BACK TO THE LRE.

AT 10252,

LANDED AT LRCT. FMV WAS EXPLOITED BY DGS-IN AND DGS4

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b}(6}

iililQUI.JIUiliE. 'J.ilO WA,~~¥
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 001

#### Page 2

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: REL TO USA, FVEY
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20470529

OPERATION
• Operation:!
1.4a
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 603rd
• Major Command (MAJCOM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USEUCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 50ATKS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): E149
• Mission Type: ISR
• ATO Mission Number:~
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poe

POC
• Rank: AlC
• Fulib,Namel,...em-p-ti-on_s_(b-)(-,ll, 130b, (b)(6)

• Unit: 50 ATKS
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone N umller,:l=...O-IA-Ex_e_m_pt-io...,n!<b )(6)

I

• Email~ 3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

QC

3 §c EO!A Exempti 0oCb}(§l
SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 002

#### Page 3

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Rank: Ctr
• Full Nam~-~c, F0IA Exemption (b)~)
• Unit: 12 AF PAROC
• Wing: Other
• Phone Numller;FOIA Exemption ~b}(6)
• EmaiU
3.5c, F0IA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: Other

APPROVER
• Rank: SSgt
• Full Nan,.~Q,...IA-Ex_e_m-pt-io-ns-(b-)(-3)-,1-3-.d:i, (b}(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: Other
• Phone Nudl.b:ffilA Exemptibn (b)(6)
• Email:!
3.5c, F0IA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 603 AOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign:I
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination: • Radar Software Load or Mission Data: • Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: • RWR Software Load or Mission Data: • MWS Name or Designator: • MWS Software Load or Mission Data: -

3.5c, F0IA Exemption (b)(6)
SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 003

#### Page 4

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• IRCM Name or Designator: • IRCM Software Load or Mission Data: • ECM Name or Designator: • ECM Software Load or Mission Data: • CMD Name or Designator: • Chaff Designator: • Num Chaff or Cartridges: • Flare Designator: • Num Flares: • Towed Decoy Name or Designator: • Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: • Num Towed Decoys: • Type of Radar-Guided AAM: • Num Radar-Guided AAM: • Type of IR-Guided AAM: • Num IR-Guided AAM: • Gun Name or Designator: • Num Gun Rounds: • Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: • TGT Pod Name or Designator: ANDAS4
• Additional Avionics: AH\SAR
• Data Link: • Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff

• Callsign:I
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
---• Asset Type (Aircraft) 1.4a, 1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s): 1.4a
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): LICZ
• TakeoffTimeDTG: 291355:00ZMAY22
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes):
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): LICZ
• Last Land Time: 301025:00ZMAY22

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

6B@BMWMl:i 1)10 @l!lfg P.iii\11
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 004

#### Page 5

Mfflffl'f/l:RB 'fO tiM, f¥I))¥

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 301035:00ZMAY22
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 30 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 291551:00ZMAY22
• Callsign:I
1.4a
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: XREC
• JTAC Callsign: • Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

I

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 300616:00ZMAY22
• Total Time On Station: 14 hours 25 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

JSR
• Time-on Station DTG: 291938:00ZMAY22
• Time-off Station DTG: 300230:00ZMAY22
• Aircraft Callsign~
1.4a
• Msn Type: TARGET DEV

I

1.4c

• Tasking Type: PLANNED
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): • BE Number (ifNTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 36SXD7<m]1.4a!
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (ifNTISR): • EEis Observed: Yes
• Number of EEis: 10

GENTEXTIISR
• Gentext: tSfltiL}AT 1551Z, ~ENTERED THEIR SRO TRACK INTO OP AREA 41EMD. AT
1551Z,~CONDUCTED TARGET DEVELOPMENT ON OP!
1.4a
!ISO 603 AOC
IVO 41EMD. FROM 1938Z TO 0230Z,~COLLECTED ON 39X TGTS: SYRIAN NAVY OPS

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 005

#### Page 6

8tefflffllf"1'1(1tf 'ft) UM, M7i!Y

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

AREA (36SXD7(1Tial;~, SYRIAN NAVY OPS AREA (36SYD3~5~, SYRIAN NAVY OPS
AREA (36SYE3711M:l U1 .4aD, SYRIAN NAVY OPS AREA (36SXE6~~, SYRIAN NAVY OPS
AREA (36SXD7~~. OPIR ISRAEL-LEBANON-SYRIA REGION DSA 2 E4YY
(36SYD4(@4~, OPIR ISRAEL-LEBANON-SYRIA REGION DSA 2 E4YY
(36SXD33m:i~, OPIR ISRAEL-LEBANON-SYRIA REGION DSA 2 E4YY
(36SXA3<m~, OPIR ISRAEL-LEBANON-SYRIA REGION DSA 2 E4YY (36SYA5rn]1.4a!,
OPIR ISRAEL-LEBANON-SYRIA REGION DSA 2 E4YY (36SYD46~~. OSIC LATAK.IA
NAVAL MON DSA (36SYE21~:fiAal, OSIC LATAKIA NAVAL MON DSA (36SYD24G:ial5~,
OSIC LATAKIA NAVAL MON DSA (36SYD6~~. OSIC LATAKIA NAVAL MON DSA
(36SYE6~~. OSIC LATAKIA NAVAL MON DSA (36SYE21~51iial), BASSEL AL ASSAD
INTL AFLD (36SYE6~1~, 0426WR0135 (37SBT4~~. TARTUS NAVAL BASE
(36SYD6~~. BEIRUT ARMY BKS FAKRIDINE (36SYC29~1W, JUNIYAH ARMY
BKS SARBA (36SYC4~~, RUMYAH PRISON (36SYC3~~. BEIRUT MILITARY
FACILITY KARANTINA (36SYC3~~. BAMLKAH SIGINT FACILITY (36SYD7~~.
BEIRUT POSSIBLE TERRORIST CNO FACILITY (36SYC3~~. IBN HANI COASTAL
DEFENSE SITE (36SYE4~1W, BATRAH CD SITE (36SYE6~3~, TARTUS NAVAL
MSL SPT FAC (36SYD6~~. AL LADHIQIYAH ARMY BKS SE STAMO (36S YE 651w
30!1.4a!. 0426CA1058 (37S BV 2 ~ 0 ~ , AYN ASH SHARIQIYAH CD BDE HQ (37S BV 3 ~
1 ~ , ADIMAH COASTAL DEFENSE SITE SOUTHWEST (36SYD6~~. AR RAWDAH
COASTAL OBSERVATION POST (36SYD63[4al8~, ASH SHAMIYAH CD SITE
(36SYE53!1.4al4~, ABU AFSAH CD SITE (36SYD6~~. AL LADHIQIYAH SYRIAN
NAVAL HEADQUARTER (36SYE5~~. TALL SUKAS CD SITE (36SYE6~1ctiAaJ),
LATAKIA SCHOOL 81 (36SYE5~~. AND JABLAH NAVAL ACADEMY
(36SYE6~~, LOOKING FOR RFN SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE ROUTES, MUNITION
HANDLING, AND PERSONNEL MOVEMENT. AT 1745Z, ~ OBSERVED IX SLAVA HEADING
EAST IVO 35SPU3~~WHILE TRANSITING TO SP. AT 1808Z, IX PROBABLE GORSHKOV
FFG HEADING EAST IVO 36STD2~7lua!WHILE TRANSITING TO SP. AT 2104Z,~
OBSERVED A GENERATOR OR POSS RADAR DISH IVO 36SYE6~~ AT 2120Z, IX A-50U
MAINSTAY D AND 2X IL-38 OBSERVED PARKED IVO 36SYE6~~ AT 0006Z, ONE
PROBABLE IL-76 OBSERVED ACTIVE IVO 36SYE6~~ AT 00llZ, ONE PROBABLE
SU-27/35 OBSERVED LANDING IVO 36SYE6~~ AT 0029Z, ONE PROBABLE SU-27/35
WAS OBSERVED TAKING OFF TO THE SOUTH. AT 0344Z, ONE PROBABLE GORSHKOV FFG,
HULL 461 HEADED EAST IVO 36SUD74wl~ AT 0405Z ONE PROBABLE UDALOY I DD,
HULL 626 HEADED EAST IVO 36STC8~4luiii] AT 041 lZ ONE PROBABLE SLAVA CG, HULL
055 HEADED EAST IVO 36STD7~~ AT 0530Z, IX PROBABLE UDALOY 1 DD, HULL 564
HEADED WEST IVO 35SMU2~1~ AT 0230Z,~WAS CLEARED OFF TASKING AND
RETURNED TO BASE (RTB).

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: 603 AOC
• Supported Operation: OPj.----1.4_a_ __,,
• Precoord Time: -

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

8fl&Rllil//illlih w I&\:; - -

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 006

#### Page 7

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Precoord Effectiveness: -

WEATHER
• Weather: (S//REL) WAS NOT A FACTOR

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: No
• Gentext:

REACTION
• Initial Contact DTG: 292147:00ZMAY22
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 37S BV 3 ~ 1 ~
• Friendly Aircraft Heading: 300
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude: FL243
• Friendly Aircraft Airspeed: 148KIAS
• # of Enemy Aircraft: 2
• Enemy Aircraft Type: SU-30
• Enemy Aircraft Nationality: RUSSIAN

• Source of ID: NTIG
• Enemy Aircraft Location:_!___1_.4_a_ _~
• Enemy Aircraft Heading: 270
• Enemy Aircraft Altitude: FL 190
• Enemy Aircraft Airspeed: • Description of Enemy Formation: • ESM (Yes, No): No
• Countermeasures Employed: NONE

RSLTREACTION
• REACTION DTG:
• Num AA Weapons Employed:
• Num Enemy Aircraft Engaged:
• Friendly Weapons Employed:
• Num Enemy Aircraft Damaged:
• Num Enemy Aircraft Destroyed:
• Enemy Weapons Employed:
• Results Observed:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 007

#### Page 8

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

GENTEXTIREACTION
• Gentext: (S//NF) AT 2147Z,~WAS REACTED TO BY 1-3 ACFT, INCLUDING IX POSS
RFAF SU-30, THAT GOT APPROXIMATELY 5NM FROM~ THE ACFT APPROACHED
WESTWARD FROM THE SYRIAN COAST, FLEW DIRECTLY UNDER! 1.4a !ORBIT (FL190, VS
~ FL243) FOR APPROXIMATELY 2 MIN, FLEW SOUTH FOR ABOUT 10NM, AND THEN
RETURNED WEST. THERE WAS NO IMPACT TO THE MISSION.~ THEN CONTINUED
MISSION AS PLANNED.~DID NOT VISUALLY ACQUIRE THE REPORTED ACFT.

WEATHER
• Weather: (U) WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR.

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 300117:00ZMAY22
• MDS Type/ Asset Type:!1.4a, 1.49!
• Tail Number:!1.4a, 1.49!
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 36SXD9~~
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: FL240
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 142 K.IAS
• Friendly Aircraft State: • Training Range (If applicable): • Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: • Number of UAP Sighted: 1
• UAP Signatures: No
• UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Effects on Persons:
• Full Name:
• Email:
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
• UAP First Seen Location: 37SBV28!1.4a[~
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured): -

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): (S//REL)!
1.4a
1.4a !OBSERVED A UAP AT 0117Z FLY NORTH TO NORTH EAST AND FOLLOWED AS LONG
AS POSSIBLE.~SCREENER COULD NOT GET A POSITIVE ID ON THE UAP.

I

OBSERVATION

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b}(6)
SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 008

#### Page 9

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Observation DTG: 300011 :00ZMAY22
• Aircraft Callsign: I 1.4a I
• Aircraft Location: 36SYE6ffiAal2~
• Aircraft Heading: • Aircraft Altitude: • Aircraft Airspeed: • Relative Bearing or Clock Position: • Range: • Killbox & Keypad: • Observed Activity Location: 36SYE6~21I:4al
• Observed Activity Description: ONE PROBABLE SU-27/35 OBSERVED LANDING
• Method of Observation: FMV
• EEis Observed: No
• Number of EEis:

GENTEXT/OBSERVATION
• Gentext: (S//REL) AT 001 lZ, ~ OBSERVED ONE PROBABLE SU-27/35 LANDING IVO
36SYE681ual2~

WEATHER
• Weather: (S//REL) WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR.

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 009

## DOW-UAP-D016 — Mission Report, Syria, July 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D016
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D016
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 7/31/22
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The report took until 2025 to declassify, but the UAP still beats our paperwork speed.

- Mission Report DOW-UAP-D016, Department of War, July 31 2022, Syria
- Operator observed a single UAP moving north to south, lasting under one minute during flight 1.4a
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing one UAP move from north to south, with a total duration of under one minute.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a declassified mission report from July 2022, authored by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff, and released on October 8, 2025. The document details a flight mission involving an aircraft designated 1.4a, which conducted intelligence gathering in Syria. The mission included observing an unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) near 37SFU2~~, described as moving from north to south in less than a minute. The aircraft was operating under the tasking of TF Chosin and performed various surveillance activities, including scanning specific areas and following ground vehicles. The report notes that full motion video was analyzed by DGSl and includes details about mission duration, tasking, and equipment used.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Bf!Jltl!l't'if!C'Mfflffli

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

Misrep undefined-7816710
Narrative
eSECR-JS'f//ftffl.:; 'fBtfflff; P"Ylf'f) AT 301639ZJUL22, TF CHOSIN TASKED!
1.4a
!
WITH IMINT VIA 7 LINE. AT 301822ZJUL22, [:ii]DEPARTED MUWAFFAQ SALTI AB (OJMS).
AT 301829ZJUL22,~HANDED OVER FROM THE LRE. AT 301925ZJUL22, I 1.4a !BEGAN
SIGINT COLLECT. AT 302028ZJUL22~VED ON STATION AND CHECKED IN WITH
TF CHOSIN STA TO PERFORM IMINT IVO 37SFU3~1~ (SEE ISR 1). AT 310239ZJUL22,
~OBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED AERIAL PHENOMENON IVO 37SFU271w'7~(SEE UAP
1). AT 311343ZJUL22,~RETURNED TO BASE. AT 311409ZJUL22J 1.4a [ERMINATED
SIGINT COLLECT. AT 311458ZJUL22,~HANDED BACK TO THE LRE. AT 311519ZJUL22,
~LANDED AT OJMS. FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY DGSl. 20.9 MISSION
HOURS, 17 .2 IMINT HOURS, 1 IMINT TA SKINGS PROSECUTED, 18. 7 SIGINT HOURS, 1 SIGINT
TASKINGSPROSECUTED,2TOTALTASKINGSPROSECUTED

(SJRELIBO, l\Iission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classificatiom f!ffle'IHH'
• Associated Caveats3 l'i0P0Rli
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20470731

OPERATION
• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFCENT
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID

asc f 918 Exemptjgn (b)(§l
Sli@:lfMlil/JffiHiOM
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 001

#### Page 2

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 89 ATKS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): DI
• Mission Type: ARMED RECCE
• ATO Mission Number b .4a, 1.4gl
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poe

POC
• Rank: Arnn
• Full JS.3~....IA_E_x_em-p-ti-on_s_(b_)_(3-),-13....,4b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 89 ATKS
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone Num1'.m:;f=....o-1A-Ex_e_m-pt-io....,nkb)(6)
• Email:I
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 603 AOC

QC
• Rank: 2dLt
• F e l l ~ 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 89 ATKS
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone Num1'.ere;t....O-IA-Ex_e_m_pt-io....,n!(b)(6)

I

• Email
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

APPROVER
• Rank: SrA
• Full.Nill~ Exemptions (b)(3), j30b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 609th AOC
• Wing: Other

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 002

#### Page 3

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Phone Number:►.sc, FOIA Exemption (b}(6I
• Email:!
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: I
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:
• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:
• Type of IR-Guided AAM:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

81ll811BrtWlii&POM
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 003

#### Page 4

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

tfflf!ltl'PifN81'8Nf

• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each~

1.4a

1.4c
• DataLink:
• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign:I
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft):l....1-.4a-,-1-.4g...,I
• Aircraft Tail Number(s):! 1.4a, 1.4g!
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Takeoff Time DTG: 301822:00ZJUL22
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes):
• Gentext/Additional Details: • Mission Canceled:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 301925:00ZJUL22
• Callsign:!
1.4a
I
• JTAR Number:
• Killbox (Location):
• Mission Type: AREC
• JTAC Callsign:
• Gentext/Additional Details: • Did not Arrive On Station:

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 311409:00ZJUL22
• Total Time On Station: 18 hours 44 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

Landing

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 004

#### Page 5

ftlelffl'l'h!(MONlf

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Last Land Time: 311519:00ZJUL22
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 311529:00ZJUL22
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 57 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details: -

JSR
• Time-on Station DTG: 302028:00ZJUL22
• Time-off Station DTG: 310000 :00ZJUL22
• Aircraft Callsign:I
1.4a
I
• Msn Type: AREC

• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): • BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37SFU3~1[4iil
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (ifNTISR):
• EEis Observed:
• Number of EEis:

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: ~~:rHIUil W 'G]jit, JZW3.~!
1.4a
I COORDINATED WITH TF
CHOSIN 103 MINUTES PRIOR TO TAKE OFF. COORDINATION WAS SATISFACTORY DUE TO
QUALITY OF PRODUCTS. PLEASE SEE ATTACHED 7-LINE FOR MISSION ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION (EEIS). AT 2028Z,~ARRIVED ON OP SPECTRE DAGGER,
FORCE PRO ISO TF CHOSIN AND TF CHOSIN SENSOR TASKING AUTHORITY (STA)
DIRECTED~TO PROVIDE !MINT IVO 37SFU3~1~. FROM 2028Z TO 2100Z,~
SCANNED IVO SP (37SFU3~1~) FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY. AT 2029Z,~
OBSERVED lX ADM SITTING ON TOP OF CARGO TRUCK PARKED BEHIND TREE IVO
37SFU3~81~ FROM 210oz TO 2136Z,~SCANNED COI 1 AND RUNWAY IVO
37SFU2~3!1.4a!FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY, NSTR. FROM 2136Z TO 2210Z, ~
CONDUCTED RUNAWAY SCANS IVO 37SFU2~31:ualFOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY. AT
2210Z lX POSS TECHINCAL OBS IVO 37SFU2!uial73[w FROM 2210Z TO 0037Z, ~
SCANNED IVO COI 1 (37SFU2~~ FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY. AT 2252Z, ~
SCANNED IVO 37SFU3.fia76Q1FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY, NSTR. AT 0023Z, ~ OBS lX
ADM ON A MOTO AND CONDUCTED A FOLLOW. FROM 0023Z TO 0030Z, THE ADM MADE 1
STOP IVO 37SFU3~~ FROM 0037Z TO 0315Z,~SCANNED IVO 37SFU3~~
37SFU3lw,~ 37SFU33~91ud, 37SFU3 l~~ 37SFU3~4~ 37SFU2'71w7lual,
AND 37SFU3~~FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY, NSTR. AT 0245Z,~OBSERVED lX

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

illHilIUii:Fi!~ORJI

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 005

#### Page 6

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

ADM IVO 37SFU2~~ AT 02562, ~BSERVED lX REINFORCED STRUCTURE IVO
37SFU3~<iLiil FROM 03152 TO 05212,~SCANNED IVO 37SFU3~~
37SFU2~~ FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY, NSTR. AT 05212,~OBSERVED lX WHITE
PUT, lX BLACK PUT, AND 2X WHITE BONGOS CARRYING APPROX 30 ADMS, WHICH THEN
~CONDUCTED A FOLLOW. FROM 05212 TO 07152,~FOLLOWED THE VEHICLES
AND OBSERVED 2X STOPS IVO 37SFU2a::ua:17]1.4a! 37SFU 2 ~ 7 ~ AT 05232,~
OBSERVED lX PROB TECHNICAL IVO 37SFU2~lua] AT 05282, THE CONVOY STOPPED N
OF AN OVERHANG AND ALL ADMS EXITED THE VEHICLES, WALKING UNDER THE
OVERHAND. lX ADM SLUNG A RILE OVER HIS RIGHT SHOULDER. AREA ASSESSED TO BE
A POSS SHOOTING RANGE. AT 06332, THE ADMS REENTERED THE VEHICLES CONSISTING
OF lX WHITE JEEP, lX BLACK PUT, 2X WHITE BONGOS AND DEPARTED. AT 06482, THE
CONVOY STOPPED IVO 37SFU3 ~(@APPROX 5X ADMS DISMOUNTED AND THE lX
WHITE JEEP LEFT THE CONVOY BEFORE THE CONVOY DEPARTED AGAIN. AT 06552 lX
WHITE BONGO LEFT THE CONVOY AND FOV IVO 37SFU3rn~1.4a! AT 07102, THE CONVOY
STOPPED IVO 37SFU4(~?a1.4a!AND THE ADMS DISMOUNTED AND LOITERED AND lX
TECHNICAL WAS OBSERVED. AT 07152 THE FOLLOW WAS ENDED AT A COMPOUND IVO
37SFU4~~ FROM 07152 TO 08182, ~SCANNED AROUND THE COMPOUND IVO
37SFU40~~FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY. AT 07212, lX TECHNICAL AND lX QUAD
CAB PUT WERE OBSERVED. AT 07252, 2X ADM DEPARTED THE COMPOUND ON A MOTO.
FROM 07552 TO 08182, ~SCANNED COI 1 IVO 37SFU2~liia]FOR EEI RELATED
ACTIVITY. AT 07532, lX WHITE PUT WITH UI OBJECT, POSS ARTILLERY SYSTEM, IN THE
BED AND lX ADM WERE OBSERVED. FROM 08182 TO 08542,~ERFORMED A FOLLOW
ON THE PUT WITH THE UI OBJECT IN THE BED, SLANT 2/0/0. AT 08232, THE 2X ADMS AND
lX ADDITIONAL ADM ENTERED THE TRUCK AND DEPARTED. SLANT 3/0/0. AT 08322, A
SECOND TRUCK WITH POSS MOUNTED AAA WAS OBSERVED IVO 37SFU2~~ FROM
08542 TO 09422 ~PERFORMED A FOLLOW ON lX BONGO WITH 2X POSS BARRELS IN
THE BACK FOR 6 STOPS, SLANT 2/0/0. AT 09062, THE BONGO STOPPED IVO
37SFU271w7~WHERE 2X ADDITIONAL ADMS CAME FROM A COMPOUND AND
INTERACTED WITH THE BONGO BEFORE 2X ADM LEFT IN THE BONGO. AT 091 lZ, THE
BONGO STOPPED IVO 37SFU27liAal]~WHERE A PREVIOUSLY ONOBSERVED ADM
EXITED THE BACK OF THE BONGO AND INTERACTED WITH A PASSENGER BEFORE THE
BONGO DEPARTED. AT 09212, THE BONGO STOPPED AT A RESIDENCE IVO
37SFU2~~ THE 2X ADMS FROM THE BONGO AND 3X ADMS FROM THE RESIDENCE
INTERACTED WITH THE 2X BARRELS IN THE BACK AND THE BONGO DEPARTED AT 09232.
FROM 09422 TO 10072, ~TRANSITED TO NEXT POINT. FROM 10072 TO 11222,~
SCANNED IVO COI 2 (37SEV98~~ FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY, NSTR. FROM 11222 TO
11372, ~SCANNED IVO DAYR AZ ZAR PARKING AFLD (37SFV0~~ FOR EEI
RELATED ACTIVITY. AT 11342, 2X TELARS WITH 3 ROCKETS LOADED WERE INACTIVE.
FROM 11372 TO 12432, ~SCANNED IVO COI 2 (37SEV9aiial151Tia] FOR EEI RELATED
ACTIVITY, NSTR. AT 12432, TF CHOSIN STA CLEARED ~OFF TASKING AND~
RETURNED TO BASE

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
3.5c. FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

• Sll!E!Hrt.¥f:Neli6M

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 006

#### Page 7

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Supported Unit: TF CHOSIN
• Supported Operation~----1.-4a_ _ __
• Precoord Time: 103 MINUTES
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather. (:fflCM'f;'J'J.tBt: 'P0 M&li:, Fl/~7I) WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?:
• Gentext: -

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 310239:00ZJUL22
• MDS Type/ Asset Type: • Tail Number~ 1.4a, 1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 37SFU4~81ua
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: 19,359 FT
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 116 KTS
• Friendly Aircraft State: • Training Range (If applicable): • Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: • Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Signatures: No
• UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Effects on Persons:
• Full Name:
• Email:
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
• UAP First Seen Location: 37SFU2~~
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured): -

I

GENTEXTIUAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): fMlE!ft:B51'/lN0F8ftili'
AT 310239Z,!
1.4a
IOBSERVED AN UAP EVENT IYO 37SFU2~~IN KP 9.
THE UAP OCCURED IN LESS THAN A MINUTE, WITH THE UAP MOVING FROM N TO S.

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 007

## DOW-UAP-D017 — UAP Reported at Sandia Base, 1948-1950

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D017
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D017
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1948-1950
- Location: New Mexico
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

116 pages later, they still hadn't decided if the orbs needed a parking permit.

- DOW-UAP-D017, Department of War PDF, covers 1948‑1950 UAP sightings at Sandia Base, New Mexico.
- Documents 209 sightings of green orbs, discs, fireballs maneuvering, disappearing, exploding, plus copper‑powder residue analyses.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This file contains 116 pages of documentation from the Armed Forces Special Weapons Program (AFSWP) – the direct, post-World War II successor to the Manhattan Project – and from the U.S. Air Force – relating to a series of sightings and investigations in Sandia, New Mexico, from 1948-1950. This file contains 209 sightings of “green orbs,” “discs,” and “fireballs” reported near the military base. Witnesses reported unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) maneuvering, flying out of sight, disappearing, or exploding. The documents also include the results of contemporary investigations into residual copper powder found in some areas where sightings were reported. A few of these investigations became the basis for Project Grudge, which collected reports of unidentified flying objects from various other military installations – also included in this collection.

### AI summary

This document is a security inspection report from the 1100th USAF Special Report Group, dated 7 April 1949, at Campbell Air Force Base in Kentucky. It details security measures taken at Sandia Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico, including changes to gate operations, inspection ports, and alert plans. It also mentions the status of radio communication with the military police and efforts to address erosion. The report concludes that most security deficiencies were resolved, and the monthly report of action taken is requested to be discontinued.

### Full text

#### Page 1

HEt\DQUARTEP..S • DETACHMENT D
1100TH USAF SPECUL REPORTING GROUP
Campbell Mr Force Base
Camp Campbell. Kentucky
7 April 1949

~?>'2.>,,
SUBJECT:

Security :E:nspection

TOt

Commanding General
Sandia Base
Albuquerque, New Mexico

\

)

~o

lo'

Q,0~

~4

1. Reference is made to secret letter. your headquarters. dated
1 April 1949• Subjects Security Inspection.
2. a. Guard Orders have been amended directing that the elec­
tric gate be closed between 1700 hours until 0700 hours the following
day.
b. Looks have repl~ced the bolts in all inspection access
gates in the outer fence.
c.

Inspection ports on both bridges are now pr ovided with

locks .

'

d. The final draft of our alert plan has been reviewed and
will be published and distributed for study to operating personnel.
It is desired to point out that the alert plan is incomplete . !.
stockpile custodian has not been assigned here; his part in the alert
plan has been outlined only. Furthermore, since the 11th Airborne
Division is not in place yet, only temporary arrangements for defense
have been made. Final form of the overall alert plan will be sub­
mitted to your headquarters for approval as soon as conditions will
allow. ·1n the interim period. it is felt that the temporary alert
plan we have prepared is adequate. A copy of this pl an will be dis­
patched to your headquarters in the near future.
e.

!11 jeep radios are now installed in jeeps.

r. ~lthough not entirely satisfactory. radio oom.munioation
with the Camp Campbell Military Police has been in effect for sometime and was in effect at the time of the Security inspection. .Pe~­
manent arrangements for radio communication with Camp Campbell Military
Police are de l ayed panding the arrival of radio frequency crystals
that fit the Milit ary Police net frequency.

Short Ti tle -~-:L~-=-~--=- -~/_f­
NND 58378

SHORT TI~ f f h B I

#### Page 2

, ~

I

V

,.,., ..,
..;

•
SUBJECTs

.

-

# , series__

' .,

ww

o . ..2.::pages, copy /

7 April 194.9

Security Inspection

g. Pressure has been exerted to get the Pos t 'Ehgineers to
keep the dra.inage system. clear and to take measures to check the ero­
sion. These efforts will be continued but li t tle progress on erosion
control can b e expected until the rains diminish. Ditches have been
filled, dirt moved and replaced, native gras s es planted, but the rains
return too soon and much of the effort invested is therefore wasted.
Plans a.re prepared f or an interim erosin control effort, and a stud;y
is being ma.de to estinate the cost of resloping the cuts in order
that the rainfall mq be drained with less damaging results. Initial
estimates run in the neighborhood of twenty thousand dollars (t20,ooo.oo).
3. With the exception of halting the erosixm, all deficiencies
listed in the security inspection report have been cleared away. It
is therefore requested that the monthly report of action taken re­
quired by cited letter be discontinued.

/(~4/./?L_
RICHARD TI' KLIN.!!i
Lt Col, USAF
Commanding

NND 58378

~

#### Page 4

10 August 1949

Dr. L1nooln ~
InDtituta of 'Meteoritics
University of New Mexico
Albuqu.erquo , N. :t:.
Doar l.1ncoln:

I a::n lnclos1ng two copies or the report you asked tor, fllld hope
that they oerve their purpose.
\'lo Jiave mado a preliminary ez:eminntion ot tm elghtaon collact1ona
token at nine locatione on my, l!onde.:,• 'l'uesday trip . !lbere was a large
number of coppor- boar1ng pe.rtiolee on one eolleoti on (ll-104L) taken on
Higm1ay 84, seventeen ·m les north ot E1gl:may 66 1 and aoa.ttered occas•
i onal particles throJJ.ghout the series . The collection teken at tho
Blt"lle location imcodi ately' following R- l04L eho'\YD practically no copper.
A 1orge l)art of the n - 104L is of a granular mnterial untamiliar to us , and
, the copper indioat1ona ori,:.inate principal ly 1n l'lhat are e.pparontl'1
aggregations of finely (ona ..meron) granular material of overall sizes
in tho neighborhood of thirty microns. Some cop_per _part! ,lea, hor.ever, appear to be solid nnd o,Paque. The passage of t-, automobiles while
this oollection uas being made is a complicating fe.ctor . It is hard
to aee how they mieht he.Ta been a eourco ot coppor , ho,raver , unlean it
nao a question of stirring up aoI!lo :trom dust on the -pavement.
We intend to do some :1"urther chemi.eal work Tii th theee colloctions ,
but I doubt if muoh nen relevant information 11111 be obtained.
Hy tentative conclusion is that no ~idcspread significant dispersion

or copper- bea't'ine; particles ,vas present in tbe atmoaphere in the rc"ion

covere.:1 at the timo the eollcct1ons wore made. l,o det1nita statel':lcnt
is possible about the one heavy copper collention: i t should be prosumod
to be of local origin until come evidonee to the contrary ic 'found.

~e route at tho collocting trip included Paatura, Santa noaa. , junc­
tion of Routes 66 and 84, ond Las ·Ve.:;aa on J!ondey af'ternoon. On Tuosdey
morning i t included. Las Ve3as , Canonr,1 to , Glorieto. end ecos .

Yours vory truly,

mx,~
o.ttaobments (2)

NND 58378

#### Page 5

M

-

'

R/D- tw
8-10 -49

AN AT'l!EMP? 'ro coU.roT AnBCP.NE PAU'ICLES
A'3SOOIA'l'ED fJI'l'iJ THE FIREBALL OF JULY 24 1 1949
By

• n . Oroztor
and

Ben

x. Seely

HBTHOD

A 'fireball was raportad to have pasaod ovor the general noighborhood of
Socorro, Uew Uexi.00 1 at 8:26 p.m. 1 J'uly 24 1 1949. Impaotment equipment , develop9d
in conneation 1a th the sarosol research pro Ject ot the New Mex1 co School of !lines,
was available, and it was decided to make systematic collections ot airborne me.ter­
- iel. in the hope ot obta1nill8 material that could be associated .-1th the t1reball.
For the present report it is suftio1ent to state that the equipnant processed air
at the rate ot about J4 11tera per minute , the particles being separated f'rom the
air by -impactment against en adhesi'f9-coate~ plate in an air jet. Appro:d!natel.y
ninety per cent of airborne particlee with dianeters greater than one micron are
collected.
Tho adheeive used. on the collecting plates (mcroscope slides) waa a glycerin­
gelatin tlixture w1 th an a.dd1tion or rubeanic aeid (dithiooxamide . ) 'l'lus reagent
was used to enable identifioation of copper or copper compounds; it also enables
identification of nickel and cobalt. After ?C:lking the eollaotions , the slides were
covered with e. Saran til::l, after which thoy were exposed to strong aomonia vapor
for r1:tteon Jninutes to effect partial ao lution or any copp_er or copper oxide parti­
el.Gs.

R ESULT S

'?he first oolleotion was made at 10: 00 a . m., .ruly 25, about thirteen and oneThe air wan te.lcen about twelve teet above
ground lovel, on t he Ol!!'.IJ>UO ar the School ot Uines. Tho first run was i'or three min- ,
utes , ll['COosaing cbout 102 liters of air . Sevoro.l large particles wero :round in it
that gave J)ositiva co pe.r teats. In at least ono or these the copper reaction was
aeen petore t he cn::mx>ni c tro~ont , indicating the presence 9f at least a trace of a
aoluble copper co~pound. The sizes of particles aoon in tho first oollections ranged
up to over one hundred microns in the largest dimension: the largest particles gave
tho impression o~ bein.g f'r8gl:lents or a so:i:ievm.at f'ibrous material, lli th the smaller
he.lf houra after the fireball was seen.

~~
NND 58378

#### Page 6

Page 2
dbension oi" ,the o-rder o~ twnty or thirty .:nicrono. There were no Br:lall partielee,
that 1e, no particles 11'1 th n iruuiml1!11 di?DeXUiion below 15 microns . ,
J'ollmring tho :f'lrat colleotion, ,a dditional oolleotions 1f8re nade , tindor aimi•

1ar conditions. over a period of elght daya .

The aooco.pann,ng table su:n:iarisea the colld1 t1ons and copper counts ror all
tbese collections , including tho first ono described above.
nU!!lbor of the ru.ru,
wero tor periods lor.,;or tfum three minutes , but °'he oouhts have , 1n 'tbeee cases ,
been reduced to the threo-:nnuta equivalent. Olio eolleetion showing oevora.l large
copper indications , tekon J"u~ 25, ia omm:1ttnd fron the to.blo because it was
damaged in courae ot a teai for radioaotivity by exx,osure of a nmlear track plate
(vrith negative reoultn) end a det"inita count oOllld not be made .

The counts are exhibited in tbreo size claeRiflcations, end attention is
directed to tlie :ta.at that particles in the smallest s!ze croup (l to l5 microns)
e::-e practically absent trom the early oollectlona, mil& in the later collectiow,,
particles 1n the largest (.30 mioron.o) 8Ii.d middle (15 to 30 microna} groups have
become cp;i te esoarce. At the same tine, the counto have beccte quite large in tile

:.s:ncllest aizo group.

SIONIFICA~CE

OF

RESULTS

If 1 t were possible to SflY that particles giving a copper test are generally
very rare in eollectione near groimd leTel in this locaJ.lty, the above facts t'.Ould
bo highly s!gni1'1cant. It l1appens , however , that collections have been :-:,ode at
Socorro over only- a short period, and not .muoh e.tten1i1on has been given to !denti­
fica.tion ot copper coJ:lJ)ounds. ::aowever, after the copper indieetions had been round
in the present sories of: collectio•,s, some collections were round on file that hod
been made on plain glycertn- 3aui.tin on july .1,, 1949 . -These r.are oovered ,nth the
Sarun fi-lm and rubeanic eoid C!Jld an::.on1a were appliod by d1 tfusion through tho ·ttlm.
A few copper indications were found, al!nost all the i:e.rtioles being in the 30 micron
size group. Some other co11ection.s were made early 1n ~uly tbo.t will be e::lt8!ninod
tor· 'lopper when they are treed !"roe other tests . lil add1 t1on, oce~ional colloot1ons
will be examined. tor copper in the futll!'e , and 1t may be possible eventually to add
so:neth1ng to tho information now presented.

COllCLUSION6

REGARDING

COPPER

In view Qt the above fa.eta , it i,eem:, very hazardous to draw any: definite con­
clusion associating ~he coppe~- bearioo perticlos collected with the fireball or 1uly
24. Th.are a till is, hwoTer , a residuum or poasitdlity ot such associations men 1 t
is conoidored th c.t partic!.ss ot 1h c smallest s1 ze group did not appear in largo
numbera until some 35 hours at'ter the po.esege of tl;le fireball .

NND 58378

#### Page 8

....

Attention is called particularly to the l arao !lumber ot small particles in one
at the 145-l/2-ho-.ir collootione. The actual nl.I!lber in the colle'ltion was 140 , tor
the r ive-oinute run. l.!ost of these l'lere in the size range of' tTJO to f1 ve microns •
and the principal difficulty in assoctattnc them 111 th the fireball is that a five­
micron par\1cle cannot tall J!lUOh more tho.n l0 ,000 foot in 145. 5 hom-s. These part1olea could have ccr:ie down from a greater height only it' sol:!& downward motion hfld
tc.k:en place in port of the a1r 1nvolvet.

It s hould be oant ioned. that collections were t aken during t be at'ternoon of Ju13'
27, at several pointa eouth end east ot Socorro , tbs fartb.eot being near Binche:a.
These oolleotions ocntainod pcrtiole~ giving copper indications , the :particles being
i n tho •a;?¥!) range ot sizes as those collected in Socorro at about the &a.":le ti'C'.b.
It is perhaps noteworthy that the cop_per- boari ng particles 1n all these collec­
tlona were of opaque material. I.oat ot the co:;,per minerals tbat h uve previouslycome to our attention 1n collection• rrom the air have been oolored material, blue ,
green, red, or yellow.

C OBALT

AND

NICKEL

TESTS

In the 2 t00 J.l•
coll~ct i on of J"ul.y 26, three qui te re:::iarkable particles were
found that save very strong coba1t indications . The particles were apparently por­
:reot spheres (at l east thoy were pori'eetly circul.ar in cross section), twelve mic­
ro!ls in diameter. The reaction with rube anie e.eid , after at!nOnia trentmant , pi•o­
dueed a dense yellow-ten halo, eixty microns 1n diameter. The color v.ao not quite
so clear es with pure cobalt: the e.ppearance sU;;gestin.g e. high-cobalt com,vosition
with so~ metal. prosont. Such particles are quite uniqne i n the axporionce or the
present. , It' these particles wore of meteoritic orictn they cw ld, in tho absence
of verticul oir IJOV«llSnt , have f'al:len a d1stO!loo of the oi·der ot 20, 000 feet 1n an
i nterval or 41. 5 houra .

Two particlse giT1ns nickel indication.swore round. ~ a is quite nomvl , llo ,­
It anything, the number is smaller than x::ight have been expected in material
of aurt'aoe ori<;in. The collections ware not given acid treatnent: additional nickel
indieations might h &Te been 'i'ound it t his had been done.

ever.

A

oUOGEB TION

hile the r&aul.ta o!' the present investiga:Uou ahould be recarded as negatt -vo
or, inoonolusive, it i s desired to call attention to the faet that a coan.s ia at hand
that obould r..al:a .PQAsiblo a definite demonetration of tho presence or absonoe ot cop­
per :particl es asaod.ated with events or the July 24th type .

rartlo l.e collectlon equipment , operating on the s .:mie principle as that used in
the i:resont inTestigat1on, and der;igned tor airple::ie installation, is on hand and
1te suco&esful operation has been dooonstrated in numeroll s sligh:ta. Provision
NND 58378

#### Page 9

......

..,,,,,, t

..

could easily be made ror quickly nountins this equi~ent in an airplane cap&ble ot
o.s~enaing above the 40 ,000- toot l evsl, wllieh couli teke otr soon otter an event ot
the J'uly 24th kind, and fly a pattern that would ineludo n itl:. reasonable certainty
sO"C!e or the nateriol originating at the neteor u-ajectory. A g_uiek approximate
deteroination of the tTejeetory wo11ld be required , of course, Wld 1f winds aloft
wore or considerable strength 1 t muld b& nocaseary to make due allowance tor ttlc:t:1
1n planning the :f lie}lt.

UOT

ADDED <l-l AWUS1' 10 1 1949 :

Ao this report ,1aa being 1'1n1shea, an ntte:ipt naa :oade c.t on. airplane oollection
1'ollOm.ng the event o~ uzust 6 . The oolloetins eguiPmQnt ,1as installod in a B- 25
from Kirtland Field nnd on the o.f'to:::-noon or .~ugust 8 , a flight wao ,u1e l!.«lich a was

hoped m18ht intercept somo of t he meteoritic material.

An Interval or 41 hours had pussed before the take-oft , and the :ma:dnu.n alt1•
tudo roached waa 2.3,000 i"eet. A rough attenpt was :!lade to include air tho.t wae
under the trajoctory, but distanl'}eo or sevoral hundred miles nore involved. A few
oopI,>o:..~ ind:!cations were obtained, but they seemed definitely to be associated mth
material of surface oricin. l,o nickel or cobalt indications were ~ound. AD. 0lcJ1or­
ate stud.7, which m.tq require more upper a ir data than ls available, should be oude
before 1 t is decided metber or not the t'lieht di a aotue.1ly include air that 8hould

have borne FOrticles trcm tho etoor trajectory.

NND 58378

#### Page 10

•'

e

'1'0:

Colonel Doyle Rees

FROU:

Lincoln 1ePas

SUDJ"EnTs

Momaloua J.uminous Phenomona.

Au,..i:rust 17, 1949

Sixth Report {attempts to colleci volatili­

sation woduots trom ~en fireballs)

(1)
In an earlier repori it has boen pointed out ihat in spite ot eir SDd
ground searoha 1n early February elong tlle nll detem.1nad earth-trace ot the
green nreball ot 1949, ianue.ry 30th no :tregmenta of this ti:roball were recovered.
'l'here re::iatnod the _poso1t1li ty "that tbia fireball had been so ooopletely
Tolatilizod during tl1sht that oaly tine dnat !'ram it filtered down thru the
atmosph&re. S1noe, fo::- several reasons, 1 t eeerced ~ore probable that a uoh dust
would consist chiefly or copper or a copper alloy rattier than ot the ferro•
magnetic aubstanoes found for ordintn-7 metoorites . the oethodo habitually enployed
by metooritic1ots fo1" the c olleetion at •come duat• ( separation ot the dust
trom the air by uBO or eleetroI:Ja.Gllets or permanent magnets) muld not be appropri­
ate tor use in conj]_eet ion with tho s;reon i'ireballo. It was there.tore decided to
cn11nt th~ aid ot Dr. illiwn Orozier , \-d':l.o waa knownto 1'.ave developed a novel
1mpactu~.•.; duat collector f'or UDe o_n the ABrosol Projoct or tho li'ew l!enoo School
of' l!ines. (Tho 'Wr1 ter hed bean elo.:sely aasooiated, in 1943-44, with Dr. Orosier
at Km1 JJenco Proving Grounds mile .orking on saboted. and prorlm11;y fuoed shells
and kne\7 ·that ho hrsi aat1sf'e.ctory clearance.) Dr. OrozJ.er not onJ.y agreed to partio1pnte in a cround- 1.ovel search ~or dust pos~lbly put doun by the f'irebe.ll of' ~anuary ,30th, but mede the valuablll sugeeation that dust oollect1oll.6 be made on plene

flights routod bti.ek and rorth at high altitudes through the air benoath green
t'1reball paths as soon as possible after t"ireball tall. ln this manner eonta:nination ot ttle aust colleetioll8 by tar1·eatr1al particles '10Uld be reduced to a
minimum. No ir:mediate application Wat:J made ot Dr. Orozter• o dust collection
teohniquee • in pa1-t because ot th a m-1ter' a re11urn to fUll ttme ncade.!.11.c work at
the m~ on Febru,47 8~h and in ;part baoause o~ Dr. Crozier's other ;rooec.rch
e.cti'Vities and the interrUJ.)tion11 in Reoearch and Develop:iont D1v1 B1on work i.neident to the A.E. O. ' a tek1ns o'Ter the ilbuqunque quarters or the Division.
(2)
When it m,.s determ.i?l9d th.at the green 11reball of J\lly 24.tll liod descended
1n. the im»diate vicinity o~ Soco:L"ro, it was decided to ask Dr. Cro--'1er to attempt
colleotio:ns even though he and bis start were then eneaeod in tbe tinal stages ot
mov1na from Albuquerque to their new quarters on the Campus ot the New 1-l&xieo
School of 1!1.nes, A long distance ¢all to Dr, Orozier on J'uly 26th brough.t the
weleorna news that be he.d been alerted by an appeal for observations issued by the
Insti tu~ of !!otaorittos on tho evening at July 2,th end ha.d al.rood7 made du3t
collections on the campus at Socorro on the morning ot J'tily 25. These collectiono ,
to Dr. Crosier's en.dent surprise, nre found to oontcin not only the tlrst coppe~
particles he hod 'found.in air duet col1-eot1ono bu't these I>~ticles were or unusuallt
large ai!Be - up to lOO microns in maximum dimeneiorut. On roceipt or this exciting
tn:to:ro.ation , a party 11u 61apatched t"ram 17th Diotrict o. ~.I. Bdq_e. to confer with
Dr. Crozier ond to~makc e field search tor the i'irobcll ot :Tu.ly 24.tb. This part~
conBisted at Uajor Charles L. Phillipa (courteously ma.de avaiJ.able tor 'the trip by
Colon.el Harold ~ Gunn, C.o. ot Kirtland Field) Hr. })aul Tatt of the li. S . ,eather
Bureau in Albuquerque , S/A la.ck .Bolino nnd the underaigued. A conterenoe rtth Dr.
Crozier end er. &,n Seely ma held on the School of w.nee cam;pua in Socorro bet\lOon

NND 58378

#### Page 11

10: 00 - 12:00 A. J.1. on .Tul.y 26th. At this eonterenoe it beceme ep:parent that
Dr. Crozier wao 1nolln ed to attribute the unuauall7 large copper fragcenta
collected on .Tuly 25 at 10,00 A..l!. (-.bich because ot their size could not h&vo
been blown "fer, tar by aurtace 111.nds•) to particles blO\l'D. off the root or out
ot the a uttere ot t he Aseaying Building on the Campus . In answer to e. queation
from the writer , Dr. Crozier replied that he would oone1der this pose1b1llty
ruled out it copper pm-tioles ob.owed up in colloctiono cade in t.he open oouum
at considerable distance• trCX!l the Campus . It wao tharotoro recom?;.ended th~
such oolleotions be made @d Dr. Crosier and t•.r. Seely rigged up a atonge
battery combination and B!llall D.O. J!!.Otor driven 1DlJ)aotmont collector- 11h1ch were
loaded into the o.s .t. etat't car and driven out through San Antonio , Carthage ,
and B1ngbom, No •enco (this route passing, in ~ . Taf't' o opinion, throueh the
region where pnrti~les tran tile tireball ot 1ul7 24th woo ld most probably have
been oarr1ed by the Tery light win.do provatlins in the reg ion ainee the ino1dent.) Four ot tho collections mode on th io trip W81"$ examined on tho eveniDg
ot 1u.l.)- 26th by
• Ben Seely an4 all were found to contain copper particles
1nd1stineu1chable trom :those colleotod. in Socorro at about the omne time.

-

(3) Pull detail.a on the mathod.e ot collection enployod by D:t-, Crozier end
Mr. Seel.T and on lata:r examinations of ~e dust l)Eµ'ticles collected af'ter the
graen tueballs or both J'ul.7 24th Cl1.4 August 6th are given 1n Dr, Crozier••
i-aport (R/D - tw, 8-10-49) copie11 of whieh are hereto appended. Dr; Crozier ' s
tenta\1ve oonolusion trar:i study' ot the collections mal.e, not only in eonneotion
with the incident o~ .July 24th, but also that o't Aucuat &tb, ts that •the reBUlte
ot the prosont inveot1gaUon should be regarded as negative or inconclusive,•
From anelys1a or hie r~ort (R/D - tw • 8- 10-49) end trom. several phone conYer­
satlona with Dr. Crozier, i t io th e writer• belief' that Dr. Crozier was led to
the abow conolwsion by the tollowing taote listed below 1n docreaelng arder or
iq,ortance, md aooa:;ipanied by er! tioel OODn8ntat
'

(.3.1)
'l'he d1scoverz by tests t:iade on or about k p t l of ., a few
oo
r indications~ 1n dust collected at Socorro on J
14 l.949 i . e. ten
dgre betore the men fireball 1nc1den, ot J'uly 24th. Dr. Croz er baa 1n1"omed
the writer that tbs oolleotion ot July 14th wns ·care:t'lllly wrapped up end could
not have becom conte?!linated by copped dWlt '1h1oh blew 1n through the open win­
dows ot the n .D. &J>. Building at Socorro attar the 1no1dent ot July 24th. I!o'7tner , there remains the poss1b111 ty- that an 'Qllol:eerved or unreported green t ire-­
ball occurring in the Sooorro neighborhood ehortly before 1uly 14th put down
the copper dust round 1n t.be July 14th colleottaa. To one tccn1l1ar with tb.c
al.!nost uninhabited country, around Soeorro md t.he tact that green tireballe aa
bright as the halt mon occurring at timea as favorable tor observation u '1 :))
- 8:30 P . u . have gone alriost unreported , 1 t aecms quite likely that a green
:t"ireball that tell arter midnight or during the daytime or while most or the
s1.7 was overcast tlis bt go entirely unroported.)
(:3.?.)
The d1aore ane between the co.!!ll>uted an! observed rates of
J.escent ot .er,· tine copper particles.
A.9 Dr. Crozier notes , such d!screpon­
c1e• are Wl.deratandable •it eome dor.nward motion had taken place in part of the
air involved.• Preo1sely wch dovm":18.rd tl.Otion oocurred in tha air near tho real
paths ot the f'lreballs of 1uly 24th and 111-rost Gtb tor ttleoa to.Us were nenrly
Tertioal. ll'urtbonloro tho best obaervatiOllB ot tho endpoints of these tireballa
ple.ee 1hat ~ .T'117 :?4th at a bight ot ltl- l2 miles and that ot A!Jeust 6th at 5-6
milsB. 'l'he downward directed bill1st1o head wave therefore coald Yery easily have
carried Dr. Orozier'a 145 hour particloe to m thin 10 ,000 teat of the earth at

NND 58378

#### Page 12

•

..

b
IJ
the time of fall . Sinea we cannot assume co mplete stagnation ot the air rnu,ees
1n the Sooor1"o neiBhborhood tor 145 hours . it must be supposed that such air
motions aa occurred were approximately compeuating and resulted in the return
ot Dr. Crozier ' s tiny •r1ve-.:u.cron particles" to the Socorro neighborhood in
a.p_pro:d.mo.tely 145 hrurs. Only a detailed otudy ot air .ll!4SS c.otiol!a ror the
time interval i~lTod can settle this point. )
(.3 •.3)
The lo
continued Q: ea.ranee of co r particles (however • -as
Dr. Crozier emphasizea, S'::l8ller end smaller 1n size . 1n the Sotjorro collection.s.
(Preoisely sueh a decrease 1n particle size hao repeatedly been observed in
connection w1 th duat oolleotions believed to be ot metoori tic or.lgi n and is attri b- ~
uted to the slower e.nd slower rate ot descent of the particles as their average Bize
decreases. Thuo , L. Rudaux's ros'Qlta strongly indicate 'that particles :from the •
01aoob1nid shower ot 1933, Oltober 9, filtered down in anallor md Sll18.ller sizes
tar 100 hours or more. Fm-ther.m.ore , tor the green fireballs ot J'Uly 24th and
August 6th, U,.o nearly ver:t1eal real paths extended from alt111udtts of lDO mile&
or more down almost to ground level an4 therofore optimum conditions for long
continued intall of duet particles wre approached in these fallo. ) •

(3. 4)
!'allure or the airplane collection ot August 8th to detect ~
bor ne co ner
rticles def1n1tel not ot terrestrial or1~1n. (How&Ter, the
airplane eolleotiona vero all made at great distanoee hundreds of ailea) rrom
the Vaughn region in -r.-hir.h tho fireball of Auzust 6th i"ell; and, ea Dr. Crozier
points out , at the mo:.nent 1t can not be determined "whether or not tho :tlight
d1d aotuall,7 include air that should have borne partialee .f'ro:n rmteor tre.jei:,tory. w
In this connection the results a1luded to in para.:,"'!'aph 4 , belcnT• may be or
considerabl e aigniticonce.)
(4) At the ttmo the airplane eolleotion of :uguet &th was plamied the writer
reoamnended not only tha.t the t'l1ght traverse the area fram Vaughn northward to
Raton and · then NW- ward into the Durango, Colorado re~ion (a reconimandation based
on advice received trom l!r. Po.ul Taft of tbO u.u. eathor Buroan) but aleo tb.a~
.s1mu1taneoualy a ground search 1th the portable i npaotmcnt dust collectin,z oq_u1p­
ment rigged up on J"uly 27th be run i'roa Va\l8hll through Future. to Santa Rosa.
Tlle latter po.rt or thin reoomre~mdation was rollowed by Dr. Crozier l'Zho reported
on the results obtained in hia letter to me under date or August 10 . copieo ot
which are hereto attached. Dr. Crosier' s letter makes clear that ground collec­
tions in the subt1nal regions or tho fireballs of both ~ s t 6th ond J\lly 24th
resulted in the dotootion or unu.eual. aggregations otcoppor particles, .lppe.rently
the copper IX1rticle aggregate o'btai.ne4 in collectioA R - l04L, m.thin the subtinal
resion ot the August 6th tall was the only such a~egate rou:id in Dr. Crozier' s
lenghty ground search or quet S-9. 111 aeema :particularly oi('Uificant to th&
writer tbat Dr. Crozier auapoets that tho copper dust :round 1n this particular
eolleot1ou R- 1Q4L ntsy have been stirred up troa tbe pavemnt on Illgln'lq 84 --a likely oatol:dent airfaca for dust put down by tbe green f.'lreball of. August 6th,
in view or the information giYen me by Ur. T8:f't in regard to tba wind direction
pre•aillng dtn"ing the hours !mediately following t llie incident.

(5)8 In apito or the critical ac:mnenta m.ede in porezraphs 3 mid 4 above , the
writer hes no quarrel with Dr. Crozier•• oonclu.aion that the resulta ao far
obtained in the investigation of volatilization product~ possible put down by
the green 1."1.roball.e are negative or at best 1neonolU81ve. ,However, I do wiah to
stress noat emphatically that 1:r :tuture more detailed ,,ork shon that the nuzcer­
oue copper part1oles tound by nr. Crozier and Mr. Seely .!I!!. indud floating don
~

NND 58378

#### Page 13

..

..
•

~

... ...

•

~

•

t'rom green fl.reballis, then the fireballs are not conventional .tSteorites.. Col)l)er
is one or tbs rarosl or the elements tount\ 1n.nie'teor1 tea (See G.P . Uerrill•
Memoirs National Aoade:my o~ Science 1 vol. 14 (1925) • Table f aci ~ P• 27; and
Harr1aon Brown, Journal ot Geology, vol. 66 (March 1948, ) 'l'able 1 , p . 8'1 . ) In
:taot, I know or no case 1n Which el'en the t1riieet particle o:r co;pper hes been
reported in a dust collection eup:poeedly ot i:,eteoritic or1;;1n. In view ot present
oonoorn in regard to tbe true nature o~ the green :t 1reballs, nothing could exceed
in i t1port0Me attailll:llent ot a. definite cor..-iluston in regm-d to the origin o:t tl:le
0OJ'per particl&s detected in the eub:tinal regions of the firobulls or July 24th
and .(i.ugust 6th.
.
(6) The writer therefore wishes to make the :rollow1ng reco11:1?1endationa ,

.

(6. 1) That e.rraneements be made tor dust collections on airplane 'flights
at altitudes or 40, 000 tt. or oore through ~he regton ot the atcloaphera lying
beneath the real puthil ot green fireballs as soon as possible after the occurrence
ot s~h fireball 1nc1denta. Such arrangements preeupposo a wll coordinated
observing network pertlitt1ng t:te epeed1eet possible determination ot the looation
or the real pathl"I in the atnosphere. (Dr. Crozier and Mr. $eely have both agreed
to cooperate in carrying out dust colleotion at the htghest altitudes attainabla.
In Dr . Crozier ' s opinion, a B- 36 or
50 should be made available tar such work. )
(6. 2) 5:!lat crOUJ1d- level dust oollect1ons be made along tho well deter­
mined earth- traee or the green fireball of 1anuary 30th, using the portable impaet­
.ment equiptBnt al.reo.dy rigged up by nr . Crozier and ur. Seely and used in the e;round
searches ot J'uly 27th and ~ust 8• 9th. I:r copper particles can be recovered
along this carth..tro.ee but do no, appear in colleotions made 50 miles or eo et1ey
trm the trace , the z,eault -=,ul.d be ot much signiticmoe if not indeed deeisivo.

NND 58378

#### Page 14

J

~

fit

J },·

(1

HEADQUARTERS. SANDIA BASE

' 1'

r

0 I

'f /

ALBUQUERQUE. NEW !'?.~{98 1 \.,..

SBOP/4 3 3 3 , I L -

Tl·H..,
OF
NO, ---1---

REFER TO FILE NO.

SUBJECT:

Board to Inspect Special u1eapons Facilities
at Strategic Air Command Stations

TO:

Commanding General
Strategic Air Comm.and
Offutt Air Force Base
Omaha , Nebraska

\
1 . Reference is made to Top Secret letter, your
Headquarters, subject: • "Special Weapons Training Facilities
at Strat egic Air Command Sta tions," dated 29 November 1949,
Short Title: B- 3000, which proposed an inspection tour of
Strategic Air Command stations to determine adequacy of
station plans for Special Weapons training facilities and
recommend a priority and time schedule for Special Weapons
Unit assignment to Strategic Air Command stations .

\

2 . This Headquarters concurs in the basic objectives
of the proposed board and its general plan of action . Capt .
Barnes will represent the Plans and Operations Division of
this Headquarters and Lt . Col. Olson, Commanding Officer of
the 515th Aviation Squadron, will represent the 8460th
Special Weapons Group . I t is not possible at this time to
comply with your suggestion that the 8460th Special Weapons
Group be represented by the Commanding Officer of the Special
Weapons Unit scheduled for assignment to the station being
inspected .
3. It is recommended that the work of this board be

(Text continues in the original file: 116 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D018 — Mission Report, Iraq, December 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D018
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D018
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 12/1/22
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the UAP seemed to be taking a December holiday.

- DOW-UAP-D018 PDF, Department of War, December 1 2022, Iraq
- Operator saw one possible UAP flying west‑to‑east, did not pursue
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing one “possible UAP” flying from west to east. The observer did not pursue the UAP.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 1

8Befi'fi'fN8'0!\U

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

Misrep undefined-8216304
Narrative
EBr,'lW~ AT 1206Z,!
1.4a
!TOOK OFF FROM OKAS. AT 1220Z,~HANDED
OVER FROM THE LRE. FROM 1323Z TO 0626Z,! 1.4a !COLLECTED SIGINT VIA AIRHANDLER.
FROM 1518Z TO 0426Z,! 1.4a !SUPPORTED Tiliii)TO OH
1.4a
!(OBJ! 1.4a !
!
1.4a
! IVO BAGHDAD, IRAQ. SEE ISR LINE 1. AT 1620Z,! 1.4a !OBSERVED POSSIBLE UAP.
SEE UAP LINE l.AT 0426Z,~WAS CLEARED TO RTB. AT 0655Z,~HANDED BACK TO
THE LRE. AT 0723Z,~LANDED AT OKAS. FMV WAS EXPLOITED BY DGS-AR

fii'R.ELIIJO, Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classificatiom Effleft'ffl:'
• Associated Caveats: !if8f'8It1il:
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20471202

OPERATION
• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 482ATKS
• Submit Date:

MSNID

3.5c. FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 001

#### Page 2

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025
Tasking Order (ATO): ID
•Mission Type: ISR
ATO Mission Number: 1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE
Poc
POC
Rank: A1C
FuH5NaAnerExemptions (b)(3).30b, (b)(6)
Unit: 482ATKS
Wing: 20 FW
Phone NumberFOIA Exemptionb)(6)
Email: 3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
•Operations Center: 603 AOC
QC
Rank: Ctr
Full Name:$c, FOIA Exemption (b)6)
Unit: 12 AF PAROC
Wing: Other
Phone Numboc; EOIA Exemption(b)(6)
Email: 3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: Other
APPROVER
Rank: SrA
FudbNamexemptions (b)(3)130b, (b)(6)
Unit: 609 AOC
Wing: Other
Phone Numb6r;EOIA Exemption(b)(6)
Email: 3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
•Operations Center: 609 CAOC
INGEST
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S 10/17/25 002
Approved for Release to AARO

#### Page 3

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:

• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign:I
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination: • Radar Software Load or Mission Data: • Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: • RWR Software Load or Mission Data: • MWS Name or Designator: • MWS Software Load or Mission Data: • IRCM Name or Designator: • IRCM Software Load or Mission Data: • ECM Name or Designator: • ECM Software Load or Mission Data: • CMD Name or Designator: • Chaff Designator: • Num Chaff or Cartridges: • Flare Designator: • Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator: • Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: • Num Towed Decoys: • Type of Radar-Guided AAM: • Num Radar-Guided AAM: • Type of IR-Guided AAM: • Num IR-Guided AAM: • Gun Name or Designator: • Num Gun Rounds: • Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: 1.4c

• Data Link: -

I
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

Sll8M1¥i'Jf81il0Rfii
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 003

#### Page 4

fteMTff!fM8Ni

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Gentext: -

Timeline
Takeoff
• Callsign:I
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
.-------,
• Asset Type (Aircraft) 1.4a, 1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s) 1.4a, 1.4g
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
• Takeoff Time DTG: 011206:00ZDEC22
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): • Gentext/Additional Details: • Mission Canceled:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
• Last Land Time: 020723:00ZDEC22
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 020733:00ZDEC22
• Total Mission Time: 19 hours 17 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details: -

JSR
• Time-on Station DTG: 011518:00ZDEC22
• Time-off Station DTG: 020426:00ZDEC22
• Aircraft Callsign~
1.4a
I
• Msn Type: TARGET DEV
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: AH/BLASPHEMY
• Tasking Type: PLANNED
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): • BE Number (ifNTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 38SMB4~83~
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEis Observed: No
• Number of EEis:

GENTEXTIISR
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

Elll8MIW.H8li8Mf
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 004

#### Page 5

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

SEat&iifWl'11om,

• GentextJ tS:VtW,! •
1.4a
!COORDINATED WITH T~236 MINUTES PRIOR TO
TAKE OFF. PRECOORD WAS SATISFACTORY. AT 1220Z,~ARRIVED ON STATION ISO
T~FOR OP!
1.4a
1.4a, 1.4c
TO CONDUCT POL SCANS AND ID
HVI/POI SIGNATURES. FROM 151 SZ TO 0426Z, ~ONDUCTED SCANS FOR HVI/POI, POL,
ADMS IN SUITS, WEAPONS, CONVOYS/SENTRY, AND PERSONNEL!
1.4c
!
1.4c
!FROM 1921Z TO 0428ZJ
1.4a, 1.4c
_AT
0426Z,~WAS CLEARED OFF TASKING AND RETURNED TO BASE (RTB)

I

Id

I

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: TF!1.4a!
• Supported Operation: OP!.....---1.-4a-------.l (OBJ._!_ ___,:.:1-=4aa. .,..:.:.1.4=c'---__.
• Precoord Time: 236 MINUTES
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (U) WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: No
• Gentext: -

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 011220:00ZDEC22
• Callsign: I
1.4a
I
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: ISR
• JTAC Callsign: • Gentext/Additional Details: • Did not Arrive On Station:

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 020655:00ZDEC22
• Total Time On Station: 18 hours 35 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

•lJiiQJlil:{;lt.i'.Qi:ORN
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 005

#### Page 6

!f:!emffl'11N'M6lt!f

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 011620:00ZDEC22
• MDS Type I Asset Type~ .4a, 1.4•
• Tail Number: !1 .4a, 1.49!
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 38S MB 4 ~ 8 ~
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: FLl 80
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: • Friendly Aircraft State: • Training Range (If applicable): • Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: • Number of UAP Sighted: 1
• UAP Signatures: No
• UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Effects on Persons: (U) NONE REPORTED
• Full Name: • Email: • Phone Number (VOSIP/STE): • UAP First Seen Location: 38S MB 4~83!1.4a!
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured): -

GENTEXTIUAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features). tB,11'i'ifF➔ AT 16202,
1.4a
!OBSERVED lX POSSIBLE UAP/UAV FLYING WEST TO EAST IVO
38SMB4~831I:4al ~DID NOT FOLLOW UAP. ~CONTINUED THE MISSION AS
TASKED, NO FURTHER EVENTS WERE OBSERVED.

I

1.4a
81l!EIMMf 8PEHlfi

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 006

## DOW-UAP-D019 — Mission Report, Syria, February 21, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D019
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D019
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2/21/23
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

February 21st: the only thing that rose higher than the mission was the balloon’s ego.

- DOW-UAP-D019 Mission Report, Department of War, 21 Feb 2023, Syria
- Operator saw one possible balloon ~2,100 ft; three UAP at FL240, radar‑silent
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing one “possible balloon” at approximately 2,100 feet.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025
Misrep undefined-8353978
Narrative
***MSN AMENDS:1.4a / DCA / ESSA / 0000-0334z v 0000-0300z / +0+34 extension d2 WL81
CANX / EE Ops, KN, KT, AL, EN APPV'D***
1.4a FLT, A 2-SHIP OF F-15E, TOOK OFF FROM
MUWAFFAQ SALTI AIR BASE (OJMS) ISO OPERATION INHERENT RESOLVE TO CONDUCT
DCA IVO ESSA. MISSION WAS NOT FLOWN AS FRAGGED D2 MSN AMENDS.
EY 2338Z-1.4aFLT C2 CHECK IN W/ KINGPIN.
2345Z-1.4aFLT AIR REFUELED W/1.4a RECEIVING 37K LBS
(COMBINED TOTAL) OF FUEL (MOM TRACK).
0003Z- 1.4aFLT CHECKED ON STATION W/ KINGPIN AND
PROCEEDED TO CONDUCT DCA IVO ESSA.
S/NF) 0021Z-0024Z -1.4a RECEIVED MFT RADAR JAMMING IVO SHADDADI ( 1.4a
1.4a AT FL270. NTFR.
S/NF) 0025Z- 1.4a OBS 3X POSS UAP IVO SHADDADI 1.4a AT FL240. WSV
PRODUCED. NFTR.
0134Z-1.4aFLT AIR REFUELED W/1.4a RECEIVING 33.5K LBS
(COMBINED TOTAL) OF FUEL (GANDER TRACK).
FVEX-0135Z- 1.4a OBS 1X POSS BALLOON IVO SHADDADI 1.4a
1.4a AT FL210. WSV PRODUCED. NFTR.
(SUREL L TO USA. FVEY) 0226Z-1.4aAIR REFUELED W/1.4a RECEIVING 11K LBS FUEL
(GANDER TRACK).
(S/REL TO USA, FVEY) 0340Z- 1.4a FLT CHECKED OFF STATION W/ KINGPIN.
(S/REL TO-USA, FVEY) 0340Z- 1.4aFLT C2 CHECK OUT W/ KINGPIN AND RTB.
S/UDDLTOLISA , FVEY) 0425Z- 1.4a FLT LANDED AT OJMS W/ESD AT 0435Z. NSTR.
Mission Narrative
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S 10/17/25 001
Approved for Release to AARO

#### Page 2

Sllf!lt1ft¥1'.H8PONif

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

Admin
CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: Mffl~
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20480120

OPERATION
• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFCENT
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 389 EFS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): LG
• Mission Type: DCA
• ATO Mission Number:! 1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poe

POC
• Rank: 1st Lt
• Full Naaet....o-lA_E_x_em-p-ti-on_s_(b-)(-3)-,-13-0b...,j (b)(6)

• Unit: 389 EFS
• Wing: 332 AEW
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SllGJlllM18110ftPi

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 002

#### Page 3

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
M7AOTVIN Declassified on: 8 October 2025
Phone Numbor,FOlA Exemption(b)(6)
Email 3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
•Operations Center: 609 CAOC
QC
Rank: SrA
•FulbName xemptions (b)(3)130b, (b)(6)
Unit: A2
Wing: 332 AEW
Phone Number;FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
Email 3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: Other
APPROVER
Rank: 1LT
FaHcNamexemptions (b)(3) 130b, (b)(6)
Unit: 89 ATKS
Wing: 432 AEW
Phone Numbsr,FOIA Exemption (b)6)
Email 3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
•Operations Center: 609 CAOC
INGEST
Rank:
Full Name:
Unit:
Wing:
Phone Number:
Email:
Service:
Operations Center:
ACEQUIP
ACEQUIP
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S 10/17/25 003
Approved for Release to AARO

#### Page 4

811f!Jl!lftWNell10Nif

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

I

• Aircraft Callsign
1.4a
'-----.:!---~
• Radar Name or Destination~ 1.4a, 1.4g
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data: SUITE 9.1
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: ALR-56C
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data: IRSWA PACER WARE
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator: ALE-45
• Chaff Designator: RR-180
• Num Chaff or Cartridges: 120
• Flare Designator: MW-51/53
• Num Flares: 24
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM: 2X AIM-120D
• Num Radar-Guided AAM: 2
• Type of IR-Guided AAM: AIM-9X
• Num IR-Guided AAM: 2
• Gun Name or Designator: M61Al
• Num Gun Rounds: 510
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each~_ _ _ _ _ _ _1_.4_a_ _ _ _ _ __
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: SNIPER-SE
• Additional Avionics:
• DataLink:
• Gentext:

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign
1.4a
' - - - - - - - -.....
• Radar Name or Destination: 1.4a, 1.4g
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data: SUITE 9.1
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: ALR-56C
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data: IRSWA PACER WARE
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 004

#### Page 5

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator: ALE-45
• Chaff Designator: RR-180
• Num Chaff or Cartridges: 120
• Flare Designator: MJU-51/53
• Num Flares: 24
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM: 2X AIM-120D
• Num Radar-Guided AAM: 2
• Type of IR-Guided AAM: AIM-9X
• Num IR-Guided AAM: 2
• Gun Name or Designator: M61Al
• Num Gun Rounds: 510
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each:l.___ _ _ _ _ _1._4a_ _ _ _ _ __.
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: SNIPER-SE
• Additional Avionics:
• DataLink:
• Gentext:

Timeline
Takeoff

I

• C allsign
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 2
• Asset Type (Aircraft):~-.4-a-,1-.4-d
• Aircraft Tail Number(s): 169, 188
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Takeoff Time DTG: 202330:00ZFEB23
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes):
• Gentext/Additional Details: ***MSN AMENDS! 1.4a DCA / ESSA I 0000-0334z v 0000-0300z /
1.4a !CANX / EE Ops, KN, KT, AL, EN APPV'D***
+0+34 extension

d2l

t

EiJl.l&i• +Q Qi th, i'Hi'.¥) 2320Z~

1.4a
IFLT, A 2-SHIP OF F-15E, TOOK OFF FROM
MUWAFFAQ SALTI AIR BASE (OJMS) ISO OPERATION INHERENT RESOLVE TO CONDUCT
DCA IVO ESSA. MISSION WAS NOT FLOWN AS FRAGGED D2 MSN AMENDS.
• Mission Canceled:

Landing

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

. ill'1Ilili<'ttTWOR:rtt

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release AARO

10/17/25 005

#### Page 6

811@-ft'l','f!lfMO!\N

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Last Land Time: 210425:00ZFEB23
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 210435:00ZFEB23
• Total Mission Time: 4 hours 55 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details: €8/,'REL'F0ti8ff, PYfl"fJ 0425Z-l 1.4a fLT LANDED AT OJMS W/
ESD AT 0435Z. NSTR.

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 210003 :OOZFEB23
• Callsign I
1.4a
I
• JTAR Number:
• Killbox (Location): ESSA
• Mission Type: DCA
• JTAC Callsign: KINGPIN
• Gentext/Additional Details: EBl,fRcBL 'J.al8 ii&I*t, flM3Y) ()003Z- [!;]FLT CHECKED ON STATION
W/ KINGPIN AND PROCEEDED TO CONDUCT DCA IVO ESSA.

Ell,'~ 'PQ 'EiFSA, FWY) 0340Z-!
• Did not Arrive On Station:

1.4a

fLT CHECKED OFF STATION W/ KINGPIN.

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 210340:00ZFEB23
• Total Time On Station: 3 hours 37 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

AIR REFUEL
• Air Refuel DTG: 202345:00ZFEB23
• Tanker Commander:! 1.4a
• Tanker Track: MOM
• Scheduled Flight Duration:
• Actual Flight Duration: • Fuel Weight on Ramp (lbs): • Fuel Weight on Offstation (lbs): • Actual Onload Fuel as Receiver: 37K LBS
• Fuel Dumped (lbs): • Dump Reason:
• ROBE Equipped:
• ROBE Required :
• Tanker Track Location:

I

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 006

#### Page 7

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

SIH:fltlfflHfflPOttn:.

GENTEXTIAIR REFUEL
• Gentext: fBf,'REL 'i'O ~ . ,v:t!fl) 2345Z~ 1.4a FLT AIR REFUELED W~CEIVING
37K LBS (COMBINED TOTAL) OF FUEL (MOM TRACK).

RECEIVER
• Receiver Callsign~
1.4a
• Receiver Aircraft Typd1 .4a, 1.4~
• Scheduled Offload (lbs): • Actual Offload (lbs):
• Receiver Remarks:

AIR REFUEL
• Air Refuel DTG: 210134:00ZFEB23
• Tanker Commander: I 1.4a I
• Tanker Track: GANDER
• Scheduled Flight Duration:
• Actual Flight Duration: • Fuel Weight on Ramp (lbs): • Fuel Weight on Offstation (lbs): • Actual Onload Fuel as Receiver: 33.5K LBS
• Fuel Dumped (lbs): • Dump Reason:
• ROBE Equipped:
• ROBE Required :
• Tanker Track Location:

GENTEXTIAIR REFUEL
• Gentext: tB,'JMh'PE) U9/r. FVEY' 0134Z~ 1.4a fLT AIR REFUELED WI
33.5K LBS (COMBINED TOTAL) OF FUEL (GANDER TRACK).

1.4a

IR£CEIVING

RECEIVER
• Receiver Callsign:I
1.4a
• Receiver Aircraft Type:~ .4a, 1Ad
• Scheduled Offload (lbs): • Actual Offload (lbs):
• Receiver Remarks:

AIR REFUEL

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

81il@Ml'i'l/:N8t10RN.
.

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 007

#### Page 8

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

.8ECltEI1'UerOitl ◄

• Air Refuel DTG: 210226:00ZFEB23
• Tanker Commander:! 1.4a
• Tanker Track: GANDER
• Scheduled Flight Duration:
• Actual Flight Duration: • Fuel Weight on Ramp (lbs): • Fuel Weight on Offstation (lbs): • Actual Onload Fuel as Receiver: 1lK LBS
• Fuel Dumped (lbs): • Dump Reason:
• ROBE Equipped:
• ROBE Required :
• Tanker Track Location:

I

GENTEXT/AIR REFUEL
• Gentext: tBf,~ 'f0 t,8;1r:; F1lEY)0226Z~ REFUELED W!I
LBS FUEL (GANDER TRACK).

1.4a

~CEIVING 1lK

RECEIVER

I

• Receiver Callsign
1.4a
• Receiver Aircraft Type~ .4a, 1.4J
• Scheduled Offload (lbs): • Actual Offload (lbs):
• Receiver Remarks:

EMI
• EMI Start DTG: 210021 :OOZFEB23
• EMI End DTG: 210024:00ZFEB23
• Aircraft Callsign:I
1.4a
I
• Type of EMI: RADAR JAMMING
• EMI Duration: 3 minutes
• Aircraft Location ...
1_.4_a_ ____,

I___

• Aircraft Heading:
• Aircraft Altitude: FL270
• Aircraft Airspeed:
• Mission Changed: None
• EMI Impact to System: PARTIAL
• EMI Location:!
1.4a
• Affected System: APG-82
• Frequency Affected: 8.8-9.9GHZ

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

ill~/fUB.iONf
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 008

#### Page 9

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Mission Impact: NONE
• JSIR Report ID: 340377
• Global Campaign Plan:

GENTEXT/EMI
• Gentext: tBONF) 0021Z-0024Z ~CEIVED MFT RADAR JAMMING IVO SHADDADI
I
1.4a
I AT FL270. NTFR.

tSilNf} '!'HIS EVENT IS STANDARD ON AZIMUTH, MFT RADAR JAMMING EXPERIENCED BY
AIRCREW NORTH OF SHADDADI. OUR WORKING THEORY IS THAT IT IS AN ABRA OF
EFFECT TURKISH X-BAND JAMMER ON OR ACROSS THE SYR/TUR BORDER INTO TURKEY.

AIRSIGHT
• DTG: 210025:00ZFEB23
• Coords Start: I.....---1-.4a-----.l
• Coords End:I
1.4a
• Altitude: FL240
• Duration:
• Lateral CPA:
• Horizontal CPA:
• Aircraft Type: 3x POSS UAP
• Aircraft Number:
• Country of Origin:

I

GENTEXTIAIRSIGHT
• Gentext: f:G,r,trw, 0025Z~ 1.4a bBS 3X POSS UAP IVO SHADDADI._I_ _ _
1.4_a_ ____,~T
FL240. WSV PRODUCED. NFTR.
\8'0m~AS CRUSING IN CAP AT FL270. NO RADAR RETURNS RECEIVED FROM UAP.
NO HEALTH EFFECTS EXPERIENCED BY AIRCREW. 2 WHITE OBJECTS IR SIGNIFICANT.
NFTR.

WEATHER
• Weather: CLOUDY.

AIRSIGHT
• DTG: 210135:00ZFEB23

I ___

• Coords Start ...

1.4_a_ _____.

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

iililmtll:t.Wli&MitRJf
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 009

#### Page 10

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Coords End~._____1_.4_a_ _ __,
• Altitude: FL210
• Duration:
• Lateral CPA:
• Horizontal CPA:
• Aircraft Type: BALLOON
• Aircraft Number:
• Country of Origin:

GENTEXTIAIRSIGHT
• Gentext: S//REL TO USA, FVEY) 0135Z~ 1.4a pBS lX POSS BALLOON IVO SHADDADil1.4al
1.4a
AT FL210. WSV PRODUCED. NFTR.

WEATHER
• Weather: CLOUDY

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SileJIBll¥1'i8li8Nf •
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 010

## DOW-UAP-D020 — Mission Report, Iraq, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D020
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D020
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/31/23
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Declassified in 2025, yet the objects vanished after just 20 seconds.

- DOW-UAP-D020, Department of War, 31 Mar 2023, Iraq
- Operator on F‑16 observed several bright objects moving west‑to‑east‑northeast, tracked ~20 s, then dimmed
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing “several bright objects maneuvering quickly” west to east northeast. The operator reported achieving a track on the UAP via an onboard targeting pod for approximately 20 seconds. The report describes that UAP then dimmed and disappeared from the targeting pod.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a mission report from the U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) detailing an F-16CM fighter jet mission in Iraq that took off on March 31, 2023. The report was declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff, on October 8, 2025. The mission involved conducting air defense operations in the ESSA area. The aircraft observed multiple possible unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) near RLZ, with the objects appearing bright, maneuvering quickly, and then becoming dim and disappearing. The report notes that the objects were not seen in formations as in prior missions. The document was approved for release to the AARO.

### Full text

#### Page 1

8tleB'fll:N8ifefflf

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

Misrep undefined-8584059
Narrative
(ff,';lfffltJ 'ffi UM, FV£Y) !ll 19012MAR23 -I
1.4a
l(Ci!ia]FLT), A 2-SHIP OF F-16CM, TOOK
OFF FROM PRINCE SULTAN AIR BASE (OEPS) ISO OPERATION INHERENT RESOLVE.! 1.4a !
FLT WAS FRAGGED TO CONDUCT DCA IN THE ESSA (2100-0000). MISSION WAS FLOWN AS
FRAGGED.
fl3,','REL lfOUfh\:, Pffl1}20072-! 1.4a !FLT ENTERED I2 AIRSPACE. NFTR.
~i,'JaiiL 'J;Q Oil., f\r.Y) 20582 - ~ FLT ENTERED SY AIRSPACE AND CHECKED ONSTA W/
KINGPIN TO CONDUCT DCA IN THE ESSA.
. fil/~W) 23022 - ~FLT OBSERVED MULTIPLE POSS UAPS. (SEE UAP)

• tf,,1r1Ms 'FO USs:*r, PY~Y~.00002 - ~ FLT CHECKED OFFSTA W/ KINGPIN AND PROCEEDED
TO RTB (OEPS). NSTR.

I

ts,rJ~ $0 'e'61*1;, FYdS¥) 00462 ~ 1.4a FLT EXITED I2 AIRSPACE.
~~14U'5 J:Q YBA, F¥EY) 01482-~FLT LANDED AT OEPS W/ ESD AT 02152. NFTR.//

(SRlELIBffl Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: 8i36RE>f
• Associated Caveats: Wf'8RJ!l
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20480401

OPERATION
• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE

3.5c. FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 001

#### Page 2

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFCENT
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 77 EFS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): MT
• Mission Type: DCA
• ATO Mission Number:! 1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poe

POC
• Rank: lLT
• :FsdhfilNB~ptions (b)f3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 77 EFS
• Wing: 378 AEW
• Phone Numlt.er;!,...FO_I_A-Ex_e_m-pt-io-,nlb)(6)
• Email~
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b}(6}
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

QC
• Rank: SSgt
• F u 8 . ~ 3 0 b , (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: 378 AEW
• Phone Numbescl....F_O_IA_E_x-em-p-ti-on-,!h )(6)
• Email:!
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6}
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 002

#### Page 3

•SliJettM.,'tNM8ftH

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

APPROVER
• Rank: TSgt

• Ful~a:lx....e_m_p-tio-ns-(-b)-(3...,)! 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: Other
• Phone Numller~Eo1A Exemptionkb)(6)
• Email:!
3.5c, F0IA Exemption (b}(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: I
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:! 1.4a, 1.4g I
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data: 8070 / MMC 7.3
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: ALR-56M
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data: 102 / SY0730
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator: ALQ-184
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data: C01856
• CMD Name or Designator: ALQ-213
• Chaff Designator: RR-180
• Num Chaff or Cartridges: 60
• Flare Designator: MJU-53, MJU-66
• Num Flares: 45
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator: ALE-50
3.5c. F0IA Exemption (b}(6}

•lll'11W11t8ftill0M
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 003

#### Page 4

Bettm'l'if!fMM!f

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: MTP AA51
• Num Towed Decoys: 2
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM: AIM-120
• Num Radar-Guided AAM: 2
• Type of IR-Guided AAM: AIM-9X
• Num IR-Guided AAM: 2
• Gun Name or Designator: M61Al
• Num Gun Rounds: 510
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each:l.___ _ _1_.4_a_ _ ___,
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: SNIPER LDP
• Additional Avionics: HTS-P R7.85
• Data Link: LINK 16
• Gentext:

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign:
1.4a
L---,--......,....----,.....r---,
• Radar Name or Destination 1.4a, 1.4g
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data: 8070 / MMC 7.3
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: ALR-56M
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data: 102 / SY0730
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator: ALQ-184
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data: C01856
• CMD Name or Designator: ALQ-213
• Chaff Designator: RR-180
• Num Chaff or Cartridges: 60
• Flare Designator: MW-53, Mm-66
• Num Flares: 45
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator: ALE-50
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: MTP AA51
• Num Towed Decoys: 2
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM: AIM-120
• Num Radar-Guided AAM: 2
• Type of IR-Guided AAM: AIM-9X
• Num IR-Guided AAM: 2
• Gun Name or Designator: M61Al
• Num Gun Rounds: 510
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each:l.___ _ _1_.4_a_ _ _.....
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: SNIPER LDP

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

iECl&ll.il?JrQPQM
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 004

#### Page 5

BE!Hl'lfflifMOlt!if

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Additional Avionics: HTS-P R7.85
• Data Link: LINK 16
• Gentext:

Timeline
Takeoff
• Callsign~
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 2
• Asset Type (Aircraft)~.....1-.4-a,-1.-4g....,I
• Aircraft Tail Number(s):I 1.4a, 1.4g I
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OEPS
• Takeoff Time DTG: 311901 :00ZMAR23
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): 6266
• Gentext/Additional Details: (U) NSTR.
• Mission Canceled:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OEPS
• Last Land Time: 010148:00ZAPR23
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 010215:00ZAPR23
• Total Mission Time: 6 hours 47 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details: (U) NSTR.

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 312058:00ZMAR23
• Callsign:I
1.4a
I
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): ESSA
• Mission Type: DCA
• JTAC Callsign: KINGPIN
• Gentext/Additional Details: (U) NSTR.
• Did not Arrive On Station:

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 010000:00ZAPR23
• Total Time On Station: 3 hours 2 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

ilt11Uiii<@l9BCRM

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 005

#### Page 6

SEatE iifWl'11ORL,

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 312302:05ZMAR23
• MDS Type I Asset Type:l 1.4a, 1.4g
• Tail Numbed 1.4a, 1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 37SGA1~~
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: FL265
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 293
• Friendly Aircraft State: NIA
• Training Range (If applicable):
• Operational Range: NE OF RLZ
• UAP Physical State:
• Number of UAP Sighted: POSS 10X-20X
• UAP Signatures: No
• UAP RF Frequency:
• UAP RF Duration:
• UAP Effects on Persons: (U) NONE.
• Full Name:! 3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b}(6}
• Email:I
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b}(6)
• Phone Number (VOSIP/S1'E),:fo1A Exemptionl{b){6)
• UAP First Seen Location: DATA MASKED
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured): FL600+

I

I

I

GENTEXTIUAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): f9ffl',ff2) STARTING AT
2302:052 ~FLT OBSERVED SEVERAL BRIGHT OBJECTS MANUEVERING QUICKLY
WEST TO EAST NE OF RLZJ 1.4a FLT WOULD OBTAIN POSS UAP ON TARGETING POD (TV
MODE) FOR APPROX 20S BEFORE OBJECT WOULD BECOME DIM AND DISAPPEAR FROM
TARGETING POD. NONE OF THE OBJECTS WERE SEEN IN ANY FORMATIONS AS
PREVIOUSLY SEEN IN PRIOR SORTIES. NFTR.

!

ANALYST COMMENT:! 1.4a IFLT COMPARED TARGETING POD BETWEEN POSS UAP AND
STAR. RESULTS WERE DIFFERENT.

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

IJiJmuil:t::M}I:OIQRI!
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 006

## DOW-UAP-D023 — Mission Report, United Arab Emirates, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D023
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D023
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 10/31/23
- Location: Arabian Gulf
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even in October, the Gulf’s weirdest cold spot wasn’t a broken AC.

- DOW-UAP-D023 Mission Report, Department of War pdf, October 2023, Arabian Gulf
- Operator observed one UAP, described as benign, cold thermal signature, no personnel or equipment effects
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing one UAP.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 12 September 2025
Misrep undefined-9319618
Narrative
AT 0015Z, 1.4a TOOK OfF FROM AL DhAFRA
(OMAM).
AT 0030Z, 1.4aHANDED OVER FROM THE LRE.
VET) AT 0145Z,1.48RECEIVED A PROFESSIONAL GUARD CALL.
SEE GUARD CALL LINE 1.
FROM 0150Z TO 2019Z,1.4aCOLLECTED SIGINT VIA
AIRHANDLER.
AT 0155Z,1.4aWAS ON STATION IN SRO TRACK IRISH
SICKLE.
FROM 0155Z TO 1837Z,1.4aCONDUCTED IMINT ISO OP
SPARTAN SHIELD (OP[ 1.4a SEE ISR LINE 1.
)AT 0241Z,1.4aOBSERVED 1X UAP. SEE UAP LINE 1.
AT 0322Z, 1.4aOBSERVED 1X UAP. SEE UAP LINE 2.
AT 1837Z, 1.4aWAS CLEARED TO RTB.
AT 1912Z, 1.4aWAS OFF STATION.
AT 2019Z,1.4aHANDED BACK TO THE LRE.
AT 2058Z,1.4aLANDED AT OMAM. FMV WAS EXPLOITED
BY DGS-2.
Mission Narrative
3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0104 Approved for Release to AARO 09/12/25 000001

#### Page 2

Ill I MT IIH I N T

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declass fled on: 12 Septel"lber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification. 8001112Clf
• Associated Caveats: l JOFORJ f
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20481025

OPERATION
• Operation: OP SPARTAN SHIELD
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSG!D
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 50ATKS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): UR
• Mission Type: JSR
• ATO Mission Number:! 1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A • AIR FORCE

Poe

POC
• Rank: AlC
• Full Nameilsc,(b)(3J, 130b, (bl(+>

• Unit: 50TH ATKS
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone Number: -3-.5-c-,lb-}l-6)---.
• Email:
3.5c,(b)(6)
,...I

I

3.5c, (b)(6)

HOMY 11 1,1ml
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

Approved for Release to M RO - FOUO / PA applies

09/12/25 000002

#### Page 3

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 12 September 2025
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: 609 CAOC
Qc
Rank: Ctr
Full Name: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Unit: PAROC
Wing: Other
Phone Number: 3.5c,(b)(6)
Email: 3.5c. (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: Other
APPROVER
Rank: SrA
Full Namesc, (b)(3), 130b, (bk(6)
Unit: ISRD/ACF/UnitSupport
Wing: Other
Phone Number: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Email: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: 609 CAOC
INGEST
Rank:
Full Name:
Unit:
Wing:
Phone Number:
Email:
Service:
Operations Center:
ACEQUIP
ACEQUIP
Aircraft Callsign: 1.4a
Radar Name or Destination: -
3.5c,(b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0104 Approved for Release to AARO 09/12/25 000003

#### Page 4

l■ IMS UHIIIIII

• Radar Software Load or Mission Data: • Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: • RWR Software Load or Mission Data: • MWS Name or Designator: • MWS Software Load or Mission Data: • IRCM Name or Designator: • TRCM Software Load or Mission Data: • ECM Name or Designator: • ECM Software Load or Mission Data: • CMD Name or Designator: • Chaff Designator: • Num Chaff or Cartridges: • Flare Designator: • Num Flares: 0
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator: • Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: • Num Towed Decoys: • Type of Radar-Guided AAM: • Num Radar-Guided AAM: • Type of m-Guided AAM: • Num TR-Guided AAM: • Gun Name or Designator: • Num Gun Rounds: • Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: • TGT Pod Name or Designator: ANDASl
• Additional Avionics: AH\GMESH
• Data Link: • Gentext:

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 12 September 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

Timeline
Takeoff

• Callsign:I
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
.--a,-1-.4g....J
• Asset Type (Aircraft): !1 .4• Aircraft Tail Number(s):! 1.4a, 1.4g j
• Takeoff Location (JCAO Code): OMAM
• Takeoff Time DTG: 240015:00ZOCT23
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes):
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

3.5c, {b)(6}

H OAll• t ll OIiillil f
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

Approved for Release to MRO - FOUO / PA applies

09/12/25 000004

#### Page 5

ill■ .IINIW :UUIIUNI

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 12 September 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OMAM
• Last Land Time: 242058:00ZOCT23
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 242108:00ZOCT23
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 43 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 240l55:00ZOCT23
1.4a
• Callsign:
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: JSR
• JTAC Callsign: • Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

I

I

OffStation
• Time Off Station DTG: 241912:00ZOCT23
• Total Time On Station: 17 hours 17 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

JSR

1.4a, 1.4c

3.5c, (b)(6)
lilll URIIW 111 HIN I
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

Approved for Release to MRO - FOUO / PA applies

09/12/25 000005

#### Page 6

i!IIU!IMIIIIISI 9181

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declass fled on: 12 Septel"lber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

GENTEXTIISR

!

• Gentext: (SI/REL) FROM 01552 TO 18372,
1.4a
!CONDUCTED IMINT
SUPPORTING NAVCENT ISO OP SPARTAN SHIELD IVO 40RBP5filir>~h4a!
PLEASE REFERENCE THE FOLLOWING LINK FOR POST MISSION ISR PRODUCTS~.sc, (b)(!l

~~

I

I

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: NAVCENT
• Supported Operation: OP SPARTAN SHIELD (OP._!____1___
.4a
_ ___.
• Precoord Time: 154 MINUTES
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: ti:!1Mh' WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: No
• Gentext:

GUARDCALL
• GUARDCALL DTG: 240145:00ZOCT23
• Aircraft Callsign: I
1.4a
I
• Ground Station CaUsign: lRANIAN_AlR_DEFENSE
• Aircraft Location: 40RBP0~11Ai!
• Aircraft Heading: 03 lM
• Aircraft Altitude: FL230
• Aircraft Airspeed: I 58KIAS
• Number of Calls Noted from the Same Agency: I
• GuardcaU Tone: Professional

GENTEXTIGUARDCALL
• Gentext: (S//REL) AT 01452, !
1.4a
IRECEIVED IX GUARD CALL FROM
IRANIAN AIR DEFENSE STATING "MAINTAIN SAFE DISTANCE FROM BORDER". CALL WAS
PROFESSIONAL. ~RESPONDED "THIS IS A COALITION AIRCRAFT CONDUCTING
ROUTINE OPERATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL AIRSPACE". AT 0l45Z, THE CALLS FROM

3.5c, (b)(6)

HI llllillW 1111 HI 111111
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO / PA applies

09/12/25 000006

#### Page 7

IIIMT UHINI

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chref of Staff
Declass fled on· 12 Septer,ber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

IRANIAN AIR DEFENSE CEASED.

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 240241 :00ZOCT23
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: NONE
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: UNK
e: UNK
• MDS Type/ Asset
• Tail Number: 1.4a. 1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 39RYJ9C6M4~1.4al
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: FL243
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: 280 DEGREES
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 162 KTAS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: UNK
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: UNK
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): UNK
• Operational Range: UNK.
• UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNK
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures: THERMAL SHOWED COLD
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP RF Frequency: UNK
• UAP RF Duration: UNK
• UAP Event Serial Number: UNK
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP Effects on Equipment: UNK.
• Full Name:
• Rank/Grade:
• Email:
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 39RYJ7~J1.4a)
• First Seen Radius: S
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 39RYJ741ill7~
• Last Seen Radius: 5

3 Sc fbl/6)
H OMl• t JI OIiiN f
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

Approved for Release to M RO - FOUO / PA applies

09/12/25 000007

#### Page 8

IIIMT UHINI

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chref of Staff
Declass fled on· 12 Septer,ber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: UNK.
• Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: UNK.
• Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: 320 MPH
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: UNK.
• UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 240241 :00ZOCT23
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK.
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: UNK.
• First Accurac : Estimated
1.4a
• Call Sign:
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

GENTEX.TIUAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): UNK.
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (S/NF)AT 02412,~OBSERVED IX UAP IYO
39RXK6~~1.4al

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 240322:00ZOCT23
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: NONE
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: UNK
• MDS Type / Asset Type: UNK.
• Tail Number:j1.4a, 1.4g!
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 39RXK6~~1.4a!
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: FL243
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: 280 DEGREES
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 162 KTAS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: UNK.
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: UNK.
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): UNK.
• Operational Range: UNK.
• UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:

3.5c.(b)(6)

11111 DAIi• I1111 Ii 58 DII
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

Approved for Release to M RO - FOUO / PA applies

09/12/25 000008

#### Page 9

IIIMT UHINf

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chref of Staff
Declass fled on· 12 Septer,ber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

• UAP Propulsion Means: UNK
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures: UNK
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP RF Frequency: UNK
• UAP RF Duration: UNK
• UAP Event Serial Number: UNK
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP Effects on Equipment: UNK
• FullName:
• Rank/Grade:
• Email:
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 39RXL6~J1.4al
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 39RXL6~l1.4al
• Last Seen Radius: 5
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: UNK
• Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: UNK
• Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: 440 MPH
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: UNK
• UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 240322:00ZOCT23
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: UNK
• First Accuracy: Estimated
1.4a
I
• Call Sign I
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

GENTEXTIUAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): UNK
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (S//NF)AT 03222,~0BSERVED lX UAP IVO
39RXK6~~1.4a!

3.Sc, {bl(6)

9E?RFT'.?JS1iUUI
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

Approved for Release to M RO - FOUO / PA applies

09/12/25 000009

## DOW-UAP-D025 — Mission Report, Greece, January 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D025
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D025
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1/25/24
- Location: Mediterranean Sea
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing one UAP, estimating its speed as “approximately 434 knots (499 mph)”. The observer described the UAP as diamond-shaped, with a non-maneuvering probe at the bottom. The observer noted that the UAP was only visible when viewed via an onboard Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) sensor. The observer reported that the event occurred over a duration of approximately two minutes. 
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

A classified mission report from January 2024 details an unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) observed by a U.S. military aircraft in Greece. The document, declassified in 2025 by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff, describes the UAP as a diamond-shaped object with a non-maneuverable probe, detected by a SWIR camera. The object was seen flying at approximately 434 knots, remained on the camera for about two minutes, and showed no signs of intelligent control or anomalous behavior. The report includes mission details, sensor data, and timestamps of the observation.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

Misrep undefined-9629373
Narrative
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
AT 0109Z, (b)(1)1.4a
CONDUCTED SLR TAKE OFF FROM LGLR. (b)(1)1.4a PROCEEDED TO
FRAGGED TASKING TO SUPPORT (b)(1)1.4a
AT 0509Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED AERIAL PHENOMENON (SEE UAP 1).
AT 0135Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED TO SUPPORT (b)(1)1.4a (b)(1)1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT 0635Z,
CHECKED IN WITH (b)(1)1.4a AND PERFORMED FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT 36R XV 19
(b)(1)1.4a
63
(SEE
ISR
1).
(b)(1)1.4a
AT 1504Z, (b)(1)1.4a RETURNED TO BASE. AT 2149Z, (b)(1)1.4a LANDED AT LGLR. FULL MOTION
VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY GET. 20:40 MISSION HOURS, 08:29 FMV HOURS, 1X FMV
TASKINGS PROSECUTED, 08:27 SIGINT HOURS, 1X SIGINT TASKINGS.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: REL TO USA, FVEY
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20490125

OPERATION
• Operation:
(b)(1)1.4a
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 603rd
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFSOC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 001

#### Page 2

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 33 SOS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): 24-024
• Mission Type: ISR
• ATO Mission Number: 4055
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poc

POC
• Rank: A1C
• Full
Name:
3.5c,
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 56 SOIS
• Wing: 27 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 AOC Det 1

QC
• Rank: SrA
• Full3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: 27 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

APPROVER
• Rank: A1C
• Full 3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 002

#### Page 3

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Wing: Other
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 603 AOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:
• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 003

#### Page 4

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: • TGT Pod Name or Designator: AN/DAS-4
• Additional Avionics: AH/GMESH/SANTA FE
• Data Link: LINK 16
• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
(b)(1)1.4a

• Callsign:
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): LGLR
• Takeoff Time DTG: 250109:00ZJAN24
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): 4055
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): LGLR
• Last Land Time: 252149:00ZJAN24
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 252159:00ZJAN24
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 40 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 250635:00ZJAN24
• Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: ISR
• JTAC Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 004

#### Page 5

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 251504:00ZJAN24
• Total Time On Station: 8 hours 29 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 250635:00ZJAN24
• Time-off Station DTG: 251504:00ZJAN24
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type: AREC
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: BLASPHEMY
• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 36RXV19
3
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: Yes
• Number of EEIs: 1
• Global Campaign Plan:

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO THE SP AT 0635Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED NO EEI RELATED ACTIVITY. FROM
0635Z- 1353Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED POL AND OBSERVED NSTR. FROM 1353Z-1500Z, (b)(1)1.4a
CONDUCTED A 1X STOP FOLLOW ON 1X ADM IN A SILVER SUV. AT 1400Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED
A LARGE WHITE BOX BEING TRANSFERRED FROM BLACK SUV TO WHITE VAN.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: (b)(1)1.4a
• Supported Operation:
• Precoord Time: • Precoord Effectiveness: -

(b)(1)1.4a

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 005

#### Page 6

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 250509:00ZJAN24
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: NONE
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: NONE
• MDS Type / Asset Type:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Tail Number:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 35SQT67
8
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: FL250
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: 162
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 176 KTS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: NO
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: NONE
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): • Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNK
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP Signatures: SWIR WHT
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Event Serial Number: 250509ZJAN2024-CENTCOM 001
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Effects on Equipment: NONE
• Full
Name:
3.5c, FOIA
Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 006

#### Page 7

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Rank/Grade: SENIOR AIRMAN/E-4
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NONE
• First Coordinate: 35SQT44
7
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• First Seen Radius: 20
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 35SPT63
5
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Last Seen Radius: 20
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: FL200
• Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: • Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity:
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: W
• UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 250509:00ZJAN24
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: MAINTAINED STEADY FLIGHT PATH,
INCREASED AND DECREASED ALTITUDE PROFILE, DID NOT CHANGE TRAJECTORY
• First Accuracy: Estimated
• Call Sign: (b)(1)1.4a
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): ROUND DIAMOND
SHAPE WITH STRAIGHT, NON MANUEVERABLE "TAIL"
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
AT 0509Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 1X UAP WHILE IN TRANSIT. UPON INITIAL OBSERVATION, THE
UAP WAS FLYING AT A SPEED OF APPROX 434 KNOTS. THE UAP APPEARED DIAMOND IN
SHAPE WITH A NON-MANUEVERING PROBE AT THE BOTTOM. THE UAP ONLY APPEARED
ON THE SWIR CAMERA. THE EVENT LASTED APPROX 2 MINUTES ENDING AT 0511Z,
WITHOUT ANY OTHER INCIDENT OCCURING.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 007

## DOW-UAP-D027 — Mission Report, United Arab Emirates, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D027
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D027
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 6/7/24
- Location: Gulf of Oman
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the UAP kept its speed under the 163‑knot speed limit.

- DOW-UAP-D027 Mission Report, Department of War, October 2023, Gulf of Oman
- Operator saw one UAP at ~24,000 ft, speed 163 knots, glowing sphere with vertical pole
- Report classifies the UAP as benign

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing one UAP at an estimated altitude of approximately 24,000 feet. The observer estimated the UAP’s speed as 163 knots (187 mph).
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

A classified mission report from the U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) details an aerial surveillance mission conducted in the United Arab Emirates in June 2024. The document, declassified in October 2025 by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff, describes a flight by an aircraft designated (b)(1)1.4a. During the return trip, the aircraft detected one unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) moving at 140 knots over water. The UAP was described as a glowing hot spherical object with a vertical cylindrical pole, observed at an altitude of 23,999 feet. The report notes no change in the UAP's behavior and classifies it as benign. The mission was part of Operation Enduring Sentinel.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

Misrep undefined-10055709
Narrative
(SECRET//NOFORN)
AT 2100Z, (b)(1)1.4a
FRAGGED TASKING.

TOOK OFF FROM OMAM VIA SLR. (b)(1)1.4a PROCEEDED TO

AT 1822Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. (b)(1)1.4a DID NOT ARRIVE ON-STATION DUE TO WX RTB (SEE
ON/OFF STATION 1).
AT 2256Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED A NON-INTERFERENCE BASIS TASKING (SEE NIB 1).
AT 0444Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED A NON-INTERFERENCE BASIS TASKING (SEE NIB 2).
AT 0457Z, DURING RTB (b)(1)1.4a DETECTED 1X UAP (SEE UAP 1).
AT 0405Z, (b)(1)1.4a RETURNED TO BASE. AT 0713Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED SLR AND LANDED AT
OMAM. 10:13 MISSION HOURS.
(SECRET//NOFORN)

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: NOFORN
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20490606

OPERATION
• Operation: ENDURING SENTINEL
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//NOFORN

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 001

#### Page 2

SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFSOC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 3 SOS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): DK
• Mission Type: ISR
• ATO Mission Number: (b)(1)1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poc

POC
• Rank: SrA
• Full3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: 27 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

QC
• Rank: A1C
• Full3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 56 SOIS
• Wing: 27 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 AOC Det 1

APPROVER
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//NOFORN

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 002

#### Page 3

SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Rank: SrA
• Full3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: 379 AEW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
(b)(1)1.4a

• Aircraft Callsign:
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:
• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//NOFORN

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 003

#### Page 4

SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:
• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each:
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: AN/DAS-1
• Additional Avionics: AH/GMESH/SF
• Data Link: LINK 16
• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OMAM
• Takeoff Time DTG: 062100:00ZJUN24
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): 34563
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OMAM
• Last Land Time: 070713:00ZJUN24
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 070723:00ZJUN24
• Total Mission Time: 10 hours 13 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG:
• Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: ISR

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//NOFORN

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 004

#### Page 5

SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• JTAC Callsign: ITC
• Gentext/Additional Details: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
AT 1822Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. DID NOT ARRIVE ON-STATION DUE TO WX RTB AT 0405Z.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
• Did not Arrive On Station: On

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG:
• Total Time On Station:
• Gentext/Additional Details:

NIB
• Earliest Time Intelligence of Value: 062256:00ZJUN24
• Latest Time Intelligence of Value: 062330:00ZJUN24
• NIB ID: • ISR Support or Effect: FMV
• Target Name:
(b)(1)1.4a
• Location of Interest (LOI): • Location (MGRS): 40RGM85
1
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Requested Classification of Reports: SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
• Dissemination POCs or Common File: • EEIs: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
A. BEGIN SCANS AT 75NM WEST, NORTH, AND EAST OF SP FOR DHOWS TRANSITING IN
THE DIRECTION OF SP
B. PROVIDE SITREP WITH FLAG STATUS, FLAG, OR NO FLAG VISIBLE AND COUNTRY OF
FLAG (IF POSSIBLE), COORDINATES AND OBSERVED ACTIVITY.
C. CALL OUT ANY IDENTIFIABLE EQUIPMENT, COMMS EQUIPMENT, PERSONS WEAPONS,
CARGO ON BOARD TO INCLUDE CANCAS COVERED ITEMS
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

GENTEXT/NIB
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 2256Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED NO PERSONNEL OR VEHICLE ACTIVITY.
BETWEEN 2257Z-2330Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED SCANS IVO THE SP AND PROVIDED CALLS ON
ANY DHOW ACTIVITY. ITC INTENT MET.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 070457:00ZJUN24

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//NOFORN

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 005

#### Page 6

SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: FLYING STRAIGHT JUST OVER THE WATER AT SPEED
OF 140KNOTS
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: NO CHANGE
• MDS Type / Asset Type:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Tail Number:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 40RFM60
74
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: 23,999FT
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: 294
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 163 KNOTS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: NO
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: • Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): N/A
• Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNKNOWN
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe):
• UAP Signatures: • UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Event Serial Number: 060457ZJUN2024-CENTCOM
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Effects on Equipment: • Full Name:
3.5c, FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Rank/Grade: E-4
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 40RFM60
2
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• First Seen Radius:
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 40QFM92
1
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Last Seen Radius: 5
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: • Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: -

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//NOFORN

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 006

#### Page 7

SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: 140 KNOTS
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: • UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 070457:00ZJUN24
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors:
• First Accuracy: Precise
• Call Sign: (b)(1)1.4a
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): (SECRET//NOFORN)
GLOWING HOT SPHERICAL UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT WITH A VERTICAL UNWAVERING
CYLINDRICAL POLE/BAR ATTACHED ON THE BOTTOM OF THE OBJECT POSS REFLECTION
FROM THE OBJECT IN THE WATER, MOVING AT 140KNOTS
(SECRET//NOFORN)
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (SECRET//NOFORN)
DURING RTB AT 0457Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 1X UAP WHILE TRANSITING OVER
40RFM60
2
FLYING AT AN ALTITUDE OF 23,999FT MSL AND SPEED OF 163KTS.
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
(SECRET//NOFORN)

NIB
• Earliest Time Intelligence of Value: 070444:00ZJUN24
• Latest Time Intelligence of Value: 070548:00ZJUN24
• NIB ID: • ISR Support or Effect: FMV
• Target Name:
(b)(1)1.4a
• Location of Interest (LOI): • Location (MGRS): 40RFM63
2
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Requested Classification of Reports: SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
• Dissemination POCs or Common File: • EEIs: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
A. BEGIN SCANS AT 75NM WEST, NORTH, AND EAST OF SP FOR DHOWS TRANSITING IN
THE DIRECTION OF SP
B. PROVIDE SITREP WITH FLAG STATUS, FLAG, OR NO FLAG VISIBLE AND COUNTRY OF
FLAG (IF POSSIBLE), COORDINATES AND OBSERVED ACTIVITY.
C. CALL OUT ANY IDENTIFIABLE EQUIPMENT, COMMS EQUIPMENT, PERSONS WEAPONS,
CARGO ON BOARD TO INCLUDE CANCAS COVERED ITEMS

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//NOFORN

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 007

#### Page 8

SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

GENTEXT/NIB
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 0444Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED NO PERSONNEL OR VEHICLE ACTIVITY.
BETWEEN 0445Z-0548Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED SCANS IVO THE SP AND PROVIDED CALLS ON
ANY DHOW ACTIVITY. ITC INTENT MET.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//NOFORN

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 008

## DOW-UAP-D028 — Mission Report, Iraq, September 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D028
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D028
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/20/24
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing hotter than the flare was the paperwork deadline of September 2024.

- MISREP DOW-UAP-D028, Department of War, September 2024, Iraq
- During weapons calibration, IR sensors saw a lens flare from a high‑speed UAP, described as significant heat source
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
While conducting a weapons calibration test, U.S. military operators reported observing a lens flare via MX-20 and MX-25 IR sensors after firing an AGM-176 Griffin air-to-surface missile. The operators described the source of the flare as a UAP moving through the aircraft’s sensor’s field-of-view at a high rate of speed. The reporter assessed that the flare was associated with “a significant heat source.”
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

A classified mission report from September 2024 details an armed overwatch operation conducted by a U.S. Air Force unit in Iraq. The document, declassified in October 2025 by USCENTCOM Chief of Staff MG Richard A. Harrison, describes a crew observing an unidentified aerial phenomenon during a weapons calibration. The UAP was detected by infrared sensors and moved at high speed through the aircraft's sensor field. The report notes the UAP created an infrared lens flare, indicating a significant heat source, but no further details about its nature or origin were provided. The mission concluded without reobserving the object.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

Misrep undefined-10431840
Narrative
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) (b)(1)1.4a
DEPARTED OKAS AT 1740Z TO CONDUCT
(b)(1)1.4a
ARMED OVERWATCH IVO 38SKC63
2
ARRIVED ON STATION AT
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4
APPROXIMATELY 1930Z AND CHECKED IN WITH (b)(1)1.4a
PERFORMED A WEAPONS CALIBRATION, HAVING RELEASED 20x105mm, 101x30mm,
1xAGM-176. (b)(1)1.4a
's CREW OBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED AERIAL PHENOMENA
DURING ITS PGM SHOT (SEE UAP 1). (b)(1)1.4a
WAS CLEARED OFF STATION AT 2323Z.
GFC INTENT MET. (b)(1)1.4a
LANDED AT OKAS AT 0046Z.

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: REL TO USA, FVEY
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20490921

OPERATION
• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFSOC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): SOTU 016
• Submit Date:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 001

#### Page 2

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): HM
• Mission Type: ARMED OVERWATCH
• ATO Mission Number:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poc

POC
• Rank: CAPT
• Full
Name:Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
3.5c, FOIA
• Unit: 16 SOS
• Wing: 27 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: Other

QC
• Rank: SrA
• Full3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: 1 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: Other

APPROVER
• Rank: SSgt
• Full Name:
3.5c, FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: ACF
• Wing: 379 AEW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 002

#### Page 3

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination: AN/APN-241
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data: AN/ALR-56M
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: ALR-56M
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data: AAR-47
• MWS Name or Designator: AAR-47
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data: • IRCM Name or Designator: AN-AAQ-24
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data: • ECM Name or Designator: AAQ-24B
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data: ALE-47
• CMD Name or Designator: ALE-47
• Chaff Designator: RR180
• Num Chaff or Cartridges: 716
• Flare Designator: MJU-71, MJU-66, M206
• Num Flares: 240
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator: • Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: • Num Towed Decoys: • Type of Radar-Guided AAM: • Num Radar-Guided AAM: • Type of IR-Guided AAM: • Num IR-Guided AAM: • Gun Name or Designator: 30MM, 105MM
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: 1.4(a)
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: MX-25
• Additional Avionics: GPS/SADL

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 003

#### Page 4

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Data Link: GATEWAY (IF BOTH)
• Gentext: 1020x30mm / 80x105mm

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
• Takeoff Time DTG: 201740:00ZSEP24
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes):
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
• Last Land Time: 210046:00ZSEP24
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 200101:00ZSEP24
• Total Mission Time: 7 hours 6 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 201930:00ZSEP24
• Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• JTAR Number:
• Killbox (Location):
• Mission Type: ARMED OVERWATCH
• JTAC Callsign:
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 202323:00ZSEP24
• Total Time On Station: 3 hours 53 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 004

#### Page 5

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 202027:59ZSEP24
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: UAP FLEW THROUGH (b)(1)1.4a
SENSOR IN
BETWEEN MUNITION RELEASE AND MUNITION IMPACT
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: NONE OBSERVED
• MDS Type / Asset Type:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Tail Number:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 38SKC55
5
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: FL130
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: 096 STRAIGHT AND LEVEL
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 170 KIAS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: NO
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: NO PARTIES REPORTED AN ADDITIONAL
AIRCRAFT IN THE AIRSPACE WITH (b)(1)1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): YES
• Operational Range: AYN AL ASAD ROZ RAINDROP
• UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means:
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe):
• UAP Signatures: IR SIGNATURE DETECTABLE BY MX-20 & MX-25
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): NONE OBSERVED
• UAP RF Frequency:
• UAP RF Duration:
• UAP Event Serial Number: 202027ZSEP2024-CENTCOM
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Effects on Equipment: NONE
• Full Name:
3.5c, FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Rank/Grade: CAPTAIN
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 38SKC59
7
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• First Seen Radius:
• Last Accuracy: Precise
• Last Coordinate: 38SKC59
7
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Last Seen Radius:
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 005

#### Page 6

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Kinetic Altitude:
• Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth:
• Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity:
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory:
• UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 210000:00ZSEP24
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): NONE
OBSERVED; PATH OF MOVEMENT APPEARED PREDETERMINED AND NOT IN RESPONSE TO
(b)(1)1.4a
's DETECTION
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: IT IS UNKNOWN AT THIS TIME WHETHER AN
OBJECT DETACHED ITSELF FROM THE PRIMARY UAP IMMEDIATELY BEFORE LEAVING
THE SENSOR FIELD OF VIEW.
• First Accuracy: Precise
• Call Sign: (b)(1)1.4a
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): UAP CREATED IR
LENS FLARE ON MX-20 & MX-25 SENSORS, INDICATING A SIGNIFICANT HEAT SOURCE.
THE UAP MOVED AT A HIGH RATE OF SPEED THROUGH THE SENSOR FIELD OF VIEW. THE
CREW MAINTAINED LASER ENERGY UNTIL THE MUNITION IMPACTED ITS DESIRED
TARGET. (b)(1)1.4a
DID NOT REOBSERVE THE UAP.
ENTERED AYN AL
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (S//REL TO USA, FVEY) (b)(1)1.4a
ASAD AIRBASE's (AAAB) RESTRICTED OPERATING ZONE (ROZ) RAINDROP AT
APPROXIMATELY 1930Z TO CONDUCT A WEAPONS CALIBRATION. (b)(1)1.4a
RECEIVED A CALL FOR FIRE AT APPROXIMATELY 2025Z TO EMPLOY AN AGM-176. AFTER
WEAPONS RELEASE, THE WEAPONS SYSTEMS OFFICER (WSO) AND COMBAT SYSTEMS
OFFICER (CSO) OBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT "FLY" THROUGH THE AIRCRAFT
SENSORS AT A HIGH RATE OF SPEED. THE UAP CREATED AN IR LENS FLARE ON THE
MX-20 & MX-25 SENSORS, WHICH INDICATED A SIGNIFICANT HEAT SIGNATURE COMING
FROM THE OBJECT. IT IS UNKNOWN AT THIS TIME WHETHER AN OBJECT DETACHED
ITSELF FROM THE PRIMARY UAP IMMEDIATELY BEFORE LEAVING THE SENSOR FIELD OF
VIEW. THE CREW MAINTAINED LASER ENERGY UNTIL THE MUNITION IMPACTED ITS
DESIRED TARGET. (b)(1)1.4a
DID NOT REOBSERVE THE UAP.
(S//REL) UAP EVENT SERIAL NUMBER IS CORRECT WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE "CCMD
ASSIGNED NUMERICAL SEQUENCE," WHICH IS UNKNOWN AT THIS TIME.

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 006

## DOW-UAP-D032 — Mission Report, Syria, October 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D032
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D032
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 10/20/24
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The white ball was so misshapen, even the FMV couldn’t focus on it.

- DOW-UAP-D032 Mission Report, Department of War, October 2024, Syria
- Operator saw misshapen, uneven white light ball with glaring flashes on FMV feed
- Crew judged phenomenon benign, no mission impact reported

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing a “misshapen and uneven ball of white light,” describing multiple “glares or light” emanating from an “unknown origin.” The reporter described the UAP as a “light/glare halo effect” at the top of the Full-Motion Video (FMV) feed.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a classified mission report from October 2024, declassified in October 2025 by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff. It details a flight operation in Syria involving an aircraft designated (b)(1)1.4a. The report notes that at 1559Z, the aircraft observed an unidentified aerial phenomenon, described as a misshapen and uneven ball of white light, with light/glare from an unknown origin flashing across the FMV camera feed. The crew assessed the event as benign and reported no mission impact. The document includes details about flight times, locations, and sensor operations.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

Misrep undefined-10541508
Narrative
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
AT 0823Z, (b)(1)1.4a
TOOK OFF FROM OJMS VIA SLR. (b)(1)1.4a PROCEEDED TO FRAGGED
TASKING.
AT 0649Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. (b)(1)1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT 1102Z AND PERFORMED
FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT 37S FV 85
81
(SEE ISR 1).
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
AT 1158Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. (b)(1)1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT 1230Z AND PERFORMED
FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT 37S FU 36
79
(SEE ISR 2).
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
AT 1559Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED ARRIEAL PHENOMENON (SEE UAP 1).
AT 2252Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. (b)(1)1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT 2318Z AND PERFORMED
81
(SEE ISR 3).
FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT 37S FU 85
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
AT 0124Z, (b)(1)1.4a RETURNED TO BASE. AT 0447Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED SLR AND LANDED AT
OJMS. FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY GET. 20:24 MISSION HOURS, 14:22 FMV
HOURS, 3X FMV TASKINGS PROSECUTED, 13:02 SIGINT HOURS, 3X SIGINT TASKINGS.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: REL TO USA, FVEY
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20491020

OPERATION

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 001

#### Page 2

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFSOC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 12 SOS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): IP
• Mission Type: ISR
• ATO Mission Number:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poc

POC
• Rank: A1C
• Full 3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: 27 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

QC
• Rank: 1LT
• Full3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 56 SOIS
• Wing: 27 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 002

#### Page 3

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Operations Center: Other

APPROVER
• Rank: SSgt
• Full
Name:
3.5c,
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: Other
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 003

#### Page 4

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:
• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: 1.4(a)
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: AN/DAS-4
• Additional Avionics: AH/GMESH/SANTA FE
• Data Link: LINK 16
• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Takeoff Time DTG: 200823:00ZOCT24
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): 33300
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 201102:00ZOCT24
• Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• JTAR Number:
• Killbox (Location):
• Mission Type: ISR
• JTAC Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 004

#### Page 5

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 210124:00ZOCT24
• Total Time On Station: 14 hours 22 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Last Land Time: 210447:00ZOCT24
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 210457:00ZOCT24
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 24 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 201102:00ZOCT24
• Time-off Station DTG: 201200:00ZOCT24
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type: AREC
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: SANTA FE
• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37S FV 85
81
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: No
• Number of EEIs:
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 1102Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 3X ADMS AND ONE MOTO IVO SP. FROM
1102Z TO 1200Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED POL AT THE SP AND OBSERVED NSTR. AT 1158Z, (b)(1)1.4a
RECIEVED NEW 7L.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 005

#### Page 6

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: 1HR 26MIN
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 201230:00ZOCT24
• Time-off Station DTG: 202318:00ZOCT24
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type: TARGET DEV
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: SANTA FE
• Tasking Type: Dynamic
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37S FU 36
79
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: Yes
• Number of EEIs: 1
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 1230Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 1X VEH NO FURTHER EEI RELATED
ACTIVITY. FROM 1230Z-1313Z, (b)(1)1.4a WENT EYES FREE PENDING SI CONDCUTING SF
PASSES. FROM 1313Z-1410Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED A 3X STOP FOLLOW ON 1X ADM MOUNTED
MOTO. FROM 1559Z-1644Z, OBSERVED UAP ACTIVITY (SEE UAP 1). FROM 1447Z-1518Z, 3X

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 006

#### Page 7

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

STOP FOLLOW ON 1X ADM IN TRAD WEAR ON MOTO AND DEP W. NO FURTHER EEI
RELATED ACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED UNTIL RETASKING AT 2252Z.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED
• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: • Precoord Effectiveness: -

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 201559:00ZOCT24
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: LIGHT/GLARE FLASHED OF UNK ORIGIN FLASHED
ACCROSS FMV CAMERA FEED
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: NO CHANGE
• MDS Type / Asset Type:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Tail Number:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 37SFU44
7
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: 20,088FT
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: ORBIT
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 144 KNOTS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: NO
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: • Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): N/A

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 007

#### Page 8

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: Plasma
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNKNOWN
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures: LIGHT
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Event Serial Number: 201559ZOCT2024
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Effects on Equipment: • Full Name:
3.5c, FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Rank/Grade: E-4
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 37SFU36
9
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 37SFU36
9
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Last Seen Radius: 15
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: • Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: • Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: • Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: • UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 201559:00ZOCT24
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: LIGHT/GLARE FROM UNKNOWN ORIGIN
FLASHED ACCROSS FMV CAMERA FEED. AIRCREW ASSESSED THIS NOT TO BE A LASING
EVENT.
• First Accuracy: Estimated
• Call Sign: (b)(1)1.4a
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 008

#### Page 9

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): MISHAPEN AND
UNEVEN BALL OF WHITE LIGHT.
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
FROM 1559Z-1644Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED MULTIPLE GLARES OR LIGHT FROM UNKNOWN
ORIGIN AT DIFFERENT ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS. AT 1559Z, 1602Z AND AT 1644Z, (b)(1)1.4a
OBSERVED 1X LIGHT/GLARE CROSSED DIRECTLY ON THE FMV CAMERA. AT 1609Z AND
1620Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED A LIGHT/GLARE HALO EFFECT AT THE TOP OF (b)(1)1.4a FMV FEED.
AIRCREW CONSIDERED THIS NO MISSION IMPACT OR CHANGE AND UAP WAS BENIGN.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 202318:00ZOCT24
• Time-off Station DTG: 210124:00ZOCT24
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type: TARGET DEV
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: SANTA FE
• Tasking Type: Dynamic
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37S FU 85
81
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: No
• Number of EEIs:
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 2318Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 1X MOTO PARKED ON S SIDE OF BLDG
SLANT 0/0/0. FROM 2318Z-0124Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED POL PENDING ADM ACTIVITY. NO
FURTHER EEI RELATED ACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED UNTIL RTB AT 0124Z.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED
• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: -

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 009

#### Page 10

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Precoord Effectiveness: -

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 010

## DOW-UAP-D033 — Mission Report, Greece, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D033
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D033
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 10/27/23
- Location: Aegean Sea
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

January 22, 2026 release cites 2023 sighting—paperwork lags, turns don’t.

- Mission Report DOW-UAP-D033, Department of War, Oct 2023, Aegean Sea
- Operator saw circular UAP just above ocean, making multiple 90° turns at ~80 mph, lost quickly
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing a UAP “flying just above the surface of the ocean.” The report describes the UAP as taking “multiple 90-degree turns at an estimated 80 mph.”
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Dedasslfied by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Dedassified on· 22 January 2026

Misrep 9329374

l

Narrative

AT 2339ZJ
1.4a
ITOOK OFF FROM LGLR. AT 235 z,~HANDED OVER FROM
THE LRE.~PROCEEDED TO FRAGGED TASKING TO SUPPORT DATA MASKED.
AT 0013Z,~WAS 7•LINED TO SUPPORT DATA MASKED 1.4a
ED ON•STATION AT
03422, CHECKED IN WITH DATA MASKED, AND PERFO
D FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT
36S YC 401 .4a!5g (SEE ISR 1).
AT 0035Z,[u;JOBSERVED lX POSS UAP (SEE UAP 1).
AT 101 lZ[uia]RETURNED TO BASE. AT 1213Z,~HANpED BACK TO THE LRE. AT 1309Z,
~LANDED AT OJMS. FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLbITED BY GET. 13:30 MISSION
HOURS, 06:29 FMV HOURS, IX FMV TASKINGS PROSECUT D.

Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification:
• Associated Caveats:
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20481026

OPERATION
• Operationt
1.4a
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 603rd
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFSOC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

3.5c, b 6
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

Approved for Release to AARO

01/26/26 001

#### Page 2

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 22 January 2026
MSGID
• Report Type: M1SREP
Originator (Unit or Squadron): 33 SOS
Submit Date:
MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO) 1.4a
• Mission Type: ISR
ATO Mission Number: 1.4a
Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE
Poc
POC
Rank: AlC
•Full Name:3.5c,(b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
Unit: Unavailable
- Wing: 27 SOW
Phone Number:3.5c. (bi6)
Email: 3.5c, (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
Operations Center: 609 CAOC
Qc
* Rank: SrA
Full Nag15e; (b)(3), 130b, b)(6)
• Unit: 56SOIS
Wing: 27 SOW
Phone Number:3.5c,(b)(6)
Email 3.5c, (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
: Operations Center: 609 CAOC
APPROVER
• Rank: SSgt
• Full Nara6h. (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019 Approved for Release to AARO 01/26/26 002

#### Page 3

Declass1fed by MGR chard A Hamson
USCE-NTCOM Ct11ef of Staff
Declass1f ed c 22 January 2026

• Wing: Other
• Phone Number:! 3.5c, (b)(6)
• Email:L.I_____3..;;...5_c'--',(__.b)""-(6...) _ _ _ __.
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 603 AOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP
ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign:!
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:
• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
, • Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:

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#### Page 4

y MGR a dA a
MC
o
'f
on 22 Jaru "Y 2 26

• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: 1.4(a)
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: AN/DAS-4
• Additional Avionics: AWGMESH
• Data Link: LINK 16
• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign:I 1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: l, - - - - ,
• Asset Type (Aircraft) .4a, 1.4
• Aircraft Tail Number(s): 1.4a
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): LGLR
• Takeoff Time DTG: 262339:00ZOCT23
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): 34055
• G entexUAdditiona I Details:
~TRANSITED AND LANDING AT OJMS TO REPLACE THE LIGHTNING LINE THAT
LANDED AT LGLR YESTERDAY.
• Mission Canceled:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Last Land Time: 271309:00ZOCT23
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 271319:00ZOCT23
• Total Mission Time: 13 hours 30 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

JSR
• Time-on Station DTG: 270342:01ZOCT23
• Time-off Station DTG: 271011 :00ZOCT23
• Aircraft Callsign: I 1.4a I
• Msn Type: AREC
• Primary Sensor: FMV

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USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

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n

#### Page 5

Declassified by V.G R1cnard A. 1-'amso~
USCE=NTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on 22 JarJary 2026

• Sensors Available: G-MESH
• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number· (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC# : DATA MASK.ED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 36S YC 401 Aa! 5 ~
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEis Observed: No
• Number of EEis:
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXTIISR
• Gentext:
UPON ARRIVAL TO THE SP AT 04132,wi) OBSERVED N EEIIRELATED ACTIVITY.
BETWEEN 04132 AND 10112,~SHIFTED EYES TO MU TIPLE COI CONDUCTING POL,
IDENTIFYING OBSTRUCTIONS TO HL2S, ROUTE ANALYS , AND CHARACTERIZING
HUMAN OR VEHICLE TRAFFIC.~CONDUCTED POLO MULTIPLE COIS UNTIL RTB AT
10112.

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASK.ED
• Supported Operation:!
1.4a
• Precoord Time: • Precoord Effectiveness: -

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEARWX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: No
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

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#### Page 6

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 270342:00ZOCT23
• Callsign: I 1.4a I
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): •
• Mission Type:
• JTAC Callsign: I 1.4a
• Gen text/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 271011 :01ZOCT23
• Total Time On Station: 6 hours 29 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details;
UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 270035:12ZOCT23
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: Sharp 90 degree turns
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: NONE
• MDS Type / Asset Typ~ 1.4a, 1.4g
• Tail Number~
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 35SKD5~31iia]
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth:
• Friendly Aircrall Trajectory: SW
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed:
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns)::
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters:
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable):
• Operational Range:
• UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNK
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures: NONE
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP RF Frequency: UNK

I

3.Sc, (b )(6)

USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

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#### Page 7

Declassified by MG Richard A. He:iison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on 22 January 2026

• UAP RF Duration: UNK
• UAP Event Serial Number: • UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Effects on Equipment: NONE
• Full Name: • Rank/Grade: • Email: • Phone Number (VOSIP/STE): • Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 35S KD 951w 5 ~
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 35SKD9~~
• Last Seen Radius: 5
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude:
• Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth:
• Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: 80 MPH
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory:
• UAP Date ofDoD Acquisition: 270035:00ZOCT23
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (y s/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors:
• First Accuracy: Estimated
• Call Sign:!
1.4a
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate esti ated or measured):

GENTEXTIUAP

l

• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recogniza le features): SEEMINGLY
CIRCULAR, TOO SMALL TO MAKE OUT DETAILS
• Gentext (UAP Event Description):
AT 0035ZJ
1.4a
!WAS EN ROUTE TO THEIR TAR ET WHEN THEY SPOTTED A UAP
FLYING JUST ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE OCEAN WATER. THE UAP TOOK MULTIPLE 90
DEGREE TURNS AT AN ESTIMATED 80 MPH. AT 00382, 1.4a LOST THE UAP FROM THEIR
FEED.
I

3.5c, b 6
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

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01/26/26 007

## DOW-UAP-D035 — Mission Report, Greece, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D035
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D035
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 10/29/23
- Location: Aegean Sea
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Released 22 January 2026—still waiting for the footage to upload.

- DOW-UAP-D035 mission report, Department of War pdf, October 29 2023, Aegean Sea
- Operator observed circular UAP just above ocean surface, then lost from feed
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing a UAP “flying just above the surface of the ocean.” The report describes the UAP as “[flying] straight above the ocean towards lands.”
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Hamson
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on : 22 January 2026

Misrep 9337873
Narrative
AT 15042,I
1.4a
ITOOK OFF FROM LGLR. AT 151$2,~HANDED OVER FROM
THE LRE.(l;:]PROCEEDED TO FRAGGED TASKING TO SUPPORT DATA MASKED.
AT 16182,~WAS 7-LINED TO SUPPORT DATA MASKEI),.~ARRIVED <?N-STATION AT
20182, CHECKED IN WITH DATA MASKED, AND PERFO
D FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT
36S YC 401.4a!5~ (SEE ISR 1).
AT 081 lZ,~BSERVED IX POSS UAP (SEE UAP 1).
AT 0542Z~RETURNED TO BASE. AT 10352,~
ED BACK TO THE LRE. AT 11052,
~LANDED AT LGLR. FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY GET. 20:01 MISSION
HOURS, 09:24 FMV HOURS, IX FMV TASKING$ PROSECU D.

Mission Narrative

Admin
CLASSIFICATION
• Classification:
• Associated Caveats:
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20481028

OPERATION
• Operation1
1.4a
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 603rd
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFSOC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

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#### Page 2

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 22 January 2026
MSGID
Report Type: MISREP
Originator (Unit or Squadron): 33 SOS
Submit Date:
MSNID
Tasking Order (ATO) 1.4a
Mission Type: ISR
ATO Mission Number 1.4a
Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE
Poc
POC
Rank: AIC
• Full Name3.5c, (b)(3), 130b, (b)(e)
Unit: 56 SOIS
•Wing: 27 SOW
Phone Number: 3.5c. (b)(6)
Email: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 AOC Det 1
QC
Rank: SrA
• Full Name.5c, (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
Unit: Unavailable
Wing: 27 SOW
Phone Number:3.5c, (b)(6)
Email: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC
APPROVER
Rank: AIC
• Full Name:3.5c, (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
Unit: Unavailable
3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019 Approved for Release to AARO 01/26/26 002

#### Page 3

Declassified by MG Richard A. Hamson
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 22 January 2026

• Wing: Other
• Phone Number:!J.5c, (b)(6)!'...._
_,
• Email:!
3.5c, .1.::Cb:.Ll)(.::.,6)~------l
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 603 AOC

____

INGEST
• Rank:
• FuUName:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP
ACEQVJP
• Aircraft Callsign:! 1.4a__,
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:
• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:

3.5c fb)f6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

Approved for Release to AARO

I
01/26/26 003

#### Page 4

Declassified by MG R chard A Ha•rison
USCE=NTCOM Chief of Staff

Declassified o'l· 22 January 2026

• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: 2XAGM-l 14R9E 2XAGM-l 14R2
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: AN/DAS-4
• Additional Avionics: AH/GMESH
• Data Link: LINK 16
• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign:I
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft): .4a, 1.4
• Aircraft Tail Number(s) 1.4a
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): LGLR
• Takeoff Time DTG: 281504:00ZOCT23
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): 34055
• Gentext/ Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): LGLR
• Last Land Time: 291105:00ZOCT23
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 291115:00ZOCT23
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 1 minute
• Gen text/ Additional Details:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 282018:00ZOCT23
• Callsign:I
1.4a
I
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: ISR
• JTAC Callsign:l~-1-.4-a~
• Gen text/ Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station: On

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USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

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#### Page 5

Declassified by MG Richard A. He rison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on 22 January 2026

Of/Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 290542:00ZOCT23
• Total Time On Station: 9 hours 24 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

JSR
• Time-on Station DTG: 282018:00ZOCT23
• Time-off Station DTG: 290542:00ZOCT23
• Aircraft Callsign:! 1.4a
• Msn Type: AREC
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: G-MESH
• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRJ#, or TIC# : DATA MASKED
• BE Number (ifNTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 36S YC 4~511.4a!
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (ifNTISR): • EEis Observed: No
• Number of EEis:
• Global Campaign Plan:

I

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext:
UPON ARRIVAL TO THE SP AT 2018Z,~OBSERVED N EEi RELATED ACTVITY. FROM
2019Z TO 2243Z,~CONDUCTED POL ON SEVERAL AS~OCIATED COIS, NO EEi RELATED
ACTIVITY OBSERVED. AT 2244Zf':"7OBSERVED 6X VE«ICLES ON PARKING GARAGE
ROOFTOP AND NO PERSONNEL.~CONDUCTED POL I N COi UNTIL RTB AT 0542Z.

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED
• Supported Operation~
1.4a
• Precoord Time: • Precoord Effectiveness: -

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)

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USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

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#### Page 6

Declassified by MG Richard A. Ha•rison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staf'
Declassified O"l . 22 January 2026

CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 290811 :00ZOCT23
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: NONE
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: NONE
• MDS Type / Asset Type~ 1.4a, 1.4g
• Tail Number~
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 35SMV3~~1.4a!
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: • Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: • Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: • Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: • Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: • Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): • Operational Range:
• UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNK
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures: NONE
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP RF Frequency: UNK
• UAP RF Duration: UNK
• UAP Event Serial Number: • UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Effects on Equipment: NONE
• Full Name: -

I

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#### Page 7

Declass,fed by MG Ricrard A. Har•1sor
USCE:N-rCOM Cti ef of Staff

Declass-fied on 22 Jant.ary 2026

• Rank/Grade: • Email: • Phone Number (VOSIP/STE): • Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 35SMV3~~
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 35SMV3~41.4a!
• Last Seen Radius: 5
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: • Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: • Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: 30 MPH
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: • UAP Date ofDoD Acquisition: 290811:00ZOCT23
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (y s/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: • First Accuracy: Estimated
• Call Sign:!
1.4a I
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate esti ated or measured):

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recogniz le features): SEEMINGLY
CIRCULAR, TOO SMALL TO MAKE OUT DETAILS
• Gentext (UAP Event Description):
AT 081 IZ,!
1.4a
!WAS RIB WHEN THEY SPOTTE A UAP FLYING JUST ABOVE
IGHT ABOVE THE OCEAN
THE SURFACE OF THE OCEAN WATER. THE UAP FLEWS
TOWARDS LANDS. AT 081 IZ,~LOST THE UAP FROM HEIR FEED.

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USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

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01/26/26 007

## DOW-UAP-D038 — Range Fouler Debrief, Middle East, May 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D038
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D038
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 5/14/20
- Location: Arabian Gulf
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

MG Harrison's signature proves even UFO reports need a chain of command.

- DOW-UAP-D038 Range Fouler Debrief, Department of War, May 14 2020, Arabian Gulf
- Operator saw solid white object erratically moving above water, temporarily lost, then reacquired
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Range Fouler Debrief, a standardized reporting form the U.S. Navy uses to record the circumstances surrounding an unauthorized intrusion into controlled airspace during active military operations or training. These reports contain a narrative description of the observer’s experiences. 
A U.S. military operator reported observing a “solid white object [fly] through the [field-of-view]. The reporter described the UAP as making erratic [movements] above the water.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This document is a Range Fouler Debrief Form completed on May 14, 2020, by a U.S. military crew operating in the Middle East. It reports that during an ISR task, a solid white object flew through the field of view, was temporarily lost, and then reacquired. The object made erratic movements above the water, and the crew attempted to track it using sensors, but lost it due to poor tracking. The form includes details about the time, location, and observations of the object, and instructs on how to submit the report. It was declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff

Range Fouler Debrie Form

Plea
, o , us.~,;t
, 13- 02
"submit" button above. Save and
email the complete file manually
(see below).

Please complete this form to the best of your ability. If you do ot have the requested information,
please leave the field blank. If there was more than one "group " please report each on a separate
form for data collection purposes. You should receive a respons within 5 business days.
Rank

Last Name, First Name

Squadron

SIPR Email Address

Crew Position

This information is for contact only. SPEAR sanitizes all r ports of identifying information.
Absolutely no identifying information for aircrew or squadmn will be recorded for analysis.

05/14/20

20:40:00

Date (mmldd/yy)

Time of detection
(hh:mm:ss Z)

Night

ISR
Side No.

Day I Night

28314

28314

N

Contact Working Area
(Ex: W-72 1A)

Contact Latitute
(DD:MM:SS)

NIS

Buno

49524
Contact Longitude
(DD:MM:SS)

Mission Description (GAS, BFM, etc)

20000

E
EM'
(

' ontact Altitude
: 22000)

Please attempt to determine a Lat I Long for the contact at initial detection. We recommend
using JMPS to reference the sensor-derived bearing and range relative to the bullseye you had
in use. If that method is not available, any reasonable derivation of location will worl<, but please
be as specific as possible and make a note in the comments section. These locations may be
used to cue other means of tracking.

Radar Equipped:

AIM-9x Self-Track:

Stable Trackfile?: Intermittent

ATFLIR Autotrack:

# of Contacts in "Group": 1

Tally Achieved:

□
□
□

EA Indications (Check all that apply):

□
ECM
Arc

□

Letter
Identifier

□

False
Trackfi/es

Yes
Altitude
Constant?

Wind Dir at
Contact Alt
(From)

Was the contact moving?

□

Wind
Speed

Yes

Direction/Speed
(Ex. 090/15)

Please check all that apply:
Round:

D
Metallic: D
Markings: D

[Z]

Moving Parts:

D

Translucent:

D
Balloon-shaped: D
Square:

Wings/Airframe :

D

D
Reflective: D
Opaque:

Other Shape:O
Apparent Propulsion:□

Other/
Ambiguous

LFE?

Please use the field below to describe the contact and any interiaction in your own words with as much
detail as possible. Please be sure to include any detail not incl ded in questions above.
While preforming an ISR tasking (UL TN/Black Hot/Lin), a solid w ite 1object flew through the FOV. There
was a temporarily lose of the object but re-acquired shortly there after. The crew was able to follow the
object as it appeared to make erratic moments above the water. During the follow, crew was able to obtain
4x zoom on the object but lost the object due to poor track place ent. While following, the sensor operator
was continuously manipulating the sensor to maintain eyes on th1e object. This is apparent by the waves of
the water in the background being visible and not being visible.

Don't use the purple "submit" button! Save this form with filenam "Date_Squadron_RF.pdr' and email
it toj
3.sc, (b)(S)
(Also in the global) For troubleshooting, cal/I
3.Sc, (b)(B)

I

Thank you for your time. Please ensure all display tapes are rip11ed for the entire time of interaction and
saved as a .wmv (Example: 4 May VFA-106 HUD.wmv). Squa 1ron lintel personnel shall upload those files
to the repository located at this link.

I

3.5c, (b)(B)

USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

I

Approved for Release to AARO

01/26/26 001

## DOW-UAP-D042 — Range Fouler Debrief, Japan, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D042
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D042
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 8/31/20
- Location: Arabian Gulf
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2023 paperwork on a 2020 Gulf sighting—time travel not required.

- DOW-UAP-D042 Range Fouler Debrief, Department of War, 2023, Japan filing; incident 8/31/20, Arabian Gulf.
- Operator reported object flying through screen, a faster second object, three UAP moving together.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Range Fouler Debrief Form, a standardized reporting form the U.S. Navy uses to record the circumstances surrounding an unauthorized intrusion into controlled airspace during active military operations or training. These reports contain a narrative description of the observer’s experiences. 
A U.S. military operator reported observing an “object fly through the screen.” The observer described a second object surpassing the first, at a higher speed. The report describes a total of three UAP “moving amongst each other.” 
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

A Range Fouler Debrief form from Japan in 2023 reports an encounter with unidentified objects during a flight. The document includes details such as the date, time, and location of the detection, as well as information about the number of contacts and their movement. The pilot describes seeing an initial object that was surpassed by another of similar size but greater speed, with a moment when three objects were visible on the screen. The form instructs the user to save and email the completed document and to upload video files of the interaction. The document is marked as approved for release to MRO.

### Full text

#### Page 1

•

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Range Fouler Debrief Form f- 1uol1;<l!!'J"1eL_�
\See ue ow.
1tted

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v Ml Ric {..;,. d (\

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1
Please complete this form to the best of your ability. If you do not have the requested information,
please leave the fi�ld blank. If there was more t��n one "group!" � le�se rep�rt each on a separate
form for data collection purposes. You should receive a response within 5 business days.
Rank

Last Name, First Name

0-2

j482ATKS

Squadron

Pilot

SfPR Email Address

Crew Position

This information is for contact only. SPEAR sanitizes all r�ports of identifying information.
Absolutely no identifying information for aircrew or squadr! n will be recorded for analysis.

08/31/20

Date (mmldd,YY)

Dusk

Time of detection

Day I Ni;:,ht

{tlh:mm:ss Z)

Side No.

ISR

Buno

Mission Description (GAS, BFM, etc)

{b)(1)Ua

Contact Worl<ing Area
(Ex: W-72 1A)

Contact Latitute
(DD:MM:SS)

N/S

Contact Longitude
(0D:MM:SS)

EMI

118000

Contact Altitude
( x: 22000)

Please attempt to determine a Lat I Long for the contact at initial detection. We recommend

using JMPS to reference the sensor-derived bearing· and range relative to the bullseye you had
in use. If that method is not available. any reasonafJ/e derivation of location will worl<, but please
be as specific as possible and make a note in the comments section. These locations may be
used to cue other means of tracking.

# of Contacts in "Group":
Stable Trackfile?:

EA Indications (Check af/ that apply):

□ □ □ □
ECM
An:

Letter
tdenlifii,r

False

Yes

Wind Dir at
Contact Alt
(From)

Altitude
Constant?

Was the contact moving?
Direction/Speed
(Ex. 090/15)

AIM-9x Self-Track:

Radar Equipped: Other

No

LFE?

Wind
Speed

Yes

150/230

Please check all that apply:

□
A TFL/R Autotrack:
□
• Tally Achieved: □

D
Square: D
Balloon-shaped: D
Wings/Airframe: D
Round:

Other/
Ambiguous

D
Metallic: D
Markings: D

Moving Parts:

Translucent

Other Shape:[Z]

Opaque:

Apparent Propulsion.@

Reflective:

Plesse use the field below to describe the contact and any inte. action in your own words with as much
detail as possible. Ple.ase be sure to include any detail not inc/ 1 ded in questions above.
Trackfiles

MGRS Grid of initial contact: 39RWL2fijij.1:Mlm]a

D
D
D

I

Saw the initial object fly through the screen and started tracking i . Initial object was surpassed by another
object of same size and shape but much higher speed. At one p4int during tracking the objects, there were
three on the screen at the same time moving amongst each other.

I

Don't use the purple "submit" button! Save this form with fl/enaml "Date_Squadron_RF.pdf" and email
it to I
3.5c, (bl{6l
I (Also in the global)� For troubleshooting, call I 3.5c, <b)(6) I

Thank you for your time. Please ensure all display tapes are ripJed for the entire time of interaction and
saved as a . wmv (Example: 4 May VFA-106 HUD. wmv). Squa ron intel personnel shall upload those files
to the repository located at this link.

f

3.5c. {b)(6)

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0028

I

Approved for Release to MRO. FOUO / PA applies

03/16/26 000001

## DOW-UAP-D044 — Range Fouler Reporting Form, Gulf of Aden, October 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D044
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D044
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 10/15/20
- Location: Arabian Sea
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Apparently the mystery object was just trying to avoid a 319° traffic jam.

- DOW-UAP-D044 Range Fouler Reporting Form, Dept. of War, Oct 2020, Gulf of Aden.
- Operator observed round, cold infrared object, 20 mph, 319° heading, abrupt direction changes.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Range Fouler Reporting Form, a standardized reporting form the U.S. Navy uses to record the circumstances surrounding an unauthorized intrusion into controlled airspace during active military operations or training. These reports contain a narrative description of the observer’s experiences. 
A U.S. military operator reported observing a “round, cold object” via infrared sensor, traveling at 319 degrees (northwest) at approximately 20 mph. The report describes the UAP making “abrupt directional changes” during the event.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a Range Fouler Reporting Form from October 2020, written by a military crew member and classified by Richard Harbison. It reports an unidentified object detected over the Gulf of Aden on October 15, 2020, at 14:18:39. The object was described as round, cold, and traveling at 20 mph with abrupt directional changes. It was observed in infrared with a bright white appearance, and the sensor was aimed 50 degrees below the aircraft's altitude. The report includes details about the object's movement and sensor data.

### Full text

#### Page 1

•

sa::ar , SHI • ,

1

Range Fouler Reportin� Form

Decl"'ss,fied bv Mt:, Ric1ard Har•,sori
U..il.,fjfrfjlf�'tfli C.O/i#,5&tt\�rple
Decl;s�RmWJlulpJ.�2fXtL§2r�·e and
emairffie complete Tile manually
{see below).

Please complete this form to the best of your ability. If you do n:ot have the requested information,
please leave the field blank. If there was more than one "group!" please report each on a separate
form for data collection purposes. You should receive a response within 5 business days.
Rank

Last N!tme, First Name

Squadron

SIPR E:mail Address

1172 ATKS

0-2

Crew Position

Other

This information is for contact only. SPEAR san itizes all r .ports of identifying information.
Absolutely no identifying information for aircrew or squadr::n will be recorded for analysis.
10/15/20

Date (mmlddlyy)

14:18:39
Time of detection
(hh:mm:ss Z)

Day

Contact Latltute
(DD:MM:SS)

Contact Wot1<ing Area
(Ex: W-72 1A)

Side No.

Day I Night

N

N/S

ISR

Buno

Contact Longitude
(DD:MM:SS)

MissionDescription (CAS, BFM. etc)

E

EIW

Contact Altitude
(Ex: 22000)

Please attempt to determine a Lat I Long for the contact at initial detection. We recommend
using JMPS to reference the sensor-derived beanng and range relative to the bullseye you had
in use. If that method is not available, any reasonable derivation of location will worl<, but please
be as specfflc as possible and make a note in the comments section. These locations may be
used to cue other means of tracking.

Radar Equipped:

AIM-9x Self-Track:

A TFLIR Autotrack:

Stable Trackfile?:

Tally Achieved:

# of Contacts in "Group':· 1

□ □ □ □

EA Indications (Check all that apply):

£CM
Arc

Letter
Identifier

False

Trac:kfiles

Wind
Speed

W'indDlrat
Contact Alt
(From)

Altitude
Constant?

Was the contact moving?
Direction/Speed

□□
□

LFE?

Yes

(Ex. 090115)

261130

IZ]

Moving Parts:

Please check all that apply:
Round:
Square:
Balloon-shaped:

D
D

Wings/Ai1frame:-O

□

Metallic:
Marlcings:
Translucent:-

Apparent Propulsion:

D
D

Opaque:O

Other Shape:O

OIJ1erl
Ambiguous

D
D

Reflective:

Please use the field below to describe the contact and any inte'laction in your own words with as much
detail as possible. Please be sure to include any detail not included in questions above.

D

Contact at 14:18:392 to 14:19:522 on 15OCT2020. MGRS locat\on 400 8D 6�1� (estimated
lat/long!
While at 19,073 HAT o'1,er the Gulf of Aden we tracked a round,
1.4a
cold object in IR traveling 3,19 degrees at 20 mph. It made a fewiabrupt directional changes during the 1
minute contact. Our sensor was aimed -50 degrees below our altitude with a slant range of 4.06NM and
ground range of 4.78KM. The IR sensor was set to black hot an the object in question was a bright white.

1-

�

(b)(6)

I

.

Don't use the purple "submit" button! Save this form with filename "Date_Squadron_RF.pdr' and email
it tq
(Also in the global)) For troubleshooting, cal/I
(bJ( 6J
(b)(6)

I

I

Thank you for your time. Please ensure all display tapes are rip4ed for the entire time of interaction and
saved as a .wm:v (Example: 4 May VFA·106 HUD.wmv). Squadron intel personnel shall upload those files
1
to the repository located at this link.

I

(b)(6)

I

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0038 to MOR 26-0046

I
T

IIIHif !Nib iii Iiii Iii

Approved for Release to MR9

03/27/26 000001

## DOW-UAP-D048 — Department of the Air Force Report, 1996

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D048
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D048
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/10/96
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

September 10, 1996 proved riskier for boosters than any regular Tuesday.

- DOW-UAP-D048, Department of War report, dated 9/10/96, PDF document.
- Describes modeling unlikely space‑booster failures and recommends corrective actions using novel techniques.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This report describes the Modeling of Unlikely Space-Booster Failures in Risk Calculations, documenting historical launch failure modes and recommending corrective actions to address them using novel modelling techniques.

### Full text

#### Page 1

== �-== -=--=- �=------===--====-==-=--=-=-==-__;;;;.______________

RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE

/RTI

Contract No ■- FO4703-91-C-0112
RTI Report No. RTl/5180/77-43F
September 10, 1996

Modeling Unlikely Space-Booster
Failures in Risk Calculations
Final Report
Prepared for
Department of the Air Force
45th Space Wing (AFSPC)
Safety Office - 45 SW/SE
Patrick AFB, FL 32925
and

19961025 122

Department of theAir Force
30th SpaceWing (AFSPC)
Safety Office- 30 SW/SE
Vandenberg AFB, CA 93437

Distribution authorized to US Government agencies and their contractors to protect administrative/
operational use data, 10 September 96. Other requests for this document shall be referred to the 30th Space
Wing (AFSPC) Safety Office (30 SW/SE), Vandenberg AFB, CA 93437, or 45th Space Wing (AFSPC)
Safety Office (45 SW/SE), Patrick AFB, FL 32925.

'mJC QUALITY INSPECTED ff

3000 N. Al1antic Avenue • Cocoa Beach, Flo 0ida 329315029 US/1

#### Page 2

-

--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - = , - -

Contract No. FO4703-91-C-0112
Task No. 10/95-77, Subtask 2.0

RTI Report No. RTI/5180/77-43F
September 10, 1996

Modeling Unlikely Space-Booster
Failures in Risk Calculations
Final Report
Prepared by
James A. Ward, Jr.
Robert M. Montgomery
of
Research Triangle Institute
Center for Aerospace Technology
Launch Systems Safety Department
Prepared for
Department of the Air Force
45th Space Wing (AFSPC)
Safety Office - 45 SW/SE
Patrick AFB, FL 32925
and
Department of the Air Force
30th Space Wing (AFSPC)
Safety Office - 30 SW /SE
Vandenberg AFB, CA 93437

Distribution authorized to US Government agencies and their contractors to protect administrative/
operational use data, 10 September 96. Other requests for this document shall be referred to the 30th Space
Wing (AFSPC) Safety Office (30 SW/SE), Vandenberg AFB, CA 93437, or 45th Space Wing (AFSPC)
Safety Office (45 SW/SE), Patrick AFB, FL 32925.

#### Page 3

Form Approved
0MB No. 0704-0188

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

Public tel)Ort1ng burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response. induding the time for reviewing instructions, searching exi5ting data sources.
gathering and maintain in!,! the data needed, and completing and rev,ew,ng the collection of Information. Send comments r~ardlng tlils burden estimate or any other aspect of this
collection of Information, including suggestions tor reducing this burden. tO Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate or Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferwn
Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 12202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget. Paperwork Reduction Project(0704-0188), Washington. DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)

.

3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

~.• REPORT DATE

1 Final

eptember 10, 1996

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

5. FUNDING NUMBERS

f.1odeling Unlikely Space-Booster Failures in Risk Galculations

C: F04703-91-C-o112
TA:10/95-TT

6. AUTHORW

•

James A. ard, Jr.
Robert M. Montgomery
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

Research Triangle Institute *
113000 N. Atlantic Avenue
Cocoa Beach, FL 32931

ACTA, Inc. **
· Skypark3
23430 Hawthorne Blvd., Suite 300
Torrance, CA 90505

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

Department of the Air Force (AFSPC)
30th Space Wing
Vandenberg AFB, CA 93437
-Mr. Martin Kinna (30 SW/SEY)

Department of the Air Force (AFSPC)
45th Space Wing
Patrick AFB, FL 32925
Louis J. Ullian, Jr. (45 SW/SED)

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER

RTl/5180m-43F

10. SPONSORING/ MONITORING
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

-m.-t1<a-a

r\~'1~.1

-

-

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

* Subcontractor
" Prime Contractor
12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Distribution authorized to US Government agencies and their contractors to protect
administrative/operational use data; 10 September 96. Other requests for this document shall
be referred to the 30th Space Wing (AFSPC) Safety Office (30 SW/SE),Vandenberg AFB, CA
93437, or 45th Space Wing (AFSPC) Safety Office (45 SW/SE), Patrick AFB, FL 32925.

(!__,

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

Missile and space-vehicle performance histories contain many examples of failures that cause, or have the
potential to cause, significant vehicle deviations from the intended flight line. In RTl's risk-analysis program,
DAMP, such failures are referred to as Mode-5 failure responses. Although Mode--5 failure responses are much
less likely to occur than those that result in impacts near the flight line, risk-analysis studies are incomplete without
them. This report shows how Impacts from Mode-6 failures are modeled in program DAMP. The impact density
function used for this purpose contains two shaping constants that control the rate at which the density function
drops In value as the angular deviation from the flight line and the impact range increase. Certain Mode--5
•malfunctions are simulated, and the two shaping constants then chosen by trial and error so that impacts from the
simulated malfunctions and the theoretical density function are in close agreement. An appendix to the report
contains alisting and brief narrative failure history of the A~as, Delta, and Titan missile and space-vehicle launches
from the Eastern and Western Ranges from the beginning of each program through August 1996. Each entry
gives the vehicle configuration, whether the flight was asuccess, the flight phase in which any anomalous behavior
occurred, and aclassification of vehicl~ behavior in accordance with defined failure-response modes.
14. SUBJECT TERMS

15. NUMBER OF PAGES·

launch risk, unlikely failure modeling, booster failure probabilities

180
16. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF REPORT

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF THIS PAGE

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

lJnclassified

lnclasslfled

NSN 7540-01-280-5500

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

SAR
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
Prescribed by AIIISI Std. Z39-18
298·102

#### Page 4

Abstract
Missile and space-vehicle performance histories contain many examples of failures that
cause, or have the potential to cause, significant vehicle deviations from the intended
flight line. In RTI's risk-analysis program, DAMP, such failures are referred to as
Mode-5 failure responses. Although Mode-5 failure responses are much less likely to
occur than those that result in impacts near the flight line, risk-analysis studies are
•incomplete without them. This report shows how impacts from Mode-5 failures are
modeled in program DAMP. The impact density function used for this purpose
contains two shaping constants that control the rate at which the density function drops
in value as the angular deviation from the flight line and the impact range increase.
Certain Mode-5 malfunctions are simulated, and the two shaping constants then chosen
by trial and error so that impacts from the simulated malfunctions and the theoretical
density function are in close agreement.
An appendix to the report contains a listing and brief narrative failure history of the
Atlas, Delta, and Titan missile and space-vehicle launches from the Eastern and
Western Ranges from the beginning of each program through August 1996. Each entry
gives the vehicle configuration, whether the flight was a success, the flight phase in
which any anomalous behavior occurred, and a classification of vehicle behavior in
accordance with defined failure-response modes. Various filtering or data weighting
techniques are described. The empirical data are then filtered to estimate (1) failure
probabilities for Atlas, Delta, and Titan, and (2) percentages of future failures that will
result in Mode-5 (and other Mode) responses.

9/10/96

RTI

#### Page 5

Table of Contents ·

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1
2. Examples Showing Need for Mode 5 ................................................................................ 3
3. Understanding the Mode-5 Failure Response ................................................................... 7
3.1 Effects of Mode-5 Shaping Consta.nts................................. ".....................................-...... 9
3.2 Effects of Shaping Constant on DAMP Results ........................................................ 9
4. Methodology for Assessing Failure Probabilities ........................................................... 13
4.1 The Parts-Analysis Approach .................................................................................. 13'4.2 The Empirical Approach .......................................................................................... 15
5. Computation of Failure Probabilities ............................................................................... 16
5.1 Overall Failure Probability....................................................................................... 16
5.2 Relative and Absolute Probabilities for Response Modes ..................................... 24
5.3 Relative Probability of Tumble for Response-Modes 3 and 4 ............................... 30
6. Shaping Constants Through Simulation .......................................................................... 31
6.1 Malfunction Tum. Simulations...........•...................................................................... 31
6.1.1 Random-Attitu.de Failures ...............-............................................................... 31
6.1.2 Slow-Tum Failures ........................................................................................... 32
6.1.3 Factors Affecting Malfunction-Tum Results ................................................ 33
6.1.4 Malfunction-Tum Results for Atlas IIAS ...................................................... 35
6.2 Shaping Constants for Atlas IIAS ............................................................................ 37
6.2.1 Optimum Mode-5 Shaping Constants ........................................................... 37
6.2.2 Launch-Area Mode-5 Risks ............................................................................ 49
6.2.3 Effects of Mode-5 Constants on Ship-Hit Contours ..................................... 51
6.2.4 Range Distributions of Theoretical and Simulated Impacts........................ 58
6.3 Shaping Constants for Delta-GEM .......................................................................... 60
6.3.1 Optimum Mode-5 Shaping Constants ........................................................... 61
6.3.2 Launch-Area Mode-5 Risks ............................................................................ 64
6.4 Shaping Constants for Titan IV................................................................................ 65
6.5 Shaping Constants for LLVl .................................................................................... 69
6.6 Shaping Constants for Other Launch Vehicles ....................................................... 72
7. Potential Future Investigations ......................................................................................... 73
8. Summarv:
., ............................................................................................................................ 74
9/10/96

ii

RTI

I

#### Page 6

Appendix A. Failure Response Modes in Program DAMP ............................................... 79
Appendix B. Shaping-Constant Effects on Mode-5 Impact Distributions ........................ 81
Appendix C. Filter Characteristics ....................................................................................... 90
Appendix D. Launch and Performance Histories .............................................................. 96
D.1 Basic Data ................................................................................................................. 96
D.1.1 Data Sources ................................................................................................................................................................... 96
D.1.2 Assignment of Failure-Response Modes...................................................... 98
D.1.3 Assignment of Flight Phase.......................................... ~ ....................................................................... 98
D.1.4 Representative Configurations ................................................................... 100
D.2 Atlas Launch and Performance History .............................................................. 101
D.2.1 A'tlas Launch History ..................................................................................................... 103
D.2.2 Atlas Failure Narratives ........... ~ .................................................................... 115
D.3 Delta Launch and Performance History .............................................................. 133
D.3.1 Delta Launch History................................................................................... 136
D.3.2 Delta Failure Narratives .............................................................................. 142
D.4 Titan Launch and Performance History .............................................................. 146
D.4.1 Titan Launch History ................................................................................... 149
D.4.2 Titan Failure Narratives .............................................................................. 157
D.5 Thor Launch and Performance History (Not Including Delta) ......................... 164
D.5.1 Thor and Thor-Boosted Launch History .................................................... 164
D.5.2 Thor and Thor-Boosted Failure Narratives ............................................... 167
References ............................................................................................................................. 171

9/10/96

iii

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#### Page 7

Table of Figures
Figure 1. Joust Impact Trace Showing a Mode-5 Failure Response ....................................6
Figure 2. Atlas IIAS Risk Contours for Inner-Ear Injury with A = 3.0.............................. 11
Figure 3. Atlas IIAS Risk Contours for Inner-Ear Injury with A = 3.5.............................. 12
Figure 4. Filter Factor Results for Representative Configurations of Atlas ...................... 23
Figure 5. Combined Random-Attitude and Slow-Tum Results ........................................ 36
Figure 6. Atlas IIAS Breakup Percentages for Random-Attitude Tums ........................... 37
Figure 7. Atlas HAS Impacts with No Breakup ........................................................ ~ ........ 39
Figure 8. Atlas IIAS Impacts with Breakup ......................................................................... 40
Figure 9. Atlas IIAS Simulation Results with B = 1,000 ..................................................... 42
Figure 10. Atlas IIAS Simulation Results with B = 50,000.................................................. 44
Figure 11. Atlas HAS Simulation Results with B = 100,000................................................ 45
Figure 12. Atlas HAS Simulation Results with B = 500,000................................................ 46
Figure 13. Atlas HAS Simulation·Results with B = 5,000,000............................................. 47
Figure 14. Effects of Breakup q-alpha on A for Atlas IIAS ................................................ 49
Figure 15. Mode-5 Density-Function Values at Three Miles ............................................. 51
Figure 16. Atlas IIAS Mode-5 Ship-Hit Contours with A= 3.00 ....................................... 53
Figure 17. Atlas IIAS All-Mode Ship-Hit Contours with A = 3.00.................................... 54
Figure 18. Atlas IIAS Mode-5 Ship-Hit Contours with A= 3.45 ....................................... 55
Figure 19. Atlas IIAS All-Mode Ship-Hit Contours with A= 3.45.................................... 56
Figure 20. Atlas IIAS Mode-5 Ship-Hit Contours with A = 6.30 ....................................... 57
Figure 21. Atlas IIAS All-Mode Ship-Hit Contours with A = 6.30.................................... 58
Figure 22. Impact-Range Distributions .................................................................................. 59
Figure 23. Delta-GEM Breakup· Percentages ....................................................................... 61
Figure 24. Delta-GEM Simulation Results with B ==-1,000.................................................. 62
Figure 25. Delta-GEM Simulation Results with Best-Fit Shaping Constants ................... 63
Figure 26. Titctn·IV Breakup Percentages ................................................................................ 65
Figure 27. Titan·Simulation Results with B = 1,000 ............................................................ 66
Figure 28. Titan Simulation Results with Best-Fit Shaping Constants.............................. 67
Figure 29. LLVl Breakup Percentages ..................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 30. LLVl Simulation Results with B = l,000............................................................ 70

9/10/96

iv

RTI

#### Page 8

Figure 31. LLVl Simulation Results with Best-Fit Shaping Constants ............................. 71
Figure 32. £-Ratios for Ranges from 1 to 25 Miles .............................................................. 86
Figure 33. Percentage of Impacts Between Flight Line and Any Radial .......................... 87
Figure 34. Percentage of Impacts in 5-Degree Sectors ........................................................ 88
Figure 35. Exponential Weights for Fading-Memory Filters ............................................. 93
Figure 36. Recursive Filter Factor for Last Data Point........................................................ 94
Figure 37, Atlas Launch Summary..................................................................................... 102

Figure 38. Delta Launch Summary." ................................................................................... 135
Figure 39. Titan Launch Summary..................................................................................... 148

Figure 40. Thor Launch Summary ..................................................................................... 164

Table of Tables

Table 1. Effects of Mode-5 Shaping Constant A on Atlas IIA Risks .................................. 10
Table 2. Predicted Failure Probabilities for Representative Configurations .................... 17
Table 3. Predicted Failure Probabilities for All Configurations ........................................ 18
Table 4. Comparison of Weighting Percentages ................................................................. 19
Table 5. Filter Factor Influence on Weighting Percentages ................................................ 21
Table 6. Failure Probabilities for Atlas, Delta, and Titan ................................................... 24
Table 7. Number of Atlas Failures - All Configurations (532 Flights) .............................. 25
Table 8. Number of Delta Failures-All Configurations (232 Flights).............................. 25
Table 9. Number of Titan Failures - All Configurations (337 Flights) .............................. 25
Table 10. Number of Eastern-Range Thor Failures (85 Flights) ........................................ 25
Table 11. Number of Failures for All Vehicles (1186 Flights)............................................ 26
Table 12. Date of Most Recent Failure ................................................................................. 26
Table 13. Percentage Weighting for Sample of 1186 Launches ......................................... 27
Table 14. Response-Mode Occurrence Percentages ............................................................ 27
Table 15. Recommended Response-Mode Percentages for Flight Phases O- 2................ 28
Table 16. Recommended Response-Mode Percentages for Flight Phases O- 1................ 29
Table 17. Absolute Failure Probabilities for Response Modes 1 - 5 .................................. 29
Table 18. Percent of Response Modes 3 and 4 That Tumble .............................................. 30
9/10/96

V

#### Page 9

Table 19. Sample Impact Distribution for Atlas IIAS- with No Breakup .......................... 41
Table 20. Shaping Constants for Atlas IIAS......................................................................... 48
Table 21. Shaping Constants and Related Risks for Atlas HAS-......................................... 50
Table 22. Best-Fit Conditions for Atlas IIAS............................................. :.......................... 52
Table 23. Shaping Constants and Related Risks for Delta-GEM ....................................... 64

Table 24. Shaping Consta.nts for Titan IV ............................................................................ 68
Table 25. Shaping Constants for LLVl ................................................................................. 72
Table 26. Summary of A Values for B = 1,000................. ;................................................... 72Table 27. Failure Probabilities for Atlas, Delta, and Titan ................................................. 75
Table 28. Recommended Response-Mode Percentages for Flight Phases O-2 ................. 75~
Table 29. Recommended Response-Mode Percentages for Flight Phases O- 1................ 75
Table 30. Absolute Failure Probabilities for Response Modes 1 - 5 .................................. 76
Table 31. Summary of A Values for B = 1,000..................................................................•... 77
Table 32. Summary of Optimum·Mode-5 Shaping Constants ........................................... 77
Table 33. Effect on £-Ratio-of Varying Mode-5 Constant A {B = 1000) - Part 1 ................ 82
Table 34. Effect on £-Ratio-of Varying Mode-5 Constant A {B = 1000) - Part 2 ................ 83
Table 35. Effect on £-Ratio-of Varying Mode-5 Constant B {A = 3) - Part 1 ...................... 84
Table 36. Effect on £-Ratio-of Varying Mode-5 Constant B {A= 3) - Part 2 ...................... 85
Table 37. Filter Application for Failure Probability............................................................ 95

Table 38. Flight-Phase Defi°:,itions........................................................................................ 99
Table 39. Flight Phases by Launch Vehicle ......................................................................... 99
Table 40. Summary of Atlas Vehicle Configurations ....................................................... 101
Table 41. Atlas Launch History ...........................................................•............................... 103
•Table 42. Summary of Delta Vehicle Configurations ....................................................... 133

Table 43. Delta Launch History .......................................................................................... 136
Table 44. Summary of Titan Vehicle Configurations ....................................................... 147 .
Table 45. Titan Launch History .......................................................................................... 149
Table 46. Thor Launch History ........................................................................................... 165

9/10/96

Vl

RTI

#### Page 10

1. Introduction
The debris from most launch vehicles that fail catastrophically tend to impact close to the
intended flight line. Typical failures that produce such results are premature thrust
termination, stage ignition failure, tank rupture or explosion, or rapid out-of-control
tumble. Less likely malfunctions may cause a vehicle to execute a sustained turn away
from the flight line. Examples are control failures that cause the rocket engine to lock in a
fixed position near null, or failures leading to erroneous orientation of the guidance
platform. Such failures should not be ignored, since they may produce nearly all or a
significant part of the risks to population centers that are more than a mile or so uprange or
many miles away from the flight line. Consequently, RTI has been tasked to estimate the
probabilities of occurrence of these less-likely failures, and to determine optimum values
for the shaping constants of the associated impact-density function
RTI has developed a prototype risk-analysis program (1) to analyze the level of risk in the
launch area when ballistic missiles and space vehicles are launched, and (2) to provide
guidelines for launch operations and launch-area risk management. This program, "facility
DAMage and Personnel injury" (DAMP), uses information about the launch vehicle, its
trajectory and failure responses, and facilities and populations in the launch area to estimate
hit probabilities and casualty expectations. When a missile or space vehicle malfunctions,
people and facilities may be subjected to significant risks from falling inert debris, or from
overpressures and secondary debris produced by a stage, component, or large propellant
chunk that explodes on impact. Although fire, toxic materials, and radiation may also
subject personnel to significant danger, these hazards are not addressed in program DAMP.
Hazards are greatest in the launch area and along the intended flight line, but lesser
hazards exist throughout the area inside the impact limit lines. Small hazards exist even
outside these lines if the flight termination system fails or other unlikely events occur.
In computing launch-area risks, DAMP makes no attempt to model vehicle failures per
se. A list of possible failures for any vehicle would be extensive, and variations in
failures from vehicle to vehicle would complicate the modeling process. Instead,
DAMP models failure responses. Regardless of the exact nature of the failures that can
occur, there are only six possible response modes that affect risks on the ground, five
for failure responses, and one to model the behavior of a normal vehicle. The six
modes are described in Appendix A. It can be seen from the descriptions that impacts
resulting from failure-response Modes 1, 2, and 3 occur at most a mile or two from the
launch point, while those from Mode 4 can only occur near the flight line, even though the
vehicle may tumble before breakup or destruct. Although the hazards outside the launch
area and away from the flight line may be small, vehicle flight tests through the years have
demonstrated that finite hazards do exist in these areas. Such hazards are due almost
entirely to Mode-5 failure responses, even through the probability of a Mode-5 failure may
be only a small part of the total failure probability. The Mode-5 failure-response,
theoretical though it is, was developed to reflect the facts that: (1) unlikely vehicle failures

9/10/96

1

RTI

#### Page 11

can cause impacts uprange or well away from the intended flight line, and (2) some vehicle
failures cannot logically be classified as Response Modes 1, 2, 3, or 4.
In- keeping with the above, the Mode-5 impact-density function was developed with the
characteristics listed below. The function, which fills the void left by Modes 1 through 4, is
sufficiently robust to include all possible impacts, yet seemingly comports with observed
test results.
(1)

Impacts can occur in any direction from the launch point and at any range within
the vehicle's energy capabilities.

(2)

At any given impact range from the launch point, the likelihood of impact
decreases as the angular deviation from the flight line increases, becoming least.
likely in the uprange direction. For any fixed angular deviation from the flight
line, the likelihood of impact decreases as the impact range increases.

(3)

At fixed impact ranges near the launch point, the impact density function changes
gradually as the impact direction swings 180° from downrange to uprange. As
the impact range increases, the decrease in the density function becomes
progressively more and more rapid with change in impact direction. In other
words, the greater the impact range, the more rapidly the density function
changes with angular deviation from the flight line.
•

As modeled in DAMP, the effects of destruct action on the Mode-5 density function are
accounted for in the launch area by supplementing impacts inside the impact limit lines
with those that would occur outside the impact limit lines if no destruct action were taken.
The Mode-5 failure-response methodology was fully developed in an earlier RTI report111•
As pointed ·out there, the shape of the impact density function can be controlled somewhat
through the selection of shaping constants that appear in the defining equation Intuition
suggests that the constants should be vehicle dependent, since (1) ruggedly built missiles
would, after a malfunction, be more likely to impact well away from the flight line than
would a fragile space vehicle that tends to break up before deviating significantly; and
.(2) certain vehicles, after a malfunction, tend to stabilize and •continue thrusting at large
angles of attack, while other vehicles that experience similar malfunctions tend to tumble.
Hit probabilities computed by-program DAMP for targets located more than two miles or
so uprange from the pad or more than a few miles from the flight line, are due almost
entirely to the Mode-5 impact-density function Thus, the assumed probability of
occurrence of a Mode-5 response as well as the selected Mode-5 constants are of
considerable importance.
The tasking for this. study is set _forth as Task No. 10/95-77, Paragraph 2.0, of Contract
FO4703-91-C-0112. The primary purpose of the tasking is: "Perform a study to
determine the best values for Mode-5 failure probability and the Mode-5 densityfunction shaping constant A." Although not explicitly included in the statement of work,
the study also develops absolute failure probabilities for Atlas, Delta, and Titan, and
9/10/%

2

RTI

(Text continues in the original file: 181 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D049 — Launch Summary, Vandenberg AFB, 2000

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D049
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D049
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2/3/00
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out 2000’s biggest UFO was just a launch schedule.

- Launch Summary PDF, Department of War, dated 3 Feb 2000, Vandenberg AFB, covering launches 1958‑2000.
- Records launch dates, vehicles and agencies for Vandenberg operations between 1958 and 2000.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This report summarizes the historical record of launches occurring at Vandenberg Air Force Base between 1958 and 2000.

### Full text

#### Page 2

•

•

•

DISTRIBUTION LIST

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1

2
2

30th RANS/DOUS
30th RANS/DOU
30th SW/CP
30th SW/PA
30th SW/SEOO
30th SW/XPR
30th SW/CCT
30th OSS/D00
30th Techical Library
576th FlTS/TEE
576th FLTS/TEM
Aerospace Corporation
Boeing Defense & Space Group
ITT Federal Services Corporation
TRW

As of: 3 February 2000

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
1
1
1
1
1
2

HQ USAF/XOFS
HQ AFSPC/HO
HQ AFSPC/DOSL
HQ USSPACECOM/SPJ330S
HO USSPACECOM/HO
2 SWG/DOOL
45th SW/HO
SMC/HO
HO NASA
HO AFMC/ORS
Ogden ALC/LMIM
JIC/ODT
TRW/SEDD
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
PA-MSB, Kennedy Space Center
KSC Library
Orbital Sciences Corp

#### Page 3

FOREWORD

This is the official registry of all major launch operations conducted from Vandenberg Air Force Base,
California. The vehicles are presented in chronofogical order beginning with the first launch on 16 December
1958. Launch dates reflect Vandenberg local time.
The information is further grouped into two matrixes titled: "ANNUAL LAUNCH SUMMARY BY BOOSTER"
and "ANNUAL LAUNCH SUMMARY BY COMMAND." Two additional items contained in this document are a
"LAUNCH FACILITY GUIDE" and a ''GLOSSARY."
In the main chronology section, the two columns reporting cumulative numbers by booster and command
represent only Vandenberg operations. They do not include, for instance, Titan IV launches conducted on the
East Coast at Cape Canaveral, Florida.
The 30th Space Wing History Office (30th SW/HO) periodically updates the Vandenberg AFB Launch
Summary book. Questions may be directed to the undersigned at DSN 275-6421 or commercially at (805)
605-6421.
•

Jl:FFREY GEIGER
Office of History

ii

..

•

•

#### Page 4

•

•

GLOSSARY

ABRES
ABRV
ACC
ACE
ADC
AE
AEC
AFMC
AFSC
AFSPC
AMARV
AMROC
ANT
AST
ASTP
ASTRID

Advanced Ballistic Reentry System
Advanced Ballistic Reentry Vehicle (Formerly LBRV)
Air Combat Command (Strategic Air Command [SAC] prior to 1 June 1992.)
Advanced Control Experiment
Aerospace Defense Command
Atmosphere Explorer
Atomic Energy Commission
Air Force Materiel Command (Air Force Systems Command [AFSC] prior to 1 July 1992.)
Air Force Systems Command (Air Research & Development Command [ARDC] prior to 1 Apr 1961.)
Air Force Space Command
Advanced Maneuverable Reentry Vehicle
American Rocket Company
Advanced Nose Tip
Airborne Surveillance Testbed
Army Special Test Program
Advanced Single Stage Rapid Insertion

BALLISTIC
BATSAT
BOMARC
BMRS

Flight exercise involving ballistic reentry
Basic Advanced Technology Satellite
Boeing and Michigan Aeronautical Research Center
Ballistic Missile Reentry System

COBE
CRL
CTL

Cosmic Background Explorer
Cosmic Ray Observation Satellite
USAF Cambridge Research Laboratories (Merged into AFSC on 1 April 1971)
Combat Training Launch

DAD
DASO
DG
DMSP
DMSS
DT

Dual Air Density
Demonstration and Shakedown Operation {Category Ill before 1 July 1963)
Data Gathering
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
Defense Meteorological Satellite System
Dedicated Target

cos

iii

•

#### Page 5

DT&E
DT&E PHASE I
DT&E PHASE II
DUAL LAUNCH

Development Test & Evaluation
Development Test & Evaluation (Missile Functional Performance [Peacekeeperll
Development Test & Evaluation (Missile Reentry Vehicle Capabilities and Silo lntergradation [Peacekeeper])
The launch of two missiles one after another

EOS
ERCS
EXOSAT
FAST
FOE
FOT
FTM

Earth Observation System
Emergency Rocket Communications System (494L)
X-Ray Observatory Satellite
Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer
Force Development Evaluation (Replace the term OT PHASE II testing)
Follow-on Operational Test (Replaced by OT PHASE II) (Category IV before 1 July 1963)
Flight Test Missile

GB\
GEOS
GEOSAT
GFO
GLCM
GRP

Ground Based lnterceptor
Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite
Geodetic Satellite (Navy)
Geosat Follow-on
Ground Launch Cruise Missile
Guidance Replacement Program

HCMM
HP

Heat Capacity Mapping Mission
Helicopter Pad

ICBM
IDF
IFT
IPA
!PMS
IRAS
IRBM
IRS
ITOS
!WST

Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
Integrated Demonstration Flight
integrated Flight Test
ICBM Penetration Aids
Inertial navigation system Performance Measurement System
Infrared Astronomical Satellite
Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile
Industrial Research Rocket
Interim Recovery System
Improved Tiros Operational Satellite
Integrated Weapons System Training {RAF/SAC)

JAWSAT

Joint Air Force Academy Weber State

IRR

iv

•

•

#### Page 6

,.,
,.

•

•

•

KOMPSAT

Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite

LAGEOS

MUBLCOM

Laser Geodynamic Satellite
Earth Resources Satellite
Large Ballistic Reentry Vehicle (See ABRV)
Launch Emplacement
Launch Facility
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Lockheed Launch Vehicle 1. (Became Lockheed Martin Launch Vehicle, and in Sept 97 was renamed Athena.)
Lockheed Martin (Corporation)
Multiple Access Communications Satellite
Magnetic Field Measurement Satellite
Maneuvering Systems Technology
McDonnell Douglas Aerospace
Miniaturized Instrumented Nose Tip
Modernized Minuteman (R&D, DASO) Operational tests are identified by the suffix "M" in the nickname
Motorola Satcom
Multi-Service Launch System
Miniature Seeker Technology Integration
Midcourse Space Experiment
Multiple Path Beyond Line of Sight Communications

N/A
NASA
NAVSTAR
NDS
NOAA
NTS
NTV

Not Applicable
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Navigation Satellite (Formerly NDS)
Navigation Development Satellite
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Navigation Technology Satellite
Nosetip Vehicle

'OBLSS
ORBCOMM (FM)
ORT

Operational Base Launch Safety System
Orbital Communications (Flight Module)
Operational Readiness Test
Orbital Sciences Corporation
Ogden Special Launch
Operational System Test Facility
Operational Test (Now OT PHASE I) (Category Ill before 1 July 1963)

LANDSAT

LBRV
LE
LF
LLL
LLV-1
LM
MACSAT

MAGSAT
MaST
MDA
MINT
MOD
MS
MSLS
MSTI
MSX

osc

OSL
OSTF
OT

V

#### Page 7

OT PHASE/
OT PHASE II

(See OT)·
(See FOT)

PALC

Point Arguello Launch Complex

PAS
PLC
PVM

Penetration Aids Study
Probe Launch Complex
Propulsion Replacement System
Production Verification Missile

QuickScat

Quick Scatterometer

RADARSAT
RADCAL
RAF
R&D
REX
RSLP

Radar Satellite
Radar Calibration
Royal Air Force
Research and Development (Category I & 11 before 1 July 1963)
Radiation Experiment
Reentry Systems Launch Program

SAC
SAFEGUARD
SALVO
SAMAST
SAMPEX
SEASAT
SENT
SET
SFT
SLC
SLF
SLTF
SLV
SM
SMLV
SNOE
SOOS
SOT
SPACE

Strategic Air Command
An Antiballistic Missile (ABM) test program
Simultaneous launching of two or more missiles
Sandia ABRES Material Systems Test
Solar, Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer
Sea [Observation} Satellite
Severe nose-tip Environment Test
Single Engine Test
Supplemental Flight Test
Space Launch Complex
Space Launch Facility
Silo Launch Test Facility
Space Launch Vehicle
Solar Mesosphere
Single Module Launch Vehicle
Student Nitric Oxide Explorer
Stacked Oscar On Scout
Special Operational Test
Orbital space Operations

PAP

vi

•

•

#### Page 8

SPACEPROBE
ST
STEX

Non-orbital space operations
Special Test
Space Technology Experiment

STM

Special Test Missile

STP
STREP
SWAS

Special Test Program
System Technology Reentry Experiments Program
Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite

TAC
TARGET
TAT
TD
TOT
TDV
TERRIERS
TIP
TOMS-EP
TREP
TP
TRACE

Tactical Air Command
Missile target for surface-to-air/air-to-air missile firing practice
Thrust Augmented Thor
Technology Demonstration
Target Development Test
Technology Development Vehicle
Tomographic Experiment using Radioactive Recombinative Ionospheric EUV and Radio Sources
Transition Improvement Program
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer-Earth Probe
Thrusted Replica
Test Pad
Transition Region and Coronal Explorer

UTE

Unified Test Equipment

WIRE

Wide Field Infrared Explorer

vii

•

•

•

•

#### Page 10

ANNUAL LAUNCH SUMMARY BY COMMAND

1958 - 1998

Chart I

1958 - 1978
LAUNCH
AGENCY

~

62

63

64

65

66

67 68 69 70 71

63

48
69

51

64

677

SAC

8 13 29 57
2 15
1
7

50

55

NAVY

12

45

AFSC

58 59 60 61
1

NASA

2
1

2

5

3

63 42 42 29 28 25 24 23 22 16 12 17
38 24 34 44 43 21 13 14 14 15 12 10
5
6 16
8 8 10 3 5 5
6
6
1

1

1

4

4

2

2

2

7

3

5

5

2

3

2

1

2

3

2

1

2

1

2

45

ADC
RAF

10

AEC

10

4
1

CRL

7

2

~UB IQI8L

5

72 73 74 75 76 77 78

2

1 3
1. 1

L

526

101
21
21

2

1

1

1

2

16
11

I 1 31 43 40 79 116 119 101 123 113 78 95 85 84 65 44 49 47 41 32 32 1.418

ix

•

•

•

►,

#### Page 11

•

•

•

ANNUAL LAUNCH SUMMARY BY COMMAND

1958 - 2000

Chart II
1979 - 2000 & Totals
As of 3 Feb 2000

LAUNCH
AGENCY

79 80 81

AFSC

13

15

10

5

16

13

9

9 10

5

3

2

6

2

SAC

11

9

8

9

9

8

6

7

5

8

9

7

2

NAVY
NASA
ADC
RAF
AEC

82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91

9

92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00

--1i_:_4---4....:::...+...:.-+-=-+--=+~i---=-+~--=--t-~__;_+-➔~-r~....,;;_r-t--=-ir--t--t--'-t---1i--2-~-i].
1

1

2

3

3

1

3

2

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

0

,:.z,

0
0

CRL

ACC
AFSPC

5
1

2
2

AFMC

AMROC

2

7

5

9

3

1

7

9

8

7

7

1

2

1

1

55
2

1

1

1

LLL

1
1

LM
OSC (Taurus)

3

5

2

1

4

2

3

2

12

6

5

2

13

1

1

(Pegasus) 1

2

4

Boeing 2

lsuB roTAL

13
1

1

TAC

OSC

{''

1'21 27 21 17 28 23 17 17 :20 13 13 13 16 13 11 13 11

16

19 18 17 2

1The Pegasus flight program began with three "captive" flights using inert vehicles.

These missions were conducted on 9 Nov 89, 15 Dec 89, and 30 Jan 90.
The first seven "live" Pegasus flights, beginning on 5 April 90, as well as the inert flights, originated from the Ames/Dryden Flight Research facility at Edwards
AFB, California. They were carried alof.t by a modified 8-52 aircraft provided by NASA. Beginning with the eight mission, Pegasus was carried by a modified
Lockheed L-1011 aircraft and was staged from Vandenberg AFB.

2 The Delta II program was operated by McDonnell Douglas Aerospace until the company was purchased by Boeing Aerospace, 4 August 1997.

X

....

#### Page 12

...

ANNUAL LAUNCH SUMMARY BY BOOSTER
Chart I
1958 - 1978
!LAUNCH VEHICLE

I

58

AMROC
ARG0-8
ASTRID
ASTROBEE 1500
ATLAS D
ATLAS E
ATLAS F
ATLAS H
ATLAS/AGENA A
ATLAS/AGENA B
ATLAS/AGENA D
ATLAS/BURNER II
ATLAS/PRIME
BLACK BRANT Ill
BOMARC A
BOMARC B
CASTOR/SCRAMJET
DAC ROC
DEACON ARROW II
DELTA
GLCM
HONEST JOHN/NIKE/NIKE
KIVA/HOPA
MINUTEMAN A (I)
MINUTEMAN B Ill
MINUTEMAN F (Ill
MINUTEMAN G 1111)
NIKE/AEROBEE
NIKE/ASP
NIKE/CAJUN
NIKE/JAVELIN
NIKENIPER I
PAIUTE TOMAHAWK
PEACEKEEPER
SCOUT
SCOUT JUNIOR
SEAGULL
SERGEANT/LANCEA
SMALL ICBM
TAT/AGENA B
TAT/AGENA 0
TAURUS
TERRIER/ASP IV
THOR (IRBMJ
THOR/ABLE-STAR
THOR/AGENA A
THOR/AGENA B

69

1

60

8

1

61

jsue TOTAL

63

64

65

66

67

1

1

1

2
4
1

1
17
3
3

17
7
5

6
2
4

18

14

6

2

2

11

3
4

10

10

15

3

1
5

a

68

3
12

69

7

70

71

72

1

2

3

5

73

4

5

74

76

75

7

2

77

1

1

78

~

5

0
3
0
3
91
16
73
0
2
16
43
2
3

2

1
1

1

2
16

8

8

10
5

5

6

1

6

2
1

1
2

7

1
1
17
6

2
18
34

3
21
4

10
30
10

34

13

10
12

20
25
5

19
26
10

16
17
17
2

6
10
14

11
6
10

6
7
11

8
4
11

11

3
3
13

4
3
10

2

1

1

3
7

2

12
.3
7

4
1
4

1
1

1

10

a

5
7
4

4

6
4
1 .

5

2

7

7

4

2

1

1

3

1

4

2

2

17

1
10

20

15

1
2
4
0
0
3
9
50
231
147

112
4
12
3
2
4
1
0
53
11
1

2

3

3

11

6

0
1
63
0
2

1

2
2

18
8

22

a
15
41

2

9

2

22

3
4

2
1

2

25

2

1

4

•

56
2

3

L

2
6

1

THOR/AGENA D
THOR/ALTAIR
THOR/BLOCK 5D-1
THOR/BURNER II
THOR/BURNER IIA
THOR/DELTA
THORAD/AGENA D
TITAN I
TITAN II
TITAN II SLV
TITAN IIIB/AGENA D
TITAN IIID
TITAN 34D
TITAN IV
UTE/TOMAHAWK

62

5

10
7

1

a

2
14

1

4

2

1

2

1
2

4

4

6

10

2
10

2
7

9

4

5

1

3

7

8

6

5

2
1
2

1
3

2
1

1
5

1
2

6

2
5
2

2

2

1

1

3

1

5
1

5

4
3

3
2

3
2

4

3

1

2

1

1

2

2
1

2
2

6
3
12
B
33
43
20
SB
0
57
16 •
0
0
1

II 1 j31 j43 j4o j79 j11s j119 (101 j,za j113 j78 j9s las js4 lss j44 (49 (47 j41 ja2 j32 U1,41e

xi

•

#### Page 13

ANNUAL LAUNCH SUMMARY BY BOOSTER

•

Chart II
1979 - 1998
ILAUNCH VEHICLE
AMROC
ARG0-8
ASTRID
ASTROBEE 1500
ATLAS 0
ATLAS E
ATLAS F
ATLAS H
ATLAS/AGENA A
ATLAS/AGENA B
ATLAS/AGENA D
ATLAS/BURNER II
ATLAS/PRIME
BLACK BRANT Ill
BOMARC A
BOMARC 8
CASTOR/SCRAMJET
DAC AOC
DEACON ARROW II
DELTA
DELTA II
GLCM
HONEST JOHN/NIKE/NIKE
KIVA/HOPA
LOCKHEED LAUNCH VEHICLE (LLV-1)
MINUTEMAN A (IJ
MINUTEMAN B (I}
MINUTEMAN F (II)
MINUTEMAN G (Ill)
NIKE/AEROBEE
NIKE/ASP
NIKE/CAJUN
NIKE/JAVELIN
NIKENIPER I
PAIUTE TOMAHAWK
PEACEKEEPER
PEGASUS
SCOUT
SCOUT JUNIOR
SEAGULL
SERGEANT/LANCEA
SMALL ICBM
TAT/AGENA B
TAT/AGENA 0
TAURUS
TERRIER/ASP IV
THOR (IRBM)
THOR/ABLE-ST AR
THOR/AGENA A
THOR/AGENA B
THOR/AGENA D
THOR/ALTAIR
THOR/BLOCK 50-1
THOR/BURNER II
THOR/BURNER IIA
THOR/DELTA
THORAD/AGENA D
TITAN I
TITAN II
TITAN II SLV
TITAN 111B/AGENA D
TITAN 111D
TITAN 34D
TITAN IV
UTE/TOMAHAWK
SUBTOTAL

•

l11s 80 81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

GRAND
TOTAL

~

1

1
0

1
3

0
0
23
7
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
7
14
1
0
0
2
0
36
18
114
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
11
16
0
0
0

3
91
39
80

,
2

1

1
4

1
1

1

3

3

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

1

1

·2

2

3

2

1

2

,

1
1

2

6

5

1

1

1

,

5

4

10

9

8

6

5

1
3
6

,

1

1

7

7

6

7

3

,

,

2

2

5

3

4

5

2
3
B

1

3

2

1

6

4

4

3

1

5

2

, , , , ,

1
7

2
3

3

3

, ,

4

3

3

3

2

1

1

2

3
2

3

4
4

2
3·

3
2

,

1
1
1

27

1
3

2

1

1

1
5

1

1

1
2

27

2
1

21

1
2

17

2

2

1

1

2

1

28

23

17

1

1

2

1

1

16

13

11

1

1

1

1

1
1

17

1

20

xii

1

13

13

13

13

,

,

1

2

1

11

16

19

18

2
0
0
3
0
0
0
O·
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
11
6
7
8
0
353

s
2
16
43
2
3
2
56
31

,

2
4
7
14
1
3
9
2
50
267
165
226
4
~

12
3
2
4
1
45
11
69
11
1
2
2
1
63
3
2
22
B
15
41
22
B

5
12
8
33
43
20
58
7
68
22
7

,
8

1,771

#### Page 14

ANNUAL LAONCH SUMMARY BY BOOSTER

T

Chart Ill
1999 - 2018
kAUNCH VEHICLE

1199 loo

AMROC

I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I

~

GRANO
,,~~~ALI TOTAL
1

ARGO-8

3

ASTRID

1
3

ASTROBEE 1500
ATHENA II (Formerly LLVJ

2

2

ATLAS 0

4
91

ATLAS E

39

ATLAS F
ATLAS H
ATLAS/AGENA.B

80
5
2
16

ATLAS/AGENA D
ATLAS/BURNER II.

43
2

ATLAS/AGENA A

ATLAS/PRIME
ATLAS IIAS

3
1

-

1

BLACK BRANT Ill

2
56
31

BOMARC A
BOMARC 8
CASTOR/SCRAMJET

,

OAC ROC

2

DEACON ARROW II
DELTA

4
7

DELTA 11

2

GLCM
HONEST JOHN/NIKE/NIKE
KIVA/HOPA
MINOTAUR

2

-16

,

3
9
1

1

MINUTEMAN A (IJ
MINUTEMAN B Ill

~

MINUTEMAN F (II)

1

MINUTEMAN G (Ill)

4

1

50
267

2

167

4

230

NIKE/AEROBEE

4

NIKE/1\SP

12

NIKE/CAJUN

3

NIKE/JAVELIN

2

NIKENIPER I

4

,

PAIUTE TOMAHAWK
PEACEKEEPER

1

1

46

PEGASUS XL

2

2

13
69
11

SCOUT
SCOUT JUNIOR
SEAGULL

1
2
2

SERGEANT/LANCEA
SMALL ICBM

,

TAT/AGENA B

,

TAT/AGENA 0
TAURUS

1

TERRIER/ASP IV
THOR URBMJ
THOR/ABLE-STAR
THOR/AGENA A
THOR/AGENA B
THOR/AGENA 0
THOR/ALTAIR
THOR/BLOCK 50-1
THOR/BURNER 11
THOR/BURNER IIA
THOR/DELTA
THORAD/AGENA D
TITAN I
TITAN II
TITAN 11 SLY
TITAN 111B/AGENA D
• TITAN 111D
TITAN 34D
TITAN IV

2

2

4

2
22
8
15
41
22
6
5
12
B
33
43
20
58
9
68
22.

7
1

1

9

19

1,790

1

UTE/TOMAHAWK
SUB TOTAL

63

17

2

NOTES: The Athena rocket was formerly called LMLV (Lockheed Martin Launch Vehicle). The name was changed in
September 1997. Nicknamed Minotaur, it was officially called, "Orbital Suborbital Program Space Vehicle."

xiii

•

#### Page 15

•

•

••

LAUNCH
SEQ

DATE

NICJCNAME

QLI

FACILITY

VEHICLE TYPE

PROGRAM

CUM BY
BOOSTER

COMMAND

COM BY
COMMAND

1.

16 Dec .58

TUNE UP

1001

75-1-1

THOR

DEMONSTRATION

1

AFSC

1

2.

28 Feb 59

FLYING YANKEE

1003

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

1

AFSC

2

3.

13 Apr 59

EARLY TIME

1004

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

2

AFSC

3

4.

16 Apr 59

LIONS ROAR

1005

75-2-8

THOR

IWST

2

RAF

1

5.

3 Jun 59

GOLD DUKE

1007

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

3

AFSC

4

6.

16 Jun 59

RIFLE SHOT

1008

75-2-7

THOR

IWST

3

RAF

2

7.

25 Jun 59

LONG ROAD

1010

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

4

AFSC

5

8.

14 Jul 59

SUNFLARE II

•

PALC-A

NIKE/ASP

SPACE PROBE

1

NAVY

1

9.

24 Jul 59

N/A

•

PALC-A

NIKE/ASP

SPACE PROBE

2

NAVY

2

10.

24 Jul 59

N/A

•

PALC-A

NIKE/ASP

SPACE PROBE

3

NAVY

3

11.

* Jul 59

N/A

•

PALC-A

NIKE/ASP

SPACE PROBE

4

NAVY

4

12.

• Jul 59

N/A

PALC-A

NIKE/ASP

SPACE PROBE

5

NAVY

5

13.

• Jul 59

N/A

•
•

PALC-A

NIKE/ASP

SPACE PROBE

6

NAVY

6

14.

• Aug 59

N/A

•

PALC-A

NIKE/ASP

SPACE PROBE

7

NAVY

7

15.

* Aug 59

N/A

•

PALC-A

NIKE/ASP

SPACE PROBE

B

NAVY

8

1.6.

• Aug 59

N/A

*

PALC-A

NIKE/ASP

SPACE PROBE

9

NAVY

9

17.

• Aug 59

N/A

•

PALC-A

NIKE/ASP

SPACE PROBE

10

NAVY

10

18.

* Aug 59

N/A

PALC-A

NIKE/ASP

SPACE PROBE

11.

NAVY

11

19.

• Aug 59

N/A

•
•

PALC-A

NIKE/ASP

SPACE PROBE

12 ·

NAVY

12

( *) Data not available
PAGE 1

#### Page 16

LAUNCH
SEQ
20.

DATE

NICKNAME

~

FACILITY

VEHICLE TYPB

Aug 59

BEAN BALL

1011

75-1-1

THOR

3

CUM BY
BOOSTER

COMMAND

IWST

4

RAF

3

PROGR"l

COM BY
COMMAND

21.

13 Aug 59

FLY HIGH

1012

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

5

AFSC

6

22.

14 Aug 59

SHORT SKIP

1014

75-2-6

THOR

IWST

5

RAF

4

23.

19 Aug 59

HURRY UP

1013

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

6

AFSC

7

24.

9 Sep 59

DESERT HEAT

1015

576 A-2

ATLAS D

DEMONSTRATION

1

SAC

1

25.

17 Sep 59

GREASE GUN

1016

75-1-2

THOR

IWST

6

RAF

5

26.

6 Oct 59

FOREIGN TRAVEL

1018

75-2-8

THOR

CTL

7

RAF

6

27.

21 Oct 59

STAND FAST

1019

75-1-1

THOR

IWST

8

RAF

7

28.

7 Nov 59

CARGO NET

1017

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

7

AFSC

8

29.

12 Nov 59

BEACH BUGGY

1020

75-1-2

THOR

IWST

9

RAF

8

30.

20 Nov 59

LIVID LADY

1021

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

8

AFSC

9

31.

1 Dec 59

HARD RIGHT

1022

75-1-1

THOR

CTL

10

RAF

9

32.

14 Dec 59

TALL GIRL

1023

75-1-2

THOR

IWST

11

RAF

10

33.

21 Jan 60

RED CABOOSE

1025

75-1-2

THOR

IWST

12

RAF

11

34.

26 Jan 60

DUAL EXHAUST

1024

576 A-3

ATLAS D

DEMONSTRATION

2

SAC

2

HUNGRY EYE

1026

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

9

AFSC

10

•

PALC-B

NIKE/VIPER I

SPACE PROBE

1

AEC

1

Feb 60

35.

4

36.

4 Feb 60

N/A

37.

19 Feb 60

DERBY DAY

1027

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

10

AFSC

11

38.

2 Mar 60

CENTER BOARD

1028

75-2-8

THOR

CTL

13

RAF

12

( *)

Data not available
PAGE 2

•

•

•

#### Page 17

•

•

•
LAUNCH
SEO

DATE

NICltNAMB

2.L.t

FACILITY

VEHICLE TYPE

39.

15 Apr 60

RAM HORN

1029

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

40.

22 Apr 60

QUICK START

1031

576 B-2

ATLAS D

41.

29 Apr 60

N/A

•

PALC-B

42.

6 May 60

LUCKY DRAGON

1032

43.

22 Jun 60

CLAN CHATTAN

44.

27 Jun 60

N/A

45.

29 Jun 60

46.

COM BY
BOOSTER

COMMAND

COM BY
COMMAND

11

AFSC

12

ORT

3

SAC

3

NIKE/VIPER I

SPACE PROBE

2

AEC

2

576 B-1

ATLAS D

ORT

4

SAC

4

1034

75-2-7

THOR

CTL

14

RAF

13

•

PALC-B

NIKE/VIPER I

SPACE PROBE

3

AEC

3

RED GARTER

1030

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

12

AFSC

13

1 Jul 60

N/A

0045

PALC-B

DEACON/ARROW II

SPACE PROBE

1

AEC

4

47.

8 Jul 60

N/A

0023

PALC-B

DEACON/ARROW -II

SPACE PROBE

2

AEC

5

48.

14 Jul 60

N/A

0001

PALC-B

DEACON/ARROW II

SPACE PROBE

3

AEC

6

49.

20 Jul 60

N/A

0004

PALC-B

NIKE/CAJUN

SPACE PROBE

1

AEC

7

so.

22 Jul 60

TIGER SKIN

1033

576 3-1

ATLAS D

ORT

5

SAC

5

10 Aug 60

FOGGY BOTTOM

1035

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

13

AFSC

14

52.

12 Aug 60

N/A

0071

PALC-B

KIVA/HOPI

SPACE PROBE

1

CRL

1

53.

18 Aug 60

LIMBER LEG

1036

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

14

AFSC

15

54.

12 Sep 60

GOLDEN JOURNEY

1037

576 3-3

ATLAS D

DASO

6

SAC

6

55.

13 Sep 60

COFFEE CALL

1038

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA A

SPACE

15

AFSC

16

56.

19 Sep 60

N/A

*

PALC-A

SERGEANT/LANCEA

SPACE PROBE

1

NASA

1

57.

29 Sep 60

HIGH

1039

576 B-2

ATLAS D

DASO

7

SAC

7

...

ARROW

PROGRAM

(*) Data not available
PAGE 3

#### Page 18

CUM BY
BOOSTER

COMMAND

CUM BY
COMMAND

SPACE PROBE

4

AEC

8

75-2-8 • THOR

CTL

1S

RAF

14

1042

PALC-1-1 ATLAS/AGENA A

SPACE

1

AFSC

17

DIAMOND JUBILEE

1043

576 B-1

ATLAS D

DASO

8

SAC

8

12 Oct 60

N/A

0043

PALC-B

KIVA/HOPI

SPACE PROBE

2

CRL

2

63.

•

26 Oct 60

SOUP SPOON

1041

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

1

AFSC

18

64.

27 Oct 60

N/A

0042

PALC-B

KIVA/HOPI

SPACE PROBE

3

CRL

3

65.

12 Nov 60

BOXING GLOVE

1046

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

2

AFSC

19

66.

21 Nov 60

N/A

0007A

PALC-B

NIKE/CAJUN

SPACE PROBE

2

AEC

9

67.

22 Nov 60

N/A

0007B

PALC-B

NIKE/CAJUN

SPACE PROBE

3

AEC

10

68.

7 Dec 60

POWER TRACTOR

1047

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

3

AFSC

20

69.

7 Dec 60

N/A

0047·

PALC-B

KIVA/HOPI

SPACE PROBE

4

CRL

4

70.

13 Dec 60

ACTION TOWN

1048

75-2-8

THOR

CTL

16

RAF

15

71.

14

Dec 60

N/A

0053A

PALC-B

KIVA/HOPI

SPACE PROBE

5

CRL

5

72.

14 Dec 60

N/A

0053B

PALC-B

KIVA/HOPI

SPACE PROBE

6

CRL

6

73.

16 Dec 60

HOT SHOT

1050

576 B-3

ATLAS D

R&D

9

AFSC

21

74.

16 Dec 60

N/A

0084

PALC-B

KIVA/HOPI

SPACE PROBE

7

CRL

7

75.

20 Dec 60

TEE BIRD

1049

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

4

AFSC

22

76.

31 Jan 61

JAYHAWK JAMBOREE

1051

PALC-1-1 ATLAS/AGENA A

SPACE

2

AFSC

23

LAUNCH
SEO

DAT:!

58.

NICJ!CNAMl!:

OP ff

FACILITY

VEHICLE TYPB

PROGRAM

30 Sep 60

N/A

0002

PALC-B

NIKE/VIPER I

59.

11 Oct 60

LEFT RUDDER

1040

60.

11 Oct 60

GIBSON GIRL

61.

12 Oct 60

62.

(*) Data not available
PAGB 4

•

•

•

#### Page 19

•

•

•

,.

LAUNCH

COM BY
BOOSTBR

COMMAND

COMMAND

SPACE

5

AFSC

24

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

6

AFSC

25

PALC-B

DEACON/ARROW II

SPACE PROBE

4

AEC

11

1056

75-2-7

THOR

CTL

17

RAF

16

FEATHER CUT

1054

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

7

AFSC

26

8 Apr 61

RUNNING BOARD

1055

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

8

AFSC

27

83.

3 May 61

SILVER SADDLE

1058

SLTF

TITAN I

DEMONSTRATION

1

AFSC

28

84.

24 May 61

LITTLE SATIN

1057

576 B-2

ATLAS D

R&:.D

10

AFSC

29

BS.

7 Jun 61

SURE SHOT

1061

576-F

ATLAS E

R&D

1

AFSC

30

86.

B Jun 61

ISLAND QUEEN

1059

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

9

AFSC

31

87.

16 Jun 61

MARKED CARDS

1060

75-1-1

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

10

AFSC

32

88.

20 Jun 61

WHITE BISHOP

1063

75-2-7

THOR

CTL

18

RAF

17

89.

7 Jul 61

HIGH WING

1064

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

11

AFSC

33

90.

12 Jul 61

POLAR ORBIT

1062

PALC-1-2 ATLAS/AGENA B

SPACE

1

AFSC

34

91.

21 Jul 61

STACKED DECK

1066

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

12

AFSC

35

92.

1 Aug 61

N/A

*

PALC-A

ASTROBEE 1500

SPACE PROBE

1

CRL

B

93.

3 Aug 61

CRISP BACON

1067

75-1-1

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

13

AFSC

36

94.

22 Aug 61

NEW NICKLE

1065

576 B-3

ATLAS D

R&D

11

AFSC

37

95.

30 Aug 61

FULL BLOWER

1069

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

14

.AFSC

38

SEQ

DATB

NICJCNAMB

~

FACILITY

VEHICLB TYPB

77.

17 Feb 61

SPIRIT LEVEL

1052

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

78.

18 Feb 61

BENCH WARRANT

1053

75-3-5

79.

27 Mar 61

N/A

*

80.

29 Mar 61

SHEPHERDS BUSH

81.

30 Mar 61

82.

PROGRAM

COM BY

( *) Data not available
PAGE 5

#### Page 20

LAUNCH
SEO

DATB

NICXNAMB:

QR..Jt

FACILITY

VEHICLE TYPB

96.

6 Sep 61

SKYE BOAT

1072

LE-7

THOR

97.

9 -sep 61

FIRST MOTION

1068

98.

12 Sep 61

TWISTED BRAIDS

1070

99.

17 Sep 61

CANE POLE

100.

23 Sep 61

101.

CUM BY

CUM BY

BOOSTER

COMMAND

COMMAND

CTL

19

RAF

18

PALC-1-1 ATLAS/AGENA B

SPACE

2

AFSC

39

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

15

AFSC

40

1073

75-1-1

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

16

AFSC

41

BIG SAM

1071

395 A-1

TITAN I

R&D

2

AFSC

42

13 O9t 61

CAP PISTOL

1075

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

17

AFSC

43

102.

21 Oct 61

BIG TOWN

1076

PALC-1-2 ATLAS/AGENA B

SPACE

3

AFSC

44

103.

23 Oct 61

DEAD HEAT

1079

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

18

AFSC

45

104.

5 Nov 61

FOG CUTTER

1080

75-1-1

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

19

AFSC

46

105.

15 Nov 61

CAT FIGHT

1081

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

20

AFSC

47

106.

15 Nov 61

N/A

*

PALC-A

SERGEANT/LANCEA

SPACE PROBE

2

NASA

-2

107.

18 Nov 61

N/A

*

· PALC-A

ARGQ D-8

SPACE PROBE

1.

NASA

3

108.

22 Nov 61

ROUND TRIP

1085

PALC-1-1 ATLAS/AGENA B

SPACE

4

AFSC

48

109.

29 Nov 61

BIG PUSH

1077

576 B-2

ATLAS D

DASO

12

SAC

9

110.

4 Dec 61

N/A

8201

PALC-A

SCOUT JR

SPACE PROBE

1

AFSC

49

111.

s Dec 61

PIPERS DELIGHT

1087

LE-8

THOR

CTL

20

RAF

19

112.

7 Dec 61

BIG CHIEF

1086

576 B-3

ATLAS D

DASO

13

SAC

10

113.

8 Dec 61

N/A

•

PALC-A

ASTROBEE 1500

SPACE PROBE

2

CRL

9

114.

12 Dec 61

SILVER STRIP

1088

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

21

AFSC

50

PROGRAM

(*) Data not available
PAGE fj

•

•

•

#### Page 21

•

•

.

LAUNCH
SEQ

DATB

NICJCNAMB

QLI

115.

22 Dec 61

OCEAN WAY

6201

PALC-1-2 ATLAS/AGENA B

116.

13 Jan 62

CANDY WRAPPER

3201

75-3-4

117.

17 Jan 62

BLUE FIN

7201

• 118.

20 Jan 62

DOUBLE MARTINI

119.

23 Jan 62

120.

•·
COM BY

CUM BY
BOOSTER

COMM.AND

COMMAND

SPACE

5

AFSC

51

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

22

AFSC

52

576 B-2

ATLAS D

DASO

14

SAC

11

1074

395 A-3

TITAN I

DEMONSTRATION

3

AFSC

53

BLUE MOSS

1200

576 B-3

ATLAS D

DASO

15

SAC

12

16 Feb 62

BIG JOHN

1201

576 B-2

ATLAS D

DASO

16

SAC

13

121.

21 Feb 62

CHAIN SMOKE

0201

576 B-3

ATLAS D

DASO

17

SAC

14

122.

21 Feb 62

CABLE SPLICE

8201

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

23

AFSC

54

123.

23 Feb 62

BLUE GANDER

0202

395 A-1

TITAN I

R&D

4

AFSC

55

124.

27 Feb 62

CAREER GIRL

7201

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

24

AFSC

56

125.

28 Feb 62

SILVER SPUR

5201

OSTF-1

ATLAS E

R&D

2

AFSC

57

126.

7 Mar 62

LOOSE TOOTH

1410

PALC-1-2 ATLAS/AGENA B

SPACE

6

AFSC

58

127.

14 Mar 62

N/A

•

PALC-B

TERRIER/ASP IV

SPACE PROBE

1

NAVY

13

128.

19 Mar 62

BLACK KNIFE

8201

LE-7

THOR

CTL

21

RAF

20

129.

23 Mar 62

CURRY COMB I

7201

576 B-2

ATLAS D

DASO

18

SAC

15

130.

9 Apr 62

NIGHT HUNT

1201

PALC-1-2 ATLAS/AGENA B

SPACE

7

AFSC

59

131.

11 Apr 62

CURRY COMB II

7202

576 B-2

ATLAS D

DASO

19

SAC

16

132.

17 Apr 62

LONG SLICE

7201

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

25

AFSC

60

133.

26 Apr 62

DAINTY DOLL

8202

PALC-1-1 ATLAS/AGENA B

SPACE

B

AFSC

61

FACILITY

VEHICLB TYPB

PROGRAM

(*) Data not available
PAGE 7

#### Page 22

LAUNCH

CUM BY
BOOSTER

COMMAND

CUM BY
COMMAND

SPACE

1

AFSC

62

ATLAS D

DASO

20

SAC

17

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

26

AFSC

63

7201

395 A-1

TITAN I

R&D

5

AFSC

64

CANNONBALL FLYER

0122

576 8-3

ATLAS D

DASO

21

SAC

18

15 May 62

HOLE PUNCH

2201

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

27

AFSC

65

140.

23 May 62

BLUE SCOUT II

1201

PALC-D

SCOUT

SPACE

2

AFSC

66

141.

29 May 62

LEAK PROOF

6201

75-1-1

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

28

AFSC

67

142.

31 May 62

N/A

5201

PALC-A

SCOUT JR

SPACE PROBE

2

AFSC

68

143.

1 Jun 62

KNOTTY PINE

8201

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

29

AFSC

69

144.

17 Jun 62

RUBBER GUN

9201

PALC-1-1 ATLAS/AGENA B

SPACE

9

AFSC

70

145.

18 Jun 62

TASTY TREAT

0201

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

30

AFSC

71

146.

· 18 Jun 62

BLAZING CIDERS

9201

LE-8

THOR

CTL

22

RAF

21

147.

22 Jun 62

TIGHT SKIRT

5201

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

31

AFSC

72

148.

26 Jun 62

ALL JAZZ

7203

576 B-3

ATLAS D

DASO

22

SAC

19

149.

27 Jun 62

TRIAL TRACK

7201

75-1-1

THOR/AGENA D

SPACE

1

AFSC

73

150.

9 Jul 62

N/A

•

PALC-A

ARGO D-8

SPACE PROBE

2

AEC

12

151.

9 Jul 62

N/A

•

PALC-8

ASTROBEE 1500

SPACE PROBE

.3

AEC

13

152.

12 Jul 62

LONG LADY

7201

576 B-2

ATLAS D

DASO

23

SAC

20

N!C!CN.AME

QLl

FACILITY

VEHICLE TYPB

26 Apr 62

BLUE SCOUT I

9201

PALC-D

SCOUT

135.

27 Apr 62

BLUE BALL

5201

576 B-2

136.

28 Apr 62

TOTAL TIME

3201

137.

4 May 62

SILVER TOP

138.

11 May 62

139.

SEO

DATE

134.

( *)

PROGRAM

Data not· available
PAGE 8

•

•

•

•

#### Page 23

•

•
LAUNCH

BOOSTER

COMMAND

CUM BY
COMMAND

R&D

3

AFSC

74

SPACE

10

AFSC

75

ATLAS D

DASO

24

SAC

21

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

32

AFSC

76

1201

PALC-A

SCOUT JR

SPACE PROBE

3

AFSC

77

ANCHOR ROPE

8201

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

33

AFSC

78

1 Aug 62

HIS NIBS

3202

576-E

ATLAS F

R&D

1

AFSC

79

160.

1 Aug 62

APPLE GREEN

7201

75-1-1

THOR/AGENA D

SPACE

2

AFSC

80

161.

5 Aug 62

AIR SCOUT

7201

PALC-1-1 ATLAS/AGENA B

SPACE

11

AFSC

81

162.

5 Aug 62

N/A

163,.

9 Aug 62

164.

CUM BY

SEQ

DATE

NICJCNAMB

Q.Lit

J.l'ACILITY

Vl!!HICLE TYPB

153.

13 Jul 62

EXTRA BONUS

9202

OSTF-1

ATLAS E

154.

18 Jul 62

ARMORED CAR

6201

PALC-1-1 ATLAS/AGENA B

155.

19 Jul 62

FIRST TRY

7202

576 B-1

156.

20 Jul 62

ADOBE HOME

2201

157.

24 Jul 62

N/A

158.

27 Jul 62

159.

PROGRAM

•

PALC-B

• KIVA/HOPI

SPACE PROBE

8

CRL

10

PEG BOARD

9201

576 B-3

ATLAS D

DASO

25

SAC

22

9 Aug 62

PEG BOARD II

9202

576 B-2

ATLAS D

DASO

26

SAC

23

165.

10 Aug 62

CRASH TRUCK

1201

OSTF-2

ATLAS F

R&D

2

AFSC

82

166.

23 Aug 62

BLUE SCOUT III

2201

PALC-D

SCOUT

SPACE

3

AFSC

83

167.

28 Aug 62

APPLE RIND

5201

75-1-2

THOR/AGENA D

SPACE

3

AFSC

84

168.

1 Sep 62

BEADY EYE

8201

75-3-5

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

34

AFSC

85

169.

17 Sep 62

BIG FLIGHT

3201

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

35

AFSC

86

170.

28 Sep 62

AIR CRUSADE

5201

394 A-3

MINUTEMAN A

R&D

1

AFSC

87

171.

28 Sep 62

BIG GAME

8201

75-1-1

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

36

AFSC

88

(*)

Data not available

PAGE 9

#### Page 24

COM BY
BOOSTBR

COMMAND

COM BY
COMMAND

SPACE

4

AFS-C

89

ATLAS D

ST

27

SAC

24

395 A-1

TITAN I

ST

6

AFSC

90

4201

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

·SPACE

37

AFSC

91

ANCHOR BUOY

1201

75-1-2

THOR/AGENA D

SPACE

5

AFSC

92

26 Oct 62

CLOSED CIRCUITS

8201

576 A-1

ATLAS D

NIKE TARGET

28

AFSC

93

178.

5 Nov 62

BAIL OUT

9201

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

38

AFSC

94

179-,

11 Nov 62

AFTER DECK

4202

PALC-1-1 ATLAS/AGENA B

SPACE

12

AFSC

95

180.

14 Nov 62

ACTION TIME

5201

OSTF-2

ATLAS F

R&D

3

AFSC

96

181.

21 Nov 62

N/A

5201

PALC-A

SCOUT JR

SPACE PROBE

4

AFSC

97

182.

24 Nov 62

GOLDEN RUSH

9201

75-3-4

THOR/AGENA B

SPACE

39

AFSC

9!3

183.

4 Dec 62

CALAMITY JANE

8201

75-1-2

THOR/AGENA D

SPACE

6

AFSC

99

184.

5 Dec 62

YELLOW JACKET

4201

395 A-1

TITAN I

R&D

7

AFSC

100

185.

10 Dec 62

AMERICAN BEAUTY

7201

394 A-4

MINUTEMAN A

R&D

2

AFSC

101

186.

12 Dec 62

DEER PARK

6201

576 Jl.-3

ATLAS D

NIKE TARGET

29

AFSC

102

187.

12 Dec 62

CORN FIELD

7201

75-1-1

THOR/AGENA D

SPACE

7

AFSC

103

188.

(Text continues in the original file: 113 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D050 — Email Correspondence, INDOPACOM, April 2025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D050
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D050
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 4/10/2025-4/11/2025
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

April 2025: even the emails need a clearance to be read.

- Email correspondence DOW-UAP-D050, Department of War, April 2025, INDOPACOM.
- Contains two unclassified US aircraft sightings of possible UAPs, short duration, unknown altitude and speed, no interference.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is email correspondence describing the content of a mission report and requesting clarification on its content.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This document is an email correspondence from April 2025, authored by a PAROC Intel Data Analysis Technician and an Information Disclosure Analyst, both associated with 12 AF / DET 3 and the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security. It confirms that certain tearlines and the AOR INDOPACOM are classified as UNCLASSIFIED. The email also includes two unclassified reports of U.S. aircraft observing possible unidentified aerial phenomena for short durations, with unknown altitude and speed, and no interference noted. The document is classified as SECRET//NOFORN.

### Full text

#### Page 1

(b) (6)
I just got off the phone with the unit that flies 1.4(a) They said to me
that the two lines listed are on the UNCLASSIFIED level and that adding in
the AOR as INDOPACOM is also at the UNCLASSIFIED level.

(b) (6)
PAROC Intel Data Analysis Technician
Team Lead
12 AF / DET 3

(b) (6)

(b) (6)
CLASSIFICATION: SECRET//NOFORN
Hello,
Per our conversa on, can you please confirm that the 1.4(a) tearlines below
are at the UNCLASSIFIED level? Also, could you please confirm that we can
use the AOR INDOPACOM.
Thank you,

(b) (6)
1

#### Page 2

(b) (6)
CLASSIFICATION: SECRET//NOFORN

(b) (6)
CLASSIFICATION: SECRET//NOFORN
Hello,
I wanted to clarify that these tearlines are approved at the UNCLASSIFIED
level.

1.4(a)

on 10APR25
//UNCLASSIFIED//
US AIRCRAFT OBSERVED 1X POSS UAP FOR 12 SECONDS AT 2353Z, FLYING AT UNK
ALTITUDE AND UNK SPEED, NO INTERFERENCE WAS NOTED.
//UNCLASSIFIED//

1.4(a)

on 11APR25
//UNCLASSIFIED//
US AIRCRAFT OBSERVED 1X POSS UAP FOR 23 SECONDS AT 0007Z, FLYING AT UNK
ALTITUDE AND UNK SPEED, NO INTERFERENCE WAS NOTED.
//UNCLASSIFIED//
Thank you,

(b) (6)
Informa on Disclosure Analyst
Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security

(b) (6)
2

## DOW-UAP-D051 — Email Correspondence, Pacific Time Zone, March 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D051
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D051
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/23/26
- Location: Pacific Time Zone
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

That blue triangle was so vivid, the PDF requested its own pair of sunglasses.

- DOW-UAP-D051 email, Department of War, March 2023, Pacific Time Zone.
- Describes large blue triangular object hovering near a national security facility, erratic motion, whitish‑blue light.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is email correspondence describing the content of a mission report and requesting clarification on its content.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 1

(b) (6)
Good morning!
Thank you for your patience on this-- like I said, this was a first for me.
Upon consulting internally here at HQ, our folks confirmed we do have the
authority to process this as a derivative classification review, instead of
a declassification request. Based upon the summary you provided below, I
concur with using this at the UNCLASSIFIED level in your product. Consider
your request approved.
Please let me know if there's anything else I can do for you!
Thanks,

(b) (6)
OSI CI Collections and Operations PM
Intelligence Oversight PM

(b) (6)

(b) (6)

#### Page 2

1.4(a)

Good morning,
Thank you for your request. Our process for declassifying IIRs is lengthy
and requires AFOSI Commander signature so I'm exploring options akin to a
security review of the UNCLASS summary you have provided below. This is a
first for me so I appreciate your patience as I try to streamline this
request for you!
Thanks,

(b) (6)
OSI CI Collections and Operations PM
Intelligence Oversight PM

#### Page 4

1.4(a)
CURRENT CLASSIFICATION S//NF-REQUESTED CLASSIFICATION UNCLASSIFIED
Reported Appearance: An individual reported observing a large blue
featureless triangular object with a solid, unwavering silhouette emitting
powerful "whitish blue" light from multiple points along its perimeter.
Reported Behavior: The reporter described the object as "hovering"
stationary above or near a national security facility for approximately
three minutes. They then reported observing it move to a position higher in
their field of view. The reporter characterized the object's motion as
"backing up" in a "jerking" or "jumping" manner inconsistent with "smooth"
jet propulsion. The individual reported that they observed the object for
approximately eight minutes.
Other Observations: The reporter commented that they could not discern
whether or how the object was controlled, could not identify its means of
propulsion, and could not determine whether it had a defined "front or
rear." They stated that they "didn't think" the object was a drone.
The reporter also commented on behaviors and capabilities they did not
directly observe. They stated that the object did not seem to travel along a
defined flight path, possess any "photograph or data collection
capabilities," emit a "vapor trail," or demonstrate "cloaking capabilities."

Event Summary:
Location: Pacific Time Zone
Date: March 2023
Time of Day: Night
Duration: Approx. 8 minutes
Reporter Type: Civilian
Obtained by: Personal cellular device

Reported Characteristics:
Altitude: Not reported

#### Page 5

Speed: Not reported
Size: Large
Shape: Triangular
Color: Blue
Material: Not reported
Markings: Featureless
Behavior: Emitting light, erratic movement

The IIR and draft report are attached.
This is a routine request, please confirm receipt.

If you have any questions, please contact me.

(b) (6)
Information Disclosure Analyst
Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security

(b) (6)

CLASSIFICATION: SECRET//NOFORN

CLASSIFICATION: SECRET//NOFORN

## DOW-UAP-D052 — Email Correspondence, NA, August 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D052
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D052
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 10/31/24
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Two‑hour orb watch: the only marathon the Air Force ever ran.

- DOW-UAP-D052 email, Department of War, August 2024, incident 10/31/24
- UAP described as oval/orb, low speed, tracked by aircraft for over two hours
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is email correspondence describing the content of a mission report and requesting clarification on its content.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This document is an email correspondence from August 2024, involving personnel from the 15th Air Force, Detachment 1. It includes a report of a UAP observed on October 31, 2024, by a U.S. aircraft. The UAP was described as oval or orb-shaped and moving at a low speed, with the aircraft tracking it for over two hours. The emails discuss classification and the inclusion of the full date for the incident.

### Full text

#### Page 1

(b) (6)
CLASSIFICATION: SECRET//NOFORN
Good morning,
Below is the requested additional information (include the year) to the
UNCLASS tear line.

Let us know if you have any questions, comments or concerns.

v/r

(b) (6)
PAROC Intel Data Analysis Technician
15 AF / DET 1

(b) (6)
//UNCLASSIFIED//
31 OCT 24, U.S Aircraft observed a possible UAP. It appeared to be oval/orb
1

#### Page 2

shaped, likely moving at a low speed. The U.S Aircraft had eyes on the poss
UAP for over 2 hours.
//UNCLASSIFIED//

(b) (6)
CLASSIFICATION: SECRET//NOFORN
Hello,

Could you please approve the use of the year this incident took place?
Currently you have approved the month and the day, we request it includes
the year.

Thank for your assistance.

V/r

(b) (6)
Information Disclosure Analyst
2

## DOW-UAP-D054 — Mission Report, Mediterranean Sea, NA

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D054
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D054
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Mediterranean Sea
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

At 1319Z the crew logged a triangle, not a pizza slice.

- Mission Report DOW-UAP-D054, Department of War, Mediterranean Sea, 1319Z time stamp
- Operator observed one triangular metallic UAP, altitude 24,989 ft, speed 168 knots
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing one UAP. The report describes the UAP as a “triangular and metallic UAP.” The reporter estimated the UAP’s altitude as 24,989 feet and speed as 168 knots (193mph).
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 7

1.4(a)

1.4(a)

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): (SECRET//NOFORN)
1X UAP DETECTED WITH DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION SUCH AS BEING A TRIANGLUAR
AND METALLIC UAP.
(SECRET//NOFORN)
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (SECRET//NOFORN)
DURING RTB AT 1319Z, 1.4(a)
OBSERVED 1X UAP WHILE TRANSITING OVER 363453N
0255943E FLYING AT AN ALTITUDE OF 24,989FT MSL AND SPEED OF 168KTS.
(SECRET//NOFORN)

1.4(a)

## DOW-UAP-D055 — Mission Report, Syria, November 2016

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D055
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D055
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 11/18/16
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

November 2016, when even the paperwork couldn't keep up with the object's speed.

- DOW-UAP-D055 mission report, Syria, November 2016, Department of War, P‑8A platform.
- Pilot observed low‑altitude object 55 nm NW of Latakia, sea‑skim mode, ~500 knots, two‑minute track.
- Report declares encounter safe; no anomalous performance determination.

### Official summary

This document is a mission briefing summarizing an observation of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) by a U.S. military platform near Latakia, Syria.
A U.S. military pilot flying a P-8A aircraft reported observing an object via the aircraft’s EO/IR sensor, which they characterized as appearing to be in “sea skim mode,” traveling at approximately 500 knots (575 mph) on a southeasterly heading. The P-8A lost visual contact with the object after two minutes.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a mission report from November 2016, authored by USCENTCOM Chief of Staff MG Richard A. Hamson, detailing an observation by a P-8A aircraft of an unidentified low-flying object 55 nautical miles northwest of Latakia, Syria. The object was detected traveling at approximately 500 knots on a southeasterly heading. The P-8 lost visual contact about 40 nautical miles northwest of Latakia, and the mission commander deemed the encounter safe. The report states the activity was consistent with known KCTG operations.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Hamson
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20 M~

67.1 P-8A OBSERVES UNIDENTIFIED LOW-FLYING OBJECT 55 NM
NORTHWEST OF LATAKIA, SYRIA
18 NOV 2016
FLIGHT PATH

J!!Jlf: Whtie monitoring KCTG activity In the Ea•tem
Mediterranean, P-IA, obe•rved an unidentified low-ftylng
object 86 nm northweet of Latakla from an unknown
origin, traveling at approx SOOK.TS on a •outheut•rly
heading outbound from KCTG, for ~2 minutes.
Timeline (Z):

(D (°ell P'IEl!sto18/131 OZ: P-8 observed a possible missile launch
IVQ
1.4a
I from an origin unknown detected via
the EO/IR sensor. The possible missile appeared to be in
sea skim mode traveling at approximately 500KTS on a
southeasterly heading outbound from KCTG. P-8 position
1.4a
. was 26NM S of object detection at 16121 F~

f2' (911 P't!I!) 18/13122: - P-8 lost visual of the object IVO
~
1.4a
Iapprox. 40 NM northwest of Latakia. The
missile was observed to pass between (RUS) INGUL ARS
and 1x U/1 vessel.
Weather:

Uf P-8 aircrew charactenzeavisioilfty as clear, no range
limitations .

.~!~

US P-8A Location
13102:--

(RUS) INGUL ARS

CTG 67.1 Comment§: The mission commander for P~8 characterized the interaction as safe. VVhile this was the first observed occurrence of
possible missile activity by P-8 aircraft in the Eastern Mediterranean it is assessed to be standard activity consistent with the assessed activity of
fhe KCTG. Video footage can be found at this link.
(b)(6l

81!8PU!!•1~1PU!L ,8 UOilt, UM8
USCENTCOM MOR 26~038 to MOR 26~046

Approved for Release to AARO

03/27/26 000001

## DOW-UAP-D056 — Range Fouler Debrief, Arabian Sea, August 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D056
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D056
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 8/24/20
- Location: Arabian Sea
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Three UFOs in August—looks like a summer sale on mystery airliners.

- DOW-UAP-D056, Department of War, August 2020, Arabian Sea
- Pilot reported three small unidentified air contacts maintaining course, speed, altitude
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Range Fouler Debrief Form, a standardized reporting form the U.S. Navy uses to record the circumstances surrounding an unauthorized intrusion into controlled airspace during active military operations or training. These reports contain a narrative description of the observer’s experiences. 
A U.S. military operator reported an encounter with a group of three “unidentified small air contacts” over the North Arabian Sea. The reporter described the UAP as having “wings/airframe” structure, and as initially bearing on a westerly heading. The operator tracked one UAP before losing sight of it behind a cloud. Upon regaining contact, the operator reported observing two additional UAP to the east of the first. The report states that all three objects then “appeared to maintain their relative course, speed, and altitude.”
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a Range Foulter Debrief form completed by a pilot in August 2020 during operations in the Arabian Sea. The document reports that the pilot observed three unknown small aerial contacts while conducting routine operations. The contacts were not identified by electronic surveillance, radar, or IFF. The pilot lost sight of the first contact behind a cloud and later saw two additional contacts to the east. The contacts maintained their course, speed, and altitude. The form was submitted to USCENTCOM and is marked for release to MR9.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Deel

S&Sli&i!lllll lfUI

· Form
Range FOU Ier De b ne

L

d

11 ,1son

u..

purple

Deel;

,Ge. ve and

manually

(see below).

Please complete this form to the best of your ability. If you do
have the requested informafion,
please leave the field blank. If there was more than one "group " please report each on a separate
form for data collection purposes. You should receive a response within ·5 business days.
Rank

Last Name, First Name

Squadron

0-3

Crew Position

S/PR Email Address

Pilot

IHSM-73

This information is for contact only. SPEAR sanitizes all reports of identifying information.
Absolutely no identifying information for aircrew or squadrJn will be recorded for analysis.
08/24/20

00:04:30

Date (mmlddlyy)

Time of detection
(hh:mm:ss Z)

Night

705

Day I Night

21440

21440

Contact Working Area
(Ex: W-72 1A)

Contact Latitute
(0D:MM:SS)

Side No.

168122

SSC

Buno

1.4a
N/S

Contact Longitude
(DD.MM:SS)

Contact Aftitude
( ' · : 22000)

Please attempt to determine a Lat I Long for the contact at initial detection. We recommend
µsing JMPS to reference the sensor-derived bearing and range relative to the bullseye yo u had
in use. If that method is not available, any reasonable derivation of location will wolk, but please
be as specnic as possible and make a note in the comments section. The.se locations may be
used to cue other means of tracking.

Radar Equipped: Other

AIM-9x Self-Track:

Stable Trackfile?: No

A TFLIR Autotrack:

# of Contacts in "Group": 3

Tally Achieved:

ECM
Art'

□

Letter
Identifier

□

False
Trackfiles

310

5

Altitude
Constant?

WtndDir at
Contact An
(From)

Wind
Speed

Direction/Speed
(Ex. 090/15)

□
□
□

LFE?

Yes

Was the contact moving?

Yes
2 ?0/UNK

Please check all that apply:
Round: [Z]

□

Markings:

Wings/A irframe: [Z]

Translucen t:

Other Shape:O
Apparent Propuls io n:□

Other/
Ambiguous

0
Metallic: 0

Moving Parts:

D
Bafloon-shapeq: D
SQuare:

EA Indications (Check all that apply):

□

No

Mission Description (CAS, BFM. etc)

D

0

Opaque: O
Reflective!

0

Please use the field below to describe the contact and any inte action in your own words with as much
detail as possible. Please be sure to include any detail not inclilided in questions above.

I

1.4a
!observed 3x possible unidentified small air contact while conducting routine operations in the
North Arabian Sea. Negative ES, radar track, and IFF track. Distf nce to contact was unknown . Speed of
contact was unknown. Precise course of contact was unknown, but appeared to be on a westerly heading .
No interact~on took place betwee~I
1.4a .
la~d the ~nknowp ai_r contacts. Initially observed 1x
unknown air contact and tracked It before losing sight as 1t went 9ehInd a cloud. When contact on the
unknown air contact was regained , 2x additional unknown air corytacts were seen due east of the location of
the initial contact. All 3x unknown air contacts appeared to maintain their relative course, speed, and
altitude.

J

I

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1•>1•>
I
Thank you for your time. Please ensure all display tapes are ripAed for the entire time of interaction and
saved as a .wmv (Example: 4 May VFA-106 HUD. wmv). Squadron intel personnel shall upload those files
to the repository located at this link.

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USCENTCOM MOR 26-0038 to 26-0046

IIIRl ■ :1112 5771 I

I

Approved for Release to MR9

03/27126 000001

## DOW-UAP-D057 — Range Fouler Reporting Form, Gulf of Aden, September 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D057
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D057
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/4/20
- Location: Gulf of Aden
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

September 4, 2020: the Gulf’s brief, bright‑white cameo lasted exactly eight minutes.

- DOW-UAP-D057 Range Fouler Reporting Form, Dept. of War, September 2020, Gulf of Aden
- Operator tracked a round, cold, bright‑white IR object 8 minutes, 277 mph, heading 168°, abrupt turns
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Range Fouler Reporting Form, a standardized reporting form the U.S. Navy uses to record the circumstances surrounding an unauthorized intrusion into controlled airspace during active military operations or training. These reports contain a narrative description of the observer’s experiences. 
A U.S. military operator reported tracking a “round, cold object” over the Gulf of Aden for eight minutes via “black hot” IR sensor, making the UAP appear “bright white.” The report states that the UAP was “traveling 168 degrees at 277 mph” and “made a few abrupt directional changes” during the encounter.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This document is a Range Fouler Reporting Form from September 2020, submitted by a U.S. military crew operating in the Gulf of Aden. It reports an unidentified object detected at 21:09 on September 4, 2020, while the crew was at an altitude of 23,819 feet. The object was described as round, cold, and traveling at 277 mph in a direction of 168 degrees. The object made abrupt directional changes during an 8-minute contact. The report includes sensor data and notes the object appeared bright white in infrared. The form was submitted to U.S. Central Command.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Range Fouler Reportin Form
Please complete this form to the best of your ability. If you do n~ot have the requested information,
please leave the field blank. If there was more than one "group " please report each on a separate
form for data collection purposes. You should receive a respons within 5 business days.
•
Rank

Last Name, First Name

Squadron

0-3

SfPR Email Address

Crew Position

1172 ATKS

Other

This information is for contact only. SPEAR sanitizes all r ports of identifying information.
Absolutely no identifying information for aircrew or squadr, n will be recorded for analysis.
09/04/20

21 :09:00

Night

Date {mmlddlyy}

Time of detection

Day I Night

ISR
Side No.

Buno

LFE?

Mi$$ion Description (CAS, BFM. etc)

(hh:mm:ss Z)

N
Contact Latitute
(DD:MM:SS)

Contact Won,-ing Area
(Ex: W•721A)

N/S

23819

E
Contact LongitrJ<Je
(DD:MM:SS)

E,W
~

, ntact Altitllde
: 22000}

Please attempt to determine a Lat I Long for the contact at initial cJete<;t;on. We recommend
using JMPS to reference the sensor-derived beating and range mtat/ve to the bullseye you had
in use. If that methocJ is not available, any reasonable derivation of location will won,-, but please
be as specific as possible and make a note in the comments section. These locations may be
used to cue other means oftracking.

Radar Equipped:

AIM-9x Self-Track:

Stable Trackfile?:

A TFLIR Autotrack:

# of Contacts in "Group": 1

Tally Achieved:

EA Indications (Check all that apply):

□

□
ECM

. Letter
Identifier

An;

□

False
Trackfiles

W'incJ Dir at
Contact Alt
(From)

Altitude
Constant?

Wind
Speed

Yes

Wes the contact moving?
Direction/Speed
(Ex. 090/15)

□
□
□

168/277

Please check all that apply:
Round:

[l]

D
Balloon-shapecJ: D
Wings/Airframe: D
Other Shape: D

D
Metallic: D
Mar1<ings: D
Translucent: D

Moving Parts:

Square:

□

Opeque:O

Apparent Propulsion:□

Other/
Ambiguous

RefTe<:tive: □

Please use the field below to describe the contact and any inte action in your own words with as much
detail as possible. Please be sure to include any detail not incJJded in questions above.

+

Contact at 21 :09z to 21 :17z 04SEP2020. MGRS location 38P L ?(~a<aoimJ(estimated lat/long
(bJ(1 )1.4a
~. While at 23,819 HAT over the ~ulf of Aden we tracked a round, cold object
in IR traveling 168 degrees at 277 mph. It made a few abrupt dir~ctional changes during the 8 minute
contact. Our sensor was aimed -39 degrees below our altitude w th a slant range of 6.1 ?NM and ground
range of 8.81 KM. The IR sensor was set to black hot and the obj ct in question was a bright white.

I

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it to I
(blt61
I(Also in the global). For troubleshooting, call I
(bl(6l
I
3.5c.

3.5c,

Thank you for your time. Please ensure all display tapes are rip ed for the entire time of interaction and
saved as a .wmv (Example: 4 May VFA-106 HUD.wmv). Squa ron inte/ personnel shall upload those files
to the repository located at this link.
(

0

3::c,

c1:JJc61

USCENTCOM 26.0028

,

I
Approved for Release to MRO - FOUO / PA applies

03/16/26 000001

## DOW-UAP-D058 — Range Fouler Debrief, NA, October 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D058
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D058
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 10/27/20
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

They vanished faster than the paperwork could spell ‘1130‑th of a second’.

- Range Fouler Debrief, Department of War, Oct 27 2020, NA
- Reports two balloon‑shaped metallic UAP, red strobes, one circling, 16.9 nm distance, radar lock, vanished rapidly
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Range Fouler Debrief, a standardized reporting form the U.S. Navy uses to record the circumstances surrounding an unauthorized intrusion into controlled airspace during active military operations or training. These reports contain a narrative description of the observer’s experiences. 
A U.S. military operator reported an encounter with a group of two UAP. The operator described the UAP as “balloon-shaped,” metallic, and reflective, characterizing them as “2x red blinking strobes.” The report states that “one range fouler was circling around the other.”
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This document is a Range Fouler Debrief Form completed on October 27, 2020, by an individual associated with a squadron. It reports an encounter with an unknown aerial contact, describing two infrared-significant contacts that moved rapidly and disappeared within 1130th of a second. The contact was detected at a distance of 16.9 nautical miles, and radar lock was obtained, but closer identification was not possible. The debrief mentions noise jamming indicated by two chevrons and a target pod video. The form was declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
usctf.le~~~.fil~ Aie-l~~raftUrple

Oecla~M~ffif~R~li~Bffi',y~(?iS'e and

II!!! I Rl!!T 111 Ii IF 11

Range Fouler Debrie Form

email the complete file manually
(see below).

L,

•

Please complete this form to the best of your ability. If you do
have the requested information,
please leave the field blank. If there was more than one "groupi," please report each on a separate
form for data collection purposes. You should receive a respons within 5 business days.
Last Name. First Name

Squadron

Rank

0-3 .

._l11_E_F_S_

Crew Position

S/PR £mail Address

__,

This information is for contact only. SPEAR sanitizes all r . ports of identifying information.
1
Absolutely no identifying information for aircrew or squadT< n will be recorded for analysis.
10/27/20

01:12:21

Night

Date (mmldd,yy)

Time of detection

Day I Night

DCA
Side No.

Bimo

No
LFE?

Mission Description (CAS. BFM, etc)

(hh:mm:ss Z)

26000
Contact Wonting Area

(Ex: W-72 1A)

Contact Latitute
(DD:MM:SS)

N/S

Contact Longitude
(DD:MM:SS)

E,W

•ontact Altitude

( x: 22000)

Please attempt to determine a Laf I Long for the contact at initial detection. We recommend
using JMPS to reference the sensor-derived bearing and range relative to the bullseye you had
in use. If that method is not a vailable, any reasonable derivation of location will work, but please
be as specific as possible and make a note in the comments section. These l ocations may be
us.e d to cue other means of tracking.

Radar Equipped: Other

AIM-9x Self-Track:

Stable Trackfile?: Yes

A TFL/R Autotrack:

# of Contacts in "Group": 2

Tally Achieved:

EA Indications (Check all that apply):

□
ECM
Arc

□

Letter
Jdentmer

□

False
Trackfi/es

No
Wind Dir at
Contact Alt
(From)

Altitude
Constant?

Wind
Speed

Yes

Was the contact moving?
Direction/Speed
(fa. 090115)

□
□

060/20

Please check all that apply:

D
Square: D
Round:

llJ

D

Metallic:

[Z]

[Z]

D

D
Translucent: D

Other Shape:[£].

Opaque: [{]

Balloon-shaped:
Wings/Airframe:

llJ

Moving Parts:

Markings:

Apparent Propulsion:□

Other/
Ambiguous

Reflective:

[Z]

Please use the field below to describe the contact and any inte action in your own words with as much
detail as possible. Please be sure to include any detail not included in questions above.
1

I

I

KINGPIN DIRECTED ID OF UNKNOWN CONTACT.!
1.4a
OBTAINED RADAR LOCK AND TARGET
POD VIDEO BUT UNABLE TO GET CLOSER THAN 16.9NM TID GETA BETTER ID. THE TARGET POD
SHOWED 2 IR SIGNIFICANT CONTACTS. ONE RANGE FOUL~
ER WAS CIRCLING AROUND THE
OTHER IN 1130TH OF A SECOND, THEY WERE GONE. TALLr ACHIEVED WAS 2X RED BLINKING
STROBES AND NOISE JAMMING WAS RECIEVED. NOISE JAMMING WAS INDICATED BY TWO
CHEVRONS.
FIRST DETECTION OF THE RANGE FOULERS WERE AT B/E ZIM 248/17 t.__ _

...;.;1•..;.;;;4a'---_

__,!.

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it
(b)(s)
(Also in the global) For troubleshooting, call!
(b)(6)

tol

I

Thank you for your time. Please ensure all display tapes are rip •ed for the entire time of interaction and
saved as a .wmv (Example: 4 May VFA-106 HUD. wmv). Squadron intel personnel shall upload those files
to the repository located at this link.
liliiSI 959
I

(b)(6)

I

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0038 to MOR 26-0046

Approved for Release to AARO

I

03/27/26 000001

## DOW-UAP-D060 — Mission Report, Arabian Gulf, August 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D060
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D060
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 8/8/20
- Location: Arabian Gulf
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The UAP slipped by faster than the mission’s 21‑hour, 8‑minute timeline.

- Mission Report DOW-UAP-D060, Department of War, August 8 2020, Arabian Gulf
- Operator observed one “transiting” UAP; dense clouds intermittently hindered FMV collection
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing one UAP. The report describes the UAP as “transiting” and notes it had “no impact to mission.” The report also states that “dense cloud coverage intermittently impacted FMV collection.”
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

A mission report from August 2020 details an aerial reconnaissance mission conducted by a U.S. Air Force unit in the Arabian Gulf. The document, declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff, on 20 March 2026, describes the aircraft's activities, including collecting signals intelligence and supporting NAVCENT operations. At 0726Z, the aircraft observed noteworthy activity, though no impact on the mission was noted. The mission lasted 21 hours and 8 minutes, with the aircraft returning to base at 0045Z. The report includes details on flight times, locations, and sensor usage.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20 March 2026
Misrep 4592219
Narrative
AT 0337Z1.4aTOOK OFF FROM OKAS. AT 0359Z.1.4aHANDED OVER FROM THE
LRE. FROM 0434Z TO 2300Z, 1.4a COLLECTED SIGINT VIA AIRHANDLER. FROM 0513Z TO
2256Z,1.4aSUPPORTED NAVCENT TO OPERATION 1.4a ]IVo arabian
GULF, STRAIT OF HORMUZ AND GULF OF OMAN. SEE ISR LINE 1. AT 0726Z, 1.4a
OBSERVED NOTEWORTHY ACTIVITY. SEE OBS LINE 1. AT 2256Z1.4a WAS CLEARED TO
RTB. AT 0017Z,1.4a HANDED BACK TO THE LRE. AT 0045Z,1.4aLANDED AT OKAS. FMV
WAS EXPLOITED BY DGS1. 20.3 MISSION HOURS, 17.7 IMINT HOURS, 1 IMINT TASKING
PROSECUTED, 18.4 SIGINT HOURS, 1 SIGINT TASKING PROSECUTED, 2 TOTAL TASKINGS
PROSECUTED
Admin
CLASSIFICATION
Classification:
Associated Caveats:
Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20450301
OPERATION
Operation:[ 1.4a
Domain: AIR
Operations Center: 609th
Major Command (MAJCOM): ACC
Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM
MSGID
Report Type: MISREP
Originator (Unit or Sqnadron): 482ATKS
Submit Date (Auto-generated):
MSNID
•Tasking Order (ATO): BP
(b)(6}
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0038 to MDR 26-0046Approved for Release to AARO 03/27/26 000001

#### Page 2

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20 March 2026
Mission Type: AREC
ATO Mission Number: 1.4a
Country Tasked: US - UnITED STATES
Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE
Poc
POC
Rank: SrA
Full Name: {(b)(3){b)(6}
Unit: 482ATKS
Wing: 432 AEW
Phone Number: (b)(6)
Email: (b)(6}
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: 603 AOC
QC
Rank: Ctr
Full Name: (b)(6)
Unit: PAROC DAT
Wing: Other
Phone Number: (b)(6
Email: (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: Other
APPROVER
Rank: lst Lt
Full Name: (b)(3), (b)(6)
Unit: 609th AOC
Wing: Other
Phone Number: (b)6)
Email:[ {b)(6}
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: 609 CAOC
INGEST
(b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0038 to MDR 26-0046 Approved for Release to AARO 03/27/26 000002

#### Page 3

Declassified by MG Richard A, Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20 March 2026
•Rank:
. Full Name:
. Unit:
. Wing:
. Phone Number:
Email:
Service:
Operations Center:
ACEQUIP
ACEQUIP
Aircraft Callsign 1.4a
Radar Name or Destination: -
•Radar Software Load or Mission Data; -
Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
RWR Software Load or Mission Data: -
MWs Name or Designator:-
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data: -
•IRCM Name or Designator: -
IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:-
• ECM Name or Designator: -
ECM Software Load or Mission Data; -
CMD Name or Designator: -
Chaff Designator:-
Num Chaff or Cartridges:-
Flare Designator:-
•Num Flares: -
Towed Decoy Name or Designator: -
•Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: -
Num Towed Decoys: -
Type of Radar-Guided AAM:-
Num Radar-Guided AAM: -
Type of IR-Guided AAM: -
Num IR-Guided AAM: -
Gun Name or Designator: -
•Num Gun Rounds: -
Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each:1.4(a)
TGT Pod Name or Designator: ANDAS4
Additional Avionics: AH_GMESH
• Data Link: -
(b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0038 to MDR 26-0046Approve for Release to AARO 03/27/26 000003

#### Page 4

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20 March 2026
Gentext: -
Timeline
Landing
•Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
Last Land Time: 090045:00ZAUG20
Last Engine Shutdown Time: 090055:00ZAUG20
Total Mission Time: 21 hours 8 minutes
Gentext/Additional Details:-
GUARDCALL
GUARDCALL DTG: 081250:00ZAUG20
Aircraft Callsign: 1.4a
Ground Station Callsign: IRANIAN AIR DEFENSE GUARD
Aircraft Location: 40RCP981.4a971.4a
Aircraft Heading: HDG 200
Aircraft Altitude: FL 170
•Aircraft Airspeed: 1 10 KIAS
Number of Calls Noted from the Same Agency: 1
•Guardcall Tone: PROFESSIONAL
GENTEXT/GUARDCALL
Gentext: AT 1250Z,1.4aWAS HAILED ON GUARD 1.4B BY IRANIAN AIR
DEFENSE. ORDERS GIVEN: STANDARD CALL.1.4a RESPONDED STANDARD RESPONSE.
NO IMPACT TO THE MISSION
OBSERVATION
Ohservation DTG: 080726:00ZAUG20
Aircraft Callsign: 1.4a
Aircraft Location: 39RWK951,4a531.4a
Aircraft Heading: -
-Aircraft Altitude: -
Aircraft Airspeed:-
-Relative Bearing or Clock Position: -
• Range: -
Killbox & Keypad:-
Observed Activity Location: 39RVL9014a531.4a
(b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR26-0038 to MDR 26-0046Approved for Release to AARO 03/27/26 000004

#### Page 5

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20 March 2026
Observed Activity Description: TRANSITTING
•Method of Observation: FMV
GENTEXT/OBSERVATION
Gentext: AT 0726Z, 1.4a OBSERVED 1X UAP IVQ 39RWL081.4a521.4aNO IMPACT
TO MISSION.
WEATHER
Weather: WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR
Takeoff
Callsign:[ 1.48
Number of Aircraft: 1
Asset Type (Aircraft): 1.4a, 1.4g
Aircraft Tail Number(s):1.4a, 1.4g
Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
Takeoff Time DTG: 080337:00ZAUG20
•Mode 3 (IFF Codes): -
Gentext/Additional Details:-
Mission Canceled:
On Station
Time On Station DTG: 080359:00ZAUG20
• Callsign:[ 1.48
JTAR Number: -
Killbox (Location): -
Mission Type: AREC
JTAC Callsign:-
Gentext/Additional Details:-
Did not Arrive On Station:
ISR
Time-on Station DTG: 080513:00ZAUG20
Time-off Station DTG: 082256:00ZAUG20
Aircraft Callsign: 1.48
Msn Type: AREC
Primary Sensor: ANDAS4
Sensors Available: AH\GMESH
(b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0038 to MDR 26-0046Approved for Release to AARO 03/27/26 000005

#### Page 6

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20 March 2026
Tasking Type: PLANNED
•Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): -
BE Number (if NTISR): -
Tasked Start Point: 39RVN341.4a351.4a
Activity Description: ISR
FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): -
GENTEXT/ISR
Gentext: 1.4a COORDINATED WITH NAVCENT 24 HOURS PRIOR
TO TAKE OFF. PRECOORD WAS SATISFACTORY. AT 0513Z,1.4a ARRIVED ON STATION ISO
NAVCENT TO OPERATION[ 1.4a TO CONDUCT SCANS FOR DENTIFIED
IRINURGCN VESSELS TO ESTABLISH PATTERN OF LIFE, UAS ACTIVITY AND
CHARACTERIZE ACTIVITY OUTSIDE OF PORTS. FROM 0513Z TO 2256Z,1.4a CONDUCTED
SCANS LAW THE TARGET DECK IN THE ARABIAN GULF (AG). AT 0726Z, 1.4a OBSERVED
NOTEWORTHY ACTIVITY. SEE OBS LINE 1. AT 2256Z, 1.4aWAS CLEARED OFF TASKING
AND RETURNED TO BASE (RTB)
ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
Supported Unit: NAVCENT
•Supported Operation: OPERATION 1.4a
Precoord Time: 24 HOURS
•Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY
WEATHER
•WeathEr: DENSE CLOUD COVERAGE INTERMITTANTLY IMPACTED FMV COLLECTION
EFFECTIVENESS
Tasker:
Intel Gap Filled?: No
• Gentext: -
Off Station
•Time Off Station DTG: 090017:00ZAUG20
•Total Time On Station: 20 hours 18 minutes
(b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0038 to MDR 26-0046Approved for Release to AARO 03/27/26 000006

## DOW-UAP-D061 — Mission Report, Arabian Gulf, August 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D061
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D061
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 8/27/20
- Location: Arabian Gulf
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing a “formation of unknown flying objects” traveling northeast to northwest along the coast for approximately two minutes. The report notes that light cloud coverage “prevented the continuous tracking of the formation.”
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Dectass1f1ed by MG Richard A. Hamson
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Dectass1fied on 22 January 2026

Misrep 4685903
Narrative
( •
t AT 2307Z,[Mi]TOOK OFF FROM OKAS. AT 2320Zi~
HANDED OVER FROM THE
LRE. FROM 0003Z TO 1917Z, ~ COLLECTED SIGINT VI,} AIRHANDLER. FROM 0041Z TO
1840ZJ 1.4a !SUPPORTED NAVCENT TO OPERATION!
1.4a
!IVO ARABJAN
GULF, STRAIT OF HORMUZ AND GULF OF OMAN. SEE IS~ LINE 1. AT 0532Z,! 1Aa !
RECEIVED A GUARD CALL. SEE GUARDCALL LINE I. AT 15272, ~ OBSERVED IX UNK
I
FORMATION. SEE OBSERVATION LINE 1. AT 1840Z,~
WAS CLEARED TO RTB. AT 1944Z,
~
HANDED BACK TO THE LRE. AT 2012Z, ~LANDIED AT OKAS. FMV WAS
EXPLOITED BY DGS 1. 21 MISSION HOURS, 17.9 lMINT HOURS, I IMINT TASKING
PROSECUTED, 19.2 SlGlNT HOURS, 1 SIGINT TASKING PR SECUTED, 2 TOTAL TASKINGS
PROSECUTED

'

Admin
CLASSIFICATION
• Classification:
• Associated Caveats:
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MUI.: lPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20450301

OPERATION
• Operation:,__!_ _--=-=
1•c.:..:
4aa..-_ ____.
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJ COM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 482ATKS
• Submit Date (Auto-generated):

MSNID

3.5c

b 6
I

USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

Approved for Release to MRI

01 /26/26 001

#### Page 2

Dedassified by MG Richard A, Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Dedassified on: 22 January 2026
Tasking Order (ATO) 1.48
Mission Type: AREC
ATO Mission Number 1.4a
Country Tasked: US - UnITED STATES
Service Tasked: A - AlR FORCE
Poc
POC
Rank: lst Lt
Full NanBesC. (b)(3), 130b. (b)(6)
Unit: 482ATKS
Wing: 432 AEW
Phone Number: 3.5c. (b}(6)
Email: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
•Operations Center: 609 CAOC
QC
Rank: Ctr
Full Name: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Unit: 12AF, Det 3, PAROC
Wing: Other
Phone Number: 3.5c, (b)6)
Email: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: Other
APPROVER
Rank: Ist Lt
Full Names5c. (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
Unit: 609th AOC
Wing: Other
Phone Number 3.5c,(b}(6)
Email: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: 609 CAOC
INGEST
3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019 Approved for Release to AARO 01/26/26 002

#### Page 3

:Jec:lass1fied by MG R1ct-ard A, Hamsor
uSCENTCOM Ct- ef of Staff
Dec:lass1fieel on 22 Jam.ary 2026

• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP
ACEQUJP
• Aircraft Callsign:,_!__1.;.;..4a.;.;:;..._ _,
• Radar Name or Destination: • Radar Software Load or Mission Data: • Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: • RWR Software Load or Mission Data: • MWS Name or Designator: • MWS Software Load or Mission Data: • IRCM Name or Designator: • IRCM Software Load or Mission Data: • ECM Name or Designator: • ECM Software Load or Mission Data: • CMD Name or Designator: • Chaff Designator: • Num Chaff or Cartridges: • Flare Designator: • Num Flares: • Towed Decoy Name or Designator: • Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: • Num Towed Decoys: • Type of Radar-Guided AAM: • Num Radar-Guided AAM: • Type of IR-Guided AAM: • Num IR-Guided AAM: • Gun Name or Designator: • Num Gun Rounds: • Air-to-Ground Wpn to lnclnde Num of Each: 1.4(a)
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: ANDAS4
• Additional Avionics: AH_GMESH
• Data Link: -

3.5c b 6

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0019

Approved for Release to AAR

01/26/26 003

#### Page 4

Declassified by MG R1ct-ard A, Hamsor
USCENTCOM Ct- ef of Staff
Dec:lass1fieel on 22 January 2026

• Gentext: -

Timeline
landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
• Last Land Time: 272012:00ZAUG20
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 272022:00ZAUG20
• Total '.\iission Time: 21 hours 5 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details: -

Takeoff
• Callsign:I
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: l
,------,
• Asset Type (Aircraft): 1.4a, 1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s): 1.4a
• Takeoff Location ((CAO Code): OKAS
• Takeoff Time DTG: 262307:00ZAUG20
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): • Gentext/Additional Details: • Mission Canceled:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 262320:00ZAUG20
• CaUsign:I
1.4a
I
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: AREC
• JTAC Callsign: • Gentext/Additional Details: • Did not Arrive On Station:

JSR
• Time-on Station OTG: 270041 :00ZAUG20

• Time-off Station DTG: 27 l 840:00ZAUG20
1.4a
• Aircraft Callsign:I
• Msn Type: AREC
• Primary Sensor: ANDAS4

I

3.5c, (b )(6)

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0019

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01 /26/26 004

#### Page 5

:Jec:lass1fied by MG R1ct-ard A, Hamsor
uSCENTCOM Ct- ef of Staff
Dec:lass1fieel on 22 Jani.ary 2026

• Sensors Available: AH\GMESH
• Tasking Type: PLANNED
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): • BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 39RUN46~~1.4a!
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): -

GENTEXTIISR
• Gentext: (
JI
1.4-a
!COORDINATED W1
NAVCENT 24 HOURS PRIOR
TO TAKE OFF. PRECOORD WAS SATISFACTORY. AT 004IZ, 1.4a ARRIVED ON STATION ISO
NAVCENT TO OPERATIO~
1.4a
~O CHARA TERlZE IRIN\IRGCN VESSELS,
UAS ACTIVITY, ACTIVITY OUTSIDE OF PORTS, AND TO E TABLISH PATTERN OF UFE.
FROM 0041Z TO 1840Z,~CONDUCTED SCANS JAW T
TARGET DECK IN THE
I CALL. SEE GUARDCALL LINE 1.
ARABIAN GULF (AG). AT 05322,~RECEJVED A GU
AT 061 lZ,~OBSERVED ONE SMALL VESSEL DOCKED AT GREATER TUNB NAVAL PORT
JVO 40RCQ3~(i1.4al AT 15272,~OBSERVED IX
FORMATION. SEE OBSERVATION
LINE I. AT l 742Z,~OBSERVED IX PROB NASER WAP SESIDES AN M\T VESSEL IYO
39RUN4~1 J1:iAi1 BOTII VESSELS WERE DEAD IN WATERl(DIW) JVO GRIDS.
ADDITIONALLY, 2X ADULT MALES (ADMS) WERE OBSER'fED ON THE REAR DECK OF THE
PROB NASER WAP. AT 07002,~OBSERVED 1X POSS 14_76 CANDID AT ABU MUSA
ISLAND AFLD IVO 40RCP0~~1.4a! AT 18402,~WAS CLEARED OFF TASKING AND
RETURNED TO BASE (RTB).

/SR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: NAVCENT
• Supported Operation: OPERATIO~
• Precoord Time: 24 HOURS
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

1.4-a

WEATHER
• Weather: LIGHT CLOUD COVERAGE PREVENTED CONT
EVENT

UOUS TRACKJNG OF UAP

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: No
• Geotext: -

3.5c, b 6

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0019

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01 /26/26 005

#### Page 6

Declass fiea by MG Ric ard A. Harnsor
USCFN fCOM C f of St ff
Declass fi a on 22 January 2026

O.ffStation
• Time Off Station DTG: 27 l 944:00ZAUG20
• Total Time On Station: 20 hours 24 minutes

GUARDCALL
• GUARDCALL DTG: 270532:00ZAUG20
1.4a
• Aircraft Callsignd
• Ground Station Callsign: IRANlAN AIR DEFENSE
• Aircraft Location: 40RCP7~~
• Aircraft Heading: 018 M
• Aircraft Altitude: FLI 50
• Aircraft Airspeed: • Number of Calls Noted from the Same Agency: 1
• Guardcall Tone: PROFESSIONAL

I

GENTEXTIGUARDCALL
• Gentext: - - · AT 0532Z,~WAS HAILED ON GUARD! 1.4g !FREQ BY IRANIAN AIR
DEFENSE. ORDERS GrVEN: STANDARD CALL.~GAVE A STANDARD RESPONSE. NO
MJSSJON IMPACTS

OBSERVATION
• Observation DTG: 271527:00ZAUG20
1.4a
I
• Aircraft Callsign: I
• Aircraft Location: 39RVM3~Q1.4a!
• Aircraft Heading: • Aircraft Altitude: • Aircraft Airspeed: • Relative Bearing or Clock Position: • Range: • Killbox & Keypad: • Observed Activity Location: 39RVM8~~1.4a!
• Observed Activity Description: FORMATION OF UNK FLYING OBJECTS
• Method of Observation:~SENSOR

GENTEXTIOBSERVATION
• Gentext: (St/REL) FROM 1527Z TO 1529Z,~OBSERVED A FORMATION OF FLYING
OBJECTS TRAVELING NE-NW ALONG THE COAST IYO 39RVM8ij1.4af)~~WAS
TRACKING THIS FORMATION FOR APPROXIMATELY 2 MINUTES BEFORE PID WAS LOST IN

3.5c, (b)(6)

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0019

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01/26/26 006

#### Page 7

:::iectass fiea by MG R1e; rd A. Harnso
\JSCE-N fCOM C ef of St ff
Declass fi a on 22 J m. rv 2026

CLOUD COVER. AIRCREW WAS UNABLE TO GAIN PIO AGAIN ON THIS FORMATION

WEATHER
• Weather: LIGHT CLOUD COVERAGE PREVENTED THE C I NTINOUS TRACKING OF THE
FORMATION

3.5c, b 6

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0019

Approved for Release to MR

01 /26/26 007

## DOW-UAP-D062 — Mission Report, Strait of Hormuz, September 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D062
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D062
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/16/20
- Location: Strait of Hormuz
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

At 1,800 feet, even the altitude needed a waiver.

- Mission Report (MISREP) dated 9/16/20, authored by MG Richard A. Hanison, Dept. of War, Strait of Hormuz.
- Operator observed a single UAP at roughly 1,800 ft during ISR sortie with guard calls and comm loss.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing one UAP at an estimated altitude of 1,800 feet.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Hanison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified or: 22 January 2026

Misrep 4782130
Narrative
AT 2302Zn::iil]TOOK OFF FROM OK.AS. Af 2313Z,~
HANDED OVER FROM Tl:iE
LRE, FROM 23462 TO l902Z,G1a:JCOLLECi ED SIGINT VIA AIRHANDLER. FROM 03182 TO
1s29zr::;::;J suPPORTEt> NAVCENT FOR 01>ERAT10NI
1.4a
hvo ARABIAN
GULF, STRAI'l OF HORMUZ AND GULF OF OMAN, SEE ISR!LINE 1. AT 04082.! 1.4a !
'RECEIVED A GUARD CALL SEE GUARD CALL LINE 1. AT 042 IZ,[ii;JRECEIVED A GUARD
CALL. SE'E GUARD CALL LINE 2. AT l 141Z.~
RECEIVED A GUARD CALL SEE GUARD
CALL LINE 3. AT 1248Z,~
LOST LINK SEE EMJ LINE 1. AT 14142:J 1.4a !LOST LINK. SEE
EMl LINE 2. AT 1732ZJ 1.4a !OBSERVED A UAP. SE'E OBS LINE L Af I829Z,~
WAS
CLEARED TO RTB, AT 19232,G:;]BANDf:D BACK TO TliS LRE. AT l 958Z,~
LANDED AT
OK.AS. FMV WAS EXPLOITtD BY DGSI. 20.9 MlSSION 1-IO~S. 15.2 IMlNT HOURS. I JMTNT
TASKING PROSECUTED, 19.3 S1GTNT HOURS, 1 SIGINT TAS ING PROSECUTED. 2 TOTAL
TASK1NGS PROSECUTED

Admln
CLASSIFICATION
• Classification:
• Associated Caveats:
• Classification Source (MS ot Classification Guide ID): MUL11IPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20450301

OPERATION
• Operation~,___ _ _
1.4a
______,
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Majo:r -Command (MAJ COM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOl\'I): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Repo:rt Type: IvllSREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 482ATKS
• Submit Date (Auto-generated):

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0019

Approved for Release to MRI

01/26/26 001

#### Page 2

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 22 January 2026
MSNID
Tasking Order (ATO) 1.4a
Mission Type: AREC
ATO Mission Number: 1.4a
Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE
Poc
POC
Rank: SSgt
Full Name:5c, (b)(3), 130b, (b)6)
Unit: 482ATKS
Wing: 432 AEW
Phone Number: 3.5c,(b)(6)
Email: 3.5c (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: 609 CAOC
QC
Rank: Ctr
Full Name: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Unit: 12AF, Det 3, PAROC
Wing: Other
Phone Number: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Email: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: Other
APPROVER
Rank: SrA
Full Nam6:;c. (b)(3), 130b, (b)6)
Unit: 609th A0C
Wing: Other
Phone Number: 3.5c.(b)(6)
Email: 3.5c,(b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: 609 CAOC
3.5c.(b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019 Approved for Release to AARO 01/26/26 002

#### Page 3

Deel ., ed by MG Richard A Harr so
USCE'NTCOM C'l1ef o'St ff
Declass ed or 22 Ja uary 2026

INGEST
• Rank:
• FuUName:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP
ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign~
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination: • Radar Software Load or Mission Data: • Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: • RWR Software Load or Mission Data: • MWS Name or Designator: • MWS Software Load or Mission Data: • IRCM Name or Designator: • IRCM Software Load or Mission Data: • ECM Name or Designator: • ECM Software Load or Mission Data: • CMD Name or Designator: • Chaff Designator: • Num Chaff or Cartridges: • Flare Designator: • Num Flares: • Towed Decoy Name or Designator: • Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: • Num Towed Decoys: • Type of Radar-Guided AAM: • Num Radar-Guided AAM: • Type of IR-Guided AAM: • Num IR-Guided AAM: • Gun Name or Designator: • Num Guo Rounds: • Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: 1.4(a)
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: ANDAS4
• Additional Avionics: AH_GMESH
3.5c b 6
USCENTCOM MOR 26-0019

Approved for Release to M R

01/26/26 003

#### Page 4

Declassified by MG R.1cl'ard A. Harnsor,
USCENTCOM Cl' ef of Staff
Declass fled on 22 Jam,ary 2026

• Data Link: • Gentext: -

Timeline

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
• Last Land Time: 161958:00ZSEP20
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 162008:00ZSEP20
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 56 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details: -

Takeoff
• Callsign:!
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: I
• Asset Type (Aircraft) 1.4a, 1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s)
1.4a
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OK.AS
• Takeoff Time DTG: l 52302:00ZSEP20
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): • Gentext/Additioual Details: • Mission Canceled:

---

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 152313:00ZSEP20
• Callsign:!
1.4a
I
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: AREC
• JTAC Callsign: • Gen text/ Additional Details: • Did not Arrive On Station:

JSR
• Time-on Station DTG: 160318:00ZSEP20
• Time-off Station DTG: 161829:00ZSEP20
1.4
..;.;a;;.______,!
• Aircraft Callsign:._!_ ___,;_;
• Msn Type: AREC

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MOR 26-0019

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01/26/26 004

#### Page 5

• Primary Sensor: ANDAS4
• Sensors Available: AH\GMESH
• Tasking Type: PLANNED
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC# : • BE Number (ifNTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 40RCQ3@}~1 .4a!
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (ifNTISR): -

GENTEXTIISR
• Geotext: (3il i2 JI
1.4a
!COORDINATED
NAVCENT 24 HOURS PRIOR
TO TAKE OFF. PRECOORD WAS SATISFACTORY. AT 03182, 1.4a ARRNED ON STATION ISO
1.4a
~O CH.AR1CTERIZE IRIN\IRGCN VESSELS,
NAVCENT FOR OPERATIC~
UAS ACTIVITY, ACTIVITY OUTSIDE OF PORTS, AND TO E~TABLISH PATTERN OF LIFE.
FROM 03182 TO 18292,~CONDUCTED SCANS IAW Tl-Ir TARGET DECK IN THE
ARABIAN GULF (AG). AT 0930Z~OBSERVED AN IR-!t-5 LAUNCHER IVO
40RCPo:rn~oN ABU MUSA ISLAND. AT 1321Z,I 1.4a ;IBS;ERVED 2X POSSIBLE
HOUDONG WPTG IVO (39RXL6~~ DOCKED PIERSI E. AT 04082,~RECEIVED A
GUARD CALL. SEE GUARD CALL LINE 1. AT 04212,0]i] C~IVED A GUARD CALL. SEE
GUARD CALL LINE 2. AT l 141Z~RECEIVED A GUAR.Ip CALL. SEE GUARD CALL LINE 3.
AT 17322,~OBSERVED NOTEWORTHY ACTMTY. SEEIOBS LINE 1. AT 18292, ~ A S
CLEAR.ED OFF TASKING AND RETURNED TO BASE (RTB)

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: NAVCENT
• Supported Operation: OPERATIOl'i
• Precoord Time: 24 HOURS
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

1.4a

WEATHER
• Weather: (U) WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: No
• Gentext: Off Station

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0019

Approved for Release to MRO]

01/26/26 005

#### Page 6

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrsor
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff

Deciassmed or. 22 Jtnuary 2026

• Time Off Station DTG: I 6 I923:00ZSEP20
• Tota] Time On Station: 20 hours 10 minutes

GUARDCALL
• GUARDCALL DTG: 160408:00ZSEP20
• Aircraft Callsign:!
1.4e
• Ground Station CalJsign: IRANIAN AIR DEFENSE
• Aircraft Location: 40RCP7~(jw
• Aircraft Heading: 360T
• Aircraft Altitude: FL180
• Aircraft Airspeed: • Number of Calls Noted from the Same Agency: 1
• Guardcall Tone: DIRECTIVE

I

GENTEXT/GUARDCALL
• Gentext: --■ AT 0408Z,~WAS HAILED ON G U ~ R E Q BY IRANlAN AIR
DEFENSE. STANDARD ORDERS GIVEN.~RESPONDED WITH THE STANDARD
RESPONSE. NO IMPACT TO MISSION

GUARDCALL
• GUARDCALL DTG: 160421:00ZSEP20
• Aircraft CaUsign:!
1.4a
• Ground Station CaUsign: IRANIAN AIR DEFENSE
• Aircraft Location: 40RCP7~tl1.4a!
• Aircraft Heading: 0I0M
• Aircraft Altitude: FLl80
• Aircraft Airspeed: • Number of Calls Noted from the Same Agency: I
• Guardc.all Tone: DrRECTIVE

I

GENTEXTIGUARDC'ALL
• Gentext:
AT 042 lZ,~
WAS HAILED ON G U ~ F R E Q BY IRANIAN AIR
DEFENSE. STANDARD ORDERS GIVEN.~RESPONDED
STANDARD
RESPONSE. NO IMPACT TO MISSION

WJ'ri::fTitE

GUARDCALL
• GUARDCALL DTG: 161141:00ZSEP20
• Aircraft Callsign:j
1.4a

I

3.5c. (1>)(6)
USCENTCOM MOR 26-0019

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#### Page 7

• Ground Station Callsign: IRANIAN AIR DEFENSE
• Aircraft Location: 40RCP2l1.4aBOual
• Aircraft Heading: 277 T
• Aircraft Altitude: FL040
• Aircraft Airspeed: • Number of Calls Noted from the Same Agency: 1
• Guardcall Tone: PROFESSIONAL

GENTEXT/GUARDCALL
• Gentext: - - · AT l 141Z,~WAS HAILED ON GU
DEFENSE. STANDARD ORDERS GIVEN.~RESPONDE
IMPACT TO MISSION

243.000 FREQ BY IRANIAN AIR
WITH STANDARD RESPONSE. NO

EM/
• EMI Start DTG: 161248:00ZSEP20
• EMI End DTG: 161259:00ZSEP20
• Aircraft Callsign~
1.4a
I
• Type of EMI: UNKNOWN
• EMI Duration: 11 minutes
• Aircraft Location: 39RXK0filalS({w
• Aircraft Heading: 290 T
• Aircraft Altitude: FL180
• Aircraft Airspeed: 89 KIAS
• Mission Changed: Flight Path Deviation
• EMI Impact to System: Complete
• EMI Location: 39RXK0~~

• Affected System~
• Frequency Affec~--:.,._1_.4_g_,
• Mission Impact: MEDIUM

GENTEXTIEMI
• Gentext: - - - AT 12482,w;JEXPERIENCED LOST L
TO POSSIBLE!
1.4g
REGAINED LINK AT 12592. THIS RESULTED IN A MEDIUM IMPACT TO TIIE MISSION

1.4a

JSIR ID330412

EM/
• EMI Start DTG: 161414:00ZSEP20
• EMI End DTG: 161441:16ZSEP20

3.5c b 6

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#### Page 8

Declassified by MG R.1cl'ard A. Harnsor,
USCENTCOM Cl' ef of Staff
Declass fled on 22 Jam,ary 2026

• Aircraft CaUsign: !
1.4a
• Type of EMI: UNKNO\VN
• EMI Duration: 27 minutes
• Aircraft Location: 39RVM9~~
• Aircraft Heading: 264 T
• Aircraft Altitude: FLI 80
• Aircraft Airspeed: 120:KIAS
• Mission Changed: Flight Path Deviation
• EMI Impact to System: Complete
• EMI Location: 39RVM9~ ~1.4a!
• Affected System ~
.__
ed.,....___1 _
.49_ _,
• Frequency Affectecif
• Mission Impact: MEDIUM

GENTEXTIEMI
• Gentext: --■ AT 1414Z, ~EXPERIENCED LOST LINK TO POSSIBL~L____:1.::..;.
.49= ----_,_1.4_a­
REGAINED 14412. THIS RESULTED IN A MEDIUM IMPACT TO THE MISSION

JSIR ID3304 l 4

OBSERVATION
• Observation DTG: 161732:00ZSEP20
• Aircraft Callsign: !
1.4a
• Aircraft Location: 39RVM5J[iAal?(@
• Aircraft Heading: • Aircraft Altitude: FL 180
• Aircraft Airspeed: 90 KIAS
• Relative Bearing or Clock Position: -

I

,

• Range: • KiJlbox & Keypad: • Observed Activity Location : 39RVMs r na1.4al
• Observed Activity Description: UAP
• Method of Observation: FMV

GENTEXTIOBSERVATION
• Gentext:

AT 17322, ~OBSERVED A UAP rvo 39RVM51~

%.4al

WEATHER

3,§c l b}(§}

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0019

Approved for Release to MRO

01/26/26 008

## DOW-UAP-D063 — Mission Report, Strait of Hormuz, October 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D063
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D063
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 10/1/20
- Location: Strait of Hormuz
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

In October 2020, even the Strait’s traffic wasn’t the only thing causing a jam.

- Mission Report DOW‑UAP‑D063, Department of War, October 2020, Strait of Hormuz
- Operator reported observing an unidentified anomalous phenomenon during the mission
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing a UAP.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

## DOW-UAP-D064 — Mission Report, Iran, November 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D064
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D064
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 11/2/20
- Location: Iran
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The mission was 20.42 hours—long enough to miss lunch but not the UFOs.

- Mission Report DOW-UAP-D064, Department of War, 11/2/20, Iran
- Operator observed two UAP at 2143Z and 2148Z; second traveled northwest
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing two UAP on November 2, 2020, at 2143Z and at 2148Z. The first observation occurred at an unknown altitude. The reporter described the second UAP’s direction of travel as proceeding to the northwest.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on 16 March 2026
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

Misrep 5039166
Narrative
AT 0608Z~OOK OFF FROM OK.AS. AT 0618Z .I 1.4a J.rANDED OVER FROM THE
LRE. F~939Z~3Zj
1.4a
!FROM 1015Z TO
Ol 12Z~UPPORTED NAVCENT FOR OPERATION I
lb}{1}14a
UVO ARABIAN
GULF, STRAIT OF HORMUZ AND GULF OF OMAN. SEE JSR LINE 1. AT 1012~ 1.4a
RECEIVED A GUARDCALL SEE GUARDCALL LINE 1. AT 2!143z80BSERVED A UAP.
SEE OBS LINE 1. AT 2148Z~SERVED A UAP. SEE OBS LINE 2. AT 0112Z 1.4a WAS
CLEARED TO RTB. AT 0 2 1 ~ HANDED BACK TO Ill$ LRE. AT 02502, 1.4a LANDED AT
OKAS. FMV WAS EXPLOITED BY DOSI. 20.42 MISSION HOURS, 18.55 IMINT HOURS, 1 IMINT
TASKING PROSECUTED, 16.21 1.4a ~OURS, t 1.4a
ASKING PROSECUTED, 2 TOTAL
TASK.INGSPROSECUTED

I

I

f

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification:
• Associated Caveats:
• Classification Source {MS or Classification Guide ID): MUL IPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 2045030 I

OPERATION
• Operation: I
{bl(1}1,4a
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command {MAJCOM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 482ATKS
• Submit Date (Auto-generated):

MSNJD

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0028

Approved for Release to MRO - FOUO / IPA applies

03/16/26 000001

#### Page 2

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 16 March 2026
Tasking Order (ATO): EX
Mission Type: AREC
ATO Mission Number:blul1.4
Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
Service Tasked: A - AlR FORCE
Poc
POC
Rank: SrA
Full Name3.5c. (b)(3), 130b. (b)()
Unit: 482 ATKS
•Wing: 432 AEW
Phone Number:3.5c. (b)(6)
Email:[ 3.5c.(b)(6)
Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: Other
QC
Rank: Ct
Full Name: 3.5c. (b)(6)
Unit: 12 AF PAROC
Wing: Other
Phone Number: 3.5c.(b)(6)
Email:[ 3.5c. (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: Other
APPROVER
Rank: TSgt
Full Name3[5c.(b)K(3). 130b.(b)()
Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: 379 AEW
• Phone Numb FOIA Exemption(b)(6)
Email: 3.5c.(b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: 609 CAOC
INGEST
3.5c.(bK6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0028 Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO / PA applies 03/16/26 000002

#### Page 3

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on 16 March 2026
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:

• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsignl
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination: • Radar Software Load or Mission Data: • Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: • RWR Software Load or Mission Data: • MWS Name or Designator: • MWS Software Load or Mission Data: • IRCM Name or Designator: • IRCM Software Load or Mission Data: • ECM Name or Designator: • ECM Software Load or Mission Data: • CMD Name or Designator: • Chaff Designator: • Num Chaff or Cartridges: • Flare Designator: • Num Flares: • Towed Decoy Name or Designator: • Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: • Num Towed Decoys: • Type of Radar-Guided AAM: •
• Num Radar-Guided AAM: • Type of IR-Guided AAM: •
• Num IR-Guided AAM: • Gun Name or Designator: • Num Gun Rounds: • Air-to-Ground Wpn to lndudeNum of Each: 1.4(a)
• TGT Pod Name or Designator; ANDAS4
• Additional Avionics: AH_GMESH_VORTEX
• Data Link: -

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0028

Approved for Release to MRO - FOUO / IPA applies

03/1 6/26 000003

#### Page 4

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 16 March 2026
Gentext: -
Timeline
Landing
Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
Last Land Time: 030250:00ZNOV20
- Last Engine Shutdown Time: 030300:00ZNOV20
Total Mission Time: 20 hours 42 minutes
Gentext/Additional Details: -
Takeoff
Callsign 1.4a
Number of Aircraft: 1
Asset Type (Aircrah)1.4a, (bk)1.4g
Aircra∫t Tail Number()a 11.4a. (b)()1.4g
•Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
•Takeoff Time DTG: 020608:00ZNOV20
Mode 3 (IFF Codes): -
Gentext/Additional Details:-
Mission Canceled:
On Station
Time On Station DTG: 020618:00ZNOV20
Callsign: 1.4a
JTAR Number:-
• Killbox (Location): -
Mission Type: AREC
• JTAC Callsign: -
Gentext/Additional Details:-
Did not Arrive On Station:
ISR
Time-on Station DTG: 021015:00ZNOV20
Time-off Station DTG: 030115:00ZNOV20
Aircraft Callsign: 1.4a
Msn Typc: AREC
Primary Sensor: ANDAS4
3.5c(b)6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0028 Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO / PA applies 03/16/26 000004

#### Page 5

Declassrfi d by MG Richard A. Hamson
USCENTCOM Chi for Sta
Declass1fi don 16 Marcil 2026
FOUO / Pnvacy Act applies

• Sensors Available: AH\GMESH
• Tasking Type: PLANNED
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): ~
• BE Number (ifNTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 3 9 R U P ~ a
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (ifNTISR): -

GENTEXTIISR

••■I

• Gentext:
1.4a
~OORDINATED W 'TH NAVCENT 24 HOURS PRIOR
TO TAKE OFF. PRECOORD WAS SATISFACTORY. AT 1015Z~ 1.4a ~RRJVED ON STATION ISO
NAVCENT FOR OPERATION!
fb)(1)1,4a
tlO CHAR'4CTERlZE TRTN\IRGCN VESSELS,
UAS ACTIVITY, ACTIVITY OUTSIDE OF PORTS, AND TO ESTABLISH PATTERN OF LIFE. AT
1012ZJ 1.4a ~ECEIVED A GUARDCALL. SEE GUARDCALLlLINE l. FROM 10152 TO 19I0Z,
~CONDUCTED SCANS [AW THE TARGET DECK IN
ARABIAN GULF (AG). AT 2143Z,
L.:'.:JOBSERVED A UAP. SEE OBS LINE LAT 2148Zj 1.4a ~BSERVED A SECOND UAP. SEE
OBS LINE 2. FROM 19102 TO 22102,I 1.4a ~ONDUCTED OPpN WATER SCANS ISO UUV, NO
IDENTIFICATION OF UUVWAS FOUND. FROM 221oz TO 0~132,~0NDUCTED SCANS
IAW THE TARGET DECK lN THE ARABIAN GULF (AG). AT l l2Z~AS CLEARED OFF
TASKING AND RETURNED TO BASE (RTB)

cl

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Snpported Unit: NAVCENT
• Supported Operation: OPERATION._!_ _..Cb....
)C....
l)...,14'""'a,____,
• Precoord Time: 24 HOURS
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (U) HAZE PRECLUDED !MINT COLLECTION

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: No
" Gentext: -

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 030113 :002NOV20
• Total Time On Station: 18 hours 55 minutes

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0028

Approved for Release to MRO- FOUO / PA applies

03/16/26 000005

#### Page 6

Declassrfi d by MG Richard A. Hamson
USCENTCOM Chief or Sta
Declass1fi don 16 Maret, 2026
FOUO / Pnvacy Act applies

GUARDCALL
• GUARDCALL D,A.:..r..t...l.Lo..u.i..r.......1c,u.,,~'lov20
• Aircraft Callsign
..___-4
• Ground Station Callsign
1.4g, 1.4a
• Aircraft Location: 39RUN~a
• Aircraft Heading: M 068
• Aircraft Altitude: FL 210
• Aircraft Airspeed: • Number of Calls Noted from the Same Agency: l
• Guardcall Tone: PROFESSSIONAL

GENTEXTIGUARDCALL
• Gentext: --■ AT 1012ZJ 1.4a ~AS HAILED ON GUARI) ilb}<1>J 4a!f REQ BY IRANIAN AIR
DEFENSE. ORDERS GIVEN: STANDARD CALL~RESPONDED WITH STANDARD
RESPONSE l. NO IMPACT TO THE MISSION

OBSERVATION
• Observation DTG: 022143:00ZNOV20
• Aircraft CaJJsignj
1.4a
• Aircraft Location: 39RWK12~
• Aircraft Heading: 110 T
• Aircraft Altitude: FL220
• Aircraft Airspeed: I 05 K.IAS
• Relative Bearing or Clock Position: •
• Range: • Killbox & Keypad: • Observed Activity Location: 39RWK~~a
• Observed Activity Desuiption: UAP
• Method of Observation: FMV

I

GENTEXTIOBSERVATION
• Gentext: --■ AT 2143Z~ 1.4a pBSERVED IX UNIDENTIFIED AERIAL PHENOMENON

lVO 39RWK~~TITUDE UNKNOWN WITH A BEARING OF 080 T.

WEATHER
• Weather:

OBSERVATION
3 sc (b)/6)

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0028

Approved for Release to MRO - FOUO / PA applies

03/16/26 000006

#### Page 7

Declass fi d by MG Richard A. Hamson
USCENTCOM Chief or Sta
Declass1fi don 16 Marc!, 2026
FOUO / Pnvacy Act applies

• Observation DTG: 022l48:00ZNOV20
• Aircraft Callsign:I
1.4a
• Aircraft Location: 39RWKq~a
• Aircraft Heading: 110 T
• Aircraft Altitude: FL220
• Aircraft Airspeed: 107 KlAS
• Relative Bearing or Clock "Position: • Range: • Killbox. & Keypad: • Observed Activity Location: 39RWK1~
• Observed Activity Description: UAP
• Method of Observation: FMV

I

GENTEXTIOBSERVATJON
• Gente::d: •-■ AT 2148Z,EfBSERVED AN ADDITI NAL UAP TRAVELING NW lVO
39RWK~~a

WEATHER
• Weather:

USCENTCOM MOR 26-0028

Approved for Release to MRO- FOUO I PA applies

03/16/26 000007

## DOW-UAP-D065 — Mission Report, Arabian Gulf, July 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D065
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D065
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 7/16/20
- Location: Arabian Gulf
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Three sightings, all before bedtime—maybe the Gulf's sunset schedule confused them.

- DOW-UAP-D065 Mission Report, Department of War, July 2020, Arabian Gulf.
- Operator logged three UAP sightings at 1830Z, 1920Z, and 2345Z on 7/16/20.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported encountering three separate UAP on July 16, 2020, at 1830Z, 1920Z, and 2345Z. 
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 16 March 2026
Misrep 4472514
Narrative
AT 0443Z 1.4a TOOK OFF FROM OKAS. AT 0504Z 1.4a HANDED OVER FROM THE
LRE. FROM.0631Z TO 0050Z 1.48 FROM 0552Z TO
0012Z 1.4aSUPPORTED NAVCENT TO OPERATION[ (b)(1)1.4a IVOARABIAN
GULF, STRAIT OF HORMUZ AND GULF OF OMAN. $EE ISRLINE 1. AT 06151.4aRECEIVED
A GUARD CALL. SEE GUARD CALL LINE 1. AT 1830 OBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED
AERIAL PHENOMENON. SEE OBS LINE 1. AT 1920Z, 1.48 BSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED
AERIAL PHENOMENON. SEE OBS LINE 2. AT 2345Z, BSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED
AERIAL PHENOMENON. SEE OBS LINE 3. AT O012Z. AS CLEARED TO RTB. AT O124Z,
1.4a HANDED BACK TO THE LRE. AT 0200Z1.4aLANDED AT OKAS. FMV WAS
EXPLOITED BY DGS-1. 20.3 MISSION HOURS, 18.3 IMINT HOURS, 1 IMINT TASKING
PROSECUTED, 18.3 1.4a HOURS, 1 1.4a TASKING PROSECUTED, 2 TOTAL TASKINGS
PROSECUTED
Admin
CLASSIFICATION
Classification:
Associated Caveats:
Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20450301
OPERATION
Operation: (b)(1)1.4a
Domain: AIR
Operations Center: 609th
Major Command (MAJCOM): ACC
Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM
MSGID
Report Type: MISREP
Originator (Unit or Squadron): 482ATKS
Submit Date (Auto-generated):
3.5c,(b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0028 Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO / PA applies 03/16/26 000001

#### Page 2

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 16 March 2026
MSNID
•Tasking Order (ATO): AS
Mission Type: AREC
ATO Mission Number:bX(11.4
Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE
Poc
POC
Rank: 2d Lt
Full Namsd. (b)(3). 130b. (b)()
Unit: 482 ATKS
Wing: 432 AEW
Phone Number: 3.5c.(b)(6)
Email: 3.5c. (b)6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: 609 AOC Det I
OC
Rank: Ctr
Full Name: 3.5c. (b)k6)
Unit: 12 AF PAROC
Wing: Other
Phone Number: 3.5c.(b)6)
Email: 3.5c.(b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: Other
APPROVER
Rank: Capt
Full Nams,oC. (b)(3), 130b. (b)6)
Unit: 609 AOC ISRD Unit Support
Wing: Other
Phone Number: 3.5c.(b)(6)
Email: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: 609 CAOC
3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0028 Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO / PA applies 03/16/26 000002

#### Page 3

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on. 16 March 2026
FAlODvaovAct
INGEST
Rank:
Full Name:
Unit:
Wing:
Phone Number:
Email:
Service:
Operations Center:
ACEQUIP
ACEQUIP
Aircraft Callsign 1.4a
Radar Name or Desmnanon
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data: -
•Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: -
RWR Software Load or Mission Data; -
MWS Name or Designator; -
Mws Software Load or Mission Data; -
•IRCM Name or Designator: -
IRCM Software Load or Mission Data: -
ECM Name or Designator: -
ECM Software Load or Mission Data: -
CMD Name or Designator: -
• Chaff Designator: -
Num Chaff or Cartridges:-
Flare Designator: -
Num Flares:-
Towed Decoy Name or Designator: -
Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: -
Num Towed Decoys: -
Type of Radar-Guided AAM: -
Num Radar-Guided AAM: -
•Type of IR-Guided AAM: -
Num IR-Guided AAM: -
Gun Namc or Designator:-
Num Gun Rounds: -
Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each:1.4(a)
TGT Pod Name or Designator: ANDAS4
Additional Avionics: AH GMESH
3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0028 Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO /PA applies 03/16/26 000003

#### Page 4

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 16 March 2026
Data Link: -
Gentext:-
Timeline
On Station
Time On Station DTG: 160504:00ZJUL20
Callsign: 1.4a
JTAR Number:-
•Killbox (Location): -
Mission Type: AREC
JTAC Callsign: -
Gentext/Additional Details: -
Did not Arrive On Station:
ISR
Time-on Station DTG: 160552:00ZJUL20
-Time-off Station DTG: 170012:00ZJUL20
Aircraft Callsign: 1.4a
Msn Type: AREC
Primary Sensor: ANDAS4
Sensors Available: AHGMESH
Tasking Type: PLANNED
•Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): -
BE Number (if NTISR): -
Tasked Start Point: 39RVN3d(1)1(1)1.4a
Activity Description: ISR
•FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): -
GENTEXT/ISR
Gentext: 1.4a COORDINATED WITH NAVCENT 24 HOURS PRIOR
TO TAKE OFF. PRECOURD WAS SATISFACTORY. AT 05S2Z 1.4a ARrived on Station ISO
NAVCENT TO OPERATION (b)1)1.4a TO CONDUCT SCANS FOR IDENTIFIED
1.4a, 1.4g VESSELS TO ESTABLISH PATTERN OF LIFE, UAS ACTIVITY AND
CHARACTERIZE ACTIVITY OUTSIDE OF PORTS. FROM 0552Z TO 0012Z CONDUCTED
SCANS IAW THE TARGET DECK IN THE ARABIAN GULF (AG). AT O615, 1.4a
ECEIVED A
GUARD CALL. SEE GUARD CALL LINE 1. AT 0645Z1.4a OBSERVED 1X PROB NASER WAP.
AT 1932Z,1.4aOBSERVED 1X PROB SAFIR KISH IVO 39RUN6B(1M1(114EACING EAST. AT
2140Z[ 1.4a DBSERVED IX POSS HOUDONG AND IX POSS NASER DOCKED AT BUSHEHR
3.5c(h)6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0028 Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO / PA applies 03/16/26 000004

#### Page 5

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 16 March 2026
PORT IVO 39RVM11(11T 0012Z 1.48WAS CLEARED OFF TASKING AND RETURNED
TO BASE (RTB)
ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
Supported Unit: NAVCENT
Supported Operation: OPERATION[ (b)(1)1.4a
Precoord Time: 24 HOURS
Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY
WEATHER
Weather: EXPLAIN WEATHERS EFFECT ON THE MISSION or WEATHER WAS NOT A
FACTOR
EFFECTIVENESS
Tasker:
Intel Gap Filled?: No
Gentext:-
Off Station
Time Off Station DTG: 170124:00ZJUL20
Total Time On Station: 20 hours 20 minutes
GUARDCALL
GUARDCALL DTG: 160615:00ZJUL20
Aircraft Callsign: 1.4a
Ground Station Callsig 1.4a, 1.4g
Aircraft Location: 39RUN46(1)1(1)1.4a
Aircraft Heading: 131M
Aircraft Altitude: FL 180
Aircraft Airspeed;-
Number of Calls Noted from the Same Agency: I
Guardcall Tone: Professional
GENTEXT/GUARDCALL
Gentext: AT 0615Z1.4aWAS HAILED ON GUARD (b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
DEFENSE. ORDERS GIVEN: STANDARD CALL 1.4a RESPONDED WITH THE STANDARD
RESPONSE. NO IMPACT TO MISSION
3.5c (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0028 Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO /PA applies 03/16/26 000005

#### Page 6

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on. 16 March 2026
OBSERVATION
•Observation DTG: 161830:00ZJUL20
Aircraft Callsign: 1.48
Aircraft Location: 39RXK24k(1)1(11.4a
Aircraft Hesding: 152 M
Aireraft Altitude: FL 200
Aircraft Airspeed: 98 KIAS
Relative Bearing or Clock Position: -
• Range: -
Killbox & Keypad:-
•Observed Activity Location: 39RVM5b1111114a
Observed Activity Description: UAP
•Method of Observation: FMV
GENTEXT/OBSERVATION
Gentext: AT 1830Z, 1.4aOBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED AERIAL PHENOMENON
IVO 9RVM5B(11(1)148
WEATHER
Weather: WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR
OBSERVATION
Observation DTG: 161920:00ZJUL20
Aircraft Callsign: 1.4a
Aircraft Location: 39RUN (Bk(1)1(1)1.4a
Aircraft Heading: 34 M
Aircraft Altitude: FL 190
Aircraft Airspeed: 90 KIAS
- Relative Bearing or Clock Position:-
• Range: -
Killbox & Keypad:-
Observed Activity Location: 39RUN7Bk1)1(1)14a
Observed Activity Description: UAP
Method of Observation: FMV
GENTEXT/OBSERVATION
Gentext: AT 1920Z 1.4a OBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED AERIAL PHENOMENON
IVO 39RUN7(1)1(114a
3.5c (h)6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0028 Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO / PA applies 03/16/26 000006

#### Page 7

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 16 March 2026
WEATHER
Weather: WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR
Landing
Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
Last Land Time: 170200:00ZJUL20
Last Engine Shutdown Time: 170210:00ZJUL20
Total Mission Time: 21 hours 1 7 minutes
Gentext/Additional Details:-
Takeoff
Callsign 1.48
Number of Aircraft: 1
Asset Type (Aircrab.4a. (b)()1.4g
Aircraft Tail Numbents)1.4a. (b)()1.4g
•TakeofT Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
Takeoff Time DTG: 160443:00ZJUL20
Mode 3 (IFF Codes): -
Gentext/Additional Details:-
Mission Canceled:
OBSERVATION
Observation DTG: 162345:00ZJUL20
Aircraft Callsign: 1.4a
Aircraft Location: 39RUNGBk(1)1 (1)1.4a
Aircrat Heading: 331 M
Aircraft Altitude: FL 191
Aircraft Airspeed: 115 KIAS
Relative Bearing or Clock Position: -
Range:-
Killbox & Keypad: -
Observed Activity Location: 39RUNqBk(111, (111.4a
Observed Activity Description: UAP
•Method of Observation: FMV
GENTEXT/OBSERVATION
Gentext: AT 2345Z 1.48 OBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED AERIAL PHENOMENON
IVO 39RUN6234236874
3.5c(hY(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0028 Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO / PA applies 03/16/26 000007

## DOW-UAP-D074 — Mission Report, Syria, November 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D074
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D074
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 11/9/23
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

At 424 knots, even a bouncy ball needs a runway.

- DOW-UAP-D074 Mission Report, Department of War, June 2 2025, Syria incident 11/9/23
- UAP described as bouncy‑ball shape, ~424 knots, ~7 minutes, judged benign
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing one UAP “shaped as a bouncy ball.” The observer described the UAP as traveling “~424kn (483 mph) consistently for at least 7mins.” The reporter described the UAP approaching from the south. The operator assessed the object as “benign.”
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a classified mission report from November 2023, authored by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff, dated June 2, 2025. It details the operations of an aircraft (1.4a) conducting ISR missions in Syria, including multiple taskings and observations. The report notes that at 2153Z on November 9, 2023, the aircraft observed an unidentified aerial phenomenon described as a bouncy ball-shaped object traveling at approximately 424 knots for at least seven minutes. The object was deemed benign, with no emissions, threat, or effects on the aircraft or crew. The document is marked SECRET//NOFORN and was approved for release to AARO.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//NOFORN

Misrep 9381202

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

Narrative
(SECRET//NOFORN)
AT 0217Z,
TOOK OFF FROM 1.4a AT 0229Z, 1.4a HANDED OVER
1.4a
PROCEEDED TO FRAGGED TASKING TO SUPPORT DATA MASKED.
FROM THE
1.4a
AT 0217Z, 1.4a WAS 7-LINED TO SUPPORT DATA MASKED. 1.4a DID NOT ARRIVE
ONSTATION AT 38S MB 48 1.4a 86 1.4a (SEE ON/OFF-STATION 1).
AT 0355Z, 1.4a WAS 7-LINED TO SUPPORT DATA MASKED. 1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT
0431Z, CHECKED IN WITH DATA MASKED, AND PERFORMED FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT
37S FU 81 1.4a 06 1.4a (SEE ISR 2).
AT 0539Z, 1.4a WAS 7-LINED TO SUPPORT DATA MASKED. 1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT
0805Z, CHECKED IN WITH DATA MASKED, AND PERFORMED FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT
38S MB 48 1.4a 86 1.4a (SEE ISR 3).
AT 2153Z, 1.4a OBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED AERIAL PHENOMENON AT 37D ST 69 1.4a
07 1.4a (SEE UAP 1).
AT 1933Z, 1.4a RETURNED TO BASE. AT 2254Z, 1.4a HANDED BACK TO THE 1.4a AT 2319Z,
1.4a LANDED AT 1.4a FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY
1.4a
1.4a

(SECRET//NOFORN)

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
AT 0217Z,
TOOK OFF FROM 1.4a AT 0229Z, 1.4a HANDED OVER
1.4a
FROM THE
PROCEEDED TO FRAGGED TASKING TO SUPPORT DATA MASKED.
1.4a
AT 0217Z, 1.4a WAS 7-LINED TO SUPPORT DATA MASKED. 1.4a DID NOT ARRIVE
ONSTATION AT 38S MB 48 1.4a 86 1.4a (SEE ON/OFF-STATION 1).
AT 0355Z, 1.4a WAS 7-LINED TO SUPPORT DATA MASKED. 1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT
0431Z, CHECKED IN WITH DATA MASKED, AND PERFORMED FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT
37S FU 81 1.4a 06 1.4a (SEE ISR 2).
AT 0539Z,

1.4a

WAS 7-LINED TO SUPPORT DATA MASKED.

1.4a

ARRIVED ON-STATION AT

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//NOFORN
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000001

#### Page 2

SECRET//NOFORN

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

0805Z, CHECKED IN WITH DATA MASKED, AND PERFORMED FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT
38S MB 48 1.4a 86 1.4a (SEE ISR 3).

AT 1933Z, 1.4a RETURNED TO BASE. AT 2254Z, 1.4a HANDED BACK TO THE 1.4a AT 2319Z,
1.4a LANDED AT 1.4a FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY
1.4a
1.4a

(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: NOFORN
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20481109

OPERATION
• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): 1.4a
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron):
• Submit Date:

1.4a

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): 1.4a
• Mission Type: ISR
• ATO Mission Number: 1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poc

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//NOFORN
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000002

#### Page 4

SECRET//NOFORN

ACEQUIP

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign:

1.4a

1.4g

• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign:
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft): 1.4a, 1.4g
3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//NOFORN
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000004

#### Page 5

SECRET//NOFORN

• Aircraft Tail Number(s): 1.4a
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): 1.4a
• Takeoff Time DTG: 090217:00ZNOV23
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): 1.4a
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code):
• Last Land Time:
1.4a
• Last Engine Shutdown Time:
• Total Mission Time:
1.4a
• Gentext/Additional Details:

1.4a

1.4a

On Station
• Time On Station DTG:
• Callsign:
1.4a
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: ISR
• JTAC Callsign:
1.4a
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station: On

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG:
• Total Time On Station:
• Gentext/Additional Details:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 090431:00ZNOV23
• Callsign:
1.4a
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: ISR
• JTAC Callsign:
1.4a
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//NOFORN
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000005

#### Page 6

SECRET//NOFORN

Off Station

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

• Time Off Station DTG: 090554:00ZNOV23
• Total Time On Station: 1 hour 23 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 090431:00ZNOV23
• Time-off Station DTG: 090554:00ZNOV23
• Aircraft Callsign:
1.4a
• Msn Type: 1.4a
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available:
1.4g
• Tasking Type: Dynamic
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37S FU 81 1.4a 06 1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: Yes
• Number of EEIs: 1
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO THE SP AT 0431Z, 1.4a OBSERVED NO EEI RELATED ACTIVITY. AT
0528Z, IT WAS 1X VEHICLE PARKED E OF COI WAS ASSESSED AS A PROB IMINT MATCH TO
VOI. AT 0539Z, 1.4a RECEIVED A NEW TASKING. 1.4a REMAINED ONTGT UNTIL PUSHING
TO NEW COORDS AT 0554Z.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit:
1.4g
• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: • Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//NOFORN
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000006

#### Page 7

SECRET//NOFORN

CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 090805:00ZNOV23
• Callsign:
1.4a
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: ISR
• JTAC Callsign:
1.4a
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 091933:00ZNOV23
• Total Time On Station: 11 hours 28 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 090805:00ZNOV23
• Time-off Station DTG: 091933:00ZNOV23
• Aircraft Callsign:
1.4a
• Msn Type: 1.4a
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available:
1.4g
• Tasking Type: Dynamic
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 38S MB 48 1.4a 86 1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: Yes

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//NOFORN
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000007

#### Page 8

SECRET//NOFORN

• Number of EEIs: 2
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO THE BUILDING AT 0805Z, 1.4a OBSERVED 1X WHITE SUV WITH A
REAR MOUNTED TIRE, ASSESSED TO BE PROB VOI WAS PARK ON THE N SIDE. 1X ADM
ASSESSED TO BE PROB POI WAS INTERNAL TO THE BUILDING. ASSESSMENT, SLANT AND
DISPOSITION DERIVED FROM 1.4a S2. FROM 0805Z - 1552Z, 1.4a CONDUCTED A 6X STOP
FOLLOW ON PROB VOI AND POI REULTING IN EEI RELATED ACTIVITY. DURING STOP 2, AT
0926Z, PROB POI AND 1X ADM EXITED THE S SIDE OF RESIDENCE AND ENTERED THE
FRONT LEFT AND RIGHT OF THE PROB VOI. AT 0939Z, 1.4a RECIVIED A PROB MATCH TO
THE 1X ADM WHO EXITED THE S SIDE OF THE RESIDENCE AND ENTERED THE FRONT
RIGHT OF THE PROB VOI. UPON LOST OF PID, 1.4a RESET BACK TO 1.4aAT 1632Z AND
OBSERVED NO EEI RELATED ACTIVITY. AT 1719Z, 2X PREV OBSERVED ADMS WAS
ASSESSED TO BE POSS IMINT MATCH TO POI AND PROB TO POI. AT 1933Z, 1.4a RTB
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL EEI TO REPORT.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit:
1.4g
• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: • Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

UAP

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//NOFORN
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000008

#### Page 9

SECRET//NOFORN

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

• Initial Contact DTG: 092153:00ZNOV23
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: NONE
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: NO
• MDS Type / Asset Type: 1.4a, 1.4g
• Tail Number: 1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 37S ET 34 1.4a 09 1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: 1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: SOUTHEAST
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed:
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: NO
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: NONE
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable):
• Operational Range:
• UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNK
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures:
1.4g
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): YES, TRAVELED
~424KN CONSISTANTLY FOR AT LEAST 7MINS IN THE SHAPE OF A BOUNCY BALL.
• UAP RF Frequency: NONE
• UAP RF Duration: N/A
• UAP Event Serial Number: 092153ZNOV2023-CENTCOM
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Effects on Equipment: NONE
• Full Name: 3.5c,(b)(3)130b, (b)(6)
• Rank/Grade: 3.5c,(b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c,(b)(6)
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE): 3.5c,(b)(6)
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 37DST69 1.4a 7 1.4a
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 37SFT28 1.4a 3 1.4a
• Last Seen Radius: 10
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: 170
• Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//NOFORN
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000009

#### Page 10

SECRET//NOFORN

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

• Kinetic Depth:
• Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: 424KN
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory:
• UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 092153:00ZNOV23
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: N/A
• First Accuracy: Estimated
• Call Sign:
1.4a
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): SHOWED AS

1.4g

1.4g

• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (SECRET//NOFORN)
WHILE RTB AT 2153Z, 1.4a OBSERVED 1X PROB HC UAP SHAPED AS A BOUNCY BALL
COME FROM THE SOUTH AT NEAR CO-ALT. 1.4a OBSERVED THE PROB UAP DROP
ALTITUDE AND SAFELY PASS THEIR AIRCRAFT WHILE CONSISTANTLY MAINTAINING
~424KN. AFTER 7MIN OF WATCHING, THE PROB UAP BECAME OUT OF RANGE AND 1.4a
CARRIED ON THEIR RTB. NO EMISSIONS CAME FROM THE PROB UAP, UAP WAS NOT
CONSIDERED A THREAT TO THE AIRCRAFT OR PUBLIC SAFETY, AND THE UAP HAD NO
EFFECTS ON THE AIRCREW.
(SECRET//NOFORN)

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//NOFORN
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000010

## DOW-UAP-D075 — Mission Report, Gulf of Aden, July 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D075
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D075
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 7/14/24
- Location: Gulf of Aden
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

July 14 2024: the only thing outracing the UAP was the paperwork’s deadline.

- DOW-UAP-D075 Mission Report, Department of War, July 14 2024, Gulf of Aden.
- Operator observed one UAP, straight flight, altitude constant, speed exceeds aircraft, deemed benign, tracked until too distant.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. Military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to AARO. The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report.
A U.S. military operator reported observing one UAP on July 14, 2024. The observer reported that the UAP maintained a “straight flight path at same altitude”. The report notes that the UAP’s “speed was faster than flying speed,” and the operator assessed the object as “benign.” The operator reported following the UAP “till the distance became too far.”
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

A classified mission report from June 2025 details an aerial surveillance mission conducted in the Gulf of Aden in July 2024. The document, prepared by USCENTCOM Chief of Staff MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier, describes an aircraft that observed one unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) while conducting intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) operations. The UAP was detected at 14:05:17 UTC on July 24, 2024, near coordinates 38P MT 53. The report notes the UAP had a straight flight path and was assessed as benign. No physical evidence was recovered, and no engagement occurred. The mission was part of a broader operation and involved coordination with NAVCENT and AFCENT.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Misrep 10194673

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

Narrative
(S//REL TO USA, FVEY) TAIL NUMBER 1.4a
TOOK OFF FROM
1.4a
AT 140222ZJUL24 VIA 1.4a AND ARRIVED ON STATION AT
1.4a
140300ZJUL24. 1.4a UTILIZED 1.4a THROUGHOUT MISSION BETWEEN HANDOVER
AND HANDBACK. FROM 140334ZJUL24 TO 140925ZJUL24 1.4a CONDUCTED TARGET
c=J
ISR 1). 1.4a OBSERVED 1X
DEVELOPMENT ISO NAVCENT IVO 38P MT 51DD
1.4a 11 1.4a (SEE
DD
UAP AT 140517ZJUL24 IVO 38P MT 53 1.4a
17 1.4a (SEE UAP1). FROM c=J
141041ZJUL24 TO
142130ZJUL24, c=J
1.4a CONDUCTED TARGET DEVELOPMENT ISO AFCENT IVO 38P MV 24D
1.4a
81 1.4a (SEE ISR 2). c=J
1.4a CALLED OFF STATION AT 142142ZJUL24, D
1.4a HANDED BACK TO
THE 1.4a AT 142238ZJUL24 AND LANDED AT 142259ZJUL24 VIA . FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS
EXPLOITED BY 1.4a MISSION HOURS: 1.4a IMINT HOURS:
1.4a
, - -1.4a~ cTARGETS
= J PROSECUTED: 1,
1.4a
I

RETASKED: FROM 141041ZJUL24 TO 142130ZJUL24, c=J
1.4a CONDUCTED TARGET
DEVELOPMENT ISO OP
IVO
38P
MV 24 1.4a
81 1.4a (SEE ISR 2).
1.4a
DD

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: REL TO USA, FVEY
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20490714

OPERATION
• Operation: OPERATION
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th

1.4a

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000001

#### Page 2

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

• Major Command (MAJCOM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 124 ATKS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): D
1.4a
• Mission Type:
1.4a
• ATO Mission Number: 1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poc

POC
• Rank:3.5c, (b)(6)
• Full Name: 3.5c, (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 124 ATKS
• Wing: 132 Wing
• Phone Number: 3.5c, (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: Other

QC
• Rank:
3.5c,
D(b)(6)
• Full Name:
3.5c, (b)(6)
• Unit: 1.4a
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone Number: 3.5c, (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: Other

APPROVER
3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

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Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

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#### Page 3

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

• Rank:
3.5c,
D(b)(6)
• Full Name:3.5c, (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: 379 AEW
• Phone Number: 3.5c, (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign:

1.4a

1.4g

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000003

#### Page 4

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

1.4g

• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each:

1.4a

1.4g

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign:
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft):1.4a,
1.4g
c=J
• Aircraft Tail Number(s): 1.4a
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code):
• Takeoff Time DTG:
1.4a
•
1.4g
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

1.4a

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code):
• Last Land Time:
1.4a
• Last Engine Shutdown Time:
• Total Mission Time:
1.4g
• Gentext/Additional Details:

1.4a

1.4a

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG:
• Time-off Station DTG:
• Aircraft Callsign:
1.4a
• Msn Type: 1.4a
• Primary Sensor: FMV

1.4a
1.4a

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000004

#### Page 5

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

• Sensors Available: D
1.4g
• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): NAVCENT / OPERATION
1.4a

• BE Number (if NTISR):
• Tasked Start Point: 38P MT 51DD
1.4a 11 1.4a
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR):
• EEIs Observed:
• Number of EEIs:
• Global Campaign Plan:

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (S//REL TO USA, FVEY)
COORDINATED WITH NAVCENT 124
1.4a
MINUTES PRIOR TO TAKE OFF. PRECOORDINATION WAS EXCELLENT DUE TO RECEIVING
MISSION PRODUCTS 124 MINUTES BEFORE TAKE OFF. c=J
1.4a ARRIVED ON TARGET AT
IVO 38P MT 51D
140334ZJUL24 FOR OPERATION
1.4a
1.4a 11 1.4a
1.4a
Dc=J
OBSERVED 1X UAP AT 140517ZJUL24 IVO 38P MT 53 1.4a
17
(SEE
UAP
1).
AT
140925ZJUL24
1.4a
DD
1.4a WAS CLEARED OFF TARGET AND PROCEEDED TO NEXT TASKING.

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: NAVCENT
• Supported Operation: OPERATION
• Precoord Time: 124 MINUTES
• Precoord Effectiveness: EXCELLENT

1.4a

WEATHER
• Weather: (S//REL TO USA, FVEY) WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?:
• Gentext: (S//REL)

1.4a

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 140300:00ZJUL24
• Callsign:
1.4a
• JTAR Number:

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000005

#### Page 6

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

• Killbox (Location):
• Mission Type:
1.4a
• JTAC Callsign:
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG:
• Total Time On Station:
• Gentext/Additional Details:

1.4a
1.4g

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG:
1.4a
• Time-off Station DTG:
1.4a
• Aircraft Callsign:
1.4a
• Msn Type: 1.4a
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: D
1.4a
• Tasking Type: Dynamic
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): AFCENT / OPERATION
1.4a

• BE Number (if NTISR):
• Tasked Start Point: 38P MV 24 1.4a
1.4a
D81D
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR):
• EEIs Observed:
• Number of EEIs:
• Global Campaign Plan:

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (S//REL TO USA, FVEY)
COORDINATED WITH AFCENT 30
1.4a
MINUTES PRIOR TO RETASKING. PRECOORDINATION WAS EXCELLENT DUE TO
RECEIVING MISSION PRODUCTS 30 MINUTES BEFORE RETASKING. c=J
1.4a ARRIVED ON
TARGET AT
FOR
OPERATION
IVO
38P
MV 24 1.4a
1.4a
1.4a
1.4a
D81D
NSTR. AT 142130ZJUL24, c=J
1.4a WAS CLEARED OFF TARGET AND RETURNED TO BASE.

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: AFCENT
• Supported Operation: OPERATION

1.4a

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000006

#### Page 7

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

• Precoord Time: 30 MINUTES
• Precoord Effectiveness: EXCELLENT

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

WEATHER
• Weather: (S//REL TO USA, FVEY) WEATHER DID NOT PREVENTED IMINT

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?:
• Gentext:

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 140517:00ZJUL24
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: STRAIGHT FLIGHT PATH AT SAME ALTI
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: UNKNOWN
• MDS Type / Asset Type:1.4a, 1.4g
• Tail Number: 1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 38P MT 64 1.4a
1.4a
D53D
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth:
1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: ALL
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 1.4g
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: NO
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters:
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable):
• Operational Range: I 1.4g I
• UAP Physical State: CJ
1.4g
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNKNOWN
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNKNOWN
• UAP Signatures:
1.4g
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNKNOWN ABOUT
ADVANCED CAPABILITIES AND/OR MATERIALS
• UAP RF Frequency:
• UAP RF Duration:
• UAP Event Serial Number:
1.4a
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000007

#### Page 8

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Recommendation by MG Brandon R. Tegtmeier
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 2 June 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Effects on Equipment: NONE
• Full Name:
3.5c, (b)(3)130b, (b)(6)
• Rank/Grade: TSGT/E-5
• Email:
3.5c, (b)(6)
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE): 3.5c, (b)(6)
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 38P MT 53 1.4a
17 1.4a
DD
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 38P MT 22 1.4a
49 1.4a
DD
• Last Seen Radius: 5
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: LOW
• Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: UNKNOWN
• Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: 1.4a
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: NW
• UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 140517:00ZJUL24
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe):
1.4a
FOLLOWED THE UAP TILL THE DISTANCE BECAME TOO FAR TO FOLLOW
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: UAP'S SPEED WAS FASTER THAN THE 1.4a, 1.4g
FLYING SPEED
• First Accuracy: Estimated
• Call Sign:
1.4a
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): UAP HAD
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (S//REL TO USA, FVEY)
1.4a

1.4a

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0072

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO/PA

06/02/2025 000008

## DOW-UAP-D077 — AARO Unresolved Case Analysis Update: Western United States Event

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D077
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D077
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

June 2026 memo: the orbs finally got a promotion to launch interns.

- DOW-UAP-D077 memo, Department of War, dated 05 June 2026, Western United States.
- Six agents saw orange “mother” orbs launch red “child” orbs over two days near a secure site.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This memorandum summarizes the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office’s (AARO) ongoing analysis of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in 2023. As of June 2026, the case remains unresolved.

### AI summary

This document is a memorandum from the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) dated 05 JUNE 2026, reporting on an unresolved UAP case involving observations of "orbs launching other orbs" near a sensitive national security site in the western United States in October 2023. Six federal law enforcement agents reported seeing luminous orange "mother orbs" releasing smaller red "orbs" over two days, with consistent descriptions of their behavior. AARO found no conclusive explanation, noting the phenomena's anomalous characteristics and the lack of technical data. The case remains unresolved, with possibilities including unrecognized technology, though no definitive evidence was found.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED
OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY OF WAR
5000 DEFENSE PENTAGON
WASHINGTON, DC 20301-5000
INTELLIGENCE
AND SECURITY

05 JUNE 2026
MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD
SUBJECT: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) Unidentified Anomalous
Phenomena (UAP) Case Analysis Update: Western U.S. Event “Orbs Launching
Orbs”
References: (a) https://www.war.gov/ufo/#Western-US-Event, Incident 1 of 4, VIRIN: 260508D-D0360-1052, 08-MAY 2026.
1. Executive Summary.
This memorandum summarizes the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office’s (AARO)
ongoing analysis of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western
United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in
October 2023. As of June 2026, the case remains unresolved.
2. Incident Summary.1
Over a period of two days in October 2023, six federal law enforcement special agents
reported observing “orbs launching other orbs,” near a sensitive national security site in the
western United States at approximately dusk. Each team of two agents reported observing
phenomena with similar morphological features and performance characteristics from multiple
viewing angles.
The phenomena’s most distinctive reported feature was the repeating nature of their
pattern of behavior, in which a luminous orange “mother orb” appeared to produce smaller red
“orbs,” one after another, multiple times over a period of several hours. Reporters described the
orange “mother orbs” as appearing for one to two seconds, releasing a cluster of two to four red
“orbs,” and subsequently disappearing. The reporters characterized the behavior of the red
“orbs” as anomalous, describing varied kinematic profiles including seemingly coordinated
horizontal motion and apparent changes in altitude. The red “orbs” reportedly persisted for
several seconds before disappearing, however, in at least one instance, the agents described a red
“orb” as remaining stationary above a ridgeline for several hours. The reporters also described
the phenomena as “silent.” The agents provided consistent accounts using similar language to
characterize their experiences and the apparent behavior of both the red and orange “orbs.”
3. Analytic Factors.
1

AARO’s use of source-derived descriptive and evaluative language in this summary is intended to preserve the
integrity of narrative testimony as provided by first-hand observers.

1
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED

a. The reporting agents did not collect video footage, photographic imagery, or other
technical data during the incident. Human capacity for optical estimation regarding the
distance, size, speed, and direction of travel of unreferenced phenomena in low-light
conditions is constrained by intrinsic biological and perceptual limitations. As a standard
analytic practice, AARO considers the influence of such limitations when assessing
narrative descriptions of a phenomenon’s morphological and performance characteristics.
In this case, AARO assesses that contextual factors supersede those limitations, and that
the nature of the reported incident warrants further investigation. These factors include:
i.
ii.
iii.

The close alignment of the phenomena’s reported morphological features and
kinematic profiles with those of other reported incidents in the western United
States region.
AARO’s favorable assessment of the reporting agents’ contextual awareness of
the operational environment and overall familiarity with U.S. military systems.
The high degree of consistency in the agents’ narrative descriptions of potentially
anomalous features, as seen from multiple viewing angles.

b. Due to a lack of instrument-measured distance data, AARO cannot determine whether the
phenomena’s reported silence corresponds to an inherent characteristic or to acoustic
attenuation.
c. The total number of orange “mother orbs” is unclear based upon the narrative reporting.
As described, AARO finds two interpretations plausible:
i.
ii.

A single orange “mother orb” periodically “launching” smaller red “orbs.”
Multiple orange “mother orbs” periodically “launching” smaller red “orbs.”

4. Current Case Disposition and Hypotheses.
Approximately 40 percent of the reported phenomena lack a plausible explanation after
first stage analysis and thus remain unresolved. To evaluate this incident, AARO crosscorrelated the agents’ narrative accounts against commercial and military flight logs, radar data,
spatial estimates, and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) data. AARO
considered several hypotheses to account for the currently unresolved component of the
phenomena.
a. Misidentified Military Aircraft Exhaust (Ruled Out): The reported characteristics do not
align with those of military aircraft exhaust. Though military aircraft were present in the
airspace, their altitudes were too high for standard exhaust to appear as orange “orbs.”
This hypothesis is also inconsistent with the agents’ characterization of the phenomena as
“silent,” the reported loitering behavior, and the apparent “launching” of red “orbs.”
b. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) (Unlikely): Agents reported that, in at least one case,
red “orbs” persisted over a period of several hours. A loitering time of several hours
2
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED
exceeds the standard battery capacity and operational limits of typical military and
commercially available multi-rotor UAV systems.
c. Military Aircraft Dispensing Flares (Partially Plausible):
i.
Supporting Factors: Historical flight logs confirm that U.S. military aircraft
operating in the area were equipped with, and actively deployed, infrared
countermeasure flares as a component of a standard exercise. The reported
morphology and behavior of these phenomena align with known characteristics of
certain military infrared flares. The phenomena’s position relative to the
observers, perceived direction of travel, and time of observation strongly align
with historical radar and ADS-B data, suggesting that approximately 60 percent of
the reported activity is plausibly attributable to military aircraft. The agents, who
are professionally familiar with the visual characteristics of military flares, stated
that the phenomena did not exhibit those characteristics. However, the visual and
behavioral characteristics of the specific types of flares carried by the military
aircraft operating in the area differ from those of standard illumination flares.
ii.
Contradictory Factors: For the remaining 40 percent of reported observations,
radar and ADS-B data indicate that no known aircraft were active within the
observers’ estimated line-of-sight from the ground. In at least one case, the
agents’ report of a red “orb” remaining stationary for several hours is physically
incompatible with the burn-time and descent rate of any known military flare.
d. U.S. Capability Deconfliction (Blue Force) (Plausible, inconclusive): AARO conducted
a comprehensive review of programs and activities across the Department of War and the
Intelligence Community to ascertain whether the time, date, location, and reported
features of the phenomena align with those of any U.S. developmental program, test
event, or operational capability. AARO assesses that the characteristics described in the
agents’ narrative account align with those of certain U.S. military technologies. However,
historical records are inconclusive regarding whether those technologies were present at
the time and place of the reported incident. Furthermore, while each reported
characteristic shares features with known U.S. military systems, no single Blue Force
capability fully accounts for all the phenomena’s reported characteristics.
e. Foreign Intelligence Activity (Red Force) (Highly Unlikely): AARO consulted with
partners in the Intelligence Community to assess the likelihood that the reported
phenomena indicate the presence of foreign intelligence activities. While AARO cannot
definitively rule out the deployment of entirely novel foreign collection platforms, the
reported kinematic profiles diverge significantly enough from those of known adversary
systems that AARO assesses this hypothesis as highly unlikely.
f. Phenomenological & Environmental Factors (Unlikely): AARO consulted with subject
matter experts to explore possible natural phenomena whose characteristics may account
for those of the reported phenomena. Potential attributions included:
i.

Meteorological phenomena. Weather conditions were generally inconsistent with
those necessary to produce rare phenomena such as ball lightning or sprites.
3
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 4

UNCLASSIFIED
ii.

iii.

Atmospheric anomalies, (e.g., temperature inversion and refractive effects).
Weather conditions were generally clear, with seasonable temperatures and
typical levels of light pollution for the area. AARO assesses as unlikely that such
conditions would contribute to misperceptions of a phenomenon’s physical or
kinematic features.
Space-based phenomena, (e.g., stars, planets, meteors, satellite flaring, rocketry).
The agents’ diverse viewing angles make it highly unlikely that misidentified
celestial bodies account for the phenomena. In instances in which reporters
described stationary “loitering” behavior, misidentified celestial bodies are more
plausible, though still unlikely. Attribution to meteors or other ephemeral spacebased phenomena, including satellite flaring, is inconsistent with the reported
persistence of at least one of the red “orbs” over a period of several hours.
Bolides, for example, typically exhibit a characteristic tail, which is inconsistent
with the reported morphology of the “mother orbs.”

g. Unrecognized Technology (Pending): AARO’s preliminary exclusion-based hypothesis
is that, given the otherwise unexplained kinematic and physical characteristics described
in narrative reports, unrecognized technology may account for up to 40 percent of the
phenomena associated with this incident. However, this provisional assessment is based
solely upon narrative testimony, as well as the elimination of competing hypotheses, and
is unsubstantiated by technical data or physical evidence.
5. Next Steps.
AARO assesses that the features described by the reporting agents are sufficiently
anomalous to warrant continued investigation into the nature of the underlying incident. AARO
intends to integrate scientific modeling capabilities from partner agencies within the Federal
Government, expertise from scientific and academic institutions, and insights from multidomain, multispectral data exploitation techniques to inform its assessment of this and other
reported UAP cases in the western United States region. AARO will continue to update its
analytic tradecraft to incorporate the best scientific and intelligence analysis practices to resolve
anomalies with higher confidence.
AARO will also seek opportunities to broaden its relationships with partners possessing
relevant technical and domain expertise to enhance its ability to efficiently deconflict Blue and
Red Force programs and activities, as well as to optimize data collection protocols to incorporate
more diverse sources. AARO may revise its assessment and provide updates if additional
intelligence and data sources become available.

4
UNCLASSIFIED

Jon T. Kosloski
Director, AARO

## DOW-UAP-D078 — Notional Map: Western United States Event

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D078
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D078
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Westen United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Map notes October 2023 sightings, but no follow‑up paperwork attached.

- DOW-UAP-D078 PDF, Department of War, October 2023, Western United States map.
- Shows four reported incidents: fiery orb, dark kite-shaped, translucent kite-shaped objects.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is a notional representation of four incidents reportedly involving unidentified anomalous phenomena in the western United States, as seen from above. This illustration depicts multiple incidents reported by U.S. federal law enforcement special agents over a period of several days in October 2023.

### AI summary

This document is a notional map titled "DOW-UAP-D078, Notional Map: Western United States Event," created by U.S. federal law enforcement special agents. It was produced in October 2023 and describes four incidents involving unidentified anomalous phenomena. The map includes reports of a "fiery orb," a "dark kite-shaped object," and a "translucent kite-shaped object," all observed at close range. The image is an artificial representation and not to scale, with locations described as notional.

### Full text

#### Page 1

_______________________

. -_.

. ,:::-,,_

This image is a notional representation of four incidents
reportedly involving unidentified anomalous phenomena
(UAP) in the western United States, as seen from above.

Agents reported
oran
"

This illustration depicts multiple incidents reported by
U.S. federal law enforcement special agents over a
period of several days in October 2023.

Agents reported observing a large
"fiery orb" projected against a ridgeline at
an approximate distance of 1,000 yards.

Incident 3: "Dark Kite"

Agents reported observing a "thin or dark kite-shaped
object" featuring one red light and one white light at a
close estimated range.

Incident 4: "Translucent Kite"

Agents reported observing a "translucent kite-shaped
object" at a close estimated range.

Note: All images were artificially generated using https//genai.mil/
Phenomena are enlarged for illustrative purposes and are not to
relative scale. Distances are not to scale. All locations are notional,
and do not accurately represent the relative position of the observers
or reported phenomena.

## DOW-UAP-D079 — Narrative Statement 1, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D079
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D079
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Westen United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

June 2 2026 memo says it’s a story, not a screenplay.

- DOW-UAP-D079, Narrative Statement 1, Western United States Event, 2023; Department of War, June 2 2026.
- Witness 1, a federal law‑enforcement special agent, described a glowing ball, red lights, hovering vehicle.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This memorandum presents the first-hand narrative from Witness 1 provided to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). Witness 1 was one of several United States (U.S.) federal law enforcement special agents who reported observing unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023 in the western United States.

### AI summary

This is a classified memorandum from the Office of the Under Secretary of War, dated June 2, 2026, reporting a witness account of unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) observed in the western United States in October 2023. Written by Jon T. Kosloski, Director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), it includes a narrative from Witness 1, a federal law enforcement special agent, describing a glowing ball and subsequent red lights seen over a valley, followed by an encounter with a vehicle that appeared to hover and change direction. The account details the objects' appearance, movement, and lack of sound.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED
OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY OF WAR
5000 DEFENSE PENTAGON
WASH INGTON , DC 20301-5000
INTELLIGENCE
AND SECURITY

02 June 2026
MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD
SUBJECT: Nairntive from Witness 1 - Western U.S . Event
References: (a) https://www.war.gov/ufo/#Western-US-Event,VIRIN: 260508-D-D0360-1052,
08-MAY 2026.
1. Executive Sumrna1y.
This memorandum presents the first-hand naiTative from Witness 1 provided to the All­
domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) . Witness 1 was one of several United States (U.S .)
federal law enforcement special agents who reported observing unidentified anomalous
phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023 in the western United States.
2. Witness Na1rntive.
fu response to AARO 's request to provide a free-fo1m naiTative of the sequence of events

exactly as they remember them, Witness 1 submitted the following text:
"It staiied the first night with other teains repo1iing weird lights moving along in groups miles
away. From my vantage point I could not see them, though in theo1y should have been able to.
Because of my location I did not see anything specific the first night. The second night another
teain member and I were out working and driving to our destination. As we headed through a
valley area we suddenly noticed a large glowing ball to our right 90 degrees from where we
were. It looked like it was between us and a hill face, and initially I guessed it was 500 to 600
meters away, though another later day I was able to use a range finder to put the distance to the
hillside at about 1100 meters. The ball appeared close to the hill face. It was just a circle of light
that looked like a swirly pattern of bright lava. It was bright in the dusk light, the time was just
before 7 pm I think. It was not visible up to the moment we first saw it, though the hillside face
behind it was visible as we drove for some distance before we saw the object. The object's
lighted ai·ea was a well defined circle, but had no visible strncture at the edges to show what
contained the light or why it was where it was. Looking at it through binoculars it almost
appeared to have a line or spindle below possibly touching the hillside below. It was not
possible to verify for sure because of the distance. There was no observed glow behind or below
the object on the hillside or ground. It was only observed for a minute or two before we could no
longer see it. It did not fade out, we just could not see it anymore. There was no paii iculai·
sound heai·d with it. All seemed quiet and it was pretty remote. I would have guessed the circle
to be 20 feet or more in diameter. We sta1ied driving and drove a few more minutes. Then we
stopped and had to get out of the vehicle. About 20 minutes later to the front, another object that
looked similar lit up in the sky over the top of another hillside slightly to the right of front. It
appeai·ed to be several miles away. It only lit up for a second or two and then was gone again.
1
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED
While it was lit, it appeared three red lights flew out of and away from it. They seemed evenly
spaced apart and moved pretty fast, quickly disappearing from sight. At the same time the
orange light lit up, there appeared to be a flash from over the horizon to the left. The flash lit up
the sky pretty well, though very briefly. About twenty minutes later the experience repeated
except this time the orange ball appeared to the front and slightly to the left this time. This time
however, the red lights appeared to leave in a different pattern as one flew straight out, one
appeared to fly up horizontally and another flew down horizontally, appearing to fly away in a
vertical alignment of three lights. A flash accompanied this event as well and all three sightings
appeared to be similar though at different distances. Several hours later we departed from where
we were at to drive to another location in preparation for work the next day.
It took several hours of driving, and as we were driving hours later still, we observed a car
driving ahead of us on the road, we were gaining on the car and as we got closer I noticed it
appeared one taillight cover was broken because one taillight was red and one was white. They
were also different because one was round and one was square. Another vehicle approached
from the opposite direction and as it was about to pass the vehicle in front of us, the car changed
direction and moved off the road to the right. The oncoming vehicle continued driving and
passed us, almost like it did not even see the vehicle move of the road as it passed. It did not
bounce or move with the terrain, but seemed to hover. It did not kick up any dust either. It
stopped on the road next to it, and the lights appeared to be in the same position facing us even
though we were in a different direction from it. When we stopped the lights turned off and I
could see a darker object moving up and toward behind us as it flew away. When we stopped we
already had the windows rolled down and I did not notice any sound at any point. It reminded
me of a Toyota Prius for some reason. It was hard to identify the exact shape though. The
hillside was about 200 meters away, and when it stopped it was less than halfway to the base of
the hillside. We started looking around the area and approximately an hour or two later as we
were stopped we observed some dust and thick spider web looking material floating in-front of
us. We then saw what looked like the same object floating in a more vertical orientation floating
with the dust. It was still at an off angle. I could see where the spots were for the two lights and
one being round and the other square. The lights were not on though. The object itself was still
hard to define its shape and borders visually. It was in the air about 15-20 feet up and as it
floated past I could see a star through the object, as well as the crest of the hill and some
vegetation. It was almost like looking at something through water where it was not completely
clear.
We eventually continued to our destination and I did not have any other contact or sightings of
those objects of that night that I observed.”

Jon T. Kosloski
Director, AARO
2
UNCLASSIFIED

## DOW-UAP-D080 — Narrative Statement 2, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D080
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D080
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Westen United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

June 2, 2026—finally the paperwork caught up with the 2023 light show.

- DOW-UAP-D080 memo, Dept. of War, dated 2 June 2026, about October 2023, western United States.
- Reports three Oct 2023 incidents: bright orb‑like lights with red lights, coordinated moves, shape shifts, reacting to witness.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This memorandum presents the first-hand narrative from Witness 2 provided to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). Witness 2 was one of several United States (U.S.) federal law enforcement special agents who reported observing unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023 in the western United States.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UN CLASSIFIED
OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY OF WAR
5000 DEFENSE PENTAGON
WASH INGTON , DC 20301-5000
INTELLIGENCE
AND SECURITY

02 June 2026
MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD
SUBJECT: Nairntive from Witness 2 - Western U.S. Event
References: (a) https://www.war.gov/ufo/#Western-US-Event,VIRIN: 260508-D-D0360-1 052,
08-MAY 2026.
1. Executive Sumrna1y .
This memorandum presents the first-hand naiTative from Witness 2 provided to the All­
domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). Witness 2 was one of several United States (U.S.)
federal law enforcement special agents who reported observing unidentified anomalous
phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023 in the western United States.
2. Witness Na1rntive.
ill response to AARO 's request to provide a free-fo1m naiTative of the sequence of events
exactly as they remember them, Witness 2 submitted the following text:
"illcident 1
ill October 2023 , my paitner and I were tasked to survey an area for individuals launching
drones. My paitner and I were positioned in a valley, with mountain ranges to the west and east
and more distant ranges to the north; we had teams positioned throughout the ai·ea as well. The
weather was clear; we sat [and] watched the sunset as dusk trnnsitioned into darkness. At
approximately 1900 hours, I obse1ved a bright circulai· orb-like light approximately 35-45
degrees above the n01thern/no1theastern horizon. Originally, the light was not dissimilar to that
of a luminescent planet obse1ved in the night sky but grew slowly brighter. The bright orb-like
light had a smaller red orb-like light within it. As the bright orb-like light grew lai·ger, it
expelled three or four red lights from it. The red lights accelerated instantly and maneuvered
with perfect, smooth coordination into a horizontal fonnation. The red lights were
approximately 1/15 the size of the orb-like light. The bright orb-like light did not appear to be an
aitificial neon glow, but rather a bright natural light with a slight halo effect. The red lights were
less luminescent and appeai·ed to be more like artificial lights (e.g., taillights). Following the
expulsion of the smaller red lights, the bright orb-like light dimmed and faded from sight. From
approximately 1900 hours to approximately 1930 hours, I witnessed the process repeat
approximately five times across the n01thern, northeastern, and eastern horizon. Our teams
confnmed they obse1ved the same objects. The last grouping of red lights moved in a horizonal
pattern to the southern horizon where they remained the rest of the evening. The three red lights
were all aligned and remained equally spaced. From approximately 1930 hours until
approximately 2300 hours, the red lights hovered above the southern horizon. The red lights
sometime dipped below the horizon, out of sight but consistently rose back up. At
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approximately 2300 hours we departed the area. There were no acoustics, interreference or
physiological effects experienced during the incident.
The objects appeared to move with purpose in a coordinated fashion, but it did not appear to be a
defensive countermeasure. It looked like a mix of mechanical deployment and biological
division; it appeared too smooth and agile to be mechanical, but too structured/coordinated to be
a biological division. To offer an obscure yet similar description, I find the characterization of
portals oddly comparable to the event I witnessed. The bright orb-like light was small, grew
larger, appeared to project objects out of it, and then it dimmed until it was no longer visible; not
dissimilar to the opening and closing of a portal through which objects travel and deploy
forward. I am not saying or suggesting that was what we observed but rather offering that as a
similar/applicable description.
Incident 2
In October 2023, my partner and I were tasked to survey an area for individuals launching
drones. My partner and I drove northwest on a rural highway and turned right onto a dirt road
heading north/northeast up a valley toward a mountain range. We drove for approximately 10
miles before parking a small hill at approximately 1800 hours. The weather was clear; we sat
[and] watched the sunset as dusk transitioned into darkness. At approximately 1845 hours, I
observed two circular orb-like lights appearing to be headlights of a vehicle to the south
approximately five to seven miles away. The headlights sat still in the valley while we sat and
continued to observe the area. At approximately 1900 hours, I observed a row of red lights
appearing to hover approximately 15 degrees above the southern horizon (I do not recall how the
lights entered the area). The lights were consistent with the glow of a taillight and appeared to
be arranged in a triangular formation or attached to unobservable vehicle of some sort; they
appeared to cover the area of a football field, hovering over a significant portion of the horizon.
The object floated with an impossible, eerie stillness. At that same time, I observed the vehicle
to the south of our location flash its lights toward us; the flashing appeared to be consistent with
a white pulse. Soon after, what appeared to be headlights of a second vehicle approximately one
mile east of the first vehicle, still approximately five to seven miles from our location. The
second vehicle flashed their lights in the same manner as the first vehicle. The two vehicles
appeared to hover within, approximately, a six-mile by six-mile box between the southern tips
mountains ranges surrounding the valley. While the two vehicles moved in between the
mountain ranges, the row of red lights remained in place, appearing to still hover above the
southern horizon. At approximately 1915 hours, one of the vehicles appeared to move north
toward our location. We decided to drive toward the objects. One set of lights turned off but the
other remained in view. We drove with our headlights off only utilizing night vision equipment;
at one point reaching approximately 70 miles per hour. At some point while driving toward it,
the headlights morphed into one bright white/orange orb-like light with a halo-like glow.
Around two or three miles north of the original highway we exited from, we appeared to be
gaining on the object; at approximately 50 yards away we thought were going to encounter it.
The object then accelerated instantly to the south, traveling at least one mile south in less than a
minute across the rugged terrain. We continued south toward the object for a short distance; the
object shifted east and continued eastward until it stopped at the base of the mountain range,
dimmed and turned off. The object’s travel was inconsistent with a vehicle’s travel over rugged
terrain; the object appeared to hover and floated smoothly across rugged terrain. We parked on
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the road and watched in the direction the light had been. After a short while, the light turned
back on, and the object began to move west across the valley. Again, the object appeared to
hover over the terrain as it moved across in a gliding motion approximately half a mile south of
our location. After passing the dirt road we were parked on, the light transformed into a group of
orange and purple lights in the shape of a box (not dissimilar to a semi-truck in shape and
opaqueness). We started to drive south toward the highway. The box of lights continued
uninterrupted north/northwest toward the mountain range on the west side of the valley. The
object glided smoothly across the rugged terrain as if traveling at a high rate of speed on a nonexistent road. The object covered approximately four miles of rugged terrain within
approximately one minute. The object came in proximity to the mountain range, the lights
turned off, and the object was not seen again. Once the lights near the mountain range were no
longer visible, the row of red lights hovering above the southern horizon were gone as well. The
incident concluded at approximately 2000 hours. There were no acoustics, interreference or
physiological effects experienced during the incident.
The objects in the valley appeared to stay within 20 feet of the ground and did not extend beyond
that. The objects appeared highly reactive to our interaction with them. The objects initially
appeared to mimic vehicles (my best example is the flying car from the Harry Potter book
series). The object then appeared to mimic a box truck (superficially) but was inconsistent with
what an actual vehicle travel. The object appeared to “toy” with us (flashing headlight on and
off and moving abruptly once we came in proximity). The movements appeared very controlled,
and the sudden transition of the object felt very purposeful. The “headlights” and “box-truck”
did not appear organic; the orb-like light is harder to define. All the objects did appear
significantly technologically advanced, and their behavior was inconsistent with physics. The
triangle/red lights over the horizon were reminiscent of the Phoenix lights event/incident in the
1990s.
Incident 3
In October 2023, my partner and I were tasked to survey an area for individuals launching
drones. Sometime between approximately 2100 and 2300 hours, my partner and I pulled off
onto a side of the road to observe an orb-like light we saw sitting on the on the road at the crest
of a hill. The night was clear and dark. At this point we had seen several unusual objects and so
we stopped to observe the object. The object was on a rural highway approximately one to two
miles northwest of us just sitting on the road. It was similar to a single headlight but was a bit
brighter and larger in size. It caught our attention because, if it were headlights, the lights should
theoretically be moving west to east. We decided to drive towards to catch up with it and
observe the object more closely. As we started driving towards it, the object began to travel west
on the road as if it were a vehicle. It hovered above the right lane at approximately the height of
a vehicle. It was unusual because if it were an actual vehicle we would expect to see taillights,
there would be two lights not one, we would be gaining on it, and gravity would force the vehicle
to follow the road pattern exactly; the object we saw only has one center light and loosely
followed the road pattern, gliding very smoothly. If I recall correctly, on several occasions the
bright orb-like light dimmed out and transitioned to what appeared to be a single red taillight but
then transitioned back to the single bright orb-like light. The object maintained this behavior for
approximately 10 to 15 miles. We travelled approximately 80 miles an hour and could not catch
up to it. Towards the end of the interaction, we saw the object abruptly transition into an orange
light/orb-like-disk with a halo glow and glide to the side of the road at the base of a hill. The
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road we were driving on curved to the left where the orb-like-disc landed. As we neared it, what
appeared to be a semi-truck came around the corner and was driving right toward us. If I recall
correctly, at that moment we were not sure if this was the same object that had transitioned into a
semi-truck coming at us or if this was an actual vehicle on the road. In the video footage, I
believe we say something about thinking it was going to hit us. The apparent semi-truck passed
us at a high rate of speed and appeared to continue down the highway eastward. Having focused
our attention back to the side of the road, we saw that the orb-like-disc was no longer there.
There were no acoustics, interreference or physiological effects experienced during the incident.
The object appeared highly reactive to our interaction with it. It sat still on the road and did not
start moving until we pulled onto the road and began driving toward it. The object appeared to
mimic a car (my best example is the flying car from the Harry Potter book series, if it had a
single center headlight); the mimicking felt specific and off-putting. Other vehicles passed
heading east and no one appeared to react to the object we were seeing (i.e., no vehicles pulled
over or stopped abruptly). The sudden transition/appearance of the object felt very purposeful. I
do not know if the semi-truck that came around the corner had anything to do with the object
disappearing, but it felt similar to when we approached the other object on the dirt road, and it
appeared to move far away instantly as soon as we thought we were going to encounter it. It felt
like it was drawing us in and had control to disappear instantly. The video footage captures
some of it, but more valuable is the audio of our reactions.

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Drawings or Sketches
The following are AI-generated images of the three incidents based on prompts and descriptions
I provided. The images make no reference to a specific location or geological features and
contain only generic landscape features. The lights/orbs displayed are merely a rendering of
relative size but are not to exact scale. Also, please note, these are being generated two and a
half years after the events.”
Incident 1

5
UNCLASSIFIED

## DOW-UAP-D081 — Narrative Statement 3, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D081
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D081
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Westen United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

A 2026 memo details 2023 lights—clearly, time travelers hate bright evenings.

- DOW-UAP-D081, Narrative Statement 3, Dept. of War PDF, witnessed October 2023, western United States.
- Witness 3, a federal law‑enforcement agent, describes orange and red orbs, plus a vehicle near an airfield.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This memorandum presents the first-hand narrative from Witness 3 provided to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). Witness 3 was one of several United States (U.S.) federal law enforcement special agents who reported observing unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023 in the western United States.

### AI summary

This is a classified memorandum from the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) dated 2 June 2026, reporting a witness account of UAP sightings in the western United States in October 2023. Written by Jon T. Kosloski, the document includes a narrative from Witness 3, a federal law enforcement agent, describing two separate events involving an orange orb and red orbs, as well as a vehicle observed near an airfield. The account details the visual characteristics and movements of the objects, as well as the witness's actions and observations.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UN CLASSIFIED
OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY OF WAR
5000 DEFENSE PENTAGON
WASH INGTON , DC 20301-5000
INTELLIGENCE
AND SECURITY

02 June 2026
MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD
SUBJECT: Nairntive from Witness 3 - Western U.S. Event
References: (a) https://www.war.gov/ufo/#Western-US-Event,VIRIN: 260508-D-D0360-1 052,
08-MAY 2026.
1. Executive Sumrna1y .
This memorandum presents the first-hand naiTative from Witness 3 provided to the All­
domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). Witness 3 was one of several United States (U.S.)
federal law enforcement special agents who reported observing unidentified anomalous
phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023 in the western United States.
2. Witness Na1rntive.
ill response to AARO 's request to provide a free-fo1m naiTative of the sequence of events
exactly as they remember them, Witness 3 submitted the following text:
"ill mid-Oct 2023, I was with agents from our office at our work location. We were out of the
office conducting work related activities. Traveling and working with one other agent, at
approximately 1900, roughly dusk with a cleai· sky, I was looking east when I saw a large orange
orb in the sky seemingly coming in my direction. I recall my paitner asking, "are you seeing
this?" I couldn't tell how large the orb was because I could not dete1mine how far away it was. I
recall that it was alternating between cleai· and orange with maybe two or three seconds in each
colored cycle. When it was orange, the outline was well defined, but when it was clear, it did not
seem to disappeai· as I vaguely recall still being able to see an outline of the orb although it was
cleai·. ill ten ns of speed, I'd estimate the orb moved approximately 20 degrees in the sky in
about three to five seconds. When the orb was at approximately 45 degrees (halfway between
the horizon and directly overhead), it expelled three smaller red orbs. The expulsion appeared to
be mechanical. The red orbs then moved to the south in a straight line spaced about one second
apart, also at 45 degrees (from directly overhead to the horizon) until I could no longer see them .
I did not pay attention to what the orange orb was doing after it released the red orbs. However,
I don 't recall seeing it any longer. I do not recall any sound associated with what I saw. Also,
there were no exhaust trails coming from either the orange or the red orbs. Although I could not
tell how lai·ge the orange orb was, the red orbs were a lot smaller than the orange orb.
Compai·atively, I' d say the red orbs were like grapes being expelled from a basketball. The time
fraine for this explanation was maybe 30-45 seconds.
ill a second occunence, also in mid-Oct 2023 , either the same night or the next night, I was out
with my paitner again but at a different location. It was nearing full darkness, so I'd say the time
was probably ~2000-2030 and the sky was cleai·. I was using NVGs to scan the sky when I saw
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red lights coming from the north, heading south. Their speed was difficult to gauge but I’d say
they moved from right to left in my vision in about five to ten seconds covering roughly 90
degrees across the sky. These four red lights stopped above an airfield and hovered in what
appeared to be a square over each corner of the airfield. At about the same time, looking south, I
also observed orange orbs (possibly two) coming from the same direction (east) I saw the first
orange orb (in the para above). They seemed to be hovering near a slope of a west facing
ridgeline as the four smaller red orbs hovered over the airfield. I don’t recall if the orange orbs
released red orbs in the same manner the first orange orb did. Looking back toward the four
hovering red lights, I noticed what appeared to be a vehicle down below me and my partner. We
were sitting higher up on a road that sloped upward so the vehicle was below us. As the red
lights hovered, the vehicle was flashing its headlights at a slow, methodical tempo, possibly twothree seconds between switching off and on. Again, I don’t recall there being any sound
associated with any of this. My partner and I decided to speed down the hill toward the vehicle
as it seemed evident that it was involved with whatever was happening over the airfield and with
the other light orbs. I turned off the lights in our vehicle to hide our approach. (I used NVGs to
drive down the road.) The vehicle appeared to be sitting still, and I recall my heart beating
heavily as we approached it. As we approached the vehicle, its lights remained on. As we
approached, it seemed like we could get no closer than what seemed to be about 100 yards away
so it seemed like the vehicle was responding to our approach. As we thought we would overtake
the vehicle, it managed to keep its distance from us. Just as we thought we were at the closest
point, the vehicle then seemingly floated off the road to the south, across rough terrain. There
were no roads and later we searched for tire tracks but didn’t find anything. We stopped where
we thought the vehicle had originally been and saw it out in the brush in the rough terrain with a
single light on. The light then faded out and we didn’t see it anymore. At that point, we were
fixed on the vehicle so I didn’t notice the lights any longer. I am not sure what they did as we
tried to catch up with the vehicle. When the vehicle was gone, so were the orbs. The time frame
for this occurrence was about 2-3 minutes.”

Jon T. Kosloski
Director, AARO

2
UNCLASSIFIED

## DOW-UAP-D082 — Narrative Statement 4, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D082
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D082
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Westen United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

This memorandum presents the first-hand narrative from Witness 4 provided to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). Witness 4 was one of several United States (U.S.) federal law enforcement special agents who reported observing unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023 in the western United States.

### AI summary

A memorandum from the Office of the Under Secretary of War, dated 2 June 2026, reports a narrative from Witness 4, a federal law enforcement special agent, about observing unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in the western United States in October 2023. The account describes multiple bright lights, orbs, and patterns seen over two days, including lights moving in lines, forming shapes, and appearing to hatch smaller lights. The witness also noted a stationary object between mountain ridges and a yellow light moving across the sky. The document was prepared for the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) and includes a sketch from the witness.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED
OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY OF WAR
5000 DEFENSE PENTAGON
WASH INGTON , DC 20301-5000
INTELLIGENCE
AND SECURITY

02 June 2026
MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD
SUBJECT: Nairntive from Witness 4 - Western U.S . Event
References: (a) https://www.war.gov/ufo/#Western-US-Event,VIRIN: 260508-D-D0360-1052,
08-MAY 2026.
1. Executive Sumrna1y.
This memorandum presents the first-hand naiTative from Witness 4 provided to the All­
domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) . Witness 4 was one of several United States (U.S .)
federal law enforcement special agents who reported observing unidentified anomalous
phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023 in the western United States.
2. Witness Na1rntive.
fu response to AARO 's request to provide a free-fo1m naiTative of the sequence of events

exactly as they remember them, Witness 4 submitted the following text:
"Sometime in October 2023 , just after sunset (7PM), I saw a bright ball of light like a shooting
stai· beam across and over a hillside. The light was approximately 1-2k above ground level, was
orange/yellow and white in color and appeai·ed for about a second or two. I was approximately
less than a quaiter of a mile from the hillside, and the ball of light seem ve1y close to me as if it
was a shooting star coming towai·ds the hillside, towai·d and not away from me. The colors of
the light went from amber to orange, slightly yellow and white in that order. No other lights
were seen, nor did I hear any mechanical buzzing or anything like an aircraft at this time and
kept driving. After about 10 minutes I saw with my naked eye multiple singulai· bright orange
lights/orbs of vai·ious brightness, size and distance. Using my night vision goggles (NVGs) I
saw the saine lights in addition to multiple other lights. Some of the lights seen with NVG's
were organized in a line of three, evenly spaced and at various altitudes, horizontally just above
the skyline. Most of the lights were only visible for approx. 1-2 seconds before disappeai·ing.
Later, I observed multiple singulai· ve1y bright orange lights that appeai·ed to shoot out smaller
orange lights as if being hatched from the lai·ger ve1y bright orange light. The hatching occmTed
multiple times, I lost track after five occmTences. The smaller lights seemed to travel
downwards like a falling flai·e. Soon thereafter I saw nine lights fo1med a horizontal line just
above a ridgeline. The lights were static, not moving, evenly spaced apait and were visible for
30+ seconds. Smaller lights then appeai·ed below and to the left and right of the line of nine
lights. These smaller lights seemed to cluster (almost touching) in a combination of three. The
lights soon disappeared only to appeai· again directly behind me. All these observations occmTed
within a 2-3 hom span, nonstop.

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The next day between 7-9pm I saw the same light phenomenon; however, I also saw what
appeared to be chemtrails approx. 10 finger lengths from the highest ridge point. I observed for
more than 10 minutes, the chemtrails were white and moved up toward the atmosphere. I did not
see any aircraft or lights at or near the chemtrails; I was observing from about 3k above ground
level. After 10 minutes, I saw 1 chemtrail disappear and the chemtrail below it made a U turn
and headed toward/falling towards the ground very quickly. At this time, I saw a plane in the
same direction (southeast) as the chemtrails. In tandem I saw a string of lights that resembled a
Starlink deployment. Shortly thereafter, I saw what appeared to be one light source just above
the Southeast ridgeline. The lights seemed to produce four smaller lights which traveled
downward as the main light source disappeared. Three of the smaller lights seemed to form a
horizontal line while the fourth traveled westward and away from the line of three. The four
lights were observed for approx. 10 minutes; no other lights were observed thereafter. Later in
the night while stationary in a vehicle on ground level, I watched at least one light source appear
and disappear along a mountain (approx. 4 miles away). The light moved from the top of the
mountain to the bottom of the mountain and at first looked like a vehicle traveling down the
mountain; however, the light darted between the top and bottom of the mountain within seconds,
which would not be feasible for a standard vehicle to do. Moreover, this was desert terrain and
very rough dirt roads; the light produced no dust cloud and moved steadily. I watched this light
traverse between mountain to mountain for approx. 30 minutes and saw a light appear from the
bottom of the mountain disappear and then another light would be seen at the top of the
mountain; unsure if it was the same light. At some point I saw a very bright, white light appear
just below a ridgeline. It was steady and did not pulse or hatch smaller lights. At first, it looked
like a star; however, it was big, very bright and looked like it was in front of and just below a
ridgeline from my eyelevel. The ridgeline was approx. 10 mins of a drive at 60 mph if I were to
guess. I drove towards the light and the closer I got the higher my gaze to look at it. As I was
getting close the light source disappeared from my field of view (right) and an equally bright
light appeared on my left at eye level. Again, I thought it might have been a vehicle but
continued to observe my left field of view while still traveling to get closer to the ridgeline where
I initially saw the first light. By the time I got onto a paved road both lights had disappeared.
The one near the ridgeline never appeared again and the one near the ground also never
reappeared. Later in the night between 1-3am I continued to see same distant lights appear and
disappear within the night sky. Fixed at a specific spot in the sky these lights movements were
different than the stars beyond it. I continued to see three or more lights group together, moved
in a horizontal line, evenly spaced together or move towards another cluster to form a shape, I
remember seeing diamonds or hexagons. It happened for a while that I got bored looking at
them.
A few days later at around the same time (after dusk) I saw lights moving horizontally just above
a ridgeline. Most appeared suddenly and traveled Northbound. Other lights were seen directly
overhead that were either very small or very far away. The lights seemed to cluster and create
patterns such as diamonds, triangles and/or moved in unison together.
The next day I saw at least four lights hovering and moving at approx. 6k above ground level.
The lights seemed to appear out of nowhere and moved horizontally northbound hovering
periodically. At approx. 400 meters away I saw an object that was slightly darker than the sky at
dusk and lighter than the color of the terrain. There was a faint red light on the object which was
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static and hovering in between two mountain ridges. This looked like an actual object and from
my vantage point it seemed to be using the terrain to stay hidden. Based on its orientation, it
would have come from the South. No sounds, emissions observed and no movements despite
heavy winds at that altitude on that evening. Prior to that lights were seen skirting above the
ridgeline from south to north twice in a span of 15 minutes.
Some months thereafter at around midnight I saw a yellow light appear at my eyeline; I was
about 2k above ground. This light did not move and was below the ridgeline of a hillside. There
are buildings on that hill, so I wasn’t sure if it was manmade or not until I saw the light get
brighter and quickly move North to South. I watched it for approximately 10 minutes until it
moved behind another hillside that obstructed my view. To approximate, the light was probably
12 minutes away from me if I was going 80 mph, so maybe 16 miles away.”
Sketch provided by Witness 4
)
/

rJ

V

Jon T. Kosloski
Director, AARO

3
UNCLASSIFIED

## DOW-UAP-D083 — Narrative Statement 5, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D083
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D083
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Westen United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

June 2 2026 memo: finally, paperwork caught up with the orange lights.

- DOW-UAP-D083 pdf from Department of War, dated June 2 2026; incident October 2023, western United States.
- Witness 5 describes orange lights, red orbs, white light, ground markings, possible hovering object over two days.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

This memorandum presents the first-hand narrative from Witness 5 provided to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). Witness 5 was one of several United States (U.S.) federal law enforcement special agents who reported observing unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023 in the western United States.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASS IFIED
OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY OF WAR
5000 DEFENSE PENTAGON
WASH INGTON , DC 20301-5000
INTELLIGENCE
AND SECURITY

02 JUNE2026
MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD
SUBJECT: Nairntive from Witness 5 - Western U.S . Event
References: (a) https://www.war .gov/ufo/#Westem-US-Event,VIRIN: 260508-D-D0360-1052,
08-MAY 2026.
1. Executive Summa1y.
This memorandum presents the first-hand naiTative from Witness 5 provided to the All­
domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) . Witness 5 was one of several United States (U.S .)
federal law enforcement special agents who reported observing unidentified anomalous
phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023 in the western United States.
2. Witness Na1rntive.
In response to AARO 's request to provide a free-fo1m nairntive of the sequence of events exactly
as they remember them, Witness 5 submitted the following text:

1. SA -

'■ October 2023
and myself, headed for the-Gate ai·ound 1630.

I

2. We headed south on and took note of two males (20s) car and plate I sedan;
plate: after we asked if they had car trouble. They responded with something
like "Thank you for your concern, but we are just taking a few pictures."
3. There was a Trailer and white minivan to the left of the road sho1tly after as well.

1111

4. We found our tum off towai·ds
I just before the sign' Wildlife National park"
(?name). The road was unpaved and rough. There were signs saying to not sleep in vehicle when
we entered. About two miles into this road, there was a trailer, a white jeep wrangler, and an old
red volkswagon van. I think I saw a screen on inside the trailer.
5. The sun was setting, but there was still sunlight to see the mountain fo1mations. On this road,
ahead and slightly to our right, at 1858, we noticed a lai·ge orange light. Upon closer look, the
orange light appeared to be placed on something, although nothing could be identified to be
holding it up. It seemed to be hovering with zero resistance or movement, or to be suspended just
over a distinctive peak in the ridge line. I think the light lasted less than or about a minute, but it
was longer than just a flash of light.
1
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED
5.1. ■■ October 2023, looking at google maps of location, SA and I believe this orange
light was at coordinates ■■■■■■

■

-

6. We could not travel much farther in the vehicle, parked, and continued on foot around 1910.
7. Around 1918 we saw a large red orb at a further distance, facing North and slightly West, past
the peak of . I am certain I saw two red, smaller orbs release from the larger one going
west, towards . One released at a steady speed and horizontally. I also saw another small red orb
go up, but it may have had a slight angle. This orb was fainter, than the horizontal one
identified. They were simultaneously released, moving away from the larger orb. The larger orb
did not move during this time, and all lights were gone from every orb in about 10 seconds.
Either while the lights were on, or shortly after they were out of sight, we saw a white flash of
light in the sky to the West.
8. We continued to hike west up the road and saw the large orb again, at 1937, but to our left - in
front of . I don't recall if this had any smaller released, and the large orb lasted about
10 seconds again. There was a similar white flash of light in the sky more southwest.
9. Approximately 3 miles from where we parked the vehicle, we set up a camera in hopes to
catch photos if anything returned to sight.
9.1. There was intermittent radio, but when we had radio, we could hear other teams, but after
reconvening on ■■
■ October, found out that other teams could not hear us when we were
responding.
10. We had heard the other teams leave around 2330, and started to pack our gear to hike back to
the vehicle.
■■
■ October 2023
1. We made it to our vehicle around 0130. We made our way down the mountain and got turned
around in the wildlife area on our way out. We made it back to Highway ■ about 0330 and to
the-gate about 0415.

I

2. We were driving around- lake, headed towards- base. Around 0430, I notice two
lights in the distance about 2-3ft above the ground. The lights stayed on the far side of the road,
but directly over the pavement. One was white and square, the second was round and red. The
red light was diagonally to the left above the white lite. I watched it and wondered if someone
decided to take a bike ride.
3. Another vehicle started approaching from the opposite traffic side as we were approaching the
red and white light pair. I started to notice the pair drifting into the sand, off the side of the
road. I pointed out to SA■■■ I that the lights seemed odd and asked if he could see it. We
were quickly approaching the lights and started to slow down, maybe 100 ft or so in front of us.
The lights made it hard to see what would have been displaying the lights themselves. It
appeared that the lights may have been directly facing us.

-

2
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED
4. As we were slowing our vehicle, and the opposite traffic vehicle quickly approached, the red
and white light pair hovered, with zero resistance, or change in height, over the bushes to the
right
at about 15-20 mph. The light pair stopped just as we stopped our vehicle and I pulled out the
Night Vision Goggles (NVGs) to take a look. I saw the light pair for a split second in the NVGs
before the lights turned off and I saw a very thin line remain, maybe 4 ft wide, horizontal to the
earth (See Image 1). It began moving at the same speed, 15-20 mph, and I could not see it for
more than a second or two before I lost track of it. It also seemed to move up in height with this
movement, but remained a flat line.
5. SA ■ notified- of the location and activity.- said it was clear.

I

-

6. We drove to building. to notify and inquire. They did not see it at the time, but said they
would look into it and notified us ■■■ I had left

-

7. SA■■■ I told him what we saw and .. volunteered to return to our sighting location and
search.
8. We returned to our sighting location and maneuvered the vehicle around trying to shine the
headlights to stir something. We also looked through NVG and ■■■■ looked through the
thermal binoculars. He found a few "cold" spots to search, but they turned out to be ■--.

■

-

9. It may have been about 0530 when SA-was using the NVG and said "I see it!" and
added something about a cobweb that made me notice a cobweb. There was an identical cob
web floating nearby, but floating and flowing down towards the earth. The second was moving
up, but not with a natural flow. That's when I could see a shape, not perfectly outlined, but faint
lights in a perfect formation that moved together (See Image 2). While SA■■■■ was
watching it in the NVG at the same time I saw it with my naked eye. It seemed to be moving up
and slightly side to side. This gave the perception of trying to evade being noticed, or blend into
the stars as it was now more than 20 ft in the air. I could not judge how far away. I tried to look
at a reference point to describe it and looked at a bright light in the distance, which cause my
eyes to adjust differently and I lost the formation of faint lights. When my eyes readjusted, a few
seconds later, I saw the exact formation of faint lights again but at the opposite angle and at the
same height and location (See Image 3). I could not see it much longer as the lights grew fainter.

-

10. We continued to test maneuvering the truck and shining lights to see any movement, but we
could not identify anything. We drove around for a short time while the sun was approaching
sunrise, and drove up the road and hill on the opposite side that the initial sighting was near.
11. Here we noticed the truck location parked by-and the- as a marker for more
investigation at a later time (placed earlier that morning around 0345 at their speculated
sighting). I noted that the tire tracks of this truck led back to the road and location that we saw
the red and white pair of lights at about 0430.
12. I rested from 0700-1030 and then returned to the field ·of the 0430 sighting with the other
agents to look for anomalies.
3
UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 4

UNCLASSIFIED

13. We noted odd scrapes in the ground around a certain plant. This appeared to show that the
particular plant was susceptible to wind, but it was not windy the night before and the dirt
movement looked very sharp and very fresh. The sharp cut in the dirt was symmetrical and
round, but did not always make a full circle. At other times, this exact plant did not have any
similar markings, regardless of size.”

Image 1

I I

White light

lmage2

Ourllne was not deAnlM.
but location of nahts mvecf
In eltaCt formadon.

4
UNCLASSIFIED

## DOW-UAP-D084 — US Army-Flying-Saucer-Study 1949

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D084
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D084
- Agency: Department of War
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Looks like 1949’s biggest mystery was a memo, not a missile.

- DOW-UAP-D084 PDF, DoW, memo dated 22 Mar 1949 by Lt Col Peiainge for Army P&O division.
- Evaluates UFO reports to determine natural or foreign origin, finding no foreign nation implicated.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This file contains an Evaluation Study of the Phenomenon (Flying Saucers) prepared at the request of the Plans & Operations Divisions of the General Staff, U.S. Army (P&O, GSUSA) to determine if the origin could be traced to natural phenomena or the activities of a foreign power.

### Full text

#### Page 3

PLANS A OPERATIONS DIVISION, GSUSA
P&0 350.05 (2 F65 45
x 020Jp
x360
×471.94 Suspense Date:
Date 2ly Feb L9
Reply required by: Bronch
Europaon & Middie Eosti
For Eost 8 Pacific Operations
otin Americon
lecommend
Bronch Chief Dote
Group Chief Datel
Irsonne
xecutive ....!
Depudy Director, AE Hat
Reglstered Documen Deputy Director, PBO
Asst Executive. Pao .. Direcior. P8O
IFille
lote 2h Feb 49
25 FE61949

#### Page 4

TO5
NOTIVNECER
JenbeI CT o4 T ON SuOmwOD
pua unth saJorre ateua ogmurrpJooo AtredoId ttrl ar
sutegaod ar ee regosut goefqns etoun srua do Apnge B eaputy og dt asanber
IOTSTATC 8TLH SEUA S4SOSSnS uI uoRFI TOD
uorarortdut uTeioJ
eaeu Aem uousmoueud srua geua saepce Sartrarssod "pegenteae Araodord LBT
1I TIotn Fesneoeq uout aud sTua ut aseregut goaatp e eaey "rutnotaIed
: UION moureyd Io ed)
EIR OAT

#### Page 7

COVERCSHER AHDENPEAD
COMBINED ROUTING-JNFC
ANSEO
6O550.05 (21 15 29)
150
Subject EvaLuation Stndy or Phertrenon Date Origini
24 Fob 19 P4O to ID
loest I0 Ont No- 2, dtd 7 Nar 49, attaohes Evaluation'study
Ciroulate as indioated, then file in Pao
required by: None IreeutITe Bronch
Commentt
Control
uropeon 8 Middle Eost
For Eost & Pocifi
Americon
North Americon
Joint Wor Plons
Recommend Approval
Advonced Study
Dote
Bronch Chief
dton
Execulive, P80
Rerords
Deputy Director, AE
Deputy Director, P&0
Executive, P80
Director, Pa0
Action by-Lt-Col Peisinger Dispatch
REV IJAN I949 28 MAR 1940

#### Page 8

2S

tN • "60 OUTWOUND DISPATCH D&aK
'

'

Bxecutin Branch,. P&O
Lt Col Peiainge 9
22 Jlarch 1949

uatien etuc:3T wae prepared at request of P&O to determine
varieus report• on thia aubjeot stemmed troa natural phenomena

it
or it the origin could be traced detinitel7 to the actiTitie• ot a
foreign power.
2.

ID ia to keep P&O informed it future developments in thia

field. are at Taria.nce with the en.l.uation placed on this atuqy.

s.

Pm haa been intormed.

4.

ACTION: Circulate a.a indicated. then tile in P&O.

6.

OOORDillATIOlf:

D , P&O(il), Lt Col Dawley. Bxt - 76SOZ.,
KA Branch, Col Goodell, Bxt • 3852,
PID,. Lt Col lq'an. lxt - ?2966

#### Page 11

SCTOT
T
iubnoua et bgoefdo petItaueptun Jo ssJoder Tunaos jo Jegwnu.
-outt eui pure suoottrg Jeuguon otnsowop zo euswoueud trotloto
jord Sutgutnnrot ut posn ere pue stsed
-anstretoode pme setouede JO
at peutetdre
suotandTnseant Sutnuranoo eT avsn eun
poutiop ttom Ausw Kjop uotua sanem gueseIdea-pTnoM
uroroy gonKartrqTssodeun eg ptnoo aeua
ITogor a Jo AaTatgos os etgsangtagay oJn saueprout Aus auua :
4Joddns pTnon yotua eoueptae etarJima ou uoeq
Eulpearodei.oma Atuo levetd
Teouugsut sto ur pus "ozoeger fsepttod :
SUIOqITe JO sROTAEATSsQO peATOAUT BJONGO -suootTsq Jeuarsn otndouAs
BOATOUT TE
(07l ota
WOTE
eua Jo eroun es yons feasttstoeds:
eus unoq Cq perotdce Artnr ere Aataton Jo eoraep epw
EET Ireddst
Pas Jo etluts
HE 9081 Pord EL
IO dnor ITetoede
ueeg eAuy eaup o4 Ctst eunr poTyod Sun Sabofao Sutft3 tensnun
aatonuT on pogJoder saueptout ttu ro suotaalTaseaut petruaed

#### Page 12

N-FILING FORM
,GSUSA
Decimal Classification:

P&O 350.05

(5 Apr 49)

3
t,···X
t,_.,,,..

t,,·
Evaluation Study of Phenomenon
(Flying Saucers)

Subject:

Date:

5 Apr 49

Oi;est:

Action:

•Cmt #1 to D/ID.
"

Reply required by: None

Executive

To:

Branch:

Comments·:
Control

D
D

European 8 Middle East
Far East a Pacific

Operations

□ Latin American •
North American

□ Joint War Plans •
Army War Plans

□

Plans
Policy Planning •
Recommend Approval:

Advanced Study
¾□

□
Records
Implementing
Asst Executive,Pao

□

Dote
Dote

Group Chief
Personnel

□

Branch Chief

Executive Br.

Signed

ocs
REV I JAN 1949

Concur:

(

□
Deputy Dire

0. Deputy Director, Pa O
□ Director, Pa 0

#### Page 13

Executive Br, P&O
Lt Col Peisinger/2944/eb
5 April 1949
MEMOHANDUM J?QR RECORD:
,_

I - ~ ,...- . . ._ _,

1.

ID had submitted, at P&O• s request, a. study of the fiying

saucer phenomenon. This study int:una.ted that of all cases investigated
there was no foreign nation implication in these flying saucers.
2. Mr. Stites, ID, said that they would be glad to ·take action
on this, at the request of P&O.

3. ACTION: Comment #1 to D/ID requesting tJiey verify accuracy of
Mr. Winchell 'sstatement of .3 Apr li9 re flying saucers.

4.

-

COORDINATION:

.

ID - Mr. Stites, Ext 6196

#### Page 14

NWE
. Signed Achon by
REVTJANIS4S OG6 FORM 113 Action Digest: Subject:
Executive Asst Erecutive,P80 Implementing Records Personne Advonced Study Policy Plonning Army Wor Plong Joint Wor Plons North Americgh Lotin Americon For East & Pocific Europeon & Middie Eost Control Reply required byi (rying Hanbere) WILL BE REMOVED OMLY BY TILLS COPT OF COVER SHEET Decimal Clossification
: Diroulate as
AI APR 1949 :: Erelration Study of Phooanonon COMBINED
Doie internotiono Opsrotions PLANSGOF
20 Apr then Dconb.2, 18 Apr 49, mrison twt any chemge in 2e oreluation coutoind in 000.92 20350.05 GApr 19) FIF
file in Dote
Recommend Approvol Comments: Bronch ONS DIVISIO-,GSUSA
Deputy Direcigry Deputy Director, AE Executive,P80 Group Chief Bronch Chief Thi Ape 19 Suspense Doter IN-FILING FORM
TP8D Origin
lspotch Dotel Dote 1200, 26 Apr H9
Idocks, RO to In
Interast

#### Page 15

Executive Br, P&O

Maj J. s. Byrne

91+4/eb

20 Apr h9

MEMOH.Al!DUM FtOR RF:COHD:

1. As a result of a number of CM IN Radios in February 19h9 on
"flying saucerstt, P&O requested ID on 24 Ii'eh 49 to evaluate these
phenomEn-1.a. On 7 11ar 49 ID forwarded the at·tached .=,valuation.

2.

As a result of Walter Winchell's 3 Apr h9 broadcast (summary

in attached Daily Bullet,in), ·the D/F Cmt #1 was sent to ID requesting
verification of the accuracy of the broadcast. D/F Cmt #2 from ID

constitutes the ID answer.

J.

PID not informed.
Circulate as indi.cated, then file in P~i:O.
COORDINA l:ION: Asst Dep Dir P&O (AE) - Lt Col Dawley, Ext 75303
1

5$

- - - - - · - Exec, NA Br - Lt Col Clark, Rxt 7!i676

.

'i •..

j

·'t·,;.

. .

'f

.

'

'

....... ' ...

:

.

.

..,, .,

""~

## DOW-UAP-D085 — Transmission-of-CIA-Scientific-Advisory-Panel-Rept 1953

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D085
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D085
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1953
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 1953 panel sent a report; at least the year got declassified.

- DOW-UAP-D085, Department of War PDF, incident 1953, CIA Scientific Panel report to Secretary of Defense
- Contains CIA’s 1953 Scientific Panel analysis of unidentified flying objects
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This file contains a copy of the CIA's 1953 "Report of the Scientific Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects" that was sent to the Secretary of Defense.

### Full text

#### Page 6

22816 MN
570828
CALISST7930
Tue ouont os sretv ostes ponujquoo cq pet Pupeq ro rosurep oun enrodos
quvaeraday dq uotvojunmod 2o stouuyo jo Pupsoto on cetdur av airo on
orartod Apoq eu
HT atneea fyowns snotavd osou ut sbop vuewouond esons.
2o Purssodea us uo erevqcms yonurqucd ena ab t
andoouos orarauoros anedmo go vo turaas sus do.
roo v dnonr uomouoqd on eouoprao ou y o a p sgos
moaworpur uorn seevo yo wnnprnog ou or Doua sus oaorteq rwars os
Purdrr persjauepran wo poguasard oouopras oua swus e
5
29S1 2T uup
SHONPGO DNIITA CATAIANNCIEN
NO
Tab

#### Page 7

Z2016 MN
Trepuy 8 77
A D //
suotnorpur nis on uojaovo gdnad pus lo o yantvao su so erouuyo
Twotuy 3 Doueprad jo xort regon on arrand aus oaoved o4 pojuop
eudond os poudjeop worvonpe itqnd pa upuyag eounyrtoaut o
Ipearuboe
Areqvonaao n saey soqe Aroantn o eanv ous yu noap uosq eaey
Aoua snssas Turooda ous yo etoof o Susetx potaraueppun eua djaas oa
on pevnrr axodup auwajnobuoo ow exrwjutw oq pue uotnnv olianoy 2o
Tuwu Prqow v jo uowat ow pu oo etrtoy o soT

## DOW-UAP-D086 — USNavy-Report-of-Flying-Discs 1948

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D086
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D086
- Agency: Department of War
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

In 1948 they warned about flying discs, not complaining about missing frisbees.

- Memorandum, Commandant 5th Naval District, 1948, US Navy, Department of War
- Requests naval stations report flying‑disc incidents to nearest Air Force command and Naval District Intelligence Office
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a memorandum from the Commandant of the 5th Naval District, and it cites a memorandum related to "flying discs" from the Chief of Naval Operations. The memorandum requests that naval stations report incidents to the nearest Air Force command and to the Naval District Intelligence Office.

### Full text

#### Page 2

CONFIDENTIAL Inte
HEADQUARTERS FIFTH NAVAL DISTRICT
Norfolk 1l, Virginia
Refer to: O
ND5(32)/VZ1
Serial 0430
13 Deo 19/8 H Monr Col&y Chiif
CONFIDENTIAL
From: To: Activities Indicated in Distribution List Commandant, Fifth Naval District Col Thomprong
Subj: "Flying Discs" - Report of
Ref: (a) CNO Conf 1tr Op-322v Pl6-3/QN, Serial Ollh22P32, dtd 4 November
1948
l. Reference (a) is quoted herewith for information and compliance:
" From: Chief of Naval Operations.
To: Commandants, All Naval Districts.
SUBJECT: "Flying Discs" - Report of
1. The Director of Intelligence, U.S. Air Force has informed
the Navy Department that a cycle of reappearance of "Flying Discs" is be-
coming apparent, and that the beginning of a new intervsl is imninent.
They have requested that any such sightings be reportcd as quickly as
possible, and that these phenomene be investigated. 000
2. It is requested, therefore, that all stations be directed
to report to the nearest Air Force command and to the Naval District
Intelligence Office any reported sighting of "Flying Discs" or other 0
unidentified eerial objects. It is desired, elso, that photographie
evidence of the phenomene be obtained whenever possible.
3. DIO's will forward such information to the Chief of Navel
Intelligence who will pess the information to the Dircetor of Intelligenec
U. S. Air Force by the festest moans.
s/ Thos. B. Inglis
THOS. B. INGLIS
Bv direction"
s/ R. C. Hudson
R. C. HUDSON
CHIEF OF STAFF 12
CONFIDENTIAL
Distribution List (Rev. 7/1/48) PYB
List 1A (only 1, 3, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 36,
58, 60, 62) 1 copy cach.
2A (only 1, 3, 4, 16) 1 copy each. 60
3A (only 5, 6, 13, 34, 35, 63, 644, 66)1 copy each.
6A l copy cech.
7A (only 1, 2, 10. 20) 1 copy eech.
85 copies.
CONFIDENTIAL
AG
12
INW 912115
Doel81:047462691 .

## DOW-UAP-D087 — U.S. Air Force Analysis of Flying Objects in the United States, 1-100

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D087
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D087
- Agency: Department of War
- Location: United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 1948 Lovelock blast proved even paperwork can go up in smoke.

- DOW-UAP-D087, Department of War, 1947‑1948, United States analysis of flying objects.
- Reports an object exploded at 1,200‑1,300 ft near Lovelock, Nevada, and a fireball over Texas.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Includes a "Check-List - Unidentified Flying Objects" that contains details about the incident. Many summaries also include witness lists or statements and other narrative reports or descriptions.

### AI summary

This document is a U.S. Air Force analysis of unidentified flying objects, part of the DOW-UAP-D087 series, dated between 1947 and 1948. It includes checklists and reports of incidents, such as an object exploding at 1,200 to 1,300 feet near Lovelock, Nevada, and a fireball seen in Texas. The document records observations from pilots, motorists, and others, noting details like altitude, speed, and appearance. It also mentions objects with tails, spinning motion, and bright lights, but no conclusive identification. The reports were compiled from various sources, including airport control towers and local press.

### Full text

#### Page 233

On 6 ait, 1~7 111 !J lnc 1 or: ..en, llt , to ~ n cr. ~1ty, l.o. et
10 <XX> !t h. a 1-2 ollot r.otic;d ti r bri t obJ ct low
1

l:5P. t : ~m

1~ . !"4 l! f1 st
Aft r cbccklnc hit

or

r tank .
t (f"\cto,...d
I!
1:got cma dl
o
if l
o!' th o
30-50 f e t
•

n:.t, or 1p d (
to turn into

t

C

it, it

:'JU.

-

t

t.
in

er.
cn11~ie.ail"e •

D 'T'OUod,

a t.r

..
1.c,:O !t.
th
free

to'r:

or. .e
4hc

#### Page 246

,(
r
C~K-LIST

-

UNIDENTIFIED FUING OBJEC'IS

Incident #96

1.

Date

30 Dec 19L~7

2.

Time

19'25 PST

3.

Location

30 miles west of Lovelock, Nevada

4.

Name of observer

5.

~cu.pat.ion of (}:)server

6.

Address of Observer

7.

Pl...!ce of Observation

8.

Number of objects

9.

Distance of object from observer

10.

Ti.me in sight

ll.

~~~b.tgei300 feet above ground

12.

Speed

13.

Direction of flight :

l.4.

Tactics

None

15.

Sound

N/S

16.

Size

N/S

17.

Color

N/s

18.

Sbap e

N/S

19.

O:ior detected

20.

Apparent construction

21.

Exhaust trails

N/S

22 .

Weather conditions

N/S

23.

Effect on clouds

N/S

24.

Sketches or photographs

None

25 .

M:lnner of disappearance

Exploded

26.

Remarks :

(motorist on U. S. Highway #40)

N/S
N/S
N/S

l

N/S

N/S

N/S
N/S

;

(over)

N/S
N/S

#### Page 247

..

(

' 1cident 96

The Fairfield Control Tower obtained a r eport at approx:ilnstezy 2300 EST

30 Dec 47 from Hamilton Fld F:Li€ht Control, that a motorist on U. s . Highway
#40, 30 miles west of Lovelock, Nevada , (approxirnatezy 39e> 53 1 N, lJ.SC> 53' ff)
had seen an object explode in the air at a height of 1200 to 1300 feet .
Time : 1926. (Would appear to be connedted With Incidents 94, 95 and 97• )

..

#### Page 248

..

·-

,.. J

CHECK- LIST

UNIDENI'IFIED FLITNG OBJECTS

Incident

1.

Date

30 Dec 47

Time

1925 fuT

Location

Between Medford, Oregon & Mt Shasta, Calif

Name of observer

N/S

(United Airline Flight #191)

Occupation of observer

Pilot on Flight #191 (as above)

Address of observer

N/S

Pl.ace of observation

Ch ai.. rways between Medford, Oregon & Mt Shas~

g.

Number of objects 1

9.

Distance of object from observer

10.

Time

11.

Altitude

N/S

12 .

Speed

N/S

in sight

N/S

Tactics

N/S

Sound

N/S

Size

N/S

Color

N/S

J..S.

Shape

N/S

19.

Odor detected

N/S

20.

Ap:fS rent construction

21.

Exhaust trails

22.

Weather conditions

23.

Effect on clcuds

26.

N/S

N/S
N/S
N/S

Sketches or photographs

None

Manner of disappearance

N/S

Remarks :

(over)

N/S

N/S

Direction of flight

J.6.

#97

- saw flash - presumably an explosion

#### Page 249

•
Incident

#97

The Fairfield Control Tower obtained a report from cakland Airport
Flight Control (CAA) at approximate]y 2315 PST, 30 Dec 1947 that
United Airlines Flight 19 proceeding on airways between Medford, Oregon,
and Mt Shasta, observed a flash at 19'25 PST just north 0£ their position.
See Incidents 94,

95 & 96

#### Page 250

CHECK LIST

- UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJEC'.IS
Incident:

l.

Date

2 Nov 1947.

2.

Time

Just before break of day

Location

Anderson Road., Houston, Texas

Name of observer

Mr & :Mrs El.mer L. Bri.mberiy

6.

#98

Occupation of observer

Employe of Immigration Svc., Dept of Justice

Address of Observer

Anderson Road, Houston, Te:xas

Fl.ace of observation

Their home

Number of objects

l

Distance of object from observer

N/S

10.

Time in sight

N/S

n.

Altitude

N/S

12.

Speed

N/S

13.

Direction of .flight

Downward

]4.

Tactics

tlspinningll

15 .

Sound

N/S

16.

Size

26 to 30 inches in diameter

17.

Color

Fire-colored

18.

Shape

Round

19.

Odor detected

N/S

20.

Apparent construction

Fireball

21.

Exhaust tra:i. ls

N/S

22.

ileather c onditiona

N/S

23 .

Effect on clouds

N/S

24.

Sketches or photographs

None

25.

J,!anner of disappearance

Suddenly "went out 11 just before it reached earth.

26 .

Remarks

(over)

(It appeared to fall in a field adjacent to
their residence)

Tail of approximately 20 feet in length
which appeared to diminish as it approached
the ground

#### Page 251

•
Incident :

#98

Incident occurred just before break of day. Object appeared to .Mrs Brimberry
as a large round ball of fire about 26 to 30 inches in diameter with a
11
tai l 11 of approximately 20 feet in length. This 11 tai111 seerood to diminish as
it approached the ground. It appeared to have sudde~ llgone out 11 just
before it reached the earth. It possibly could have hit the ground a great
distance away but it seemed to have landed in the open vacant field adjacent
the house . This field is about 18 acres in area . Mr Brimberry descr~bed
the object as being "almost round, maybe a little oval or saucer -shaped
and giving off a bright light. It appeared to be spinning. He did not see
the tail when he observed the object.
Incident occu:r-red just before sun- up ai.d it was pretty light outside.

#### Page 252

·

K- LI~>'!'

-

U ,IDENTIFIED FL.

OBJECTS

Incident :
l.

Date

,.

3 Jan 19!$

Time

N/S

Location

Helsinki, Finland

- ...... .......,,,

ft99

. .__

~

Artile taken from Helsinki Fress, 10th Jan !$

lJame of observer

Finland (USLUIATI'ACHE AJ,!UGATION Helsinki, Findl.ad

6.

Occupati: m of observer

N/S

Address of Observer

Helsinki, Finland

Place of observation

Vaasa , Finland

Number of objects

1

9.

Distance of object from observer

10.

Time in sL 4 ht

30 seconds

11.

Altitude

N/S

J2 .

Speed

N/S

13.

Direction of flight

14.

Tactics

N/S

15 .

Sound

N/S

16.

Size

N/S

17. -

Color

"shining"

l.S.

Shape

N/S

19.

Odor detected

N/S

20.

Apr~rent construction

21.

Exhaust trail:!

22 .

Weather conditions

N/S

23.

Effect on clouds

N/S

24.

Sketches or photographs

None

25

11anner of disappearance N/S

26.

Remarks :
Helsinki press 10th Jan 4S reported observation of light
phenomenon vicinity Vaasa 3 Jan. A brightly shining object with a long t.lil
was observed moving \v-es
. ~ ,.~~:\-h;l..: for 30 seconds .
ft-U ..
I
~ - / ~2 ~d
. ,r";l,,.. ~l!J • ·-

N/S

West to Fast

N/8

Long tail

#### Page 253

..
. .CHECK- LIST
1.

Date
Time
Location

6.

-,~

~~G OBJECTS

- UNIDENTIFilID

5 Jan 191$

Incident~

Helsinki Finland

(Military Attache was official sou.roe
of information)

Name of observer

N/S

Occupation of observer

N/S

Address of observer

N/S

Place of ooservation

Pietarsaari, F.i.nl.emd

Nwnber of objects

1

Distance of object from observer
10.

Time in sight

ll.

Altitude

N/S

12.

Speed

N/S

100

I'

N/S

10 seconds

Direction of flight

North to South

Tactics

N/S

Sound

N/S

16.

Size

N/S

17.

Color

Shining

18.

Shape

N/S

19.

01or detected

N/S

20.

Apparent construction

21.

Exhaust trails

22.

Vfeather conditions

N/S

23.

Effect on clouds

N/S

Sketches or photographs

None

Manner of disappearance

N/S

N/S

Grey streaks were Je ft ,in the sky.

26.
Remar ks~ A shining object was seen near Pietarsaari on 5th Jan 191$ vrhi.ch
was observed for 10 seconds . It was goir.g from north to south. Eyewitnesses state
flames were ejected and grey streaks le.ft in the sky.

## DOW-UAP-D088 — U.S. Air Force Analysis of Flying Objects in the United States, 101-172

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D088
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D088
- Agency: Department of War
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the moon’s orbit got a traffic report from that February fireball.

- DOW-UAP-D088: U.S. Air Force analysis, Feb 18 1948, Norton, Kansas
- Reports eastward “ball of fire” with vapor trail, blue‑white smoke, then exploded or vanished
- Possible meteor or rocket; no definitive determination in the file

### Official summary

Includes a "Check-List - Unidentified Flying Objects" that contains details about the incident. Many summaries also include witness lists or statements and other narrative reports or descriptions.

### Full text

#### Page 2

'
ED F'L 'Ji-; OBJ~TS
l.

L'b t

3;

l..o

5.

Oc cupati on o f obqo rvor

"•

.-id r ::s of o l' c o r vo r

7,

Pl a c

18 Febnlary 1948

i cn

101

1 oroatur, ~.,...

F.di tor

Horton, K

of ob~ r ~ t i on

10 .

Ti.,o in c i ·ht

11 .

,di. tt udo

l~ .

S pood

su

or catur , Kan

s

N/s

30 - }5 mi.loo above earth

N/S

.., ,, ir 'i One b ~
16.

c:; 11; 0

17 .

Col er

l'; .

O<ior d ot votod

'C .

.. p ph r unt

r l.

ErJuu.a:; t t r 11s

explosion - "a!t.erwarde a lot ot little explonons"

N/S
Bluuh""'ft'hite smoke smw i e

N/ ,">

r.ons r ur.t1,.n

Meteor

_.,..

:On-t.hur conditi on s

14

Blu1ah-,.if tt e:ooke smudge

r.

/S

r

t o:. c loud s U/ S

23 .

Eff

24 .

Sk ot ch •s or pt t or r .. pts Photo of vapor trail left in sky by 8xPlcs1oo

?5 .

Monn1J r of disn pp,Jor nnco

20 .

Romn r ks : Oscar Monni&, of the Tex 8.8 Observnre, JDB.teur As tronomy, 1010
Monunl81de Dr1Te, rt. orti1 , of f ers "tanpble proot th at u, fir· ball

Disintecrat1oo

r

-I

#### Page 3

.,

..
-·

•

of February 18 over ncrtt.ern l\ansas was just t.hat, inasrmch as meteorites
have been recovered tron i t. 11 Thore were found , be(;ir nine 1.prU 211, first

sever al su.lla fra..,-en:.s JJ) to ore of 4 1/2 pounds . Then a disturl ed
spot in a clover f'ield led to "the di i:giI1e up of a r i PC& of so e 109 po\l1llls
e edded about two feet in the soil. The st.one i s nhat is tenred aa an
"achondrite", a technical name f or an unusual cy-pe or stony m teorite.
It is reported t o be of a tYJ
hi ch will detAriora~a rapidly.

A p otorrHph or t r e trail of the meteor, r:l.'.lde by amateur p.otor,r ~her
Duane ,I. ~"fr117 of Nortor , shows tho vapor tridl left in the sky by t.he
exploaiol"'l of a ~eteor whi ch wa s secl'I 1r Oklahooa, t,ew -exic o, Colorado ,
Kansas, ard uebr .,~ka . It wu m:.de at. uray 1 s },oae, ni.Je mil,-.s rort·1 or
Norton , jlPt tour r.,inutes after the
teer XJ loded . A ~r:n.cce of blue ­
wliite smoktio remained in the sky £or an hour 1' ebruary Wth . '!'his pboto ­
craph is in tile under lri i ent '1101 .
Furthe r r emarke are contained in supplemen t .

#### Page 4

r

(COPY)

323 W. Ton1,h

t.,

Pueblo, Colorado
February 20, 1948

Uffi<•e of the Chief of J tnff

u. . ~rrr:,
,ash.in

n, D. C.

S1Jbject:

l si ,, in the sky near l!orcntur, ..ans.
L:00 p. n . ('",T) February lt, 19l,it

Purpose:

peculiarities
To call at.ten ti.on t.o so
in connection, whe her coincid ntal er not

AccordinG to 'Vl AP bulletin appeari"' 1n the Pueblo CHIEFTAIN
for Fehruary US , 19116, sone ohj ect was seeu moving eastward
across the sky or tt-.n late artemoon of 1" bruary IBth, ard
en this UiinG re'lcl ed a po:iition ap1,roxi.mate to l!orcatur ,
Kansas, c:xploded , or disrupted, or disappeared. The ex­
plosion is said t.o ha· e been terrific.
Dir,..ction:i gi.vi::n as to •he prccress or tJ is appearance i n­
rticate Unt it rii< ved from west to east.
Information con ,ained in t,hc dispatch under a Denver dateline
in1i ·ate that
ile mar,y would call this object a bolide e . , . , expl din meteor - the astronomP.rs of Chamberlin
Vbservator y (iJenvor) did not so assess it : it is said in
U e dispatch that t se offic1al• could offer no explanation
of it.
If this 1.s t
ca· e, the a ;:,para.nee is anomalous , a nd may lend
1 tseli to other meteoric expla nation .
A sb tch~iaGJ"Bm of t ~ earth and moon I s orbit reveals a pe ­
culiarity in coMcction wi tt thP appearance , 1'hich may be
&1E;nJ.ficant .
Ir a line i s s •r icken r..it r ight- anrl"'s 'lcross the meridio"'a.l
position o r the s:ite of expl "'sion r this oeteor at hour
argl • fo •ir o'clock (local time) and t ds line be con::idered
the west- to-eai:;t cours of thP object, tten it will bo St en
t 1at if • iB line i .. c !'It n' d
tward ir to 'lpace toward t.ho
orbit of t t e moon it will intersect the lunar orbit at a
pla
nPar to wt re the moon would be at fron 60 to one huncir ed
h urs after the explosion t .,ok } lace.

Uew moon occ11rrud at 9 0 10 H 2 U Februarn First uurt er
at 1 7D 'H . F'e' ruary - the noon ciov s -i1 I r ox1111ately
12. 5 do r rees per d::i:• alon 1~ its orbit.

#### Page 5

-

-- - ----•~ ----It is held by rocketry experts (example, WILLY LEY - see
his ROCKE'IS, p. 192, diagram and note in c onne c tion there­
with) that it wol,ll.d take about 100 hours f or a rocket-craf t
to negotiate the di stance from Earth to Moon.
Prior to its ~xplosion over Norcatur, this object of Feb.
18th was variously reported as a "falling plane", a " jet
plane", and a ''ball of fire 11 • It is said by some to have
l eft a trail of smoke behind it.
It is the suggestion of this writer that the Army collect

am assimilate reports on this obj ect , with a view t o

determining where it was seen as an object trailint: smoke
and llhe re as a ball of f ire.
If this thing is a r ocket of some kind headed fo r the moon,

it might first have been seen as a streak of s r.oke, then
later as a ball of fire , and las tly as a tremendous ex­
plosion when it at last reached sufficient speed and eleva­
tion for take-off .
The writer has in mind the various and unexplained r e1.,orts
on "!lying saucers", and bases this speculation upon a
lonb c onsideration of various oddments of reports whose
significance might be of epace-craf t f r om other worlds of
space.
The so- called "meteori c procession" which crossed Tor on t o
in February 1913, consisted of a number of u oups or
illimunated bodies traveling in v oups of thre e an:l moving
in "rigid formation", all pursuing a course acr oss the
same streak of the earth's surface . J.r a line is proj ected
backward along ·t his line of fli ght it will be seen that
this line "comes out" at the position of the moon at the
time . The 1913 phenomenon occ urred in the mid-period of
a series of reports on dirigible aircraft of appearance
like zeppelins which were seen over :&, gland an:i whos e
appearance terminated - or reports on the appearances
stopped - j ust prior to the inferior conjt.mc tion of Venus
of April 24, 19 13 .
The writer begs to call attention to the f act that the
times prior to and just after inferior conjunction of Venus
are prolific in r eports of stran ge t hin gs seen i n the sky.
Also t }at lights have been r eported on t he moon from time
to time, back f or at l east a century.
Ir in thr future of mil itary experiment the moon is selected
as a base for the launching of r ockets (which has been
sugges ted by some writers), it may be wel l to look first

2

#### Page 6

into reports like this one on the explosion over Norcatur
and the direction of the object involved.
There is a possibility, however remote this may seem, that
the moon is either inhabited or in use by other than human
beings.
tours,
/s/ NoRMAN GARRETT MARKHAM
It may do not harm to
watch the moon for
possible arrival of
this thing in the quarter
at 8o to l00 nours after
s "its Departure".
NGM
3.

#### Page 7

... ( COPY)

.I.larch 14, 1948
FILE REF: - SIGGE-U-1
From:

Norman G. Uarkham
MAIN HOT£L, Pueblo, Colo

To:

Chief ~ignal Of fic er
U. s . Army, ,ashington, D. C•

•

Subject:

Norcatur , ~s., sky explosion
of lS February, 1946

Purpos-e:

To shc,,r a speculation regard­
ing tho above phenomenon and
another one of earlier date
and to call attention to
occurrences between the two
which have an appearance of
relationship whether coinci­
dental or not.

'

The geographical position of the Norcatur explosion s uggests poss ible
with other occurrences happening inside latitooinal limits arbitrarily
demarkable between 43 ° 36 1 North (which is the lati tooe of Ooise, Idaho)
and 36° 10 1 North ( the lati tu:ie of Nashville, Tenn.)., a belt about 485
miles wide.
linka.!;8

'lbis suegestion is gained from positions given for occurrences
happening between June 24., 1947 and February 18 , 1948, as s hall be
hereinaft er briefly described,

THE OOISE (Idaho) OBJECT- This was seen either beginnin{.! or ending at 330 pm
It was in the western sky,
was of comet-li~ appearance, and settled gradually toward the horizon ae
planetary bodiea set. It was seen bo.r Lt. Gov. Whitehead •u )j Chief Jus tice
Lartpert. Its nature was unknmm .

24 June 1947 am was visible for 20 minutes.

The peculiarity which connects this object, for speculative purposes, with
the explosion of some unknown object over 1~orcatur, Kans ., on 18 l!'ebruary
1948 is the seeming of a relationship between the positions of the moon for
the two phenomena:

In the form2r case the moon was at the date of phenomenon, about 7%, 63
before the positionof First Quart er; on the second case i t was about 8%. 73
beyotxi the position of first quarter.
Since the Boise object was visible for 20 minutes be fore it sank this
argues it was about ten deil"ees a bove the horizon when fi?1J t seen. Now
if a line be dra1'l'l westward and at ten degrees zenithward from the

l

\

: ,

"

#### Page 8

horizon of Boise at 3:30 p . m. and another l ine be dra"'ft'll from tbe position
of the o oon a t one hundred hours before the s ighting of the Boise object,
and projected to t he center of the earth, it will be seen that this ten ­
degrees-altitude and the moon-earth line intersect as a place tar above
a geographical position considerably to the west of Cape Bla11ce, in the
neighborhoodof about 700 miles off the coast.
The Boise object in its appearance suggests a rocket-type ar craft possibly
using r eaction blasts to brake itself down for a landing on the earth.
The brig"lt point and plumy tail of the de scription suggest this, as also
its apparent fixity in space.
HOLLE ' S 11 SHIP Ir F1J\MES " -

Nine days after the siehting of the Boise
object a forest lookout named F..arl Holle saw at o r soon after 4:00 p . m. ,
3rd July, 1 ,47, something he took to be a "tanker in flame s" . This was
seen horizon -ward f r om a point 1n Sonoma Gounty, Cali fornia , n ear to Fort
Roos . A search waR inst:!. w ted by the Navy or Coast Guard, and nothing was
foum . Tho s ov;et tanker ELBRUZ , w'1idl had been in t.he vicinity, was
quer i.ed a rd found to b~ all right. This was not explained.

Ir this apperance had been on the hor izon, there is no telling how far
it may have been from the observer .

CAPE MENDOCINO BLDAP H'CIDENT - Hot far from the l ocati on of Holle 's
" burnini; ship" an accident occurred to a navy blimp, 14 July 1947, off Cape
t,1 endocino.
This blimp soodenly settled into the water , slipped out its crew and rose
ai;ain .
anoMaly here is that one would not expect to find drastic do'Tm-<:lrafts
of such violence as to thus upset a lighter than air craft. Possibly a
dovmdr :ift a ccounted ror t ~ accident - but if the Signal Officer will look
up the incident of the British steamer Talma w',ich, at the time of the
sighting of a luminous wheel- like phenomenon in the Gulf of Llartaban,
reported a s lowin r: of the engines from some unknO\m cause, it may be seen
that possibly forces are ,-:enerated in son:e manner by certain unk11own
ohjects at time s in t he or ean, whi ch may have physical attraction for
materj al objects . 1'1is blimp ace idP.nt occurring in waters where occnrred
othP r phenomena shortly to be mentioned, seems to have a doubtful side
t.o it.
'1110

TI 1E OAKIAIID ODJ"EX;T - !!.arly on the mor ninc; of 13th Octob 0 r, 1947, a
photographer named Hen Dobus togehter with a taxidriver named A. J.
Goldman saw a thing "that looke d like Saturn with a rinc around it."
lt shot at terrific speed WEST,7AfID across the sky of the Bay area, anci was
seen shortly after midnight .

2

#### Page 9

This may have been heading in the general direction of what may ha ve been
the goal of two later objects which r oughly resemble it in descripti on.
THE TICOODEROGA OBJEC'IS - According to the tanker Ticonderoga's
secom officer, two "nyinc discs " were seen heading SOU'IHWE:3T when the
ship was in 43 degrees fifteen minutes north and 124 degrees 54 minutes
west, at 0620 GCT, 12th November 1947.

These may have been heading f or the object seen in the Pacific off the
Golden Gate, not long afterward - or possibly at the same time, if earlier
reports on this are consulted.
•
On November 24, 1947, the Navy denied that it had
found a phantom reef or other obstruction to navigation at a point about
4oO miles west of San Francisco. TM Navay Survey ship MAURY, s ent out
there in r esponse to reports of ships that s ome hugh object had been
seen in the water in tha t neighborhood , reported that when in the
approximate 1 titude and long:1.tu:ie of the supposed obstruction they
picked up an echo from soll8thing in the wa+.er 16oo yards f rom the
ship; but that Tfhen they had steamed to within 4oo yards of thi s, the
echo vanished.

.THE PHAN'IOM REEF -

There seems a possible connectability between the various elements so
tar considered.
Later on January 7, 194.S, there were occurrences in the neighborhood o!
\filmington, o ., Ft. Knox, Ky., Franklin, Ky., am Nashville , Tenn., all of
which must be now familiar to the archivists of the Signal Office.
Something like a "fl¥ing disc" was pursued by one Lt. Mantell arrl two
other pilots, ~antel being killed while in the process of att emptin g to
gain altitooe to get close to whatever it was he was chasing.
Also, in this connection , it may not be amiss to mention the deaths of
two military officer& ,mo were said to have been bringing back material
evidence from "flying discs" one of which was said to have met with some kind
of accident over .14aury Island, Puget Sound, around June, 1947.
It Will be seen on inspection that the geographical locales of these
incidents fit inside the belt of latitu:ies hereinbefore mentioned.
'mE NORCATUR EXPLOSION was described in a previous letter of this
writer, an:i it was shown in that letter that a line tangential to the
meridian of Norcatur, Kans ., at hour-angle 2:20 p.m., would if con­
tinued outward into space to the orbit of the moon , intersect the
moon's orbit at a point where the moon would have been at about 100
hours after the time of the explosion.

Accordin g to r ocketry theory, it would take a reaction-propelled
craft of the rocket type about 100 hours to reach the moon.

!

p

#### Page 10

,

..

! sub,i. t there is n likelihood t.hn t. on .J1u11,1 2!,, 19!17, ~:mn,•thini; like a
sp:ic c-sl i• ca• , l •~e fr om the r10011 and 1won Februar:· 1g, 19hS, returned
to • hP. J'!IOnn .

'M1is is of ~

r.;n spcculill.i 'ln .

8•11. has ., nyone :,,,t, cxplatnel t.ho '1 fl·:int; disc:. 11 in ter1:1s of all th~
p1•etty-well proven fa<" ts in conuccti on vrith t.t,om?
lla!l an·,one vet devised .s fuel powurful enough t o k~ck , r ocket !"rom
l.o !.!0011?

,-.1rt!. to

Th"'re la·~ beer hw lreus o!." reports, durlnc the pnst century, on
oc~ 1rr,•nces which implv this world is visited from outside space.
Alis, nee ,,f c..r1tact hy these po11tul-itahle visiting entiti,•s ma.v imply a
st.ate of C)t lt.urt? frir beyond ours, to the point ffh(?l'e it wo11 l.d be inP.X­
pediPn t. !'or th.,i r ·.,.obers to han. to do "ith us en-r.iasse.
lhese reports hive na vPr Ileen seriously considered by science, wh ich
in general il?)'lore~ them .
Howevr•r , acco!'dir,1 .o Dr . Rocr.t of Chamborlin Obsnrvatory , Jenver, there
is not ,int ir. astr or~or.iy to expl ain the thing which expl oded over Norcatur.
Jr . Ninin11 e r 1 s idea that t.he thint wa~ a meteor fl:ltly di3rei:;ards Dr. Rocht ' s
opinion, wl it-h may have been based on the Jknver losts • statement that a
nver ll'l"l'11.n saw t..he "orc:itur object twenty rninutes before the eXt,losion
occurred.
I sub, .l t th·,t the rmy needs men who are capable or r ecoenizing Un anomalies
beforeri,•n ti oMd when they OC" ur , even if only to aid in s ecula tion r egarding
tnm .
The und,-rslrned off~rs his ser Jices to +.J1at erd, if t.he Arr,y may wish to
avail itself of tl·em.

/s/

4

N.

r.. rtARKJ.IAM

#### Page 11

a ,a

Excerpt of letter dated April 11, 1948 from Dr. Lincoln LaPu, Director,
Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New
Mexico, to the Deputy Executive Director, Committee on Geophys ical
Science~, Research and Development Board:
Thank you for the surprising documents sent roe under date of March
As you remark, certain aspects of Markham's letters a re fantastic
(for example: (1) the fir~ball procession of 1913 , February 9, waa
genuinely meteoric, although a rare type of chain fall; (2) no astronomer
could take seriously Markham's 11 invasion by beings from Venus or the Moon"­
theory: <,) he appeals to, and biases in his favor, such untrustworthy
evidence as newspaper stories, e.g., the absurd statement a ttributed to
Dr. Rocht of the Chamberlin Observatory) . Nevertheless, Markham is justi­
fied in calling attention to certain incidents as tD1explained, for example,
the 11 flyin 6 lenses" (in my opinion 99% hoax and imagination and 1% r eal).
3().

As r egards the Norcatur, Kansas incident, I remain convinced t hat,
like the Four Corners incident, it was a genuine meteorite fall, although
one of exceptional size (again like the Four Corners f all ) . Hovrever,
there are many curious aspects of bot h these falls, some of an objective
nature, like the singular fact that in spite of intensive searches (ad­
mittedly tmder bad terrain a nd weather conditions), not a t race of meteoritic
material has so far been found; some of a non-objective nature, like the
amazing testimony given by Mr . Leland Sammons, Mr. Alfred Gle:m , . and other
witnesses of the Norcatur incident, both to members of the State H1gtiway
Commiss ion of Kansas and to l nstitute of Meteoritics field survey parties.
(See exhibits A, B, am C enclosed.)

.

Some comment on such testimony as appears in 1i.,B, and C would seem
desirable:
1 . Glenn first reported the battery case as red hot. hhen I pointed
out that the pa·'er on it was not charred, his account was changed to
"too hot to handle". The Institute of Meteoritics party found only two
men, not four, who saw the battery case fall. The battery case '1as been
examined by Dr. 11ictor Regener, Department of Physics, University or
New "'exico, who stat.es that it appears to be identical witn the small
batteries used in portable radios.
2. K. Hays ' identification of the Norcatur object as a rocket has
the following support: On the morning of February 19, I talked to the
to,rer man and two assistants at the Air Base at McCook Field, Neb!'aska.
All three denied the Norcatur object was a fireball and described it as
a filack object with an extremely bright jet of flame pouring out of t he
rear. Furthermore, a l h-year old, and presumably unbiased, schoolgirl
in Oberlin, Kansas wrote me a similar description of the "Fireball."

l

#### Page 12

3.

A detonnined ettort is umer way to chock up on Sammons ' veracity
( and sanity!) I hove neither seen nor talknd to -'aMnOna, but another Qlllber

or he Institute of J.lcteoritics pnrty (Dr . D. M. Gragg, an Instructor in the
e po "t.l'tent or Mathematics) l'mO did so believes Samons (who is a well- to-do
!armor ) to be sincere am very b~ly scared . Or course nearness to a bi&
111eteor1te fall would scare one as b:id~ as an atom bomb; but •1ow could i t
produce such tes timony as

The 11 mP.te

morns" .

itic" incidents fr

the great fall ot 1~5,

>veraber 29

(from "1i i ch no meteorites have been recover ed eithP.r !) throuih tho sequonce
of ai ilar falls culminating in the Four Com~rs and ' lorcatur inci~ents,
coupled With ., uch t incs as the Ussuri incident, convince me that ei. t 11er
t 1.3 earth 1:; unrfer a rro--• nusual cosmic bombardNnt or t"18TIY ot the
fire balls are not meteorites at all.

While I still cling to the 1D1Jteoritic

h:,pothes1!1, it is clear that which evP-r Alternat ive is tie ri,1lt one, t he
situation c-ries alou::t for thoroll(;h i nvestigation.

..

#### Page 13

EXHIRIT B
Statement taken from Leland Saemons
My name is Leland vanmons, and i live on a farm l4 mil s west of Stockton
and l mile north, off I 2h.
east of my house, when I heard the pheasants raising a disturbance and the On Fehruary 18 at about 5 i.l., I was standing near my hog-pen about 100t
to see what was causing it and saw something hovering just above the house. chickens all ishe ! to the chicken-house. I looked round toward the house
and settled toward the round. I wa then very near it, approximately 6' I ran towardthe house, and it then lowered over the north end of the house
when it stopped about level with my face, and just wobbled a ound for an instant, fire belching out of it and suckin back in. The thing was about
back of it, and once as it wobbled around, the pipe was sticking right at 4' long, shaped something like a funnel. There was a pipe sticking out the
my belly. Suddenly there vas a lot of sparks showered from it, and the fire increased as if a fuse might have lighted, and it took off in a north-westerly
ran out where i stood, and we watched it go, leaving a trail of smoke all the direction very fast, gaining altitude as it went. My wife heard it leave and
way. Sudde: ly there was a great cloud of smoke in the sky, not more than Lo seconds after it left my yard, and in a few seconds or more, we heard an
was five steps. les, it was hot, i could feel the hear from it. Had I not explosion. I then stepped off from my house to where it had been, and it
have been a bare spot in the yard where the thing started up because there was been washing my car prior to the occurrence, wetting the ground, there would
a great rush of fire from it when it left. It must have been quite high when it exyloded.
- -- - - -- - -
of K-60, south side of highway. At about 5 to 5:3o P.M., not sure of time, Kenneth "ays, Son of Floyd Hays, l4 miles east of Norton on US 36, at the Jct.
was riding his horse in a pasture, when he heard something queer in the sky. Looking up to the south-west, he saw what appeared to him to be a rocket,
jumped off the horse. Fe then remounted, watched its course, almost on just like he had seen during the war in Europe. It startled him, and he
of smoke, apparently over Norton, from where he was, south of Frairie View. a level but losing altitude a lit tle, and it then exploded with a big cloud
reached him. Mrs. Hays was home in the house, when s he heard and felt something He rode on toward home a ways, when suddenly the sound and jar of the explosion
first saw the huge cloud of smoke. About 40 minutes later, a part of the like a truck might have struck the house. She ran out of the house and then
Phillipsburg. smoke cloud dirfted directly over their house, and went on east over
-
standing just inside the front window of the postoffice in Norcatur, when Halph New, postmaster at lorcatur, stated that at about 4:50 P.M. he was
He could locate no one with a camera, but noticed several men walking to the he observed a blinding flash as if someone had taken a flashlight picture.
and looking up, saw a high cloud of smoke in the sky almost diredtly overhead center of the street and looking up. He then walked out to where they were

#### Page 14

but slightly east. Suddenly, about 1 anct 1/2 minutes after e }ad seen the
flash, there was a terrific explosion an1 jar, shakinc the vrotmd and causine
the windows all around to rattle. Following the explosion, there were several
low reverberating rumblil'lgs across the heavens . He stated that tho explosion
must have been very high.
Edgar Younr: , 1 \>0y living at Regar, just east of Horcatur, was outside the
ele~ator, when he observed the eXJ losion, looked up and saw the huge clotd
of smoke . He stated that it 11as almost overl.ead but slightly west of hiJ!I.
He said that it was a bif explosion. The elevator man was out in the
elevator, 1'hen he heard the e.xµlosion . He t ought th~t his oil- burner had
exploded in tho office and ran in to see about it . Fi.ndinr, i• O. K., he ran
outside to see what had exploded, saw the big clo1.rl of ~moke hir;h overliead,
slightly west.

Ea, tern Kansas newspapt!r carried a story about 6 days aco of one just
like this one, coming from the south to vicinity of Iola, ~ansas, where it
turned west and dis appeared into the sky.

Check with Chief Scott of Norton about a bum~d flashlight b~ttery
which fell in the street of Norton just after the explosion. It was too
hot to be picked up for sevoral minutes. Chief Sco tt has it.

Note :

A copy of Exhibit 11 c11 referred to in letter fr on Dr . LaPaz, was
not received .

#### Page 15

CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
1. Duto 18 Felruary 1948 Incidont # 102
2. Tine 1500 MST
3. Location Kexeatouxxkenes Air Near Green River, Utah
lName of observor Lenord P. Marchese' (B-29 Pilot, Lt. 28 Bomber Gp)
Carl W. Stucki, Lt., Co-Pilot, (see reverse side for other witnesses)
5. Occupation of obsorvor Pilot
Addrss of obsorvor 77th Bomb Sq, 28th Bomb Gp (VH), Weaver AFB, S.D.
7. Plac of observution 39°N - loo°W - near Green River, Utah
8. Nunber of objects One
9. Distanco of object from observer loo miles
10. Time in sight N/S
ll. Altitudo20,000 feet
12. Speed Very high
13.I Direction of flight Southeast of Limon, Colorado
1. Tuctics Explosion rate
15. Sourd Could not be determined due to B-29 engine noise
76. Sizo Huge
17. Celor Multi-colored ball of fire
18. ShapcHuge multi-colored ball of fire and dense cloud of smoke
15. Odor dotected N/S
20. Apparent construction N/S
21. Exhuust trails Vapor trail with ball of fire at head of trail
22% Wonthor conditions Clear
23. Effuct on clouds N/S
2h. Skotches or photogruphs None
25. Hanner of disnppeerance N/S
26. Romarks: XXXeX Over

#### Page 16

•

,..

wee

A
11Ult1-colored ball of fire trailing a dense cloud of emoke
w.a ai&hted at approx 1500 hours MST 18 Feb 48. 39° N-100° Wat
approx 20,000 ' b.r two~ aircra!t of the 28th Bombardment Groo.p (VB).
It wa• seu a>me 100 miles southeast of the B-..."9a. Size -.ae eatimaed
aa huge al.tho illpc>1aible to determine accurately due to the distance.
It • • tr&Telii:ig at Tecy high speed and hea.di.Dg southeast of Li.Ioon,
Colorado. at approx 20,000 ft.

Witneeeee:

Capt Boward B. Berodt, A0-49504. 718th Bomb Sq
28th Bomb Gp (VE). Pilot of 1st B-.."9
Capt Mairice T. llitenour, J0-48o43. 718th Bomb Sq
28 :Bomb Gp (VB). Co-Pilot of lat B-29..
lat Lt Leonard P. Marchese. A0-748714, 77th Bomb
Sq., 28tp Bomb Gp (KH). Pilot of 2nd. B-29
lat Lt. Carl W. Stucld., AD-785916, 77th Bomb Sq,
28th Bomb Gp (VH). c.o..-Pilot of 2nd :B-29.

l!lOT.E:

See Ineident 101 - 'Rorcatur KenM 11.

'

#### Page 17

Erem
CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
1. Data 18 February 1948 Incidirt# 103
2.Time 1500 MST
3. Locetion xwxeatyxkaxaxx Air near Green River Utah
Name of observors Capt. Howard H. Berodt - Capt Maurice T. Ritenour
(See Inc l02 - corrdbration)
5. Occupation of obsorver Pilots
ddress of observor 7l8th Bomb Sq, 28th Bomb Gp (VH) Weaver AFB, S.D.
7. Placo of observition 39° N - loo°W- Near Green River, Utah
8. Number of objocts One
9. Distanco of object from observer loo miles
lo. Timo in sight N/S
11. Altitud 20,000 feet
12 Spcod Very high
13.I Diroction of flight Southeast (of Limon, Colorado)
. Tactics Explosion rate
15. Sourd Could not be determined due to B-29 engine noise
16. Size Huge (Seen loo niles west of the B-29's)
17. Color Multi-colored ball of fire
i8. Shapo Hugh milti-colored ball of fire and dense cloud of smoke followed
19. Odor dotectod N/S
20. Apparont construction N/S
21. Exhaust trails Vapor trail with a ball of fire at the head of trail
22. Woathor conditions Clear
23. Effect on clouds N/S
2h. Skotches or photographs None
25. Manner of disappoarance N/S
26.Romarks: Naxe - Same as incident l02 which see
RICTE

#### Page 18

•
r
l

7 Mar 48

104

2055 C
ll:ayrna• 'l'enn.
~ r v r Franit L . renn, Maj, USAF, 00, Smyrna AF Base
Col Ric."'lard C. Pettingill & Pvt Frank C. Jobntnn,
• p. i :. f'
r •, r e 00 of Smyrna & radio and toi.ier operator•

AA.CS Station

...r

l

.

rI.

.

' i. • "" C
1-

•

ii

,.1

ll.

,.1 • i • ul

l' .

d

l

D r c i

•

~ AJ:F, ixiq S:eyrnn, Tenn

rv r

f

r ('lb.'

·t

lt

45 minutes

fr or.i C'h

rv r

6 milea

About 5° above horizon
very elov
N

fl 1 ht.

T

a~ from 5:uyTDa

N/ S Faded awq
l .

,, .
1 .

I

Bone

1• d

Unknown

, it
r,.., 1c r

yello•r-0range

';h · P"

oTel
N/5

Odor cl t, c t 1d

N/5 - •eemed to be flare

Bone

l.

t l r ~ ndi i

2; .

Eff'

2 ,.

Si

o..,
ch

~

P:t;nr." r o f

26.

R

u r k :; :

l o ud:;

CAVU - 10 milea

!'

N/5

o r pho or,r phs
i. ,,, p•

r ., ,.

(oTer)

11&• (2)

ahovil:lg yellov oran,ge fi&'lle-like oru

faded into horizon

#### Page 19

'

.

•

•

A yellow-orange object ...W.ch had the appearance of a flare was observed eome six
miles from Smyrna AAF between the west and northwest just above the horizon
and movill& directly awq from ~ '!'he speed was estimated aa alow since the
object t"ema1ned visible aome forty-five minutes. It gradna1Jy faA.ed awey
disappearing into the horizon. No ubaust trail was seen and nqsGUDd was heard.

#### Page 20

CHECK-LIST - UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
8 Mar 48 Incidont # 105
. Date
2 Time 1100
3. Location Belmont, N. C.
4 Namo of observor Mr. A. C. Morrieon
5. Occupation of obsorvor Supt. Meter Dept, Duke Power Co., Charlotte, N. C,
6. Addross of obsorvor Charlotte, N. C. (Duke Power Co.)
7.Placo of observetion Belmont, N. C. (Sighted from ground)
8. Numbor of objocts 1
9. Distance of object from observer N/S
10. Timo in sight about 10 seconds
11. Altitudo N/S - could not be estinsted
12. Spcod Around 600 MPH
13. Diroction of flight Easterly
14. Tactics None - moved in straight line at constant speed without
change in altitude or direction
15. Sound None
16. Size From a distance - that of a small coin
17. Color bright or silver - looked metallic
18. Shapo round or sphere (unable to determine which)
19. Odor dotectod n/s
20. Apparont construction Metallic
21. Exhoust trails None
22. Woathor conditions Clear with scattered white clouds
23. Effoct on clouds N/S
21. Skotches or photographs None
25. Manner of disappcerance behind small white cloud
26. Romarks: (over)

#### Page 21

•

,

A round ~tallic-appc :-ine object mvinc vc;cy rapidly st an e1t~ted
soeed of bOO l-:?H s obsen d n.-~ 3 l.:lont. N. C.• at
rox 1100
the nx>rning of 8 Mar 48. '!'he • ther
s cle r w1 th excellent vtdbil 1t1
wi tb. a fev lhlal.l acattered fie cy vriite clouds. It could ot be

(Text continues in the original file: 210 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D089 — Range Fouler Debrief, Eastern United States, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D089
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D089
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: Eastern United States
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even its reflective underside outshone the runway lights in 2020.

- Range Fouler Debrief by Department of War, 2020, Eastern United States
- Operator describes small, indiscernible metallic object with reflective underside, moving constantly
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Range Fouler Debrief, a standardized reporting form the U.S. Navy uses to record the circumstances surrounding an unauthorized intrusion into controlled airspace during active military operations or training. These reports contain a narrative description of the observer’s experiences. This report accompanies the video titled “DOW-UAP-PR106.”

A U.S. military operator reported observing an object, describing it as “quite small” and as “continu[ing] in a constant direction.” The report characterizes the shape of the phenomenon as “indistinguishable,” with a metallic appearance and reflective underside.

All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

Document: Range Fouler Debrief Form Author: Unknown aircrew member Date: 2020 Location: Eastern United States The form reports an unidentified object observed during a flight. The object was described as small, with an indiscernible shape, a reflective bottom, and a constant direction. The observer noted the object's speed and that it did not change direction. The form includes details about the time, location, and conditions of the sighting, and instructions for submitting the report.

### Full text

#### Page 1

liE9REif:1:'~IQFQRtl

Range Fouler Debrief Form

Please do not use the purple
"submit" button above. Save and
email the comp lete file manually
(see below) .

Please complete this form to the best of your ability. If you do not have the requested information,
please leave the field blank. If there was more than one "group," please report each on a separate
form for data collection purposes. You should receive a response within 5 business days.
Rank

Last Name, First Name

Squadron

SIPR Email Address

Crew Position

Pilot

0-4

This information is for contact only. -sanitizes all reports of identifying information.
Absolutely no identifying information for aircrew or squadron will be recorded for analysis.
Day
Date (mmlddlyy)

Time of detection

Side No.

Day I Night

Buno

(hh:mm:ss Z)

Contact Working Area
(fa· W- 72 1A)

Contact Letitute
(DD.MM:SS)

NIS

Contact Longitude
(DD.MMSSJ

EIW

Contact Altitude
(Ex 22000)

Pleas~pt to determine a Lat I Long for the contact at initial detection. We recommend
using-a reference the sensor-derived bearing and range relative to the buf/seye you had
in use. If that method is not available, any reasonable derivation of location will work, but please
be as specific as possible and make a note in the comments section. These locations may be
used to cue other means of tracking.

Altitude
Constent?

Wind Dir at
Contact Alt
(From)

Was the contact moving?

Wind
Speed

Yes

Direction/Speed
(Ex. 090115)

Please check all that apply:

D
Square. D
Round:

Balloon-shaped

D

:0
Other Shape D

Wings/Airframe

Apparent Propulsion. □

·D

Moving Parts.
Metallic.

[Z]

D
Translucent: D
Opaque: D
Markings:

Reflective:

[Z]

Please use the field below to describe the contact and any interaction in your own words with as much
detail as possible. Please be sure to include any detail not included in questions above .

..

apparent object also captured with
Appeared quite smal l. Speed appeared to be
and continued in constant direction . Shape
indiscernible but the bottom was refilective .

Don't use the purple "submit" button! Save this form with filename "Date_Squadron_RF.pdf" and email
it t
(Also in the global). For troubleshooting, call
Thank you for your time. Please ensure all display tapes are ripped for the entire time of interaction and
saved as a .wmv (Example:
Squadron intel personnel shall upload those files
to the repository located at
liE9REif1'1'rn~F@RP4

## DOW-UAP-D090 — Range Fouler Debrief, Eastern United States, 2019

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D090
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D090
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2019
- Location: Eastern United States
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 2019 debrief's real mystery: why PR112 needed a sequel.

- Range Fouler Debrief (DOW-UAP-D090) by Department of War, 2019, Eastern United States
- Five service members observed a small, high‑speed object traveling straight opposite the platform’s direction
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Range Fouler Debrief, a standardized reporting form the U.S. Navy uses to record the circumstances surrounding an unauthorized intrusion into controlled airspace during active military operations or training. These reports contain a narrative description of the observer’s experiences. This report accompanies the video titled “DOW-UAP-PR112.”

Five U.S. military-affiliated personnel reported observing an object “with flight characteristics unlike anything [the observer] had seen in 28 years [of service] for the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy. The report characterizes the phenomenon as “small” and “travelling in a straight line opposite [the platform’s] direction at high speed.” The reporter added that, “others with equal or more experience were also unsure as to what the object might be.”

All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a Range Fouler Reporting Form from 2019, submitted by a U.S. Air Force crew member. The document details an encounter with an unidentified object during a mission. The object was described as small, moving at high speed in a straight line opposite the aircraft's direction, and appearing rectangular after analysis. The crew member noted that others with similar experience were also unsure of the object's identity. The report was submitted as part of a standard procedure for documenting unusual aerial sightings.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Ill Ii ■• Ai. Ti ii 1, Fi 151 I

Range Fouler Reporting Form

Please do not use the purple
"submit" button above. Save and
email the complete file manually
(see below).

Please complete this form to the best of your abil ity. If you do not have the requested information,
please leave the field blank. If there was more than one "group," please report each on a separate
form for data collection purposes. You should receive a response within 5 business days.
Rank

Last Name, First Name

SIPR Email Address

Crew Position

This information is for contact only. sanitizes all reports of identifying information.
Absolutely no identifying information for aircrew or squadron will be recorded for analysis.
Day
Date (mmldd/yy)

Time of detection
(hh:mm:ss Z)

Contact Working Area
(Ex: W-72 1A)

Side No.

Day I Night

Contact Latitute
(DD:MM:SS)

NIS

Buno

Contact Longitude
(DD:MM:SS)

Mission Description (CAS, BFM, etc)

E/W

Contact Altitude
(Ex: 22000)

Please attempt to determine a Lat I Long for the contact at initial detection. We recommend
using to reference the sensor-derived bearing and range relative to the bullseye you had
in use. If that method is not available, any reasonable derivation of location will work, but please
be as specific as possible and make a note in the comments section. These locations may be
used to cue other means of tracking.

Altitude
Constant?

Wind Dir at
Contact Alt
(From)

Was the contact moving?

Wind
Speed

Yes

Direction/Speed
(Ex. 090/1 5)

Please check all that apply:

D
Square: D
Balloon-shaped: D
Wings/Airframe .- D
Round:

Other Shape.- O
Apparent Propulsion .- □

D
Metallic: D
Markings: D
Translucent.- D

Moving Parts.-

Opaque: O
Reflective.-

D

Please use the field below to describe the contact and any interaction in your own words with as much
detail as possible. Please be sure to include any detail not included in questions above.

itto

uri le "submit" button! Save this form with filename "Date_Squadron_RF.pdf'' and email
(Also in the global). For troubleshooting, call

Thank you for your time. Please ensure all dis
saved as a .wmv (Example:
to the re osito located at

es are ripped for the entire time of interaction and
. Squadron intel personnel shall upload those files

SSSRSTTF TS 1191; Fi IF'.

#### Page 2

H IHiiVHb ii I ii r; Fi iiii

I, 2 other

In between mission sorties, I noticed an object with flight
for the USAF and
characteristics unlike anything I had seen in my 28 years of performing
Navy. A small object was below us and appeared to be traveling in a straight line opposite our direction
at high speed . I tracked it for ~10-15 seconds before we turned on the recorder to provide the attached
video. When I zoomed in to try and achieve more resolution, the object's speed took out of my FOV and
I was unable to reacquire, even at a lower zoom . Upon analysis after the flight, the object appeared to
be rectangular. Others with equal or more experience were also unsure as to what this object might be.

## DOW-UAP-D091 — Range Fouler Debrief, Atlantic Ocean, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D091
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D091
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: Atlantic Ocean
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 12‑15‑foot maroon balloon was the only thing without a flight plan.

- DOW-UAP-D091, a 2020 Navy Range Fouler Debrief, authored by Department of War, Atlantic Ocean.
- Operator described a 12‑15 ft darker maroonish object, balloon‑like, traveling with wind, no maneuvering.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Range Fouler Debrief, a standardized reporting form the U.S. Navy uses to record the circumstances surrounding an unauthorized intrusion into controlled airspace during active military operations or training. These reports contain a narrative description of the observer’s experiences. This report accompanies the video titled “DOW-UAP-PR116.”

A U.S. military operator reported observing an object, describing the phenomenon as “darker, maroonish color, approximately 12-15 feet in height.” The report describes the phenomenon “travel[ing] with the wind” and noted that it did not “maneuver or change direction.” It also describes the phenomenon as appearing as a “large, somewhat deformed balloon.”

All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a Range Fouler Debrief Form from the Atlantic Ocean in 2020. It was filled out by an individual with the crew position of "wso" and includes details about a reported object. The object was described as a darker, maroonish color, approximately 12-15 feet in height, and structurally resembling a large, deformed balloon. The contact was observed during a night operation, and the object was not moving. The form was completed as part of a data collection process for unidentified aerial phenomena.

### Full text

#### Page 1

111 n ■, 111 FI Al I

Range Fouler Debrief Form

Please do not use the purple
"submit" button above. Save and
email the complete file manually
(see below).

Please complete this form to the best of your ability. If you do not have the requested information ,
please leave the field blank. If there was more than one "group," please report each on a separate
form for data collection purposes. You should receive a response with in 5 business days.
Rank

Last Name, First Name

Squadron

SIPR Email Address

Crew Position

wso

0-3

This information is for contact only. sanitizes all reports of identifying information .
Absolutely no identifying information for aircrew or squadron will be recorded for analysis.
Dusk
Date (mmldd/yy)

Time of detection
(hh:mm:ss Z)

Contact Working Area
(Ex: W-72 1A)

Day I Night

Contact Latitute
(DD:MM:SS)

N/S

Contact Longitude
(DD:MM.-SS)

EIW

Contact Altitude
(Ex: 22000)

Please attempt to determine a Lat I Long for the contact at initial detection. We recommend
to reference the sensor-derived bearing and range relative to the bullseye you had
using in use. If that method is not available, any reasonable derivation of location will work, but please
be as specific as possible and make a note in the comments section. These locations may be
used to cue other means of tracking.

Altitude
Constant?

Wind Dir at
Contact Alt
(From)

Was the contact moving?

Wind
Speed

Yes

Direction/Speed
(Ex. 090115)

Please check all that apply:
Round: [Z]
Square.· [Z]

Moving Parts:

Metallic: [Z]

Balloon-shaped: [Z]

Markings:

D

Translucent:

Wings/Airframe:

D
D
D

Other Shape ·[Z]

Opaque: [Z]

Apparent Propulsion :□

Reflective: [Z]

Please use the field below to describe the contact and any interaction in your own words with as much
detail as possible. Please be sure to include any detail not included in questions above.

-

-

/so in the global). For troubleshooting, call
Thank you for your time. Please ensure all dis
saved as a .wmv (Example:
to the re osito located at

es are ripped for the entire time of interaction and
. Squadron intel personnel shall upload those files

SF?REilft 1?52211

#### Page 2

552757;\'.rl lPI FIi

we were operating in the ~

irspace, when -

he object itself was a darker, maroonish color,
approximately 12-lSft in height. Structurally, it appeared as a large, somewhat deformed balloon, but we

proceeded back to the ship, landing uneventfully.

## DOW-UAP-D092 — Department of the Air Force Committee to Review Project Bluebook, 1966-1967

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D092
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D092
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 4/17/67
- Location: Various
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Room 5D-1014: where the only thing more mysterious than the sightings was the room number.

- DOW-UAP-D092 pdf, Department of War, dated 4/17/67, covers various locations.
- Committee recommended contracting university scientific team to investigate selected UFO sightings.
- USAF adopted the Committee’s recommendation.

### Official summary

This file documents the 1966-1967 deliberations and recommendations of the U.S. Air Force (USAF) Scientific Advisory Board’s Ad Hoc Committee to Review Project Blue Book. Project Blue Book was a 1952-1969 USAF program to investigate the nature and origin of unidentified flying objects (UFO). The Committee recommended that the USAF contract a scientific team composed of university-affiliated representatives to investigate selected UFO sightings. The USAF subsequently adopted the Committee’s recommendation.

### Full text

#### Page 2

DEPARTMENT OF THE AlR FORCE
AIR FORCE OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (OAR)
ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22209

Attendees - meeting with Dr. James McDonald, Uni.versity of Arizona
at the Pentagon 17 April 1967
Lt. Col. Harold A. Steiner, Ass't. Exec. Secre. USAF Scientific Advisory Board,
Pentagon, Room SD982 Washingtt>n, D.c. Tele. 697-4648 (Code 11-74648).
Col. George Freeman, Chief, Civil Branch, SAFOI-C, Room 4Al20, The Pentagon,
Washington, D.C. Tele. 697-1128 (Code 11-71128).
Col. Marvin Stanley, Chief, Public Information Division, SAFOIP,
The Pentagon, Washington, D.C. Tele. 695-5554 (Code 11-55554).

Room 4C922,

H. Philip Hovnanian, Program Engineer, NASA Hq. Room F50016, 400 Maryland Ave., S.W.
Washington, D.C. Tele. 962-4961 (Code 13-24961).
George H. Duncan, Advanced Programs & Technology Manager, NASA Hq. Room 50016,
400 Maryland Ave., s.w. Washington, D.C. Tele. 962-4961 (Code 13-24961).
Dt. Dale W. Jenkins, Ass't Director (Science), NASA Hq. Office of Space Science &
Applications Room F50078, Washington, D.C. Tele. 962-4621 (Code 13-24621).
Hans Dolezalek, Atmospheric Scientist, ONR Branch Office, 495 Summer Street,
Boston, Massachusetts 02210. Tele. 696-3563 (Code 11-63563).
Mr. James Hughes, Head, Atmospheric Science Program, Office of Naval Research,
Code 412, Washington, D.C. 20360. Tele. 696-6739 (Code 11-66739).
Phillip V. Mitchell, Technical Staff Member, Institute for Defense Analyses,
400 Army-Navy Drive, Arlington, Va. 22202. Tele. 558-1641.
Joseph Coates, Senior Staff Member, Institute for Defense Analyses, 400 Army­
Navy Drive, Arlington, Va. 22402. Tele. 558-1653.
Lynn E. Catoe, Library o~ Congress, Science & Technology Div., UFO Bibliography
Project, Washington, D.c. Tele. 967-8088.
Dan Taylor, Staff Information Officer, AFOSR (SRGC) ~rlington, Va. 22209.
Tele. 694-4875. (Code 11-44875).
Maj. Joseph P. Martino, Ass't. Exec. Dir® Research Communication, AFOSR (SRGC)
Arlington, Va. 22209. Tele. 694-4875 (Code 11-44875).
Dr. J. Thomas Ratchford, Project Scientist, AFOSR (SRPS) Arlington, Va. 22209.
Tele. 694-5588 (Code 11-45588).
Maj. William Metscher, Physicist, Hq. OAR (RROSP) Arlington, Va. 22209.
Tele. 694-5505 (Code 11-45505).
DAN TAYLOR
Staff Information Officer
NW 90306"

Docld:34714841 Page 2

#### Page 3

UNGLASS IP UED
X
PRUORITY
CSAP
re kiom o'rten
Consulting Phorsieist AFTIEA (Lt Co1
P.O. Hax 117 kippler)
Ponfrat, Connectieut O6258 EAPOr (ars.
Sarad Mmt)
Dr. Launor F. Certer
Systen Devalogaient Corporation
2500 Colorndo Avenne
Danta Hemten, Calirorata
Dr. desso Drlannky
Institute for Deronso Analyses
400 Army-Navy Drive
Arlington, Virgiata 22202
Dr. Rchard W. Portor
Conerel Mectrie Company
nLag Services
tonAvenus
Dr. Card Ssgaa
Dal thsonian Astropkyaical bservatory
Hoad, Computer Sclences Department Dr. Hnllan . Ware The RAwD Corpurotion 82596
1700 Maln Street
Bents Monice, Caltfornts go10s 13 1.000
Iajor Mector Cuintenelle
Foreign Technology Division APH 1966
Wright-Patteracn ArD, Oato
Lt Col Marold A. Stciner 74643
APBSA
NW 90306
Docld:34714841 Page 3

#### Page 4

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rain nod ous ordond Asrsanaren 2o suoysatene mnod Trady er
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Arrwoesed nowuso nod ar tard we fuenerdey os noy o
"roog onre spofory
ALTNOTNN

#### Page 5

I

-

,,'.

..

·---·

•

USAF SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY roARD
AD HOC COMMI'l'rEE TO
REVlEW PROJECT BIDE BOOK

Roam 5D-1014, the Pentagon
1400, 19 April 1966
(

MEETING STATISTICS
I.

1400

Purpose of Meeting

Lt Colonel Steiner, SAB

1410

Discussion

.Al.l attendees

1630

Adjourn

II.

..............ose and Place: To discuss how best to implement the recommenda­
tions made by the SAB Ad Hoc Committee to Review Project Blue Book~
The discussion was held in Room 5D-1014, the Pentagon.

III.

Those Present and

ose Thereof:

Name

Affiliation

Dr. Brian O'Brien

Chairman
Member
SAB Secretary
Participant
Participant
SAB Secretary

Dr. Jesse Orla.nsky
Col Robert Burger
ol Robert Hippler
Mrs. Sara Hunt
L/Col Harold A. Steiner

Consultant
IDA

AFBSA
AFRSTA

SAFOI
Hq USAF (AFRSA)

reviewed

IV.
••

Reviewed - Report of the SAB Ad Hoc Conmiittee to Review Project Blue
Book, March 1966.
I

V.

Verbatim Record:

VI.

Certification:

(see attached)

These meeting statistics are certified as being true and correct.

HAROLD A. STEINER, Lt Colonel, USAF
Assistant Secretary
USAF Scientific Advisory Board

NW 90306.
Docld:34714a41 Page 5

1 Atch
Record, dated 20 Apr 66

#### Page 6

HEADQUARTERS UNITE.

, ATES AIR FORCE

USAF SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE & CHIEF OF STAFF

MEMO FOR:

Record

The following distribution waa made on Memo tor
Record, 20 Apr 66, regarding UFO Meeting 1400,
19 April 66, Roca 5D-1014;
es made
Original--#1-o::f-t:,--~~

eJ

#2. ot 6 - ll&iled to Dr. Stever:;
#3 ot 6 - sent to Lt Col Hippler, AFRSTA
:/14- of 6 -

sent to Mrs. Sara Hunt, SA.POI

#5 ot 6 - circulated vithin
,
~--~ II' i't~i::t-<2;:f:,:L,#•t.•.) .hi':.~;'? i~:.ll·z..i

m.Jm

NW 90306"

Docld:34714841 Page 6

• c~

#### Page 7

USAF SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY EOARD
AD HOC C{Ht{I'ITEE TO
REVJEW PROJECT BWE BOOK

HQ FTD, WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB, OHIO

3 FEBRUARY 1966

MEETING STATISTICS
I. ~ :
II.

(see attached)

se and Place: To review the resources, methods and findings
of Air Force Project Blue Book and to advise the Air Force as to
any improvements that should be made in the program to carry out
the Air Force 's responsibility. Briefings held in Commanders
Conference room at Hq, FI'D. Discussions and review of case files
held in Project Blue Book office.

III. Those Present and

se Thereof:

Name

IT.

~

Dr. Brian O'Brien
Dr. IB.unor F. Carter
Dr. Jesse Orlanaky
Dr. Richard Porter
Dr. Carl Sagan

Chairman
Member
Member
Member
Member

Dr. Willis H. Ware
Col John P. Spaul.ding
Dr. Anthony Cacioppo
Col Warren Wheeler
Maj Hector Quintanella.
Mr. Francis Arcier
Col Florian Holm
L/Col Harold A. Steiner

Member
Briefer
Participant
Participant
Briefer
Participant
Briefer
SAB Sec

Consultant
System Development Corp.
IDA

GE Company
Smithsonian Astrophysical.
Observatory
Rand Corporation
S.AFOI
Fl'D
FTD
FTD

Consultant to FTD
F'I'D

Hq USAF ( AFBSA)

Re orts Contributions Pro osala etc. issued received reviewed,
a!)Rroved,2 ;12re12 ed or disseminated durins the EroceedinS:
Reviewed:

Robertson Report, dated 17 January 1953
Selected case histories from Project mue Book

Distributed:
V.

Affiliation

Compilation of Project Blue Book Methods and Case Histories,
dated 3 February l

Verbatim. Record:

None

VI. Certification:
These meeting statistics are certified as being true and correct.

RABOLD A. S
, Lt Col, USAF
Assistant Secretary
NW 90306

... _1ent1f'1o Advisory Board

Doclrl:3471484iTage 7

#### Page 8

'

... .,

.

AD HOC COMMITTEE ON
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS (UFOs)

AGENDA
• ,.;J1ursday, 3 FeJ?ruary 1966
0800

Welcoming Remarks

Commander or
Vice Commander, FTD

0805

Introduction

Dr. O'Brien, SAB

0810

The Air Force Problem

Lt Col Spaulding,

SAFOI
0830

Briefing on Project
Blue Book

1000

Break

1015

Review of Selected
Case Histories

1145

Lunch

1315

Executive and Writing
Session

Major Quintanilla,
FI'D

FTD Staff

NER, Lt Colonel, USAF
Assistant Executive Secretary
USAF Scientific Advisory Board

22 December 1965
8

NW90306,
Dodd :3471.uJ41 ~'age 8

#### Page 9

~r Otfioinl th:;e Only
MEK> FOR RECORD

20 April 1966
•

SUBJECT:

Implementing SAB Ad Hoc Coan:lttee on Project Blue Book
Recommendations
1. The following personnel met at 1400 on 19 April in Room 5D-l0l4
to discuss how best to 1.mplement the recommendations made by the SAB
Ad Hoc Committee to review ProJect Blue Book.
Dr. Brian O'Brien
Colcael Robert Burger, AFBSA.
Dr. Jesse Orlansky
Lt Col Harold Steiner, AFB&\
Lt Col Robert Hippler, AFR'l'SA

•·

M:ra. Bara Hunt, SAroI

2. On 5 April
, Secretary ot the Air Force Harold Brown, 1n a
memorandum. to the Chief of Staff, stated that the Committee's
recamnendationa should be accepted and arrangements me.de tor a (sic)
scientific team to investigate 1n depth· certain selected sightings
of UFOs. General Ferguson was given responsibility for implementing
the Committee's recommendations and Lt Colonel Hippler is project
otticer.

.

..

3. Although the Committee's recommendation was clear and succinct,
initially there was no unanimous agreement on how to put this
recommendation into effect. A basic question is:
(1) Should the contract be vith a university or should it be
with individual• connected with a 1.Dliveraity1 A great deal of .
the meeting was taken up discussing these facets of the problem
end a clear anner did not evolve. Therefore, it is probable that
I, and perhaps some selected members of the Canm1.ttee1 uy be asked
to meet with Colonel Hippler again.

4. Gener~, the concept of using uni'VersitteE(or individuals tran

universities) is good. Specifically, however, :there needs to be a lead
university to coordinate and collate the investigations. After
some discussion, it was B\J88e&ted that the University of Da.yton is
probably .most appropriate because it is located close to Hq FTD who
will retain management ot Project Blue Book. 'Other universities
were suggested that could provide personnel to give areal coverage
ot com.JS. They are liated below.
East
Rensselaer, Tro7, lf.Y.
Columbia
NYU

Univ ot Conn.
Yale
Cornell
ll\1v of Dayton

Carnegie Tech

Colr.Y'11r
NW 90306"
Doclrl:3471.ffl41 Page 9

.ot.......-~Copies

West

South

Utah

Vanderbilt

Colorado
Duke
Univ of Florida
Iowa
Wisconsin
Georgia Tech
Illinois
U:liv of Georgia
Chicago
univ of Calif (Berkeley)
UCLA
Obairman
Oregon
.,..votary
WashiDgton
~bnioalDir
Rice
~sst. Seoreta
lbiv ot Texas

--

---

~st. S@oreta
~st. se'creta
-Asst. $earet , .. _ _...,,,
»-•r ~tioial Use Only Ac:ttsrili/A's st.-----L....._,-·-·_,_ __

.

#### Page 10

.For Official U::a:i Onlv

Colonel Hippler pointed out that it will probably be September before
he gets the money to implement this plan. Dr. Orlsnsky pointed out
that because of the summer holiday, Colonel Hippler should make contact
with the Wliversities before the end of May.

5. Since we are dealing with an emotional phenomenon, there was some
discussion about whether universities (i.e., their presidents) would be
willing to get involved with UFOs. Dr. O'Brien suggested that Dr. Stever;
as President of Carnegie Tech, might send letters to a fev selected
university presidents with whom. he is acquainted to get some idea of
their feelings on this matter. (ACTION: AFBSA). In this way we can
leam what a typical reaction might be and also some of the pitfalls
to avoid when contacting other universities.

6. 1here are still several unanswered questions or problem areas:
(a) Since the problem is 99fo public relations,it is essential that
the investigating teams have aom.e modicm ot skill 1n press relations.
It was stl"OJlgl)" suggested that a good solid PIO type (perhaps incognito)
be included on, the first few investigation. te811l8. 'Dlis caused quit~ a,
bit ot discussion and a final answer did not evolve.
•
(b) The objective is to have impartial scientists from schools vith
good reputations that have never been involved with UFOs.

(c) Considerable thought must be given to how the contract or
contracts are to be written.
(d) In order to utilize their talents to the best advantage, it'was
proposed and accepted that Dr. J. Allen Hynek and Dr. Donald Menzel
form the nucleus of a Consultant-Advisor team to work with Hq Fl'D in
determining which sightings the university team should investigate.
(e} When teams are selected, it is strongly recommended that they
be brought together at sane certain location such as Hq F'1'D and given
a thorough briefing on what is expected of them. This briefing should
cover allot the intangibles and pitfalls that must be avoided in
order to give good Air Force public relations.
(f) Another que,ation that was not :tully resolved is how AFSC
shou1d get into the act. ihe Committee'• original thought was that
someone from the nearest AFSC base should work with the investigating
team. The Committee also recODDended that a member ot the OSI might
work with the university teaaa and giTe them the benetit ot their
investigating experience. It waa queationed whether thie would help

or hurt. the Air l'orce ettort. leither ot these questions were
tul.17 reaolve4.
2

Jtor Otticial Use Onl,.
NW 90306"

Docld:347148-41 Page 10

,t

t·

#### Page 11

(g} It was pointed out that the National Research Council had

conducted an exercise in Disaster Research which had involved sane
investigating teams similar to the ones we are discussing. Although
the committee is now defunct, Mrs. MarJorie Wilson, Government Code
1224 - 23 239 has their reports and will be glad to let us review
them.

'...
·•·
·• I

Lt Col, UBAJ'

'\,

~-

Asaietant Secretary
USAr Scienti.tic Advisory Board

-'

'

1

,,,.,

I

V

..

..
.,

'

'

\

,,

3

l'tr Otticial Use Onlv
NW 90306"

Docld:34714841 Page 11

•

#### Page 12

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#### Page 13

COPY
31 July 1967

AFRDQ-P

Special Report of the USAF Scientific Advisory Boa.rd Ad
Hoo Committee to Review Project "Blue Book,,
USAIRA (DATT - Mr. David Smith & Mr. Peer DeSilva)
American Embassy
APO San Franoisco 96346
Copies of the subject report are forwarded at the request
of Mr. Jesse Orlanaky, a member of the Scientific Advisory
Board Committee on UFO's.
FOR THE CHIEF OF STAFF

onel, USAF
ief, Requirements Plans Group
Operational Requirements &
Development Plans, DCS &D

.COPY,...
NW90306

Docld:34714841 Page 13

l Atch
Special Report of the
USAF SABAd Hoc COIL~

mittee to Review
Project "Blue Book" dtd
Mar 66, 2 cys

#### Page 14

phenatran
memundat
S
hawsasien
conenunivenaastbeiprowided
emtinioaily greataet
Bangkol
hebpnesentpubcedunesiane
eyneven be that the whole natten.dt
heriattent Inanyicas
nowhowe IrForcewsn
iversityof.dolbrado.and its.rapont
a copy or the peport wastalsorsent
Jesse Oriansky
uytond.stever
Heompkabham
Deasthah
INW 90306
Docd:34714841 Paue 14

#### Page 15

MBl«>RANDUMFORRICORD

SUBJECT:

18 May 1966

Conversation with Dr. Stever Concerning SAB Support to USAF
Investigations ot UFOs

l.

On 17 May I discussed BAB support to USAF investigation• of UFOs with
Dr. Stever. In a previous l,et't~er ldated 21 April
we bad aaked.

Dr. Stever to informally query s0111e of hie univeraity-preaident colleagues
to determ:l.ne the beet m.odua operandi tor approaching universities and
aaking thell to provide people and reaourcea to investigate acientiticalq
selected UFO aiptings aa recaamencied by the ~ Ad Hoc Conlllittee. 1bia
Jl8IIO docUMD.ta hi• tindinga and conclusions on this matter.

a.

On the baaia ot his infomal. contacta.:with univeraity preaidenta,

Dr. Stever believe• the Air Force will get mixed reaction• to ita ret.Mat
to univera1tiea4!1 on t h e ~ aide ot the picture, he baa gleaned
theae general reactions:
a. It my be againat acae school's policy to make contractual
arrangements 'With the government.
b. Solle aivera1t1•• will bave no interest or have any qualified
inveatigatora.

3. en the 2,2■1t,1ve side, the toll.owing reactions were received:
a.

Some univeraitiea will do the Job lmder con.tract.

Solle would like to do the Job troll a reaearch aspect. (lfOTB:
Dr. Stever c01111M1Dted that thia 'M:3 be the ••toot in the door" approach
to requeat a4d1ticmal research fund• tor vork at the lmiveraity that

b.

my be conatrue4 to be related to the U10 inveatigation.)

Dr. SteTer belieYe■ that, aa a vbole, the mller universities vill
be :more receptive tban the l&rger onea.

, 4.

5. Dr. Stever baa had a011e secoa.4 thoushta 011 the SAB (specifically, him)
aend1ng the initial letter• to the •elected universities.

He believes
that the lett'i'r'"'iliould cme frail and be aigned b7 an action office within
the Air Force. nie letter aight reter to the recaaendations ot the SAB
scientific r.aajttee aa a baa1a tor the Air Force action• to initiate a
more scientific al)prO&eh ill tuture ■elected UFO in.Veatigaticna. In other
vorda, instead ot a letter f'roll a college president to a college president,
Dr. Stever felt the .Air Force could aak.e a very acceptable case if it
framed ita letter around these two pointa,

a.

'Jhe value ot participating in auch 1Dveat1gations to the school, and

b. !he va1ue to the Air Force and the nation.

NW 90306"
Docld:341'1.ffl41 Page 15

#### Page 16

6. D.r. Stever stated that he would be happy to rniw and critique
the draft letter from a miveraity preaiden.t'• viewpoint.

7. Dr. Stever also suggested that OSR could probably advise vhich

universities are most ljkely to cooperate and since aoat tmivera1tiea
have bad dealings w1 th OSR, J)erhap• that organisation could otter 801le
advi•• on the initial letter and Jl&1be ffen send the letter f:rolll that

otti •

BOBBR'l

Secretary
USAf Sc1ent1t1c Adviaory Board

2

NW 90306,

Docld:347'14841 Page 16

Copies to:

Lt Col Hippler, .lFR8'1'

Mra. Bunt, SA.rOI
Dr. Brian O'Brien

#### Page 17

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996r rrndy Ta

#### Page 18

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FOR-.:...:.
WASHINGTON

MEMORANDUM FOR THE CHIEF OF STAFF
Attached is a copy of the Special Report of
the SAB Ad Hoc Committee to Review Project "Blue

Book."
I believe that the Committee's recommendations
should be accepted and arrangements made to contract
for a scientific team to investigate in depth certa.in
selected reported sightings of UFO's. If·you concur>
General LeBailly can work with General Ferguson and
AFSC in making the arrangements.

Harold Brown

Attachment

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,,

,

,

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... .... .... ......
,,

,

,

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#### Page 19

DEPAR~· ';MT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR STAFF '
1

s tGNA T UFUi (Surname and Grade)

ACTION

TO

•MARY SHEET
SIGNATURE (Surname and Grede)

ACTION

AFRDC
2

7

3

1-----------------t

8

4

9

5

1--------------110

SURNAME OF

ACTION OFFICER

ANO GRAOlt

Lt Colonel Steiner

SYMBOL

PHONE

AFBSA

78845

TYPIST'S INIT,

SUSPENSE DATE

mjm
OATS:

SUBJECT

30 March 1966

SAB Ad Hoc Committee Report
SUMMA"'Y

1. Attached for your signature 1s a letter transmitting to General LeBailly the
Special Report of the SAB Ad Hoc COIEittee to Review Project Blue Book.
2. The Comittee was formed and the report is being submitted in response to
General LeBailly's memorandum to you on 28 September 1965 (Atch 2) requesting
that the SAB review Air Force Project Blue Book. The objective of this
investigation was to determine if and how the Air Force could improve its
program for investigating UFO's. The Carmittee concluded that the program
can be improved by conducting a more thorough scientific investigation of
questionabJ.e sightings, and recommended a method for doing this.

3. Recommended distribution 1s:
Number of
SAFOI

25

AFRDC

l

Coanittee Members
Commander, FTD
AFSC DCS/Foreign Technology
SAB Secretariat

leach

5

2
2
1

Chairman, SAB

4. After your signature and approval of the recommended distribution, we will
opriate action to forward the copies ot the report.

ROBERT J. BURGER, Colonel, USAF
Secretary
USAF Scientific Advisory Board

AFHQ JA0RR~2 50

PREVIOUS EDIT! ONS OF THI s FORM ARE OBSOLETE.

l
fl

~w 9030fi

II Docld:34714841 Page 19

2 Atch

1. Ltr of Transmittal
2. SAFOI Memo, 28 Sep 65

#### Page 20

AFNSA 1APR1966
SAB Reviev of Project Blue Boch
NaJor General E. B. Leballly
SATOL
1. Plense refer to your monorandus to md on 28 September 1965
requesting a reviev of Project Blue Book by the usAy Scfentifie
Advisory Board.
2. In reeponse to your request, the San fomed an ad hoc cornt tteo
under Dr. Brien O'Brien to investigate the adequacyr and timel
for strengthening tho sclentific imreatigaticn of questionable
sightings of urOs.
3. Dveaty-five coptes of the report are being suhat tted for your
Plcnee let us lmow ir the BaB cun be of Turther asedstance
In thio matter.
Signed
JAMTS FERGUSON, Lt COnEMAL, USAF 1 Atch
Malltary Mrector Report (25 cyu)
Unar Soientleie Advlsory Doard
NW 90306
Docld:34714841Page 20

#### Page 21

DEPARl
TO

ACTION

NT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR STAFF !

SIGNATURE (Surname and Grade)

Gen F
Mil

TO

'MRY SHEET

ACTION

SIGNATUAE (Surname and Grade)

6

2

7

3

8

9

s

10

SURNAME OF

ACTION OFFICER AND GRADE

SYMBOL.

PHONE

Col Burger

AFBSA

74811

TYPIST•s INIT.

SUSPENSE DA TE

al
DATE

SUl'lJliCT

SAB Information/Action Item

5 October 1965

SUMMAPl Y

This request arrived in our office today apparently without
your seeing it.
1.

I discussed it briefly with Dr. Stever and his initial reaction
was lukewarm. He questioned the value of a review of the UFO pro­
gram by the SAB. He suggested that we might talk to some other SAB
members knowledgeable in this area to get their opinion on the
value of such an SAB undertaking. We thought of Brian O'Brien
(FTD/DAG), Jesse Orlansky (Psychology), Dick Porter (Geophysics),
and possibly Court Perkins and Dr. Markey.
2.

Before we do this, however, Dr. Stever thought we should get
your views on this to see if perhaps there is some additional
information or facts which would give a clue on why the request
ade.

3.

ROBERT . BUR
Colonel, USAF
Secretary
USAF Scientific Advisory Board

.,

AFHQ ::RR~2

50

PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF THI s FORM ARE OBSOLETE.

NW 90306"

Docld:34714841 Page 21

Atch
Memo on UFOs

#### Page 22

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR" FORCE
WASHINGTON

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY

MEMORANDUM FOR MILITARY DIREGI'OR; SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD
SUBJE~:

Unid.entified Flying Objects (UFOs)

In keeping with its air defense role, the Air Force has the
responsibility for the investigation of unid.entif'ied :flying objects
reported over the United States. The name of this project i.s Blue
Book (Attachment 1). Procedures for conducting this program are
established by Air Force Regulation 200-2 (Atta.cl'n:nent 2)~
The Air Force bas conducted Project Blue Book since 1948. As
of 30 June 1965, a total of 9267 reports had been investigated by
the Air .Force. Of these 9267 reports, 663 cannot be explained.
It has been determined by the Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff'/
Plans and Operations that Project Blue Book is a worthwhile program
which deserves the support of all staff agencies and major command.s
and that the Air Force should continue to invest;igate and analyze
all UFO reports in order to assure that such objects do not present
a threat to our national security. The Assistant Deputy Chie:f of'
Stajrf/Plans and. Operations has determined also that the Foreign
Technology Division (FrD) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base should
continue to exercise its presently assigned responsibilities concern­
ing UFOs.
To date, the Air Force has found no evidence that any of the
UFO reports re:flect a threat to our national security. However,
many of the reports that cannot be explained have come from intelli­
gent a.nd technically well qualified individuals whose integrity can­
not be doubted. In addition, the reports received officially by the
Air Force includ.e only a fraction of the spectacular reports which
are publicized by many private UFO organizations.
Accordingly, it is requested that a working scientific panel
composed of both physical and social scientists be organized to
review Project Blue Book -- its resources, methods, and findings -­
and to advise the A:i.r Force as to any improvements that should
be made in the program in order to carry out the Air Force's
assigned responsibility.

5

NW 90306"
Docld:34714841 Page 22

#### Page 23

Doctor J. Allen Hynek who is the Chairman of the Dearborn
Observatory at Northwestern University is the scientific consultant
to Project Blue Book. He has indicated a willingness to work with
such a panel in order to place this problem in its proper perspec­
tive.
Doctor Hynek has discussed ·this problem with Doc·tor Winston
R. Markey, the former Air Force Chief Scientist..
t
f,,,."

/_

/

/''

:,'I'

/ .....••
.Qt..(..._(_,~-- .
...._,...,.,

E. B. LeBAILLY
Major General, USAF
Director of Information
2 Attacbments

1.

Blue Book Report

2.

AFR 200-2

I

6

NW 90306"
Docld:34714841 Page 23

/

#### Page 24

·1·
.

(i(

N. S, '1·· I r·1 • .l 1· · 1~

1·-?...J

1d rei hnu! (,gy l)iviswn

I

l,_

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.

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F () R.

---February 13, 1969

Lt. Colonel Harold A. Steiner, USAF
Assistant Executive Secretary
USAF Scientific Advisory Board
Department of the Air Force
Headquarters United States Air Force
Washington, D.C. 20330
Dear Hal,
I appreciate your thoughtfulness in sending me a copy of
the Condon Report on UFO's. He and his group seem to have done
a tremendous job, just about what our committee thought was
needed. I guess we were very lucky to have reviewed the situation
in such timely fashion in 1966. The fine endorsement of his work
by the National Academy of Sciences confirms that Condon has done
what was needed.
It is a pleasure to see this fruitful outcome to our recom­
mendation and I appreciate having the report.

NW 90306"
Docld:34714841 Page 24

#### Page 25

<
\

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
2500 Colorado Avenue· Santa Monica, California 90406

February 28, 1969

Lt. Colonel Harold A. Steiner
USAF Scientific Advisory Board
Headquarters U.S. Air Force
Washington, D. C. 20330
Dear Colonel Steiner:
Thank you very much for sending me the Condon Report
and the National Academy of Sciences review of the
report. I have not yet had time to read the com­
plete report but have glanced through it, and it
certainly seems comprehensive® I1he National Academy
review certainly gives it good credibility and
ought to take care of any serious critici.sm.
1

Cordially yours,

c--··--~.
\.

c·a:~~~r •

'-.,,

N"•····~:·.

;''.

·, ...

Vice President and Manager
Public Systems Division
LFC:db

NW 90306"
Docld:34714841 Page 25

"'

-----

I fA~

#### Page 26

20330

l2 February l

Dr• B. (Juytord stner

President
cameg1e-Mellon University
Pittaburgh, Pennaylvania 15213

Dear Dr. steYer
I a pleaaed to aelld you thia ,eraoul copy ot the Condon
R-:port on Un.1dent1t1ed Flying Ob.1ectai!I Ho doubt you will be
surprised, aa I was, at the depth ot the 1lUYfflit7 of Colon.do

•tu.dT• Little could v• au••• when the O'Brien SAB Caaittee
aet in February
tbat it would aerre a• a aprincboe.rd tor
this volalnou.a ettort. hr•ozua.111', I am aat1atied vith 'me
result• ot the atudy and bellwe it p.ita the Air Force 1n an
excellent po11t1on to counter cr1t1c1••
Sincerel.7

B'.AROU> A. S'l'IIDR, Lt Colonel, USAF

Aaa1atant Executive Secretary

USAF Scien·tific M:fiaory Board

'
1,

LtCol Ste1ner/dd/l2reb

11

I!
I
I

I

NW 90306"

Docld:3471.ffl41 Page 26

l Atch
Condon fteport (3 Yola)

#### Page 27

20330

6 February 1969

Dr. Brian O'Brien
Consultina Phyaicist
Box 52
North Woodstock, Connecticut 06257
Dear Dr. O'Brien

I • pleaaed to aend you tbia peraonal copy ot the Condon Report
on Unidentified 11.Jin& ObJecta. No doubt JOU will be aurpriaed,
as I vu, at the depth ot the UD1veraity of Colorado atud7.

Little could we awt•• when we 11et u a C011111ttM 1A l'ebruuy
tll&t a b7-product would be the•• vollainoua doctaenta.
Peraonally, I am aatistied vith the oontent.a and beline the
1

Air Force got ita money•• worth.

I em h&PP7 to have aerfed with JOU 1n th.11 exercise and I hope
that you feel aa I do that it was vorthwhile.
Sincerel7

BAB:>U> A. STBIDR, Lt Colonel, USA1

l Atch

Aaaiatant Executive Secret&r'7
USAF Scientific AdY1aory Board

Condon Report (3 Vola)

SAMI LE'l'TRR ro:

l

I NW 90306,
f Docld:34714841 Page 27

Dr. Launor F. Carter

Mr. Jesse Orlansky
Dr. Richard Porter
Dr. Carl Bagan
Dr. Willis H. Ware

#### Page 28

20330
27 February 1968
AFBSA
Requeat for Project Blue Book Material

Mr. Don Berliner
National Inveatigations C011mittee
on Aeria 1 Phenomena
1536 Connecticut Av11m.1e, N. W.

Washington, D. C. 20036
Thia ia in reaponae to your visit on 26 February 1968 during
which you requeated we provide you with Project Blue Book
material. I have been adv:L•ed that we can provide you with
copiea of the material you requ•ted at a coat of $5.00. If
you are still intereated in obtain

copiea, plea•• mak,e

your check or ·money order for that amount payable to the
"Treuurer of the United Statea" and aeod it to thia off:tce.

HAR.OLD A•. gfEINER.• I.t Colonel, USAF
Aaaiatan.t Executlve Secretary

USAF Scientific Advi•ory Board

NW 90306"

Docld:34714841 Page 28

#### Page 29

20''30
J

l March 196B
AFB&
ProJec·t Blue Book Mat,erial

Mr. Don Berliner
Natianal Investigations Committee
oo Aer:tal Phenomena,
1536 Com1ecticut Avenue, NW
WBshington, D. C. 20036

l.

This is in response to your letter of 28 February 1968 requesting

an.d payi.ng tor material pre1•red for the USAF Scientif'ic Advis~ry Board
by tb.e Project Blue Book office.
1

Copies of thie mterial are attached. A fee of $5 was based on the
unit cost of 25¢, per page plus $3 per hour labor.

2..

HAROLD A. STEINER, Lt Colonel, USAF
Assistan·t Executive Secretary

USAF Scientific Advisory Boe.rd

1 Ateh
Project Blue Book Material

f
'"' (

"""'"
;".,/

NW 90306"

Docld:34714841 Page 29

""

7 ...

#### Page 30

NATIONAL INVESTIGATIONS COMMITTEE
ON AERIAL PHENOMENA
MAJOR DONALD E. KEYHOI:.
USMC (IUET.) DIRll'CTOft
GORDON I. Pl. LORE. JR.
AS91STANT DIIUiCTOR

WASHINGTON. D. C. 20036

ADMINIST"ATIVIE Ol"l"ICIIS:

UJ:Se CONNltCTICUT AVE., N.W.

Feb. 28, 1968

Tl:Ll:..HONI:: (202) ee7-9434

Lt. Col. Harold A. Steiner
Aasiatar1t Executive Secretary

USAF Scientific Advis•ry Board
HQ, USAF

Washington, D.C. 20;;0
Deer Col. Steiners
Encleaed is my peraer1el check for $5.00 to cever the oost of reproducing th~ pegea

(Text continues in the original file: 85 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D093 — Analysis of Flying Object Incidents in the United States, 1948

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D093
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D093
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 12/10/48
- Location: Virginia
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The report’s biggest mystery is why they called it a ‘study,’ not a ‘sight‑see.’

- DOW-UAP-D093, Department of War PDF, incident 12/10/1948, Virginia.
- Air Intelligence Division study assessing UFO sightings, citing domestic, foreign tech, Soviet activity, experimental wing aircraft.
- Conclusion: object observed but unidentified; no definitive origin determined.

### Official summary

This file contains a U.S. Air Force (USAF) Air Intelligence Division study, “Analysis of Flying Object Incidents in the United States,” Study No. 203, dated 12/10/1948. The analysis includes an assessment of various reported unidentified flying object (UFO) incidents and theories to account for their nature and origin. Overall, the study assesses that “it appears that some object has been seen; however, the identification of that object cannot be readily accomplished.” The study offers that two “reasonable” origins might account for the phenomena: technologies of a domestic or foreign origin. It also suggests that, if foreign, it is prudent for the United States to assume that UFO observations are attributable to scientific, military, or intelligence activities of the Soviet Union, and, in that case, to take seriously the threat such objects may pose. The file also contains contemporary UFO reports and examples of experimental “flying wing” type aircraft planforms that might account for certain commonly reported UFO characteristics.

AARO Comment: This file appears to be an earlier draft version of the file contained in DOW-UAP-D094, whose content is substantively similar.

### AI summary

This document is a classified analysis report titled "Analysis of Flying Object Incidents in the United States, 1948." It was prepared by the Air Intelligence Division, USAF-ONT, and dated 10 December 1948. The report examines sightings of unidentified flying objects, noting the frequency of incidents, the reliability of observers, and the possible explanations for the sightings. It considers both domestic and foreign origins, including weather balloons, experimental aircraft, and Soviet aircraft. The report concludes that some type of flying object has been observed, but its identification and origin remain unclear.

### Full text

#### Page 3

MEMO ROUTING SLIP

-E

NEVE.,
~PROVALS, DISAPPROVALS,
-CONCURRENCES, OR SIMILAR ACTIONS

1 NAME OR TITLE

ORGANIZATION AND LOCATION

INITIALS

CIRCULATE

DATE

COORDINATION

2

FILE

INFORMATION

3

NECESSARY
ACTION
NOTE AND
RETURN

4

SEE ME

SIGNATURE

REMARKS

/4·~6r-F7
r/~·~

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TELEPHONE

.Q~GANJZATIGN AND L8CATION

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5

ReplacesDAAGOFortn895,1Apr48,andAFRQ
Form 12, 10 Nov 47, whibb may be used.

--.

16-48487""' GPO

#### Page 4

TOP SEORET
2 6167
AIR INPELLTGENCE DIVISION STUDY
(DI/USAF-ONT)
ANALYSTS OF FLYINO OBJECT INCIIENTS IN THE U.S.
Study No. 203 10 necomber 1948
DISTE FBUT ION COPT NO.
Air Intel Req niv I and 3
Air Eutimatos Branch
ONT
Air Intel Div DECLASSIFIED
AuortAFINAMe 3/5/5
By TWAR D 3/2/85 COPY NO. 3
TOP SLCRET

#### Page 5

OEONET
ANALYSTS OF FLYTIO OBJECT TN GELEITS IN THE U.S.
TNDEX
APPeNprx "A" - Analysis of Flvying Obiect Mcidents in the U.S. and
Hroothetical Tacties Eaploved
APpennrx "g" - Reported Sightings of Elving Objeots as of I Aurust 194s
Appennix "ca - Seleeted Eoports of Elving Object Ineidents
APPEDrx "p" - Elving Wing Type Aireraft
-TOP-SECRET

#### Page 6

FOP SECRET
10 December 1948
ANALYSIS OF FLYING OEJEGT INGIDENTS IN THE U.S.
PROBLAM
L. To ecanine pattorn of tacties of "rlying Saucers" (hereimafter
referred to as flying objeots) and to develop conolusions as to the
possibility of existence.
FACTS AND DISCUSSION
2. A dotailed discussion of informntion bearing on the problem
as set forth above is attached as Appendix "A". The main points estab-
Liohed therein are sunarized below.
3. The frequency of reported ineidenta, the similarity in many of
the characterioties attributed to tho oboerved objects and the quality
of observers considered as a whole, support the contention that aone
type of flying objeet has beon observed. Approxinately 2lo incidonts
have beon reported. Anong the obsorvers reporting on such ineidonbs
are trained and oxperienced U.S. Weather Bureau personnel, USAF rated
offlcers, experienced civilian pilots, technicians associated wi.th
various researoh projects and technicians omployed by comercial air-
lines.
4. The possibility that reported observations of flylng objects
over the U.S. were intluenced by previous sightings of unidentified
phenomena in gurope, particularly over Seandinavia in 1946, and that
the observers reporting euch incidents may have beon interested in ob-
taining personal publieity have boen conaidered as posnible explanations.
Mowever, these possibilities soen to be irprobable when cortain selected
reperbe such as the one from U.S. Wenthar Dureau at Mchmond are ex-
anined. During observations of weather balloons at the dichmond Bureau,
one well trained obsorver hae sihbed sorenge metallie dioke on three
occanions and another obsarver hns sightad a similar ebjeet on one
TOP SECRET

#### Page 7

TOP-CECRET
occasion. The last observation of unidentified objects was in April,
1947. On all four ocoaslons the weather balloon and the unidentified
objeots were in viow through the theodolite. These obssrvations at the
Richmond Bureau cecurred several months before publioity on the flying
saucers appeared in a U.S. newapaper.
5. Peseriptions of the flying objeets fall into three configurs-
tion categories: (1)diak-shaped 2) rough eigar-shaped (3) balls of
fire. Varying conditions of visibility and differenees in angles at
which the objeots may have been viewed introduces a possibility that a
singls byps object may have been observed rather than threo different
types. This possibility is further substantiated by the fact that in
the areas where such objects have been obeerved the ratio of the three
general confi gurations is approxiantely the sans.
6. Therefore, it appears that some object has beon sean; however,
the identification of that object cannot be readily accomplished on the
basis of information reported on each incident. It is possible that the
object, or objeets, may have been domestically launched deviees such as
weather balloons, rockets, experimental flying wing aireraft, or celes-
tial phenomena. It is necessary to obtain inforaution on such domestic
aotivity to confirm or deny this posaibility. Depanding upon the degree
with which this may be acoomplishod, forelgn devioes munt then be con-
sidered as a posaibility.
7. The patterm of sightings is definable. Sightinge have been
most intense throughout the states bordoring the Atlantie and Pacifie
coast lines, and the central states of Ohio and Kentucky. A map showing
Location of sightings is attached an Appendix "g".
S. The origin of the dovioss is not sscertainable. There are twe
rengonabls poneibdlities: (1) The objects are domestie deviens, and if
so, their idantifiontion or origin oan be astabliahed by a survey of all
laumehings of airborne objeots. Domestie flying wing type airoraft ob-
served in various anpoots of flight might bo reaponaible for some of the

#### Page 8

reportod flying objecto, particularly those described ae disk~ and
rough oi~r _aha~a.

(Seo Append1eea "C11 and nn11 . ) Among those which

Jiave been operational in recent yeara are the XF5U-l ("Flying Flapjack")

.

developed by Obance-Vaugb:tt, tM Northrup B-35, and the turbo-jet powered
Tb& ~osent exiatence of any privately developed fiying­

Northrup YB-49•

wing type aircraft baa not been determined but one ouch aircraft, the

.

I

Aru.p taille$8 monoplane, was operational at south Bend, lndiana, prior
to 1935. {2) Objects are fore:i."1, snd it ao, it would aeem most logi­
cal to consider that they are from a Soviet eouree. The Sovieto posoese
•

l,

'

'

"

intormtion on a number of Oenian ni,.ng-1iringt1P9 aircraft such aa the
G>tha P60A, Junkers EF 1~ long-range, high-speed j~t bomber and the

Horten 229 twin-jet fighter, -whioh p-:irticularly reaablea ooe ot the
descr1pt1ona of unidentified flying objects (See Appendix 11 0 11 ) . As
early aa 1924 Tncheran01rt1k7 devoloped a "Parabola" airorart, an all
wing de&ilJl, which wno the outcoms of oonm.darabls Soviet experimentation
with gliderD or the oame general. form.

SOYiet aircraft baf!led on ouch

deaigna m.1.ght bave speeds approaching trnnsonio •peeda attributsd to aome
flying object ■ or greater overall performance assuming the succ&as.ful
developxnent at eome unueual propulaion d~ce aaeh aa atomic energy

engine.

9. That tb9 Soviet■ have a current interest 1n flyinc•'Wing type
•iroraft 1• auggeated by their utilization of nr. OuS1ther BOolc who, at
the end ot world rrar n, • • 1n charge ot the nyJ.ng-wtng progru in

Germany' (see Appendix ttA", ~•graph 3, page 4). Aobievementa aat1•­
taotory to tbs u.s.s.R. are indirectly indicated by the pereooal recog­
nition h• 1• report.ed to be NoetTing in the u.s.s.n.

Recently it ha11

been repoi-ted tt»t the u.s.s.R. 1• planning to build a n ..t of 1,800
-

Horten flying-Wing aircraft.

Informati(m of low evaluation baa baon

reoeind etatintr t!nt a regl.lns.nt ot jet m.ght .t ishtere, Hod•l Ilorten
XIII, 11 at Kumm:f kha, an air base two miles t1outl'Pfea\ of Iiokutak.

#### Page 9

Kurm;ti kha. is identified as one of a number of airfields for the pro-

-

tection ot an atomic energy plant at Irkutsk. The Horten XllI as
developed by Oermny ,ms o. glider.
10.

Assu.idng that the objects might t,ventually be identifiod as

forei~ or foreign-sponsored dev-lces, the possible reason for their

appe,arance over the u.s. requires consideration.

Several posoible ex­

planations appsnr noteworthy,, v.i.zi

a. To ne~te u.s. confidence in the a.tom bomb as tho moot

advanced ond decisive weapon in warfare .
b.

To perform photographic reconnaissance missions.

c.

To test u.s. air defenoeo.

d.

To conduct :f'ami.liari~ation £lights over u.s. territoey.
OONCLUSI<llS

u.
-

Since tm .Ur r.-orce is reaponsiblo for control or the air in

the dofcnae of the u.s~, it is 1.mperativn that all other agenoies oo-­

opsratc, 1n confirming or denying the poeoibility that theae obje-,ts
have a domestic or1:61n•

otherwiao, if it is fir.inly indicated t.bat

there 1a no d01ne1t10 explanation, tM object• are a throa~ and warrant
m.ore activo etforta of identification and intorc~tion.
12.

It mua-t be accepted tmt some type of fi1ina obj•ots ha'Ye been

obae"11d, although the i r identification and origin are not diaoernabl.e.
Di the intereot ot' national defense it would bj un'rfiN to overlook the
po~sibility that e

e ot tmee objects i:ny bs of toreia;i origin•

4 Inole1
l~ " d1X "A" - Analyaie of Flying Objeot Inoidents in tbl u.s. and
Hypoth9t1oal Taotios Employed
.Appendix "B• - Plot or Flying Objeo'b S1Sht,1np in the U.S.
Appendix II C1' .. Selected Reports of Plying ObJeot Incident•
Appl.tldb. ?tD• - FlJing lfinl Type Airoratt

#### Page 10

APPEiDIX llAlf

ANALYSIS OF FLYilTG OBJECT IUCIDENTS Ilf Tlm U.S.
AND HTPOTHETIOAL TAOTICS l'?iPLOXED
l.

Introduction.

To formulate tho possible tactic• of

jects reported ovor the U.S. assumes from the outGet that firm conclu­
sions have beon reached on both the exiotonce pnd origin of the r oported

flying objects.

The current status of information on such incidents

and overall analys1o doec not cllow subotentiation for auoh concluaione.
However. the lack of such firm concluaions points to the necessity for
an immodiato and sound statisticnl annl7oiA of every nepect of the aituo.­

tion and doeo not proclude a concurrent examination of the reported in­
cidents to develop explanatione of their possible tactioe.

The latter

will be useful at oome future date ohould tho exictencea.ndoririn of the
flying objocts be definitely e•tabliahed.

Theroforc , tho followint;

anolyais of availablo information ii advanced in order to praeent evi­
dence on the actunl exhtenoa of somo tn,e fl7ill(; object and to relate
samo to tactical purposen for which the objects are pose1bly deeiEned.
The foJ.lovin,:; dhcueslo.n mu.at be cone1derod a provi111onal o.nalycie,
pend1n6 a further dotailod analyaio of all aspects of the problem.
2.

Somn J1.1rpoota RMIU'tllM F171na ObJeot Incld~nt4.

A. cureory

cxaM1nat1on of evidence on reported incident ■ haa been mnde o.nd it 1•
po111ble to cite certain genorAlltiee which it npp~nre MQ.1 be borne out
when detailed a.nal71os ha~• been completed.
Amo~ the 1noidentB reported there are m&IJ.1' otatemonta by
reliable and experienced pereone which t~nd to confirll that fl7lng ob­
j~ote havo been aeon.

The detcription of ouch objeot~ 1nem• to fall

rou«hl7 into thre• catogor1$ ■:
-

(1) 811••r dieke or balls. &pproxil0at1n&

a Horton will«$ tn>e aircraft; (a) Dal.le Qf fire ot Tnrlous colore and
lntenei\101; (3) Ott r or p noil-shaped object, atmtl~r i~ apponronce
\o V-2 type rockets in horliontal flight.

1

ihe numbere of configurations

#### Page 11

>

might be further roduced wi

the follow~ conoideratione i n mind:

Silver disks or balls have,

or the greater part, been observed in

daylight nnd a number under lear weather conditions with visibility
unlit1i~edt

In aost instanc a. balla of fire have been oboerved at

Oie;ar. or pencil-sh

od objects have been aig~tod in fe\fer

nwnbers but ~,ith about equa

distribution in daylight and at nieht.

A few accounts toll of

·eks havil'.l,f; u rough eigar- ahapo whon

viewed vh1lo maneuvering.

me of the dioka are described no having

lw:ninoa1t7 in daylight.

hereforo is poseible that e sin&lo type

night.

of object J11a1 be involved i

cightinga. and diffo~onceo in dee­

cription n1A7 reault from vi

ng tho objects at variouo ~lee and

under diftoring conditiona

vieib1lit1.

Tho n.boTo

and tho poseibil ity

t tho object or obJecta aeen aro conven-

tional domestic deviceG , ru

e.a we&thor balloons, test rockets, or Jet­

equ.ipped aircraft with pane

or flyi~ will£ oonfigur~tiona.

The nos1ibility e

ate that the reportiJ:I& of f~ill8 objects
rliar reports on similar inoidente in

may have

-

indicate that some type object h:l.e been oeen

Soondino.via. and OllXltral Ilur

The publication in newaq>npera of de­

tails on auch incidents. bo

foreign and dom~atic. 1187 hove induced

eo~o of the description pro

ded in reported domeatic inoidenta.

one of the enrlieot reporte

1ightiD4t~ in thou.a. wae the one obaencd

by U.S. Weather Dureau per1

el in April 1947, at lliobmon,, \irginia.

and on \hG baei• ot

report lt appears that the diek• are not

bulloonn.

It vould aeem \

thin aighttng w•• not lnflueno~d by the re-

port• of forGt n 1nc1dontm,

be nev~Bfer aooou.nte of domoetic lnoidente,

nor by mieldentiflcation of

conTcntional object.

Altho~h reported
out the u.s., fregy.ency of

However,

mestie 1noidonte are l.1id.oly aoetterod through­
,;htl:ng a.nd n'U.lllber of obeervors per sighUue;

#### Page 12

. '

'asouoes a definable pattern." There is a large concentration of aight­
inga along the ~stern Seaboard. another large concentration throU(;h­
out the 1t'ostern Coast states, and a . few sightiru?s
- '-n the Mi ddle ,1est.

Distribution of incidonts by configuration of object snd description
of maneuverability is approximately equal in each of theoo araaa and
this i o believed to further 's ubstanti ate the possibility tbet one type
of object mieht have been observed in different asneots of fl i €ht.
If sightings are induced by rumor, it seeca unusU£>1 t.lult more

incidenta have not been reported from tho vreas with hi€h concentrat 1on of population.

Reports from such areas would also hnve creater

facility in channel1IJG either to newspapers or official reporting ngon­
clee.

For the most part , _o1ght1J1€;s have b~en made 1n fairly onen country

where there are few ro,trictione to vhibilit7, .·~-hich may indicate that .
obstructod vision hn.o reduced oightingo in bu11,-up aroas.
It thorofore Geems th.at aome type of flying objoct has been ob­
served; tho identification of ita origin requires tho co~!pletion of other

3.

Eoaa1blo Or1«1~ of UnuoU4l J'lrlns Objnpt1& Provided, upon the

completion of annlyaeB, it 1c inrlicated that nome or nll of the reported
flyill8 objects over the U.S. nro of foreign or1&in, the objectc could
from a logical viewpoint, be couaidered Soviet.

It is evident from the

perforaance character1et1oe attributed to the un1dnntified objectn at
thiu time that 1f they are foreign, the1 involve efficiencies of por­
formanoe which hnve not been ro&liz•d in nn~ op~rat1ollt\l airborne de­
vice in thie country.

It would, therefo•e, be o. rnietake to analyae the

technical n,weets of the situation within th• limtt, of our cwn knowl­
edge of p~actinnl dcvelopmentn.

It is more deeirable to consider then

the 0\1ter llmiti, of poealble Soviet develop11entfl and objecti1.ve11 in nt•
tEJmptlng to !c,rmul&.te aom

idea of the tectic" whioh might be involved.

#### Page 13

objectiveG of ihe u.s.s.R. ha.ve

of all, the
-

been st tod many times and indicatod i n many f orms,

The most clear­

cut statement of this obJoctive is prob bl7 the one contained in the
prea ble to the

ourth five- year Plan (1946-1950) which states that

the objective of Soviet science ie to overt ke and surp an the seienti.fio and technical development ,of the ca 1tali t nat1ona~
.would be · n imnosoible tosk for the Goviet Union to
.objoctive by proce ding st~- by- atep

It appar ntly

ocoopliah such an

lone; the same lines of develop­

ment already achieved in the capitalist

tione.

This would menn that

it would b-e ne oossary to rapidly proceed through en.ch phase of aero-

n utic I development that bae

lr aa,- been accomplished in thia country, and

this ~robably would never have any pro pecto of ace ler ti
ment b yond any point re ched by the U. S.
p lioh their objoct1v

Th

Soviet dev lop­

obviou an wer to

of not onl7 overt kin , but surpassing the capitalist

oountrioa would b a sci nt1f1c shortcut .

Thi poe 1b1lity 1 not so r -

mote when examined on the b aio of our knowl dge of th curr nt
in th U. S. S. R.
and

ncquir d fro

Ge

ny in 1945 and th

Germ n aoientiote, the po e1b111t7 of catchi

~

re 11 tio if th

Soviet

hav

work aided by

and pooaibly Ul'p ssin

int ohnic 1 dev lopment, b comes mor

comes ev n oor

shown

re 11at1c.

priority in our own progr

nther

Uo (flyin

to b

th

oc,

ci ntie

op

.s.R. hae sine 1946 enli ted the I r-

German who head d all develop

) t

wi

aircraft in Ge
in cl re

"1r

1

Y'•

Dr.

nt of low
ook: 111 bulteved

!' I.AM whio

t
h

t

airer f

re

7urth r, 1

oc

1•

llaltimum of

•

It is know that the u~
of Vr .

It be­

t ndency to ooncen-

tr te on cort in d8velopm nte whioh have still not reoe1v d

vie

ituation

Provi~ d Soviot eophasis was ·iven to the mot promieing

dvaneed idea

other n tion

coom­

e fr fly0

he

vi t •
4

• co

ld rd

#### Page 14

•.
-

the Germans o.nd possibly
flyi ng wing ty-pa aircraft w se confi[;Uration would be sinilor to des~
cr1r tions of cortain

r eported flyinc ovor the U. S.

mated q,eeds of such

range of the lower limits of

speed attributed to flyin,e o jecta over the U. S.

.

The eati­

It ia not 1I!Jposs1ble

that emphaois on surpas~ll'lo

oroii;n developments haa led to unuoual pro-

gres& in fucloandpropulaio

by the u.s. s.R.

~

In connection with pos-

a1ble advancemento in the fi ld of fuelo and propuloion. 1t: shou.ld be
observed that tho Russian o

oituation (regardless of eotimated oil

reaorvor,) io quite differont from t~t in the U. s.

-

i"or e~le, u. s.

oil industry is preparod to

urn out tremendous qunntit1ea of hi~hly

fractionotod petroleum pro

tq, while the u.~.s.R. cannot reasonebly

approach ouch c~pab111tiee.

Thie consideration dictates d1f!orent solu­

tions on fuel~ for propuls1o

1n the two countrieo and 1n turn, dictnte1

the direction taken in dev~~ omont of jat motors or the U88 of other propuloiv& dovicoa.

We must tl rcfora. arrive .at the concluoion that any-

Soviet aevice which mar have made ite s~penranoe over the u.s. as described, would possaeo unusUR performance charaot~ristioa ~hioli, in all
probability, would include

renge.

The poo1ibilit7 th~t they could

' unconventional aircraft moy ~ve been flown ov~r tho U.S. tor ono, all, or
a oombinntion of the followi g reasons:

ha•• b~eu used in• propB&&nda eonao. it
would be r easonable to assum

thnt the Goviete would mooee ttret to

fri«hten pro-Aoler:l.oan no.tton

in .filu.rope with the ap_p•aranoe of a rnd.1.ooll;y

5

#### Page 15

.,

nev we~pon to counteract

abilit~ of the U. S. t o obtain full propaganda
It will be remeI!l'berad t hat strange

effectivenees with the atom

objects first appeared over he Scandinavian coUhtriee in 1946.

The ob-

jects observed there had unu ual range and unusual performance oharacteris-

tics.

As this demonstration over tho Scandinavian countries occurred

tho U. S. was making a v1goro s campaign for t he economic and political
aligru:ient of these nations

th other pro~merican ieatern ~uropean na­

tions.

subsidod, strange flyine; objPcts bocan to

\?hen

be observod at an increaoine rote over the u. s.
point is that flyill(; object

The conclusion on this

may h~ve been used to frighten both Euro-

pean nations and the u.s. b~ tho appearance of a new device, and thnt
foilure to i dent ify such a

object would give them inval uable in­

dication that U. S. dovelopm

i s far behind that of tho Soviets.

Except for thi1J

i e believed that the uce of tho objects

to promoto fear

hleaa 1n that the U. S. public has tended

to characterize the&e incid tn entirely_an ho.llucinationE1 by ''crack pote 11 ,
misldentific~t1on of convent onal objecta, or that they repres~nt a secret
American project

not be publici~ed.

Any fear that micht re­

ault from Soviet

e only b~ a discovery that the objects h4ve

been Soviet aircraft and t

they involve radical developmanta which

ore 1n advance of our

objeot~ for the cellecticn

~hotograph1o intGlligence or the mappil'IB

of certain aren1 in the U.S

The evaaive action emplo7ed by all objocta

•16hted

an attempt to avoid bei!l€ aightod. na an

~ttcmpt to prevent d11clo1u

of the ex&ct t;vpe of fl1ing crmtt and it•

miaeion.

!rhe ~l~ht1nc of o eets over the U.S. ru o ~een most intense 1A

•

Eaetorn and Westorn Coa~t

ln addition, Jightitl&• of flying ooJeote

6

#### Page 16

J

have been made near Oak Ridge, Tenn.; :Uo.s Cruces. n, H. , and in the

·-

general area of the Hanford Works in ' Orogon_.

Gonernlly, aightinis have

not been made over what we consider strategic industrial arooe .

The

reason for thia mi~ht be either thnt the flying_objecto have boen ob­
served only enroute to or from misoiono over tbeGe . oore concentrated
strategic arena, or that the Soviets obtained sufficient information
.
during thoir World War II liaioon with u.s. industry to natiafy tho1r
intelligence reQuirements and have a more active requir~~ent for in~oroation on industrioe and area~ which were not available to the~ during
World Uar It contacts.

This 12 of inter~st in connection with the

sightinca near Oak Ridge, LaG Cruces, and in tha general area of the Hanford
Works nince theee eetabliohmnnts wrenot , end ara not , acocsaibl~ to Soviet
collectoro of photo~raphic intelli -~onco.

lt is poffolblo thnt the use of 5oviot f1Yill6 objects over
the U. S. io int~ndcd oni,- to dotormine the ability of the U.3. defenses
to npot ioreign aircraft .

Thie would be of extreme laportanoe to the

U.G.S.R. in tho event that a one-way all-out attack of Soviet atre.te­
g1o bombers 1o plcnned.

Ability to operQto oYer the U.S. unin'W.bitod

at a time when the u.s. is suppoced.17 ro-a1'1i21ng and puttin« greBt atrea1
on defenaee would provide yaluable informatiott on which to base e1tlmate1
for probnbilit7 of suocftoe in bombing stratoeic obJectiTe1 1n the U. S.
d.

Ew;l1l111rbetiop Zl,ittht1....2If'I£ U.8. T0n:1to;a.
This poaolbl~ reacon le ptrbnp$ the mott improbable.

lt

ie aooumod thnt, ohould thie 1;1urpooo bo involved, other purposori are
prob bl1 nl~o ccoolllpllahed ln ite execution.
-

Frov1dcd the u.n.s.n. het

unUoutilly hlsh pl!rformnnee a1rcreft they ~1{:ht find it ~dv.ontaeeoue to
famllit1rhe the11eo).Toe '11th the tol)o,;ro.pbf of the C'.8. in anticipation

ot futuro combat mi~aione to ~tratee1o tarcote •

..,

#### Page 17

•

I

•

5.

Concluaioa.

!he conclusion thot some tYPe of flying object

has been observed ovor the U.S. seems to be substantiated.

It is not

known at this time whether these obae:r"V'at1ono are mioidontifieations
of do~estically launched devices, natural phenomenn, or foreien un­
conventional aircraft.

It is, therefore, i mpossible to noke any re­

liable oxplanation for their ar,pearanco over the U~S• or the tact1cB
which they may- employ 1f the objects oboerved includo any foreign
developmente in aeronautical fields.

It is likewise i.Jp.possible at

this time to contain diecuesiona of posoi~le perfornance charaotoristice
or tactics within limits of practical reason, if for no other reason
than the faot that proof of the existence of a foreign development of

this tn>e would neoesearily introduce considerations of new principals

D.nd means not ¥et conoidercd practical poeaibilitiee in our own reeeorch and devol0pment .

8

,..

i.

#### Page 18

Athabaska
Fort
Vermilion
BRITISH W TOBA Sable
Haseton Rive N
than
ALBE AR L
IMB E The Pas I
R 2
Prince Lahe ston C. Cod
Fraser Winnipes N
Resd Deer Oita
Dauphi Manioba Sioux Laokout
Vancouver Kimloops Revelatoke Calgary S Wignipeg Superior.. An ong
buver Ro York
Medicine Hat Brand Foron Buffalo New Philadelphia
uluth
Williston River Fargo ES Pittsburgh
Missour Glendive St.Paul Detroit Baltimor
reat Fails R Biamarc Toledo Chesapeake Bay
Butte Washingt
Bling Chicago C. Hatteras
Cha
Rapid City
Eareis ville
Great Salt L.. Platte Ohio APPENDIX
R
North Platte - ashville REPORTED SIGETINGS OF FLYING OBJECTS
Elko Cheyenne City AS OF 1 AUGUST 1948
aly ake C ansas
N Denver D
San Francisco deato E "B
Oakland Pueblo Dodge City
Cedar City Tulsa River tona Beach
Oklaboma Little Ro Birmingham Bahama
Canadian Cay OR Islands
marill R a
Pt. Arguella anta Red
Barbari Flagstaff
Los Auquerque Ft. Mobile
Angele Worth - Dallas Orleans
Ia Phornix Brazes
Mezicali Colorado
El Paso San Angelo Austic EPORTED SI HTINCS OF FIYINGOBJECTS
Ciudad Juarez Galveston
As of I August 1948
San Antonio MF
Rio Corpus Chrinti LEED
bihuahua
aredo GULF
Punta Eugenia 6 Disks
California Q Rough cigar Shape
HONTHA TROPIC OF CANCER 4 Ball of Fire
R JAOTUT 4 Cone of Fire
C. Victoria X @ Configuration Undetermined
Durango OOAC

#### Page 20

APPENDIX II 011
SEIEC.CED REPORTS (I!' FLYnrn OBJECT INCIDENTS

A nunber ot reports on unidentified fly;l.ng objects come trom

observer• fflio, beonuas o! their teobnioal background and experience do

not appear to be infiuenoed by unfounded senaationallam nor ino,linod to
report explahable phena1uma as new types 0£ airborne devices.

Some of

.

the detailB of their reports are presented in this appendix~ slang with

those from posDibly le3s reliable sources who have reported evidence
which is of such a nature that it cannot be entirely ignored.
>

2.

Descriptions ot Bifi'}liticant :inoidente, arranged ohronologically,
,

follow.a

a. During April 1947, two employeea ot tbs wentber Bureau

Statioa at Richmond, Virginia reported aee1ng a stranee metallic diak
cm three ooc&aion• through the "tbeodolite while_. making PIBAL observa­
t.ion••

One observation was at 15,000 feet when a disk waa followed for

15 seconds.

The diak appeared metallic, ■baped 10tt10thing liko an ellip1e

with a flat bottaa and a ro\ll'ld top. It appeared balcnY the balloon and
waa much larger in Bise. The di ■k appeared to be moving rather rapidly,
altboue)l it waa impouaible to eatimate its apsed. The otb!tr obaervationa
""'"' Jllllda at 27,000 t eet :in like manner.
b. The tollorin1 lit0Xlth, Byron B. Savage, a f i eld engl.noer f or
:""Hiii!\rt1. n
,

iWl>oned a diak tlying near hiu homo in
eot no thought to be at an alt itude

eet, and waa novinR toward t he north

feet on a courM of ))0 d•~os,
, Nevada, an .ill' force lieutenant r~
oiroular object , in cloea tormat1on auia_.

t

Yelin at an

etimated •P d of 28S mil•• pol' hour. Thi• ei6ht1ng

occurred on~ June 1947.

#### Page 21

d.

day a party of thi-ee, t,To of' tliem soicmtinta,

Tll

re motJiAg a

llllr"l!ll~

!ir_Jng gr!>undo a.,

ropor ~ s

12;anto~ a

Q! o
"

....
~ - • " • •Sand, Ile l!exico,'
V-2.~ _,.-:~
lC
9# •

or sphere moVin8 horJ.-

or 10,000 f

t

coo such as mngo.

Th~

an
~

. . . . ¥ ..

r mis ot uni:for::i aQ!ipc Md hld no protru • G o

object r.ns in sight tor about 60 tieconds ooforo i t dis.a.ppJared to the
nortbe.:icrt.

Tho tbro observe1·a acreod on tho dotl1lo of the uightini.;

except that cne thought bO hld aoan vapor trails.
e.

On 7 July 1947, five Portland, Orecc,n police o.fficerc re­

port d vnryinc n\lmb::1•0 o.r dioka flying over dif£cr&nt port:;; o! tho city.

All obs8rvations \T.lre m.,.dc '1i thin a mnute or trro of 1305 houra .
t.

on the Oam!) da1, William Rhonda or Pho nix., Arizona al-

ltJgedly enw a diok ctrolinn his locality .during ounoet

form. Tl»ec photoc;rapho

- mv been •cx1io:trietf'
iJ:llf'!lS nnd do not op~nr to be io

.feotiono in the lenc.

rtect,1on in the

(SaG F1go. 1, 2, 3, and 4.)

ootar AL 'rll">TJMAPHS DY m. ntl )(\n~

:ul.oion or irl~­

#### Page 22

EMLARCEMETS OF ORIGIIAL PETORAPHS
Fig- 3 Fig. 4
c. On 10 July 1947, Mr, Woodruff, a Pan-Ameriean Airwmys mechante
reported a ciroular object flying at high velooity, paralleling the earth's
surgace and lasving a trail which appeared as a "burning up" of the eloud
formation. The sighting ogeurred near Harmon Field, Newfoundland. Two
other paraons aleo saw hs trail which romnined in the sky for about an
hour and ws photographed by another PAA employes. Ths resulting photo-
graphs support dr. Woodrut's obeurvation as far ae the sy cleavage is
concerned. (Ses Fign. 5 and 6.)

#### Page 29

h. on 29 July l947, Kemeth Arnold, while flying near Tooomn,
Waahdnghon, roporbod a foramtion of flying objeots. His sketah of thetr
shape correaponds alosaly to that shom in the photographs made by
Mr. Rhoads. on the same day, bwo VaS. Air Fores pilote at landlton
Field reportod two flying diaks trailing a P-80, following it toward
Cakland, califomta,
t. on 4 August 1947, the pllot and e0-pllot of a DC-3, flying
for one al Jones, near Bethol, Alnaka, raported a flying dak larger
than thelr airoraft. This diak orossed thair path at about looo feot
and they turned to give chase. The DC-3 was flying at 17o mph, but the
diek flow out of sigt in four mimutes.
J- on 12 Novembar 1947, two flying diske trailing Jeb-like
streams of fire were reportedly aighited from the bridge of the tanker
Tieonderogs, aocording to the second orfieer. The Ticondoroga wms
20 sdles off the Oregon shore. This officer said the diske were in
si ght 45 seoonds, moving at a speod ertimnted at 700-goo sph, ourving
in a long, low are.
k. On 7 Janury 194s, a Natdonal duard pilot was killed wille
attempting to chase an unidentified object up to 30,ooo feet. whils it
is preeumed that this pilot suffered anocia, remulting in his cranh, his
last meusnge to the tower ws, "it appeurs to bo metallie objectesee of
tremendous aise.ee. dirootly ahend and slightly abovea... I as trying
to close for a better loolc."
L. on 5 April 194s, three trained balloon obworvers from the
ceophyaies Laborstory Seetion, Watson Laboratories, H. J. reported
sesing a round, indistinct object in the Vioinity of Mollnan Air Force
Base, Now Mecieo. It was vory high and fast, and appenred to execute
violent maneuvers at high epeed. The object was under obsorvation for
approxcimately 30 seconds and disappeared suddenly.
6

#### Page 30

. A yellow or light colored sphere, 25 to 40 feot in diameter
was roported by Lb. Condr. Marous L. Low, Usi, just south of Anagostta
Naval Air Station, Dole, whlls he wae flying on 30 Aprll 194d. It was
moving at a spoed of approximately loo milos par hour at an altitude of
about 45oo fest. Although winds aloft were frm the north-nortiwost,
i ts course ws to the north.
Be On I July l94d, bralve diaks were reparted cver the kapid
Clty Air Buse by Major Hamor. Thase diake wure oval-ghaped, about 100
feot long, flying in excess of an estianted 5o0 mph. Descending from

(Text continues in the original file: 67 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D094 — Analysis of Flying Object Incidents in the United States, 1949

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D094
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D094
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 4/28/49
- Location: Virginia
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

1949: the year even the paperwork couldn’t identify its own flying objects.

- DOW-UAP-D094 pdf, Department of War, dated 04/28/1949, incident location Virginia.
- Report cites ~210 incidents observed by weather bureau staff, military officers, pilots.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This file contains a U.S. Air Force (USAF) Air Intelligence Division study, “Analysis of Flying Object Incidents in the United States,” Study No. 203, dated 04/28/1949. The analysis includes an assessment of various reported unidentified flying object (UFO) incidents and theories to account for their nature and origin. Overall, the study assesses that “it appears that some object has been seen; however, the identification of that object cannot be readily accomplished.” The study offers that two “reasonable” origins might account for the phenomena: technologies of a domestic or foreign origin. It also suggests that, if foreign, it is prudent for the United States to assume that UFO observations are attributable to scientific, military, or intelligence activities of the Soviet Union, and, in that case, to take seriously the threat such objects may pose. The file also contains selected contemporary UFO reports and examples of experimental “flying wing” type aircraft planforms that might account for certain commonly reported UFO characteristics.

AARO Comment: This file appears to be a later revision of the file contained in DOW-UAP-D093, whose content is substantively similar.

### Full text

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...

Air Intelligence Report No. 100-203-79.

ANALYSIS OF FLYING OB ECT INCIDENTS IN THE U. S.

Air Intelligence Division Study No. 203
10 December 1948.
Directorate of Intelligence and Office of Naval Intelligence

DISTRIBUTION ''C''

WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States
within the meaning of the Espionage Act, 60 U.S.C., 31 and 32, as amended. Its transmission or
the revelation of its contents in any manner to an . unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
Reproduction of the intelligence in this publication, under the provisions of Army Regulation
380-5, is authorized for United States military agencies provided the source is indicated.

Directorate of Intelligence
Headquarters United States Air Force

Office of Naval Intelligence
Navy Department
Washington, D. C,

DECLASSIFIED

#### Page 5

. 38%
TOPOEORET
ANALYSIS OF FLYING OBJECT INCIDENTS IN THE U. S.
INDEX
Page
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX "A"- A ANALYSIS OF FLYING OBJECT INCIDENTS IN THE U. S.
AND HYPOTHETICAL TACTICS EMPLOYED 3
Introduction 3
Some Aspects Regarding Flying Object Incidents 3
Possible Origin of Unusual Flying Objects
Possible Reasons or Tactics for the Use of Soviet
Unconventional Aircraft Over the U. S.
Conclusion
APPENDIX "B' REPORTED SIGHTINGS OF FLYING OBJECTS AS OF
1 AUGUST 1948
APPENDIX "" SELECTED REPORTS OF FLYING OBJECT INCIDENTS
APPENDIX "D FLYING WING TYPE AIRCRAFT 17
Germany
Great Britain
United States
LORSECRET
NIW 91376
Dodld:34749006 Page 5

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MP l!Clt!,

ANALYSIS OF FLYING OB ECT INCIDENTS IN THE U. S.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

PROBLEM
1. TO EXA:MlNE pattern of tactics of "Flying Saucers" (hereinafter referred to as flying objects)
and to develop conclusions as to the possibility of existence.
FACTS AND DISCUSSION
2. A DETAILED discussion of information bearing on the problem as set forth above 1s attached
as Appendix "A". The main points established therein are summarized below.
3. THE FREQUENCY of reported incidents, the similarity in many of the characteristics attributed
to the observed objects and the quality of observers considered as a whole, support the contention
that some type of flying object has been observed. Approximately 210 incidents have been reported.
Among the observers reporting on such incidents are trained and experienced U.S. Weather Bureau
personnel, USAF rated officers, experienced civilian pilots, technicians associated with various re­
search projects and technicians employed. by commercial airlines.

•

4. THE POSSIBILITY that reported observations of flying objects over the U.S. were influenced by
previous sightings of unidentified phenomena in Europe, particularly over Scandinavia 1n 1948, •and
that the observers reporting such incidents may have been interested in obtaining personal pubUcity
have been considered as possible explanations. However, these posslb111t1es seem to be improbable
when certain selected reports such as the one from U.S. Weather Bureau at Richmond are examined.
During observations of weather balloons at the Richmond Bureau, one well trained observer has
sighted strange metallic disks on three occasions and another observer has sighted a similar object
on one occasion. The last observation of un1denttf1ed objects was in Apr1i, 1947. On all four occa­
sions the weather balloon and the unidentified objects were in view through the theodolite. These
observations at the Richmond Bureau occurred several months before publ1city on the flying saucers
appeared in a U.S. newspaper.
5. DESCRIPTIONS OF the flying objects fall lnto three configurat1on categories: (1) disk-shaped
(2) rough cigar-shaped {3) balls of fire. Varying conditions of visibility and differences in angles
at which the objects may have been viewed introduces a possibility that a single type object may
have been observed rather than three different types. This possibility is further substantiated by
the fact that 1n the areas where such objects have been observed the ratio of the three general
configurations is approximately the same.

.

.

6. THEREFORE, IT appears that some object has been seen; however, the identification of that
object cannot be readily; accomplished on the basis of information reported on each incident. It
ls possible that the object, or objects, may have been domestically launched devices such as weather
balloons, rockets, experimental flying wlng aircraft, or celestial phenomena. It is necessary to
obtain information on such domestic activity to confirm or deny this possibility. Depending upon
the degree with which this may be accomplished, foreign devices must then be considered as a
possibility.
7. THE PATTERN of sightings is definable. Sightings ~ave been most intense throughout the states
bordering the Atlantic and Pacific coast lines, and the central states of Ohio and Kentucky. A map
showing location of sightings is attached as Appendix "B"

~•• 11c11,

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8. THE ORIGIN of the devices is not ascertainable. There are two reasonable possibllltles:
(1) The objects are domestic devices, and if so, their identification or origin can be established
by a survey of all launchings of airborne objects. Domestic flying wing type aircraft observed
in various aspects of flight might be responsible for some of the reported flying objects, particu­
larly those described as disks and rough cigar shapes. (See Appendices "C" and ''D" .) Among
those which have been operational in recent years are the XF5U-1 ("Flying Flap3ack") developed
by Chance-Vaught, the Northrup B-35, and the turbo-jet powered Northrup YB-49. · The present
.existence of any privately developed flying-wing type aircraft has not been determined but one
such aircraft, the Arup tailless monoplane, was operational at South Bend, Indiana, prior to 1935.
(2) Objects are foreign, and l:f so, it would seem most logical to consider that they are from a
Soviet source. The Soviets possess information on a number of German flying-wing type aircraft
such as the Gotha P60A, Junkers EF 130 long-range, high-speed jet bomber and the Horten 229
twin-jet fighter, which particularly resembles some of the description of un1denttfied flying objects
(See Appendix "D"). As early as 1924 Tscheranowsky developed a "Parabola" aircraft, an all
wing •design, which was the outcome of considerable Soviet experimentation with gliders of the
same general form. Soviet aircrait based on such designs might have speeds approaching trans­
~;onic speeds attributed to some flying objects or greater over-all performance assuming the
successful development of some unusual propulsion device such as atomic energy engine.
9. THAT THE Soviets have a current interest in flying-wing type aircraft is suggested by their
utilization of Dr. Guenther Bock who, at the end of. World Wa:r IT, was in charge of the flylng­
wlng program in Germany (See Appendix ''A", paragraph 3, page 4 ). Achievements satisfactory

to the U.S.S.R. are indirectly indicated by the personal recognition he is reported to be receiving
in the U.S.S.R. Recently 1t has been reported that the U.S.S.R. 1s planning to build a fleet of
1,800 Horten flying-wing aircraft. Information· of low evaluation has been received stating that a
regiment of jet night fighters, Model Horten xm, is at Kuzm1kha, an air base two mE.es south­
west of Irkutsk. Kuzmikha is identified as one of a number of airfields for the protection of an
atomic energy plant at Irkutsk. The Horten XIII as developed by Germany was a glider,
10. ASSUMING THAT the objects might eventually be identified as foreign or foreign-sponsored
devices, the possible reason for their appearance over the U.S. requires consideration. Several
possible explanations appear noteworthy, vi.z:
a. To negate U.S. confidence in the atom bomb as the most advanced and decisive weapon
in warfare.
b.

To perform photographic reconnaissance missions,

c.

To test U. S. air defenses.

d.

To conduct familiarization flights over U.S. territory.
CONCLUSIONS

11. SINCE the Air Force is responsible for control of the air in the defense of the U.S., it is
imperative that a.ll other agencies cooperate in confirming or denying the possibility that these
objects have a domestic origin. Otherwise, if it is firmly indicated that there 1s no domestic
explanation, the objects are a threat and warrant more active efforts of 1dent1fication and inter­
ception.
12. rr MUST be accepted that some type of flying objects have bean observed, although their
identification and origin are not d1scernable. In the interest of national defense it would be
unwise to overlook the possibility that some of these objects may be of foreign origin.

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.iaa IEIIIE'l

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APPENDIX "A"

ANALYSIS OF FLYING OB· CT INCIDENTS IN THE U. S.
AND HYPOTHETICAL TACTICS EMPLOYED

1. INTRODUCTION. To formulate the possible tactics of flying objects reported over the U. S.
assumes ?rom he outset that firm conclusions have been reached on .both the existence and origin
o! the reported flying objects. The current status of information on such incidents and over•all
analysis does not allow substantiation for such conclusions. However, the lack of such firm con­
clusions points to the necessity for an immediate and sound statistical analysis of every aspect of
the situation and does not preclude a concurrent examination of the reported incidents to develop
explanations of their possible tactics. The latter will be useful at some future date should the
existence and origin of the flying objects be definitely established. Therefore, the following analy­
sis of available information is advanced in order to present evidence on the actual existence of
some type flying object and to relate same to tactical purposes for which the objects are possibly
designed. The following discussion must be considered a provisional analysis, pending a further
detailed analysis of all aspects of the problem.

2. SOME ASPECTS REGARDING FLYING OB CT INCIDENTS. A cursory examination of evidence
on repo
n
s poss
certain generalities which it appears
may be borne out when detailed analyses have been completed.
Among the incidents reported there are many statements by reliable and experienced persons
whlch tend to confirm that flying objects have been seen. The description of such objects seems
to fall roughly into three categories: (1) Silver disks or balls, approximating a Horten wing type
aircraft; (2) Balls of fire of various colors and intensities; (3) Cigar or pencil-shaped objects
similar in appearance to V -2 type rockets in horizontal flight. The numbers of configurations
might be further reduced with the following considerations in mind: Silver disks or balls have,
for the greater part, been observed in daylight and a number under clear weather conditions with
visibility unlimited. Iri most instances, balls of fire have been observed at night. Cigar, or
pencil-shaped objects have been sighted in fewer numbers but with about equal distrlbuUon 1n
dayllght and at night. A few accounts tell of the disks having a rough cigar-shape when viewed
while maneuvering. Some of the disks are described as having luminosity in daylight. It there­
fore is possible that a single type of object may be involved in all slghtlngs, and differences ln
description may result from viewing the objects at various angles and under dlffering conditions
of visibility.
The above tends to indicate that some type object ha~ been seen and the possibility exists
that the object or objects seen are conventional domestic devices, such as weather balloons, test
rockets, or jet-equipped aircraft with pancake or flying wing configurations.
The possibillty exists that the reporting of flying objects may have been influenced by earlier
reports on similar incidents in Scandinavia and Central Europe. The publication in newspaper of
details on such incidents, both foreign and domestic, may have induced eome of the description
provided in reported domestic incidents. However, one of the earliest reported sightings in the
U.S. was the one observed by U.S. Weather Bureau personnel in April 1947, at Richmond, Virginia,
and on the basis of this one report it appears that the disks are not balloons. It would seem that
this sighting was not influenced by the reports of foreign incidents, the newspaper accounts of
domestic incidents, nor by misident1.f1cation of a conventional object.

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Although reported domestic incidents are widely scattered throughout the U.S., frequency of
sighting and number of observers per sighting assumes a definable pattern. There ls a large con­
centration of sightings along the Eastern Seaboard; another large concentration throughout the
Western Coast states, and a few sightings in the Middle West. Distribution of. incidents by configuration af object and description of maneuverability is approximately equal 1n each of these
areas and this ls belleved to further substantiate the possibility that one type of object might have
been observed In dl:fferent aspects of flight.
?f sightings are induced by rumor, it seems unusual that more incidents have not been reported
from the areas with high concentration of population. Reports from such areas would also have

greater facility 1n channeling either to newspaper or official reporting agencies. For the most part,
sightings have been made in fairly open country where there are few restrictions to visibility, which
may indicate that obstructed vision has reduced sightings 1n bullt-up areas.
It therefore seems that some type of flying object has been observed; the ldentlftcatlon of
its origin requires the compet1on of other analyses.
3. POSSIBLE ORlGIN OF UNUSUAL FLYING O
CTS. Provided, upon the completion of. analyses,
it is'ln<nciite~ffiar-iroi:ne01::-S:!rof'truri:wor1:ec
bjects over the U.S. are of foreign origin,
the objects could from a logical viewpoint, be considered Soviet. It is evident' from the pertorm­
ance characteristics attributed to the unidentified objects at this time that if they are foreign, they
involve efficiencies of performance which have not been realized in any operational airborne device
in this country. It would, therefore, be a mistake to analyze the technical aspects of the situation
within the limits of our own knowledge of practical developments. n ls more desirable to consider
then the outer limits of possible .soviet developments and objectives ln attempting to formulate some
idea of the tactics which might be involved.

First of all, the scientific objectives of the U.S.S.R. have been stated many times and Jndicated
1n many forms. The most clearcut statement of this objective ls probably the one contained in the
preamble to the Fourth Five-year Plan (1946-1950} which states that the objective of Soviet .science
ls to overtake and surpass the scientific and technical developments of the capitalist nations. It
apparently would be an impossible task for the Soviet Union to accomplish such an objective by pro­
ceeding step-by-step along the same lines of development already achieved in the capitalist nations.
This would mean that. lt would be necessary to rapidly proceed through each phase of aeronautical
development that has already been accomplished in this country, and this
obably would never• have
any prospects of accelerating Soviet development beyond any point reach by the U.S. The obvious
answer to accomplish their objective of not only overtaking, but surpassing the capitalist countries
would be a scient1flc shortcut. This possibllity ls not so remote when examined on the basis of
our knowledge of the current situation 1n the U .S.S.R. Provided Soviet emphasis was given to the
most promising and advanced ideas acquired from Germany 1n 1946 and the work aided by German
scientists, the possibility of catching up and possibly .surpassing other nations 1n technical develop­
ments becomes more realistic. • It becomes even more realistic l:f the Soviets have shown a tendency
to concentrate on certain developments which have still not received a maximum of priority in our
own programs.

n 1s known that the U.S.S.R. has since 1945 enlisted the services of Dr. Guenther Bock, a
German who headed all development of low aspect ratio (flying wing) type aircraft in Germany.
Dr. Bock is believed to be the top German scientist In charge at TSAGI and TSIAM which are
"Air Materiel Command" type organizatlons ln the U.S.S.R. Further, it is believed that Dr. Bock
has made available all German plans for flying wing type aircraft to the Soviets. Among the de­
signs considered by the Germans and possibly explolted by the U.S.S.R., are jet-propelled, flying
wing type aircraft whose configuration would be similar to descriptions of certain objects reported
flying over the U.S. The estimated speeds of such aircraft are within range of the lower limits.
of speed attributed to flying objects over the U.s. It ls not impossible that emphasis on surpassing
foreign developments has led to unusual progress 1n fuels and propulsion by the U.S.S.R. In con­
nection with possible advancements 1n the field at fuels and propulsion, it should be observed that

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•

the Russian oll situation (regardless of estimated 011 reserves) is quite dl:fferent from that 1n the
U.S. For example, U.S. oil industry 1s prepared to turn out tremendous quantities of highly frac­
tionated petroleum products, while the U.S.S.R. cannot reasonably approach such capabilities. This
consideration dictates different solutions on fuels for propulsion 1n the two countries and in turn,
dictates the direction taken in development of jet motors or the use of other propulsive devices.
We must therefore, arrive at the. conclusion that any Soviet device which may have made its
appearance over the U.S. as descrlb~d, would possess unusual performance characterist1cs which,
in all probability, would include unusual range. The poss1b111ty that they could have been launched
at fairly close range should not be discarded.
4. POSSIBLE REASONS OR TACTICS FOR THE USE OF SOVIET UNCONVENTIONAL AIRCRAFT

ego

o

fi ve 15
flown over the U.S. for one, all, or a combination of the following reasons:
a. TO NEGATE U.S. CONFIDENCE IN ATOM BOMB AS THE MOST ADVANC

DECISIVE

a
sense,
tliaf1lie'Soviets would choose first to frighten pro-American nations in Europe with the appearance
of a radically new weapon to counteract the ability of the U.S. to obtain full propaganda effective­
ness with the atom bomb. It will be remembered that strange objects first appeared over the
Scandinavian countries 1n 1946. The objects observed there had unusual range and unusual per­
formance characteristics. As this demonstration over the Scandinavian countries occurred the
U.S. was making a vigorous campaign for the economic and political allgnment of these nations
with other pro-American Western European nations. When these incidents. subsided, strange flying
objects began to be observed at an increasing rate over the U.S. The conclusion on thls point is
that flying objects may have been used to frighten both European nations and the U.S. by the appear­
ance of a new device, and that failure to identify such a Soviet object would give them invaluable
indication that U.s. development is far behind that of the Soviets. Except for this indication, it is
beUeved that the use of the objects to promote fear has been worthless 1n that the U.S. public has
tended to characterize these incidents entirely as halluclnations by "crack pots", m1sident1ficat1on
of conventional objects, or that they represent a secret American project which should not be pub­
licized. Any fear· that might result from Soviet use will come only by a discovery that the objects
have been Soviet aircraft and that they involve radical developments which are in advance of. our
own accomplishments.
b. FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC RECONNAISSANCE. It ls possible that the Soviets have employed the
or e co ec on
p o ograp c intelligence or the mapping of certain areas in the
flying o ec
U.S. The evasive action employed by all objects sighted indicates not so much an attempt to avoid
pelng sighted, as an attempt to prevent disclosure of the exact type of flying craft and its mission.
The sighting of objects over the U.S. has been most intense in Eastern and Western Coastal States.
In addition, sightings of flying objects have been made near Oak Ridge, Tenn., Las Cruces, N. M.,
and in the general area o! the Hanford Works in Oregon. Generally, sightings have not been made
over what we consider strategic industrial areas. The reason for this. might be either that the.
flying objects have been observed only enroute to or from missions over these more concentrated
strategic areas, or that the Soviets obtained sufficient information during their World War Il liaison
with U.S. industry to satisfy their intelligence requirements and have a more active requirement
for information on industries and areas which were not available to them during World War TI con­
tacts. This 1s of interest in connection with the sightings near Oak Ridge, Las Cruces, and in the
general area of the Hanford· Works since these establishments were not, and are not, accessible to
Soviet collectors of photographic intelligence .

...

. c. TEST OF U. S. DEFENSES. It 1s possible that the use of Soviet flying objects over the U.S.
is inten
o y o e erm e e ability of the U.S. defenses to spot foreign aircraft. This would
be of extreme importance to the U.S.S.R. 1n the event that a one-way all-out attack of Soviet strate­
gic bombers ls planned. Ability to operate over the U.S. unlnhlblted at a time when the U. S. is
supposedly re-arming and putting great stress on defenses would provide valuable lnf ormation on
which to base estimates for probability of success in bombing strategic objectives in the U. S.

SIP 1!1111 I•"'

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Ill 111111!,Y
d. FAMILIARIZATION FLIGHTS OVER U.S. TERRITORY. This possible reason ls perhaps the
most lmproo Ele. It r assum d: th t. hoti.la Hi£ purpose oe involved, other purposes are prob­
ably also accomplished in its execution. Provided the U .S.S.R. has wiusually high performance
aircraft they might. find 1t advantageous to familiarize themselves with the topography of the U.S.
1n antlclpation of future combat missions to strategic targets.
6. CONCLUSION. The conclusion that some type of flying object has been observed over the U.S.
see~tantiated. It 1s not known at thls time whether these observations are xn1sidentifl­
cations of domestically launched devices, natural phenomena, or foreign unconventional aircraft·. It
ls, therefore•, impossible to make any rellable explanation for their appearance over the U.S. or the
tactics wh1ch they may employ 1f the objects observed include any f orelgn developments 1n aero­
nautical fields. It 1s likewise impossible ·at this time to contain discussions of possible perform­
ance characteristics or tactics within limits of practical reason, i:f for no other reason than the
fact that proof of. the existence of a foreign development of this type would necessarily . introduce
considerations of new principals and means not yet considered practical possibll1t1es 1n our own
research and development.

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APPENDIX "C"

SELECTED REPORTS OF FLYING OBJECT INCIDENTS

1. A NUMBER of reports on unidentified flying objects come from observers who, because of their
technical background and experience do not appear to be influenced by unfounded sensatlonallsm nor
inclined to report explainable phenomena as new types of airborne devices. Some of the details of
their reports are presented in this appendix, along with those from possibly less reliable sources
who have reported evidence which 1s of. such a nature that it cannot be entirely ignored.
2. DESCRIPTIONS OF significant incidents, arranged chronologically, follow:
a. During April 1947, two employees of the Weather Bureau Station at Richmond, Virginia re­
ported seeing a strange metallic disk on three occasions through the theodolite while making PIBAL
observations. One observation was at 16,000 feet when a disk was followed for 15 seconds. The
disk appeared metallic, shaped something like an ellipse with a flat bottom and a round top. It
appeared below the balloon and was much larger in size. The disk appeared to be moving rather
rapidly, aithough it was impossible to estimate its speed. The other observations were made at
27,000 feet in like manner.
b. The following month, Byron B. Savage, a field engineer for Radio Corporation of America,
reported a disk flying near his home in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The object was thought to be
at an altitude between 10,000 feet and 18,000 feet, and was moving toward the north at a high rate
of speed, leaving no trailing effects.
c. While flylng at 10,000 feet on a course of 300 degrees, 30 miles northwest of Lake Meade,
Nevada, an Air Force lieutenant rE:tported seeing flve or six white circular objects in close forma­
tion and traveling at an estimated speed of 286 miles per hour. This sighting occurred on 28 June
1947.
d. The followl.ng day a party of three, two of them scientists, were motoring along Highway 17
toward the White Sand, New Mexico, V-2 firing grounds and reported seeing a large disk or sphere
moving horizontally at a high speed and an estimated altitude of 10,000 feet. It was of uniform
shape and had no protruding surfaces such as wings. The object was in sight for about 60 seconds
before 1t disappeared to the northeast. The three observers agreed on the details of the sighting
except that one thought he had seen vapor trails.
e. On 7 July 1947, five Portland, Oregon police officers reported varying numbers of disks fly­
ing over differell.t parts of the city. All observations were made within a minute or two of 1305
hours.
f. On the same day, William Rhoads of Phoenix, Arizona. allegedly saw a disk ci'rcling his
locality during sunset and took two photographs. The resulting pictures (page 9) show a disk-like
object with a round front and a square tail in plan torm. These photographs have been examined
by experts who state they are true photographic images and do not appear to be imperfection ln
the emulsion or imperfections 1n the lens. (See Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4.)

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g. On 10 July lQ-4?, Mr. Wocilrutf, a Pan-American Airways mechanic reported a clrcula.r object
flying at high velocUy, parallelln,r the earth's surface and leavitli a trail which appeared ns a
"hurnini \Ip" of the cloud formation. The sl,.bt1ng occurred near Ha:rmo11 Fteld, Newfo\U1dle.nd.
Two other perso11s also saw !htl trail which remained ln the aky for about nn hour and was phot<,­
gr..phed by another PAA employee. Tha reault!ng photograph• eu.,port M:r. Woodrutf'e obtm:rvation
as fa.r as the eky oleava&e Is co11cerlled. (Sea E'lgs. e and 6.)

•
•
Fig. 5

• 10 •

... IECIEf"

#### Page 16

•
•

Pig. (l

h. Ol:l 20 July 11147, Kenmth Arnold, wh!le flyl:og near Ta.coma, WMhtniiton, reported a forxnatlcn
of flyil'.lll objeots. Hls slmtch of their 9h•P& oorreeponds C\lo•el'y to that ehown ln tha photoira1ihs
made by Mr. Rhoads. On tha sa.ma day, two U. S. Air Force pilots rit Hamilton Fhtld reported
two !lylo,: disks trailing a P-80, following It toward Oakland, Caltlornla.
L On 4 August 11147, the JJllot. and co-pilot of a DC-3, flying fo.r one Al Jonei,, near Bethel,
Alask•, raported a tlylng disk ls.rger th!l!l their· air,mut. Thla disk crossed their path at abot1t
1,000 feet and they turned to give chase. The DC-3 was !Jyini at 170 mph, but the disk flew out
of ~iil1t !n four mlnute11.
j. On Ul November 1947, two llyini disks trallillg Jet-like streams of fi:ro wore reportedly
sighted from the bridge of the 1anker 'l'lconderoia, e.ccor,lllli,' to the saoo11d officc:r. The Tlconderos•
was 20 miles off th& Oregon shore. '!'his officer salt! the disks w0re in l!lght 45 aeconde, mOYillg
at a ~peed osti,m,tad at 700-900 mph, curvlnff in a long, low arc.

#### Page 17

-lilll!T
k. On 7 January 1948, a National Guard pilot was killed while attempting to chase an unidentified
object up to 30,000 feet. • While it is presumed that this pilot suffered anoxia, resulting in his crash,
his last message to the tower was, "it appears to be metallic object.... of tremendous size....directly
ahead and slightly above....I am trying to close for a better book."
1. On 6 April 1948, three trained balloon observers from the Geophysics Laboratory Section,
Watson Laboratories, N.J. reported seeing· a round, indistinct object 1n the vicinity of Rollman Air
'Force Base, New Mexico. It was very high and fast, and appeared to execute violent maneuvers
at high speed. The object was under observation for approximately 30 seconds and disappeared
suddenly.
•

m. A yellow or light colored sphere, 25 to 40 feet in diameter was reported by Lt. Comdr.
Marcus L. Lowe, USN, just south of Anacostia Naval Air Station, D.C., while he was flying on
30 April 1948. It was moving at a speed of approximately 100 miles per hour at an altitude of
about 4,500 feet. Although winds aloft were from the north-northwest, its course was to the
north.
n. On 1 July 1948, twelve disks were reported over the Rapid City Air Base by Major Hammer.
These disks were oval-shaped, about 100 feet long, flying at a speed estimated to be .ln excess of
500 mph. Descending from 10,000 feet, these disks made a 30-degree to 40-degree climbing turn
accelerating very rapidly until out of sight.
o. On 17 July 1948, a report from Klrtlan.d Alr Force Base describes a sighting in the vicinity
of San Acacia, New Mexico, of seven unidentified objects flying in a ''J" f ormatlon at an estimated
height of 20,000 feet above the terrain. The formation varied from "J" to "L" to circle after
passing the zenith. Flashes from the objects were observed after passing 30 degrees beyond the
zen.ith but there was no smoke or vapor trail. If the reported altitude is correct the speed was
estimated a't 1,500 miles per hour, according to the report.
p. other sightings of lights and trails, rather than disks, have been reported, viz:

(Text continues in the original file: 34 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D095 — Joint U.S.-Canadian Aviation Projects and UFO Sighting Reports, 1954-1955

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D095
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D095
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1955
- Location: Various
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Newfoundland 1955: even the radar was too stunned to file a report.

- DOW-UAP-D095, Department of War, 1955, various locations
- Reports VTOL Avro Y2 assessments and a July 1955 Newfoundland KC‑97 UFO sighting with radar returns
- Committee classified the incident as UFOB, unable to explain observations

### Official summary

This file contains reports, memoranda, and correspondence concerning various then-developmental vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft. The file includes assessments of the experimental potential of the “Avro Project Y2,” a joint U.S.-Canadian near-circular VTOL aircraft that is similar in appearance to contemporary popular descriptions of unidentified flying objects (UFO). A 1954 memorandum opines that VTOL aircraft with a circular planform may be mistaken for UFOs to observers unfamiliar with such technologies. It also recommends that UFO reports in the vicinity of Soviet military operations or assets be re-examined to assess whether they may be attributable to previously unknown advanced VTOL aircraft of foreign design.

The file also contains correspondence relating to a UFO incident involving a U.S. Air Force (USAF) KC-97 flying near Newfoundland, Canada in July 1955. A USAF committee found that the characteristics described in the report were inconsistent with those of known Soviet, American, or Canadian military systems. The committee was also “unable to explain the simultaneous ground radar returns and aircrew visual sightings.”

It also contains correspondence relating to the potential value of data from incidental radar collection of meteors entering the atmosphere. USAF Air Research and Development Command recommended using that data to improve the performance of the AN/FPS-17 radar system. Finally, the file contains correspondence indicating support for the Communications Instructions for Reporting Vital Intelligence Sightings (CIRVIS) program, a joint U.S.-Canadian civil-military program to standardize reporting methods for unusual or unidentified airborne and maritime hazards and threats.

### Full text

#### Page 3

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DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE
Head.quarters United States Air Force

Washington 25 1 D. C.

SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD TO THE CHIEF OF STAFF, tJSAF'

scn;NrIFIC ADVISORY BOARD :REPORT ON AVRO PROJECT Y2
~

Novembex· 1951+

----------:"

This document consists of ______ pages
Copy Number~-- of _,l.1,, ··- copies.

0

ECRB±'

#### Page 4

.

....
,

DEPARTMENT OF TBE AIR FORCE

t

Head.quarters United States Air Foree
Washington 25, D. C.
10 December 1954

Lieutenant General Donald I.. Pu·tt
Deputy Chi et of Staff, Development

Headquarters United States Air Force
Washington, D. C..

Dear Don:
In response to your request tor BAB commen·t,s on the Avco
"Saucer'' project, the SAB baa taken the following action:

The Aircraft and Propulsion Panels were brieted on September
28 ·by represente.tivea ot Bq. ARDC, at ·the time of the Fall meet~j.ng
of the Board in Omaha. The tentat:ive conclusions ot bo·tb panels
immediately atter this briefing were to the ettect that th.is pro­
.Ject warranted no more than limited support. l!oveve:r, to assu1·e
·thoro\lgb. consideration ot this project, I requested rt:?presentatives
of these two panels to supplement. the briefings given 'to -them at
~ by a. Tisi·t to A. V. Roe- Canada Ltd., Malton., Ontario.
With the advice of Clark Millikan and Dean Soderberg., a select

committee ,ms choaen to conclude this study. It was c~sed ot
Dean Soderberg, Chairman of the Propulsion Panel and senior member
o'f the group; Professor Markham, of the Aircraft Panel; and Mr .
Donovan, who has been serving both as a member or 'the Aircraft Panel
and as lie..:I.son member with the Propulsi,on Panel.
The attached report ot this ,group is ~orwarded with my «.PPt•oval,

representing the results ot the SAB's ccapleted study.

Sincerely,

/a/
J. H. DOOLr.rTLE

Actins Chairman
Scient.itic Advisory Board
Office ot the Chief of Sta.ff

Inclosure
•

-

S E C Ft B 'f

#### Page 5

" W
w he he O
, Toronto on
on svailablo to
moot courtoous and vell-pl: ng the fullest possi-
ble use or the available tirs
% milt
around a radisl flow turbojot with 1 capable of being do-
Clooted dowud lovering near
869 rplano is dos flight at bigh
altitude, under vhich oondition the ot is directed horizont
ally rearverde. The air is 1 sosty y tron the above for
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#### Page 6

8
8
hovering; for leval flight the intake is changed to a normal
frontal inlet by a set of alides and doors, In later veraions the
redial enging ne has been ropleced by radially diaposed axial flow
oventional ty Thie was originally
intermediato orolon which dight simplify tho devols
edures, but ae the radial ongine has been more realisti-
It is now looked % g Itornative form of
·% ds
It is ovidont thet the invention involves a whole array of fo
midable problems of resoarch and det 30 ont, Ivon in the smallest
vereions the oute Diamoter of of the radial flov turbine is about
, The entire rotor must be oir bearinge in
the redial as woll as the axial direotion, S and it is evident that
the eocompanying problems of mochanical dosign are very difrioul t.
The desig requires that very lerge air flow (a minimum of about
800 lb/a) be regulated by a complicet I system of mechanical sbuttors
on the inlet as vell as on the outlet side, The problems of stability
in hovering, in forwerd flight, and in the transition between the two
codes naturally demand considerablo attontion, The many etructural
problems of an unconventional nature likowis require much study. It
is ovidant, even wi.th only a casual atudy , the process of devel-
opmont would bo lengthy and costly in tho ertromo, even by prosent
standards in military aireraft." − The justification for entering into
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#### Page 7

&
such an undertaking muat dopend on (a) the aigniticance of ths obw
jootivos which the now airplane claias to fill end (b) the soumd-
noss of the means proposed to attain these objoctives.
The key feature on which the design of tho I2 is based is the
utllication. 8 up in tho conter or
a 4 Jot stream, , This prossure build-up increases the lift
at standatill olose to tho ground in such a faahion as to indicate
the practicability 8 of hovering a fow foet off the ground with on…
gines whose static sea level thrust without this augmentation from
ground effect, would bo loss than the airplane gross Weight. Also,
pocause of the pature of the ground ; aircraft vould bo
stable with respect to height when hovering; that is, it would not
roquire pilot attention to hold a boight above the ground, although
it vould require control to maintain its attitude The thrust aug-
montation for hovering obtained by A, V. Ros in small scale teats is
of the order of 60 to B0;, Because th riables woro
not inveatigated and the pertinent measurements not made during the
tests, data are not availablo to extrapolate this result proporly to
prediet accurately full acale eugmontation factors, There are many
features which could make tho full scale augnentation fectors omaller
but very littlo likelihood of thair boing larger than in the modol.
The posaibility of stable hovering is, nevertheless, an engeging
featuro, Unfortumately, it has dominated th evolution of the con
s n o R a 1
NW 91198 Doeld1:34745775
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#### Page 8

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a3 o9 suojssnoerp tte aeq 2oug ou on onp ared ut or vere touorj
aed aenr yrq oq outaoe oq uo pesvq sutto ou pauaqduens 10u
sey aT anq "uopaenars oq pereate "osmoo Jo 'sey s2efoqmy Teuopauea
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emesond uf suotva put auarequt urenreo sossosaod outane turpex oqu
reaoeson gueudotoasp outaue terped on f3rasnf rrosat ut 3ou ptnon
pue rensnum JeBuot ou ot aqaten outSuo orJroods ou "eurceto oson J0
serq Tte of noradeoxe ore, of petredroo on on 'eautod esom 3o tTe
olaos on orqurreas or toravutoyut qnoue gou elrum "orquroasy Area
ore ouetd ou 3o sorasyreioareyo Darp ou aup pue "udry Arrenonon sT
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3qprt3 praro) otqeJoay JoJ 8
"oreo amor J
sotastaogosreqo 30prt o4 doy ututo s,dognoaut on o4at eupuere og
pegdweaas oavy on 'ouetdrre fue yo uopoung ausaJoday oq "trw roa,J
sT au9TtI pxenroy o .. postuoiduo3 stmoyuor uoeq eavy o, sreed
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Goueutoyzed aot aueaxo te qons
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#### Page 9

y 006
lengthy and expensive experiments are noeded to settle these questions
with finality.
on tor has aseumod th mprovemon't si ta
ation might be obtained through boundary layer suction. The alleged
gain from this eource is associated with the diatribution of the ex-
• t he trailing airplane. It is not wholly
imposaible that such a gain might in fact bo present, but no reliable
test information is available at the prosent time on this point. In
ventional types only
becauso the exhaust jot ie distributed over the trailing edge of the
wing. The circular plan form offers no particular advantage in this
. refore, with an airplane dovelopment which
does not appear to poscess any intrinsic advantages either with the
original radial engine or with t arrangemont of conventional
turbojets. The pro induction aido is certain
to bo poor for both altornetivos; evon with the utmost dovelopmont
of details it could not approach the performance of conventional air-
planes. The ducting or side presents cqually formidable
difficultios fron the point of viow of losses, and the gain due to
boundary layer suotion is only conjectural, These thinge might have
been compensatod for if the dreg charactaristics of the plane con-
Iiguration could bo demonstrated to favorable. There is no
5
08
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#### Page 10

19
informeti.on indi0s this io so. No basie law we appoar to have
sis o s hovering any assurance
88
Air Forco, We have attompte of foous several
a place, and
an G
.
*
roulld b pot
The developrant of an engine such as ths X be cou
tuds th Wo do not
feel that the invent ins he bas made tor it,
particularly with
sorious lack of attenpt at a syet
loy corodymamio ph also bo a set of
goals for the
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#### Page 11

∞
8 other dovelopments in performance, if the basie idoas ahould be
capsble of realisation. We do not fool tr . · objectivos of
the development bave been clearly
feal that thore has been a prooccupation with the bovoring char-
acteristics to such an extent that the more direct essentials of
the aircraft have been lost sight of s
We do not quastion the ability of the A, V. Roe Company to
" ·? − ks succosafully( woll*conceit oject in the aireraft
field which lies within their material resources. Our visit con-
firmed our high opinion of their design and production activities
in jet aircraft and engines. We have developed the suspicion, how-
over, that the reaponsible designere in the A, V. Roe engineering
groups are not thoroughly sold on the I2 projeet. It is mani-
feetly impossible for us to prove this contontion or to make this
assertion officially with tho company. We reel convinced, hovever,
that tho best talente of the A. Vo Roe organisation have not been
drawm upon in the evaluation of this project, This statement is
mado wi thout prejudice toverd tho inventor, who inprossed us as a
telonted and sincere man with a great deal of imagination, but who
for this very reason cannot bo expected to prosent a fully impartial
critiqus. Full support fron some of the leading designers outside
of this particular group could perhaps have presented a more con-
vinoing argumant for support.
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#### Page 13

2. In the Magazine Section of the Washington Post, dated 13 December
1953, there appeared an article which reported the development of a flying
saucer by the A.V. Roe Canada, Limi ted of Toronto. The article stated that
Lt. Gen. Donald L. Putt, Director of Ardc, had visited this company and had
viewed this flying saucer. Other information given in the article impressed
Mr. Bollum with the thought that here was the first factual evidence that it
was possible to build a flying saucer. If it was possible for Canada to
build a flying saucer, then it was also possible for the Soviets to build
one. Mr. Bollum requested that he be authorized to initiate a special pro-
ject for the purpose of detormining Soviet capabilities in this field. Such
permission was granted by Col. T. W. Wolfe, Chief of the Future Estimates
Branch.
3. With the aid and assistance of Squadron Leader George C. Wainwright.
RAF, the project was launched by going to the U.s. Patent Office and reading
a patent filed by the A.V. Roo people on a device entitled "A Gas-Turbine
Engine Aireraft", The patent application for this device was first filed in
the U. K. on 2l August I952. This patent pointed out the feasibility of the
pro,ject. Bollum and Wainwright then traveled to Baltimore to discuss the
pro,ject with personnel of ARDC. It was on this visit that Lt. Col. V. L.
Gossick first disclosed the information regarding the application of the
Coanda Effect to the Project "y" design. Several more visits were made to
ARDC and after disoussing the projeot with several engineers and officers,
Mr. Bollum and Squadron Leader Wainwright decided that there was little
doubt that a "state of the art" capability did, in fact, sxist, and that
their next step was to investigate the possibility that the Soviets already
had possession of such information.
4. Through contacts with intelligence officers in the Office of the
Director of Air Intelligence, Ottawa, Canada, Squadron Leader Wainwright
learned of the existence of intelligence information concerning possible
German Flying Saucer projects. These were rumored to have existed at the
end of World War II. TDY was authorized for Bollum and Wainwright to travel
to Ottawa to discuss the subjeet with the Air Intelligence personnel. As a
result of this trip copies of the pertinent information were forwarded to
Mr. Bollum from D.A. I. Ottawa. In brief, there is information on four
Germans.
..
5
DS SS-03a3-3
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#### Page 14

SECRET
a. George Klein who, as of April l953 resided in Hamburg.
claims to bave been chief engineer of all flying disc projects. How-
ever, his prineipal importance seems to be that he kmew of the exist-
ence of such projeets and has called attention to other Germans in this
fiold.
b. Otto Habermohl, who has not been heard of since the end of
the war, is reported to have had a projeet for a l6 meter diameter fly-
ing saucer which was test flighted on 14 February l945 at Holice.
C. Rudolf Schriever, who died in l945, vas a designer/test pilot
at BMw Works at Prague. He is reported to have constructed a flying
saucer, which at a trial in April l945 failed to leave the ground.
d. Robert Miethe, who is supposed to have entered the U.S. in
1953, is reported to have constructed a 43 meter diameter flying saucer
called the "y-7", which is reported to have flown with a crew of three
in 1944. In August 1944 the Cesko-Moravske Works in Prague is reported
to have received a production order for a short series, but none had been
finiahed by the end of the war. Miethe remained in Breslaw, whence he
escaped in an ME-l63 one jump ahead of the Russians. The Russians captured
three of Methe's principal assistants and his workshops. Miethe, according
to the Canadians, came into this country as an emigrant.
It is of interest to note that in March of l954, a man using the name Bruno
Berberich and who claims to have entered this country in l953, forwarded to
a Senator from Ohio a manuscript and drawings depieting how he would build
a flying saucer. These were in turn forwarded to the Legislation and Liaison
Division of Headquarters, USAF, who sent them to AFoIN. AnoIN forwarded the
documents to ATIc for translation and evaluation. Mr. Bollum was assured by
Mr. Arcier of AtIlO that he would receive a copy of the results as soon as
ATIC had completed the translation. To date no such information has been
reeoived and therefore Mr. Bollum is not able to report the results obtained.
The big question would seem to be whether or not this man Berberich could be
Miethe.
5. Upon return to Washington Bollum and Wainwright again went to ARDO
Baltimore where they were briefed on the U.S. interest in Canada's pro,jeet
and informed of the political and international complication involved. At
this time both were requested to handle the whole project on a sensitive
basis until notified by ARdC that arrangements between U.S. and Canada had
been completed, In accordance with such request, briefings were limited to
General Samford. General Lewis, Colonel Morrow, Golonel Eriksen, Colonel
True, Colonel Wolfe, Captain Reoney, USN, and Lt. Colonel Farrior.
6. In April Colonel True received permission for an Air Room briefing
of key AroIN personnel, which was attended by the Branch and Division Chiefs.
About the lst of May a request came for briefing the Classen Committee, who
were considering the future material requirements for the Strategio Air
Conmand. On 26 May 1954 key analysts of the Rand Corporation, Santa Monica.
California. were briefed at the request of Colonel True and permission was
JLUIET
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#### Page 15

crennr
JLGI
X.
given 'to brief the engineering personnel of the Los Angelen Air Force
Development Office.
An "Air Force Only" restriction was dropped in June l954 and the
following have been briefed since: Chief of Naval Operations and Staff,
Chief of Staff U. S. Army and Staff, Commandant of ths Marine Corps and
Staff, Key Personnel of CIA-OSI, Mr. Eiselstein of ATIC, Intelligence per-
sonnel of SAC, TAO, ADC, ARDC, AFSS, AFSSOP, NSA, and Requirements Officer
of the Air War College. A copy of the briefing is attached as TAB A.
On 15 June 1954, Bollum and Wainwright visited the A. V. Ros Limited
Toronto, Canada. One day was spent discussing Project "y" and information of
German and/or Soviet interest in such unconventional aircraft. Mr. Frost,
the Chief Engineer on the project and designer of the radial flow jet engine
demonstrated by use of laboratory models all the principles of the Coanda
Effeet, the air bearings, and the control system contemplated. Such demon-
stratlons left little doubt in the minds of anyone present that the project
would be a success. Mr. Frost had prevlously gone to Europe to interrogate
George Klein and in addition had had access to many flying saucer reports
from Europe. He firmly stated that there was no doubt in his mond that the
Soviets are ahead of the Western Nations in the development of a true verti-
cal take-off aircraft.
9.1 Recent news articles indicate that both the U.S. and U. K. have other
projects in being which are in the field of Vertical Take-Off Aireraft (vto).
CONGLUSIONS:
10. In conclusion, it appears that the chances of success are good for
Project "y" or Project "Ladybird" as it is knowm in the USAF. If this is the
case a breakthrough in the aeronautical "State of the Art" has occurred which
will revolutionize aircraft design and air warfare. If we accept the possi-
bilities of such designs then ve must also conclude that the Soviets must at
the least have the capability to have such aircraft almost as soon as the
Western Nations. At the other end of the possibilities, we must consider
the chance that the Soviets are several years ahead of the U.S. at this time.
Perhaps one of the most important results of this investigation has been thst
such unconventional aircraft are not considered as fantastic as previoud and
the emphasis will shift from disproving flying saucer reports to proving such
reports. The effect of a successful flight will be far reaching. A new look
will have to be taken at the design of many categories of military equipment;
i.e. radars, guided missiles, armament, entiaircraft artillery, etc. It is
possibls that such capabilities could very radically change estimates for the
period of 1960-65.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
1l. In the last part of the briefing (Tab A) certain recommendations have
been made. It was folt at the time that the various offices of the Directorate
of Intelligonce would take some action as a result of the briofing. As of this
date Mr. Bollum is unaware of any action being taken by any other office to
3
CEONET
2 JEGNCI
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#### Page 16

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#### Page 21

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1o topou rodeornuy m redaeq euop eq ptnon qo eu qrsd r
21 o o4 p 1e e ou 0/v 1odo Suta u tp o2
artrqudeo pooa psy seqmoq asoun J1 itutoedey aI ooo'o8 4v Pupt
Sg ue oq dn speods nata sequoq seues een 1o enbepe q Atpy
PTon sutsop N/o uou Tuserd eu -
TUOSn ISA q PTRON PTOT SI OTQUTIA
sesodrnd asou roj seotesn 9q
qupu auemdnbe repx punor poujsop Ataueseid mo sepna rate pue speeds
edq auesord ou aeq etqrssod st ar peatoaut spesds eu oa eng
aueredde eq
a seuo t 1o s e nu 1o udb
I Io sed 1oso ue roy s ueuenbe pu usp su o 3o aa v
eu aqnop ou T 1 sas q eod uq sq a e u done ue
etqtssodmy eq on reedds 3ou op
xoy Ts ta s a o ep dp ou eups pee eq o4 Aterun
sr peods doy Sujtteo puv eSuer peonper auqemos v ter oq Atuo exo1
at o a to/2n Io uteu tdre ue sey pngs ropun o ou
eu eptsut eqvnbope peroptsuoo sr ueos IT 1o pod esou u petteaauy eq
u rep aTts euy o 1o ano a o do eou ou u peaou
eq A seo 1o sn ap tds u qusid o os gou
.
:

#### Page 22

Pezelbad
ea ose ou q yons 1I ou stu p upeue 1o peoe sre on s yon
so a a ps eeq s aarre earas o a pasre eq
a a uo sooo q aq q s pn s
usonb q sTu 0 ee o oatsu ro 0v o s eu
uosa uos pue oqjot oq qs u eren s ons Sua
B p pn o o su pue jn o o osg u o
oung Jo u ou q e y6t Jo yon uI sdoynon s pu sue
puee dun ouo ct-an u ur podoso ou oouon aetsog u pauyvwe euevn
ren ou4 Io pue ou q poututy s euou anq sotos 3oys soy ropro
S°n eu poruo eay o pesoddns sr oun onorn aeqon punors eu saet
02 PolTy Sv6T Tidy Tepx v 3 utqa reonss SupTI peson suoo eAey
u pr o eots Jp aton nq uo p 2
- sr rn oo Io pe o us yo py q 4ou s on oq o40
ter u su roqo ot pt s pue seod yons 1o
eouspe u jo o y a q on sms ouodmy Tedjoud su reano
P s u osoddns suer 20 I PToM Sup P s u
rus s o a pooto q ou arqso
ou pevoq q saode uons a paatp s a tr aupruy
s peode pu pods auou eu snoa-o , e s paqs
asroe 3o ano pequto suosed
o 1o uo pe a o sup sos p 3e pad
- p q uy pp ar pd-rons o o ea
auemeavas ou Supw s peaonb eoq say asog an pouee sn peeds u
-reo Taum uoaox spayoto reamoo aurTs u peautnqqon opnrat pu
sj t Io uo u p o op too Su
2
Bp s, o q o s uon 4 1o oo u '&
d

#### Page 23

8
* SECET
PARTIV
SUMMARY
* We have presented to you some evidence that flying saucers are within
the capabilities of the existing "state of the art" in this country and
Canada. The "atate of the art" is well kmown in European countries. The
Coanda effect has been known to all countries and ths application is not
beyond the capabilities of the Soviets. It is possible that German projeets
for flying saucers existed at the end of the war. The man considered
possible tops in this field is supposed to be in the U.S. now. We have
reports on eye witnesses of flying saucers in Soviet territory.
PARTY
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
The entire intelligence cemmunity be alerted to a possible Soviet
activity in this field.
2. All exiating files on foreign flying saucers should be reviewed
and analyzed.
3. Bruno Berberich should be interrogated by intelligence analysts
who have a full background on existing intelligence.
4. Robert Miethe should be found. Possibly Miethe could have changed
his name to Bruno Berberich or some other alias.
5. A collection requirement should bs placed on all agencies in the
field including the Attaches.
.:
:
6
SECR ET
NW 91198 Dod81:34745775
Page 254

#### Page 24

S2Z928P00866MN
BAOTTOn
h dry ur aromr an no comeurpuoos yo aneare on
anranput oua soug bnpunrdma ban yo gdyepau cqa eours
rporanoprend arorad panbotuoxo Arcegard sma morun
Sua bomacogane Tauna Ay Arbsdsumoayo Aaoa pomuwy uoaq p Suoy
-ogbaoy poorond eu neu any purous pros ooran an aun ponborpuy
8%
maxd caen nou u I soure pos.ayam roun eun. pe
Teura oun ar aorota I avan poarodghe pus s,oun mo saajd norutdndo
"ary se yons cotoryoa pelrpeuato Sunenroxe Sou saayarrgnd as
988
Innrogur dry eua wy eon aoy dpavareoeto Atceaayrd 's, dan u
ary ana ao snser roqusosg ur oupa DurAra eun stomay tusarans
88Lns/Sra/JSnDoTr.TOD a1/x-NTOaV

#### Page 25

(lnDnon noaron Touoron rd creny touoroo) reAonddy
reuosrad maa anoimra pogenrduosoe Dq pmmeus sosferd erun do roaraaras
198
an yus aou. sea goefoud erua abus pg-no ur Purtear y
Aqy ponrnad eah Atretad torua aperard srun oaui S-tro an cmque ara Jn
can upra enoya pnoerod ar br Aranaa caonsm poe ony ro dowaond
-omos ear no evndoag nox og usre on raonynr ay yotun anq bruns
cuunornghos Aay etayeuodsoa nrodau pureog Arosjapy

#### Page 28

SECRET
() Despite the unfavorable tone of the Scientific
Advisory Board, report,responsible key technicians
within Dcs/D are split into tvo groups on the
feasibility of the project.
(2) In view of this feeling within Dcs/D, Ceneral
Putt's letter to ARDC the last week in December
was, in effect, a compromise position. The
letter directed ArDc to award a contraet to
A. V. Roe, Ltd., for certain wind tunnel tests,
and further indicated that additional U. S.
development funds would be decided on the
basis of the data analysis produced
5. During General Watson's last visit here he discussed with me
a letter (Tab B) which had been prepared for his signature by one of his
staff but which he refused to sigm to you because of its tone. He feels
strongly, however, that the monitorship of this projeet should be the
provinee of ArIc and differs greatly in his personal views with the
artiele in AlD.
6. The Memorandum for Record (Tab C) explains the full background
of the entry of oiN-2 into this project which briefly was governed by
two considerations:
a. A feeling in OIN-2c that this project was "hot" and that
no one else was acting for oIN.
b. Availability and "entree" afforded oIN-2 by Squadron Leader
Wainwright.
No action has been taken on any of the recommendations made
in the M/R by Colonel Morrow and he has instructed Mr. Bollum verbally
to discontinue further work and briefings on the project.
7. In view of the above I offer the following recommendations:
a. Because of the divided opinions within and outside of the 6K
Air Staff on the feasibility of Project "Y", no further articles or
briefings on this project should be aceomplished without your personal
approval. (Colonel Adams and Colonel Morrow coneur.)
b. No attempt should be made in an early issue of ATD to
state the case for Project "y" in more objective terms since any attempt
to do so would only serve to further "muddy the waters." OIN-2 and
DCS/D concur.
Morrow should bave a discussion directed toward the transition of
responsibility for monitorship of Project "y" from OIN-2C to ATIC. 1N-2D
Colonel Morrow and General Watson concur.
:
2
SECRET
NW 911198 E001:34745775
Page 259

#### Page 30

DEPARTMENT .OF THE AIR FORCE
HEADQUARTERS UNITE£) STATES AIR··FORCE
WASHINGTON 25. D. C.

14 December 1954

MIIDWIDUM JOI. DIBl&TCll 07 IIDLLIGDCI, DOIi

SUBJJCT:

Scientitio Advisor, Board bport on .A.VIO •n11nc Saucer"

Project.

1. J.ttached tor yora: intonation. ia a cow of a recent n­
port of the Scientitic Mriaor, Board on their atud7 ot the •t17ing aaw»r• project ot .A.. v. aoe, Cu.ad&.

2. Your attention ia particul.arl.7 iDTited to ta. generally
negative tiDdiDga vit.b reprd to technical feasibility expreaaed
1D thia report, in contrut to~ pnenJ. 1.lqateaeion ot techni­
cal aouadDeaa ad optiJliatic expectation.a COllff,-d in the article.
on "The Pl1ing Diec• publiahed in the Decaber, 1954, iasue ot
1ihe .l1r Intelligence Dipat.

3. Thia report vu eul:aitted to Lt. Gen. D. L. Putt on
10 Deouber in reaponae to hie pretlou reqU11at tor SlB oaamta.

-,,,
Incloaure
l . .lvro rpt, 07 2

.'

CBIS!II I. IWDT
._cutiw Secretary

lcien.titic .Adrlaor, Board
- ottice ot 'tM Ohief ot Statt

(Text continues in the original file: 57 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D096 — Correspondence Relating to Project Blue Book, 1955

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D096
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D096
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1955
- Location: Various
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

January 4, 1955: a teenager asked the Air Force for UFO slides, not cafeteria menus.

- DOW-UAP-D096, Department of War correspondence, dated 1955, multiple locations.
- Letter from student Kenneth Hansen requesting UFO leaflets, slides, and info for school project.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This file contains correspondence relating to Project Blue Book, a 1952-1969 U.S. Air Force program to investigate the nature and origin of unidentified flying objects (UFO). The correspondence includes letters and memoranda sent between various departments and agencies of the U.S. Government, the Legislative Branch, and private citizens concerning UFO sightings and the research and findings of Project Blue Book.

## DOW-UAP-D097 — Project Sign Progress Report, 1948

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D097
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D097
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1948
- Location: Various
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

April 1948: when the Air Force’s “progress” was still in the draft stage.

- DOW-UAP-D097 PDF, Department of War, April 1948, various locations
- Reports 100 UFO sightings 1947‑1948; hover, rapid motion, size changes
- Data insufficient for positive identification

### Official summary

This file contains an initial report from the Air Materiel Command regarding Project Sign. Project Sign was a 1948-1949 U.S. Air Force program to investigate the nature and origin of unidentified flying objects (UFO). The report details 100 UFO sightings from 1947-1948. The file also contains an article excerpted from “The Aeroplane,” an aviation-focused periodical magazine published between 1911 and 1968, titled “The Biology of the Flying Saucer.”

### Full text

#### Page 1

I

Authority:

•

•

NND927545

HEADQUARTERS
AIR KATERI BL COWAND

MClA/JCB/amb
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

2DjytAPH 0i948

KCIA

SUBJECT,

Projeot "BIOi" •

TOs

Chief of Staft
United Statea ilr Poree
Waahington 26, D. Co
ATTN s Director ot Int-,lligenoe

l. Thie ie an initial report on unidentified flying objecta aa
direoted by Rq, USAY letter dated SO Deoember 1947, signed by General
L. C. Craigie, subjeot1 •r1~Jng Diaea~. Qtarterly reports will be
submitted beginning 1 July 1948.
2. Ae a reeult of thia letter, Pro~ot HT-304 was a.otiTated on
26 January 1948 and Technical Inatruotion 2185, dated 11 Pebruaiy 1948,
wns published. Present ti.lea on Projeot •s10~• represent a oonaolida­
tion ot reports received directly by Hq, AMC and thoee forwa.rded by
the Direotor ot Intelli gence, USAF.

~. Schedules of activities of lighted night-flying adTertising
blimps have been secured a.nd crosa-oheoked at thi.a Headquarters to
consider them as a possible souroe ot incident nporta.
4. Inoloaure l represents a tabulation am breakdoWll of all
available reports through l February 1948.
5o The following ia a series of interesting observation• that
were noted when rev19Wing the many incident 0ase11

a. Rigll rate of olimb, aa well aa the apparent a.bi li ty to
remain mot1onleu or hover for a oonBiderable length of tiu o
bo The objeot was described aa being oval, d1ac or 1auoerehaped ~l times.

o. Assooiated sound was preae?It ll tim.H o
d.

Reported sizes have varied from that of a 26-oent pitoe
to 260 feet in diameter, and from the aise or a puraui t plane to tht
ePulk of six B-29 airpl.&nea.
,

NND 927545

t

#### Page 2

•

..
AMC
Subject,

2 3 APir 1948

Project "SIG!i"
e.

»umber of objects per aighting,
Objects per sighting
Number of eightioga

l
77

2-6

6-10

over 10

21

8

9

t. Exhaust traile were reported 23 times.
g. Speed has been eetime.ted throughout the entire range from
very alow or hovering to supersonio.
6. Incloaures 2 and 5 are anlargementa of photographt taken of
Incident f40o Inoloaure 4 1s an evaluation of inolosure 2 by thie
Headquarters. Attention 1s iovi ted to the marked aimilari ty between
incloaurea 2 ands. and inoloaure 6. Similarity also exiata between
inclosures 2 and 3 and oonfigur&tiona illustre.ted in inolosure 6.
7. Representatives from tbie Headquartere visited Dr. Ining
Langmuir of the P~sea.rch Laboratories. General Electric Comp&ny.
Schenectady, N. Y. to discuss Project "SIGN". It was the opinion of
this acienti st that prosent a.vai l!I. ble data does not encompass suffi­
ci ent information to enable a positive identific~tion to be ma.deo
Dr. :.a.n&muir was relucts.nt to consider the so-called "flying discsM
as a reality. However, it io be'lieved at this neadquarters that it
is possible to oonstruot a low aspeot ratio airoraft that would d~pli­
oate many of the appearance and performance oharaoteriatics of reported
"flyint discs~. Experts have agreed that thie would be possible through
the intelligent application of boun:lary layer control.

FOR THE COMMANDING GENERAL:

~Me~

J

6 Inols

l.
2.
3.

4.
6.
6.

H. M. ticC~!1.
Co lone1. US&F
Chief ot Intelli gence

Tabulation
Photo
Photo
Eval of Incl 2
Horten Parabola
Biology of I'lying Se.ucor

2

~

NND 927545

#### Page 3

/

;

•

CONFIDENTIAL

Incident
No.

Date

Hour

Location

1

g Jul 47

0930

la

g Jnl 47

lb

-

N<>•

Obser,ed

Sighted

P'rom

Muroc ilT Field, M'uroc, Calif.

2

Ground

0930

Muroc,Air Field, Muroc, Cali£.

2

Ground

e Jul 47

0930

Muroc Air li'ield, li&uroc, Cali.f.

2

Ground

le

g Jul 47

09tl9

Muroc .lir Field, lluroc, Calif.

2

Ground

ld

g Jul 47

1000

lmroc Air Field, Muroc, Calif.

3

Ground

le

g Jul 47

1000

Uuroc A.Lr Field, itiuroc, Calif.

3

Ground

2

g Jnl 47

1200

Muroc Air Field, Mu.roe, Call!.

1

Ground

~

7 Jul 47

1010

Iifuroc Air Field, Vuroc, Calif.

1

Ground

4

$

Jul 47

1150

Area 113, Rogers Dry Lake, Muroc
Air Field, Muroc, Calif.

l

Ground

5

4 Jul 47

1305

~ortland, Oregon

5

Ground

6

4 Jul 47

1305

1llli.lwaukee, Oregon

3

Grotmd

7

4 Jlll .47

1305

Portland, Oregon

1

Ground

~

1305

Portland, Uregon

3

Ground

1305

Portland, Oregon

2004

Roi se, Idaho

ll

4 Jul 47
4 Jul 47
4 Jul 47
4 Jul 47

12

4 Jul 47

1305

Vancouver, Washington

1~

4 Jul 47

1400

14

4 Jul 47

15
l.6

9
10

undetermined wt atated
5

Air

l

r.:.r ound

20-30

Ground

Portland, Oregon

4

Ground

16}0

Portland, Oregon

1

Ground

4 Jul 47

1700

Portland, Oregon

3

Ground

4 Jul 47

ll.00

Mount Jefferson near

4

Ground

9

11r

not stated Seattle, Xashington

Redmon, Oregon

17

2ll. Jun 47

l!S

not stated not stated Toronto, Canada

1

Ground

19

20 Oot 47

1320

Dayton, Ohio

2

Ground

20

20 Oct 47

1100

Xenia, Onio •

l

Ground

1500

14t. Rainier,

a.shington

CONFIDENTIAL
NND 927545

#### Page 4

CO~FIDENTIAL e
Incident

No.

Observed

Sighted

From

l~

not stated

No.

Date

dour

Location

21

29 Jun 47

1645

Des Moines, 1owa

22

21 Jwi 47

23

30 Jun 47

1745

Boise, Idaho

1

Ground

24

12 J\111 47

1&5

Weiser, Idaho

2

Ground

25

4 Jul 47

2345

Vfest Trenton, t~ . J.

l

Ground

26

10 Jul 47 not stated Harmon Field, Newfoundland

l

Ground

~

10 Jul 47

l

Ground

2g

24 Jun 47 not stated Idaho

l

Ground

29

23 Jun 47 not stated Bakersfield., Calif.

10

Ground

30

7 Jan 4!

l ~ T Lockbourne AB, Co1umbus, Ohio

1

30a

7 Jan 4g

1925EST Lockbourne,!B, Columbus., Ohio

l

Oroum

30b

7 Jan 4a

1915EST Lockbourne AB, Columbus, Ohio

l

Ground

30c

7 Jan 4g

1940

Lockbourne il, Columbus, Ohio

1

Ground

31

mid-December early a.m.

l

Ground

1

llr

7 Jan 41! 133&.l'T,OO"' Oocbnan Field, Ky. (south of)

1

Ground

7 Jan~

l4000ST Godman Field, Ky.

1

Ground

7 Jan~

1320CS'J.' · 0odman Field, Ky.

1

33c

7 Jan 4g

J..420 CST 2100 from Oodman Field, Ky.

1

Ground

33d

7 Jan 4a

Gedman Field, Ky.

1

Ground

33e

7 Jan 4g J..430-1600

Godman Field, Ky.

1

Ground

331'

7 Jan~

Godman Field., Ky.

1

~

33g

7 Jan~ 11!54-19()6

lladi.eomi-1.le, Ky.

l ,l -

34

13 Oct 47

05}0

35

12 Nov 41

GQ'l.Jr a.m.

32
32

Ground

about noon Spokane, ·1ashingt,on

Hamon Field, bewfoundland

~

Northern Arizona

1946
not stated

after dark Columbus , Ohio

.

l

,

Ground

~

I.

l4 mi1es north of Dauphin,
J.lanitoba, Canada

ticonderoga at sea (40 miles
south of Cape dlanco, 20 miles
o£f shore)

~

Ground

Boat

\

\

\

I

CONFIDENTIAL
NND 927545

#### Page 5

.

DIOIDD'f

Is,

;w.

vu~FIDENTIAL
a...nect

lo.

r,ooat1cm

12111:.

SMaatfd

rra

1

Ground

1

Qro\md

1

Ground

,6

Jot Stated lot Stated !oilt, Idaho

,1

12 oot 47

,s

10 Jun 47

,9

9 Jlll 47

2,,0

Onnd Palla, levtoundland

5

OJ"ound

40

7 Jul 47

1600

Phoenix, Ar11ona

1

Oroun<S

•n

11 JUl 47

lot Stated lltndort J1eld, llatlta

1

Qro,md

42

12 lUl 47

04,0'L

BltndOl't J1eld, Alatll:a

1

Oroun4

43

29 Jun 47

1645

Clll"1on, Ion

18

Oro\lDd

"-5

28 Jun 47

1~,

Roekt1tld, W1■cou1n

7-10

Ground

7-10

Ql"0\1DC2

46

22 Jun 47

1

Ground

47

6 Jul 47 lot Stated 1a1rt1tld-6uilm Air S.le, 01111.

1

Oround

48

7 Jan 48 1920-1955 V1la1Jllton, Ohio

1

Ground

48a

7 Jan ,s

1925

1

Ground

481>

7 Jan 48

1910&ST V11111ngton, Ohio

1

Qrowu1

4&

7 Jan~

19,0

Y1la1Dgton, Ob1o

1

Orcnmd

-84

7 Jan 48 1920-1950 111.111ngton, Ohio

1

ll'ound

~

9 Jan 48

2,00-2,15

J>aJffi 11e , ltntllolq

1

Qroimd

50

10 Jan Ji8

2200

11lcSVood, In Jei-■r,

Oa•• Creek, Ar1■ ona

1200

lot Stated !udape1t, Bung&J"1

I

28 .Jun 47 Afternoon n11no11

.

11,0

Ortent1eld, 1111,

111111.ngton, Ob1o

_,,,.,.•

One at tb11 Orouad
date, PNT1wa17 1 ..oh

27 Deo,, JUI
all at 2000 o 1oloek.

51

'Sept lf

1215

on.ao, oneon

52

,,.

29 Jul 47

1450

53

28 Jan IJ7

1515

54

16 Jan IJ7

55

2:, Jul 47

12-15

Ground

1181111 ton 11eld, Cal1torn1a

2

Oroad

29 1111 •n Atter 1200 llllilton Jield, ca11tarn1a

2

Ground

Lake Jllead, ore1on

5~

Air

22:50

Jorth Sea (50 ail•• troa

1

Air

o,45Z

BIJ'llCffl Pield, ltvtoundland

l

Orolll\d

tbe Dutch coa,t)

#### Page 6

-

IAo1c1ent

-CQ~F~DENTIAL

-

us.

56

15a.
6 Jul 47

57

20 lul 47

0015Z

Abou-c! the BUl'aeo (at sea

58

4 Aug 47

BYeJWII

59

14 Se»t 47

60

?fe,

Looat1on

lo.

simaa

Ob1enec!

D:99

1-10

Gi-oan4

1

Boat

Bethel, Alaska

1

Ail"

055ae1T

Reeter Ialand

1

ill'

10 Jul 47

1000

Oor4707, Canac!a

1

OPOUDCS

61

8 Sept 47

22:,0

Salt Lllce Cl tJ, Unb

12

Ground

62

8 Sept 47 22:S0~:S00

Salt Like Cit7, Utah

5 Sl'0'QP8

Ground

2945

one hr. troa 874ne7, Autft11a)

eaoh oan-

ta1D1Dg
:S5~0
01:tJecta.

6:s

29 JuJ. 47

1205

can,on 1em, llontana

64

19 Aug 47

2130

Tv1n Jalll, Idaho

65

2 Jun 47

lot stated Rehoboth Beaoh, Delevan

66

10 Aug 47

2100

67

llJ. Aug 47

1600

68

24 Jun 47

l

Ol'om:ad

A.pprox.

Ol'oun4

55.
1

Ground

811Yer 8pr1.ngt, Ohio

l

Ol'ound

Placemlle, lalitornia

1

Ground

Hot 1tattd

Cuoa4e lountaiJ:aa,
Pwtlan4, 01-egon

6

Ground

69

6 Aug 47 22,0-2245

Ph1l.a4elph1a, Pa.

1

Ol'Ound

70

6 iug 47

Ph1lt4elph1a, Pa.

l

Ol'oand

71

8 Oot 47 lot 1tatecl

Laa Vega■, leYa4a

1

Ol'Ound

72

lot atate4 Jot 1tatec1

Port R1obardl0J1, Alllb

1

Ol"oand

7J

4 Aug 47

Boston (101111e1 n) •••·

2

A1r

74

24 .JW'l 47 App. 1500

•t. A~IU, ftlh!ngton

75

1, Aug 47

saote Rl•er aaix,on, Idabo

l

Ground

76

1:5 Aug 47 Jlornlng

Salaon Du, Ic!aho

2

Ornnd

77

:S 11117 47

1s,~

South BrookYille, Dine

10

Gl'O\IDl2

78

:,o Jun ~7

0910 JIST

Oran4 ClllQ'on, AP1aoaa

2

ill'

79

Apr 47

1100 ES!

R1oba0nd, V11"g1n.1a

1045

1600

1300

lot stated

Ground

1, other■ on Grcnmd

other ooou1ona

#### Page 7

coNriBcNTIAL
lno1dent

em..

19,

Looat1op

Jo.

SUhtn

rrw

1

Ground

80
81

7 Jul 47

82

0900

Biokaa Jield, lava11

1

171117 47 2030-2100

0klahOllll CitJ, OklahOJII

1

83

9 hl 47

Bo1 ■t (Between Boise and
hr1d1&n) Idaho

1

z, 84

7 Jul 47 l:500•140<Bft Lakeland, Jlorida

1217

85

1200

°'8tl"Ytd

Ground

5

Cll'ound

Portland, oregon

10

Qromd

86

6 lulJ ~7 lot ■tated

Hollywood, Cal1tonia

l

Qro,md

87

lot ,tated •ot 1tated

HabMrbi1hopehiOJ1 {20 mile,
zx, r tb ) Go rm.any

1

Ground

88

S J.ug if

Atternoon

Baokenaaok, a. J.

l

Ground

89

6 Jul 47

lS45

lanaae City (100 miles west),

l

Air

Ke.neaa
90

29 Jun 47

1500-15:SO

Lae Cruoe ■, !low Mexico

l

Groun4

91

28 Jun 41

2120-2146

Maxwell Pield, Alabama

1

Ground

• 92

lg Jun 47

l2l5-1Sl6

Colorado Springe, Colorado

l

Grcrund

ll Jan 48

l

1650

Harttord, Coumot1cut

l

Air

!O Deo 47

l926PSf

Between Great l'alle, Montana
and Pairfield, Ca!1tornia

l

SO Dec 47

l926PSf

Rosedale, Oalitornia

l

A.ir

SO Deo 47

1926

Lov•look (30 m1lea weat), leTae1&

l

Ground

97

30 Dec 47

1926PST Between Medtord and •t. Chaata,
Oregon

l

A1r

98

2

l(oT 47

Daybreak Houston, Texas

l

Ground

~

Jan 46

lot stated Vasea, 11nland

l

Ground

lot 1tated

l

Ground

95

100

5 Jan 46

Pretaraa&rl, F1nla1'ld

#### Page 8

•

Incident
No .

Occupation

Jo1aneuvers

Heatner

1

1st Lt, UJAF

1lone - horizontal fl1gnt

IiOt

la

:,/::,gt,

1"ot stated

.,ot stated

lb

Uninown

t-:et stated

l1 ot stated

le

s/sgt, USAF

Not stated

~!ot stated

ld

Pfc, USAF

Flying in tight circle

!fot stat'3d

le

~fot stated

Horizontal anrl tipht circles

!lot stated

2

:Uaj, USAF

Descended from an intennediate
altitude in an oscillating
fashion almost to the ground,
then started climbing again to
a very high altitude and moved
off slowly in the distance.

Not stated

3

liajor, USAF

Oscillating in a downward twirl-

Not stated

4

Capt, USAF

5

Patr olman, ?ortland Dippi nP, up and down in oscillat-- Not stated
Police Dept.
ing motion

6

Sgt, Oregon Police

7

Patr olman, Por tland Not stated
Police Dept., former
Air Force pilot

Clear with little
or no cloud forma­
tion

Patrolman, Portland Str aight line formation; last
Police Dept. Pri­
disc fluttered very rapidly in
vate pilot
side-way arc

Clear with little
or no cloud for.na­
tion

Patrolman, Portland Strai~ht line fonnation ; last
Police Dept . ?ri­
disc fluttered very rapidly in
vate pilot
side-way- are

Clear with little
or no cloud forma­
tion

Capt., Harbot pilot

Not stated

9

Observer ' s

0::i,v'

stated

ing movement
Falling at three times the rate

?!ot stated

of a parachute

Following each otner

Discs wo'.lld oscillat e and SOl11131-'
times a full disc would be vis~
ibl e, then a half-moon shape,
t hen nothing at all

CUiqfiDE~~TIAL
NND 927545

Clear with little
or no cloud f orma­
tion

#### Page 9

Incident

•

•oo

ObaerTer' s
Ocoupad.on

10

Capt, United Airlines Straight-away horizontal flight

ll

Coast Guard

Horizontal flight

Kot stated

12

Deputy Sheriff

Mot stated

Not stated

lS

!lot stated

Not stated

Bot stated

14

Sot ste.ted

FUppi ng around

Mot stated

15

Jot stated

Not stated

Iot stated

16

Mot stated

Hot stated

Mot stated

17

Private pilot

Straight horizontal flight

Clear as crystal

18

llot stated

Horizontal fli ght

Clear

19

Farmer

Straight course - were flying
about a city block apart. one
behind the other

Cloudless and
sunny

20

lot stated

Straight course

lot stated

21

lot stated

Single file

Rot stated

22

Wot stated

Flashing

Bot stated

23

!lot stated

Horizontal flight

•ot stated

24

lot stated

Shooting up and down

Clear

25

Not stated

Hori&ontal flight

Bright moonlight

26

llecba.nic

lot atated

Not stated

27

TWA Representative

llot stated

Clear

28

Lt Governor

lot stated

Kot stated

29

ffest Coe.st Pi lot.
7000 hrs.

Bot stated

lot stated

30

Ca.pt. USAF. Asst
Operations Officer

Climbing and descending vertioally

Solid overcast

30a

VHF/DJ' Operator

Hovering, made three 360

Weather

Ka.neunra

0

turns around one place. Moved
to another position and circled

more. Turns required 30-40 seo.
Diaaeter estimated at 2 miles.

lot stated

Overcast. 1000 ft.

#### Page 10

- cor~FIDENTIAL
Incident
loo

Observer's
Occupation

SOb

Traffic Air Controller Bobbing up and down

Overcast

30o

lot a~ated

Climbing and de~oending

High overcast

Profe11or and Bead
or Aero Kn.gineering

Mone

Clear

Lt, USAP

Bone

Overcast

T/Sgt, USAF

Jone

1,it.,Lt, USAF

Bone

High acattered olouds
Visibility unlimited.
High scattered

PFC

lone

lfot stated

33c

Capt, USA1

Kay have been turning

High overcast
with BIS

33d

Capt, Us.Ar

None

32

33a

Maneuvers

Weather

High ecattered,
vi ei bi li ty unlimited

Col, Ky. State Police Kone

Clear

Capt, USAF (Plight

Not stated

.Not stated

:S3g

Unknown

Mot stated

Not stated

34

Judge

Bone

Clear

35

Second Officer.Wavy

Mone

!lot atated

36

CAA Official

Sot stated

Rot stated

37

Pilot

Kone

Clear ..,-.'!

38

Hungarian Peasants

Not stated

!lot stated

39

Constable

40

Not stated

3:Sf

Leader •a 869)

a.tVU.

Spiraled downward f'rom 5, 000
to 2,000 f't am then went

upward at a 450 angle

~

d

Cumulus clouds

#### Page 11

CONFIDENTIAL
Incident Observer's
No. Occupation Maneuvers Weather
41 Colonel, USAF Not stated Not stated
42 Major, USAF Not stated Not stated
43 Bus Driver Mone Not stated
44 Not stated None Not stated
45 Not stated Not stated Not stated
46 Not stated None Cloud banks.
47 Captain, USAF Rolled from side to side Not stated
48 Major, USAP Ascending and deseending Not stated
48a T/sgt Up and dowm and side to side Cold and elear with
few seattered elouds.
48b Cpl. Ascending and deseending Light seattered
clouds with haze
towards S/w.
480 s/sgt Aseending and descending very Clear with over-
rapidly east in S/w.
48d Not stated Ascending'and deseending Clear to seattered.
49 Not stated None Not stated
50 Knitting designer Approaching shore from Oeean then Not stated
rise and fall slowly.
51 Not stated Not stated Not stated
52 Capt, USAP, ASST. Horizonal left to right, right to Clear
Operations Offieer left like a guard in an airplane
and instructor Pilot formation.
528 lst Lt. in Air Similar to a fighter airerafts Not stated
Reserves former maneuvers when aseompanying
B-29 Pilot heavier ships.
53. lst Lt, USAf, Pilot Horizonal very elose formation Not stated
54 Mosquito Pilot Effieient eontrolled evasive action Not stated
55 Government Employee Abrupt darts High seattered
condition visibility
15 miles.
56 s/Sgt, USAP Traveling in a defimite are. Not stated
CONFIDENTIAL
NND 927545

#### Page 12

Incident

-

110.

Ol>aeryer's
Opomtion

57

Bridge Corustruct1on Bot stated

Clear and dark.

Chiet Pilot-

Not atated

lfot auted

58

IM!¥I8 £1

Yt•Hitr

Plying 1er-,1oe

59

Pilot

Hone

Rot stated

60

Storek:eepel"

lot Stated

Clear at duak

61

Kot stated

lfone

Wot stated

62

lot stated

Not stated

Cloudy

63

Hot stated

BOYel"ing and fluttering, 1'1S1ng
and deecendtng.

Scattered aull
olouda,

64

Executive Direct-

Hor11onal

OnNalt

65

P1lot

lfot stated

Not 1tated

66

Lt. Col, QSC
Sc1ent1t1c
Branch Research
Group.

Horizonal Pl1.g?\t

lfot 1tated

67

Insurance Adjuster None

Clear

68

Prospector

Banking

Cleu

69

Not stated

Hot stated

Not 1tated

70

Insurance Agent

Not stated

Clear

71

Capt. AC Reser-,es

Not stated

Clear

72

A1!S1 0tf1ce1'

Not stated

Cloud to1'118t1on
1oattered abOYe
10000 tt.

73

lavigator

Not stated

5/l.O acattered
cuaulus vith

or ot Housing
Authority.

(Conatellat1on
type ail"cNft)

tops at 10000,
Y111b111ty 10

a11H.

74

Prospector

Standi.nc on edge and banking
1n the clouda.

Mot 1tated

75

Trout Parm Oper.

Rode up and dovn oyer the hills
and hollow ot the canyon tloor.

Mot stated

76

County COlllliaaioner Hot stated

It

NND 927545

Rot stated

#### Page 13

In.ctdent

Ob ■erTer'•

Ko,

Qo9upgt109

Manemrp

J!eather

77

Astronomer

Not stated

lot stated

78

Lt, USI (P80 Pilot

lot 1t1ted

lot ■ tated

79

Weather r-,o7tff

Rot 1t1ted

Clear

80

Lt. Col. USAP

Jot ltated

Scattered clouds
Y111b111t7 10-12 ailea.

C1T11 Service

A1oendtng slowly

82

P1eld Bngtn,er

Bot stated

lot stated

83

Pilot

Slow roll or barrel

S<ae clouds

~

Sign Painter

Cl1Jlb1ng

Clear ...cattered cloud•

85

Pl'1Tate Pilot

lot stated

lot stated

86

Hot 1tated

'l'm"ned a corner and seemed
to roll.

Clear

87

U. S. Army

Descended slowly and then
dropped in a spiral motion,

~ot stated

88

Not stated

Not stated

Not s tated

89

Major, USAF

dot stated

90

Administrative Asst, Not at~ted
Rocket Sonde Section

91

Captain

Trave ling in zig-zag course

Clear

92

Railroad Employees

Climbing, diving and reversal
of direction whioh happened
enry few aeoonds.

Cle ar alld 1unny

Capt, USAP

Shooting toward, the eaat at
45° angle

Not stated

L~ Col, Hq, EPlf

Descending vertically - aeaned
to slow down on nearing the
earth

•ot 1tated

95

C-47 orew

Not sta.ted

Not stated

96

Bot stated

Bot stated

Not stated

97

Airplane crew

Not

stated

tiot &tnted

98

Immigration Service

99

Not stated
lfot stated

Appeared to be spinning in
its descent
Bot atated
?lot stated

81

bplo,ee

10 0

Clear

IL

NND 927545

lot stated
lot stated
Not ata.ted

#### Page 14

•

Incident

Sound

llo.

Color

Shape

Size

l

Silnr,-

Not stated

Not

lo

S11Tery

Saucer shaped

lot stated

■om

ld

Retleoted the •un' •
raya

Diac

llot stated

ltot atated

le

Silvery

Diec

•ot stated

None

2

Ahai.num colored
1urface

Thin metallic ob-

stated

Mot atated

la
lb

Puraui t eh1p

Mot stated

jeot, unconventi on al
ah11pe

s

Ye llowiab-llfhite

Spherical

4

lihi'te aluminum

Dietinct oftl out- 50 tt.
J.1m; ta> projectiona on upper sur-

5 - 10 t't, dtaaeter

lot 1tated

face which llight
han been thick

fine or nob1. Tne,e
croaaed each other
at intervals, 1ug­
ge1ting either ro­
tation or oaci lla•
tion ot alow type
5

lot 1tated

Round

.Not 1tated

.llom

6

1'h1 ti ah-brown

Diac

Jllot atated

Jllom

7

J.lumima

Di1e

Mot determined

lone

8

White

Dile

Out ol light be­

!tone

fore det&iled ob­
Hrfttion •d•

Sa

1'hite

Diec

Out of 11 ght be­
ror• detailed ob­
aen-at1on made

Mone

9

Like s hiny ohro­
aium hub cap

Di,o

Mot 1tated

!lot stated

10

.bot 1tated

Thin a.nd a.ooth

Not stated

Jot etated

on bottoa, rough
appea.rinc on top

NND 927545

#### Page 15

II~·

,DENTIAL

Inoident
llo.

Color

Shape

She

Sound

11

ffbi t e

Saucer

Jlot stated

~t stated

12

mot atated

Like tlock ot
geese

•ot stated

Low hmmdng
aound

13

Resembled •tallic

llot 1tated

lot 1tated

l ot atated

lt

Lin a new di••

Like a nn dime

Like .. run, di•

lot etated

15

Sil•er

lilot atated

lot atated

llot stated

16

Not stated

stated

lfot auted

17

ltirror bri t ht

Diameter equal to
di atan ce between
outboard enginea
of DC 4:

lot atated

llot s t ated

Not stated

Not

Approximately

circular. no tail

18

Jellow

19

Reflected the 1un
brilliantly

Like ci ga.ra 11uch longer than
wide

Jlot atated

Mom

20

Silnr

Round

About 12 inches in

Mone

diameter

21

Dirty 1'hite

Betwe.n circle
••rt•d aa.uc er

175-2 50 t't. dia:aeter Like electric
12 ft. t hiok
motor or dy­
nmo

Shiny d l nry

Slim body

Quite large

Bri ght and sil•ery

Ral t-circle

Not atated

Not stat ed

Gli&tened in av.n

Too far away to
dotenune ahe.pe

Too far away to

dete nain. ahape

lone

Plying saucer -

lot atated

lot atated

nnd on.l - in­
22

24
25
25

Luminous

DO

26
27

tai l

lot 1tated

lilot etated

Jiot sta'ted

lot atated

Silvery

Citoular in shape
like a wagon whee l

Same apan •• C-54
at 10. 000 rt.

Wot stated

'
28

Not etated

·eomet-11ke

Not stated

29

!lot stated

Almo1t round

lot stated

lot stated

50

White (.light)

dot stated

lot atated

!lone

NND 927545

#### Page 16

vbV~r IDENTIAL
lnoident
No.

Color

Sha.pc

Size

Sound

30&

Amber

Round or oval

C-47 airplane

Jliono

!Ob

Bright white to amber Cone-shaped. blunt Rnonnou•
on top and taper­
ing orr toward
bottom

30c

White lligbt)

'

RoWlld

Comparable 'to run-

Bone

way light

31

White

Not stated

lot stated

ltone

52

Amber

Mot stated

tiot stated

!lone

33

Sun flashes on metal Roughly circular
or metallic

At the distance and lone
altitude the object
appeared ~o be the
size of a11Ter dollar

ffll.1 te or luminous.
·rurnod to be more

Unknown - altitude
a.na distance too

Round teudi og to

be conical

great

red aa the aun aet

:53e

Iona

~ot auted

Cone. topped with Jot stated
red

Si lver with shadow

Raindrop

Unlcnown - believed

lone
lJnJcnoa

to be lar~
53d

1'h1. te

Round at time• -

Uneert&in because

cone ~haped

of distance

lone

53e

lfhi. te

Round

l/4: she full moon

33.f

l(atallio

Bot stated

Tremendous

SSg

"lfot stated

Cone

100 ft. high.
43 .rt. acrose

!lone

Redish tinge

Round

Large gre.pef'rui t

Ion•

35

Fire oolor

Ball

liot stated

llot atatecl

36

)lot stated

Bot stated

Mot at&.ted

Bot stated

S ft. from point of

lone

38

Reddish with blue
lot stated
background.. Black
with white baokground
SilTer
Ball

NND 927545

view
.Not ate.ted

Mot stated

#### Page 17

GONfHltJ'TiAL
Incident

lo,

001or

Shape

~

Soupd

39

Phosphoru1

Ba-shaped diaoa

lot 1tated

lot atate4

~o

Gray

El11pt1cal

20-,0 tt.

Ho11e like Jet
airoratt prior
to 1ts appell" ~

.. No

audible sound
beai-d 11h11e

object va1 1n
Yiev.
"1

Aluaim"-

Round

3 tt. diameter

lot atate4

~2

OH.yilh

Balloon

10 tt diaeter

lot 1tate4

1'-3

Dirty 1'lite

Between a o1.role IJ1d
an oval (ln-.erted

12 tt thiolc and
175-250 tt diameter

llectJ"ie Jlotor
ordynaao

sa~er)

44

lfot atat.d

Jlyina Saueers
(not actually desoribed as being
this shape)

Wot 1tated

none

lJ-5

Hot stated

Rot stated

Hot stated

Bot stated

46

Silvery vh1te Round

Small

lot stated

47

Bo detim.te shape
No detin1te
oolor top
ai(!e l"etleoted 11ght.

C -51'. airplane

lot deterained
due to the noise
ot airplane.

lf.8

Red

Wot stated

Rot stated

IJ.8a

Bright light

48b

Red - ldltn

PllUli.ng Red cone

Ve17 lai-ge cOlll)U'ed Hone
CirculU'-like a •tU'
1n tbe ak7 only luga. to an aeroplane 11,;bt.
ohangi.ne to
red then to
White OI" J"•llow
Hot detel'llintd

Jot 1tated

Red men IIO"fin8 lot atated
then grean and
black to red.

Kot 1tated

lot ■tated

48d

Yellow or tlame Rot 1tated
colored.

lot stated

lot 1tated

49

Not atated

!lot ■ tated

lot stated

Cone

descending

Pencil shaped ob3eot

t

#### Page 18

cot~FIDENTIAL
Incident
10.

color

Shape

50

Stated aa
queer 11.&ht.

Referred to aa aauoer
Kot stated
but not stated as being
ot thie detinite shape.

Jfot atated

51

11lver

Bomd

Not stated

•ot •tated

52

llhite. ah1Dy

Circular like a ball
en the bott011 but not
completely round.

15-25 tt Diameter

!lot atated

521

■ilk mite

Bot atated

•ot stated

lone

53

Whit.

C1roular

36 inches diameter

Rot stated

54

Rot atated

Not etated

Rot eta,ed

Not stated

55

RecUab

lot stated

Bot atated

None

56

Dia glow ot
light

Round

2 :tt. d1aaeter

Hone

lfot stated

Kot atated

Larger than C~4

Not stated

57
58

59

Blaok

Incandescent

sound

Si•e

Saucer (not det1n1tel7
1tated •• being tbia
shape)

airplane

Hot stated

Not atated

Hot stated

Diec shaped (the 11'ter
glow •de 1t look like

Barrel Bead, dinner

Wot stated

a oone)

ot a plane tl71,ng
hi&h.

11Cht without

appreciable
blue and no
redd1eh tinae.

60

Plame oolor

plate am the aise

61

White ancS
111Ullinated

Bot stated

Sue ot Pigeons

lfot 1tated

62

YelloV1ah
vhite

Bot stated

811811

Mot stated

Gleuaed and
Shialered

D1so (not actuall7
stated aa being ot
this shape)

, rt. a1aaeter and
ot no great th1ok•

lot stated

neaa.

64

Color 111111ar Kot stated
to eiectr1c 11.&ht.

lot stated

Hot stated

65

lot ltated

Bot stated

15 1nohea diaaeter

lot stated

66

Bright onnge

lot stated

lot atated

Hot stated

Jllutal col01"

top 1urtaoe al1ghtly

IJ.-6 tt 1n le~h
4
:~e :O-l 1nchea

ll'ot stated

67

h1ghl7 po111h- ournd-larger 1n front
ed chi-Ollium.
than 1n the rear .
NND 927545

liOMflDENTIAL

#### Page 19

flDENllAL e

•

Incident

Col OJ'

Shape

UU.

sounc1

I

68

Hot stated

D1eo - appeare~ to have
a tail.

30 tt d1aaeter

lone

69

White

lot 1tated

Not stated

Bussing sound.

70

Not stated

Giant til'e cracker

Kot stated

Bu11DI aound

not aa loud
aa a rocket
Ship.

71

Rot 1t1ted

Hot 1t1ted

lot atated

Not stated

72

Silver

Sphere( nt not like
1auoer or diac.

2·3 tt diameter

Rot 1tated

Deep Gold

1111pt1oal

15 tt long 2·3 tt

lot atated

1n length.

74

Bot stated

Tapered lbarpely to a
point in the tront end.

,o tt. diaaettr

Hone

75

Slq blue

Oblong like a broad rill
hat with a low crown.

20 tt. lona am
10 t,. thiolr.

Kade a

Jot 1tated

Hot stated

76

Not stated

av1shiq sound.

Lite the eoho

ot • aotor.
Only oonerete evidence

50•100 tt lfide.

Loud roar

Light gray

e1rou1ar

8 tt. diueter

Bot ■ tated

S1lftl'

Bot atated

Lu•er than a

Not atated

77

Light colored

78
79

or tora appeared on the
lett tangent ot the group.

Pibal balloon When
obaened through a

theodolite.
80

Retleoted vh1te
light.

"Blob 11

81

S11Yer

Large Balloon With silver Large
d11c below it, no attaebing
cables vere noticed.

'
82

Proa t7 ltbi te

Round and tlat

SMll ail"plane

Equal to b\11.k ot

6 eaob, B-29 air·

Hone

lot etated

A 1l1gbt
mahing.

planes td th dia ..

•t•r to tluomeas
ratio ot 10-1.

83

Black

Round

'tVtnt,-.f'ive cent
piece.

lot atated

#### Page 20

, .DENTIAL e
Incident

110,

color

Ship,

84

Sb1Jm7

Road

lot ltated

lore~ le11

85

Bot 1tated

Reseabled the D5U•l.

Jot 1tated

lot 1tated

86

Not 1tated

lot atate(!

IOt ltated

lot stated

87

Jot S1t&ted

Bot stated

lot ata.ted

lot atated

88

lot stated

1lying di ec (not ao­
tual ly deaoribed aa
being ot thi• aha.pe)

)lot 1t1.ted

lot atated

Ro\lDd di,o ahaped object

50-60 rt. diameter

bot at&ted

Unitonn with no protu­

Hot atatad

Bot 1tt.t1d

Refleote4
light

SbJ-111.

berano•• euoh •• wing•
of an airplane

92

Light

lot atated

Not stated

looe

Silver

lot ,tated

S-11

lloli ata.ted

Bluish center Appeared to be a di10
·. rl th rod on
its edgH

Reaembled ~ shooting Not etated
at~r; however. obaervera not oertain

94

!ot atatad

lot 1tated

Not stated

Not ,tated

95

Not stated

Not stated

Kot stated

Bot stated

96

Not st:i.ted

Hot etated

Not stated

Not atated

91

Flaah of

Kot atat••

Hot stated

Hot atated

light
98

Bright light

Ahaoat round or perhaps
oval or aauoer-ahaped

2ti-30 miles diametor

lot etated

99

Shining

Brightly ehining object

lot atated

Bot atated

lot atated

!lot stated

100

with long td 1

Wot ,tated

NND 927545

#### Page 21

Incident
No.

Exhaust

-

-COt~f\DENTlAL:-

e

Heading

Altitude Ft.

Speed

lffect on Cloud•

t:one

320°

1000-sooo rt.

~00 mph

lot at&ted

le

Not stated

liorthwest

7500-8000

ft.

~50-400 mph

Hot stated

ld

f.ot stated

northwest

7000-8000 f't.

300-400 mph

tlot atatod

le

tlot

stated

tiorthwest

6000 rt.

300-400 mph

~ot stated

2

tot stated

Not at&ted

From very near
the ground to
vory high

Not ste.tod

llot atated

3

Not ata.ted

frost to east

10000- 12000 rt.

200- 225 mph

)lo-r; stated

4

Not stated

North of due
east

Under 20000 ft .

Slower than Hot stated
lllAXimUDl speed
or P- 80

5

Bot stated

Two flying
aoutb - S
flying ea,t

Bo'\ stated.d

Great speed lot atated

6

Not stated

llorthweater ly Undetermined

7

None

Southweat

l

Trail

la.

lb

50000 fto

Terrifie

lot stat.d

Terrific faster than
any object
ever seen

lot stat.cl

by him
8

Rone-

South

40000 tt .

Terrific

lot atated

8a

Jlone

South

40000 rt.

?errifio

Not ,tated

9

Not atated

S01..-th

High over
Globe Mille

Terrific

lot stated

10

!Jone

Northwest

llot stated

Cruised for

Not atated

46 min. at
oonventional
airline apeed

(180 mph) then
rapidly disappeared

11

Not stated

OTer north end lot stated
ot Lake 1'o.shington

CG."f,DENTIAL
NND 927545

llot stated

.ttoi;

a ta. ted

#### Page 22

Bo.

E:xhauat
Trail

12

Wot atated

Incident

•
Bee.ding

.lltitude Ft.

Spoed

Effect on Cloud.a

Hot stated

Not atated

lot • ~ d

Hot at&t.<l

Tranlini BO

llot ,te.ted

3 west to
Did not appear
l north Tery high

lot atated

14

F1DENTIAl

lot atated

eaat.

taat they
•ere out ot
eight in eaat
in 2-4 aeoonda

lot atated

JloT1ng slowly

llot atat.d

onr aandy
dletr1ct
15

Iot 1te.ted

l beaded

High

Sot atated

lot atat.d

lot 1tatad

!tot atate4

llot atated

Not 1tated

lot 1tated

Not stated

Hot stated

Very taat

Bot stated

s outhea1t.
2 headed
north1a1t

16

(Text continues in the original file: 45 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D098 — Film Analysis of Unidentified Objects, 1953

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D098
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D098
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1950, 1952
- Location: Montana, Utah
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

At 3,780 mph, even the film was breathless.

- DOW-UAP-D098, Film Analysis, 1953; U.S. Naval Photographic Interpretation Center; May 1953; films from Montana 1950, Utah 1952.
- Report finds light‑source objects, inconsistent with natural or known technology, calculated speed 3,780 mph via photogrammetric analysis.
- Objects appear as unexplained light sources; further well‑resourced investigation recommended.

### Official summary

This file contains a memorandum relating to the U.S. Naval Photographic Interpretation Center’s assessment of two films allegedly depicting unidentified airborne objects, captured in Montana and Utah in 1950 and 1952, respectively. The file documents the Center’s analytic process, assumptions that constrained its confidence level, tentative conclusions, and recommendations for future research. The Center assessed, generally, that the objects depicted in the film demonstrated characteristics that were inconsistent with those of natural phenomena or commonly known aerospace technologies. The memorandum documents the Center’s recommendation for a more well-resourced investigation to corroborate its presumptive findings, citing a lack of funding and personnel. The accompanying charts compare the film’s luminosity with the apparent angular size of the phenomena, using contemporary mathematical modeling and photogrammetric analysis techniques.

### Full text

#### Page 1

DECLASSIFIED
Authority: CONFIDENTIAL
BUAER ROUTE SHEET NAVAER-142A (REV. 5-52) NND 67905
RTG. DATE INIT. RTG. DATE INIT. RTG. DATE INIT.
DIVISION & .RECD.RELD. DIVISION & RECD. DIVISION & REGD.RELD
ACT. ACT. RELD. ACT.
CHIEF OF BUAER (AER) AERO. STDS. GP. (AG) ASS'T CHIEF FOR
AIRBORNE EQUIP. (AE MTL. & SERVICES (4)
AIDE (A) DEP. ASST. CHIEF
GENERAL INSP. (G1) The
CONTRACTS (CT)
ASST. RES. TRA. (SR) ARMAMENT (AR)
SMALL BUS. SP (SB)
DEPUTY & ASS'T CHIEF
OF BUREAU (1) DESIGN ELEMENTS IDE
INDUSTRIAL PL. (IP)
EXECUTIVE OFFICE (12)
ELECTRONICS (EL)
INSPECTION (IN)
ADM. SERVICES (AS) MAINTENANCE (MA)
EVALUATION (EVO)
AIRCRAFT LOG (AL)
EXP. PROGRAM (EP)
COUNSEL (CO) REVEWE BY NAVAIR
GUIDED MISSILES (GM) ON DECLASS PRO,
FISCAL (F1) DECLASS IN
F1-1 PEREO12056
AIRCRAFT 1AC) OTHERECUORAPHIC 1PH) 2 ho
MIL. REQUIREM. (MR) YES Pk41 N
PH
PERSONNEL |PE) POWER PLANT (PP) PRODUCTION (PD)
PUBLICATIONS (P8)
RESEARCH (RS)
PLANS COORD. |PC1 SHIPS INSTALL. (SI) SHORE ESTAB. (SE)
ASS'T CHIEF FOR
RES. & DEVEL. (2) SUPPLY (SU)
TECHNICAL DATA (TD)
DEP. ASST. CHIEF PATENT COUNSEL (PL)
EXECUTIVE ASST.
ASW COORD. ASST. USAF LIAISON
RDB-SPEC. ASST. SPACE FOR ADDITIONAL ROUTINGS
ADMINISTRATIVE ASST. 45 45/15T5/180Bu
U7 - 431
RTG. ACTION DESIRED INIT. RTG. ACTION DESIRED INIT. RTG. ACTION DESIRED INIT
Expedite Information and return Prepare reply for signature of:
24 hour reply requested Recommiendation and return
Confer with Return with iAformation req.
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(Signature)
1. Red rou ings shall be made and changed anly by Comm. & Files Br. Alother routings shal) be nade in black.
2. Indicate order of rout ing for both incoming and outgoing correspondence by consecut ive numbers.
3. x - Indicates activity preparing reply. (Place in *Rta & ACt, column. To left of column if numeral already inserted.)
4. O - Indicates routing of pink copy after correspondence is mailed. (if numerical sequence desired indicate to left of column.) (
5. Anl numerical routings must be initialled prior to mailing.
6. Indicate instructions by placing numerical routings in appropriate box in lower right hand corner.
7. This form is uNclAssiFIED wnen blank and unattached. 5
CONFIDENTIAL SECURITY INFORMATION CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 2

COt4FIBENflAL

(Attach Correspondence Here)
COllffKTS
I.

In order that persons making cormients may be readily ident ifie<I, comments shal I be numbered, dated,
Las Name and Initials, Rank if any, Section, and te lephone extension .

2. By o,-der of the Chief of the Bureau, material attached to th is route sheet shall not be removed .
3. Ext a copies may be removed,

legibly signed w ith the

tSee AO ?>-II

but the Reco rd Copy I Identified by the control numberl must remain attached at all times .

ATTACH ADDITIONAL COHHENTS ON LETTER SIZE (8:dOI/ SHEETS ONLY.
NUHBER ALL COHHENTS IN OAT£ ORDER.

CONFIDENTIAL

SECURITY INFORMATION

CONFIDENflJfcL

#### Page 3

U.S. NAVAL PHCYrOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION CENTER
U. S. NAVAL RECEIVING STATION

-.._ ~ ·-

Washington 25, D. C.
MAT <l

Code Ol/IDIW/lbl
Jl2

1953

Serial:

cBJ.~m

SECURITY INFORMATION

From:
To:

Off'icer in Charge
Director of Naval I ntelligence (OP-322H4D)

Subj:

Interpretation of Movies of Unidentified Objects;
progress report on
♦

Ref:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Encl:

( 1)

Conf ltr DNI OP322Y5/rtm, d td 27 Oct 1952 with
enclosures thereto
Conf memo, Chief, Topical Division, USAF, AFOIN
2P2., dtd 24 Nov 1952 with enclosures thereto
PIC Conf ltr 01/ml'w/gcl, ser 0263 dtd 5 Dec 1952
Rest memo, Chief, Topical Division, USAF, AFOIN
2A2, dtd 16 Feb 1953
Charts 2-13

Reference (a) is a request from u. s. Air Force for the
i nterpretation of movies of unidentified objects taken in Utah,
2 July 1952. • I ncluded among the enclosures are approximately 30 feet
of processed, 16mm color motion picture film and a list of questions
for gui®nce in ,determining the type o-f analysis desired. Referenc.e
(b) requested interpretation of additional movies taken in Montana,
1950. This report superced.es reference (c) and presents the test
procedures and methods designed to ~nswer the questions contained in
enclosure 7 of reference (a). The results and analysis were performed
by the Photogrammetry Division , Evaluation Department of this Center
and do not necessarily represent the official attitude of the Depart­
ment of the Navy or this Center.
1.

2.

Tests and Procedure.
a.

Plots.

The film exposed in Ute.his i n very poor condition; dry ,
brittle, and With a tendency to break. Af'ter i nitial viewing,
duplication of the film was performed in order to \preserve the frlm.
In the duplication process some color correction ~s made to permit
better Viewing of the objects. To prepare plots of the objects, a
stop crame projector was rigidly mounted at a fiXed distance from a
finel; -groW1d glass screen. The magnification was 22 times giving
a format s ize of 14.2" wide. This proved very satisfactory a nd
provided a shadow free image upon which overlay plots could be made.
CC>m"~l'UAb

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I

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15

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8 ONFIBBU'flIAf.

SECURITY INFORMATION
Subj:

Interpretation of Movies of Unidentifiea Objects; progress
report on

A preliminary detailed stud i of the Utah film was made and it was
decided that:

a. Brightly colored spots <;rf red and green lasting only one or
tvo frames were not to be considered.

bstudy.

Water spots could be detected easily and eliminated from the

c.

The color of the objects was fairly constant as blue-white.

d.

Size and luminosity of an object varied through-out the film.

For convenience in interpretation, the film was divided into three
parts, each part being considered an entity. Part I consisted of the
footage taken at f8; Part II, the footage taken at fl6 with a panning
motion; and Part III, the footage taken at fl6 during which the camera
was held steady. Three det'i nite groups of l i ghts were observed through­
out the film and plots were recorded as fol l ows:

TABLE I
PLOTS OF POSITIONS
Parts

Control

I II III

Holding to lower group

Not enclosed

I II

Holding to one object
and ailinuth of another

2 and 3

I

Arbitrary 1/2 inch
correction per frame
for panning

III

Hol ding to frame outline

I

One image held to base
line. Every tenth frame
to show changes withih .
apparent formations

Utah

Chart

4

5a and 5b
6

Montana
All

Terrestial Objects

-80!ff' fBBff'HA¼,.

SECURITY INFORMATION

2

7a and Tb

#### Page 5

·code 01/HWW/lbh
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IYIAY 4.

l 53

GONFIBBN'i'IAL
S:EX::URITY INFORMATION

Subj:
b.

Interpretation of Movies of Unidentified Objects;
progress report on
Densitometric tests:
Densitometric data vere obtained with a Densichron, Model 2150

manufactured b:r" the Welch Scientific Company.

The ~nsichron has a scale

range of 0-3. The procedure was to project each frame at approximately
22 times magnification onto a fi nely-grained-glass screen. The back­
ground (sky) was then measured at several places and the density set to
3.0 (variations in backgrouud densities were in the order of 0.02 and
were regarded as uniform) . A set of three readings vere made of each
of seven objects in Part I, and of the single object in Part III of
the Utah Film. Readings vere ma.de of the entire Montana film.
Enclosure ( 8a and 8b) are graphs of the density readings
obtained of the two lower groups of objects in frames 1-129 of the
Utah film. Enclosure (9) is a density graph of the siogle object (94
frames) in Part III. Enclosure (10) is a graph \l'here six successive
Densichron readings were averaged and advanced one reading each deter­
minant.
0£ the Montana film, densities were plotted as above and are
enclosures (11) and (12).
The results of the density readings may be questioned in that
these objects varied in size so that at the minimum sizes the densichron
probe was measuring the entire object, and at the maximum size the probe
was measuring only a portion of the objects. Because of this situation
only the largest readings obtained b scanning the objects were used.
It is understood that normal procedure would be to read the entire object.
This was impossible with the equipment on hand.
In addition the film, with which this investigation was conducted,
is a duplicate of a copy . This raises the question as to whether the
central portion of the objects were burnt out during the duplication
processing. Density readings were made to compare the clear areas and
the objects. It was found- that the minimum difference is o.4. This
indicates that relative luminosity may still be obtained with the pro­
cedwe used. Concurrent with the density readings, relative sizes of
the objects were noted in order to correlate distance and luminosity.
Enclosure (13) is a plot of the same object wherein the relationship of
distance and luminosity can be detected in Utah film,

3.

Answers to Questions.

,.

,Answers keyed to the questions contained in enclosure (7) of
reference (a) are hereb y presented. They supercede those contained in
reference {c) and present the ~1nal analysis.as requested.

e Oifil!BBN'f:EJd;
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Subj:

Interpretation of Movies of Unidentified Objects;
progress report on

1. Analysis of the graph correlating luminosity and size
indicate that as the luminosity of the objects increase, the size
is larger also. This could be the e:ffect of viewing directly, a
reflecting surf'ace. This is considered not probable becaUQe of
the length of time they were viewed continuously on the film, approxi­
mately 90 seconds, and because of the angle through which they were
photographed, approximately 6o degrees.
It is felt that if these images are reflective surraces,
blinking would occur during a period of 90 seconds while passing
thro~h a n angle of 6o degrees when photographed at the rate of
16 frames per second. 'l'his premise would permit highly reflect!ve
balloons or spheroids to be a possibility. However, the velocit:J and
acceleration computations (sub paragraph 8) rule this possibility out.
It appears, there:fore, that if these objects are a reflecting surface,
.., they are o'f a design, speed, and power not commonly known . The vel ocity
and acceleration attributed to the objects may be caused b y light
reflected off a highly reflective surface onto an atomospheric screen
where a slight angular turn of the reflective surface would appear as
high acceleration. This possibilit.,· is considered not probable because
of the sun angle and atmospheric condition reported at the time of
photography and because of the variations in luminosity which, under
the above conditions would remain constant.
I

It is the majority opinion of the group conducting this analysis
that these images a.re light sources. This will explain the non -blinking
and variations in luminosity - but not the velocity or acceleration
factors. In either case, light source or reflective surface, it
appears as if the objects are of a nature which ve are not able to
identify in terms of natural phe nomena or commonly known me.u -made objects.
2. There is no indication of' what kind of objects could have
caused the images except that they must be of a construction, design,
a nd material not commonly known . This is indicated b y the computed
acceleration rate and elocity (answer 8). For the same reasons, birds,
aircraft and balloons are rul~ out.

3. An analysis of the char t s relative to movement indicate that
there were group and. indi vid.uaJ. movement. Within a group it appears
as if' the individua.l objects were moving counter-clock-wise al.ong an
elliptical or similar track. Thus vhen two objects crossed the camera
line of sight they will appear to fuse i nto one. As they continued
along their paths it will appear as if one object became two. This
occured at reglar intervals at approximately every 25th :rrame as
plotted in charts 5a and 5b .
CON:PIDBf¥:PI:AL
SECURITY INFORMATION

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QQNFB}ENTIAL

SECURITY Th1FORMATION
Subj:

Interpretation of Movies of Unidentified Objects;
progress report on

4. All objects appear to have the same characteristics in
re gards to shape, color, size and relative motion.
5. The shape of the objects appears to be oblate or disk
shaped, c o~or; blue-white, and maximum and minimum size; 98 a nd 16
f eet . The size is based on the assumption that the objects are five
miles from the observer.
6.

Fade i n a nd fade out of the objects were analyzed ae in
I n this case the group movement vas such that the distance
between the ob jects a nd camera was increased so that the objects
could not be recorded on the film thereby causing the apparent fade­
out. Fade-in as attributed to a shortening of the distance from the
fade-out area to the camera station .
I

3 above.

.

7. Plots of the groups indicate that the objects move counter­
clock-wise relative to t he axis of fli ght path. However, nothi ng has
been detected which indicates motion of the individual objects about
their own axis a l though this motion appears to be likely.
8.

In determining the velocity of the objects three assumptions

were ma.de:

a.

The camera was h eld s tea.dy during Part III of the film.

b.

The objects were moving perpendicular to the opticeJ.

c.

The objects were five miles from the camera.

aY..is, a nd

It is obvious that (b) is a fallac y ; however, this assumption
vill give the minimum velocity and the actual velocity is greater than
computed. The assumption that the objects are five miles from the
camera i s a n arbitrary oue. However , based on the emulsion speed and
focal length, an object 50 feet in diameter a nd five miles from the
camera will be recorded on the film with sufficient resolution to
identify major detail s of the object. It is felt that if these objects
were c loser than five miles at the time of recording , details would

appear on the film.
Velocity is computed to be 3780 mph for a shift of l mm per :t'rame
1:f the objec t is five miles from the observer. From 55 measureme nts
taken from Part III of the Utah film, the maxi mum and minimum velocities
COUFIB-Em?IAL

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'U

~:E~Mooavw Da-f;rF@oowr£1'ifa@oo

#### Page 8

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Subj:

Interpretation of Movies of Unidentified Objects;
progress report on

were 2457 and 378 mph respectively. These figures differ f'rom those
given in reference (c) a nd were computed f'rom measurements obtained
under more controlled conditions. Acceleration "1,S determined from the
formula :

a :c Vf T- VO ••b
.. ere:
a= Acceleration
Vf = final velocity
VO= initial velocity

.

T =time= 1/16 second

Since "g" is equal to 32.17 ft/sec2 it was computed that:
Maximum acceleration = 21,168 mph/sec: 965 g
Minimum acceleration : 1,104 mph/sec= 50 g

Maximum deceleration= 32,448 mph/aec • 14 79 g
Minimum deceleration :

2 ?2 mph/sec=

12 g

Velocit • and acceleration determinations were al so made from
the Montana film. I n this case, terrestiaJ. objec t s appeared in the
film and were held to as control, Subsequently, the velocity a nd
acceleration determinations are considered to be more reliable. On the
assumption of (b) a nd (c) above the maximum and minimum velocities of
the left object are 13 (4 a nd 361 mph respectfull j' . For the right object
t hey are 1117 and 169 mph. Accelerations were computed a.a:
Left Object
Right Object
Maximum acceleration mph/sec 14,016.639 g
12646. 5 {6g
Minimum acceleratio~ mph/sec
0 ..
0 g
O •
Og
Maximum deceleration mph/se c 13, 184: 6o1 g
14238 .. 651g
Minimum deceleration mph/sec
0 •
0 g
O -=
Og
The above determinations were ma.de from a total of 322 measure­
ments. It was noted that the acceleration and determinations were in
multiples of 12.5 approximately. This may be of significance although
no stud:;r has been conducted to determine this.

9 . Velocity a nd acceleration were treated in sub-paragraph 8
above. Paragraph 2a indicates the controls used during this investigation.
-GOm'IDmf.H:A:L

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Subj:

Interpretation of Movies o-f Uoidentif'ied Objects;
progress report on

lQ. a. There is no recurring pattern in the relative position
of the objects in formation. It appears however, as if the shU't
in relative positions vere regular and that the original formation
would be recovered 11' the continuing action h&s been recorded.
b. No. However, the same -formation is maintained with
objects changing positions.
c. No detection of relative position s being maintained
coincidental with movement about their axis.
d. No detection of undulating motion o:f objects in phase
either i n :formation or tumbling motion.
e. There is evidence of abrupt changes in direction of
flight path through fairly large angles.

f. Certain objects do appear to rems.in motion.less while
other move about .
g. Certain objects disappear while still vell within the
fie.ld or view. This is discussed in sub-paragraph 6 above.

4.

Discussion.

During the study and investigation of the unidentified. objects,
the preliminary data uncovered were revealed to experts (with proper
security clearance) in the f'iel.ds of astronomy and physics. Although
they presented certain natural phenomena theories to explain the
cause of the objects under certain conditions they were not able to
do so under the conditions during which the photography was taken,
nor were they able to recognize these objects as man-made.

As to the results of the investigations being reported, no
attempt was ma.de tooorroborate the ppiilions presented. Because of
the lack of proper equipment, mone y and personnel, the investigation
was limited. There are obvious tests which can be conducted to prove
or disprove some o-r the findings presented. It is suggested that these
be undertaken.

5. Ref'erence (d) requests spectrophotometric analysis of the Utah
film be made.

Preliminary plan of test is underway .

~ {iii,
ri!

~~tM u·iw uool?@OO!Mb\Vll@OO
O

7

#### Page 12

CONFIDENTIAL DENSITY READINGS SFCURITY INFO
SECURITY INEORMTON ==9
1
1
1
3.2 1
1 I=
1
-
A
++
30
t~
2.8
1 VI
2.6
1
NOTE Montana film
T Lowest reading ndicates brightest image
egen Tmage
NO IMAGE
Enclosure GONFIDENTIAL SECURITY INFORMATION
22
to 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 130
CONFIDENTIAL Frames
SECURITY INFORMATION

#### Page 14

R ADINGS .
30 CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTAL
SECURITY INFORMATION SECURITY INFORMATION
2.8
2.6
2.4
NOTE-Smallest recording indicates brightest
image Part μ
2.2 EGENHDImage1
2
3
4
Enclosure 8A
20
CONFIDENTIAL COMFIDENTIAL SEGURITY INFORMATION
SECURITY INFORMATION
20 40 50 60 80 =0 100
Frames

## DOW-UAP-D099 — Intelligence Review of “Ghost Rocket” Incidents, 1947

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D099
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D099
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1/9/47
- Location: Sweden
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Sweden called them celestial, but they were just early fireworks.

- File DOW-UAP-D099, Dept. of War, 1947, incidents over Sweden.
- Reviews 1946 Ghost Rocket sightings, includes Swedish reports, U.S. attaché observations, and V‑1 missile speculation.
- Conclusion: few real incidents likely Soviet V‑1 missiles; majority misidentified natural phenomena.

### Official summary

This document is a U.S. Department of War General Staff intelligence review assessing incidents involving unidentified “Ghost Rockets” reported over Sweden and other Scandinavian countries beginning in May 1946. The review includes an analysis of observational reports, statements from the Swedish government, and reporting from the U.S. military attaché in Stockholm. The review highlights the inconclusive nature of the contemporary evidence available to substantiate reports from civilian and military observers. 

The review also documents a change in the public stance of the Swedish Defense Staff, which privately attributed the objects to Soviet V-1 missile tests launched from Peenemünde. Peenemünde is a then-occupied municipality in northeastern Germany that had been associated with the development of the V-1 and V-2 rocket program during World War II. The Swedish assessment publicly shifted from an unknown technological origin to one of a “celestial origin.” The review suggests that this shift was a deliberate effort to avoid diplomatic conflict with the Soviet Union. The report’s final assessment concludes that while most reported incidents were likely misidentified natural phenomena, the “best evidence” suggested a small number of “real incidents” involving low-flying V-1 type missiles, likely attributable to Soviet tests of captured German technology.

### Full text

#### Page 2

SECRET
CONTENTS
Page
WORLD IN REVIEW 1
"GHOST ROCKETS" OVER SCANDINAVIA. 17
RECONSTITUTION OF THE BRITISH TERRI-
TORIAL ARMY 21
UNITED NATIONS TRUSTEESHIP 27
MILITARY IMPLICATIONS OF SOVIET FOR-
EIGN POLICY DURING 1946_ 41
GUIDED MISSILE COUNTERMEASURES. 50
WORLD-WIDE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAG-
NETIC AMPLIFIER. 56
SIGNIFICANT PERSONALITIES. 63
CALENDAR OF FORTHCOMING EVENTS. 64
WARNING
This Document Contains Information Affecting the National
Defense of the United States Within the Meaning of the Espio-
nage Act, 50 U. S. C., 3I and 32, an Amended. Its Transmission
or the Revelation of Its Contents in Any Manner to Any Foreign
Agency or Other Unauthorized Person Is Prohibited by Law.
Reproduction of the Intelligence in This Publication Is Pro-
hibited Without Special Authority From the Director of Intelli-
gence WDGS, War Department.

#### Page 3

FEATURE SECTION
"GHOST ROCKETS" OVER
SCANDINAVIA
Flying missiles were first reported over southern Sweden in
late May 1946 by the press, which gave the missiles the name
of "Ghost Rockets." In June, the missiles also had been
reported over Finland and Denmark. By July, the number of
sightings over Sweden had greatly increased, and several also
had been reported over Norway. The great majority of these
reports were made by untrained observers and, as would be
expected, varied widely in the description of the actual
missiles as well as, of their course, altitude, and speed.
Descriptions of the Missile
The two most common descriptions of the missiles were
"a ball of fire with a tail" and a "shiny cigar-shaped object."
The reported direction of flight covered all points of the
compass, with a northerly direction being slightly pre­
dominant. Variations in altitude ranged from treetop height
to 160,000 feet, the higher altitudes almost exclusively being
reported from Finland. Speeds reported were from 65 m. p. h.
to ''lightning fast," with the majority described as having
great or very great speed. The missiles generally have been
described in horizontal flight; a few have been reported as
diving into the ground or into lakes, or exploding in the air.
In no case have fragments been found other than bits of
material described as "nonmetallic slag."
One of the few reports available from an individual who
should be more reliable and competent than the average
-8:ECM'f

17

#### Page 4

GHOST ROCKETS

..sBORB'F

layman is that of a Swedish Air Force pilot. On 14 August,
at 1000 hours, he was flying at 650 feet over central Sweden
when he saw a dark, cigar-shaped object about 50 feet long
and 3 feet in diameter flying 200 feet above and approxi­
mately 6,500 feet away from him at an estimated speed of
400 m. p. h. The missile had no visible wings, rudder, or
other projecting part; and there was no indication of any
flame or Jight as has been reported in the majority of other
sightings. His report states that the missile was maintaining
a constant altitude over the ground and, consequently, was
following the large features of the terrain. The last state­
ment casts doubt on the reliability of the entire report be­
cause of the inability of a missile, without wings, to maintain
a constant altitude over hilly terrain. However, the pilot
does imply that there may have been wings which he was
unable to see, because he stated that it could not have been
a Swedish jet plane as there was none flying in the vicinity
at that time.
The Scandinavian press, with the exception of the Com­
munist papers, initially reported the incidents in some detail
and openly attributed them to missiles fired by the U. S. S. R.
In August, a partial censorship was imposed on the press,
restricting the publication of exact details or localities where
missiles were seen. The Communist press has continued to
ridicule the entire matter and claims that there was no basis
for the reports that the missiles were of Soviet origin. In
fact, a charge was made that they came from the United
States and that Gen. Doolittle was sent over to observe the
effects of the missiles I

Official Investigations
Official investigations of these reports were begun by the
Swedish authorities in June. The Defense Staff requested
the public to report any unusual observations, and by the
18

SECRET

#### Page 5

8ElCRET

GHOST ROCKETS

end of July almost 1,000 such reports had been received.
The investigation has been carried out by the Swedish
Defense Staff in a very peculiar manner. In the beginning,
many of the key personnel were on summer leave, and they
were not recalled to deal with the problem. Spokesmen
for the Defense Staff repeatedly have told the United States
Military Attache that they definitely believed there were
rockets over Sweden, and that they were launched by the
Soviets from Peenemtinde on the German Baltic coast.
However, they have not been able to produce any evidence
to support these statements. To date, no United States
military or naval personnel in Sweden have seen any frag­
ments, points of impact, or other direct evidence to prove
that guided missiles have appeared over Sweden.
The official communiques issued to the press by the
Defense Staff have not reflected the same tone as the state­
ments made by individual officers in conversations. In fact,
the communiques themselves have varied. The last one,
issued on 10 October, very strongly indicated that the great
majority of the reported incidents were of celestial origin,
which is a complete change from the one of 6 August when
it was reported that, except in a few cases, they could not be
meteorites.*

Attitude of Swedish Officials
To arrive at any definite conclusion from the conflicting
evidence available on these reported missiles is impossible.
The contradictory attitude of Swedish officialdom would
tend to indicate that it was doing very little to arrive at a
definite conclusion, perhaps for political purposes. The com­
plete change in attitude between the communiques issued on
* In September and October, flying objects were reported over widely separate
points in Europe and Africa, including Belgium, Greece, Italy, Morocco, and
Austria. In the main, these reports have not been confirmed and appear to be
due to explainable ca.uses, such as meteors or Very flares, fireworks, etc.

BEGRJBT

19

#### Page 6

GHOST ROCKETS

8:SORR1'

6 August and IO October indicates that the Swedish Staff
was trying to minimize the entire matter which had grown
to such a size that the Staff was afraid of its having official
repercussions on Swedish-Soviet relations.

Conclusions
The Soviets are known to be working on various guided
missiles. They have the ability to produce, and probably
have tested, missiles of the V-1 type. Without warheads
and with slightly improved motors, these missiles could
have a range of 500 miles, and are the only available German
missiles believed capable of horizontal flight at low altitudes.
There is some evidence that such work has been carried out
at Stolp (in Polish-administered Germany) or on the Baltic
islands of Oesel or Dago. Three of the people reporting
sightings have mentioned the noise of an outboard motor,
a characteristic of the impulse duct motor used on the V-1
by the Germans; and one of them stated that what he saw
looked like the V-1 he had seen over London during the war.
Others have reported little or no sound, a condition which
may indicate the use of a turbo-jet instead of a pulse-jet.
The best evidence, at present, is that there have been only
2 or 3 real incidents, perhaps as many as 5 or 10, of low-flying
missiles of the V-1 type. The high-altitude missiles reported
seem definitely to have been meteors or fireworks. The
Swedish Defense Staff probably has taken advantage of the
situation for political purposes and allowed the newspapers
to make a big story out of the missiles, without admitting
that the Staff had any evidence to indicate that there actually
were any such missiles. This was done at a time when the
Swedish public was demanding reductions in defense expendi­
tures.

20

8ECRE1'

#### Page 7

Notice
Tiu inulliqenu cm1tainr.,l in tM• report lias bun pro­

duced by th4 l11t,•lliyc11cc lJit>isi,m as a result of careful
reaearch and a,,alyai, of informatioo received from
all eourcea. A "11 rW(_'6r posseuinq information which
appear, w mt>di'fy or contradict the intelligence con­
taint-d Mrtin i, requested to forward it promplly to:
Director of Intelligence,
WDGS, War Department,
Washingtoo S5, D. C.
Communiootions should refer to this publicatioo, set-­
ting forth item and page to which reference is made. In
reporting informatioo, the cootrfbutor should identify
and evaluate his sources and give the dates of incidents
mentiooed.

DISTRIBUTION
U8FET...................... 11 IADB....................... 1 U8MA.-.................... S
MTOUSA.................... g 08W.......... .............. 1 080......................... 10
OINCFE.................... 12 OU8W....................... 1 IOAF........................ 2
PBILRYCOM.............. 2 OA8W....................... 1 NWO........................ 12
MARBO.................... l 008......................... 1 AF80. ...................... 6
AOFPAO................... 8 PAD......................... 3 Al8.......................... 2
Army Adv Op China........ 2 OTD........................ 2 Nav War Col................ 1
Pelplnc Bqs Op............. 2 88PD........................ 1 ONI......................... 22
USF., Austria............... 2 POD......................... II ClnOLantFlt................ 1
AOC, Bulgaria............... 2 RDD........................ l ComNavEu.................. 1
AOC, Hungary.............. l OAD........................ • ComNavMed................ 1
AOC, Rumanta.............. 1 Hlsl Div..................... 1 ComSoLantFor.............. 1
OMO, Oermany............. 18 OOOW8..................... 11 ClnOPacFlt................. 1
ODO . ...................... 2 OQMO...................... 3 ComNavJap................. l
POD.························ 3 00s1,o...................... 7 ComFtrstTaskFlt......... .. l
Ant. Dopt................... l OOE......................... 1 ComNavWesPac............. 1
OINOAL.................... l 000......................... 12 USMC........................ 29
AIL~kan Dept................ 2 OCT......................... 6 FMFPAO................... 1
M Al. . . ... ................... 68 080......................... 1 State Dept................... 16
White Bouse................. 2 OTIO........................ 1 SWNOO..................... l
010 ........................ 12 MDW....................... 2 FBI.......................... 8
118 ......................... 2 A.AF......................... lil ID........................... 129
JSO.......................... l
Add A.AFPAO L........
JWPO....................... l A.OF......................... 67

## DOW-UAP-D100 — Air Materiel Command Report on Unidentified Flying Objects, 1947-1948

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D100
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D100
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1947-1948
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

November 1948 report recommends silence, because balloons make more noise than UFOs.

- DOW-UAP-D100, Air Materiel Command report, Department of War, covering 1947‑1948.
- Investigated ~180 sightings; identified balloons, Venus, few unexplained high‑speed cases.
- No conclusive proof that unidentified flying objects are real aircraft.

### Official summary

This file is a collection of U.S. Government memoranda and correspondence relating to “Project Sign,” a 1948 U.S. Air Force program to investigate reports of high-performance airborne objects. The documents characterize some of these reports as being consistent with “real” objects rather than fabrications or resulting from perceptual errors. The U.S. Air Force cites the reported characteristics of the phenomena, e.g., high speed and maneuverability, as exceeding known performance envelopes of U.S. military aircraft and thereby presenting a potential national security threat, if validated. This potential threat prompted the Air Force to call on the Air Materiel Command (AMC), the Service’s Major Command for logistics and procurement from 1946 to 1961, to gather further evidence to assess the validity of the reports. The Air Force emphasized that there was an “imperative need” for such evidence to enable appropriate countermeasures. The stated urgency of this request reflects the strategic environment of the early Cold War, a period characterized by heightened national defense concerns amid rapid global advancements in aerospace design and development. In framing the call for an investigation, the Air Force noted that sustained public interest and persistent inquiries from the press may eventually require an official statement in response.

AMC’s investigation found that observers were generally not mistaken when reporting that they had seen an airborne object, but that their characterizations of those objects as unusual was likely a reflection of the “limits of their personal experience.” It identified “a great many” of the objects reported with a rounded appearance as “weather or upper air scientific balloons of some type.” It also identified several cases in which the reported objects were most likely celestial phenomena, such as Venus. AMC found that a small number of reports lacked a “reasonable everyday explanation,” but that “so far, no physical evidence of the existence of the unidentified sightings has been obtained.” AMC expressly considered whether the phenomena may have been “vehicles from another planet,” but found no evidence supporting such an origin. Ultimately, AMC found that “there is as yet no conclusive proof that unidentified flying objects, other than those which are known to be balloons, are real aircraft.” In light of these findings, AMC recommended that the Department of War should avoid publicly commenting on the subject of “flying discs.” Responding to the Air Force’s anticipated concerns regarding public interest in the subject, AMC recommended that the Department should reply in terms that minimize the investigation’s inconclusive findings, focusing on positive determinations in cases assessed to be weather balloons and celestial phenomena.

### Full text

#### Page 1

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Authority:
NND57563

S NOV

SUBJECT,

Vlying Object Inoid•nta in the United Statea

!Os

Cc=m.nding General. Air Materiel Command
Wright-Patteracc Air Force Bo.ee
Dayton. Chio

l. By lettcr'datcd 30 Decembor 1947 from the Director of
Research and Development,, Headqunrters USAF, your Ileadquartora
:was required to eata.bli&h'"'ti:ojoct "SIGN",:_ '/'I ~ ~{)
2. 'l'he oonclulion nppeo.ra ino11cep11ble that aa:io type of
I.dontification a.nd the origin
or these objects is not diaoernibl~ to this Headquarters. It ia

flying object has been obecrved.

imperat1vo. therefore, that otforte to detennine whether theae

object• are or doiaoatic or fore1511 or1i1n must be increaaod until
oonol usive evidonoo 1c ,obtained. The needs or national defense
require euch evidence 1n order that appropriate countermeaaurea
cr,.y bo talc.on.
5. In addition to the imperative nood !'or evldenoe to perm1t
oountermasures, ia tho nooosoity ot in:l.'orcdnc the public as to
the ato.tus of t:he problem. To de.tc thorc hao boen too 1 ittlo do.ta
to present to the public. The pre••• however, h about to take it
into its own hands Md der.and to be told what wo do or do not know
about the e1 tuntion. Silence on our part will not long bo ccoopt­
ablo.

4. Request imnediate information as to your conclusions to
date and your reoo=cendations a.a to tha information to be g iTen
to the preea • Your rec amnendat1 on is requestod al a o '18 to
whether thn.t infornation ahould be offered to tho press or with­
hold until it i s actively sought by the press.

BY COlWAlm CF THE CHIEF OP S1'.AFF1

Pl05530

#### Page 2

8 NOV 1148

SUBJECT,

Flying Objeot Incident• in the United State•

TO,

Co
ndin Gen ral, Air
toriel Co
rieht•Patter•cn ir Foroo Be.a
D yton, Olio

~ J~ ~

•

<t
l. By letter dated 30 December 1947 tro the Director of
Research and Development, Headquartera USAF, your Headquart ra
waa required to eat bliah Project 'SIGN".
'
2. The conolu ion pp are ineaoapabl'e that
e typo of
flying objeot baa been oba rved. Identifio :tion nd the origin
ot theae objects ia not discernible to this Headqu rtera. It ia
imperativo, therefore, that ei't'orta to determine wh ther these
objects are or om etic or foreign origin uat be increaa d until
conolu ive e ideno ie obtained. The need• or national defense
require auoh evidence 1n ordor that appropriate countermeaaurea
:y bo taken.
3. In addition to the imperative need for evidence to permit
counter aaur 1, ia t
oeaaity of informing the public aa to
the stat • or the problem. To dat ther ha. be n too little data
to presen to th publ io. The pres , aw ever, ia •bout o t ke it
illto its
n hand and dei:and to be told •hat we do or do not know
bout th ai tuation. Silence
our p rt will not long be accept­
able.

on

,. Request
diate info
tion aa to your concl udona to
date and your r co ondationa as to the infor tion to be iv n
to the pres. Your recommsndation is requested lao as to
whether that infor ation ahould be orrero to the pr 11 or with­
hel9 until it ii actively sought by the pr as.
BY CO

OF THI CHI F OP STAFF i

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#### Page 3

SEGRET 11-214
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE
HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
WASHINGTON
3 NOV 1948
SUBJECT: Flying Object Incidents in the United States
TO: Commanding General, Air Materiel Command
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Dayton, Chio
l. By letter dated 30 December l947 from the Director of
Research and Development, Headquarters USAF, your Headquarters
was required to establish Pro ject "SIGN".
2. The conclusion appears inescapable that some type of
flying object has been observed. Identification and the origin
of these objects is not discernible to this Headquarters. It is
imperative, therefore, that efforts to determine whether these
objects are of domestic or foreign origin must be increased until
conclusive evidence is obtained. The needs of national defense
require such evidence in order that appropriate countermeasures
may be taken.
3. In addition to the imperative need for evidence to permit
countermeasures, is the necessity of informing the public as to
the status of the problem. To date there has been too little data
to present to the public. The press, however, is about to take it
into its own hands and demand to be told what we do or do not know
about the situation. Silence on our part will not long be accept-
able.
4. Request immediate information as to your conclusions to
date and your reconmendations as to the information to be given
to the press. Your recommendation is requested also as to
whether that information should be offered to the press or with-
held until it is actively sought by the press.
BY COMMAND OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF:
C.P.Cabece
C. P. CABEIL
Major Ceneral, USAr
Director of Intelligence, Office of
Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations
EGRET T-73017 238

#### Page 5

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a. ' RECORD OF BASIC CORRESPONDENCE OR REQUEST
DATE:

FROM:

TYPE:
SUMMARY:
SUSPENSE
DATE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
ASGD BY _ _ _ _ _ _ __

12935

NO.

DATE RECEIVED DIR/INT
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS - REMARKS

c.

DATE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
NO.

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#### Page 7

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Basic ltr fr -Hq USA.F, 3 Nov 48 to CG, AMC, "Flying Object Incidents in
the United States"
1st Ind
Hq AMC, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio .
TO,

MCIAT/ABD/amb
8 Nov 48

Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, Washington 25, D. c., ATTNs
AFOIR

1. In attempting to arrive at conclusions as to the mture of uniden­
tified .flying object incidents in the United States, this Command ha.a me.de
a study of approximately 180 such incidents . Data derived from initial re­
ports have been supplemented by .further information obtained from check
lists submitted by mail, from interrogations of other field agencies, and
by personal investigation by personnel of this Command in the case of in­
cidents that seem to indicate the possibility of obtaining particularly
significant information.
2. The objects described fall into the following general classifica­
tion groups, according to shape or physical configuration,
a.
b.
in flight.

Flat disc of circular or approximately o:l.rcular shape .
Torpedo or cigar shaped aircraft, with no wings or fins visible

c.

Spherical or balloon shaped objects.

d.

Balls of light with no apparent form attached.

3. Some of the objects sighted have definitely been identified, upon
further investigation, as weather or upper air scientific balloons of some
type . A. great many of the round or balloon shaped objects indicated in
paragraph 2c above are probably of the same nature, although in most cases,
definite confirmation of that fact has been impossible to obtain.
4 . Some of the objects have been identified as beiilg astro - physical
in nature . For example , in daylight sightings, the planet Venus has been
reported as a round, silvery object at extremely high altitude . Action is
being taken to obtain the services of a prominent astro-physicist as a oon•
sultant, to study all of the incidents to determine l'lhether some can be
identified as meteors, planets or other manifestations of astral bodies .

.,

s. Arrangements for accomplishing a study of the psychological problans
involved in this project are being made in coordination with the Aero-Medical
Laboratory at this Headquarters . The possibility that some of the sightings
are halluoir:a tions, optical illusions or even deliberate hoaxes has been considered.
~
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l
Jo~-<..-'

1/cf

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2

T-73017

#### Page 8

'•
1st Itld
Basic ltr fr Hq USAF, 3 Nov 48 to CG, AMC, "Flying Object Incidents in
tne United States~

s. Although explanation of many of the incidents can be obtained from
the investigations described abOV'e, there remains a certain number of re­
ports for which no reasonable everyday explanation is available. So far,
no physical evidence of 'the existence of the unidentified sightings has
been obtained. Prominent scientists, including Dr. Irving Langmuir of the
General Electric· Company, have been interviewed to determine whether they
could advance any reasonable explanation for characteristics exhibited by
the objects sighted. In an early interview, Dr. Langmuir indicated that
these incidents could be expl&ined, but insufficient data were available
at that time on which to base definite conclusions. It is planned to have
another interview with Dr. Langmuir in the near future to review all the
data now available, and it is hoped that he will be able to present some
opinion as to the nature of many of the unidentified objects, particularly
those described as "balls of light."
7 • All information that has been made available to this Headquarters
indicates that the discs, the cigar shaped objects, and the "balls of light"
are not of domestic origin. Engineering investigation indicates that disc
or wingless aircraft could support themselves in fli1?11t by aerodynamic means.
It is probable that the problems of stability and control could also be
solved for such aircraft. However, according to current aerodynamic theory
in this country, aircraft with such configurations would hl.ve relatively
poor climb, altitude and range characteristics with power plants now in
use.

a. The possibility that the reported objects are vehicles from another
planet has not been ignored. However, tangible evidence to support con­
clusions about such a possibility are completely lacking. The occurrence
of inoidents ill relation to the approach to the earth of the planets Mercury,
Venus and Mars have been plotted. A periodic variation in the frequency of
incidents, which appears to have some relation to 'the planet approach curves,
is noted, but it may be purely a coincidence•
9. Reference is made to "The Books of Charles Fort" with an introduc­
tion. by Tiffany Thayer, published 1941, by Henry Holt & Co., New York, N. Y.
It appears that simular phenomena have been noted and reported for the past
century or more.
10.

In view of the above, the following conclusions are drawn,

a. In the majority of cases reported, observers have actually
sighted son-, type of flying object which they cannot classify as en air­
craft within the limits of their personal experience.

T-73017

#### Page 9

1st· Ind
Ba.sic ltr fr Hq USAF, 3 Nov 48 to CG, AMC, "Flying Object Incidents in
the United States"
b. There is as yet no conclusive proof that unidentified flying
objects, other than those which are known to be balloons, are real aircraft.
c. Although it is obvious that some types of flying objects have
been sighted, the exact nature of those objects cannot be established witil
physical evidence, such as that which would result from a crash, has been
obtained.
11. It is not considered advisable to present to the press information
on those objects which we cannot yet identify or about which we camiot pre­
sent any reasonable conclusions. In the event that they insist on som,
kind ot a statement, it is suggested that they be informed that m.a:cy ot
the objects sighted have been identified as weather balloons or astral
bodies, and that investigation is being pursued to determine reasonable
explanations tor the others .
12 . A report, summarizing the results obtained from analysis of the
data and a technical investigation of the engineering aspects of -the objects
described, is nearly complete, and a copy will be forwarded to your Head­
quarters in the near future .

FOR mE COMMANDING GENERA.Ls

/f:;!!;:;

•

Colonel, USAF
Chief, Intelligence Department

T-73017

#### Page 10

NESTRIOTED AFOIR-Co/Lt. Col. Garrett/dm/4544
12 Nov 48 15hvY8
B/L. fa Hq USAF, 27 Aug 48, subj: Projeot "SIGN NOV 15 1948 000
AFOIR-C0-5 (1-10-78) 2nd Ind b
Dept. of the Air Force, Hq Usal, ashington 25, D. C.
TO: Cocmanding General, Air Materiel Command, right-Patterscn Air
Force Bass, aright Field, Chie
ATTN4 CLAXO-3
l. Basie letter's reference to the ecntacting of the Air Transport
Assceiation was with the understanding that such srrangencnts sere to be
made, or had been made, by Projeet sIGn personnel. This was the deaision
made as a reault of the ccnference held at this Headquarters 27 July l948.
JAnap la6 was forwarded marely as being of possible value in the estab-
lishment of a direct reperting systen by airline pilots.
2. It is thorefore requested that Projeet Si gn pursotuel make ar-
rangemonts to onlist the serviees of the Air Tranaport Anscciaticn in
order to develop a aystun whereby U. S. airline pilots could make flash
reports of any unusual aerial sightings direct to your Headquarters.
3. In this cennection it.is suggested that the "Eesential Elenents
of Infermation inolosed with lst Indorsument may prove tco detailed for
practieal use by airline pilots-in forwarding initial reports to your
Headquartore.
BY COMMAND OF THE CHLEF OF STAFF:
ROBERT TAYLOR 3rd
Colonel, U
Chief, Collectlon Eranch
1 Inel: Air Intelligence Requirements Division
n/e Mig Directorate of Intelligence
Ref: Ltr fm Hq USAF, 27 Aug 48, subject as above. (Already in file)
lst Ind fm Hq AMC, MCIAXo-3, 26 Oct 48, same subject.
319.1 JAMAP
LA0D
D WTLA

#### Page 11

AFOIR-CO/Lt. Col.Garrett/dw/4544
26 Aug 1948
70 060.9
AFCIE-CC-5
27 AUG 1948
SUBJEcT: Projeet "slca
To Comanding General
Air Mnteriel Comand
nright-Patterson Air Foree Base
Briht Field, Chio
ATTNE MI
l. At the conference in this lieadquarters 27 July l9is on
subject project, it was agreed thst the Air Transport Aesoclaticn
would be contacted in an effert to enlist the cooperaticn of United
States airlines in reporting sightings of unueual aerial phencmena
direct to your Coemand.
2. The attached publication Janap l46, althcugh not apeeifically
deveLoped by ths Joint Comunieations-blectronies Committoe for the
reporting of "flying dise" sighitinge, is forarded with the suggestion
that you may wish to consider its use for this purpose by ocmercial
airline pilots.
BY CHMAND F TE CHDF OF STAFP:
1 Incl: ROBERT TAYLOR 3rd
JANAP 146 Colonel, USAF
Chief, Collection Branch
Air Intelligence Requirements Division
Directorate of Intelligence
D CTE TE E-
27 AUG 1940
CODA
ITIE

#### Page 12

I

AMC

Subject:

"Project 'Sing'"
1st Ind

MCIAX0- 3/RRS/~j

Hq AMC Wright-t'atterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, 26 Octo 48
TO:

Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, Washingt Ln 25, D C.
ATTN: AFOIR-C0-5

1. With reference to paragraph 1 above, the efforts to enlist
the cooperation' of Uni ed States airlines in reporting sightings of
unusual aerial phenomena directly to this Comm.and are greatly appre­
ciated.
2. This Headquarters further requests c0operation in effecting
distribution and use by commercial airlines of an "Essential Elements of
Information" check list, copies of wLich are inclosed. This·li13t may
be used as a supplement to the publication JANAP 146, developed by the
Joint Communications-Electronics Committee for the reporting of 11 flying
disc" sightings .
FOR THE. CO

1 Incl:
6 cys EEI form

NDING GENERAL:

/s/ W. E. Goll
for H. M. cCOY
Colonel, USAF
Chief, Intelligence Department

#### Page 13

Investigation by United States Air Force of reports on so-called
flying saucers has led to the identification of some of these objects as
weather balloons and astral bodies.

The investigation of such reported

incidents is continuing at the Air Materiel Conunand, V/right-Patterson Air
Force Base, Dayton, Ohio.

#### Page 14

SUSPENSE DATE: NO.:
DATE: 8 Nov 48 22. Nov 48 3018
FROM: OIN ILS
FILE DESIGNATION AND DATE:
TYPE: lat Iad to Gen O Nil Ltr ef 80
SMRY: 3 Nev 48
FLYING CEJECT INCIDENTS IN THS US. ( Cever Sheet
fr OIN)
Tas REMOVE THIS COPY
DO NOT
TO: TO: TO: DVD TO: TO:
CAI OIN
DATE: DATE: .16 DATE: DATE: DATE:
12 Nev 48
REPLIED OR INDORSED TO: FILED (PLACE): OTHER ACTION:
HQ AAF

#### Page 15

COVER SHEET
* *
a. RECORD OF BASIC CORRESPONDENCE OR REQUEST b. CLASSIFICATION:
2 DATE:
FROM: Hq. AMC & Nov 48
* TYPE: lst Ind to Gen. C.
Mil Ltr of 3 Nov 48
SUMMARY:
SUSPENSE
Flying Object Incidents in the United States 22 Do48
DATE
* C Sheley for
ASGD BY
DATE RECEIVED DIR/INT Del'd to AFOIN by Col. McCoy in NO. OIN= /13078
person
OAI: SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS - REMARKS
DATE 11nov
Would appreciale NO.
vecbal
early date
cp
(Use other side this sheet for additional remarks)
TO BR. TO TO DIV. TO TO DIR/INT TO
DOWN UP DOWN UP DOWN UP
0IP-PP
OIP-FL AFOIP ASST EXEC
OIP-SP
OIR-CO ASST EXEC
OIR-DD 110221
OIR-AA AFOIR
OIR-SR EXECUTIVE/1
OIR-RC
OAI-OA OAI-DA CPCOIRINT VO
OAI-AE W AFOAI
OAI-AF
OAI-SV
PERS
M&R ADMIN
B&F
CABLE
Action
343
Coordination
DATE REC'D BR f DISPATCH FILE Dm
ACTION ASGD TO DATE DISPATCHED BY TO
SIGNED DATE DATE DISPATCHED
AFOIN FORM 4 PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF THIS FORM ARE OBSOLETE. 9-1748,AF
22 SEP 48

#### Page 16

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS - REMARKS (Continued)

h.

TO:

General Cabell

DATE -------'l=-9'-N~o_v _4~8~

1.
AFOA! recommends that no statement be released Ho.
3
to the press on flying object incidents until press demands make such release
imperative .
2.
If the statement to the press is required it is recommended that Incl 2
form the basis of the statement.

J.

We are prepared for the verbal comments at your convenience .

#### Page 17

Al<OIR-CO/Lt .Col.Garrett/ab/4544
28 Oct. 48

8/1.

ta'lra.

Conco

t.ll Shook, dtd lb Sep. ~ ,
etc Aircr aft.

bj s

2na Ind.
~t.. of the Air Poree, It,;. USAF,

tot

a.ti d.ngton~,

Cox ldi.nG Q el"il, Air
teriel Ccti::lind,
Air :Forco n~. r i{ltlt
ld, Ohio.

n. G.
rlight;...: t . t ~

Afflt UCI

tter

-rtnulinz to

C :GTAPF,

ROBERT TAYLOR 3rd
Colonel, USAF
Chier. Collection Branch
Air Intelligence Requirements DiY1Si0O
Directorate of Intelligence

#### Page 18

I
<>,(

•

ttC--O-P-Y"

Hiawarree, Ga.
Sept. 14, 1948

The \'for Dept.
Vlashington , D. C.
Gentlemen,
Please inform me what those things are that the people in North
Georgia have been seeing flying through the sky.
They are round and long some what like a giant cigar. They
have a motor that sounds like a motorcycle.ff they are foreign machine
you should know about i t.

If they are American military machines I do not need to lmow

about them.
Yours truly,
s/ Mrs . Ruth Shook
P . S.

The Atlanta Constitution stated that no one in Atlnnta knew
what they were .

SUBJECT:

Request for information concerning stranue aircraft.

AGAO-C 095 Shook
~th Mrs . (14 Sep 48)

1st Ind

PRN/wcw/lD-860

AGO, DEPT OF THE AF&Y, Washington 2.5, D. C., 13 October 194.8
'rot

Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, •~shington 2.5, D. C.

s/ E ..F . P .
E . F . Pegrmv

#### Page 19

DATE: 13 Oet 48 SUSPENSE DATE: NO.:
FROM 40
FILE DESIGNATION AND DATE:
TYPE: lst Ind
SMRY:
Request for information concerning strange
aircraft. (Route #1, Bx 27)
3/L fr Mrs. Ruth Shook, /Hiawassel, Ca. dtd l4
Sep 48.
RS ekp
TO: TOIN TO: TO: TO:
SPR
15 0ot 48 DATE: PATF DATE: DATE: DATE:
REPLIED OR INDORSED TO: FILED (PLACE): 29/10/48 OTHER ACTION:
2odde CGAMC HQ AAF

#### Page 20

'COVER SHEET L10-64
* *
a. RECORD OF BASIC CORRESPONDENCE OR REQUEST b. CLASSIFICATION:
FRoM: Admin. Assistant DATE: 20 Oct 48
Air Information Division
* (Maj. Phipps) TYPE: R/S
SUMMARY:
Request for Information Concerning Strange SUSPENSE
Aircraft. Wor 48
DATE
*
ASGD BY
DATE RECEIVED DIR/INT 21 OCT 1948 NO. OIN 12550
c. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS - REMARKS
DATE
NO.
(Use other side this sheet for additional remarks)
d. TO BR. TO TO DIV. TO TO DIR/INT TO
DOWN UP DOWN UP DOWN UP
0IP-PP
OIP-FL AFOIP ASST EXEC
OIP-SP
OIR-CO ASst EXEC
OIR-DD
OIR-AA AFOIR
OIR-SR EXECUTIVE
OIR-RC
22DCT
OAI-OA DIR/INT
OAI-DA
OAI-AE AFOAI
OAI-AF
OAI-SV
PERS
M&R ADMIN
B& F
CABLE
Action
Coordination
e DATE REC'D BR 2.2OCT1948 f DISPATCH FILE 2dde
ACTION ASGD TO Nex DATE DISPATCHED BY TO
SIGNEDDCCEeZ DATE28-10-4 DATE DISPATCHED 29 OCT 1948 AMC
AFOIN FORM 4 8-1748,AF
22 SEP 48 PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF THIS FORM ARE OBSOLETE-

#### Page 22

5ue2t2-12fcw50(Rem) AFOIR-Co/Lt.Col.Garrett/as/4544
27 October 1948
280111 00
2 8 OCT1948
AFOIR-CO
MEMORANDUM ROR THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
SUBJEcT: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena
l. The Air Materiel Comand is currently engaged in an intelli-
gence investigation of all reported unidentified aerial phenomena.
2. To date, no concrete identity of any of the reported objects
has been received. Similarly, the origin of the so-called "flying
discs" remains obscure. The possibility exists that some of the sighted
objects are of dcmestie origin, i.e., unrecognized configurations of
some of our latest aeronautical attainments, or that they are objects
not readily recognized by the publie - test vehicles in various stages
of development, etc.
3. It is requested that your Agency submit to the Directorate of
Intelligence any available evidence that may come to your attention which
might serve to indicate that these objects have a domestic origin.
FOR THE CHIEF OF STAFF:
GEORGE D. GARRETT, JR.
Lieutenant Colonel, USAF
Acting Chief, Collection Branch
Air Intelligencs Requirements Division
Directorate of Intelligence
040.9 CotslJll
DISPATCHED BY CIG COURIER DATE 23.OCT-1948
OIN NO335-B 1155 Env
SDRET

#### Page 24

I:oac: n Lr.:,

AIR J\'ATr•. !Eii co..~.... t.D

Wright- Patt erscn Air L<orce :Ba..,
Wright :Field> Ohio

7 October 1948

S~:

Project "SIGN"

TO:

Chief of Staff, USA!'
Washington 25, D.C.
Director of Intelligence
Deputy Chief of Staf:t', Operations
ATTN: AJ'OIR

It ia requested that your o:t':t'ice forward the attached l etter to
the Central Intell igence Af!,81cy, WashiDgton 25, D.C.
FOR THE C0M-1ANDINO GENERAL:

/s/ H.M. McCOY
Col onel, USA!'
Chief of Intelligence
1 Incl

Ltr to CIA

n:

#### Page 25

SECRET
MCLAXO-3 MCLAXO-3/SZH/aW
OCT7 1948
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D. C.
SUBJECT: PrOject "SIGN
Centlemen:
This Headquarters is currently engaged in an
intelligence investigation of all reported unidenti-
fied aerial phenomena. To date, no concrete evidence
as to the exact identity of any of the reported objects
has been received. Similarly, the origin of the so- called "flying discs" remains obscure.
exists that some of the sighted objects are of domestie The possibility
origin, i. e., unrecognized configurations of some of
our latest aeronmutical attainments, or that they are
objects not readily recognized by the publie - test
vehicles in various stages of development, etc.
Where security regulations will permit, it is re-
Command, Wright-Patterson AF Base, Wright Fld., Ohio, quested that your office submit to Hq. Air Materiel
25. D. C., DIRECTOR OF INTEL, Deputy Chief of Staff, Attn: MCLAxO-3, THRU: Chief of Staff. USAF, Washington,
Operations, ArTN: AroIR, any available evidence which
might serve to indicate that these objects have a domes- tic origin.
Your cooperation in so doing might greatly assist
possible inimical foreign achievements. in identifying our own domestie developments from
Very truly yours
H. M. MeCOY
Colonel, USAF
Chief of Intelligence
T-63070-A
SECRET

#### Page 26

COVER SHEET L-10
* * 2
a. RECORD OF BASIC CORRESPONDENCE OR REQUEST b. CLASSIFICATION:
FROM: DATE:
* TYPE:
SECALI
SUMMARY:
SUSPENSE
DATE 21 Oct 48
* Ows
ASGD BY
DATE RECEIVED DIR/INT 11 OCT 1948 NO. OIN 12098
C. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS - REMARKS
DATE
NO.
(Use other side this sheet for additional remarks)
d. TO BR. TO TO DIV. TO TO DIR/INT TO
DOWN UP DOWN UP DOWN UP
0IP-PP
OIP-FL AFOIP ASST EXEC
OIP-SP
OIR-CO ASST EXEC
OIR-DD
OIR-AA AFOIR
OIR-SR EXECUTIVE
OIR-RC
OAI-OA DIR/INT
OAI-DA
OAI-AE AFOAI
OAI-AF
OAI-SV
DISPATCHED BY CIG COURIER
PERS OINNO.335-B 28 OCT 1948
M&R ADMIN DATE
B & F 1155-E
CABLE
Action
Coordination
e DATE REC'D BR 11 OCT1948 f. DISPATCH FILE Mime
ACTION ASGD TO DATE DISPATCHED BY owi TO C/A
SIGNED Durtell DATE 27-20-2/8 DATE DISPATCHED 28 0CT 1948
AFOIN FORM 4 9-1748,AF
22 SEP 48 PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF THIS FORM ARE OBSOLETE-

#### Page 28

SUSPENSE DATE: NO.:
0 48
953 FILE DESIGNATION AND DATE:
10236
srittal of Investigation Regarding Report of
ing Discs".
cl. il
OIN TO: TO: OAI TO: TO:
DATE: DATE: DA-E15-48 DATE: DATE: DATE:
REPLIED OR INDORSED TO: FILED (PLACE): OTHER ACTION:
LTR Cen tiles
enc to AFOAI-DA 1/19/48 HQ AAF

#### Page 31

COVER SHEET 22500
* *
a. RECORD OF BASIC CORRESPONDENCE OR REQUEST b. CLASSIFICATION:
FROM: DATE:
TYPE: PONCIOENTIA
SUMMARY:
SUSPENSE
DATE
*
ASGD BY
DATE RECEIVED DIR/INT NOV 1948 NO.
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS - REMARKS DATE 10 Novuser 8
AFOAI:
NO.
You your iufo G.D.G.
OIR-CO
(Use other side this sheet for additional remarks)
TO BR. TO TO DIV. TO TO DIR/INT TO
DOWN UP DOWN UP DOWN UP
OIP-PP
OIP-FL AFOIP ASST EXEC
OIP-SP
OIR-CO ASST EXEC
OIR-DD Gb
OIR-AA AFOIR
OIR-SR EXECUTIVE
OIR-RC
OAI-OA DIR/INT
OAI-DA FED
OAI-AE AFOAI Juv
OAI-AF
OAI-SV Hlyng Fruduls
PERS
M&R ADMIN one
B & F
CABLE
Action
Coordination
- DATE REC'D BR 9NOV19A f DISPATCH FILE
ACTION ASGD TO DATE DISPATCHED BY E TO
SIGNED DATE DATE DISPATCHED 2$ her L
AFOIN FORM 4 9-1748,AF
22 SFP 48 PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF THIS FORM ARE OBSOLETE.

#### Page 33

\

MCI.US

IICLUS/Jm/.mak_

SIJB.Jl!:Cf:

Request for study by land Project

THRU:

C2det of S\ai't
United St.ates Air Force
Washington 25, D. c.
AT'IW: AFOD

!O:

~

194f~)

Chief ot Start
UDited State• Air Force
Washington 25, D. c.
A'M'II : illmD

l. It is requested that the speci-1 study, described in the
inclo8Ure be approved and the Rand Corporation be authorized to
establish a study of 3A priorit;y-., consistent in scope and degree
of treataent with the described requirements.
2. It is fq.rtber requested that Air Materiel Command be
assigned to aonitor the project 1o. conformance with Air Corpe Letter
&}-10, 2l Jui,, 19~., Section 3, Paragraph J.

FOR THE OOJlllARDINO CJERERAL:

l Incl

Exhibit •.t•
Project Sign Study
Requireaenta

1'. R. CLIII CERJWI

Colonel, USAP

Actg C2l.iet, Intelligence Department

#### Page 34

ET
EXHIBIT "A"
Projeet Sign Study Requirements
The possibility that some of the unidentified aerial ebjects
that have been reported both in tne United States and in foreign
lands may have been experimental spaceships, or test vehieles for
the purpese of assisting in the development of spaceships, has been
given consideration by this Command,
If sueh craft actually have been sighted, it is believed more
likely that they represent the effort of a foreign nation, rather
than a produet from beyond the Earth.
Present world knowledge, techniques and resources are probably
adequate to meet the requirements for spaceship construction, or at
least to establish the preliminary experimental foundation for such
an accomplishment in the near future.
In any case, the design and periormance parameters of the craft
would necessarily be in confermance and consistent with the established
principles of our sciences.
To assist in the collection of infermation, relating to unidenti-
fied aerial objeets that may possibly represent spaceships or spaceship
test vehicles, and to assist in the analysis and evaluation of such re-
ported craft, technical information that includes the distinguishing
design and periormance parameters for spaceships is considered neces-
sary.
While such information is contained outright, or implieitly, in
the series of Rand Project reports, it would be of much value to this
Command to have a list of the special design and performsnce charac-
teristics that are believed to cistinguish spaceships, together with
any further scientific elues that might assist in their deteetion
and identification, prepared by Rand scientifie personnel.
7-65382

#### Page 36

\

COVER SHEET

---

\

a.

*

RECORD OF BASIC CORRESPONDENCE OR REQUEST

b.

CLASSIFICATION:

DATE:

FROM:

TYPE:
SUMMARY:
SUSPENSE

i

DATE

/w,..;

~/

ASGD BY

21 ocr se,

DATE RECEIVED DIR/INT
c.

---=;F,A--,1

NO,

=

:?

,/,fl

12810

}I

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS - REMARKS

AFOAI :

DAT~ / / ~ / 4

I

%J~~(UJ/J,~;.:,--/4 AFM'fiJ ,

&. ~.c;
i de this s h e et fo r addi t iona l r emar ks)

(Us

d.

TO
DOWN

BR.

TO
UP

TO

DIV.

TO
UP

DOWN

0 IP-PP
0 IP-FL
OIP-SP

}

TO

-

X

OAI - OA ~
OAI-DA
OAI-AE
OAI -A F
OAI - SV
PERS-M&R
B&F

CABLE

DIR/ INT

DOWN

TO
UP

.6-,.......j V:.ssT EXEC

AFOI P

+- OIR-CO~ ™
OIR-DD
OIR-AA
01 R-SR
01 R-RC

OIR.-co

ASST EXEC
AFOIR

-

EXECUTIVE

--------}

ff y

AFOAI

\

DIR/ INT

~

•

}

ADMIN

X

--

:_

C1.1/ ~ · r - - f ~ I - ~ ~It'

Action

(. '

Coordination
e.

DATE REC' D BR
ACTION A~
O
SIGNED ~

9

vi

.._ _.

1

f.

DISPATCH
DISPATCHED BY
DATE DISPATCHED

~

Fl LE
TO

....

9 - 1748,.lF

#### Page 38

_ AFOIR-CO/Lt. Col. Garrett/dw/4544

_,..

10~-

/ 1'1..--~

HEADQUARTERS FIFTH ARMY
1660 F.a.st Hyde Park Boulevard
Chicago 15, I l linois

ALFGF- I

~r~fl-P')

25 October 1948

SUBJECT:

"Reported Flying Disc"

TO

Dir ector of Intel ligence
GSUSA
Washington 25, D. C.
ATTN: Chief, Intelligence Group

l . Attached herewith is a copy of a newspaper clipping from the
Minneapolis .Morning Tribune dated 21 October 1948, on so called "fl.Ying
discs . "
2.

No further investigation is being ccnducted by this Head~uarters .
FOR THE CO.i.:MANDING GENERAL:

/s/ PRENTICE G. !.'ORGAN
Major, GSC
Chief, Intelligence Division
Office of AC of s, G-2

Incl:
As stated above

let

pt. of the

r

re , Uc U

r

~ riel

iald,

,c

rut, r1 ht­

111

ROBERT TAYLOR 5:rd

i\
.
iJI\
n/c • {v \

Jnol:

~

Colonel ,

JSAF

c

ef ,
{ o-t ic Branch
A~ I 1~cl.!..ig41.ce t\equirements D1v1sloo

Directorate of Intelligence

#### Page 39

190148 000
Suby Proged SIGN
1Scs
lst Ind MOTAXO-3/HS/dw
TO: Chief of Staff, Uhited States ir Force, ashington 25, D. C.
ATTN: AFOIR-CO-5 (L-1O-1)
Request to investigate the sighting reported in letter attached
as Inclosure 1 to basic communication, has been forwarded to Branch
Intelligence Office, ll2th CIc Detachment, New Orleans, Louisiana.
FOR TIE COMMANDING GENIRAL:
1 Inel W. R. CLINGEMAN Xover
w/d Colonel, USAF
Actg Chief, Intelligence Department

(Text continues in the original file: 245 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D101 — Intelligence Information Report, Unresolved UAP Report, Gulf of Oman, 2021

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D101
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D101
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/8/21
- Location: Gulf of Oman
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

This document is an Intelligence Information Report (IIR), the primary standardized format utilized by the Department of War, military services, and the broader Intelligence Community to disseminate unevaluated intelligence information derived from human sources (HUMINT), open sources, and field collection activities. IIRs are not finished intelligence products; they serve as inputs for subsequent all-source intelligence assessments. This report accompanies the footage contained within DOW-UAP-PR117 through DOW-UAP-PR122.

This report documents an observation by the aircrew of a U.S. Special Operations Forces (USSOF) AC-130 Gunship on September 8, 2021, during a nighttime live-fire training exercise over the Gulf of Oman. The aircrew reported first observing two unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) after dropping a water-activated flare. The report describes the UAP as stationary, approximately four feet in diameter, 0-20 feet above the water’s surface.

Throughout the training sortie, the aircrew reported observing approximately 25 instances involving similar phenomena via infrared sensor, describing them as “cold orbs.” Aircrew visual estimates of the UAP’s apparent speed range from 250 to 1,300 miles per hour. The report characterizes the UAP’s behavior as “maneuvering aggressively,” “flying in various formations,” and appearing to react to deployments of the aircraft’s onboard weapons systems. The aircrew stated that they were unable to capture video footage of the phenomena because the aircraft’s digital video recorder was not functioning during the incident.

All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 1

6/1/22, 11:23 AM Record Preview
Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
Document View XML USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20 March 2026
IIR - Intelligence Information Report Print Close
—Core Metadata
IIR NUMBER: 3024(i)
COLLECTOR COLLECTOR NAME COLLECTOR NUMBER
AFSOC A2OX - MOTHERSHIP 6600
OVERALL CLASSIFICATION:
PRIMARY KEY 50005165458
VERSION NUMBER 1
ORIGINATING SYSTEM NAME 1.4(c)
ORIGINATING SYSTEM ID
LAST MODIFICATION SYSTEM:
CREATE DATE 2022-04-27T13:29:17.651Z
LAST CHANGE DATE 2022-04-27T13:18:21.087040000+00:00
MESSAGE FROM ADDRESS: 1.4(0) WASHINGTON DC//AFSOC HURLBURT FLD FL/AFSOCII
DTG 271329ZAPR22
DATE 2022-04-27Z
TITLE: 1.4c Multiple Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon
Observed Maneuvering Erratically and In Formation Over Gulf of Oman During AC-130 Gunship
Live Fire Training on 8 September 2021 -Attachment
SUMMARY: On 8 September 2021 a USSOF AC-130 Gunship observed approximately 25 instances of UAPs
while conducting a live fire exercise in the Gulf of Oman, The UAPs were observed as cold
orbs flying at lower altitudes between 250 to 1300 MPH in different formations as well as
maneuvering aggressively. UAPs also appeared to react to the aircraft firing its main
cannon.
TARGET:
Portion Mark: U
Country: OM
Non State Entity:
TOPICS:
Portion Mark: U
NIPF FMCC
TECH
IFC/CC IFC150B
IFC220L
IFC150A
KEYWORD
NUCCENTCOM MDR 26-0049 to MDR 26-0061 Approved for Release to AARO 03/26/26 000001
(b)(6) 1/7

#### Page 2

6/1/22, 11:.23 AM

Recotd Previ.ew

JR OOt:

REQUIREMENT NU B~:

2021!-0!UISZ
NTRt200AJ002421

SOURCE:

(S#Nf-) Source had dired a.ccess to

1.4(c),130b

the ,reported info,ma ion via the oo
nduct or official dulie ,
Source was s.ware information woul
d be provided to the US gowrnmen

l
MESSAGE:

!-

COhNENT:

_ _..__ ___Jca,,,...__ _~ s the tag line for AFSOC personnel conducting [
1.4c
debriefing,.
(UIThJS HR was coordinated With USDAO Muscat and SOCCE
J2X without oommenl
(U) Source A Is available for recontact about ·nrormation in lhis .report.
~I
Geographic coordinates were derived ffomAC-130 sensor feed GPS data.
(U
equests concerning foreign disclosure and release of the informa ·on contai ned
in s repo s •ould' be sent to the AFSOC FOO a ....._,,.,.,..---,--➔~""""....,.,__,....____.
Include the justification, serial number, subject line of the report and the proposed
request In 1he Initial corre.sponaence.
(Ul4 I I I IIR Evaluatlo s and Source Direct.ed Requirements rog:arding this report are
highly encouraged to assist in assessin. g collection efforts~
ments. Evalu
. alions
and Source Directed R ufrements can be created using L - - - -- - ~-:A.lll."'-- - - - ' Any questions concerning this report should be

INITIAL OBSERVAllON. On 8 September 2021 a United States Special Operations
Forces (lJSSOF)AC-130 Gunship was conducting live fire training the Gulf of Oman in the
\licinity of (IVO) //MGRS: 40REN6
I during period of darkness, The AC-130 first
observed Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon (UAPs) when the aircraft dropped a
water-activated Rare to use as a mock target. The AC-130 entered an otl>it around the
flare and the Combat Systems Officer (CSO) conducted collateral scans with the aircraft's
Electro Opticall1nfrared (EO/IR) sensor IVO the flare. When tile CSO slewed the sensor in
IR mode back to the !1are they observed two approximately four.foot diameter cold orbs
between o to 20 feet above the surface of the water stat onary over tlle 11are for
approximately 15 seconds. After those 15 seconds passed, the CSO puled lhe trigger
firing the aircraft's 105mm C9nnon. Immediately upon puling the trigg r, during th
sight delay between trigger pull and the cannon's recoil, the CSO obseNed the pair o
UAPs rapidly lly away from the flare and out of the sensor eed without chang ng
altitude,
SUBSEQUENT OBSERVATIONS. The AC-130 crew observed approximately 2.5 ii stances of
UA'Ps viewed in IR as C<lld oms In both white-1$-hot an blaek-1$-hol mode during the
sortie. Two UAPs were observed ffying in a loose but coordinated formation increasing and
decreasing a • de like a wave whle•maneuvering a.round , over, and under each other in a
manner similar to how dolphins playfully swim in a pod. (SOURCE COMMENl: They [The UAPs]
knew they were flying together). UAPs were also separately observed llylng In a formation
of three and sep ately observed flying erratically and maneuvering aggressively. The
attached videos depict a i.moothly slewing EOllR sen1,0r or a stationary EO/IR sensor with
multiple UAPsdaltlng around the sensor feed . The AC-130's crew attelTIQted to save
entirety of the EO/IR footage of the UAP obServations but the aircraffs Digital Video
ReC()rder (DVR) inexp ·cably fa iled and the 11ideo data became corrupted.
ESTIMATED SPEED. The CSO calculated tne UAP's approximate 5peeds using lhe
aircraft's TACTOOL and clbcl(ed their rnaxirnum observed R\Bneu11arin9 speed at 1300 mdes per
hour (MPH) and the UAPs minimum observed manewering speed at 250 MPH. No means of
propulsion were observed.

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COM""-'-DR
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26-0049""'
10..,;.M
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DR 26--0061
""'--"-'.a....- - - - - - - - - " Ap
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oved ror Release to MRO
3.5c. (b)(s>

I

031'26'26 000002
2fl

#### Page 3

6112:2 , 11:23AM

Record Preview
directed ""-- - ~ ~--~.....u-- - - ~Plea
any fina l product or brief the IIR information was utilz.ed.

FULL MESSAGE TEXT!

re

AR n1.m

r long IMth

R2
R22
FM
SHNGTON DCI/AFSOC HURLBURT FLD FUAFSOC//
TO AFIAAAMHS BOLLING AFB DC
AFSOC HURLBURT FLO FL
AMC I
CEN SCOTT AFB IL
AMEMBASSV MUSCAT
CDR AOG FT GEORGE G MEADE MD
CDR FORSCOM DCS G2 ANALYSIS DIV FT BRAGG C
CDR FORSCOM DCS G2 OPS DIV FT BRAGG NC
CDR JSOC FT BRAGG C
CDR SOTF FT BRAGG C
CDR USCENTCOM MACOLL AFB FL
CDR USSOCOM MACDILLAFB FL
CDR USTRANSCOM INTEL CELL SCOTT AFB IL
CO
SCOM ACO FT GEORGE G MEADE MD
CORI SCOM FT BELVOIR VA
CORI SCOMIOC FT BELV R VA
CDRNGIC CHAR OTTESv'ILLE VA
6.2(d)
NASHINGTON DC
CJCS NMCC WASHINGTO DC
CJSOTF
CM0513THMIBOE FT GORDON GA
CNO WAS
GTON DC
COMJSOC FT BRAGG NC
COMSOCCENT NTEL MACDI LAFB FL
COMSOCCENT 2 NACDILLAFB FL
COMSOCCENT 3 NACDILLAFB FL
COMSOCCENT JSIUACDI L AFBF
COMSOCCENT TASK FORCE MACDILLAFB FL
CSG SOCOM MACDILLAFB Fl
DAAMHS WASHINGTON DC
DCDR USCENTCOM MACDILLAFB FL
DEFENSE J C WASHINGTON DC
DEPT OF HOMELAND SECURITY MSHINGTON DC
DEPT OF STATE WASHNGTON DC
DIA WASHINGTON DC
DI MSIC REDSTO
ARS NALAL
DIR CMI FT DETRICK MD
DIR SA FT GEORGE G MEAD MD
DIR SA FT MEADE MD
DNI WASHINGTON DC
FBI WASHI GTON DC
FORSCOM ACE FT MCPHERSON GA
HQ AFOSI QUANTICO VA
HQ AFSOC A2. HURLBURT FLO FL
HQ AFSOC A3 HURLBURT FLO FL
HQ AFSOC HURLBURT FLO FL
HQ AfSOC INTEL HURLBURT FLO FL
HQ ICE I
L W SHINGTON DC
HQ INSC
G2)( FT B LV IR VA
HQ SCENTCOM MACDILL AFB FL
HQ USSOCOM MACDILLAFB FL
HQOAAOC G2 INTEL WATCH DAMI W
SHINGTON DC

USCENTCOM DR 26-0049 k> MOR 26-0061
Ap~
,-----------3.Sc-,(b
_ )(_6_) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,

~ b ' ~ S HI GTON DC

03/26/26 000003
3f7

#### Page 4

6/1/22, 11:.23 AM

Record Preview
HODA DIR G2X WASHINGTON DC
JAC MOLESWORTH RAF MOLESWORTH UK
AC MO ESWORTH UK
JICCEN , MACO
AFB FL
JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC
JPRA FT SELVOIR VA
JWAC DAHLGREN VA
NASIC WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB OH
NCTC WASHINGTON DC
NGA WASHINGTON DC
NGIC INTEL OPS CHARLOTTESVILLE VA
NGIC SRD FT GEORGE G MEADE 11.40
ONI WASHINGTON DC
PENTAGON WASHINGTON DC
USASOC I TEL CTR FT BRAGG C
USCENTCOM CCJ2 MACDILLAFB FL
USCENTCOM CCJ3 MACDILLAFB FL
USCENTCOM JOC MACDILL AFB FL
USSOCOM J2 INTEL MACDILLAFB Fl
USSOCOM J3 OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE MACDILLAFB FL
USSOCOM J5 STRATEGY PLANS AND POLICY MACDILL AFB FL
USSOCOM JTF DEPLOYED
USSOCOM SOFM MACDILLAFB FL
USSTRATCOM :INTEL DIRECTORATE OFFUTT AFB
INFO
.VASHINGTON DC
CIA WASHINGTON DC
~H
1

QQQQ

SERIAL: (
1.4-c
DATE OF PIUBLICATION: 271329ZAPR 22.
US Air Force
INFORMATION REPORT, NOT FINALLY EVALUATED INTELLIGE CE

COUNTRY OR NQbl.SDJE.EbCDnt.lLU.Cmaii.U::IMtllL _ _ ___,
SUBJECT: (6/IN~
1.4c
Multiple
Unidentlfied Aerial Phenomenon Observed Maneuvering ErraUcaly and
In Formation Over Gulf of Oman D ring AC-130 Gunship Live Fire
Training on 8 September 2021 - Atlaehment
DATE OF tlFORMATl ON: (U) 08 SEP 2021.
CUTOFF: (U) 08 Sep 2021.
SUMMARY: (SIINr) On S September 2021 a USSOF AC•130 Gunship observed
approximately 25 instances of UAPs while conducting a Ive fire
exercise in the Gulf of Oman. The UAPs were ob erved as cokl orbs
llyfng al lower altitudes between 250 to 1300 MPH in different
formations as wel as maneuvering aggressively. UAPs also appeared to
react to the aircraft firing its main ca
" "n""-n=o n
=.' - - - - - ­
SOURCE NUMBER A: (U/~

informatio Via the C()nduci of cfficiaJ duties. Source was aware
informatio would be provided lo the US govemmenL
USCENTCOM MOR 26-004 9 lo MOR 26-006 1
Appr~~~~~~'OsI'i'JS~ INFORMATION REPORT, NOT FINALLY EVALUATED 03/2SJ2S 000004
. . - - - - - - - - - - - -3-.S-c,-(b-)(6_)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-:...:.

--1

#### Page 5

6/1/22, 11:.23 AM

Recotd Previ.ew

D
INTELLIGENCE. REPORT CLASSIFIED SECRET/INOFOR
TEXT. (U)
INITIAL OBSERVAllON. On 8 Septe ber 2021 a United States
Special Operations orces (USSOF) AC-130 Gunship was conducting live
fire training the Gulf a( Oman in Uie vicinity of (IVO) //MGRS.
◄0REN6
I during period of darkness. The AC-130 first
observed Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon (UAPs) when the ·rcraft
dropped a waler-activated flare to use as a mock target. TheAC-130
entered an orbit around the flare and the Comba Systems Officer
(CSO) conducted collateral scans wrth the aircraft's EJectro
Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) $e0$or IVO Ule flare, When the CSO $lewed
th sen o r in IR mode back to the flare they observed two
approximately four-foot diameter cold orbs between O to 20 feet above
the suliace of the water stationary over the flare for approximately
15 seconds. After those 15 seconds passed, the CSO pul ed the trigger
fir ng the aircraft's 105mm cannon. Immediately upon puUin9 the
trigger, d uring the slight delay between trigger pull and the
cannon's reool, Ute CSO observed the pair or UAP rapidly rty away
from the flare and ou of the sensor feed without changing altitude.
• uaSEQUENT OBSERVATIONS. The AC-130 crew observed
approx11nate1y 25 Instances of UAPs vie.....ed ,n IR as cold orl)s in both
white,.,i:,,-hot an black-1$-<hot mode during e wrtie, Two UAP$ were
observed fly,ing in a loose but coordinat d forma ion increasing and
decreasing altitude !l ike a wave whJe maneuvering aroirnd , over. and
under each other in a manner similar to how dolphins playfully sv.im
in a pod. (SOURCE COMMENT: They [The UAPsJ knew they were flying
togelher), UAPs were also separately observed llylng In a formation
of three and separately obser,,ed flying erratically ancl maneuvering
aggressively, The attached videos depid: a smoothly slewing EO/IR
sensor or a stationary EO/IR sensor with ukiple UAPs darting around
the $8nsor feed. TheAC-130's crew attempted to save entirety ofU,e
EO/IR fOotage of the UAP ot:iservauons b t the aircraft's Digital
Video Recorder (DVR) ine,xpficably failed and thl!I vldi,o data became
corrupted.

-

ESTIMATED SPEED. The CSO calculated the UAP's approximate

SPfldS using the aircraft's TACTOOL and clocked their maximum
observed maneuvering speed at 1300 miles per hour (MPH) and e UAPs
m nmum observed maneuvering speed at 250 MPH. No means of propulsion
were, observed.

!i

COMMENTS: 1. (Field Conment) (S/IN! ll
1.4c
the tao line
for A~SOC 7 rsonnel conducting[ 1.~
jdebriefing.
2. (U
Th is UR was coordinated with USDAO Muscat and SOCCEN
J2X without comment.
3. (U) Source A is available ror recontact about information in thi

report.
4. (U. . . Geograph ic coordinates were derived komAC-130 sensor
feed GPS data.
S. (U/. . . . Requests concerning foreign d sclosure and release of
tne i'oriiiation contained In this re rt should be sent to the .AFSOC
FOO a
.
ncludo the justification,
serial number, subject lme of the report and the proposed reques1 In
the initial correspondence.
6. (U/- - IIR Evaluations and Source Directed Requirements
regard~
report are hig Iv encouraged to assis in assessing
collection efforts and requirements. Evaluations and Sou~ Directed
ApPf~:~'/ Jt'Mmra~1J'W~led using USCENTCOM MDR 26-0049 to MOR 26-0061
------------------------..:....:..----,1
3.5c, (b)(6)
.

031'26126 000005

sn

#### Page 6

6/1/22, 11:23 AM Record Preview
Any questions concerning thi Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
3.5c.(b)(6) USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
report should be directed to 3.5c,(b)(6)
Please reference lIR number along with any final product or brief the eclassified on: 20 March 2026
IIR information was utilized.
ATTACHMENTS: (U) To folloW - 1 ATTACHMENTS.
1. Video, 8 September 2021 UAPs Powerpoint containg six
embedded videos of 8 September 2021UAPs captured via AC-130
(SECRET/NOFORN).
TOPIC: (U) FMCC; TECH.
FUNCTIONAL CODE: (U) IFC150B; IFC220L; IFC150A.
REQUIREMENT: (U) NTRI200AJ002421.
MGT CODE: (U) BG; BK; RD; DF; DG.
INSTR: (U) U.S. NO.
PREP: (U) 3.5c,(b)(6)
JOINT REP: (U) None.
DATE OF ACQUISITION: (U// 20220407; USA, Cannon AFB, New Mexico
POC: (U//FOUO) Direct all questions to AFSOC A2H, Hurlburt Field FL
at SVOIP3.5c. (b)(6) or TSVOIP3.5c.(b)(6)or email to
3.5c. (b)(6)
WARNING: (U) THIS IS AN INFORMATION REPORT, NOT FINALLY EVALUATED
INTELLIGENCE REPORT CLASSIFIED SECRET//NOFORN.
==DISSEMINATION:
AGENCY: (U) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Defense Intelligence
Agency (DIA): Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA): Department of
Defense; FederalAviation Administration (FAA); National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA); US Air Force; US Army: US Marine
Corps; US Navy.
U.S. MISSION: (U) None.
MILITARY: (U) Air ForCe: CENTCOM; SOCOM: Navy: Army: Marine Corps.
STATE/LOCAL: (U) None.
====CLASSIFICATION==:
CLASSIFIED BY:AFSOC A2OH
DERIVED FROM: DO SCG JUL 2017
DECLASSIFY ON: 50X1-HUM
#0000
COLLECTION MANAGEMENT CODE: BG
BK
RD
DF
DG
U.S. CITIZEN: U.S. NO
Classification Instruction
REPORTER:
1.4c
Extended Metadata
PUBLIC NOTE:
INTERNAL NOTES:
BE NUMBER:
LUTSCERF/C8MFMDR56-0049 to MDR 26-0061 Approved for Release to AARO 03/26/26 000006
3.5c,(b)(6) 6/7

## DOW-UAP-D102 — Project Blue Book File on Tremonton Film, Utah, 1952

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D102
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D102
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 7/2/52
- Location: Tremonton, Utah
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The film was 50 feet long—enough for a movie, not a mystery.

- DOW-UAP-D102, Department of War, 15 Oct 1952, Tremonton, Utah incident on 7/2/52
- Witness Delbert C. Newhouse filmed 12‑14 reflective objects on a 50‑foot 16 mm Kodachrome roll
- Later assessment concluded objects were seabirds reflecting sunlight

### Official summary

This document records the Project Blue Book investigation and subsequent assessments of an incident near Tremonton, Utah, on July 2, 1952. Project Blue Book was a 1952-1969 U.S. Air Force program to investigate the nature and origin of unidentified flying objects (UFOs). The file describes the Air Force’s assessment of the principal witness, Delbert C. Newhouse, a U.S. Navy Warrant Officer specializing in photography, as honest and reliable, and as an expert with more than 1,000 hours of aerial-photography experience. Newhouse reported observing 12 to 14 reflective objects and recorded the event on color motion-picture film using a handheld Bell & Howell Auto Master camera.

The file reflects an evolving Air Force assessment of the imagery over several years. Early documentation considered several possible explanations, including sunlight reflecting from birds or balloons, and a mirage effect, and did not identify the objects conclusively. Later assessments became more confident that the objects were seabirds reflecting sunlight, citing identifiable seabirds and similar films showing seabirds as bright points of light under comparable conditions. However, the film’s limited detail and lack of fixed reference points prevented reliable determination of the objects’ distance, size, altitude, or linear speed from the film alone.

AARO Comment: The file contains conflicting references to the film format. Several documents describe a 35mm film, while contemporaneous submission documentation identifies the original as a 50-foot roll of processed 16mm Kodachrome color motion-picture film recorded with a handheld Bell & Howell Auto Master camera. Newhouse reported exposing approximately 30 feet of the roll during the incident and using the remaining film later that day to record unrelated mountain scenery in Idaho. Other records show that 35mm positive and negative duplicate blowups were produced from the original 16mm material. The file also indicates that the original film was duplicated for preservation, citing its deteriorating condition. The footage retained by the National Archives and Records Administration and presented in this collection as DOW-UAP-PR159 is a digitization of a 16mm print.

### Full text

#### Page 2

.4 PRONECT TOO73 RECORD CARD
COCATION
2 Jul 52 TREKONTON, UTAH Was Ballaon
Probobiy Balle
haeshvdanon
FYFE OF OBSERVATICM
mca 02/1110 MST 3Vi Ground-Ronar
JMT 02/18102 CAinVisoal AIesrcept Rador
CBOURCE D Hes Astonuniea
XX1Yes CFO, USN Probaniy Astronomical
Prsaisly Asironemisa
No BIRDS
A FNETHUDEOBSERYATION X
10m12 InsutiieatDatei
Jokcow
B.ORIEFSUMMARAF WONAING
CFO, USN, driving to Fortland, Oregon, 1. Source is naval photographer,
saw lo-l2 objects in sky. Objects w re sources considered an expert.
of light or highly polished bodies. Obsorver
exposed 30 feet of i6 mm color motion picture 2. Possible mirage effect.
film. Objeets seemed to be milling about in
rough formation. 3. Fossible migratory birds.
, Sec Also: Film
7-3745-345
ATTC FORM 329 (REY 16 SEP S2)
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 3

0950
08 53 2.AT0
1952 JUL 11 3.Cint
RE095 GREENNGH GNING
WPB065 UNCLASSIFIED
YMX063H INFOR. INFOR. G.O.
XYA126 ACTION
XMX062 AM 7:30
XXB049
JWPUK 019
RR/NMNM JEPHQ JEDWP JEDEN JEDST JWFDL 555
DE JWPUK 03
R 102150Z
FM HQ 127TH PLT TNG WG LUKE AFB ARIZ
TO JEPHQ/D/I HQ USAF WASH 25 DC
JEDWP/ATIC WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB OHIO
JEDEN/CG ENT AFB COLORADO SPRINGS COLO
JINFO JEDST/CG ATRC SCOTT AFB ILL
ec
JWFDL/1& CTAF RANDOLPH AFB SAN ANTONIO TEX
GB331G. ATTN:ATIAA-2C.FLYOBRPT
(1 SEVEN INCH BALL OF FLAME WITH EIGHT FOOT TRAIL SIGHTED. NO
SOUND OR LIGHTS RESEMBLING KNOWN FLYING OBJECTS.
(2) SIGHTED AT 0420 ON 2 JULY 1952 FOR 3 TO 4 MINUTES.
(3) VISUAL OVSERVATION FROM GROUND.
(4) FROM 1717 NORTH 1ST AVE, PHOENIX, ARIZ• OBJECT APPEARED NORTHWEST,
TRAVELED ARC TO SOUTHWEST• A GLE OF ELEVATION 4 DEGREES NORTHWEST,
30 DEGREES WEST, 15 DEGREES SOUTHWEST• ESTIMATED DISTANCE SEVEN TO
TEN MILES.
(5) OBSERVER MRS ARTHUR WOLF, WIFE OF ARMY ORDNANCE COLONEL.
DOWNGRADED DECLAS AT
DOD IED
PAGE TWO JWPUK 03 EARS.
(6) WEATHER AT 0430 CEILING CLEAR: VISIBILITY 15 PLUS MILES: WIND
4 KNOTS FROM NORTH.
(7AND NONE
(9) PRESUME OBJECT MADE GROUND CONTACT SOUTHWEST OF PHOENIX.
SEARCH HAS BEEN REQUESTED.
(1) NO AIRCRAFT OR BALLONS REPORTED• POSSIBILITY OF CROP DUSTERS.
10/2221Z JUL JWPUK UNCLASSIFIED
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 4

HQB225 UNCLASSIFIED
T1B23s RESTRICTED REC. STF. MSGDIV
deP 12 1859252
XDC170 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE HQ.USAF
JUPML 185 STAFF MESSAGE DIVISION
INCOMING CLASSIFIED MESSAGE
PU7 13
RR JEDUP JEDEN JEPHO JUPIL 444 COPY TWX CAFIN G52OV
DE JUPM 20F
R 121650Z ZNJ
FM C 28TH AD HAFB CALIF
TO JEDUP CHIEF ATIC URIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OHEO
INFO JEDEN/CG ADC ENT AFB COLO SPRINGS COLO
JEPHOAUSAF UASHINGTON 25 DC
JUPMLCG UADF HAFB CALIF
Y9A7i, ATTN DIR OF INTEL- IN REPLY TO AFOIN-2A2
AND UADF MSG UDOID 29149 FOL INFO REQ BY HQ USAF HAS BEEN
OBTAINED BY INTERVIEV UITH CPO DELBERT C. NEVHOUSE, 177273, AVN
SUP DEP, NAVAL SUP CEN, OAKLAND, CALIF REGARDING UNIDENTIFIED
BLY OBJS AND MOVIE FILN ON SIGHTING 2 JUL 52 NEAR TREMONTON, UTAH-
CPO NEWHOUSE, HIS VIFE, SON AND DAUGHTER WERE ALL INTERVIEVED AT
THE NEVHOUSE HOME INBERKELEY, CALIF ON 10 SEP 52 BY DIRECTOR OF
INTELLIGENCE, 2ETH AIR DIV (DEF). FOL ANSUERS TO QUESTIONS : THRU
13 IN USAF REQUEST ARE SUBNITTED
i. NO SOUND HEARD DURING ONSERVATION. 2. NO EXHAUST TRAILS OR
CAF IN : 65202 (12 Sep 52) Page 1 of 3 pages
DOWNGRADED AT & YHAR INTERVAIS; DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEARS.
DOD DIR 5200.10
ay
AFHO FORM 0-309g 19 JAN 51 RESTRICTED reed
PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF THIS FORM MAY BE USED.
16-63734-1 U.S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1951--927440
Indd UNCLASSIFIED
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 5

UNCLASSIFIED
RESTRICTED
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE
STAFF MESSAGE DIVISION
PAGE TUO OF 20F INCOMING CLASSIFIED MESSAGE
CR CONTRAILS OBSERVED, 3. NO AIRCRAFT, BIRDS, BALLOONS, OR OTHER
IDENTIFIABLE OBJECTS SEEN IN AIR IMMEDIATELY BEFORE, DURING, OR
X/MEDIATELY AFTER OESERVATION. 4. SINGLE OBJECT WHICH DETACHED
ITSELF FRON GROUP DID HEAD IN DIRECTION OPPOSITE ORIGINAL
COURSE AND DISAPPEARED FRON VIEV UHILE STILL TRAVELING IN THIS
DIRECTION. 5. CAMERA POINTED AT ESTIMATED 70 DEGREES ELEVATION
AND DESCRIBED AND ARC FROM APPROX DUE EAST TO DUE VEST
THEN FRON DUE UEST TO APPROX 60 DEGREES FROM NORTHIN PHOTOGRAPHING
DETACHED OBJ HEADING IN DIRECTION OPPOSITE ORIGINAL
COURSE. G- SUN UAS APPROX OVERHEAD OF OBSERVER• OBJECTS WERE
AT APPROX 70 DEGREES ABOVE TRRAIN ON A COURSE SEVERAL MILES FRON
OBSERVER. 7- WEATHER CONDITIONS& BRIGHT SUNLIGHT, CLEAR, APPROX 80
DEGREES TEMPERATURE, SLIGHT BFEEZE FROM EAST NORTH EAST APPROX 3
TO 5 MPH. 8. NO METEOROLOGICAL ACTIVITY NOTED DURING THAT DAY.
9. OPINION REGARDING FOLLOUING CLN A. LIGHT FROM OBJECTS
CAUSED BY REFLECTION: B. OBJECTS APPEARED APFROX AS LONG AS THEY
VERE VIDE AND THIN, C. ÁPPEARED IDENTICAL IN SHAPE, D- 12 TO 14
OBJECTS, E. ALL APPEARED LIGHT COLOR, F. NO OPINION, G. APPEARED
TO HAVE SANE TYPE OF MOTION EXCEPT FOR ONE OBJECT WHICH REVERSED ITS
COURSE, H. DISAPPEARED FRON VIEW BY MOVING OUT OF RANGE OF
CAF IN: 65202 (12 Sep 52) Page 2 of 3 pages
DOWNGRADEDAT INTERVALS DECLASSIFIN
UNCLASSIFIED DOD DIR 5200.10 R 12 YEARS.
AFHO FORM O-g RESTRICTED
PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF THIS FORM MAY BE USED.
16-63734-1 U.S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1951--927440
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 6

UNCLASSIFIED
24 RESTRICTED
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE
STAFF MESSAGE DIVISION
PAGE TIREE OF 20F ORPTO
INCOMING CLASSIFIED MESSAGE
EYESIGIT. A0. NO FILTERS USED- T1. ONE LOU HILL 2 OR 3 MILES TO
RIGHT OF US HUY 30 DASH S UITH OBSERVER FACING NORTH-LOCATED
APPROX 10 MILES NORTH TREMONTON, UTAH- 12. OTHER PERSONS
SIGHTING OBJECTS VEREE MRS D. C. NEVHOUSE, VIFES DELBERT C.
NEVHOUSE, JR, SON, AGE 14: ANNE NEVHOUSE, DAUGHTER, AGE 12- VHOLE
NEVHOUSE FAMILY INCLUDED IN INTERVIEV- 13. CPO NEWHOUSE AND FAMILY
HAVE NEVER SEGHTED UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS BEFORE- NEWHOUSE
STATED THAT HE NEVER BELIEVED HE VOULD JOIN RANKS OF THOSE
REPORTING SUCH OBJECTS PRIOR TO THIS OBSERVATION. CPO NEUHOUSE
AND IRS NEVHOUSE APPEARED TO BE EXTREMELY HONEST AND RELIABLE
PERSONS- CPO NEUHOUSE STATED NE HAS BEEN IN THE NAVAL SERVICE FOR
OVER i9 VEARS VITH SERVICE AS A CONMISSIONED OFFICER DURING
WU 2- NEWHOUSE IS GRADUATE OF NAVAL PHOTOGRAPHIC SCHOOL IN 1935
AND CLAIMS OVER A0O0 HOURS IN THE AIR AS A PHOTOGRAPHER ON ACTUAL
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH MISSIONS, NEUHOUSE ALSO DOES CONSIDERADLE GROUND
PHOTOGRAPHY- IT IS BELIEVED NEUHOUSE COULD BE CLASSIFIED AS AN
EXPERT PHOTOGRAPHER- DOWNGRADED AT & YEAR INTERYAT
12/1650Z SEP JUPML DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEARS.
DOD DIR 5200.10
NOTE 29149 is not identified in SMD.
INFO : OIN, OOP
CAF IN : 65202 (12 Sep 52) Page 3 of 3 pages JHR/eC
UNCLASSIFIED
AFHQ FORM 0-309g RESTRICTED
19 JAN 51
PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF THIS FORM MAY BE USED.
16-63734-1 U.S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1951--927440
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 7

AFHQ FORM 0-309g 19 JAN 51
G PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF THIS FORM MAY BE USED. CAF IN: INFO : HELD R 092326Z DE JUPIL 56J JUPIL 12 XB006 XTAD18 HOD019 SIDC027
74096 OIN WITH CPO DELBERT C. NEVHOUSE, INFO• (UPHO/DIRECTOR OF INTELLIGENCE RR JEDUP JEPHQ 222 XDB0 16
(10 Oct 52) HEADQUARTERS USAF, UAHSINGTON 25,D-C- TO JEDUP/CHIEF, ATIC URIGIT-PATTERSON AFD, OHIO FM UPILCG 2ETH AIR DIV (DEF) HAMILTON AFB, CLAIF
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007 16-63734-1 U.S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1951--927440 RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED OF FILM IN QUESTIOM ? ANSUER: EIEGATIVE, ENTIRE ROLL OF FILM UAS HAND TO PHOTOGRAPH MOUNTAIN SCENE IN IDANO UNICH APPEARS ON FINAL FOOTAGE UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT SIGNTING ON 2 JULY 1952. QUESTIONF*UAS TRIPOD USED OAKLAND, CALIF REGARDING AN ADDITIONAL QUESTION ABOUT MOVIE FILM ON REQUESTED BY HQ. USAF HAS BEEN OBTAINED BY TELEPHONE CONVERSATION 9171 IN REPLY TO AFOIN-2A2 FOLLOUING INFCRMTIOEN COPY OF TWX CAFIN 74096 INCOMING CLASSIFIED MESSAGE STAFF MESSAGE DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
DOD DIR 5200.10 DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEAS. DOWNGRADED AT S YEAR INTPOVA, 177273, AVN SUP DEP, NAVAL SUP CENTER,
HQ. USAF uCT 1d 41 40.5Z DFC,STF MSU DIV
SDM/mew

#### Page 9

DISPOSITION FORM

I

FILE NO.

SUBJECT

o AFOIN,-2A2
Att.n:

FROM

35nm. F.ilm and Analysis
ATIC

DATE

Major Fournet,

1 5 OCT 1952
COMMENT NO. 1
Capt Ruppelt/jos

65365/B263D/PD2B
l . "As per your request inclosed herein f or your inspection is the 3~ film
from Tremonton, Utah, showing unidentified aerial objects.
2. Also inclosed is a photostatic copy of an analysis performed by the Photo
Reconnaissance Laboratory, Wright Field.

3.

The 35mm roll is the original film and no duplicate has been made•

4. It is the opinion of ATIAA-5 that the film should be submitted to an orni­
thologist, perhaps at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, to obtain an opinion
as to whether the objects may not possibly be birds in flight.

2 Incls

a/s

·,

DD ~i':r 9 6
1

50

REPLAcES NME FORM 96. 1 ocr 48. wH1cH w.v eE USED

DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

16-6 tSOJ-3

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1952 0. 9Be8?5

#### Page 11

r July tv , Tmi N. of trewonten U.
UNCLASSIFIED
BQ USAP, MASHDO
ROUTIHE (Lnfo)
CG WADP 57264
FANILTON AFB, CALIF AFOIN
CHLEF ATIO
WILECUT-PATTERSON AFB, CREO
ATTES DLR OF IFTELL
REPORT OF UNIDENTIFIED FLYENG CBJEOTS AND INCLOBED MOVIE FILN ON SIGITIBG
2 JUL 52 NEAR TRUDECNTON, UTAH BNCEIVED THIS HEADQUARTERUS 5 SEP 52 FROM CFO
DELBERT G. HEBOUSE, 17PES, US, BTATICNED AT AVEATIUN SUPFLY DFCT, MAVAL
SUPPLY CENTER, OARLAND, CALIF. REUNE BEHRUSE INTSIVIIMED AS SCON AS
FRACTICAL BY AN I TELLECSNCE OFFICER AND TES FOLLOWING IEPURHATION CETAINED:
(1) ANT SCUND BICARD DURING OBOERVATICNY IF SO, DESGRIBE.
(2ANY EXHABST TRAILS OR GUNTRALLS SEH AT ABY TDE BUR BO CBSERVATICN?
IF 50, DECSORIE.
(3)VERE AME ALRCRAPT, BERDS, BALLOONS OR PTHER IDEETLFIABLE OBJAUTS
SEEN IN AIR DMEDIATELY BEJOLE, DURING OR DPGERIATLY AFTER OBSEAVA-
TLCH? IF SO, GIVE ISTAILS.
(4) DED SINGLE OBJECT ELCH DETACEED ITSELE FROM GEDUP ENAD IN DERECTION
OPTOSITE TO ORLLGINAL COURCE AND DID IT DISAPPEAR FROM VIEW WEILE STIEL
TRAVELLING IN THIS DIREOTIONT
UNCLASSIFIED
DOWNGRADED AT & YEAR INTERVALSS DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEARS.
Gcl3 DOD DIR 5200,10
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 12

UNCLASSIFIED
(5)AT APPROKDIATELY WHAT ELEVATION AND IN WRAT DERECTION (EEARINO) WAS
CAMERA POLITED DURIEG EXPOSURE OF FILMT
(6)WEAT WAS FOSITICN OF SEE RELATIVE TO OBJECTS AND TO HIM?
(7) WHAT WERE MEATHER CONDITICNS? AFPROKDHATE TENPERATUE? BAEY OR GLEAR?
WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED?
(8) )ANY METEOROLOGICAL ACTIVITY MOTICND DURING THAT MAY?
(9) DOES BE RAVE ANY OPINION REGARDING FOLLOWLNG:
() WAS LYGRT FROM OBJECTS CAUSED BY REFLEGTIOE OR WERE THELY SOURGE
OF LIGHT?
(b) SHAPE OF OBJECTS?
(c) WERE THEY ALL APFROXDATELY THE SAME SHAPE?
(d) COIOR OF OBJECTE?
() WERE THEY ALL SAME COLOR?
(f) TIPE MOTION ATTRIBUTABLE 2U CRJECIS, BOTH ABOUT CNN AXKS AND AXES
OF FLIGHT PATH?
3
DOWNGRADED AT DECLASSIFIED & YEAR INTERVALS
DOD DIR 5200.10
UNCLASSIFIED
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 13

UNCLASSIFIED
(g) DID ALL OBJECTS HAVE SANE TYPE MOTIONY
(h) HOW DID OBJECTS DISAPPEAR FROM VIENY
(L0) WAS AMY FILTER USED ON CAMRA?
(1) REMENBLR ANY LANDMARES AROUND LOCATION HICH WOULD FACILITATE FENDING
IT IN PUTURE?
(12) KNOW OF ANYONE ELSE MEO SIGITED OBJECTS?
(13) EVER SECHTED UNEDENTIFIED FLYING CBJECTS BEFOREY IF SO, OETAIN DETALLS
IAW FAR 7e OF APL. 200-5.
ADDITIONALLY, DESIRES INTARVIEWING OFFICER FURNISH ESTIMATE RELIABILITY AND FHOTO-
GRAPHIC PROFICLENCY OF NEMBOUSE. AFL 2OO-5 MAY AID IN CONDUCTING INTERVESW. RECUEST
INFORMATION BE FORNARDED BY BLEOTRICAL MIANS A SOON AS AVAILABLE TO ATEC WITK
INFORMATION THIS HEADQUARTERS. IN RESPCNSE REPLY TO AFOIN-2A2.
DOWNGRADED AT & YEAR INTERVALS;
DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEARS.
DOD DIR 5200.10
DEMEY J. FOURNET, JR., MajOP, USAP
APUIN-2A2 71006
UNCLASSIFIED
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 14

-

,

•

r

UNCLASSIFIED
CopY TWX CAFIN 6~202

R l21.650Z ZNJ

ffl CG 2.STH AD HAFl3 CALIF
TO CHIEF ATlC lJRIGllT- PATTERSOM AFB OHIO
INFO CG AOC ENT AFB 001.D SPRINGS COIO
DOWNGRADED AT ~ YE.AR 11\"'TERVAli8~
DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEAkS •
DOD, D~ ~200.10 _.. •
•

USAF rtASHDSGION 25 00

CG WADF ffAFB CALIF

RES'l'RlCTJ?D/9171. Ami DIR OF INTEL.

D:l RE.PLY ro AFOIN-2A2 AND iiADF J!'SG

~DOID 2<ll49 FOL INFO ~ BI }l~ USAF Hi\S Bml OBTAINED Br INTERVIE Y wm
CPO DELBERT C. NE!mOUSB. 17/Z'/'J, AVN SUP DE?, llAVAL SUP CEN, OAKLAND, CAI.IF
REG/.RDING UNIOOOIFIED BLY OBJS .A?ID l!OVIE Filll ON SIGJfl'ING 2 JUI 52 llF.AR
TRWONTON, UTAH.

CPO NEiuIOUSE, HIS WIFE, SON AND DAUGilrER 17ERE ALL INTER,.

VIlfflED AT THE REraIOUSE HOllE IN BERKELEY, CALIF Oii 10 SEP 52 BY DIRroTOR OF
INTELLIGFWE, 28TH Am DIV (DEF).

FOL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS l. THRU l3

IN USAF WUEST ARE SUIDAITrED:

1.

NO SOUND HEARD DUPJ:NG OBSE'RVA'l'ION.

?lO EXHAUST TRAILS OR CONTR.UIS

2.

OBSERVED. 3. NO AIRCRAFT, BIRDS, BUJ..OONS, OR OTHER IDEtrrIFIABLE OBJECTS

SEEN IN AIR IlllEDIATELY BEFORE, DUP.DlG., OR Dl!EDIATELY AFI'ER OBSERVATION.

4. snmLE OBJECT mIICH DETACim> ITSELF FOOM GROUP DID HEAD DJ DIRmTlOU
01'1'0SlTE ORIGINAL COURSE AND DISAPPEARED FRl)Y VIFrl mIIE STILL TRAVELING
IN THIS DIRD'.:TION.

5. CAUERA POINrED AT ESTil.!ATED 70 D.IOC;REES ELEVATION

AtID DESCRIBED AND All: Fro!! APPROX DUE EAST TO DUE ~1&5'? Tflm FRC?.t DUE \'iEST

TO AP.PR.OX 00 DEGREES 0011 NORTH IN PHCJrOORAPHING DEI'ACHID OBJ HEADING m
OPP

Dnt:roTIOll OIIDOSITE ORIGINAL COURSE. 6. SUN WAS APPROX OVERHEAD OF OBSERVER.
OBJJ!PTS WERE AT APPROX 70 DEG-RI®, ABOVE TRRAIN ON A COURSE SEVERAJ, UI1.ES
FROU OBSERVER. 7• WEATHER COND:rrIONS:

DEGREE'S TEMPFllATURE, SLIGH!'

BRIGRr StmUGHl', CLEAR., APPROX 00

RrH EAST APPROX 3 'ro 5 l!PH.

=-"~" -

F

_ , . . ..... ,

8. NO HE:rEOROIDGICAL ACTIVlTJJiii jURDtC Tlwt DAY. 9. oPnUOH REGARDDm
rou.omuG CI.N A.

LIGHT

~

m ( OBJWTS CAUSED B R:EFI.mTlON: B.
- Y UNCLASSIFJED

ODJEOTS

#### Page 15

.. -

'

..

I'

,'

••

UNCLASSIFIED

PR.OX s

-

12

l4

0

CS.

• F.

G. pp RED T HAVES E

OP

ED ITS cot.ms.

JICH

I{.

0

US H.

30

DASH S

OP

R

BY

VING our OF

m LO HI

USED• ll.
1TH O

2 OR 3

VER ;, C G ORTH.

;y

I.OC

CLUDED

. 13. C

EDU?JI

TS BEFORE.

B IEVED HE

RANKS O T

LES

12.

APPROX 10 IIF..S

OBJ

0

EPT

DIS

• 10. 0
0

PEARED IDENTIC

GAS THEr ERE

IF

. um Jon

RIOR TO TH

E

FLmG

0

ND
.PEFlS01G •

CPO

HE

O

19.&.J.ll\1~

IS GRADU TE O •

HOURS IN THE AIR

DO•
COUID

A PHOTOGRA

CER DURING

1935

AV L

nm

V LS

D CLA

ER.I J,

USE

OVER l.OCX)

OT GRAPH

S IONS.

i'HUSE

CL\SSI IFD

-...n.TGRADED AT 8 YEAlt ~~;
UVTI ECLASSIFIED AFI'ER 12 YEAAO•
D
l)OD Dm 5200.10 :

#### Page 16

UNCLASSIFIED
FROM: Q USAP 7 Oet 52
ACTION: ROUTINE INFO: ROUTINE
TO: CG2Sth AIRDIV HAMILTON AFB CALIF CRYPTOPRECAUTION: NO
INFO: CHIEF ATIC WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OBIO IDENTIFICATION: 9L71 is
CAF IN 65202
(12 Sep 52)
CLASSIFICAPION:
FROM: AF0IN 59782
ATTEETION: Director of Intelligence. Reference your message
9171 dated la Sep 52. Request CPo Newhouse be asked following
additional question: Was tripod used to photograph mountain
scene in Idaho which arrears on final footage of film in
questiont Forward information by electrical means to Afic wi th
information this headquarters. In response reply to AFolE-2A2
COORDINAPION: AFOIN-2A2 AFOIN-2A
PAGE 1
DRAFTER'S NAME: RELEASING OFFICER'S SIGNAFURE:
Maj. Dewey J. Fournet DONALD E BEERE, CaptaiA, USAF
Executive Officer, Topieal Division
Deputy Director for Estimates
AFOIE-2A2 Directorate of Intelligence, Dos/0
TELEPHONR: 75990 DOWNGRADED AT S YEAR INTT'AL:
DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEARS. DOD DIR 5200.10
UNCLASSIFIED
trd
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 17

SOPY
DEPARTMENT OF THE ALR FORCE
STAFF MESSAGE DIVISION
INCOMING CLASSIFTED MESSAGE
UNCLASSIFIED
CAFIN 74096
FM JWPML/CG 28th AIR DIV (DEF) HAMILTON AFB, CALIF.
TO JEDWP/CHIEF, ATIC WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB, OHIO
INFO: JWPHQ/DIRECTOR OF INTELLIGENCE, HQ USAF, WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
9171 IN REPLY TO AFOIN-2A2 FOLLOWING INFORMATION REQUESTED BY
HQ USAF HAS BEEN OETAINED BY TELEPHONE CONVERSATTON WITH CPO DELBERT C.
NEWHOUSE, 177273, AVN SUP DEP, NAVAL SUP CENTER, OAKLAND, CALIF. REGARDING AN ADDI
TIONAL QUESTTON ABOUT MOVIE FILM ON UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT SIGHTING ON 2 JULY 1952.
QUESTION: "WAS TRIPOD USED TO RKTWT PHOTOGRAPH MOUNTAIN SCENE IN IDAHO
WHICH APPEARS ON FINAL FOOTAGE OF FILM IN QUESTTON"? ANSWER: NEGATIVE,
ENTIRE ROLL OF FILM WAS HANDHELD.
DOWNGRADED AT S YEAR INTERVALS;
DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEARS.
INFO: OIN DOD DIR 5200.10
CAF IN: 74096 (10 Oct 52)
UNCLASSIFIED
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 18

UNCLASSIFIED
BQ USAF, WASHDO
ROUTINE (Info)
CO EILL AFB, OGDEN, UTAH
CHIEF ATIC MRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB, GHEO
ATTH: WEATHER OFFICER
REQUEST WEATEER SEQUENCE NEAREST 1ELOE ROURS 2 JUL 52 FOR ARSA LNCLUDING
TREMOITON, UTAH, PARTICULARLY DESIRE WINDS ALOPT AND TEMPSRATURES FROM SURFACE
TO MAXIMRIM ALTITUDE AVAILARLE. ALSO ANY METEQROLOGECAL OR OTHSR ACTIVITY WHICH
MIONT ACCOUNT OR SIGHTING AND FHOTOGLAFES OF 6 TO 12 UNIDENTIFLED CBJECTS
WEXCH APPEAVED TO BE SCUND ARD EITHER HIGHLY FOLISHED BODIES OR SOURCES OF
LIGET TRAVELLING WEST ABOVE TRIMOITON IN RAG ED POMATION GEHERALLY ABREAST.
FORRARD INFORMATION BY ELECTRIGAL MEANS TD AVIC WITH INFO THLS KEADCUARTERS.
IN REBPONSE REPLY TO AFOLEL-A2.
DOWNGRADED DECLASSIFIE AT:
DOD DIR
ARS.
DEEY J. FoURNT, JR., Major, USAP
AF01E-2A2 71016 UNCLASSIFIED
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 19

,

- .. .,., ...

le

I.../

'

e..<;1/, ar:!J
-

Requirements

1. 2 color duplicates and 1 black & white print (exclusive of portion

Vflth sound track whieh is spliced to the end of the film}.

2. Request the original be handled with utmost care (it is already 1fi
fairly poor condition, and wear very anxious that 1t suffer no further
damage).

3. Request the original be cleaned as carefu]y as posslble prior to
duplication.
4. Request utmost effort in controlling duplication to extent that resulting
copies wUl be as ldentlca.I to or.lglnal as po ible ln image and color
reproduction.

6. The loos (unspllced) porlton of 17 frames belongs at the end of the
footage havlrig a deep blue background and no sound track. The la t
frame of thls loo e portion s mmediat ly adjacent to the spllce with
the broken frame having the sound track.
6. Can the stripp d sprocket holes 1n·the loose portion of the orlgtna.l
(see 5) be repair d ln any way - sufficiently to make it possible to
run thls part a ong with the remamder of film without malfunction?

#### Page 20

f

,.

NCLASSIFIED

•

•

ACTIO

/f T;S

RPBiSl

~

TYE263

j

1-}--r I

;(!~

TDB241

•
•
•
.

JEPHQ E004

I

/

RR JWPML JE~ 222
DE JEPHQ 94A /
R 0718062 2£

/

FM HQ USAF WASHD<
TO JWPML/CG28TH AIRDIV HAMILTON AFB C ~
INFO JEDWP/CHIEF ATIC WPAFB OHIO . . /
FROM CLN AFOIN 59782 ATTENTION CLN DIRECTOR
.

OF INTELLIGENCE. REFERE CE YOUR MESSAGE 9171 DATED 12 SEP 52.
REQUEST CPO NEWHOUSE BE ASKED FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL QUESTION CLN

•
•
•
•
•
•

WAS TRIPOD USED TO PHOTOGRAPH MOUNTAIN SCENE IN IDAHO WHICH APPEARS

•

ON FINAL FOOTAGE OF FILM IN QUESTION QUES FORWARD INFORMATION

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

BY ELECTRICAL MENNS TO ATIC WITH INFORMATION THIS HEADQUARTERS.
I

RESPONSE REPLY TO AFOIN-2A2.

07/20342 OCT JEPHQ

A ON

UNCLASSIFIED

DECLASS IFIED Authority NND 923007

·•

#### Page 21

COORDINATJON
INSERT
ORGNL CODE AND
PULL SIGNATURE

, 177283

Your coo . ,r tion

rvic

d

our

V

truly,

.• •

.~·,,..·

,.

~,•

DESIGNATE AUTHD OFPICE OF RECORD

OFFICIAL FlLE COPY
AMC Form 8

(Bev I 'I' llla,7 SO)

Sa11'e111edet1 AMC Form 8, Bev 1 £pr ,a, which wilt be used.

DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

Air Forc•WPAFB-L-IS JUL 52. 3600

#### Page 23

.

.. -

, '

ACTJQf\.~

I

~

I
Jg

XDB016

~r9

)Q(B006

I 1,v,.04
I

I

: :,

JWPML 12 .-­
JEDWP JEPHQ 222
JWPML 56J
R 0923282
FM JWPML/CG 28TH AIR DIV (DEF) HAMIL1'0N AFB, CLAIF.

c---

, JEDWP/CHIEF, ATIC WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB, OHIO
TO : JWPHQ/DIRECTOR OF INTELLIGENCE
HEADQUARTERS USAF, WAHSINGTON 25,D.c.

.

9171 IN REPLY TO AFOIN-2A2 FOLLOWING INFORMATION

BY HQ. USAF HAS BEEN OBTAINED BY TELEPHONE CONVERSATION
WITH OPO DELBERT C. NEWHOUSE, 177273, AVN SUP DEP, NAVAL SUP CENTER,

OAKLAND, CALIF . REGARDING AN ADDITIONAL QUESTION ABOUT MOVIE FILM ON
UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT SIGHTING ON 2 JULY 1952. QUESTION:"WAS TRIPOD USED

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

TO PHOTOGRAPH MOUNTAIN SCENE IN IDAHO WHICH APPEARS ON FINAL FOOTAGE

•

OF FILM IN QUESTION"? ANSWER: NEGATIVE, ENTIRE ROLL OF FILM WAS HAND

•
•

DOWNGRADED AT $ Vb
DECLASSIFIED ~ !N'rER-v ., .., ~:
DOD DIR r,200.1lf? RS.

HELD.
OCT JWPML

IJNCLASSIFlED
11

cr10~:

DECLASSIFIED Authority NNO 923007

v>;

#### Page 24

UNCLASSIFIED liateo.
Oppliesto remanton, itah zatisa
2ful52 4,Clele
3at
1952V
RB123 VO ION INFOR. INFOR.
JWPHL F021 G.O.
RR JEDWP 18
DE JWPHL 2QD PM 3:47
R 181630Z
FM HQ OOAMA HILL AFB UTAH
TO CG ATIC WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OHIO
FROM OOIP 11-15-E RE URMSG FM AFOIN-ATIAA-11-3-E
PROJECT BLUE BOOK 1 WEA BLN EA RELSD 0200 AND 0800 2 JUL 52
TRAJECTORY SW TO NE THENCE W TO E THENCE NW TO SE DURING ASCENSION
WINDS GENLY FR W SPEED 10-12 KNOTS NO OTHER INFO AVAL THIS COMD ON
2JUL52 RE UNIDENTIFIED OBJS
18/1842Z NOV JWPHL
Requested iinpo on ballaons t lauched
11LOMST
>Ju152
DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEARS.
DOD DIR 5200.10
UNCLASSIFIED
18 Nov52
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 25

ROUTING* JOINT MESSAGEFORM COMMUNICATIONS CENTER NO.
Hold-File under Jemonton, itak, 2Julfe UNCLASSIFIED
SPACE ABOVE FOR COMMUNICATIONS CENTER ONLY
FROM: (Originator) DATE-TIME GROUP
1014o07 m0y 50
PRECEDENCE ACTION INFORMATION
CO ATIC FOR: ROUTIIE
TO: CO, HILL AFB, UTAH BOOK MESSAGE E ORIGINAL MESSAGE
CRYPTOPRECAUTION
MULTIPLE ADDRESS YES NO
REFERS TO MESSAGE:
IDENTIFICATION CLASSIFICATION
INFO:
FROM:AFOIN-ATIAA-1l-S-E FOR INTELLIOENCE OFFICE
Request all available information, including flight tracks, of any balleons launched
from area of your bese on 2 Jul 52. This information is necessary for the analysis
of a sighting of eight unidentified flying objeets which oecurred at lllo nST or
2 Jul 52. Photographs of sighting indieate possibility that objects may be a cluster
of balloons.
In reply cite Projeet Bluebook.
COORDINATI ON:
ATIAA
ATIA DOWNGRADED AT & TEAR INTERVALS: DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEARS.
AFT DOD DIR 5200.10
UNCLASSIFIED SEQURITY CLASSIFICATION
PAGE OF PAGES
DRAFTER'S NAME (and signatufe, when required) RELEASING OFFICER'S SIGNATURE
ATIAA-S ROBERT E. KENNEDY, MAJOR, USAP
SYMBOL TELEPHONE OFFICIAL TITLE AIR AIJUTANT GENERAL
DD FORM 173 REPLACES WD AGO FORM 11-168, 15 JUN 1945, AND WD AGO FORM 0990, 16-58928-2 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1950 -O-875946
1MAY 49 1 APR 1946, WHICH MAY BE USED.
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 26

J

Whom it may cA

ATIAA-5/Lt Fiue.

rn

os/65365/ l; Dec -~2

MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD
PROBLEM:
-f'

Tremont~ Utah, sighting.

FACTS AND DISCUSSION:
On 15 Dec 52 Lt A.G. Flues telephoned Lt Malcom Ross, USN, at the Of­
fice of Naval Research, University of Afinnesota. The purpose was to deter­
mine whether pillow balloon releases could account for the Tremon~..,_,Utah,
incident of 2 Jul 52.
Lt Ross had seen the Tremon-tP1n'ovies and it was his opinion, as well as
that of Lt Lewis, ONR, that the objects photogr~phed were pill-0w balloons.
However, Lt Ross said that the Navy had not .f :el~ased any pillow balloons in
or near that area at that time. Lt Ross po~nted out that General Mills, Inc.,
Minneapolis, is, in so far as he knows, the ·sole manufacturer of pillow bal­
loons and suggested that ATIC contact-1,±'~ J. R. Smith of General Mills to
determine what organizations and ageheies had purchased pillow balloons. Lt
Ross also stated that in the winter of 1952, the 11 Crusade for Freedom" pur­
chased many pillow balloons from General Mills. These were sent to various
cities in the United States and released periodically. Lt Ross did not know
the exact times, dates, or points of these releases, but he suggested that
ATIC contact the 11 Crusade for Freedom".
REOOMdENDATI0N:

That ATIAA-5 contact Mr. J. R. &iith and the 11 Crusade for Freedom"~
.- .t:·?~

DECLASSIFIED Aulhority NND 923007

#### Page 27

...,.,
TO:

•

Whom it May Concern

SUBJECT:

Tremonton, Utah, incident of 2 Jul 52

On 16 Dec 52 Lt A.G. flues called l . J. R. Snith, Director, Balloon Re­
search, General N~lls, Inc., Atlnneapolis,
nnesota, to determine whether or
not a pillow balloon release could have caused the Tremonton incident.
'r. Smith pointed out that in the winter of 1951, his company, the only
known manufacturer of this type balloon, produced a large number of pillows
for the 11 Crusade for Freedom 11 • These balloons were distributed to both national
and local offices of that organization and GMI was unable to say exactly what
the organization did with them after receipt. However, G did say that they
were released sporadically for publicity purposes from widely separated areas
in the United States.
In the "Crusade for Freedom 11 organization there have since been 100%
personnel shifts, top to bottom and J. R. Smith was not too encouraging when
Lt F1ues suggested contacting the organization. However, he agreed to forward
all shipping lists which will tell A1IC iho the consignees ere and JJJSt what
numbers each received.

Mr. Smith pointed out that in 1951 and until Nov 52, helium and hydrogen
gasses were in short supply. The two companies which furnish these gasses are
Air Reduction Company and The Linde Company.
r. Smith suggested contacting
their distributors in the area of the sighting.
Reconnnendationa: That A'ITC follow-up with the lists Mr. Smith will provide and
that ATIC check distributors of hydrogen and helium in the Utah area.

#### Page 28

•

.,.

Travel Report -

Minneapolis, Minnesota

29, :30, 31 December 1952
On 29 Dec 52, Lt A.G. Flues went to Minneapolis, Minnesota, t.o contact
the Field Representative of ONR and the General Mills Corporation there.

The

purpose was to determine if' the UFO's in the Tremonton, Uteh, movies of 2 July
52 might be pillow balloons.
On 30 Dec the films were run off 1n the balloon room of the Physics Building,
'

University of Minnesota.

The following were in attendance,

Lt Malcolm Ross, USN

S2C Leroy Harger, USN
CPO Lewis, USN
Dr. Nye, u. of Minn. Balloon lights and geophysics
Dr. Winkler, u. of Minn. Balloon nights and geophysics
Frank c. Jewett, Exec. Vice-President, Research Dept., General
Milla, Ino.
J.. · R. Smith, Chief', Meteorology Dept., General Mills, Inc.
There were various others present all of whom have had experience in
fiying pillow balloons.

The films were run off eight times, at various speeds, and were frequently
stopped at good frames.

All were informed of the background data.

It was the consensus of opinion that the objects resembled pillow balloons
1n flight very closely and did nothing that pillows would not do in similar
circumstances.

J. R. Smith was the least convinced of this hypothesis; however,

he felt that the objects were a bit too bright and maneuvered a bit too fast.
The head meteorologist of GMI pointed out that winds to' 8,000 rt.

at Hill

AFB would probably be different trom those at Tremonton because of topography
and land-sea effect.

The extreme stability of the atmosphere on that dq would,

he added, make aseent very slow and would tend to stabilize a pillow at a given
altitude .

.Additionally, wind direction is capable or a 180° shift within perhaps

DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 923007

#### Page 29

•

,.

500 ft. of altitude which could account for a high or low balloon, with relation

to the group, to proceed in an apparently- opposite direction.
If the objects are pillows, the consensus was that they- are not over
6,000 1 altitude, probably- much less.

If this is so, they cannot possibly- have

been aloft for more than 12 hours, and this only if filled with warm air or
underinflated with gas or ballasted for a given altitude.

There is a much

greater probability that they are ascending and have been released from a
nearly point not over 1/2 hour before.
None of the persons present placed much faith in the computations of
angular velocity, since all were predicated upon Newhouse's holding the camera
still.
Lt Flues went over to GMI later on and obtained. from J. R. Smith the names
and addresses of consignees who received. pillow balloons during the period Sep
51 - 2 Jul 52.

Also Lt Flues picked up some photos of pillow balloons and the

flight tracks of three Navy Skyhook.a released in Sept 52 from Tillamook, Ore.
eral Mills had no movies of pillows which approximated the Tremonton films aa
GMI 1s footage seemed to be, shot against cloud background and when the balloons
were lower.

However, they will be launching pillows from Wendover, Utah, in

Feb 5.3 and will make movies then.
The course of action recommended was for ATIC to check all persons in the
western u.s. who received pillows.

There were some other shipments to Gl1I home

and farm appliance stores, and J. R. Smith agreed to send ATIO the names and
addresses of such consignees.
List of consignees:

2

DECLASSIFIED Authority NNO 923007

Gen­

#### Page 30

UNCLASSIFIED
7T15
ITEM 2 AMC s2els3
FROM: CAPT E J RUPPELT ATIAE-S INFORMATION
TO: CAPT HARRY SMITH, AFOIN-2A2
SECURITY INFO: REFERENCE TELEPHONE
CALL FROM CAPT RUPPELT TO CAPT HARRY SMITH ON 2 FEB 53
REGARDING DATA FRO PRESS RELEASE ON
TREMONTON MOVIES REQUEST FINAL OF
PRESS RELEASE BE FORWARDED BY DOWNGRADED AT & YMAR INTERVALS;
TELECON TO ATIC FOR COORDINATION DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEARS.
MOVIES WERE TAKEN SEVEN MILES NORTH OF DOD DIR 5200.10
TREMONTON, UTAH, ON US NGHWAY 3OS
AT 1110 MST ON & JULY 52. CAMERA
USED VAS ABELL AND HOWELL AUTO MASTER
WITH THE THREE INCH TELEPHOTO LENS.
CAMERA WAS HAND-HELD. FIRST FEW FEET
OF FILM WERE TAKEN AT F-8 BALANCE
AT F-16 SIXTEEN FRAMES PER SECOND
MERE USED. MOVIES WERE TAKEN BY CHIEF PETTY
OFFICER DELBERT C NEWHOUSE, 177273 AVIATION
SUPPLY DEPOT, NAVAL SUPPLY CENTER, OAKLAND,
CALIF NEWHOUSE WAS DRIVING FROM UASHINGTON,
DC TO PORTLAND, OREGON ON THE MORNING
C 2 JULY 52 WHEN HIS WIFE NOTICED A
GROUP OF OBJECTS IN THE SKY THAT SHE -
COULD NOT IDENTIFY. SHE ASKED NEWHOUSE TO
STOP THE CAR AND LOOK. THERE WERE A
GROUP OF OBJECTS THAT BORE NO RELATION
TO ANYTHING HE HAD SEEN BEFORE
HE STATED, MILLING ABOUT IN A ROUGH
FORMATION AND PROCEEDING IN AN APPARENT
WESTERLY DIRECTION. HE OPENED THE LUGGAGE
COMPARTMENT OF HIS CAR, COT A MOVIE CAMERA
OUT OF HIS SUITCASE AND TOOK THE PICUTRES.
THERE WAS NO REFERENCE POINT IN THE SKY
SO IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE FOR HIM TO MAKE ANY
ESTIMATES AS TO SIZE, SPEED, OR DISTANCE.

(Text continues in the original file: 156 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D103 — Project Blue Book Photo File Relating to Tremonton Film, Utah, 1952

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D103
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D103
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 7/2/52
- Location: Tremonton, Utah
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing puffier than the balloons was the December meeting agenda.

- DOW-UAP-D103, Department of War, July 2 1952 incident, Tremonton, Utah, Project Blue Book photo file.
- File reviews 1952 film, compares objects to General Mills pillow balloons and seabirds, notes brightness and maneuverability.
- Consensus favored pillow‑balloon appearance, but later Air Force assessment preferred seabird explanation; no definitive conclusion.

### Official summary

During its investigation of a July 1952 film of an incident reported near Tremonton, Utah, Project Blue Book examined whether the objects recorded on film might have been “pillow balloons.” Project Blue Book was a U.S. Air Force program active from 1952 to 1969 that investigated the nature and origin of unidentified flying objects (UFOs). In December 1952, investigators contacted General Mills, Inc., the only known manufacturer of pillow balloons at the time, to determine whether a balloon release could account for the incident.

The file includes example imagery of pillow balloons supplied by General Mills Research Laboratories. In late December 1952, Project Blue Book personnel, balloon specialists, and representatives from General Mills reviewed the Tremonton footage. The group’s consensus was that the objects closely resembled pillow balloons in flight and behaved consistently with that explanation. One General Mills representative was less convinced, noting that the objects appeared somewhat too bright and seemed to maneuver too rapidly.

The reviewers also questioned previous angular-velocity calculations suggesting that the objects moved at a high rate of speed because those calculations depended on the unverified assumption that the camera operator had held the camera still during filming. Subsequent efforts to identify a pillow-balloon release in the Tremonton area were unsuccessful. The file also considered seabirds as a possible explanation, citing similar films showing seabirds as bright points of light under comparable conditions. Later Air Force assessments favored the seabird attribution.

### AI summary

This is a report from CPO Delbert C. Newhouse describing an encounter with unidentified aerial phenomena near Tremonton, Utah, on 2 July 1952. The document states that while driving on a highway, the reporter's wife noticed a group of objects moving in a rough formation. The objects were too small in the photo to show detail, and no reference points were available to estimate their speed, distance, or size. The report includes a partially legible explanation suggesting "Pillow-~lloo~ or Biras" as a possible description. The document is part of the Project Blue Book photo file relating to the Tremonton film.

### Full text

#### Page 2

CPO Delbert c. Newhouse

7 miles north of Tremonton, Utah
1110 MST

2 July 1952

Driving on highway -- Wife noticed objects
Group of objects milling about in rough formation
No reference points by which to estimate speed, distance or size
Size to9small on photo to show detail
P~

~lanation -- "Pillow- ~lloo~ or

Biras

'""

NND 923007

## DOW-UAP-D104 — Final Personnel Record for Newhouse, Delbert C., U.S. Navy, 1957

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D104
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D104
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 5/2/57
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the 1952 film got more airtime than a Navy promotion ceremony.

- DOW-UAP-D104: Final Navy personnel record for Chief Warrant Officer Delbert C. Newhouse, dated 5/2/57.
- Notes his July 1952 16mm film near Tremonton, Utah, cited in a Project Blue Book investigation.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This file contains the final personnel record of U.S. Navy Chief Warrant Officer Delbert C. Newhouse, who left naval service as a Chief Warrant Officer 4, then the highest Warrant Officer grade. In July 1952, Newhouse recorded 16mm motion-picture film near Tremonton, Utah; the film later became the subject of a Project Blue Book investigation. Project Blue Book was the U.S. Air Force program active from 1952 to 1969 that investigated the nature and origin of unidentified flying objects (UFOs). In addition to documenting routine assignments and training, the file records Newhouse’s career progression as a Photographer’s Mate, a Navy enlisted specialty responsible for photography and related imaging work. Project Blue Book investigators characterized Newhouse as an expert photographer based on his naval experience.

## DOW-UAP-D105 — U.S. Air Force Flying Discs File, 1952

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D105
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D105
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: September - December 1952
- Location: Various
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The Air Force returned a 16 July negative—still waiting for its autograph.

- DOW-UAP-D105, DoW pdf, compiled by USAF Intelligence, Sep‑Dec 1952, various U.S. sites.
- Contains memos, reports, film negatives of “flying disc” sightings, e.g., July 1952 Utah seabird case.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

This file is an archival collection of U.S. Air Force Director of Intelligence records relating to reported “flying disc” incidents during the period from September through December 1952. Drawn from multiple governmental and non-governmental sources, it compiles a wide range of material associated with reported sightings and official handling of those observations, rather than presenting a single analytical conclusion on the nature or origin of “flying discs.” The contents include correspondence, memoranda, reporting forms, case summaries, distribution and routing material, and other administrative or intelligence-related documentation tied to flying-disc reporting and review during that period. Pages 26-36 of the file refer to an incident reported near Tremonton, Utah, in July 1952, in which a U.S. Navy Warrant Officer recorded film of unidentified objects that the Air Force later assessed were likely seabirds. Overall, the file is a broad documentary collection reflecting how such reports were recorded, circulated, and evaluated in late 1952.

### Full text

#### Page 3

OUFIDRNTL 000,
CUMIIDENTT
SECURITY INFORMAFION
(Unclassified) Transmittal of FLYOBRPT's
Chief, ATIC, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 19 Dee 52
Deputy Director for Estimates, D/I Capt. Smith
75990/AC
Forwarded for your action are four inclosures, all on FLYoB's.
4 Inels: (W/orig only) WILLIAM A. ADAMS
l. Ltr fr Mr. Johnston Colonel, USAF
dtd 10 Dec 52 Chief, Topical Division
AF IN 2127 Deputy Director for Estimates
18 Dec 52 Directorate of Intelligence, DCS/O
3. Comment No. 2
SCIA dtd 17 Dec 52
w/1 incl.
Ccmment No. 1 AROIN Coordination Cy.
CID dtd 12 Dee 52
w/l incl.
COORDINATION:
WHS AFOIN-2A2 Cble t AFOIN-2A
L
X322.7 atic
When incl(s) No. 4
ts/are withdrarn (or not attached),
theConfidenza/oldnsicioction
of this correns 111 10.dNwn-
graded touncein
accordance with Par 25A, AFR 205-1.
31
DIR/INT
HQ USAF
CONFIDENTIAL
SECURITY INFORMATION

#### Page 4

Capt Smith/AC/75990
19 December 1952

Public Information Division
United States Coast Guard
Room 1004
1300 ~ $treet., N. W.
Washington 25, D. C.
Attn:

Mrs. )lary M. Mead

Dear Mrs. Mead:

In oompliance with your telephone request of 15 December,
1952 1 attached will be found the n~gative of the photo ot
unidentified objects taken 16 July 1952, at Salem Air Station,
Massachusetts .

t
,

>

"ltj

(

0

~

i

;J>-

We sincerelJr appreciate the cooperation of personnel of
the United St ates Coast Guard in this natter.

I\)

0

0

0

~

Yours very tru.l.y,

f;:
~

....0
c-1"

~11@00@])
WILLIAM A. ADAMS

Encl.
1.

Colonel, US.\F'
Chiet, Topical Division
Deputy Director tor Estimates
Directorate of Intelllgenee, DCS/0

Negative

COORDIN.\ TION:

:

0

I.R ::2, I

~

C"l

0

~

~:&-et '-rn/ fc~

IX f) 1 s- l'Jvu-:o--e-t ~h~ ~ 1 ' \
AF'l#f;.2

#### Page 5

Capt Smith/AC/75990
19 December 1952

MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD
PROBLEM:

1. To return a photographic negative purported to be
ot "flying saucers" taken by a member of the USCG at Salem
Air Station, Massachusetts, on 16 July 1952.
FACTS AND DISCUSSION:
2. On 15 December 1952, Mrs. Mead of the Public Intonna­
tion Division ot the USCG here in Washington telephoned Captain
Smith of AFOIN-2A2 and requested return of subject negative.
3. Captain Smith contacted Captain Ruppelt o! ATIC on
16 December 1952 by telephone and requested he bring the negativ~
to HQ USAF on a sta.tf visit which he was to make on 17-18 December.

4. Captain Ruppelt stated that ATIC was finished with
analyzing the photograph and that he would bring it with him
for return to the USCG.
ACTION:
; . Subject negative returned by attached letter in com­
pliance with the request of the USCG.
COORDrnA.TION:
AFOIN-2A2, Col. W. H. Smith, Ext. 71016
AFOIN-2A, Col. W. A. Adams, Ext. 74072

#### Page 6

HEADQUARTERS STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND

.

OFFUTT AIR FORCE BASE
OMAHA, NEBRASKA

DING

3 ~0

SUBJECT:

(Unclassified) FLYOBRPT

TO:

Director of Intelligence
Headquarters USAF
Washington 25 , D.C.

S DEC 1952

The attached Air Intelligence Information Reports are forwarded
as per inst ructions AFL 200- 5, dated 29 April 1952, subject , FLYOBRPT.
FOR THZ COMl,IANDING GENERAL:

2 Incls:j
1. IR- 166- 52
2 . IR- 167- 52

#### Page 8

HEADQUARTERS STRATEGIC A.IR COMMAND
OFFUTT AIR FORCE BASE
OMAHA, NEBRASKA

DINC

3 50

•~

SUBJECT,

(Unclaasified.) FLYOBRPT

TOa

Director of Intelligence
Headquarters USAF
Wa~hing1ion 25, l>.C.

S DEf: 19B'

The attached ilr Intelligence Information Reports are tor~nrded
as per inetructions AFL 200- 5, dated 29 April 1952, subject, FLYOBRPT.
FOR 'l'HC CO MNDIOO GENERAL,

2 Inclss
l . IR- 166- 52 (4 ~)
2. I R- 167- 52 (2 oys)

•

HAL I. B!LYE1'J
t,!AJOR-6 USAF
Asst Adj Con

#### Page 9

AFOIN-2A2

,

Maj Fournet / dbv/ 71379

w/2 Decembar 1952

Ocitlemen:
fh• Secretary or Detense has asked me to rep}¥ to your letter
of 13 Uovember 1952, tile DS, forwarding a report, of an observation
of an unidentified .tlying object eutmitted b7.Mr. Jacques Petitjean
Roget ot Martinique, F. W. I .

~The Air Force ha• been given pri.larr responsibility tor the

production ot intelligence on this subject.. We were ver,- pleased
to receiye tbie report. and would apprac1at• &n7additional. report•
which the Consulate at ltartin1~e 1• able to turnish us.
\fe appreci&t.e ,-our cooperation in thie matter.

~Bf;t,1 ~

:,~

l~ 1

Th• Dapa.rt:ment ot st.ate

o. c.

COORDINATION:

AFOIN-2A2

t?

WILLIAM A. ADAMS

,

Washington 25,

/, i lf}✓-l41AU.

Colonel, USAF
Chief, Topical Division
---._c..__"_irectorat• of Intell1ge0ce, oos/o

#### Page 10

AFOIN-2A2
Maj Fournet/dbY/71379
2 December 1952
MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD
PROBUX:

1. To prepare a letter to the Department of State tor the Secretary
of Detonse.

FACTS AND DISCUSSION:
2. In a letter dated 13 November 1952, the Department of State
transmitted to the Secretary of Defense, a copy of a letter trom Mr.
Jacques Petitjean Roget of Martinique, F. w. I. reporting the obserYation
of an unidentified flying object. 'lbe Department of State requested
in!ormation regarding our desire to obtain additional reports ot this
nature.

3. The Office of the Secretary ot De.tense instructed the Air Force
to prepare & direct reply to the Department of State.
4. 'lb• attached reply to the Dapartnlent of State expresses the
appreciation ot the Air Force tor their cooperation in this matter and
indicates our desire to receive additional reports which they mention
are &Tailable from this area.
5. Subject matter is not considered suitable tor inclusion in the
Daily Staff Digest.
RECCIOO:NDATIONS:

6. Approval, signature and forwarding of attached reply.
COORDINATION:

,/

AFOIN-2Ai, Col Smith, Ext. 71016 J t t / / ~
AFOIN-2A, Col Adams, Ext. 74072 ~

#### Page 11

Discs
322 . 7

L
FROM

.AFOIN- 2A2

TO

ATIC

DF 1
SUBJ a

ATIC

Dec 52

~eonf!dbliC!Bl ) Background Investigation or Des Vergers, D.s., for
Project Blue Book

1. The inolosed report was prepared by the Directorate of Special
Investigations, this Hq, in compliance with a specific request from thi s
office. It is for your informatjon and retention•

•

FILED UNDER 383.4

*

L~VESTIGATJONS CIVILIANS

•

#### Page 12

AFOIN-2A2
Maj Fournet/dbv/71379
w/2.8 Nov 52

Mr. Ken w. Purdy'
Editor, True Magazine
Fawcett Buildi,ng
67 West 44th Street
New York 36, N. Y.

. .

Dear Mr. ~ 1

/

-/
_·

I appreciated your letter ot 7 e r 14 forwarq.ing a
copy ot the December issue of yoUY magazine.

Many thanks.

COORDINATION:

AFOIN-2

AFOIN-2A2

AFOIN-2A

AFOIN

#### Page 13

AFOIN-2A2
Maj Fournet/dbv/71379
28 November 1952

MEMORANDtll FOR RF.CORD
PROBI.l!}(:
1. To prepar e a non-milit&17 letter to Mr. Ken w. Purdy", Editor
of TRUE magazine.

FACTS AND DISCUSSION:
2. By personal letter to General Samtord dated l4 November 52, Mr.
Purdy forwarded a copy o! the D~cember issue ot TRUE magazine tor
General Samtord 1 s perusal since it contained an article on "flying
saucers" by Donald Ke,noe. Mr. Purdy considered this article to be ot
possible interest.

J. Mr. Purdy had forwarded in sbd.lar tashion a previous issue ot
TRUE lfhich contained another article on the same subject. A repl3 signed
by General Samford, expressing his appreciation, was sent to Mr. Purdy.
A precedence was thereby established.

4. Attached repl3 sillp~ expresses appreciation to Mr. Purd1' tor
his latest letter. It is \llrltten in the tirat person traa General
Salltord.
RECOMMENDATION:

5. That the attached rep~ be signed by General Samford and dis­
patched to Mr. Pur<ty.
COORDINATION:
AFOIH-2A2, Col Smith, Ext. 71016tf4A1/
,#
AFOIN-2A, Col Adams, Ext. 71564
4,t
AFOIN-2, Col Morrow, Ext. 7lllO
AFOIN, Maj Gen Sam!ord, Ext. 55 lJ

#### Page 14

THE MAN'S lllAGAZINI!

Fawcett Building 67 West 44th Street New York 36, N. Y.

MUrray Hill 2-3606

November 14, 1952

Major General John A. Samford
Director of Intelligence
U.s. Air Force
Washington 25, n.c.
near General Samford,
In view of your kindness in commenting
on TRUE' s recent exposure of the flying-saucer 11l ittle men"
hoax, I feel that perhaps our latest report on the saucer
problem, in the ]}ecember issue which will appear next
Wednesday, will be of interest to you.
Sincerely,

\l- ~~ ~

Ken w. Purdy
EDITOR

#### Page 15

COVER .SHEET
ORIGI N OF BASIC

SUSPENSE
DATE

TYPE

DATE

SUBJECT

ASSIGNED BY

Letter of Appreciation

NUMBER

ROUTING
Initial

11

lN

11

column to denote review prior to action. lnitjaJ "OUT" column to denote revjew of comple t ed action. (X-lor action:

V-lor coordination)
IN

OFFICE

OUT

IN

OFFICE

OUT

IN

OFFICE

OFFICE

IN

AFOIN

OI N. 1

OIN•2

OIN - 3

OIN•X

0 IN-1 X

OIN•2X

OIN-3X

OUT

OIN-XI

SR NAVAL OFF
SR ARMY OFF

TO:

DATE

11 Dec 52

AFOIN- 2X

COMMENT NUMBER

FROM:

AFOIN-2A

1

C°""'ENTS (Use reverse, if necessary)

The attached correspondence i f transmitted for forwarding to OIN for
signature and dispatch .

D~

. BEEBE

Captain, USAF
Executive, AFOIN-2A

c ., t:\t:o,..,

1t llae,..,IAA... S-L

~Qoo.M.-. A.~l 0- 1,X

0 l\.l !I u •l ~2-,

~

17 ~ /~J' i,.

1- ~
0- 86

PREV10U$ EDITIONS OF THIS FORM ARE OBSOLETE.

-P·
D

6 6 1 6

#### Page 16

HEADQUARTERS STRATEGIC AIR COMMANI)
OFFUTT AIR FORCE BASE
OMAHA, NEBRASKA

DINC

350

SUBJECT:

(Unclassi f ied) FLYOBRPI'

TO :

Director of Intelligence
Headquarter s USAF
Washington 25, D. C.

25 NOV 1952

The at t ached Air Intelligence Information Reports are forwarded
as per instructions AFL 200- 5, dat ed 29 April 1952, subject , FUOBRPT.
!<'OR THE COMr.wIDI NG GENERAL:

•

y'-Jl ij0{_. -. .z;:.~

3 Incls /
1 . I R- 162 - 52 (4 cys)
2 . IR-164 - 52 (3 cys)
3. IR-165 - 52 (3 cys)

4 J

HAL E . B ILl'.i...

MAJOR. USAF
As eii Adj • Geo
r ._ - - -=--=:;.

,I

d1~
#pl/b

;v //!/(;_ Jy

,/71, IJ.~u
tfiJ

o/

#### Page 18

L

AFOIN- 2A2
Maj Foumet/dbv/ 71379
Wrt.n 24 Nov 52

SECURITY INFORl!ATION

AFOIB-2A2

MEMORAHDUM FORt

DIRECTOR OF HAVAL INT&LLICENCE
1

ATTN:

SUBJECT:

...._.,
N_ov,.,,...!1-~--=IS'

0p322Y5

Interpretation of Movies o.t Unidentified F ~ Objects
I

l. Further to our Memorandum dated 24 October .52., eame subject
as above., it is requested that t.he inclosed roll of 161111 Kodachrome
aovie f'ilm be anal;yzed 1n the same manner as the film previously for­
warded. In addition., a comparison with the lat.ter .tilm woul.d be most
helptu1.
2. Background intonnation pertaining to the inclosed .til.Dl ia
contained 1n Incl 2, the offici:al report. on thie incident.
.3. Your cooperation in satiaf'ying this additional request 1•
earnestly oolicited. In addition, notUication of prellminar;r results
of both ana:qses at the earliest opportunit7 would be appreciated.
Such prel.1minary data ma7 al.low us t o complete some o.t the pending
action on these films prior to receipt or the tinAl reaul.ts .

2 Incle

t/ILLIAM A. ADAMS

l . 16 DD Kodachrome movie film ~
2. Cy of official rept of
Unconventional Acf't sighting

COORDINATION:

AFOIN-2A2

Col onel USU'
Chief, Topical Division

AFOIN-2A

~

~-

i·
b

i1~

~ 0

0
0
~

....

0,

.......g

g

#### Page 19

COPY

I

6 October 1950

24-0
SUBJECT:

UNCONVE1d'IONAL AIRCRAFT

TO:

District Commander
5th District Office of Special Investigations
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Dayton, Ohio

1. Transmitted under separate cover is approximately fifteen
feet of moving picture film taken by Mr. Nicholas Mariana, of 2919
First Avenue North, Great Falls, Montana, who is general manager
of the Great Falls Baseball Club.
2. Mr. Mariana made these pictures on 15 August 1950 between
the hours of 11:25 and ll:30 A. M., at Great Falls, Montana. On
interview, he stated that he first fighted the objects while standing
in the gx·andstand of the ball park located at 26th Street and Eleventh
Avenue North, Great Falls, Montana, and that he saw two bright disc
shaped objects proceeding in a southerly direction at an alti tude
of approximately ten thousand feet and at a distance of about three­
quarters of a mile in a westerly direction, fr.:>m the observer•s view­
point. Mr. Mariana then stated that he ran downstairs and outside
to his car from which he obtained his camera and made the pictures
shown in the film. From the time of first sighting to the
completion of taking of the pictures, Mr. Mariana estimated con­
awned approximately twenty seconds. At the time of his taking
the pictures, a Miss Virginia Raunig, l.12 Second Avenue North,
Great Falls, Montana, who is anployed as his secretary, was a
witness.
3. The water tower in instant pictures is located approximately
seven hundred feet in a southwesterl y direction from the point at
which Mr. Mariana stood when taking the pictures and the tower is
approximately one hundred seventy- five feet in height.

COPY

#### Page 20

C OP Y

6 October 1950

24- 0
SUBJECT:

UNCONVENTIONAL AIRCRAFT

4. With reference to background information as regards Nicholas
Mariana, he is a graduate of Montana State University, 1938, with a
BA in journalism. He was born in Miles City, Montana, in 1912, went
to Montana State lniversity in 1935 and has, since graduation trom
that school, resided in Helena from 1940 to 1941 and from 1941 until
the present at Great Falls. During the war, Mr. Mariana served in the
Army Air Forces from June 1943 to October 1945, attaining the rank of
Corporal and was editor ot a newspaper, The Northern Dispatch, at
Great Falls Air Force Base, at Great Falls, Montana. Subject ha~ been
married for a period o! ten years and has one chi1d, a daughter, three
years of age• Presently Mr. Mariana is employed as general manager of
the Great Falls Baseball Club, Great Falls, Montant, and also as a
radio sports commentator and radio announcer of sporting events. He
enjoys an excellent reputation in the local community and is regarded
as a reliable, trustworthy and honest individual.
5. Prior to concluding the interview with Mr. Mariana, he
was advised that the film was being forwarded to the Air Materiel
Command because of that agency's interest in anything which would
contribute to its fund of technical intelligence data.

l. Incl.

Swmnary of Information
per provisions of Air
Intelligence Requirements
Memo No. 4.

JOHN P. BRYNILDSEN
Captain, USAF
District Commander

SECURIT'l Il1F0P,_V.ATI0N

#### Page 21

COPY

24-0

6 October 1950

MEMORANDUM FOR:

District Commander, 5th District Office of Special
Investigations, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,
Dayton, Ohio

SUBJECT:

UNCONVENTIONAL AIRCRAFT

1. On 5 October 1950, Mr. Mariana advised that the camera
used by him in the taking of the moving picture film transmitted
under separate cover, was a Revere, 16 mm. , magazine loading type
with an F. 1. 9 wide-angle, telephoto lens. Mr. Mari ana stated
that the settings used at the time were: shutter opening F. 22
and focal setting., infinity. Film make and type was Eastman
Kodachrome, daylight type, and speed at which pictures were taken
was siXteen frames per second. Mr. Mariana .further advised that
in operating the camera intaking the pictures., he had "panned"
the camera slowly from right to left.
2. A further check of the records of Base Operations, Great
Falls Air Force Base, Great Falls, Montana, indicates that an
F-94 type aircraft, #2503., and F- 94 type aircraft., #2502, landed
at Great Falls Air Force Base at 1133 and 1130 hours (Mountain
Standard Time) respectively on 15 August 1950. These aircraft
were assigned the 449th Fighter Squadron, Ladd Air Force Base,
Alaska. Mr. Mariana stated that almost immediately after taking
the motion pictures, two USAF jet type aircrafthad flown across
the sky east of him, heading in a southerly direction.

COP Y

#### Page 22

l
SECURl'l:Y 1NFOIUtATtO!

COPY

PART II
15 August 1950
Between 1125 and 1130 Mountain Standard Time
a.
26th and Eleventh Avenue North, Great Falls, Montana
3.
4. Two objects, entrail, approximately fifty yards apart.
5. The u. s. Weather Bureau, Gore Field, Great Falls, Montana, which
keeps a record of the observable celestial phenomena or planets
reports that there were no such phenomena observable on 15 August 1950.
6. Distance o!objects from observer:
a . Approximately three- qu.a.rters of a mile laterally in a westerly
d.ir~ction.
b. The angle of elevation from the horizon was about thirty-five
degrees.
c . The altitude was approximately ten thousand feet .
7. Mr. Mariana states object was in sight to him a total of about
twenty seconds and about seven seconds to his secretary, Miss Raunig.
s. Mr. Mariana states that the appearance of the object was:
a. Of a bright clean aluminwn surface.
b. disc shape-apparentl:3' had depth
c . Objects appeared to be of metal material
d. According to observer, obj ects were about fi.fty feet in diameter
and three feet in depth.
NOTE: Observer has had occasion to frequently observe USAF C- 54' s
i n fli ght in the l ocal area and states the objects had a
diameter a.bout three-quarters of the wing span of a C-54
when viewed from the s i de .
9. Direction of flight: Objects were moving in a southerly direction.
10. Tactics or maneuvers: Mo~emente of objects were horizontal but
slightly erratic as to speed.
No
evidence o.f exhaust.
11.
12. No clouds were observable on that date.
13. No lights were observed as being attached to objects.
14. a . No wings observed
b. No aerodynamic list of fuselage observed.
c. No vertical jet observed.
d. Objects, according to observer, definitely had an appearance of
a spinning motion; however no rotating cylinder or cone wae observed.
e . No aerostatic lifting devices were attached to objects.
15 . a . No propeller or jet device observed.
b. No r otor observed.
c. No aerodynamic vanes observed
d. No visibl e exhaust or jet openings.
16. a . No fins observed
b. No stabilizer s observed.
17. No air ducts observed.
18. Speed estimated by observer to be approximately two hundred mph.
19. No sound; objects had a purported II
sh" sound.

l.
2.

-

II,,

t

SECUFJTY INFOIUAATIOI

C OP Y

#### Page 23

C OP Y

PART II (Cont' d)
20. Objects vanished from view a.fter alllout eight seconds, obscured by
uprights or water tank which can be noticed in the film..
REI.ATIVE TO OBSERVER

Name of observer: Nicholas Mariana
Address : 2919 First Avenue North, Great Falls, Montana.
Occupation: Baseball club manager.
4. Great Falls Baseball
5. Pertinent hobbies: Observer is not an amateur astronomer,
pilot or engineer; however, he has broadcast sporting events and
is interested in photography
6. Ability to determine color, speed and size of moving objects of
observer should be relatively good in view of his experience as a
sporting events announcer.
7. Reliability of observer: Enjoys an excellent reputation in the
local community and is regarded as a reliable, trustworthy and
honest individual.
a. Notes relative to observer on sightings in general: Mr. Mariana
sta stated to the undersigned that he had read numerous newspaper
articles on the subject of flying discs and flying saucers and had
not attached very much significance to them. However, Mr. Mariana
almost invariably carries a camera in order that he may make
"opportunity pictures" and had previously thought that if he could
see such unconventional aircraft in flight, he would take motion
pictures of them.
b. Observer' s attention was definitely drawn to objects by their
glint of light.
9. Witnesses: Miss Virginia Raunig, 112 Second Avenue North, age 19,
employed as a secretary. Miss Raunig impressed interrogator as
being a fairly reliable individual and of good sound judgment. Miss
Raunig continued sightings and number of objects and in substance
verified Mr. Mari ana ' s statements as regards objects• appearance,
shape, speed, sound and direction of flight.
1.

2.
3.

GENERAL
Teletype sequences of local weather conditions: On 4 October 1950,
Mr. c. Robert Guern, Chief Weather Ob&erver, u. S. Weather Office,
Core Field, Great Falls, Montana, after first examining the tele­
typesequences of local weather conditions, Great Falls area, stated
th that there were thin scattered clouds, thirty thousand feet, visibility
sixty miles, barometric reading, 1013.9 millobars, temperature
seventy-seven degrees, dew point, forty-five degrees, a ltimeter J0.02
southwesterly winds, twenty- five miles per hour. Ti.me of this
teletype sequence was 1130 hours, l.5 August 1950.
1.

2.

Winds Aloft Report received from Mr. C. Robert Guam, Chief' Weather
Observer, u. s. Weather Office, Gore Field, Great Falls, Montana,
who stated that:

#### Page 24

...

.

.c. OP Y

lff'LL
SECURI'!Y unroRMATiml

PART II
WINDS ALOFT REPORT (Cont' d)
at 0800, surface winds, ~90 degrees, 15 miles per hour,
4000 feet, 270 degrees, 19 mil es per hour,
5000 feet, 240 degrees, 25 miles per hour,
6000 feet, 250 degrees, 22 miles per hour
7000 feet, 270 degrees, 22 miles per hour
8000 teet, 270 degrees, 31 miles per hour
9000 feet, 260 degrees, 43 miles per hour
10,000 feet, 260 degrees, 45 miles per hour
12,000 feet, 260 degrees, 42 miles per hour
14,000 feet, 260 degrees, 34 miles per hour
16,000 feet 270 degrees, 34 miles per hour
181 000 feet, 270 degrees , 33 miles per hour
20, 000 feet, 270 degrees, 36 miles per hour
25,000 feet, 260 degrees, 26 miles per hour
a:t 1400 hours, same de. te, winds aloft readings were:
surface winds, 230 degrees , 24 miles per hour
4000 feet, 240 degrees, 25 miles per hour
5900 feet, 250 degrees, 36 miles per hour
6000 feet, 250 degrees, 41 miles per hour
7000 feet, 250 degrees, 40 mil es per hour
8000 feet, 250 degrees, 35 miles per hour
9000 feet, 260 degrees, 28 miles per hour
101 000 teet, 260 degrees, 24 miles per hour
12,000 feet, 260 degrees, 30 miles per hour
14,000 feet, 260 degrees , 55 miles per hour
16,000 feet, 250 degrees, 54 miles per hour
18, 000 feet , 260 degrees, 36 miles per hour
20, 000 feet, 260 degrees, 34 miles per hour
25, 000 feet, 260 degrees, 39 miles per hour
There were no testing devices nor Raysonde devices sent aloft between
the hours of 0800 and 1400 hours, 15 August 1950. Raysonde
instruments were sent aloft at 0900 and 1400 hours, 15 August 1950
by the U. S. Weather Bureau, Gore Fiel d, Great Falls, Montana.
Mr. Guern further stated that there were no celestial phenomena.
listed in the u. s. Weather Bureau report tor the twenty- four hour
~eriod 0800 hours, 15 August 1950, to 0800 hours, 16 August 1950.

COPY

#### Page 25

. . '

AFOIN-2A2
Maj Fournet/dbv/71379
21 November 1952

MEXORA.NDUM FOR RECORD
PROBLEJb

1. To prepare a Memorandum tor Director ot Naval Intelligence.
FACTS AND DISCUSSION:
2. A previous Memorandua to Director of Han.l. Intelligence dated
24 Oct 52 requested a complete analysis of a roll of movie film de­
picting 10 unidentified tl.71ng objects. Full details were given aa to
the type ~ • 1 • desired.
3. Another roll of fillll ahowing 2 unidentified flyi.na objects ia
now availab1e. Analysis of this fillll is desired. Additional.lT, a coa­
parison with the prmoua filJa ma.7 prove productive. 'l\le attached
Memorandwa to Director of Naval Intelligence requests that these anal.7aia
be made.

4. Subject matter is not considered suitable tor inclusion in the
Daily Staff Digest.
ACTION RECOMMENDED:

5. Approval, signature and diapatch ot attached Maorandua.
COOBDIHATIOlh

AFODl-2A2, Col &u.th, Ext. 71016 ff
MV / /-~
AFOIH-2A, Col Ad.au, Ext. 74072 ~~-

#### Page 26

Fou.rnet/f:h/75990/Rm 4B 864
wrtn 24 Oct 52

•
I

AFOIN-2A2

MEMORAJmtJM FOR:
SUBJECT:

Director. ot Jfavo.l Intelllgence
Attention: Op 322Y5

Interpretation ot Mones ot Unidentified Ylyi:Dg ObJecta

1. ~e o.tttl.ched mcm.es (see Ii.cl. 1) e.re :possibly the best
documenui.cy evidence yet obtained on unidentified fly:lne obj~cto.
ibcy have been analyzed by en Air Force phot~grapliic laboratory.
llowever, it is our desire to obtain an independent cnoJ.ysis by a

seyarate laboratory in order ~ t ve may better interpret the
im;plice.tions of these clo.ta. For this reason, it is requested
that a.c cc:q,letc nn inter_pret..-t.ion o.s possible be rendered by a.
Na-vy nctivity.
•

2. Circumnta.ncea surrounding the photography ere summarized
in Incl.osure 2. Additional details irere requested by ceesc.ges
which are included. ao lnclozuros 3 and 5 and were obtn.ined in the
repllea attached l1G Incloourea 4 and 6. ffith regn.rd to tnclosureo
5 end 6, the f'innl foota.¢e of film referred to hns been aeta.ched
and returned to CFO Nevhouoc. Bovever, it 'Wtlli deduced from this
portion tbo.t Newhou&e obtai.Ded excellent results vbile hond.hold.1.ng tbe cwncra; there VWJ olmoot no cm:1e1-a JilOtion evident.
This deduction vac applied to the ~ s i s of thht portion of the
film dcp1ctiµg the motion of the sint:;lc object which ae·tnched itself
f'ro:n tbe group ao explained in lllclosure 2.

Q

0

~

~
~

c+
I-'•

0

~

3.

A list of representative questions for tbe interpretation

is attached ns Incl.ooure 7, ~ese qu.eations are indicative of the
tY»C do:ta deGired. .Aey- o.u.dit1onu.l data. which can be obto.ined
~roul.d 'be most welcOJ:le, particule.rly es concerus tho 'light intenoity
of the obj ects, the formatioll8 (including three-dimensional. renditions,
if posoi.ble), ea:ane:nts regard1J18 tbe possibility that the iJrl,a.ses vere
ca.uned by circrsft end the condition• which munt have prevo.11ed £or
aircrat't to produce cuch 1me,ee , etc.

4. It was dcterm:iiled 'fro:n the Na.val Obaerva.tory, Waehington,

D.c. tbat the position or tho sun a.t :the time on.a. J.ocation of the
photograpey we 64.5° cl.eva.tion end 131° a:dmuth.

5. Your cooperation in eatifyins thit. 1:equest _t the eurlieet
pro.cticn.ble ti.mo ie earnestly Gol.ic1ted.
~

X:,s;'-rf,ILJAlif)~
, _ ~..~"-;_",;: f

~

.1 7 ~ .s ;,_

~

#### Page 27

McinOrandum for:

Director 01· ttaval Intelligence, Attn: Op 322)!'5
Bubject: Jntcr_preto.tion o~ lloviee o'f Ullident1fied
J?..yj.ng Objects (continued)

6 . For ad.ditionc.J. data or Teferra'.l of specific gueotione,
Colonel. W.H , Sm.1th ot the Current Intelligence Branch 1.38.Y be
contacted d1J.•cct. Bis telephone number ie 71016.

7 Incl.a.
l. Movie{ 0 /0 r;1 o n /,Y)
2. Cy or 1~r 1-r
CPO Newho\We

3. Cy ot AFOIN 57264

t...

(Jy ot CAP'IN 65202 ,

5. Cy of AFOIB 59782
6. C:, ot CAFID 7 ~
7. List ot questions

JOHI-i G. ERIKSEN
Colcnol, USAF
C! -~ ~ , Pol.,icy & Managemon~ G~oup
c_.ic • De_uty Director for E~tim t
D::...~ ectorato of Intelligence .,
a ea

COORDINATION:

AFOIN-2A2

AFOHJ-2A

AFOIN-2 )(

#### Page 28

·copy

AVIATION SUPPLY DEPOT
NAVAL SUPPLY CEN'.1.:ER

OAKIAm) 4, CALIFOO.NIA

ll August 1952

NT 4- 28/83,10/177283

To:

Chier Photographer Delbert c. Newhouse, 177283, U.S.N.
Commanding Officer, Hill Air Force Base, Ogden, Utah

Subj :

Motion Pictures ot Unidentified Objects in Air

Encl:

(1)

From:

One {1) fifty-foot roll of processed 16mm color motion
picture film

1. Enclosure (1) is forwarded herewith tor whatever value it may have in con­
nection with your investiption of the so- cal.led "Flying Saucers 11 • Pertinent
data follows:
Place:

About 7 miles north of Tremonton, Utah on U.S. Highway No. 30S.

Time:

lllO Wednesday 2 July 1952.

Camera.:

B&H Automaster, magazine load, 3" telephotolens, 16 f'rames per
second. Handheld.

Exposure :

First few feet - f : 8. l3ala.nce - f : 16. Clear sun, cl.oudless sky.
EKCo Kodachrome film - Da.ylight. Exposure was changed with the
mistaken idea of darkening the sky to gain greater contrast . The
result was merely general. under exposures.

General Background: Driving f'rom Washington, D.C. to Portland, Oregon, on
the morning of 2 July my -wife noticed a group of objects in the
sky that she could not identify. She asked me to stop the car and
look. There was a group of about ten or twelve objects - that bore
no relation to anything I had seen before - milling about in a
rought formation and proceeding in a westerly direction. I opened
the luggage compartment of the car and got my camera out of a suit­
ease. Loa.ding it hurriedly, I exposed approximately thirty feet of
film. There va.s no reference point in the sky and it was impossible
for me to make a:ny estimate of speed, size, altitude or distance.
Toward the end one of the objects reversed course and proceeded away
fran the group. I held the camera still and al.loved this single
one to cross the field o~ view, picking it up again and repeating
for three or four such passes. By this time all of the objects
had disappeared. I expended the balance of the f'ilm late that
afternoon on a mountain somewhere in Idaho.

/s/
Delbert C. Newhouse

#### Page 29

Copy of TWX No . AFOIN- 57261,.
Fran:

HQ USAF, WASH, DC

To:

CG WADF
Hamil.ton AFB, California

ATTN:

DIR OF INTELL.

REPORI' OF UNIDENI'IFIED FLYING Ol3J'lroTS AND INCLCSED MOVIE

FILM ON SIGHTING 2 JUL 52 NEAR TREl{ONTON, UTAH ~EIVED THIS ~UARTERS 5 SEP
52 FROM CPO DELBEffl' C. NEWHOUSE, 177'2133, USN, STATI ONED AT AVIATION SUPPLY
DEPOT, NAVAL SUPPLY CENTER, OAKLAND, CALIF.
-

~UEST NErnlOUSE BE INI'ERVIEWED

AS SOCN AS PRACTICAL BY AN INTELU GmCE OFFICER AND THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
OBTAINED:

IF so, DESCRIBE.

(1)

ANY SOUND HElo DURING OBSERVATION?

(2)

ANY EXHAUST'lRaU s OR CONTR.\Il..S SEEN AT .ANY TIME DURING OBSERVATION?

I F SO DESCRIBE.
(3)

VIERE ANY AIRCRAFT, BIRDS, BALLOONS OR OTHER IDENTIFIABLE OBJEX::TS

smm IN AI R IMMEDIATELY BEFORE, llJRING OR IMMEDIATELY AFTER
OBSERVATI ON?

(4 )

IF SO, GIVE DETAILS .

DID SINGLE OBJ:mT VJHICH DETACHED I TSELF FROV GROUP HFAD IN DlR:mTION OPPOSI TE TO ORI GINAL COURSE AND DID IT DISAPPFAR FRCU VIEW
WHII.E STILL TRAVELLING IN THI S DI~TION?

( 5)

AT APPROXDLATELY wltAT ELEVATION AND IN t'/HAT DI~TION (BEARING)
WAS CAKERA POINTED DURING EXPOSURE OF FILM?

( 6) WHAT WAS POSITION OF SUN RELATIVE TO OBJ:ElJTS AND TO HIM?
(7) WHAT WERE WEATHER CONDITI ONS?

APPROXD(ATE TWPERATURE? HAZY OR

CLEAR? WDID DIRECTION AND SPEED?
( P)

ANY METEOROLOGICAL ACTIVITY NOTICED DURING Tf1AT DAY?

(9)

DOES HE HAVE ANY OPINION REGAJioING FOLL07llNGt ut~
~El JRl'.i:''i ) LUC v>

•

~ •

#### Page 30

( a)

WAS LIGRI' FW.U: OBJ~TS CAUSED BY REFLEI:::TION OR WERE THEY

SOURCE OF LI CHT?
( b)

SHAPE OF OBJE}TS?

(c)

WERE THEY ALL APPROXIMATELY THE SAlm SHAPE?

(d)

COWR OF O~TS?

(e) WERE THEY ALL SAME COWR?
(f)

TYPE JLOTI ON ATTRIBUTABLE TO OBJEJTS, BOTH ABOOT CRlN AXES AND
AXIS OF FLI GHI' PATH?

(g )

DID ALL OBJB:;TS HAVE SAME TYPE MOTION?

(h)

HOW DID OBJEJTS DISAPPEAR FROM VIEW?

(10) WAS ANY FII!l'ER USED ON CAMERA?
(11) RE!!EUBER ANY LANDMARKS AroUND LOCATION WHICH WOUID FACILITATE

FINDING IT IN FUTURE?
(12) KNOW OF ANYONE EL.SE mo SI CETED OBJECTS?
(13) EVER SIGHTED UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJE::TS BEFORE?

I F SO, OBTAIN

(Text continues in the original file: 253 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D106 — Mission Report, Iraq, 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D106
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D106
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing older than the sightings is the 2047 declassification date.

- DOW-UAP-D106 Mission Report, DoW, 2022, Iraq, authored by MG Richard A. Hiimson.
- Operator saw UAPs sporadically, 80‑180 mph, 1‑2 m size, altitude undetermined.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report. This mission report accompanies still imagery derived from an infrared system aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022 (DOW-UAP-PR130 and DOW-UAP-PR 131).

A U.S. military operator reported observing UAP “flying sporadically within the target area… at various speeds between 80 and 180 miles per hour.” The reporter estimates the size of the UAP as between 1 and 2 meters (approximately 3-6 feet), and states that they were unable to determine the altitude of the phenomena.
All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Hiimson
"C"5( EJ\;1 COM C luet ot \taff
Decl,1ss1fied on ~o Jtme :?016
FOCO Pm dcy Act applies

Misrep 7468013
Narrative

AT0614Z, j
1.4a
!TOOKOFFLATEFROM! 1.4g !DUETOWEATHERAT
THE LRE. AT 06242.! 14a !HANDED OVER FROM THE LRE. FROM 06402 TO 0005Z,! 1.4a I
COLLECTED SIGINT VIA AIRHANDLER VERSION 2. FROM 10542 TO 21 00Z, I 1.4a I
SUPPORTED OP!
1.4a
!IVO 38SMD3rn41.iia] ISO MAG (SEE ISR 1). (S//REL) AT
20262! 1.4a !WAS SCANNING POI IVO 38SMD38W54iw AND PERIODICALLY OBSERVED
UAPS FLYING SPORATICALLY WITHIN THE TARGET AREA OF 92AS. ACCORDING TO THE
h .4a, 1.4dMTS, THE UAPs WERE TRAVELLING AT VARIOUS SPEEDS BETWEEN 80-180 MPH. WE
WERE UNABLE TO DETERMINE ALTITUDE. THE SIZE OF THE UAPs WERE APPROXIMATELY
1-2 METERS. THE UAPs DID NOT HINDER THE MISSION. (SEE OBS 1) AT 21002,! 1.4a !WAS
CLEARED TO RTB. AT 00142, ~DED BACK TO THE LRE.AT 00392, CDR74 LANDED
AT OKAS. FMV WAS EXPLOITED BY DGS 1.

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification
• Associated Caveats:
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20470506

OPERATION
• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGJD
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 196 ATKS
• Submit Date (Auto-generated):

3.Sc.(b}/6)

USCENTCOM MDR 26-0084 to 26-0095

Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO I PA applies

06/30/26 031

#### Page 2

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 30 June 2026
FOUO / Privacy Act applies
MSNID
•Tasking Order (ATO): AA
Mission Type: RECONNAISSANCE
ATO Mission Number: 1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
•Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE
Poc
POC
Rank: TSgt
Full Name: 3.5c,(b)(6)
Unit: 163 ATKW
Wing: 163 AW
Phone Number3.5c, (b)(@)
Email: 3.5c,(b)(6)
Service: Air Force
•Operations Center: Other
QC
Rank: Ctr
Full Name: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Unit: 15AF, Det 1, PAROC
Wing: Other
Phone Number: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Email: 3.5c,(b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: Other
APPROVER
Rank: SSgt
Full Name: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Unit: ISRD
Wing: 379 AEW
Phone Number: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Email: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
•Operations Center: 609 CAOC
3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0084 to 26-0095 Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO / PA applies 06/30/26032

#### Page 3

Declassified by MG Richard A. Hiimson
"C"5( EJ\;1 COM C luet ot \taff
Decl,1ss1fied on ~o Jtme :?016
FOCO Pm dcy Act applies

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: I
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:
• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:
• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each:
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: ANDAS4
• Additional Avionics: AHv2
3.5c1 (b)(6)

USCENTCOM MDR 26-0084 to 26-0095

Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO I PA applies

06/30/26 033

#### Page 4

Declassified by MG Richard A. Hiimson
"C"5( EJ\;1 COM C luet ot \taff
Decl,1ss1fied on ~o Jtme :?016
FOCO Pm dcy Act applies

• Data Link:
• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign:I
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft:,[1
• Asset Type (Aircraft): ,...'1.4a- ,-1.-4g-l
• Aircraft Tail Number(s): I 1.4g
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code):,...!_1_
.4g_ --.
• Takeoff Time DTG: 050614:00ZMAY22
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): 2232
• Gentext/Additional Details:
,__--:.:.
1.4-=-=a'---_,IDELAYED TAKEOFF DUE TO WX AT THE

LRE.
• Mission Canceled:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 050624:00ZMAY22
• Callsign:f
1.4a
• JTARNumber:
• Killbox (Location): 91AS5
• Mission Type: RECONNAISSANCE
• JTAC Callsign:
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

I

OffStation
• Time Off Station DTG: 060014:00ZMAY22
• Total Time On Station: 17 hours 50 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code):! 1.4g
• Last Land Time: 060039:00ZMAY22
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 060049:00ZMAY22
• Total Mission Time: 18 hours 25 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

3.5c1 (b)(6)

USCENTCOM MDR 26-0084 to 26-0095

Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO I PA applies

06/30/26 034

#### Page 5

Declassified by MG Richard A. Hiimson
"C"5( EJ\;1 COM C luet ot \taff
Decl,1ss1fied on ~o Jtme :?016
FOCO Pm dcy Act applies

JSR
• Time-on Station DTG: 051054:00ZMAY22
• Time-off Station DTG: 052100:00ZMAY22
• Aircraft Callsign: I
1.4a
I
• Msn Type: RECON
• Primary Sensor: ANDAS4
• Sensors Available: AHv2
• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): ~
• BE Number (if NTISR):
• Tasked Start Point: 38SMD38!1.4al5~
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR):
• EEis Observed:
• Number of EEis:

GENTEXTIISR
• Gentext: • •I)
ua
I COORDINATED WITH MAG 409 MINUTES PRIOR TO
TAKE OFF. PRE-COORDINATION WAS SATISFACTORY DUE TO THE SUPPORTED UNIT
PROVIDING ADEQUATE MISSION INFORMATION. AT l054Z, ! 1.4a !ARRIVED ON OP
PHANTOM FLEX ISO MAG AND CONDUCTED FMV AND SI. AT 2100Z, ! 1.4a !WAS CLEARED
OFF STATION AND RETURNED TO BASE.

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: MAG
• Supported Operation: OP!
1.4a
• Precoord Time: 409 MINUTES
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (U) WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR.

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext:

OBSERVATION

3.5c.(b)(6)

USCENTCOM MDR 26-0084 to 26-0095

Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO I PA applies

06/30/26 035

#### Page 6

Declassified by MG Richard A. Hiimson
"C'5( EJ\;"TC OM C luet ot \taff
Decl,1ss1fied on ~o Jtme :?016
FOCO Pm dcy Act applies

• Observation DTG: 052026:00ZMAY22
• Aircraft Callsign:l
1.4a
I
• Aircraft Location: 38S MD 41~ 4~
• Aircraft Heading: -75
• Aircraft Altitude: FL200
• Aircraft Airspeed: 100 KIAS
• Relative Bearing or Clock Position:
• Range: 4.98NM
• Killbox & Keypad: 91AS
• Observed Activity Location: 38SMD3~ ; @
• Observed Activity Description: UAS
• Method of Observation: FMV
• EEis Observed:
• Number of EEis:

GENTEXTIOBSERVATION
• Gentext: - -1) AT 20262 I 1.4a !WAS SCANNING POI IVO 38SMD38WS4Iuii}AND
PERIODICALLY OBSERVED UAPS FLYING SPORATICALLY WITHIN THE TARGET AREA OF
92AS. ACCORDING TO THEb.4a, 1.4glMTS, THE UAPs WERE TRAVELLING AT VARIOUS SPEEDS
BETWEEN 80-180 MPH. WE WERE UNABLE TO DETERMINE ALTITUDE. THE SIZE OF THE
UAPs WERE APPROXIMATELY 1-2 METERS. THE UAPs DID NOT HINDER THE MISSION.

WEATHER
• Weather:

3.5c, (b)(6)

USCENTCOM MDR 26-0084 to 26-0095

Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO I PA applies

06/30/26 036

## DOW-UAP-D107 — Mission Report, Middle East, 2025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D107
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D107
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2025
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The UAP outran everything except the report’s June 8, 2026 declassification date.

- DOW-UAP-D107 Mission Report, Department of War, 2025, Middle East.
- Operator saw white round object, ~500 mph, tracked briefly, then lost.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report. This mission report accompanies video footage derived from an infrared system aboard a U.S. military platform in 2025 (DOW-UAP-PR133).

A U.S. military operator reported observing UAP, describing it as “look[ing] like a white round orbit… moving as fast as 500 miles per hour.”

All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a declassified mission report from the U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) detailing an unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) encounter. Written by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff, the document was declassified on June 8, 2026. It describes an aircraft tasked on October 28, 2025, conducting a mission over the Middle East. On October 29, 2025, the aircraft observed a UAP moving at speeds up to 500 mph. The UAP was described as a white, round object that was tracked for a short period before being lost. The report notes no additional information was available at the time.

### Full text

#### Page 1

DECLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260608

Misrep prod-dod-11937169
Narrative
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) AT 281732:00ZOCT25, (b) (1) (B)
TASKED D(b) (1) (B)
WITH 7 LINE.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) AT 281953:00ZOCT25, (b) (1) (B) DEPARTED (b) (1) (B) VIA SLR.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) AT (b) (1) (B)
ARRIVED ON STATION AND
(b) (1) (B)
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) AT 290025:00ZOCT25,(b) (1) (B) CONDUCTED (b) (1) (B) ON
STA IVO 3(b) (1) (B)
(SEE ISR 1).
(b) (1) (B)

(SECRET//NOFORN) AT 290141:00ZOCT25, (b) (1) (B) OBSERVED UAP IVO (b) (1) (B)
(SEE UAP 1).
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) AT (b) (1) (B)
RETURNED TO BASE.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) AT (b) (1) (B)
WENT OFF STATION AND
TERMINATED (b) (1) (B)
.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) AT 291605:00ZOCT25, (b) (1) (B) LANDED AT (b) (1) (B) VIA SLR.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) AT 291615:00ZOCT25, (b) (1) (B) LAST ENGINE SHUTDOWN.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY (b) (1) (B) .
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) (b) (1) (B)

.

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative
-

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: NOFORN
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20501028

OPERATION
3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 2

DECLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//NOFORN

• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 11 ATKS
• Mission Wing: 432 AEW
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): FOUND IN ATO
• Mission Type: (b) (1) (B)
• ATO Mission Number: (b) (1) (B)
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: AIR FORCE

Poc

POC
• Rank: SrA
• Full Name: (b) (6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: (b) (6)
• Phone Number: (b) (6)
• Email: (b) (6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: Other

QC
• Rank: SrA
• Full Name: (b) (6)
• Unit: (b) (6)
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone Number: (b) (6)
• Email: (b) (6)

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260608

#### Page 3

DECLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//NOFORN

• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: (b) (6)

APPROVER
• Rank: SSgt
• Full Name: (b) (6)
• Unit: (b) (6)
• Wing: (b) (6)
• Phone Number: (b) (6)
• Email: (b) (6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: (b) (6)

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: (b) (1) (B)
• Radar Name or Destination: • Radar Software Load or Mission Data: • Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: • RWR Software Load or Mission Data: • MWS Name or Designator: • MWS Software Load or Mission Data: • IRCM Name or Designator: • IRCM Software Load or Mission Data: • ECM Name or Designator: • ECM Software Load or Mission Data: • CMD Name or Designator: • Chaff Designator: -

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260608

#### Page 4

UNCLASSIFIED

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

• Num Chaff or Cartridges: • Flare Designator: • Num Flares: • Towed Decoy Name or Designator: • Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: • Num Towed Decoys: • Type of Radar-Guided AAM: • Num Radar-Guided AAM: • Type of IR-Guided AAM: • Num IR-Guided AAM: • Gun Name or Designator: • Num Gun Rounds: • Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: (b) (1) (B)
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: (b) (1) (B)
• Additional Avionics: (b) (1) (B)
• Data Link: • Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, MESF) (b) (1) (B)
(b) (1) (B)

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign: (b) (1) (B)
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft): (b) (1) (B)
• Aircraft Tail Number(s): (b) (1) (B)
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): (b) (1) (B)
• Takeoff Time DTG: 281953:00ZOCT25
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): • Gentext/Additional Details: • Mission Canceled:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): (b) (1) (B)
• Last Land Time: 291605:00ZOCT25
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 291615:00ZOCT25
• Total Mission Time: (b) (1) (B)
• Gentext/Additional Details: -

ISR
3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260608

#### Page 5

DECLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260608

• Time-on Station DTG: 290025:00ZOCT25
• Time-off Station DTG: 291222:00ZOCT25
• Aircraft Callsign: (b) (1) (B)
• Msn Type:
• Primary Sensor: (b) (1) (B)
• Sensors Available: (b) (1) (B)
• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): • BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: (b) (1) (B)
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: Unknown
• Number of EEIs:
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)
(b) (1) (B)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) (b) (1) (B) COORDINATED WITH (b) (1) (B)
(b) (1) (B)
PRIOR TO TAKE OFF. PRE-COORDINATION WAS SATISFACTORY DUE TO
TIMING/QUALITY OF PRODUCTS. PLEASE SEE ATTACHED 7-LINE FOR MISSION ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION (EEIS).
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) BACKGROUND: (b) (1) (B)
REQUESTS (b) (1) (B)
AND REPORTING ON THE FOLLOWING LOCATIONS IOT
COUNTER SMUGGLING OPERATIONS, ENABLE FORCE PROTECTION, AND TO COUNTER
ISIS AND ITN (b) (1) (B)
.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) FROM (b) (1) (B)
ARRIVED ON TARGET ISO (b) (1) (B) AND CONDUCTED TARGET DEVELOPMENT IVO
(b) (1) (B)
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) PLEASE SEE ATTACHED TARGET LOG AND POST MISSION
PRODUCT FOR SPECIFIC ACTIVITY DURING MISSION.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) AT 291222:00ZOCT25, (b) (1) (B)
(b) (1) (B) OFF TASKING AND (b) (1) (B) RETURNED TO BASE.

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: (b) (1) (B)
• Supported Operation: (b) (1) (B)
• Precoord Time: (b) (1) (B)

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

STA CLEARED

#### Page 6

DECLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260608

• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: • WX Mission Impact: No Impact
• Location of WX Occurrence:
• Cause of Impact:

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Unknown
• Gentext: -

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: (b) (1) (B)
• Callsign:
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: AREC
• JTAC Callsign: • Gentext/Additional Details: • Did not Arrive On Station:
(b) (1) (B)

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: (b) (1) (B)
• Total Time On Station: (b) (1) (B)
• Gentext/Additional Details:

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 290141:00ZOCT25
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: FAST MOVING SPEEDS UP TO 500MPH
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: • MDS Type / Asset Type: (b) (1) (B)
• Tail Number: (b) (1) (B)
• Friendly Aircraft Location: (b) (1) (B)
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: ~22,500 FT
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: 3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 7

DECLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260608

• Observer Assessment of UAP: (b) (1) (B)
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: • Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: • Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: (b) (1) (B)
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): • Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: • UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): • UAP Signatures: • UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): • UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Event Serial Number: • UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): • UAP Effects on Equipment: • Full Name: (b) (6)
• Rank/Grade: A1C / E-3
• Email: (b) (6)
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE): (b) (6)
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): • First Coordinate: (b) (1) (B)
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: (b) (1) (B)
• Last Seen Radius: 5
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: • Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: • Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: • Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: • UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 290145:00ZOCT25
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): • UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: • First Accuracy: Estimated
• Call Sign: (b) (1) (B)

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 8

DECLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260608

• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): (SECRET//NOFORN)
FROM 290141:00ZOCT2025 TO 290150:00ZOCT25, (b) (1) (B) OBSERVED A UAP ON FEED
WHILE ON TGT, (b) (1) (B) STATED IT LOOKED LIKE A WHITE ROUND ORBIT, TRACKED
FOR(b) (1) (B)
OBSERVED UAP MOVING AS FAST AS 500MPH, AND (b) (1) (B) LOST UAP
IVO (b) (1) (B)
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (SECRET//NOFORN) FROM 290141:00ZOCT2025 TO
290150:00ZOCT25, (b) (1) (B) OBSERVED A UAP ON FEED WHILE ON TGT,(b) (1) (B)
STATED IT LOOKED LIKE A WHITE ROUND ORBIT, TRACKED FOR (b) (1) (B)
OBSERVED UAP MOVING AS FAST AS 500MPH, AND (b) (1) (B) LOST UAP IVO 3(b) (1) (B)
THERE IS NO ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED AT THIS TIME.

3.5C. (B)(6)
SECRET//NOFORN

DECLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

## DOW-UAP-D108 — Mission Report, Middle East, 2025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D108
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D108
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2025
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

At 480 mph, those spheres outran the desert’s sandstorms, but not the paperwork.

- Mission Report DOW-UAP-D108, DoW, authored by MG Richard A. Harrison, released July 10 2026, Middle East.
- Report describes six small spherical objects, agile, frequent direction changes, estimated 480 mph, no response, no engagement.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report. This mission report accompanies video footage derived from an infrared system aboard a U.S. military platform in 2025 (DOW-UAP-PR135).

A U.S. military operator reported observing UAP, describing it as consisting of “six small spherical objects grouped together, and characterized their behavior as “seem[ingle] agile,” and “frequently changing direction.” The reporter estimated the speed of the UAP to have been 480 miles per hour.

All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

A declassified mission report from the U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) details an aerial event in the Middle East on July 25, 2025. The document was authored by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff, and released on July 10, 2026. It describes an encounter with an unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) during a flight mission. The UAP was observed as six small spherical objects grouped together, displaying agile movement with frequent directional changes. The report notes no response from the UAP to observer actions and no engagement or kinetic activity. The mission involved surveillance and data collection, with no equipment effects or material recovery reported.

### Full text

#### Page 1

DECLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

Misrep prod-dod-11604218
Narrative
(SECRET//NOFORN) AT 291734:00ZJUL25, (b) (1) (B)
TOOK OFF FROM (b) (1) (B) VIA
SLR. (b) (1) (B) PROCEEDED TO FRAGGED TASKING TO SUPPORT DATA MASKED.
(SECRET//NOFORN) AT 292022:00ZJUL25(b) (1) (B)

OBSERVED AN UAP (SEE UAP 1).

(SECRET//NOFORN) AT 291554:00ZJUL25, (b) (1) (B) WAS 7-LINED TO SUPPORT DATA
MASKED. AT (b) (1) (B)
ARRIVED ON-STATION AND CHECKED IN WITH
DATA MASKED AND PERFORMED FMV COLLECTION AT(b) (1) (B)
(SEE ISR 1).
(SECRET//NOFORN) AT 300931:00ZJUL25, (b) (1) (B)
DATA MASKED (SEE NIB 1).

RECIVED A NIB TASKING TO SUPPORT

(SECRET//NOFORN) AT (b) (1) (B)
RETURNED TO BASE. AT
(b)
(1)
(B)
(b) (1) (B)
LANDED AT
VIA SLR. (b) (1) (B) LAST ENGINE
SHUTDOWN AT 301426:00ZJUL25. FMV WAS EXPLOITED BY GET. (b) (1) (B)
TASKINGS PROSECUTED. (b) (1) (B)
TASKINGS PROSECUTED. (b) (1) (B)
.

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: NOFORN
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20500729

OPERATION
• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFSOC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 65 SOS
• Mission Wing: 1 SOW
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): TM
• Mission Type:
• ATO Mission Number:
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: AIR FORCE
(b) (1) (B)

(b) (1) (B)

Poc

POC
• Rank: A1C
• Full Name: (b) (6)
• Unit: (b) (6)
• Wing: (b) (6)
• Phone Number: (b) (6)
• Email: (b) (6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: Other

QC
• Rank: SrA
• Full Name: (b) (6)
• Unit: (b) (6)
• Wing: (b) (6)
• Phone Number: (b) (6)
• Email: (b) (6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: (b) (6)

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

#### Page 3

DECLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//NOFORN

APPROVER
• Rank: TSgt
• Full Name: (b) (6)
• Unit: Unit Support Team
• Wing: Other
• Phone Number: (b) (6)
• Email: (b) (6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: (b) (6)

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: (b) (1) (B)
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:
• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
(b) (1) (B)

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

#### Page 4

UNCLASSIFIED

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:
• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each:
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: (b) (1) (B)
• Additional Avionics:
• Data Link: (b) (1) (B)
• Gentext:
(b) (1) (B)

Timeline

Takeoff
(b) (1) (B)

• Callsign:
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft): (b) (1) (B)
• Aircraft Tail Number(s):
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): (b) (1) (B)
• Takeoff Time DTG: 291734:00ZJUL25
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): (b) (1) (B)
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:
(b) (1) (B)

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): (b) (1) (B)
• Last Land Time: 301411:00ZJUL25
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 301426:00ZJUL25
• Total Mission Time: (b) (1) (B)
• Gentext/Additional Details:

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 292236:01ZJUL25
• Time-off Station DTG: 300930:00ZJUL25
• Aircraft Callsign:
• Msn Type: (b) (1) (B)

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

#### Page 5

DECLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

• Primary Sensor: (b) (1) (B)
• Sensors Available: (b) (1) (B)
• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR):
• Tasked Start Point: (b) (1) (B)
• Activity Description: (b) (1) (B)
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR):
• EEIs Observed: Yes
• Number of EEIs: 1
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//NOFORN) AT 292236:00ZJUL25, (b) (1) (B) ARRIVED AT SP
(SECRET//NOFORN) AT 292236:00ZJUL25,(b) (1) (B) OBSERVED 1X(b) (1) (B)
(SECRET//NOFORN) FROM 2(b) (1) (B)
(b) (1) (B)
(SECRET//NOFORN) AT 300911:01ZJUL25, (b) (1) (B)
(SECRET//NOFORN) AT 300912:01ZJUL25,(b) (1) (B)
(SECRET//NOFORN) AT 300914:01ZJUL25, (b) (1) (B)

OBSERVED
OBSERVED (b) (1) (B)
OBSERVED (b) (1) (B)
OBSERVED (b) (1) (B)

(SECRET//NOFORN) AT 300930:01ZJUL25, (b) (1) (B) CALLED RTB
(SECRET//NOFORN) FMV WAS EXPLOITED BY GET

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED
• Supported Operation: (b) (1) (B)
• Precoord Time: (b) (1) (B)
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED) CLEAR WX
• WX Mission Impact: No Impact
• Location of WX Occurrence:
• Cause of Impact:

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 6

UNCLASSIFIED

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

• Intel Gap Filled?: No
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED) SATISFACTORY

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: (b) (1) (B)
• Callsign: (b) (1) (B)
• JTAR Number:
• Killbox (Location):
• Mission Type:
• JTAC Callsign:
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:
(b) (1) (B)

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: (b) (1) (B)
• Total Time On Station: (b) (1) (B)
• Gentext/Additional Details:

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 292022:32ZJUL25
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: SEEMED TO BE AGILE, FREQUENTLY CHNAGING
DIRECTION
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: NONE
• MDS Type / Asset Type: (b) (1) (B)
• Tail Number: (b) (1) (B)
• Friendly Aircraft Location: (b) (1) (B)
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: (b) (1) (B)
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: NW
• Observer Assessment of UAP: (b) (1) (B)
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 120 KIAS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: NO
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: (b) (6)
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): UNK
• Operational Range: UNK
• UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNKNOWN
• UAP Payload:
3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 7

DECLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//NOFORN

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNKNOWN
• UAP Signatures: (b) (1) (B)
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP RF Frequency: UNKNOWN
• UAP RF Duration: UNKNOWN
• UAP Event Serial Number: UNKNOWN
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Effects on Equipment: NONE
• Full Name: (b) (6)
• Rank/Grade: SSGT/E5
• Email: (b) (6)
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE): (b) (6)
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: (b) (1) (B)
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: (b) (1) (B)
• Last Seen Radius: 5
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: FL220
• Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: UNKNOWN
• Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: 48OMPH
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: SE
• UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 292022:32ZJUL25
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): NONE.
FOLLOWED OF OWN ACCORD UNTIL LIST. REPORTED AFTERWARDS
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: ABLE TO CHANGE DIRECTIONS QUICKLY AND
SIMULTANEOUSLY
• First Accuracy: Estimated
• Call Sign: (b) (1) (B)
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): 6X SMALL
SPHERICAL OBJECTS GROUPED TOGETHER
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) WHILE TRANSITING TO

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 8

DECLASSIFIED

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//NOFORN

TGT (b) (1) (B)

PERFORMED SCANS ON THE GROUND WHILE ENROUTE TO SUPPORT

(b) (1) (

NIB
• Earliest Time Intelligence of Value: (b) (1) (B)
• Latest Time Intelligence of Value: (b) (1) (B)
• NIB ID: • ISR Support or Effect: MULTI-INT
• Target Name: (b) (1) (B)
• Location of Interest (LOI): (b) (1) (B)
• Location (MGRS): (b) (1) (B)
• Requested Classification of Reports: SECRET//NOFORN
• Dissemination POCs or Common File: • EEIs: (SECRET//NOFORN) INTENT IS TO IDENTIFY VEHICLES ASW SP

GENTEXT/NIB
• Gentext: (SECRET//NOFORN) AT (b) (1) (B)
AND OBSERVED NO EEI RELATED ACTIVITY (b) (1) (B)

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFIED

SECRET//NOFORN

UNCLASSIFIED

ARRIVED AT NIB LOCATION

## DOW-UAP-D109 — Mission Report, Middle East, 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D109
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D109
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

May the fifth be with those speedy spheres.

- DOW-UAP-D109 Mission Report, DoW, 2022, Iraq.
- Operator saw six small spherical objects, agile, changing direction, estimating 480 mph speed.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Mission Report (MISREP), a standardized reporting form the U.S. military uses to record the circumstances surrounding its operations. U.S. military services often use MISREPs to report unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO). The GENTEXT, or “general text” section of these reports often contains important qualitative, contextual information, distinguishing it from the more quantitative, or numerical, data found elsewhere in the report. This mission report accompanies video footage derived from an infrared system aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022 (DOW-UAP-PR140 and DOW-UAP-PR141).

A U.S. military operator reported observing UAP, describing it as consisting of “six small spherical objects grouped together. They characterized the behavior of the UAP as “seem[ingle] agile,” and “frequently changing direction.” The reporter estimated the speed of the UAP to have been 480 miles per hour.

All descriptive and estimative language contained in this report reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a declassified mission report from the U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) dated May 5, 2022, authored by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff, and released on July 10, 2026. The document describes an aerial mission in the Middle East where UAPs were observed traveling southwest at speeds of 80-180 mph. The report notes that the UAPs were detected during target development operations and did not interfere with the mission. Full motion video was recorded and analyzed, and the aircraft returned to base with no mission cancellation. The report includes details about the mission timeline, sensor usage, and weather conditions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED

DECLASSIFED

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

Misrep 7467030
Narrative
(SECRET\\REL TO USA, FVEY) AT 2149Z, (b) (1) (B)
TOOK OFF FROM (b) (1) (B)
(b) (1) (B)
AT 2158Z,
HANDED OVER WITH (b) (1) (B) WITH FULLY MISSION CAPABLE SENSORS.
AT(b) (1) (B)
FROM 0057Z TO 1552Z, (b) (1) (B) CONDUCTED TARGET DEVELOPMENT ON O(b) (1) (B)
ISO (b) (1) (B)
(SEE ISR 1).
(b) (1) (B)
AT 0524Z,
OBSERVED
PROB UAPS TRAVELING SW AT ROUGHLY 80-180 MPH. (SEE
OBSERVATION 1)
(b) (1) (

AT(b) (1) (B)
AT (b) (1) (B)
AT (b) (1) (B)

RETURNED TO BASE.
.

FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY (b) (1) (B)
AT 1924Z, (b) (1) (B) LANDED AT (b) (1) (B) WITH A LAST ENGINE SHUT-DOWN TIME OF 1934Z.

(b) (1) (B)
TASKING PROSECUTED,

TASKING PROSECUTED, (b) (1) (B)
TOTAL TASKINGS PROSECUTED

(b) (1

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: REL TO USA, FVEY
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20470504

OPERATION
• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFCENT
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFED

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 2

DECLASSIFED

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 20 ATKS
• Submit Date (Auto-generated):

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): ZZ
• Mission Type: (b) (1) (B)
• ATO Mission Number:
• Country Tasked: US - United States
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE
(b) (1) (B)

Poc

POC
• Rank: A1C
• Full Name: (b) (6)
• Unit: (b) (6)
• Wing: (b) (6)
• Phone Number: (b) (6)
• Email: (b) (6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: (b) (6)

QC
• Rank: SSgt
• Full Name: (b) (6)
• Unit: (b) (6)
• Wing: (b) (6)
• Phone Number: (b) (6)
• Email: (b) (6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations (b) (6)

APPROVER
• Rank: SSgt
• Full Name: (b) (6)
• Unit: (b) (6)
3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFED

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

UNCLASSIFIED

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED

DECLASSIFED

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

• Wing: (b) (6)
• Phone Number: (b) (6)
• Email:
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: (b) (6)
(b) (6)

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: (b) (6)
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:
• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFED

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

UNCLASSIFIED

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

#### Page 4

UNCLASSIFIED

DECLASSIFED

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: • TGT Pod Name or Designator: (b) (1) (B)
• Additional Avionics: (b) (1) (B)
• Data Link:
• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign: (b) (1) (B)
• Number of Aircraft:
• Asset Type (Aircraft):
• Aircraft Tail Number(s): (b) (1) (B)
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): (b) (1) (B)
• Takeoff Time DTG: 042149:00ZMAY22
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes):
• Gentext/Additional Details: • Mission Canceled:
(b)

(b) (1) (B)

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: (b) (1) (B)
• Callsign: (b) (1) (B)
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: (b) (1) (B)
• JTAC Callsign: • Gentext/Additional Details: • Did not Arrive On Station:

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: (b) (1) (B)
• Total Time On Station: (b) (1) (B)
• Gentext/Additional Details:

Landing
3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFED

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

UNCLASSIFIED

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

#### Page 5

UNCLASSIFIED

DECLASSIFED

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): (b) (1) (B)
• Last Land Time: 051924:00ZMAY22
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 051934:00ZMAY22
• Total Mission Time:
• Gentext/Additional Details: (b) (1) (B)

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 050057:00ZMAY22
• Time-off Station DTG: 051552:00ZMAY22
• Aircraft Callsign:
• Msn Type: (b) (1) (B)
• Primary Sensor:
• Sensors Available: (b) (1) (B)
• Tasking Type: PLANNED
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): • BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: (b) (1) (B)
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed:
• Number of EEIs:
(b) (1) (B)

(b) (1) (B)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) (b) (1) (B)
CONDUCTED TARGET
DEVELOPMENT ON (b) (1) (B)
MISSION INTENT FOR THE TASKING WAS TO
CONDUCT POL, IDENTIFY PID OF WEAPONS AND WEAPONS/AMMO STORAGE AREAS, AS
WELL AS IDENTIFY PERSONNEL WITHIN THE COMPOUND. LOOKING FOR PID OF (b) (1) (B)
CONDUCTED EEI RELATED ACTIVITY AND OBSERVED NO
SIGNIFICANT/NEFARIOUS ACTIVITY UNTIL RTB.

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
(b) (1) (B)

• Supported Unit:
• Supported Operation: (b) (1) (B)
• Precoord Time: (b) (1) (B)
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (SECRET\\REL TO USA, FVEY) DUE TO DUST STORMS SOME COLLECTION ON
UAPS WAS AFFECTED BETWEEN 0524Z AND 0704Z.

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFED

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

UNCLASSIFIED

#### Page 6

DECLASSIFED

UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by:
MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 20260710

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: -

OBSERVATION
• Observation DTG: 050524:00ZMAY22
• Aircraft Callsign: (b) (1) (B)
• Aircraft Location: (b) (1) (B)
• Aircraft Heading: • Aircraft Altitude: • Aircraft Airspeed: • Relative Bearing or Clock Position:
• Range: • Killbox & Keypad: • Observed Activity Location:
• Observed Activity Description: (b) (1) (B)
• Method of Observation: FMV
• EEIs Observed:
• Number of EEIs:
(b) (1) (B)

GENTEXT/OBSERVATION
• Gentext: FROM 0524Z-0704Z, (b) (1) (B)
WAS SCANNING VARIOUS POIs IVO
(b) (1) (B)
AND PERIODICALLY OBSERVED
UAPS FLYING SPORATICALLY
WITHIN THE TARGET AREA AND IN THE NE PORTION OF (b) (1) (B) ACCORDING TO THE (b) (1) (B)
, THE UAPs WERE TRAVELLING AT VARIOUS SPEEDS BETWEEN 80-180 MPH. WE WERE
UNABLE TO DETERMINE ALTITUDE. THE SIZE OF THE UAPs WERE APPROXIMATELY 1-2
METERS. DURING THE OBSERVATION PERIOD, (b) (1) (B) WOULD REACQUIRE THE UAPs AFTER
RETURNING THE SENSOR BACK TO THE ORIGIONAL POI LOCATIONS. THE UAPs DID NOT
HINDER THE MISSION. WSV IS ATTACHED BELOW
(b) (1) (

WEATHER
• Weather:

3.5C. (B)(6)

DECLASSIFED

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

UNCLASSIFIED

## DOW-UAP-D110 — AAWSAP Statement of Objectives, July 2008

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D110
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D110
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 7/18/08
- Location: Washington, D.C.
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing dated longer than the file is the program’s 2050 horizon.

- AAWSAP Statement of Objectives, DoD, July 2008, Washington D.C.; DIA program 2008‑2012.
- Outlines 12 research areas for far‑term foreign aerospace threats through 2050.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an administrative or programmatic record related to the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP), a Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)-administered program active from 2008 to 2012. AAWSAP’s official scope of work identified 12 technical research areas relating to potential aerospace threats over a time horizon of more than 40 years. As an administrative record, the file documents how AAWSAP was scoped, organized, tasked, funded, or described at a particular point in time.

This July 2008 Statement of Objectives defines AAWSAP as a contractor-supported research effort intended to assess far-term foreign aerospace threats by understanding the physics and engineering of possible breakthrough technologies out to the year 2050 rather than extrapolating from then-current aerospace trends. It identifies 12 technical study areas, including lift, propulsion, control, power generation, spatial or temporal translation, materials, configuration and structure, signature reduction, human interface, human effects, armament, and related supporting topics. The document also sets out the program’s expected work structure, requiring monthly status reports, technical-area program management plans within 60 days, comprehensive research reports and briefings by the tenth month, and a final integrated threat assessment.

### AI summary

This is a government document titled "DOW-UAP-D110, AAWSAP Statement of Objectives," dated July 18, 2008. It was written by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Acquisition Support Division (DWO-3) for the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program. The document outlines the program's goal to study breakthrough technologies in aerospace systems to assess future foreign threats. It details requirements for contractors, including technical studies in areas like propulsion, materials, and signature reduction, and specifies the need for experienced personnel and classified security measures. The work was to be performed at the contractor's facility, with a five-year performance period.

### Full text

#### Page 1

STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES
FOR THE
ADVANCED AEROSPACE WEAPON SY~'TEM APPLICATIONS PROGRAM

18 July 2008
PAN:#
1. BACKGROUND: The Acquisition Support Division (DWO-3) of the Defonse Intelligence
Agency (DIA) has the responsibility to provide guidance and oversight to the Department of
Defense (DoD) acquisition process along with leveraging the DoD Intelligence Community to
coordinate, produce and maintain projections of the future threat environment in which U.S. air,
naval, ground, space, missile defense and infonnat:ion systems operate. In order to accurately
assess the foreign threat to U.S. weapon systems, a complete as possible understanding of potential
breakthrough technology applications employed in future aerospace weapon systems must be
obtained.

2. OBJECTIVE: One aspect of the future threat environment involves advanced aerospace
weapon system applications. The objective of this program is to understand the physics and
engineering of these applications as they apply to the foreign threat out to the far term, i.e., from
now through the year 2050. Primary focus is on breakthrough technologies and applications that
create discontinuities in currently evolving technology trends. The focus is not on extrapolations
of current aerospace technology. The proposal shall describe a technical approach which
discusses how the breakthrough technologies and applications listed below would be studied
and include proposed key personnel that have experience in those areas.
3. REQUIRRMENTS:
a) The contractor shall e-0mplete advanced aerospace weapon system technical studies in the
following areas:

1. lift
2. propulsion

3. control
4. power generation
5. spatial/temporal translation
6. materials
7. configuration, structure
8. signature reduction (optical, infrared,
radiofrequency, acoustic)
9. human interface
I0. human effects
11. annamcnt (RF and DE\V)
12. other peripheral area,:; in support of(1-11)

#### Page 2

h) It is expected that numerous experts with extensive experience (minimum of 10 years) in
breakthrough aerospace research and development will be required to meet the demands of
the above program. The offeror should clearly identify their approach to obtaining the
services of and their utilization of these scientific and technical experts. Management
personnel must include a lead integrator to oversee the work ofthe various analytical teams, and to
integrate their findings into final coherent product~. At least one member of each analytical team
must have a PhD, although that member c.an be on several teams. A technical plan for
conducting the advanced aerospace weapon system studies described above must be included
in the offeror's proposal.
(c) Offeror must be able to produce integrated finished assessments in each of the above
advanced aerospace weapon system technical areas. Finished reports and presentations,
while highly analytical and technical, must be in a format suitable for dissemination at the
highest levels of the federal government. fn addition to the main technical section of each
assessment, an executive summary utilizing clearly understandable (non-technical)
language must also be contained in each report.
(d) To assess relevant experience, offerers shall submit at least three (3) references, including a
POC name and phone number, vvith a brief description of the business relationship with the
Government or other corporations. In addition, offerors should provide examples, conducted
within the past 7 years, of having performed, as a prime contractor, the analysis. design,
construction, and flight testing of high performance aircraft and/or satellites. Success in this
program is dependent upon this capability and experience.

4. PLACE OF PERFORMA'.'ICE: The work under this contract shall be performed at the
Contractor's facility.
5. SECURITY REQUIREMENT: Contractor company and personnel proposed shall be
clcarablc and able to obtain a security and facility clearance upon award of the contract. All
requirements specified in this SOO may be based on materials classified at or below Top Secret \\1th
access to Sensitive Compartmented Infonnation (TS/ SCI). The contractor shall comply with the tenns
and conditions ofthe DD-254 BEFORE initiating any classified effort. The contractor shall notify the
COR and Contracting Officer immediately upon the detennination that higher classification
requirements exist in order to accomplish the specified requirements. The contractor shall ensure that
each individual ac.signed to this contract shall be identified, cleared, and approved through DIA/DAC-3
PRIOR to granting that individual access to, or authority to generate classified infonnation in
association with this effort.
5.1. Contractor shall provide a work facility (including unclassified information systems) with a
Top Secret Facility Clearance granted by the Defense Security Service (DSS). Cleared facilities are
not required at contract inception. Offoror must provide personnel eligible for a Top Secret
clearance level with fo.rther eligibility for SCI access. At least n.vo personnel cleared at the Secret
level are required at contract inception.

6. GOVERNMENT FURNISHF:O PROPERTY/EQUIPMENT: The Government will
provide the contractor access to computers and peripherals such as printers as the Government
deems necessary to access and produce classified infonnation. These computers and peripherals
remain the property of the Government.

2

#### Page 3

7. GOVER."lMENT FURNISHED INFORMATION/DATA: Data required by the contractor
to fulfill the tenns of this contract shall be requested from the Government Project Lead (GPL).
A good faith effort will be made to fulfill any legitimate request (as assessed by the GPL),
however, the responsibility to collect information and data necessary for the conduct of this
etfort remains with the contractor. Any classified data provided by the Government in support of
this contract will remain the property of the Government and will be returned to the government
not more than 30 days after contract conclusion.

8. CONTRACTOR ACQUIRED/ GOVERNMENT OWNED PROPERTY:
Any accountable property acquired by the contractor with government funds during the
execution of this contract shall hecome government owned property. The contractor shall obtain
""-Titten permission from the CO or Contracting Officer Representative (COR) prior to any
purchase of real property with government funds. The contractor shall establish and maintain an
inventory of all such property. This property must he inventoried and returned to the
government not more than 60 days after the end of the contract.

9. RQl'IPMENT LEASE OR PURCHASE:
The purchase of equipment is preferred, however, it may be more advantageous to the
government to lease in certain circumstances. When it is contemplated a lease would be more
advantageous to the government, contractor shall furnish the following information to the COR
so the government can determine the best solution:
1.
Estimated length of time the equipment will be used and the extent of use within
that period
2.
Financial and operating advantages of alternative types and makes of equipment
3.
Cumulative rental payments for the estimated period of use
4.
Net purchase price
5.
Transportation and instalJation costs
6.
Maintenance and other service costs

10. TRAVEL: It is anticipated that travel wiU be required for this contract. The Government will
pay up to the rates specified in the government Federal Travel Regulations for travel destination.
Travel reservations will be made by the contractor and will be reimbursed for actual costs only,
with supporting documentation/receipts attached to the invoice.
I1. DELIVERABLES: 'lhe contractor shall prepare the following deliverables:
a Status Reports - monthly reports outlining accomplishments, milestones, and work in progress.

b. Project Management Plan - For each technical area, the team leoo shall submit, at the 60 day point, an
overview paper identifying the scope ofthe final re)X)(1; a Plan ofAction and Milestones, and the composition
ofthe analytical team.
c. Research Report.~ For each technical area. a oompreheru,ive report and briefing forecasting potential
advancements and their impact is to be submitted to the GPL by the end of the tenth month. An executive
version ofeach report should also be submitted Fonnat will be specified by the GPL.
d. Integrated Threat Asscsmient - A final tqx>rt and briefing that assesses the foreign threat from
advanced aerospace platforms incotl)Orating the tedmologies discussed in the individual research reports will be

#### Page 4

provided to the GPL a! the end ofthe period ofperformance. An executive version ofthe report should also be
submitted. Fonnat will be specified by the GPL.
e. Resumes - The Contractor shall submit resumes of all key personnel proposed for this effort.
The Government reserves the right to review resumes and qualifications prior to acceptance of
individuals for assignment.

12. PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE: The term of this contract shall is anticipated to be 5 years
which consists of a base year of 12 months from date of award plus four (4) 12 month option
years.
13. CONTRACT TYPE: The contract shall be finn fixed priced (FFP).

15. DEFINED TERMS:
Key ~1-defiocd as propos:dmmaganettarrlleaiscien:earrl~ Slaff.

Contr~ Officer ~ v e (COR) - ~ government official ~inled by the coritta:ting officer and who is
conmn 1kCOR1udesall a ~ dealq; \\11ti the in1erµ:ctation

resJX)11S1ble for ~onsof the ex:ecutm oftre

an:i delivaablesoftre cootroct.
Crntr.ning Officer- Procurerrmt official who lnis a COl1ra:ting Wcrrart nl isautmrized to ohlig:ite the government
tn:ier the cenns ofa controct and makedmges to irecortra:1.

4

## DOW-UAP-D111 — AAWSAP Solicitation and Original Order, September 2008

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D111
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D111
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/22/08
- Location: Washington, D.C.
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

This document is an administrative or programmatic record related to the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP), a Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)-administered program active from 2008 to 2012. AAWSAP’s official scope of work identified 12 technical research areas relating to potential aerospace threats over a time horizon of more than 40 years. As an administrative record, the file documents how AAWSAP was scoped, organized, tasked, funded, or described at a particular point in time.

This September 2008 solicitation/contract/order document serves as the original contract award instrument for AAWSAP work performed by Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies, Inc. (BAASS), incorporating the contractor’s proposal by reference and translating the earlier Statement of Objectives (DOW-UAP-D110) into priced contract line items. The file breaks the base year into specific deliverable categories, including monthly status reports, program management plans for the 12 technical areas, research reports, a comprehensive integrated threat assessment, travel, and other direct costs, and corresponding option-year line items for follow-on performance.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SOLICITATION/CONTRACT/ORDER FOR COMMERCIAL ITEMS
OFFEROR TO COMPLETE BLOCKS 12, 17, 23, 24, & 30

1. REQUISITION NUMBER

2. CONTRACTNO.

5. SOLICITATION NUMBER

3. AWARD/EFFECTIVE
DATE

HHM402-08-C-0072

4. ORDER NUMBER

SEP 01, 2008

a. NAME

b. TELEPHONE NUMBER

CODE

I

12. DISCOUNT TERMS

~ SEE SCHEDULE
15. DELIVERTO
See Schedule

□ WOMEN-OWNED SMALL BUSINESS

□ HUBZONE SMALL

(WOSB) ELIGIBLE UNDER THE WOMEN-OWNED
SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAM NAICS:
□ EDWOSB
541990

□

CODE

00000

SIZE STANDARD:

13b. RATING

13a.THISCONTRACT ISA
RATE.D ORDER UNDER
DPAS (15 CFR 700)

14. METHOD OF SOLICITATION

□ RFQ

16. ADMINISTERED BY

□

CODE

□ RFP
IZD50

CODE

INSA01A

IFB

Virginia Contracting Activity
ATTN: DIAC, AE-2
Building 6000
Washington DC 20340-5100

17a. CONTRACTOR/ CODE I00000434
I FACILITY
CODE
OFFEROR.
BIGELOW AEROSPACE ADVANCED SPACE STUDIES, LLC
4640 S EASTERN AVE
LAS VEGAS NV 891196135

d

□ SMALL BUSINESS

BUSINESS
□ SERVICE-DISABLED
VETERAN-OWNED
SMALL BUSINESS 0B(A)

11. DELIVERY FOR FOB DESTINATION UNLESS BLOCK IS
MARKED

TIN:
TELEPH ~r::l ~ r-:JO.

SEP 10, 2008
2:00 PM ET

10. THIS ACQU ISITION IS ~UNRESTRICTED OR □ SET ASIDE: _ _ _ % FOR:

I HHQ402

Virginia Con tracling Activity
ATTN: AE-2
Bolling AFB, Bldg. 6000
Washinglon DC 20340-5100

54 JU7

8. OFFER DUE DATE/
LOCALTIME

(No collect

(bJ{:5):1 u u~c 4<'4, (bJ{tiJ

9. ISSUED BY

CAGE:

6. SOLICITATION ISSUE
DATE

HHM402-08-R-0211

SEP 22, 2008
7. FOR SOLICITATION
INFORMATION CALL:

PAGE 1 OF 59

679/0001 Z/08

.......

.....

18a. PAYMENT WILL BE MADE BY
NSA Finance and Accounting Office
P.O. Box 1685; ATTN: DF2111
Ft. George G. Meade MD 20755-6856

(b)(3):26
U.SC §§
6103..6105
) Internal

Revenue C

I

DUNS:

827037768

□ 17b. CHECK IF REMITTANCEIS DIFFERENT AND PUT SUCH ADDRESS IN

OFFER
19.
ITEM NO.

18b.

SUBMIT INVOICES TO ADDRESS SHOWN IN BLOCK 18a UNLESS BLOCK
BELOW IS CHECKED
~ SEE ADDENDUM

20.
SCHEDULEOF SUPPLIES/SERVICES

21.
QUANTITY

22.
UNIT

23.
UNIT PRICE

24.
AMOUNT

26. TOTAL AWARD AMOUNT

( or Govt. Use Only)

l_J 27a. SOLICITATION INCORPORATES BY REFERENCE FARS2.212· 1, S2.212-4. FAR 52.212·3 AND S2.212-S ARE ATTACHED. ADDENDA

□ ARE

□ ARENOT ATTACHED

[!!] 27b. CONTRACT/PURCHASE ORDER INCORPORATES BY REFERENCE FAR 52.212-4. FAR 52.212-5 ISATTACHED. ADDENDA

~ ARE

□ ARENOTATTACHEO

Please see continuation page for line item details.
(Use Reverse and/or Attach Additional Sheets as
Necessary)
25. ACCOUNlilNG AND APPROPRIATION DATA

$21,948,810.00

□

28. CONTRACTOR IS REQUIRED TO SIGN THISDOCUMENT AND RETURN
COPIES TO ISSUING OFFICE. CONTRACTORAGREES TO FURNISH AND
DELIVER ALL ITEMS SET FORTH OR OTHERWISEIDENTIFIED ABOVE AND ON ANY
ADDITIONAL SHEETS SUBJECT TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONSSPECIFIED

30a. SIGNATUREOF OFFEROR/CONTRACTOR

30b. NAME AND TITLE OF SIGNER

(Type or print)

---

□ 29. AWARD OF CONTRACT: REF.

. YOUR OFFER ON SOLICITATION
(BLOCKSI, INCLUDINGANY ADDITIONSOR CHANGES WHICH ARE
SET FORTH HEREIN, ISACCEPTED AS TO ITEMS:

31a. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

30c. DATE SIGNED

31b. NAMEOF CONTRACTING OFFICER

(b)(3) 10 USC 424, (b)(6)
AUTHORIZED FOR LOCAL REPRODUCTION
PREVIOUS EDITION IS NOT USABLE

OFFER

DATED

(SIGNATURE OF CONTRACTING
OFFICER)

(Type or print)

3l c.DATESIGNED

I

SEP 22, 2008

STANDARD FORM 1449

!REV. 212012)
Prescribed by GSA - FAR (48 CFR) S3.212

#### Page 2

19.
ITEM NO.

20.
SCHEDULE OF SUPPLIES/SERVICES

21.
QUANTITY

22.
UNIT

23.
UNIT PRICE

24.
AMOUNT

32a. QUANTITY IN COLUMN 21 HAS BEEN

□ RECEIVED

□ INSPECTED

□ ACCEPTED AND CONFORMS TO THE CONTRACT EXCEPT AS NOTED·
32c. DATE

32b. SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED GOVERNMENT
REPRESENTATIVE

32d. PRINTED NAME AND TITLE OF AUTHORIZED GOVERNMENT
REPRESENTATIVE

32e. MAILING ADDRESS OF AUTHORIZED GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVE

32f. TELPHONE NUMBER OF AUTHORZED GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVE
32g. E-MAIL OF AUTHORIZED GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVE

33. SHIP NUMBER

!PARTIAL

I

34. VOUCHER NUMBER

35. AMOUNT VERIFIED
CORRECT FOR

39. S/RVOUCHER NUMBER

40. PAID BY

□ COMPLETE

!FINAL

38. S/R ACCOUNT NO.

37. CHECK NUMBER

36. PAYME.NT

41a. I CERTIFY THIS ACCOUNT ISCORRECT AND PROPER FOR PAYMENT
41b. SIGNATURE AND TITLE OF CERTIFYING OFFICER

□ PARTIAL

42a. RECEIVED BY

(Print)

42b. RECEIVED AT

(Location)

142c. DATE REC'D

(YY/MM/ DD)

□ FINAL

41c. DATE

142d. TOTALCONTAINERS

STANDARD FORM 1449
HHM402-08-C-0072

(REV.2/2012)

BACK

#### Page 3

SCHEDULE Continued

-

ITEM NO.

SUPPLIES/SERVICES

-

OUA.NTITY

UNIT

-

UNIT PRICE

AMOUNT

-

Invoicing Address:
NSA Finance and Accounting Office
P.O. Box 1685; ATTN : DF2111
Ft. George G. Meade MD 20755-6856

I

COR:IAAP Person 1

Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies, Inc
(BAASS) proposal dated 9/3/2008 is incorporated by
reference.
Contract Type: Firm Fixed Price
Base Year: 22 September 2008 • 29 September 2009
0001

Monthly Status Reports
Quantity 12

1.00

LO

2,887,000.00

2,887,000.00

1.00

LO

3,soo,ooo,.oo

3,600,000.00

1.00

LO

2,100,000.00

2,100,000.00

1.00

LO

240,000.00

240,000.00

1.00

LO

50,000.00

50,000.00

Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AA
9780100.4400 1082A9 2520 11S492051SG2 B5P1 96G1
1106 610000
$2,887,000.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2008 to 09/21/2009
0002

Project Management Plan for Tasks 3.a.1 • 3.a.12
Quantity 12
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AA
9780100.4400 1082A9 2520 11S492051SG2 B5P196G1
1106 610000
$3,600,000.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2008 to 09/21 /2009

0003

Research Report for Tasks 3.a. 1. • 3.a.12
Quantity 12
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AA
9780100.44001082A9 2520 11S492051SG2 B5P196G1
1106 610000
$2,100,000.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2008 to 09/21/2009

0004

Comprehensive Integrated Threat Assessment
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AA
9780100.4400 1082A9 2520 11S49205 1SG2 B5P196G1
1106 610000
$240,000.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2008 to 09/21/2009

0005

Travel
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AA
9780100.4400 1082A9 2520 11S492051SG2 B5P196G1
1106 610000
$50,000.00

PAGE 3 OF 59 HHM402-08-C-0072

---

#### Page 4

SCHEDULE Continued

-

ITEM NO.

SUPPLIES/SERVICES

-

OUA.NTITY

UNIT

-

UNIT PRICE

AMOUNT

-

Period of Performance: 09/22/2008 to 09/21/2009
0006

Other Direct Costs

1.00

LO

1,123,000,.00

1,123,000.00

1.00

LO

1,549,100.00

1,549,100.00

1.00

LO

4,759,300.00

4,759,300.00

1.00

LO

2,870,600.00

2,870,600.00

1.00

LO

220,200 .00

220,200.00

1.00

LO

36,100,.00

36,700.00

1.00

LO

- -2,494,610.00

Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AA
9780100.4400 1082A9 2520 11S492051SG2 B5P196G1
1106 610000
$1 ,123,000.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2008 to 09/21/2009
Option Year: 22 September 2009 - 21 September 201 O
1001

Monthly Status Reports
Quantity 12
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 2520 11S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$1 ,549, 100.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 12/21/2010

1002

Project Management Plan for Tasks 3.a. 1 - 3.a.12
Quantity 12
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 2520 11S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$4,759,300.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 12/21/2010

1003

Research Report for Tasks 3..a. 1. - 3.a.12

1

Quantity 12
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 2520 11S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$2,870,600.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 12/21/2010
1004

Comprehensive Integrated Threat Assessment

1

Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 2520 11S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$220,200.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 12/21 /2010
1005

Travel
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 2520 11S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$36,700.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 12/21/2010

1006

--

Other Direct Costs

- -

PAGE 4 OF 59 HHM402-08-C-0072

-

2,494,610.00

#### Page 5

SCHEDULE Continued

-

ITEM NO.

SUPPLIES/SERVICES

-

OUA.NTITY

UNIT

-

UNIT PRICE

AMOUNT

-

Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 2520 11S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$2,494,610.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 12/21/2010
1007

Additional Travel

1.00

LO

18,300.00

18,300.00

1.00

LO

0.00

0.00

1.00

LO

o,.oo

0.00

Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 2520 11S49205 CCXX 16P101 T1
1106 610000
$18,300.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 12/21/2010
1008

UNUSED - This line item is unused but must remain part
of the contract to insure proper accounting information is
aligned to revised CLINS. Original 0001 from PR
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 2520 11S49205 CCXX 16P101 T1
1106 610000
$0.00

1009

UNUSED - This line item is unused but must remain part
of the contract to insure proper accounting information is
aligned to revised CLINS. Original 0002 from PR
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 252011S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$0.00

PAGE 5 OF 59 HHM402-08-C-0072

#### Page 6

Table of Contents
252.212-7001 CONTRACT TERMS AND CONDITIONS REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT STATUTES OR EXECUTIVE ORDERS APPLICABLE
TO DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS OF COMMERCIAL ITEMS (MAR 2OO8)..
52.212-4 CONTRACT TERMS AND CONDITIONS--COMMERCIAL ITEMS (FEB 2007). 9
52.212-5 CONTRACT TERMS AND CONDITIONS REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT STATUTES OR EXECUTIVE ORDERS--COMMERCIAL
ITEMS (JUN 2008)... 9
52.232-1 PAYMENTS (APR 1984). 12
52.232-25 PROMPT PAYMENT (0CT 2003). 12
52.233-1 DISPUTES (JUL 2002). 12
52.246-1 CONTRACTOR INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS (APR 1984) 12
52.246-16 RESPONSIBILITY FOR SUPPLIES (APR 1984).. 12
SECTION B SUPPLIES OR SERVICES AND PRICES/COSTS. 13
B.1 52.227-17 RIGHTS IN DATA--SPECIAL WORKS (DEC 20O7) 13
SECTION E INSPECTION AND ACCEPTANCE. 14
E.1 252.211-7004 ALTERNATE PRESERVATION, PACKAGING, AND PACKING (DEC 1991) 14
SECTION F DELIVERIES OR PERFORMANCE. 15
F.1 52.247-29 F.0.B. ORIGIN (FEB 2006). 15
F.2 52.247-34 F.0.B. DESTINATION (NOV 1991) .16
SECTION I CONTRACT CLAUSES..... 17
I.1 252.203-7000 {252.203-7000} [RESERVED] 17
I.2 252.203-7001 PROHIBITION ON PERSONS CONVICTED OF FRAUD OR OTHER DEFENSE-CONTRACT-RELATED FELONIES
(DEC 2004).... 17
I.3 252.205-7000 PROVISION OF INFORMATION TO COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT HOLDERS (DEC 1991). 17
I.4 252.211-7000 ACQUISITION STREAMLINING (DEC 1991). 18
I.5 252.211-7001 AVAILABILITY OF SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARDS, DATA ITEM DESCRIPTIONS NOT LISTED IN THE
ACQUISITION STREAMLINING AND STANDARDIZATION INFORMATION SYSTEM (ASSIST), AND PLANS, DRAWINGS,
AND OTHER PERTINENT DOCUMENTS (MAY 2006).. 18
I.6 252.211-7002 AVAILABILITY FOR EXAMINATION OF SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARDS, PLANS, DRAWINGS, DATA
ITEM DESCRIPTIONS, AND OTHER PERTINENT DOCUMENTS (DEC 1991). .18
I.7 252.211-7003 ITEM IDENTIFICATION AND VALUATION (AUG 2008)... .18
I.8 252.211-7004 ALTERNATE PRESERVATION, PACKAGING, AND PACKING (DEC 1991) 21
I.9 252.211-7006 RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (FEB 2007). .21
I.10 252.219-7001 {252.219-7001} [RESERVED] 23
I.11 252.219-7002 {252.219-7002} [RESERVED]. 23
I.12 252.219-7003 SMALL BUSINESS SUBCONTRACTING PLAN (DOD CONTRACTS) (APR 2007) 23
I.13 252.219-7005 {252.219-7005} (RESERVED).. 24
I.14 252.219-7006 {252.219-7006} (RESERVED). 24
I.15 252.225-7001 BUY AMERICAN ACT AND BALANCE OF PAYMENTS PROGRAM (JUN 2005). 24
I.16 252.225-7002 QUALIFYING COUNTRY SOURCES AS SUBCONTRACTORS (APR 2003). .25
I.17 252.225-7007 PROHIBITION ON ACQUISITION OF UNITED STATES MUNITIONS LIST ITEMS FROM COMMUNIST
CHINESE MILITARY COMPANIES (SEP 2006). .25
I.18 252.225-7012 PREFERENCE FOR CERTAIN DOMESTIC COMMODITIES (MAR 2008).. ..25
I.19 252.225-7014 PREFERENCE FOR DOMESTIC SPECIALTY METALS (JUN 2005).. .26
I.20 252.225-7015 RESTRICTION ON ACQUISITION OF HAND OR MEASURING TOOLS (JUN 2005) 26
I.21 252.233-7000 {252.233-7000} [RESERVED]. 26
I.22 252.242-7002 {252.242-7002} [RESERVED] 26
I.23 252.243-7001 PRICING OF CONTRACT MODIFICATIONS (DEC 1991) 26
I.24 52.203-1 {52.203-1} [RESERVED]... 27
PAGE 6 OF 59 HHM402-08-C-0072

#### Page 7

Table of Contents
I.25 52.203-10 PRICE OR FEE ADJUSTMENT FOR ILLEGAL OR IMPROPER ACTIVITY (JAN 1997).. ,27
I.26 52.203-12 LIMITATION ON PAYMENTS TO INFLUENCE CERTAIN FEDERAL TRANSACTIONS (SEP 2007)...... 27
I.27 52.203-3 GRATUITIES (APR 1984). 30
I.28 52.203-5 COVENANT AGAINST CONTINGENT FEES (APR 1984) .. 30
I.29 52.203-6 RESTRICTIONS ON SUBCONTRACTOR SALES TO THE GOVERNMENT (SEP 2006) .30
I.30 52.203-7 ANTI-KICKBACK PROCEDURES (JUL 1995). 31
I.31 52.203-9 {52.203-9} [RESERVED].. 31
I.32 52.209-6 PROTECTING THE GOVERNMENT'S INTEREST WHEN SUBCONTRACTING WITH CONTRACTORS DEBARRED,
SUSPENDED, OR PROPOSED FOR DEBARMENT (SEP 2O06) 31
I.33 52.215-1 INSTRUCTIONS TO OFFERORS--COMPETITIVE ACQUISITION (JAN 2004). .32
I.34 52.216-18 ORDERING (OCT 1995). .34
I.35 52.216-19 ORDER LIMITATIONS (OCT 1995). .34
I.36 52.216-20 DEFINITE QUANTITY (OCT 1995). .35
I.37 52.216-21 REQUIREMENTS (OCT 1995) 35
I.38 52.216-221 INDEFINITE QUANTITY (OCT 1995) .36
I.39 52.219-13 {52.219-13} [RESERVED]... 36
I.40 52.219-16 LIQUIDATED DAMAGES--SUBCONTRACTING PLAN (JAN 1999). 36
I.41 52.219-6 NOTICE OF TOTAL SMALL BUSINESS SET-ASIDE (JUN 2003). 37
I.42 52.219-8 UTILIZATION OF SMALL BUSINESS CONCERNS (MAY 2004). 37
I.43 52.219-9 SMALL BUSINESS SUBCONTRACTING PLAN (APR 2008) .38
I.44 52.222-1 NOTICE TO THE GOVERNMENT OF LABOR DISPUTES (FEB 1997) 42
I.45 52.222-20 WALSH-HEALEY PUBLIC CONTRACTS ACT (DEC 1996). ..43
I.46 52.222-26 EQUAL OPPORTUNITY (MAR 2007). .43
I.47 52.222-28 (52.222-28) [RESERVED].. 44
I.48 52.222-3 CONVICT LABOR (JUN 2003)... 44
I.49 52.222-35 EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR SPECIAL DISABLED VETERANS, VETERANS OF THE VIETNAM ERA, AND
OTHER ELIGIBLE VETERANS. [SEP 2006]. 45
I.50 52.222-36 AFFIRMATIVE ACTION FOR WORKERS WITH DISABILITIES (JUN 1998).. ..47
I.51 52.222-37 EMPLOYMENT REPORTS ON SPECIAL DISABLED VETERANS, VETERANS OF THE VIETNAM ERA, AND
OTHER ELIGIBLE VETERANS (SEP 2006).. 47
I.52 52.223-6 DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (MAY 2001)... ..48
I.53 52.225-10 NOTICE OF BUY AMERICAN ACT REQUIREMENT--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS (MAY 2002)...... 49
I.54 52.225-11 BUY AMERICAN ACT--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS UNDER TRADE AGREEMENTS (AUG 2007)...·... 50
I.55 52.229-3 FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL TAXES (APR 2003).. 52
I.56 52.232-17 INTEREST (JUN 1996)... 53
I.57 52.232-23 ASSIGNMENT OF CLAIMS (JAN 1986). 53
I.58 52.232-28 INVITATION TO PROPOSE PERFORMANCE-BASED PAYMENTS (MAR 2000).. .53
I.59 52.233-1 DISPUTES (JUL 2002). 54
I.60 52.242-10 (52.242-10} [RESERVED]. 55
I.61 52.246-17 WARRANTY OF SUPPLIES OF A NONCOMPLEX NATURE (JUN 2003).. 55
I.62 52.246-18 WARRANTY OF SUPPLIES OF A COMPLEX NATURE (MAR 2001).. 56
I.63 52.246-19 WARRANTY OF SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT UNDER PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS OR DESIGN CRITERIA
(MAR 2001)... 57
I.64 52.247-1 COMMERCIAL BILL OF LADING NOTATIONS (FEB 2006). 59
PAGE 7 OF 59 HHM402-08-C-0072

#### Page 8

CLAUSES
252 . 212-7001 CONTRACT TERMS AND CONDITIONS REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT STATUTES OR EXECUTIVE ORDERS
APPLICABLE TO DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS OF COMMERCIAL ITEMS (MAR 2008 )
(a ) The Contractor agrees to comply with the following Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR)
clause which, if checked, is included in this contract by reference to i mplement a provision of law
applicable to acquisitions of commercial items or components .
52 . 203- 3, Gratuities (APR 198 4) (10 u .s .c . 2207 ).
(4) 252 . 225-700 1 , Buy American Act and Balance of Payments Program
(b ) The Contractor agrees to comply with a ny clause that is c hecked on the fol l owing list of
Defense FAR Supplement clauses which, if checked, is i nc luded in this contract by reference to
implement provisions of law or Executive orders applicable to acquisitions of commercial items or
components .
(1) 252 . 205- 7000 , Provision of Information to Cooperative
Agreement Holders (DEC 1991)
(10 U. S.C . 2416) .
(2) 252 . 219- 7003 , Small Business Subcontracting Plan (DoD Contracts)
(APR 2007) (15 U. S . C. 637) .
(3 ) 252 . 219- 7004 , Small Business Subcontracting Plan (Test Program)
(APR 2007 ) (15 U. S . C. 637 Note) .
(JUN 2005 ) (41 U. S . C. lOa- lOd, E . O. 10582) .
(5 ) 252 . 225-7012 , Preference for Certain Domestic Commodities (MAR
2008 ) (10 u .s .c . 2533a) .
Bearings (MAR 2006) (Section 8065 of Pub . L . 10 7-11 7 and the
(6) 252 . 225-7014 , Preference for Domestic Specialty Metals (JUN
2005 ) (10 U. S . C. 2533a) .
(7) 252 . 225- 7015 , Restriction on Acquisition of Hand or Measuring
Tools (JUN 2005 ) (1 0 U. S . C. 2533a) .
(8) 252 . 225- 7016 , Restriction on Acquisition of Ball and Roller
same restriction in s ubsequent DoD appropriations acts .
(9) 252 . 225- 7021 , Trade Agreements (MAR 2007) (19 u. s .c . 2501-2518
and 19 u .s .c . 3301 note ) .
(10 ) 252 . 225- 7027 , Restriction on Contingent Fees for Foreign
Military Sales (APR 2003) (22 U. S . C. 2779) .
(41 U. S . C. lOa- lOd abd 19 U. S . C. 3301 note).
(11 ) 252.22 5-7028 , Excl us ionary Pol i cies a nd Practices of Foreign
Governments (APR 2003) (22 U. S . C. 2755) .
(12)
(i) 252 . 225- 7036 , Buy American Act --Free Trade
Agreements--Balance of Payments Program (MAR 2007 )
(ii) (Alternate I) (OCT 2006 ) of 252 . 225- 7036 .
(13 ) 252 . 225-7038 , Restriction on Acquisition of Air Circuit
Breakers (JUN 2005 ) (1 0 U. S . C. 2534 (a) (3)) .
(14) 252 . 226-7001 , Utilization of Indian Organizations Indian-Owned
Economic Enterprises , and Native Hawaiian Small Business
Concerns (SEP 2004 ) (Section 8021 of Public Law 107-248 and
similar sections in subsequent DoD appropriations acts) .
(15) 252 . 227-7015 , Technical Data--Commercial Items (NOV 1995 )
(1 0 u. s .c . 2320 ).
(16) 252 . 227-7037 , Validation of Rest rictive Markings on Technical
(18 ) 252 . 237- 7019 , Training for Contractor Personnel Interacting
Data {SEP 1999) (1 0 U. S . C. 2321) .
(17) 252 . 232- 7003 , Electronic Submission of Payment Requests and
Receiving Reports (MAR 2008 ) (10 U. S . C. 2227) .
with Detainees (SEP 2006 ) (Section 1092 of Public Law 108- 375) .
(19 ) 252 . 243-7002 Requests for Equitable Adjustment (MAR 1998 )
(10 u. s .c . 2410 ).
(2 0 )
(i) 252 . 247 - 7023 , Transportation of Supplies by Sea (MAY
2002 ) (10 u. s .c . 2631 ).
(ii) Alternate I (MAR 2000) of 252 - 247-7023 .
(21) 252 . 247-7024 , Notification of Transportation of Supplies by Sea
(MAR 2000) (10 U. S . C. 2631) .
(c) In addition to the clauses listed in paragraph (e) of the Contract Terms and Conditions
Required to I mplement Statutes or Executive Orders--Commercial Items clause of this contract (FAR
52 . 212-5 ), the Contractor shall include the terms of the following clauses , if applicable, in
subcontracts for commercial items or commercial components , awarded at any tier under this contract :
(1 ) 252.225- 7014 , Preference for Domestic Speciality Metals ,
PAGE 8 OF 59 HHM402-08-C-0072

#### Page 9

Alternate I (APR 2003 ) (10 U. S . C . 2533a ) .
(2 ) 252 . 237- 7 019 , Traini ng for Contractor Personnel Interacting
wit h Detainees (SEP 2 006) (Section 109 2 of Pub . L . 108- 375) .
(3 ) 252 . 247-7 023 , Transportation of Supplies by Sea (MAY 2002 )
(10 u. s .c . 2631) .
(4) 252 . 247- 7024 , Notification of Transportation of Suppl ies by Sea
(MAR 2 0 00) (10 U. S . C . 263 1) .
(End of c l ause )
(iv} Alternate I II (MAR 2000 ) of 252-247-7023 .
(i ii ) Alternate II (MAR 2000 ) of 252- 2 47 - 7023 .
52 . 2 12-4

CONTRACT TERMS AND CONDI TIONS--COMMERCIAL ITEMS (FEB 2007)
(Reference 52 . 212 - 4)

52 . 212-5 CONTRACT TERMS AND CONDI TIONS REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT STATUTES OR EXECUTIVE ORDERS--COMMERCIAL
IT8MS (JUN 2008 )
(a ) The Contractor shall comply with the followi ng Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) clause ,
whi ch i s incorporated i n t h is con t ract by refe r e nce , to implement provisi ons of law o r Execut i ve
orders appl icable to acquisitions of commercial items :
(1) 52 . 233- 3 , Protest a fte r Award (Aug 1996 ) (31 U. S.C . 3 553 ).
( 2 ) 52 . 233- 4 , Applicable Law for Breach of Contract Cl aim (Oct 2004 )
(Pub . L . 108-77 , 108-78 ) .
(b) The Contractor s hall comply with the FAR clauses i n t h is pa rag rap h (b) that the Contract i ng
Officer has indicated as being incorporated in this contract by reference to implement provisions
of l aw o r Executive orders applicable to acqu isit ions of commercial items :
( 1 ) 52 . 203-6 , Restrictions on Subcontractor Sales to the Government
(Sep 2006 ), with Alternate I (Oct 1995 ) ( 41 U. S . C . 253g and
10 u . s . c . 2402 ).
( 2 ) 52 . 219- 3 , Notice of Total HUBZone Set - Aside (Ja n 1999 )
(15 U. S . C . 657a) .
( 3 ) 52 . 219- 4 , Notice of Price Evaluation Preference for HUBZone
Smal l Business Concerns (July 2005 ) (if t he of ferer elects
to waive t he preference , it shall so i ndicate in its offer)
(15 U. S . C . 657a) .
(4) [Reserved ]
( 5)

( i ) 52 . 219- 6 , Notice of Total Small Business Set - Aside (June
2003) (15 u. s . c . 644) .
( ii ) Alternate I (Oct 1995 ) of 52 . 219- 6 .
( iii ) Alternate II (Mar 2004) of 52 . 219-6 .
(6)

( i ) 52 . 219-7 , Notice of Partial Small Business Set-Aside (June
2003 ) (15 u. s . c . 64 4) .
( ii ) Alternate I (Oct 1995 ) of 52 . 219-7 .
( iii ) Al ternate II (Mar 2004) of 5 2 . 219- 7 .
( 7 ) 52 . 219-8 , Utilization of Small Business Concerns (May 2004 ) (15
U. S . C . 637 (d) (2 ) a nd (3) ) .
(8)

( i ) 52 . 219- 9 , Small Business Subcontracting Plan (Apr 20 08)
(15 U. S . C . 637(d) (4) .
(ii ) Alternate I (Oct 2001 ) of 52 . 219-9 .
(iii) Alternate I I (Oct 2001) of 52 . 219- 9 .
( 9 ) 52 . 219- 14 , Limitations on Subcon tracting (Dec 1996) (15 U. S . C .
637(a)(14)) .
( 10 ) 52 . 219- 1 6, Liquidated Damages--Subcontracting Plan ( Jan 1999 )
(15 U.S . C . 637(d) (4) (F) (i )) .
(11)
( i ) 52 . 2 1 9- 23 , Notice of Pri ce Eval uat ion Adjustment for Small
Disadvantaged Business Concerns (Sept 2005 ) (10 U. S . C . 2323 )
(if the offerer elects to waive the adj u stment , it shall so
Disadvant a g e d Status a nd Reporting (Apr 2008 ) (Pub . L .
indicate in its offer ) .
( ii ) Alternate I (June 2003) of 52 . 2 1 9-23 .
( 12 ) 52 . 219-25 , Small Disadvantaged Business Participation Program7102 , and 10 U. S . C. 2323 ) .
103-355 , section 7102 , pja~ 9\:9F l!;gS HHMk¥-D1r-c-oo72

#### Page 10

(13) 52.2l9-26, Small Disadvantaged Business Participation Program-
Incentive Subcontracting (Oct 2000) (Pub. L. 103-355, section
(l4) 52.2l9-27, Notice of Total Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small
Business Set-Aside (May 2004) (15 U.S.C. 657 f).
(15) 52.219-28, Post Award Small Business Program Rerepresentation
(June 2007) (15 U.S.C. 632(a) (2)).
(16) 52.222-3, Convict Labor (June 2003) (E.0. 11755).
(17) 52.222-19, Child Labor--Cooperation with Authorities and Remedies
Veterans of the Vietnam Era, and Other Eligible Veterans
(Feb 2008) (E.O. 13126).
(18) 52.222-2l, Prohibition of Segregated Facilities (Feb 1999).
(19) 52.222-26, Equal Opportunity (Apr 2002) (E.0. 11246).
(20) 52.222-35, Equal Opportunity for Special Disabled Veterans,
(22) 52.222-37, Employment Reports on Special Disabled Veterans,
(Sept 2006) (38 U.S.C. 4212).
(21) 52.222-36, Affirmative Action for Workers with Disabilities
(Jun 1998) (29 U.S.C. 793).
Union Dues or Fees (Dec 2004) (E.O. 13201).
Veterans of the Vietnam Era, and Other Eligible Veterans (Sept
2006) (38 U.S.C. 4212).
(23) 52.222-39, Notification of Employee Rights Concerning Payment of
(24)
(i) 52.222-50, Combating Trafficking in Persons (Aug 2007)
(Applies to all contracts).
(ii) Alternate I (Aug 2007) of 52.222-50.
(25)
(i) 52.223-9, Estimate of Percentage of Recovered Material
Content for EPA-Designated Items (May 2008) (42 U.S.C.
6962(c)(3)(A)(ii)).
(ii) Alternate I (May 2008) of 52.223-9 (42 U.S.C.
6962(i)(2) (C)).
(26) 52.223-15, Energy Efficiency in Energy-Consuming Products
(Dec 2007) (42 U.S.C. 8259b).
(27)
(i) 52.223-16, IEEE 1680 Standard for the Environmental
(28) 52.225-1, Buy American Act-Supplies (June 2003) (41 U.S.C.
Assessment of Personal Computer Products (Dec 2007)
(E.O. 13423).
(ii) Alternate I (Dec 2007) of 52.223-16.
10a-10d).
(29)
Trade Act (Aug 2007) (41 U.S.C. 10a-10d, 19 U.S.C. 3301
(i) 52.225-3, Buy American Act-Free Trade Agreements-Israeli
note, 19 U.S.C. 2112 note, Pub. L. 108-77, 108-78, 108-286,
109-53 and 109-169.
(ii) Alternate I (Jan 2004) of 52.225-3.
(iii) Alternate II (Jan 2004) of 52.225-3.
(30) 52.225-5, Trade Agreements (Nov 2007) (19 U.S.C. 2501, et seq.,
19 U.S.C. 3301 note).
(31) 52.225-13, Restrictions on Certain Foreign Purchases (Jun 2008)
(E.O. 's, proclamations, and statutes administered by the Office
of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the Treasury).
(32) 52.226-4, Notice of Disaster or Emergency Area Set-Aside
(34) 52.232-29, Terms for Financing of Purchases of Commercial Items
(Nov 2007) (42 U.S.C. 5150).
(33) 52.226-5, Restrictions on Subcontracting Outside Disaster or
Emergency Area (Nov 2007) (42 U.S.C. 5150).
(Feb 2002) (41 U.S.C. 255(f), 10 U.S.C. 2307(f)).
(35) 52.232-30, Installment Payments for Commercial Items (0ct 1995)
(41 U.S.C. 255(f), 10 U.S.C. 2307(f)).
(36) 52.232-33, Payment by Electronic Funds Transfer-Central
(37) 52.232-34, Payment by Electronic Funds Transfer-Other than
Contractor Registration (Oct 2003) (31 U.S.C. 3332).
Central Contractor Registration (May 1999) (31 U.S.C. 3332).
(38) 52.232-36, Payment by Third Party (May 1999) (31 U.S.C. 3332).
(39) 52.239-1, Privacy or Security Safeguards (Aug 1996) (5 U.S.C.
Commercial Vessels (Feb 2006) (46 U.S.C. Appx 124l(b) and
PAGE 10 OF 59 HHM402-08-C-0072

#### Page 11

552a) .
( 4 0)

(i) 52 . 247-64 , Preference for Pri vately Owned U . S . -Fl a g
(c) The Contractor s hall comply with the FAR clauses in this paragraph (c) , applicable to
commercial services , that the Contracting Offi cer h as indi cat ed as be i ng i n corporated in this
contract by reference to implement provisions of law or Executive orders applicabl e to acquisitions
of commerci a l i tems :
10 u .s .c . 2631) .
(ii ) Alternate I (Ap r 198 4) of 52 . 247-64 .
(1) 52 . 222- 41 , Service Contract Act of 1965 (Nov 2007)
( 41 u .s .c . 351 , et seq .) .
( 2 ) 52 . 222-42 , Statement of Equivalent Rates for Federa l Hires (May
1989 ) (29 u. s .c . 206 and 41 u .s .c . 351 , et seq .) .
( 3 ) 52 . 222-43 , Fair Labor Standards Act and Service Contract ActPrice Adjustment (Multiple Year and Option Contracts ) (May 1989 )
(29 U. S.C . 206 and 41 U. S . C. 351 , et seq .) .
( 4 ) 52 . 222-44 , Fair Labor Standards Act and Service Contract Act­
Price Adjustmen t (Feb 2002 ) (29 U. S . C . 206 and 41 U. S . C. 351 ,
et seq . ) .
(5) 52 . 222 - 51 , Exemption from Application of the Service Contract
Act to Contracts for Mai n tenance , Calibration , o r Repair of
Certain Equipment--Requirements (Nov 2007 )
(4 1 u .s .c . 351 , et seq . ) .
( 6 ) 52 . 222-53 , Exemption from Application of the Service Contract
Act Contracts fro Certai n Services--Requirements (Nov 2007)
( 41 u.s .c . 351 , et seq . ) .
(7) 52 . 237-11 , Accepting and Dispens i ng of $1 Coi n (Aug 2007)
( 31 u.s .c . 5112 (p) (1)).
(d ) Comptroller General Exami nation of Record . The Contract or s hall compl y with the provi sions of
this paragraph (d) if this contract was awarded us ing other t han sealed b i d , i s i n excess of the
simplified acquisition threshold, and does not contain the clause at 52 . 215-2 , Audit and Records­
Negotiation .
(1 ) Notwithstanding the requirements of the clauses in paragraphs (a ), (b) , (c) , and (d) of
this clause , t he Con tractor is not required to flow down any FAR clause , other than t hose in
paragraphs (i ) through (vii of this paragraph in a subcontract for commercial items . Unless
otherwise indicated below, the e x tent of t he flow down s hall be as required by the clause-(i) 52 . 2 1 9-8 , Utilization of Small Business Concerns (May 2004 ) (1 5 U. S . C. 637 (d) ( 2 ) and ( 3 )) ,
i n all subcon tracts t hat offer further subcon tracting opportunities . If the subcontract (except
s ubcon t racts to small b us iness concerns) e x ceeds $550 , 000 ( $1 , 000 , 000 for const ruction of any
public facility ) , the subcontractor must include 52 . 219- 8 in lower tier subcontracts that offer
s u bco n t racting o pportunities .
( i i ) 52 . 222 - 26 , Equal Opportunity (Mar 2007 ) (E . O. 11246 ).
( i ii} 52 . 222- 35 , Equal Opport u nit y for Sp ecial Di sabled Veterans , Veterans of the
Vietnam
Era , and Other Eligibl e Veterans (Sept 2006) ( 38 U. S . C . 4212 ).
( i v) 52 . 222 - 36 , Affirmative Action for Workers with Disabil ities (Ju ne 1 998 ) (29 U. S . C . 793 ) .
( v ) 52 . 222 - 39 , Notification of Employee Rights Concerning Payment of Union Dues or Fees (DEC
20 04) (E . O. 13201) .
(vi) 52 . 222- 41 , Service Contract Act of 1965 (Nov 2007) (4 1 U. S . C. 351 , et seq . ) .
(vii ) 52 . 222-50 , Combating Trafficking i n Persons (Aug 2007 ) ( 22 U. S . C . 7104(g) ). Flow down
required in accordance with paragraph ( f ) of FAR c lause 52 . 222- 50 .
( viii ) 52 . 222-51 , Exemption from Application of the Service Contract Act to Contracts for
Maintenance , Calibration , or Re pair of Certain Equipment--Requirements (Nov 2007 ) (41 U.S . C . 351 , et
seq . ).
(1 ) The Compt roller Ge neral of the United States , or an authorized representative of t he
Comptroller General ,
shall have access to and right to examine any of the Contractor's d i rectly
pertinent records involving transactions related to this contract .
(2) The Con tractor shall make avai l able at its off i ces a t a l l reasonabl e times the r ecords ,
materials , and other evidence for examination , audit , or reproduction , until 3 years after final
pay ment under this contract or for any shorter period specified in FAR Subpart 4 . 7 , Contractor
Records Retention , of the other clauses of this contract . If this contract is compl etely or partially
termi nated,
the records relat i ng to t he work t ermi nated shall be made avai l a b l e f o r 3 years after
any resulting final termination settlement . Records relating to appeals under the disputes clause or
to lit i g at i on o r the settlement of clai ms aris i ng under or relating to this contract shall be made

(Text continues in the original file: 59 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D112 — AAWSAP Contract Modification P00001, September 2009

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D112
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D112
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/2/09
- Location: Washington, D.C.
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

September 2009: when paperwork outruns the money.

- Contract modification PDF, DoW, September 2009, Washington D.C.
- Extends BAASS contract, revises option years, notes funds unavailable pending appropriations.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an administrative or programmatic record related to the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP), a Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)-administered program active from 2008 to 2012. AAWSAP’s official scope of work identified 12 technical research areas relating to potential aerospace threats over a time horizon of more than 40 years. As an administrative record, the file documents how AAWSAP was scoped, organized, tasked, funded, or described at a particular point in time.

This September 2009 contract modification formally extends the Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies (BAASS) contract through 30 September 2009, revises the option-year dates to run from 1 October 2009 through 30 September 2010, and exercises the first option year subject to the availability of appropriated funds. The document carries forward the same major deliverable categories as the original contract.

### AI summary

This document is a contract modification for the AAWSAP program, issued by the Virginia Contracting Activity on September 8, 2009. It modifies contract HH1v1402-08-C-0072, extending the period of performance to September 30, 2009, and revising the option year dates to October 1, 2009, to September 30, 2010. The modification also exercises the first option year, contingent on fund availability. The contractor is Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies. The document states that no funds are currently available for the contract, and the government's obligation is dependent on appropriated funds being made available.

### Full text

#### Page 1

CONTRACT DISTRIBUTION LIST
DATE: 8-Sep-09
PUN: HH1v1402-08-C-0072
0 .0 .: I MOD: P00001
CS: l{b){3) 10 USC 424, (6)(6)

VIRGlNIA CONTRACTING ACTIVITY
ATTN: DAP; Bolling AFB, Bldg 6000
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20340-5100
COPY
SENT:
X

TO:
I. Contractor

Stamp the copy"Duplicate Original
Contractor Coov"
2. Administration Office (ACO)
(Send coov of distribution list)
3. Payment Office
Stamp copy"Duplicate Original"
a. DCAS Component
b. NSA
4. DCAA

X

NO. OF
COPIES

ADDRESS:
BIGELOW AEROSPACE ADVANCED SPACE STUDIES
1899 W BROOKS AVE
ORTH LAS VEGAS NV 890323671

1

VACA

I

Finance and Accounting Office
P.O. Box 1685 ATTN: DF221 I
Ft. George G. Meade, MD 20755-6000

1

Use Only if you have designated a DCAA Office

(Send copy ofPNM when soecificd)

S. POC

X

AAP Person 1

6. Consignee
a. DD Form 1155
b. Other
7. Financial Resource Manager

X

DS-SE3 (Read the instructions in RED before X-ing
this block)

I

8. Logistics Branch

X

I

9. FE-3

X

Attn: DAL-2A (Contracts relating to supplies/equipment, maintenance and services)
Centralized Distribution Box

(Applicable to all "S" #sand all 200
series #s - 6"1 set of numbers in ACRN)

10. Element Budget Office

2

I

DAL-2B (Use if supplies and equipment are being
delivered to the LAl Warehouse - otherwise, do not

11. Report Copy DD-350

X

"X")
OAP- I

12. Contract File
(Original)

X

D.O. FlLE

COPIES:

I

I

TOTAL NO.

10

DISTRIBUTION COMPLETED:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
(Date)
(Signature)

#### Page 2

I 1e

AMENDMENT OF SOLICITATION/MODIFICATION OF CONTRACT ll.COIITRACTIOCOOE
2. AMENOMENT/MOOIFICATION NO.

3. EFFECTIVE DATE

P00001

SEP02. 2009
cooE HH0402

''AG OrAG:S

IS. PROJECT NO. jll 1pphcbl1i

• REOVISlTION/P\/RCHASE REO. NO.

1

6. ISSUED BY

Virginia Contracling Activity
ATTN: AE-2
Bolling AFB. Bldg. 6000
Washington DC 20340-5100
l(bl(3>10 USC 424, (b)(6)

7. ADt,,N,STEREO BY Ill other lh,n ltom 61

CODE

2050

Virginia Contracting Activity
ATTN: DIAC, AE-2
Bu~ding 6000
Washington DC 20340-5100

I

8. NAME ANO ADDRESS OF CONTRACTOR !No.. 11tteet, c.ouo1y. Ste1e •ncfllP Codel

BIGELOW AEROSPACE ADVANCED SPACE STUDIES. DUNS· 827037768
LLC
Cage Code. 54JU7
1899 W BROOKS AVE
NORTH LAS VEGAS NV 890323671

-IXI

9A. AMENDMENT OF SOllClATION NO.

98. DATED ISEE ITEM 11l

10A MOOIFlCATl()N OF CONTRACT/OAOER NO.

HHM402-08-C-0072
)(

Hlll O..IEO(SEE IIEI! 13)
CODE 00000434

SEP 22. 2008

IFACJUTY COOE

11. THIS ITEM ONLY APPLIES TO AMENDMENTS OF SOLICITA rtONS
0

The obo¥• numbered aolic,talion 11 •mended•• i,el forth ,n l1 em 14. The: how cno date spoc,hed 101 receipt ol

Olfc r■ Dis e.-1end•d• D

IS not uctended.

Oller, mutt aclit.nowl.dge f•0t1pt ol th11 emondment prior to tho hour and date. apec1f1od wt the ~t,citohon Of u emended. by one of the fcllo""'1ng method,:
t1)8y eomplet1no 1tom1 8 ond \5, ond tolurriing
eop~, ot tha 1mendmen1; Cb> By """°Wedging u1u,pt of tht• amendment Qn fl,ac:h copy of the olle, 1ubmit1ed:
or tc) Oy ■epoi otc 1otttt or tolegr•m which includoa • 111fofenco to tho toliei1111on •nd omendmant runt-e1t FAILURE Of YOUR ACKNOWLEDGMENT TO BE ~ECEIVEO AT THE
PLACE OESIGNA1EO FOR THE RECEIPT OF OFFERS PRIOA TO THE HOUR AIIO DA1E SPECrmo MAY RESULT 111 REJECTION OF YOUR OFFER. If by'"'"" of th,o , m,ndmen1
your det•r• lo chongo on offe, alteody 1vbm1ttod, tuch chenge "l'IIY be m:ede by l•~Qt•m ot lotto1, provided oach 1c'eg11m or letter m,11.oe toferonee to lho aol1e11011on end lhio
amendment, end i1 rec.eivt d pnor :o tho openin; hout ond dote spt t,fiod.
12. ACCOUNTINGANOAFPROPl.,._TK>N OATA(H',-Ciutoj)

See Schedule

Modification Amount: $0.00
Modification Obligated Amount: $0.00

13. THIS ITEM Ol-,LY APPLIES TO MODIFICATION or CONTRACTS/ORDERS.
IT MODIFIES THE CONTRACT/ORDER NO AS DESCRIBED l"l ITEM 14
CHECK ONE

A. THIS CHANGE ORDER IS ISSUED PURSUANT TO; 15-lv ,v.ho1,1yl THE CHA.'IGES SET FORTH IN ITEM 14 ARE MADE IN THE CONTRACT ORDER
NO. IN ITEM 10A.

B

X

C.

THE A80V£ NUMBERED CONTRACT/ORDER IS MOO!FIEO TO REFLECT THE ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES (tueh • • chang;u"' poyin'. olfice,
•pptop,1at1on data, e1c.) SET FORTH lN ITEM 14, PURSUANT TO THE AUTHORITY Of FAR 43.103tb).

1HIS SUPl'LEMENTAL AGREEMENT IS ENIERED INTOl'\JRSUANI TO AUTHORITY OF:

FAR 52.217-9 "Option to extend \he term of lhe contract' (March 2000)
0.

OTHER {Spe.c,ty type ol m0d f1ca11on and avthc>uty)

E. IMPORTANT: Con1rac1or

D is not, 0 is required 10 sign this documenl and return

copies to <he issuing off1ce.

,4. DESCRIPTION Of AMENDMENT/MOOIFtCATION (Organ1z.ed by UCF sedion he"aCW'Qs, ll'lciud•ng so.:ol3hon/c;o.,tr.1t1 svb1od matter where foas1b1o.)

See allached document

\GC, DA IE SIGNED

NSN 7540-01-151·8070
P1c\f1ou1 ed1hon unuteb!t

#### Page 3

UnclassiRed

SCHEDULE Continued
ITEM NO,

5VPPLIE8/IIERVICES

QVAl<TITY

VNrT

UNrT PRICE •

AlolOUl(J $

(Changed Line Item}
Option Year: 22 September 2009 - 29 September 2010
1001

Monthly Status Reports
Quantity 12

1.00

LO

3,241 ,200.00

OPT
3,241,200.00

1.00

LO

9,957,600.00

OPT
9,957,600.00

1.00

LO

6,006,000.00

OPT
6,006,000.00

1.00

LO

460,800.00

OPT
-460,800.00

1.00

LO

115,000.00

OPT
115,000.00

1.00

LO

5,219,400.00

OPT
5,219,400.00

Period of Performance: 09/2212009 to 09/2112010
(Changed Line Item}
1002

Project Management Plan for Tasks 3.a.1 - 3.a.12
Quantity 12
Period of Per1ormance: 0912212009 lo 09/21/2010
(Changed Line Item)

1003

Research Report for Tasks 3.a.1. - 3.a.12
Quantity 12
Period of Performance: 09/2212009 to 09/21/2010
(Changed line Item}

1004

Comprehensive Integrated Threat Assessment
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 09/2112010
(Changed Line Item)

1005

Travel
Period of Performance: 09122/2009 to 09/2112010
(Changed Lina Item)

1006

Other Direct Costs
Period of Performance: 09122/2009 to 09/21/2010

!
PAGE 2 OF
Uncla"med

#### Page 4

The purpose ofthis modification is to:
A)

Extend the current period of perfonnance to 30 September 2009

B)

Revise Option year dates to be I Oct 2009 to 30 September 2010

C)

Exercise Option year I subject to availability of funds

D)

LAW FAR 52.232-18 (APR 1984)

Funds are not presently available for this contract. The Government's obligation
under this contract is contingent upon the availability of appropriated funds from
which payment for contract purposes can be made. No legal liability on the part
ofthe Government for any payment may arise until funds are made available to
the Contracting Officer for the contract and until the Contractor receives notice
of such availability, to be confinned in writing by the Contracting Officer.
E)

All other tenns and conditions remain unchanged

## DOW-UAP-D113 — AAWSAP Contract Modification P00002, February 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D113
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D113
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2/2/10
- Location: Washington, D.C.
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

This document is an administrative or programmatic record related to the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP), a Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)-administered program active from 2008 to 2012. AAWSAP’s official scope of work identified 12 technical research areas relating to potential aerospace threats over a time horizon of more than 40 years. As an administrative record, the file documents how AAWSAP was scoped, organized, tasked, funded, or described at a particular point in time.

This February 2010 contract modification provides funding for the exercise of Option Year 1 under contract HHM402-08-C-0072 and removes the availability-of-funds contingency that had been imposed in modification P00001. It also states that the modification identifies impacts to deliverables resulting from reduced Option Year 1 funding and incorporates revised documentation showing how Fiscal Year 2010 funds would be used. The modification converts the previously contingent option-year continuation into a funded contract action while acknowledging that reduced funding would affect the planned scope or timing of deliverables.

### AI summary

This document is a contract modification dated February 2, 2010, issued by the Virginia Contracting Activity. It modifies Contract HHM402-08-C-0072, which involves Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies, LLC. The modification provides $11,948,810.00 in funding for the Exercise of Option Year 1, removes a funding availability clause, identifies impacts to deliverables from reduced funding, incorporates revised documentation on 2010 fund utilization, and increases the total obligated amount for the contract to $21,948,810.00. All other terms and conditions remain unchanged.

### Full text

#### Page 1

CONTRACT DIRIBUTION LI ST
VIRGINIA CONTRACTING ACTIVITY
Building 6000. Bolling AFB
Washington, D.C. '.?0340-5100
DATE: 01 r eh:!01 0
PITN: I II 11\l-to2-08-C-0072

Delivery Or<ler ffask Order:
MOD: P00002
RE~ · 651-0003-1 O
CS: ~m 10 Use4". !bi/ill
KO: _
COPY
SENT

TO:
I. Contractor
Stamp the copy­
" Duplicate Original
Contractor Co "
2. Payment Office

NO.OF
COPlES

ADDRESS:
Higdo\\" ,\cruspacl! \d,~m,cd

X

-t6-«> .. Ll!>l\.·m ,\ H!
I m, \ \.'g.t~. '-!V 89119
Robert ·1 13igdtm 702~56-1606

NSA FfNANCE AND ACCOUNTING OFFICE
P.O. Box 1685 ATTN: DF22I I
FT George Meade, MD 20755-6000

NSA

X

Phone: 410-854-765 7 & 4 l0-854-8742 (rnr 111, olcc ,1:11u ~J
(for 111, nict ,1:111")

4. COR/POC

X
5. DI FE Representative

X
6. Report Copy DD-350

X

7. Contract File
(Ori inal)
8. Other

X

AE-2A

D.O. File

TOTAL NO.

COPIES:

UI~ I Kltl U noN COMPLETED:

7

~- lf- ID
(Date)

#### Page 2

AMENDMENT OF SOLICITATION/MODIFICATION OF CONTRACT
2, AMENDMENTIMOOIFICATION NO,

P00002
CODE

FEB 02, 2010
HHQ402

7, AOMINISTEREO BY tll 01h1r \hon llem 61

15. PROJECT NO. 111 eppll<ble)

651-0003-10
COOE Z050

Virginia Contracting Activity
ATTN: D!AC, AE-2
Building 6000
Washington DC 20340-5100

I

l (O)p):10 USG 424, (0)(5)

... ,.......

tXI 9A, AMENOWENT Of SOLICIATION NO
,..._

II
-··
BIGELOW AEROSPACEADVANCED SPACE STUDIES, DUNS: 827037768
Cage Code· 54JU7
LLC
4640 S EASTERN AVE
LAS VEGAS NV 891196135
w•

rAGE i P~~S

1

4. REQUISITION/PURCHASE REO. NO.

Virginia Contracting Activity
ATTN: AE-2
Bolling AFB, Bldg. 6000
Washinqton DC 20340-5100
w.

I CONTRACT 10 CODE

3. EFFECTIVE DATE

1

O. ISSUEO BY

I'

98, DATED ISEE ITEM 111
IOA. MODIFICATION OF CONTRACT/ORDER NO,

HHM402-08-C-0072
IC

108.DATEO {SEE ITEM 1;)

SEP 22, 2008

IFACILITY CODE

CODE 00000434

11. THIS ITEM ONLY APPLIES TO AMENDMENTS OF SOLICITATIONS

D The ebo\/e numtiered s<1lichadcn fs ,mended as

O

0

stt fcn.h in 11,m 14, Tho hour ond dote specified for rectlp, cf Offtfl
11 enel'lded.
is not &.>I.tended.
Olle•• must 1<lulowltdgo 1oc:elp1ol \his omendmon1 l)!lor 10 lht hour snd dale sptcll led In 1ho1ollcl1a~on OI H a111•nded, by 0111 ol tilt follo""ng tnclhods:
(al8y comple1,ng ilem1 e end 15, and rc,vrn;ng
COPI. . ol 1hl amendment; (bl 8y 1ckoowlodg;ng rtetlpl ol lhll 1mendmtn1 on each <oPY ol 11\e oiler submlntd;
or (cl 8v uparaoe lttt•r or 1tleg1"" wl,lch lnclydoii'i'iiiitnce 10 1ht 1ollcl11rion and amtndmtnt numbe11, FIIILURE OF YOUR ACKNOWI.EDGMENT TO BE RECEIVED AT THE
PLACE DESIGNATED FOR THE RECEIM' OF OfFERS PRIOR TO THE HOUR ANO DATE SPECIFIED MAY RESULT IN REJECflON OF YO~A OFFER. II by vlrM of 1ro11mendmfn1
your desir• to change en otf1r a1readv 1ubmltted, 1ucn eh1ngt m1v bt made by teiogram or lene,, provided eech udeg,em or letter makes reference to tha sollcfutlon end It~•
amendment, Gl\d Is ,1r:tived p,ior 10 the opening hour i nd dete ;pecltltd.
12, ACCOVNTIHG Al'lll APPROPIAl~N OMA (lttoqvlrtOI

Modification /\mount: $11 ,948,810.00
Modification Obligated Amount: $11,948,810,00

See Schedule

13. THIS ITEM ONLY APPLIES TQ MODIFICATION OF CONTRACTS/ORDERS,
IT MODIFIES THE CONTRACT/ORDER NO. AS DESCRIBED IN ITEM 14.
CHECK ONE A. THIS CHANGE ORDER IS ISSUED PURSUANT TO: ISpec1ly 1U1h0tltyl THE CHANOES SET FORTH IN ITEM 14 ARE MAOE IN THE CONTRACT Ol!OER
NO, IN ITEM 10A

8,

X

THE A8011E NUMBERED CONTRACT/ORDER IS MODIFIED TO REFLECT Tl-'E ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES 1,uc:h II changes In pay,ng ornc,,
1pp,oprl1~on d11e, t1C,l SET FORTH IN ITEM 14, PURSUANT TO 1HE AUTHORITY OF FAR 43,1031bl.

C, THIS SUPPLEMENTAL AGREEMENTIS ENTERED INTOPURSUANT TO AUTHORITY OP:

FAR 52.212-4(c) Changes Mar 2009
0,

OTHER ISpoc,I)' IY!a ol modltlc11ion 1nd authority\

E. IMPORTANT: Contractor

O is not, 0 is required to sign this document and return

copies to the i&suing office.

14, DESCRIPTION OF AMENOMENTIMOOIFICATION (Organlud by UCF secllon hta(llngs, lncU1ln9 ,ollclla\lon/oonlrad tut)oci manerwhtre l1ulbl1.)

The purpose of this modification Is to accomplish the following:
a) Provide funding in the amount of $11,948,810.00 for lhe Exercise of Option Year I of Contract HHM402-08-C-0072 and thereby removing
the availability of funding clause referenced in modification P00001 did 9/02/09.
b) Identify Impacts to deliverables as a result of reduced funding for Option Year 1, (see attachment)
c) lncorporale \he revised documentation showing utillza\/on of 2010 funds and identify technical risks of reduced funding,
d) The obligated funding for Contract HHM402-08-C-0072 is Increased by $11,948,810.00. As a result, the total obligated amount for this
contract Is $21,948,810.00.
All other terms and cond1\1ons remain unchanged.

..... • "u ..,.,,io,1ouns ot ine cccumcr.t rtf•rencwJ in hem 9A a, 10A I

hCHeI0for

nged. ,en,1lr'!S ul'\th.Mrvo,t ..rvt ;"' ,.,u 1,.......~ .,u....

Ml!:fJ fT, ,- - • • -••-••

(6)
5C, DATE SIGNED

6C. D~TE SIGNED

~j;o
NSN 7540-01-162·8070
Previous edition unuu ble

30 IREV. 10-831

8 CFRI 53.243

#### Page 3

2. AMENDMENT/MODIFICATlON NO.

3. EFFECTIVE DATE

P00002

1

6 . ISSUED BY

CODE

Virginia Contracting Activity
ATTN: AE-2
Bolling AFB, Bldg. 6000
Washington DC 20340-5100
lfbll::Sl:10 LJ.S.C. 6 424 (bllbl

I1I •

PAGE OF PAGE5

.:T ID CODE

AMENDMENT OF SOLICITATIO,,,,..JIODIFICATION OF CONTRACT l,.coi

15. PROJECT NO. 111 applicblel

4. REQUISITION/PURCHASE REG. NO.

651-0003-10

FEB 02, 2010

7. ADMINISTERED BY Ill other than Item 61

HH0402

CODE

2050

Virginia Contracting Activity
ATTN: DIAC, AE-2
Building 6000
Washington DC 20340-5100

I

8. NAME AND ADDRESS OF CONTRACTOR !No., street, county, State and ZIP Code)

BIGELOW AEROSPACE ADVANCED SPACE STUDIES,
LLC
4640 S EASTERN AVE
LAS VEGAS NV 891196135

DUNS: 827037768
Cage Code: 54JU7

~ 9A. AMENDMENT OF SOLIC:IATION NO
98. DATED !SEE ITEM 11 I
10A. MODIFICATION OF CONTRACT/ORDER NO.

HHM402-08-C-0072
,c
108. DATED (SEE ITEM 13)

IFACILllY CODE

CODE 00000434

SEP 22, 2008

11. THIS ITEM ONLY APPLIES TO AMENDMENTS OF SOLICITATIONS

0 The above numbe,ed solicilation is amended as set fonh In Item 14. The hour and date specified for receipt of Offers D is extended. 0 is not extended.
Offers must acknowledge receipt of this amendment prior to the hour and date specified in the solicitation or as amended, by one of the following methods:
copies of the amendment; (bl By acknowledging receipt of this amendment on each copy of the offer submined;
(alBy completing ,terns 8 and 15, and 1eturning
or (cl By separate letter or telegram which includes a 1eference to the solicitation and amendment numbers. FAILURE OF YOUR ACKNOWLEDGMENT TO BE RECEIVED AT THE
PLACE DESIGNATED FOR THE RECEIPT OF OFFERS PRIOR TO THE HOUR ANO DATE SPECIFIED MAY RESULT IN REJECTION OF YOUR OFFER. If by virtue of this amendment
your desire to change an offer already submitted, such change may be made by telegram or letter. provided each telegram or letter makes reference to the solicitation and this
amendment, and is received prior to the opening hour and date specified.
12 ACCOUNTING ANO APPROPIATION DATA (If required)

Modification Amount: $11 ,948,810.00
Modification Obligated Amount: $11,948,810.00

See Schedule

13. THIS ITEM ONLY APPLIES TO MODIFICATION OF CONTRACTS/ORDERS.
IT MODIFIES THE CONTRACT/ORDER NO. AS DESCRIBED IN ITEM 14.
CHECK ONE

X

A.

THIS CHANGE ORDER IS ISSUED PURSUANT TO: !Specify authority) THE CHANGES SET FORTH IN ITEM 14 ARE MADE IN THE CONTRACT ORDER
NO. IN ITEM 10A.

B.

THE ABOVE NUMBERED CONTRACT/ORDER IS MODIFIED TO REFLECT THE ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES (such as changes in paying office,
appropriation date, etc.I SET FORTH IN ITEM 14, PURSUANT TO THE AUTHORITY OF FAR 43.1031b).

C.

THIS SUPPLEMENTAL AGREEMENT IS ENTERED INTO PURSUANT TO AUTHORITY OF:

FAR 52.212-4(c) Changes Mar 2009
D.

OTHER !Specify type of modification and authority)

E. IMPORTANT: Contractor

D is not, 0 is required to sign this document and return

copies to the issuing office.

14. DESCRIPTION OF AMENDMENT/MODIFICATION (Organized by UCF section headings. Including solicllation/contract subject mailer where feasible.)

The purpose of this modification is to accomplish the following:
a) Provide funding in the amount of $11,948,810.00 for the Exercise of Option Year I of Contract HHM402-08-C-0072 and thereby removing
the availability of funding clause referenced in modification P00001 dtd 9/02/09.
b) Identify impacts to deliverables as a result of reduced funding for Option Year 1. (see attachment)
c) Incorporate the revised documentation showing utilization of 2010 funds and identify technical risks of reduced funding.
d) The obligated funding for Contract HHM402-08-C-0072 is increased by $11,948,810.00. As a result, the total obligated amount for this
contract is $21,948,810.00.
All other terms and conditions remain unchanged.

Except as provided herein, all terms and conditions of the document referenced in Item 9A or 10A, as heretofore chanced, 1emains unchonoed and In full force and effect.
15A. NAME AND TITLE OF SIGNER !Type o, print)
16A. NAME AND TITLE OF CONTRACTING OFFICER !Type or print)

r )(3):1 0 USC 424, (bJ(6)

15B. C0NTRACTOR/0FFER0R
ISignoture of per~on authOrlU<l to ,,gnl
NSN 75<10-01-11)2-8070
Previous edition unusable

1
15C. DATE SIGNED

16B. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

t 6C. DATE SIGNEO

ISignotu,e of Contracting Officer)

STANDARD FORM 30 IAEV.10·831

Prescnbed by GSA FAR 148 CFRI 53.243

#### Page 4

Unclassified

SCHEDULE Continued
SUPPLIES/SERVICES

ITEM NO.

1001

QUANTITY

(Changed Line Item)
Option Year: 22 September 2009 - 21 September 2010
Monthly Status Reports
Quantity 12

UNIT

UNIT PRICE S

AMOUNT S

1.00

LO

1,549,100.00

1,549,100.00

1.00

LO

4,759,300.00

4,759,300.00

1.00

LO

2,870,600.00

2,870,600.00

1.00

LO

220,200.00

220,200.00

1.00

LO

36.700.00

36,700.00

1.00

LO

2,494,610.00

2,494,610.00

Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25201 S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$1,549,100.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 09/21/2010
(Changed Line Item)
1002

Project Management Plan for Tasks 3.a.1 - 3 .a.12
Quantity 12
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN:AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25201 S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$4,759,300.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 09/21/2010
(Changed Line Item)

1003

Research Report for Tasks 3.a.1 . - 3.a.12
Quantity 12
Accounting and Appropriation Data:

ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25201 S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$2,870,600.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 09/21/2010
(Changed Line Item)
1004

Comprehensive Integrated Threat Assessment
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25201 S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$220,200.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 09/21/2010

1005

(Changed Line Item)
Travel
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN:AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25201 S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$36,700.00
IPeriod or Performance: 09/22/2009 to 09121/201 O
(Changed Line Item)

1006

Other Direct Costs
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25201 S49205 CCXX 16P101T1

PAGE20F
Unclassified

#### Page 5

Unclassified

SCHEDULE Continued
ITEM NO.

SUPPLIES/SERI/ICES

QUANTITY

UNIT

UNIT PRICE $

AMOUNT$

1106 610000
$2,494,610.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 09/21/2010
(New Line Item)
1007

Additional Travel

1.00

LO

18,300.00

18,300.00

1.00

LO

0.00

0.00

1.00

LO

0.00

0.00

Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25201 S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$18,300.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 09/21/2010
(New Line Item)
1008

UNUSED - This line Item Is unused but must remain part
of the contract to insure proper accounting information Is
aligned to revised CLINS. Original 0001 from PR
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN:AB
9700100.44001102A9 25201 S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$0.00
(New Line Item)

1009

UNUSED - This line item is unused but must remain part
of the contract to Insure proper accounting Information is
aligned to revised CLINS. Original 0002 from PR
Accounting and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25201 S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106610000
$0.00

PAGE 30F
Unclasslfled

## DOW-UAP-D114 — AAWSAP Contract Modification P00003, May 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D114
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D114
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 5/18/10
- Location: Washington, D.C.
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The contract got a new overseer and still cost exactly zero dollars.

- DOW-UAP-D114 contract modification, DoW, issued May 2010, Washington D.C.
- Updates Contracting Officer’s Representative for AAWSAP contract HHM402-08-C-0072, $0.00 change, no deliverable alteration.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an administrative or programmatic record related to the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP), a Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)-administered program active from 2008 to 2012. AAWSAP’s official scope of work identified 12 technical research areas relating to potential aerospace threats over a time horizon of more than 40 years. As an administrative record, the file documents how AAWSAP was scoped, organized, tasked, funded, or described at a particular point in time.

This May 2010 contract modification is an administrative change to contract HHM402-08-C-0072. The modification states that its purpose is to change the Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR) designation for the AAWSAP contract and identifies the newly designated COR while specifying that guidance from the COR must comply with the contract’s governing terms. In effect, the file is best understood as an internal contract-administration update reflecting oversight realignment rather than a substantive change to AAWSAP’s research deliverables or program direction.

### Full text

#### Page 1

CONTRACT DIRIBUTION LIST

VIRGINIA CONTRACTING ACTIVITY
Building 6000, Bolling AFB
Washington, D.C. 20340-5100
DATE: 18 May 2010
PITN: HHM402-08-C-0072
Delivery Order /Task Order:
MOD: P00003
REQ: Admin Mod
CS:
KO:"""r"""
X3 ):=
..,..10...,..,
u=sc,,...4 .,....,,...,"""l
=24_(bl<B,....- - - - - - ,

COPY
SENT

ro:
l. Contractor
Stamp the copy­
"Duplicate Original

Contractor Co

X

f

NO~.OF
COPIES

~DRESS:
Bigelow Aerospace Advanced
4640 S. Eastern Ave

1

V

"

2. Payment Office

NSA FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING OFFICE

1

P.O. Box 1685 ATTN: DF221 l
FT George Meade MD 207 5 5-6000

NSA

X

4. COR/POC

Phone: 410-854-7657 & 410-854-8742 (for Invoice itatus)
v (for Invoice status)
'
'
I
(b)(3):10 USC 424, (b)(6)

X

1

5. DI FE Representative

X
6, Report Copy DD-350
7. Contract File

(Ori • al
8. Other

X
X

AE-2A

1

D.O. File

l

COPIES:

TOTAL NO.
(b)(3):10 USC 424, (b)(6)

DISTRIB UTION COMPLETED:

5- lr- IIJ
(Date)

7

#### Page 2

/ PAGE

AMENDMENT OF SOLICITATION/MODIFICATION OF CONTRACT ll . CONTRACTIOCOOE
3. EFFECTIVE DATE

2 . AMENOMENTIMODIFICATION NO.

1

P00003
6 . ISSUED BY

COOE

1

4 . AEOUISITION/PURCHASE REO. NO .

I

PAG;s

, 5. PROJECT NO. (If opplicblo)

MAY 18, 2010
HHQ402

7. ADMINISTERED BY U1 other than Item 6!

Virginia Contracting Activity

Virginia Contracting Activity

ATTN: AE-2

ATTN: DIAC , AE-2

Bolling AFB , Bldg. 6000
Washington DC 20340-5100

Building 6000
Washington DC 20340-5100

I

l(b)(3):10 USC 424 , (b)(6)

-

(XI

8 . NAME ANO ADDRESS OF CONTRACTOR (No .. street, coumy, State and ZIP Code)

BIGELOW AEROSPACE ADVANCED SPACE STUDIES, DUNS: 827037768
Cage Code: 54JU7
LLC
4640 S EASTERN AVE
LAS VEGAS NV 891196135

CODE

2050

9A. AMENDMENT OF SOLICIATION NO.

9B . DATED !SEE ITEM 11 )

10A. MODI FICATION OF CONTRACT/ORDER NO.

HHM402-08-C-0072
I(

108. DATED (SEE ITEM 13)

IFACILITY CODE

CODE 00000434

SEP 22, 2008

11 . THIS ITEM ONLY APPLIES TO AMENDMENTS OF SOLICITATIONS

D

The above numbered solicitation is amended as set for1h In Item 14. The hour and date specified for receip1 of Offers

D

is extended ,

D

is 001 extended.

Offers must acknowledge receipt of this amendment prior to tho hour and date specified In the sollchatlon or as emended. by one of the fellowing methods:
(a)By completing Items 8 and 15, and returning
copies of the amendment; (bl By acknowledging receipt of this amendment on each copy of the offer submitted;
or le) By separate letter or telegram which Includes a reference to tho solicitation and omendmen t numbers. FAILURE OF YOUR ACKNOWLEDGMENT TO BE RECEIVED AT THE
PLACE DESIGNATED FOR THE RECEIPT OF OFFERS PRIOR TO THE HOUR AND DATE SPECIFIED MAY RESULT IN REJECTION OF YOUR OFFER. If by virtue of this amendment
your dosiro to change an offer already submi11cd, such change may be made by telegram or letter, provided each telegram or lotter makes roferenco to the solicita1ion and this
arnondment. and is rocol vod prior to the oponing hour and date speci fied.

Modification Amount: $0.QQ

12. ACCOUNTING ANO APPROPIATION DATA (If required)

See Schedule

Modification Obligated Amount: $0.00
13. THIS ITEM ONLY APPLIES TO MODIFICATION OF CONTRACTS/ORDERS.
IT MODIFIES THE CONTRACT/ORDER NO. AS DESCRIBED IN ITEM 14.

CHECK ONE

A.

THIS CHANGE ORDER IS ISSUED PURSUANT TO: (Specify authority) THE CHANGES SET FORTH IN ITEM 14 ARE MADE IN THE CONTRACT ORDER
NO . IN ITEM 1OA .

X

8.

THE ABOVE NUMBERED CONTRACT/ORDER IS MODIFI ED TO REFLECT THE ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES (Ruch as changBS in paying office.
appropriation date, etc .) SET FORTH IN ITEM 14, PURSUANT TO THE AUTHORITY OF FAR 43.1031b).

C.

THIS SUPPLEMENTAL AGREEMENT IS ENTERED INTO PURSUANT TO AUTHORI TY OF:

D.

OTHER (Specify type of modification and authority!

E. IMPORTANT: Contractor 0

is not, Dis required to sign this document and return

copies to the issuing office.

14. DESCRIPTION OF AMENOMENT/MOOIFICATION (Organized by UCF section headings, Including sollcttatlon/conlracl subject matter where feasible.)

The purpose of this modification is to Change the COR designation on Contract HHM402-08-C-0072 in accordance with the terms below:

I

a) The fo llowing individual is named as the Contracting Officer™s Representative:
l(b)(3):10 USC 424 , (b)(6)

b) For guidance from the COR to be valid, it must be :
1.Consistent with the Statement of Work for this Contract.
2.Not constitute a new assignment of work or change the expressed terms, conditions, or specifications incorporated in this Contract.
3.Not constitute a basis for extension to the period of performance or delivery schedule.
4.Not constitute a basis for increase in any CUN quantities or in the total contract value.
c) All other terms and conditions remain the same.

Exceot as Dfovided herein all terms and conditions of the document referenced in ltom 9A or 1OA as heretoforo ch&flQ&d remains unchanged and in full force and effect
1R4 111,j ..... c A.,,...
ITI ~ (\I: rru,1· - a A r - 1111,1,
~• ,re
IT,•-- nr - ~ I)
15A . NAME AND TITLE OF SIGNER [Type or print)

(b)(3):10 USC 424 , (b)(6)

16B. CONTRACTOR/OFFEROR
(Signature of person authorized to sign!
NSN 7540-01 -152-8070
Previous odhion unusable

15C. DATE SIGNED

16C. DATE SIGNrn

- S-IK r/0
STANDARD FORM 30 !REV. 10-83)
Proscribed by GSA FAR [48 CFR) 53.243

## DOW-UAP-D115 — AAWSAP Contract Modification P00004, May 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D115
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D115
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 5/18/10
- Location: Washington, D.C.
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Seven copies of a contract—big enough for a small bureaucratic relay race.

- DOW-UAP-D115 contract modification, DoW, May 2010, Washington D.C.
- Lists seven distributed copies of AAWSAP contract amendment, includes contacts like Bigelow Aerospace and NSA Finance.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an administrative or programmatic record related to the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP), a Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)-administered program active from 2008 to 2012. AAWSAP’s official scope of work identified 12 technical research areas relating to potential aerospace threats over a time horizon of more than 40 years. As an administrative record, the file documents how AAWSAP was scoped, organized, tasked, funded, or described at a particular point in time.

This May 2010 contract modification records a minor administrative action associated with the AAWSAP contract (HHM402-08-C-0072) to align internal recordkeeping with a change to the Contracting Officer’s Representative documented in a separate contract modification (P00003).

### AI summary

This document is a contract distribution list for a modification to a contract related to the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP). It was dated 18 May 2010 and prepared by the Virginia Contracting Activity. The document lists the recipients of copies of the contract modification, including the contractor, payment office, and other designated offices. It includes addresses and contact information for Bigelow Aerospace Advanced and the NSA Finance and Accounting Office. The total number of copies distributed is seven.

### Full text

#### Page 1

CONTRACT DIRIBUTION LIST
VIRGU~IA CONTRACTING ACTIVITY

Building 6000. Bolling AFB
Washington. D.C. 20340-5100

DATE: 18 May 2010
PIIN: H HM402-08-C-0072

Delivery Order ff ask Order:

MOD: P00004
REQ: Admm Mod
CS:

KOi~'.-b)(3-):1o
- ~u=
sc~424,
=~~
(bl=
(6),__ _ _ ____,

COPY
SENT

TO:
l. Contractor
Stamp the copy
''Duplicate Original
Contractor Co "
2. Payment Office

NO.OF
COPlES

ADDRESS:
Bigelow Aerospace Advanced

X

4640 S. Eastern Ave
Las Vega:;, ~V 891 l 9
AAP Person 4

NSA FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING OFF ICE
P.O. Box 1685 ATTN: DF221 I

NSA

FT George Meade. MD 20755-6000

X

Phone: 410-854-7657 & 410-854-8742 (for Invoke , tntus)
for In, oke ~tatus)

4. COR/POC
X

5. DJ FE Representative
X

6. Report Copy DD-350
7. Contract File
(Ori ·nal)
8. Other

X
X

AE-2A
D.O. File

TOTAL NO.

COPIES:

7

(bJ(3l 1ouse 424. (bJ(6l

D1STRlB UTION COMPLETED:_.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____.

l

I (Date)

s~ f c"

## DOW-UAP-D116 — AAWSAP Contract Modification P00005, September 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D116
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D116
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/28/10
- Location: Washington, D.C.
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The contract got a Christmas cameo without extra budget.

- DOW-UAP-D116 PDF, DoW, September 28 2010, Washington D.C.;
- Extends AAWSAP contract HHM402-08-C-0072 performance to December 21 2010, no extra funding;
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an administrative or programmatic record related to the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP), a Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)-administered program active from 2008 to 2012. AAWSAP’s official scope of work identified 12 technical research areas relating to potential aerospace threats over a time horizon of more than 40 years. As an administrative record, the file documents how AAWSAP was scoped, organized, tasked, funded, or described at a particular point in time.

This September 2010 contract modification extends the period of performance for the AAWSAP contract (HHM402-08-C-0072) from September 22, 2010, to December 21, 2010. The modification states that no additional funding was required for the extension and that no other changes were made to the contract. This bridge action extended AAWSAP contractor support beyond the previously established performance end date without changing the underlying scope of work.

### Full text

#### Page 1

AMENDMENT OF SOLICITATION/MODIFICATION OF CONTRACT 11.CONTRACTIDCODE
3. EFFECTIVE DATE

2. AMENDMENT/MODIFICAllON NO.

1

P00005
6. ISSUEDBY

r~or~a

I

r;, PROJECT NO. IN ,pp11c111e1

4. REOUIS1TION/PURCHASE REO. NO.

SEP28, 2010
7. ADMINISTERED ff( Ill olher thin Item IJ

COOE HHQ402

CODE Z050

Virginia Contracting Activity
ATTN: DIAC, AE-2
Building 6000
Washington DC 20340-5100

Virg Iola Contracting ActMty
ATTN: AE-2
Bolling AFB, Bldg. 6000
Washlnaton DC 20340-!100
j (b)(3):10 USC 424 , (b)(6)

I

D.e'ioEtowAffisp,(ce AovANce·o·s;;,.ce·sttoi.rs'.Zlo=: 827037788

IX)
.....--

Cage Code: 54JU7

LLC
4640 S EASTERN AVE
LAS VEGAS NV 891196135

9A. AME.NDMENT OF SOUCIATION NO.
118. DATED ($EE ITEM 1 l)

1OA. MODIFICATION OF CONTR4CT/Om1ER NO.

HHM402-08-C-0072

,c

108. DATED IIEE ITE~ II)

IFACtllTY COOE

CODE 00000434

SEP22, 2008

1l. THIS ITEM ONLY APPLIES TO AMENDMENTS OF SOLICITATIONS

0 The ebove numbtted toic:ilellon It ■ mended II ut 101111 In Item 14, Thll hour I/Id dale epedllecl for receipt ol OH«■ □ It tlCIMded, □ la not eJCltnded,
Offer• mutt tclcnawtedge receipt Of \hill "'"""dmenl prta, to lht hour ,nd dt11 tpeclfled In lhtl ldlcllltlon Of u emended, by one Of lht fCIIOwing metlloclt:
(1)8y compl1tlng " - 6 MCI 16, and ••tumlnu _ _ copltt Of 1111 tmaldme~t !bl 8y 10\nowtlldg!IIIJ rect1111 of lhls amenclffltnt on uc:h copy Of lh■ olf111ubrnltttd1
ot le) By HJMtall lett.r or telegram which Includes• ref,,- to llll aolicilallon Ind tmtndrntnt number,. FAILURE OF YOUR ACltNOWI.EDOMENT TO BE RECEIVED AT TK'E
Pl.ACE DESIGNATED FOR TH£ RECEIPT OF OFFERS PRIOR TO THE HOUR ANO DATE SPECIFIED MAY RESULT IN REJECTION OF YOUR OFf:EII. II by Ylrt111 ol lhll lmlndrnent
your dalre 10 clta,gt an oll« alreecly ■ubmlttad , 11..ch ch.age may bt mede tty ttltg, ■m or lmlr, p,O\'lded ucll tel1gr1m or lltttr rnlkt■ ,.,,,._ to 11,t •~leittllon tnd 0,1,
1mer11f1111nt. end 11 rectlved prior to the opening hotir a/Id dlle apeciffed.
12. ACCOUHTINGAHD~TIONDATA(ll'"'llf-..0)

See Schedule

Modification Amount: $0.00
Modlflcatlon Obligated Amount: $0.00

13. THIS ITEM ONLY APPLIES TO MODIFICATION OF CONTAACTS,IOROERS.
IT MODIFIES THE CONTRACT/ORDER NO. AS DESCRIBED IN ITEM 14.
CHECK ONE A. THIS CHANOE ORDEl'I IS ISSUED PURSUANT TO: 15plcl!y IUlhori1VI M CHANOES SET FORTH l"I ITEM 14 ARE MADE IN THE CONTRACT ORDER
NO. IN ITEM 10A.

8. THE ABOVE NUMBEIIEO CONTRACT/ORDER IS MODIFIEO TO REFLECT THE ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES (iuc:h • ch111911 In paying ollkl•,
1pp,oocl1tlon d ■te, elc.l SET FOIITll IN ITEM 14, PURSVANT TO THE AUTHORITY Of FAA 43.1031b).

X

C. THIS 8UPPl.£MINT/IJ. AOREEMENT 18 ENTERED INTO PURSUANT TO AVTHOAITY OF:

Mutual Agreement

0. OTHER (Splefly type ol modlflc:1d1111 end tuthorily)

E. IMPORTANT: Contractor

D ia not, GJ Is required to 1lgn thl1 document and return

cople1 to the lnulng office.

14. DESCRIPTION OF MIEND~tENTIMODIFlCATION (°'91Qlncl byUCF MC11on ~ •. lricluding tollcilatlonlcionltac:1 ■ubJecl mtllef Vtfltlt ltaslb!t.)

The purpose or thla modincatton Is lo accompllah the rollowtng:
a) Bilaterally extend the POP from 09/22/2010 to 12/21/2010.
b) PertUant to FAR clause 52.217-8 Option to Extend Services, this conlfi,ct ta extended from 09122/2010 TO 12/21/2010.
c) No funding 11 required for this extension.

No other changes are made as a result or this modlftcalion.

Exe

I ttrms and conlfilm ■ of the dOCll'lllnt Nlftttnced in l!tm 9A Of 1

18C. DATE SIGNED

SEP 28, Z010
NSN 7ti40-01-112-8070
Prtvlou1 edition Ullllft~I•

#### Page 2

~

Untfi!lnlfied

··

SCHeDULE Contlnuecl
Ul/17

QI/ANfflY

IIUPPUUIISVIVICES

ITliMNO.

AMOUNTS

UHIT PRICE '

·--·- -

(Changed Line Item)
OpUon Year; 22 September 2009 • 21 September 2010
1001

Monthly Stalus Reports
Quantity 12

1.00

LO

1,549,100.00

1,549,100.00

1.00

LO

4,759,300.00

4,759,300.00

1.00

LO

2,870,600.00

2,870,600,00

1.00

LO

220,200.00

220,200.00

1.00

LO

36,700.00

36,700.00

1.00

LO

2,494,610.00

2,494,610.00

Accounting and Approprialion Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25201 S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$1,549,100.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 lo 12/21/2010
1002

(Changed Lino Item)
Project Management Plan for Tasks 3.a.1 • 3.a.12
Quanlity 12
Accounting end Approprialion Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25201 649205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$4,759,300.00
Period or Performance: 09/22!2009 to 12/211201 a

1003

(Changed Line Item)
Research Report for Ta$ks 3.a.1. -3 .a.12
Quantity 12

Aceounling and Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25201 649205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
S2,870,600.00
Period of Pertormance: 09/22/2009 to 12/21/2010
1004

(Changed Lina Item)
Comprehensive ln!$graled Threat Assessment
A~ounling end Appropriation Data:
ACRN: AB
9700100,4400 1102A9 25201 $49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$220,200.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 121211201 o

1005

(Changed Line Item)
Travel
Accounllng and Appropriation Data:
ACRttAB
9700100.44001102A9 25201 S49205 CCXX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$36,700.00
Period of Performance: 09/22/2009 to 12/21/2010

,006

_

(Cl1angad Line Item)
Other Direct Cost,

l

Accounting end ApProprial!on Dal.a:

ACRN:AB

........

PAGE2 OF 3
Unc!assflled

-

·

..

·- .. _ ,_

#### Page 3

Unciasarned

SCHEDULE Continued
IWAfmn'

SUPP UllSISERVICl!I

MEM ~O.

.

9700100.4400 1102A9 25 201 S49205 CC.XX 16P101T1
1106 610000
$2,494,610.00
Period of Perlormance: 09/22/2009 lo 12/21/2010

1007

(Changed Line Item)
Additional Travel

UNIT

AMOU!jT t

UNIT PRICE I

·- -

..

1.00

LO

18,300.00

18,300.00

1.00

LO

0.00

0.00

1.00

LO

0.00

0.00

Accounting and Appropr1alion Data:
ACRN:AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25 201 S49205 CC.XX 16P101T1
1106 810000
$18,300.00
Period o( Performance: 09122/2009 lo 12/21120 f 0
1008

[Changed Line Item)
UNUSED - Thi& l(ne Item Is unused but musl remain part
Qf the contra cl to lnsore proper accounting lnrormation Is
alfgned to revised CLINS. Or!glnal 0001
PR

rrom

Accounting end Approprla lion Dela:
ACRN:AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25201 S49205 CCXX 16P101 T1
1106 610000
$0.00

1009

(Changed Line Item)
UNUSED• T/11s line Item Is unused but must remain part
of the contract lo Insure proper accounting Information is
aligned to revised CLINS. Original 0002 from PR
Accounting and Appropr/a !ion Data:
ACRN:AB
9700100.4400 1102A9 25 201 S49205 CC.XX 16P101T1

1106 610000
$0.00

I

I

-

i
PAGE 3OF3
Un clitso ifir:d

I

#### Page 5

COJ'iTRACT DIRIBl.:TION LIST
Vl'RGINlA CONTRACTING ACTIVITY

Building 6000, Bolling AFB
Washington, D.C. 20340-5100

DATE: 29Scp20l0
PIIN'. HHM402-08-C-0072
Delivery Order /Task Order:
MOD: POOOOS
REQ: Admin \1od
CS :

Ko: ""'l!b'"H3"'">.,.,10""o•s""c-,,i42""4..._c6""'>t,.,6l,......_______
)i;~:-_~_:~. "7:;~-·• i-

, _

TO:

~~~.--~-~:I:.

/ I. Contractor

Stamp the copy­
"Duplicate Original
Contractor Co "

X

Bigelow Aerospace Advanced
4640 S. Eastern Ave
Las Ve as. >TV 89119
AAP Person 4

2. Payment Office

~SA FINAKCE A"ID ACCOUNTING OFFICE
P.O. Box 1685 A'fTN: Df221 l

NSA

FT George Meade, MD 20755-6000
X

Phone: 410-854-7657 & 410-854-8742 {for lm1okcstatus)
-.

t

I

-

(fur Invoke status)

I

4. COR/POC
X
(b)(3):10 USC 424, (b)(6)

5. DI FE Representative

1

X
6. Report Copy DD-350

7. Conlract Fi le
(Original)
8. Other

':." -~

... .- .. -.. ' :·:-:-.· ·.

X
X

I\E-2A

1

D.O. File

TOTAL =O.

COPrr~s:

(b)(3) :10 US

DISTRIBUTION COMP! .ETED:

( 1gnature

7

## DOW-UAP-D117 — AAWSAP DIRD, Metallic Glasses for Aerospace Applications, December 2009

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D117
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D117
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 12/14/09
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

December 14 2009, the only day metallic glass got a spa day in Las Vegas.

- DIRD on metallic glasses, Defense Intelligence Agency, Dec 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Reports high strength but poor ductility; composites improve toughness; outlines processing challenges
- Concludes composites most promising; broader use requires 20‑50 years progress

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys metallic glasses as a potentially important class of aerospace materials and describes their amorphous structure as offering very high strength and unusual manufacturing advantages, but also significant drawbacks, especially poor ductility and fatigue resistance. The document concludes that the most promising aerospace applications are likely to come from metallic-glass-matrix composites rather than single-phase glasses, because these composites can retain high strength while greatly improving fracture toughness and fatigue performance, potentially enough to substitute for high-strength steels in some space-limited structural uses. At the same time, the report judges that broader aerospace use will depend on substantial progress over the next 20–50 years in alloy design, processing, and especially the development of lightweight systems, including aluminum-based options.

### AI summary

This is an unclassified report from the Defense Intelligence Agency, prepared by the Acquisition Support Division (DWO-3) on December 14, 2009, with a codicil dated December 1, 2009. It discusses the status and prospects of metallic glasses for aerospace applications. The document outlines the structure, processing, and properties of metallic glasses, noting their strength and processing flexibility but also their lack of ductility and fatigue resistance. It suggests that metallic glasses may be most useful in composite forms and identifies challenges in developing suitable alloys and processing techniques for aerospace use. The report was part of the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications program.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED/ /Pelt 9ff1&1Ak Uliii QNL:f

Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
14 December 2009
[COD : 1 December 2009
DIA-08-0911 -012

Metallic Glasses: Status and
Prospects for Aerospace
Applications

UNCLASSIFIED/ /F&A 8FFl&IAL YOE 8NLY

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED/j FOR OFFICIJl!tt t,9!! 8HLV

Metallic Glasses: Status and Prospects for Aerospace
Applications

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DWO-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 63
Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNl NG: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not a uthorized .

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or uestions pertaining to
, AAWSA Prog ram
this document should be addressed to !AAP Person 1
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

1

ii

UNCLASSIFIED//P'elt eP'P'!CUlt[ USE 014Lf

#### Page 3

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR OFFl@IAL 1:181!!! flNLY

Contents
Summary.................................................................................................................v
Metallic Glasses ...................................................................................................... 1
Structure ............................................................................................................ 1
Processing.......................................................................................................... 2
Glass-Forming Alloys ...................................................................................... 2
Casting and Molding ....................................................................................... 4

Joining ........................................................................................................... 5
Foams ............................................................................................................. 5
Thin Films and Coatings ................................................................................. 5
Mechanical Behavior Near Room Temperature ............................................... 5
Stiffness: Elastic Deformation ........................................................................ 6
Strength and Ductility: Plastic Deformation ................................................... 6
Fracture Toughness ........................................................................................ 8
Fatigue ........................................................................................................... 9
Wear Resistance........................................................................................... 10
Corrosion and Stress-Corrosion Cracking ..................................................... 10
Mechanical Behavior at Elevated Temperature ............................................. 11
Other Properties: Magnetic, Electrical, Optical, Thermal, and Acoustic ........ 12
Metallic Glass Matrix Composites ......................................................................... 13
Processing and Structure of Composites .......................................................... 13
Ex Situ Composites........................................................................................... 14
In Situ Composites ........................................................................................... 14
Mechanical Properties of Composites ............................................................... 15
Strength and Ductility: Plastic Deformation ..................................................... 16
Fracture and Fatigue ........................................................................................ 16
Aerospace Applications of Metallic Glasses .......................................................... 16
Structural Applications ..................................................................................... 16
Other Applications............................................................................................ 19

iii

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR OFFl&IAL YSE ONLI/

#### Page 4

UNCLASSIFIED/ /f8R 8FFI&IJA. W&& e,u.v
Current Challenges and Prospects for the Future ................................................. 20
Alloy Design ..................................................... ................................................ 20
Thermo physical Properties and Thermoplastic Processing ............................... 20
Composites and the Quest for Ductility ........................................... ......... .... .... ... 21
Summary and Recommendations ................................................................ ......... 22

Figures
1. Amorphous Versus Crystalline Structure ............................................................ 1
2. Critical Cooling Rate ........................................................................................... 2
3. Examples of Processing of Metallic Glasses ........................................................ 4
4. Shear Bands ....................................................................................................... 8
5. Fatigue Limit of Metallic-Glass-Matrix Composites ........................................... 10
6. Deformation Map for a Metallic Glasses ............................................................ 11
7. Cast Metallic Glass Wedge ................................................................................ 13
8. Microstructure of In Situ Metallic Glass Matrix Composite ................................ 15
9. Materials Property Charts ................................................................................. 18

Tables
1. Selected Bulk Glass-Forming Alloys.................................................................... 3
2. Comparison of Strengths of Amorphous and Crystalline Aluminum Alloys ........ . 7

iv

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR OFFIOIAL 1:18! 8HLY

#### Page 5

UNCLASSIFIED//FOR err1e1J1tt t,91! 014[1

Metallic Glasses: Status and Prospects for Aerospace
Applications
Summary
Metallic glasses combine some of the advantageous mechanical properties of
metals-strength, stiffness, and in some cases toughness-with the processing
flexibility usually associated with thermoplastic polymers. The absence of

crystalline defects allows metallic glasses to be much stronger than
conventional alloys but also means they have near-zero tensile ductility and
poor fatigue resistance. In structural applications, therefore, metallic glasses
are most likely to be useful in the form of composites consisting of ductile
crystalline dendrites in a metallic glass matrix. These dendritic composites
sacrifice some strength but can have exceptionally high fracture toughness, as
well as good fatigue resistance, and could replace high-strength steels in
certain load-limited structural components in aerospace vehicles where space
is limited.
Because they are true glasses, thermoplastic forming near the glass transition
temperature affords metallic glasses tremendous flexibility in processi'ng. For
instance, metallic glass components can be formed in a single step (for
example, by injection molding) in complex geometries that would be difficult
or impossible to produce with conventional alloys. In addition, metallic glass
foams can be made with relative ease, raising the possibility of making
structural foams with high strength and stiffness. Finally, because they lack a
crystalline grain structure, metallic glasses can be used to form nanoscale
features with high fide ity. This may make metallic glasses useful in a variety
of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) applications.
Metallic glasses also have significant limitations for aerospace applications,
however. Foremost among these is a lack of good glass-forming alloys; in
particular, there are no good aluminum-rich glass-forming alloys, the known
titanium-based alloys are either relatively dense (owing to high
concentrations of alloying elements) or contain beryllium, and the known
magnesium- and iron-based alloys are all quite brittle, with low fracture
toughness. Although metallic glass matrix composites can have outstanding
properties (particularly strength and fracture toughness), the number of good
composite systems known at present is also quite limited.
Therefore, in order for metallic glasses (and their composites) to be of broad
utility in aerospace structural applications, progress in the following areas is
required:
•

Development of new lightweight alloys and composite systems, preferably
by computational and/or combinatorial approaches rather than by trial and
error.

•

Understanding of mechanical behavior, especially:

V

UNCLASSIFIED/ /liiAR AfifilCIAk lel&E 8,.L'&'

#### Page 6

UNCLASSIFIED/ /F8R 8ffl@IAL ~SI! 8HLY

•

-

□The effect of alloy composition and structure on plastic deformation.

-

0 Microstructural design of composites for optimal toughness.

Development of processing techniques, including thermophysical
processing of complex and/or nanoscale features as well as production of
metallic glass foams.

It is highly likely that continued work over the next 20-50 years will result in
significant advances in all these areas, and that metallic glasses and metallic
glass matrix composites will see increasing acceptance as structural materials.
Whether or not they achieve widespread use in aerospace applications,
however, depends critically on the development of new, lightweight alloys.

vi

UNCLASSIFIED//509 AEEICJOL: 11 55 OIIL:V

#### Page 7

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR QFFI&iIJ.b Wfi& 8PtLY

Metallic Glasses
STRUCTURE
The atomic-scale structure of most metals and alloys is crystalline; that is, the atoms
are arranged in a highly ordered manner on a lattice that is periodic in three
dimensions, as depicted in Figure l(a). In contrast to this crystalline structure, metallic
glasses lack the long -range order of a lattice and are therefore said to be amorphous,
as depicted in Figure l(b) . Although the word "amorphous" implies a complete lack of

structural order, in fact the atomic structure of metallic glasses is not truly random.
Constraints on atomic packing provide strong short-range order; for instance, on
average the atoms have a particular number of nearest atomic neighbors at a well­
defined distance. But this short-range order persists only over distances of a few
atoms; there is no long -range order as there is in a crystalline alloy. In many ways, the
atomic-scale structure of metallic glasses more closely resembles the highly disordered
structure of a liquid than the structure of a crystalline alloy.

Cry ta ll in

Amorph u (gla s)

Figure 1, Amorphous Versus Crystalline Structure. Schematic atomic-scale structure of crystalline
(a) and amorphous (b) metals. In a crystalline structure, order persists over long distances (many
atomic dimensions}. In a glass, there is short range order but no long-range order.

A corollary of this difference in structure is that the nature of structural defects is quite
different between crystalline and amorphous alloys. Crystalline alloys, for example,
have extended linear defects in the crystal structure, called dislocations, that are (in
large part) responsible for determining mechanical behavior. The lack of crystalline
order precludes the existence of dislocations in metallic glasses, but other sorts of
defects can be present and may influence properties and behavior.
From an applications point of view, the amorphous structure of metallic glasses has two
principal implications. First, the mechanical properties of amorphous alloys are
significantly different from those of their crystalline counterparts; some of these
differences are advantageous, but others are not. Second, because metallic glasses are

1

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glasses in t he true sense of the word, rather than meltin g abruptly (as crysta ll ine
metals do), they soften and flow over a range of temperatures in a manner akin to
common (oxide) glasses. This creates opportunities for tremendous flexibi lity in the
processing of metallic glasses.

PROCESSING

Glass-Forming Alloys
The key to making a meta ll ic glass is to retain the disordered, liq uid-like atomic sca le
structure during cooling from the melt . All materials have a tendency to crystal lize upon
coo lin g because the crystalline state is the most stable structure at any temper ature
below the melting point. But crystallization takes time, so if the cooling is fast enough,
it is possib le to bypass crysta ll ization and form an amorphous structure at the glass
transition temperature (Figure 2(a)) . Glass formation and crysta llization are therefore
competitive processes; wh ich one will occur depends on the material and the processing
conditions.

(a)

(b)
Temperature

0 Purt: nickel

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Figure 2. Critica l Cooling Rate. (a) Effect of the coo ling rate on glass formation - If the cooling rate l s slow (path
1), th en the melt crysta llizes befo re going through the glass transition . I f the cooling rate is fast enough (path 2),
then the me lt can form a glass. The critica l cooling rate (path 3) is the slowest rate at which the melt can be cooled
and still form a glass. (b) Criti ca l cooling rates for various metall ic al loys - Th e horizonta l axis is the glass tra nsition
temperature nor malized to the melting (liquidus) temperature. 1

For some materials, such as silica (s il icon dioxide) and most thermoplastic polymers,
the crystallization process is slow because the crystal structures are complex and the
basic structura l units (for example, segments of polymer chains) are slow to rearrange
into a crystalline form. These materials can therefore be prod uced in glassy form even
at very low cooling rates; in fact, it can be difficult to crystallize them at all. Metals and
alloys are another matter because the crystal structures are relatively simple and the
basic structura l units are individual atoms, which are highly mobi le. Metal lic crystals
nucleate and grow quickly, making production of a meta lli c glass more challenging.

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One way to quantify the ability of a metallic alloy to be produced in glassy form is
through the critical cooling rate - the slowest rate at wh ich a metallic liquid may be
cooled and still produce a fully amorphous structure, as shown in Figure 2(a). The
critical cooling rate for a variety of metallic glass-forming alloys is shown in Figure 2(b).
Early metallic glasses (discovered in the 1960s and 1970s) were binary alloys with
critical cooling rates typically on the order of 104 to 107 K/s. Achieving such high
cooling rates requires specialized techniques (such as melt spinning) and limits the
maximum thickness of the metallic glass to < 100 µm because of the need to rapidly
extract heat from the melt. As a result, these early metallic glasses could be produced
in only a limited range of forms, including ribbons, foils, wires, and powders.
Extensive research efforts in alloy design over the past two decades have resulted in
the development of multi-component alloys with much lower critical cooling rates (0.1
K/s or even lower). This has enabled the production of metallic glass specimens in
larger sizes-in some cases exceeding 1-cm section thickness. Common practice in the
field is to refer to any alloy capable of being cast into a section at least 1-mm thick as a
"bulk" metallic glass. These alloys may be cast or molded into forms suitable for
structural applications.
At present, it is not possible to predict a priori the glass-forming ability of an alloy of
arbitrary composition. A variety of empirical rules for selecting alloying elements and
compositions have been proposed, and techniques have been demonstrated for efficient
searching of composition space. But identification of alloys with good glass-forming
ability is still mostly a matter of trial and error. As a result, the number of truly
outstanding glass-forming alloys (loosely defined as being able to be cast as a glass to
a thickness of at least 1 cm) is quite limited (see Table 1).
Table 1. Selected Bulk Glass-Forming Alloys. Selected alloys reported to have
excellent glass forming ability, quantified here as the maximum thickness of a
fully amorphous casting. 2 3 4 s 6 7 s
Composition
MgGsCu 1sAgsPdsGd 10
Zr41.2Ti 13.sCu 12.sNi 10 Be22.s
Pd40Cu30Ni10P:w
CU41Zr4sAg4Al4
Pts1.sCU14_7Nis.J P22.s
Ti40Zr2sNi3Cu 12Be20
Fe4sCr1sM014Er2C1sBG

Maximum Thickness
(mm)
10
50
72
10
16
14

12

Reference
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Moving from the laboratory to industrial practice, it is important to note that factors
besides alloy composition can affect glass-forming ability. In particular, some alloys are
sensitive to the presence of impurities; for example, the glass-forming ability of some
zirconium-containing alloys is dramatically reduced by the presence of oxygen.
Processing conditions also influence the ability to make a glass; these may include the
material and surface finish of the mold and the temperature of the liquid prior to
casting . Finally, glass-forming ability can be quite sensitive to small variations in
composition, which may be difficult to control in industrial practice.

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Casting and Molding
Like other alloys, metallic glasses can be cast into net-shape or near-net-shape
geometries. Die casting into a permanent (metal) mold-because it provides the rapid
heat transfer needed to meet the requirement for relatively rapid cooling - ls the most
common casting technique. In most cases, casting is done in either a vacuum or an
inert atmosphere to prevent formation of oxide particles that promote crystallization.
Conventional casting, however, does not take advantage of the flexibility afforded by
the glassy nature of these alloys. If a metallic glass is heated to a temperature above
its glass transition temperature, it becomes a supercooled liquid. In this state, the
viscosity drops with increasing temperature over a wide range, making it possible to
control the viscosity by controlling the temperature. 1 This ability to control the viscosity
enables many of the processing techniques commonly used in molding thermoplastic
polymers to be applied to metallic glasses (Figure 3).

200 µm
Figure 3. Examples of Processing of Metallic Glasses. (a) Microsprlng produced by lithography and (b) thin­
walled bottle produced by blow molding. Images are courtesy of Professor Jan Schroers (Yale University).

There are two important limitations on processing of metallic glasses in the supercooled
liquid region. First, supercooled liquids are metastable and have a tendency to
crystallize, so there is a limited window of time (typically on the order of minutes) in
which the processing must be completed if the glassy structure is to be maintained.
Second, the viscosity of many glass-forming alloys near the glass transition
temperature is too high for convenient processing. The viscosity can be reduced by
increasing the processing temperature, but higher temperatures promote crystallization
1 A crystalline metal, In contrast, melts abruptly, going from a rigid solid to a low-viscosity fluid very quickly.

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and thus reduce the window of time available for molding. In practice, therefore,
successful molding requires careful control of the processing conditions.

Joining
Structural applications inevitably require joining of components, for instance by
mechanical fasteners or adhesives or by welding, soldering, or brazing. The use of
fasteners and adhesives is much the same for metallic glasses as for any other metal.
Techniques such as welding, soldering, and brazing are potentially problematic because
they involve heating the glassy alloy, running the risk of crystallization (which could
make the joint more brittle) . In welding, for instance, the metal to be joined is actually
melted and then resolid ifies upon cooling. In the case of a metallic glass, care must be
taken to ensure the cooling rate is fast enough to avoid crystallization. There is also a
risk that the glassy material in the heat-affected zone (near to but not in the molten
region) might crystallize. Laboratory tests of a variety of welding techniques have been
performed on several glass-forming alloys with mixed results, and it is clear that much
remains to be done in this area.

Foams
One particularly promising recent development is the ability to produce metallic glass
foams. Here, the relatively high viscosity of glass-forming alloys is an advantage in
producing a stable foam structure that can be solidified, leaving a high-porosity foam
with metallic glass ligaments. 9 These foams have high specific strength (that is,
strength normalized to density) and specific stiffness and could have excellent damage
tolerance, although this has not been demonstrated.

Thin Films and Coatings
The discussion above focuses on the processing of free-standing metallic glasses, with
an emphasis on structural applications. However, it is also possible to produce
amorphous alloys as thin films or coatings using techniques such as physical vapor
deposition or electrodeposition. Although the thicknesses of material that can be
produced in this way are limited, they are useful for making amorphous alloy coatings
(for wear and corrosion resistance) or for thin films for magnetic or micro­
electromechanical system (MEMS) applications. A distinct advantage of the thin film
techniques is that because the effective cooling rates during vapor deposition are
extremely high, a much wider range of alloys can be produced in amorphous form than
is possible with casting. This allows the alloy composition to be tailored for optimization
of functional properties, with less concern about glass-forming ability.

Mechanical Behavior Near Room Temperature
When a material is subjected to a stress, it can experience both elastic and plastic
deformations. Elastic deformation occurs at lower stresses and is recoverable when the
applied stress is removed. The limit of elastic deformation is defined by the yield
stress- the point at which plastic (nonrecoverable) deformation begins. Much of the
current interest in metallic glasses arises because their yield stresses (that is, their
strengths) can be much higher than those of crystalline alloys of similar composition;
this difference is a direct result of the novel atomic-scale structure of metallic glasses.
The fracture and fatigue characteristics of metallic glasses are also different from those

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of conventional alloys. In this section, we review the mechanical behavior of metallic
glasses, with particular attention to properties of interest for aerospace applications. We
consider actual properties in detail in the section below on applications, where we
compare the properties of metallic glasses with those of other advanced structural
materials.

Stiffness : Elastic Deformation
Stiffness is the resistance of a material to elastic deformation and is quantified by either
the elastic modulus (for tensile or compressive loads) or the shear modulus (for shear
loading). Metallic glasses tend to be somewhat (20-30 percent) less stiff than
crystalline alloys of similar composition. The lower modulus is a consequence of the
amorphous structure, in which atoms are (on average) slightly farther apart than in a
crystalline alloy, enabling certain atomic relaxations that are not possible in a crystal.
The lower modulus of amorphous alloys is clearly a concern in applications where
stiffness is a primary criterion, but it does present some advantages. For instance,
some applications (springs, for example) require the ability to store elastic strain
energy (resilience), and here metallic glasses do quite well. Resilience is also a key
figure of merit for snap-fit assembly of materials without fasteners. Overall, however,
for structural applications, the low stiffness of metallic glasses is a disadvantage.

Strength and Ductility: Plastic Deformation
The theoretical strength of perfect, defect-free crystalline metals is several orders of
magnitude larger than strengths measured in typical laboratory experiments. The
difference exists because metallic crystals inevitably have crystalline defects
(dislocations) that are able to move at relatively low stresses and cause plastic
(nonrecoverable) deformation . Because dislocations cannot exist in an amorphous
structure, in principle the strength of amorphous alloys should approach theoretical
limits based on the inherent strength of the atomic bonds. As shown in Table 2, the
strength of aluminum - based metallic glasses can be two or three times greater than
those of conventional (crystalline) high-strength aluminum alloys. Similarly high
strengths are seen for other amorphous alloys; for instance, the best iron -based alloys
have a strength of approximately 4 GPa-again, two or three times greater than those
of conventional high-strength steels. 10 Such high strengths create great interest in
potential structural applications of metallic glasses.

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Table 2. Comparison of Strengths of Amorphous and Crystalline
Aluminum Alloys. Compared with the theoretical maximum strength
(taken to be µ/30, where µ is the shear modulus of pure aluminum).
Yield Stress (MPa)

Theoretical
Strength (Defect­
Free Crystal)
Typical High ­
Strength
Aluminum Alloy
(7xxx Series) 11
Best Crystalline
Aluminum Alloy 12
Aluminum-Based
Metallic Glass 13

% of Theoretical
Stren th

1,600

400- 500

25- 31%

770

48%

1,280

80%

Unfortunately, the lack of dislocations in amorphous alloys is also their Achilles' heel. In
crystalline alloys, dislocations move and multiply in response to applied stresses,
resulting in dislocation tangles that increase the resistance to further dislocation
motion . Th is process, called strain harden ing, is of crucial importance because It makes
plastic deformation stable. If one region of a crystalline material yields and begins to
plastically deform, the deforming region strain hardens, and so another region will
deform instead. The result is that the plastic deformation is not concentrated but rather
spreads through a large volume of material. Metallic glasses, lacking dislocations, do
not strain harden and in fact strain sohen in response to plastic deformation . Th is
means t hat as soon as any one region yields, any further deformation will occu r in the
same region. This process, known as shear localizati1on, leads to the formation of shear
bands (Figure 4 ). In any loading geometry where the metallic glass experiences
significant tensile loading, fracture occurs on a single dominant shear band with
essentially zero tensile ductility. 2 Metallic glasses therefore fracture in an abrupt,
apparently brittle manner on the macroscopic scale (even though there can be
significant plasticit y on a microscopic scale). This lack of ductility is of obvious concern
to designers interested in structural applications. Furthermore, it limits the ability to
fabricate metallic glasses into different shapes by deformation processing (by rolling or
forging, for instance) aher casting.

2 Th is assumes there is no geometrical constrai nt preventing fractur,e. Some geometries (such as si mple bending)
can involve tensile load ing, but there can still be significant plastic deformation because the geometrica l constraints
Inhibit propagating of shear bands across th e specimen.

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200µm
Figure 4. Shear Bands. Produced by bend ing of a zirconium -based metallic glass. v,

Fracture Toughness
Fracture toughness is a measure of a material's resistance to growth of cracks, a critical
property for structural materials subjected to tensile loading. In very tough metals, the
toughness usually results from plastic deformation that occurs near the tip of the
advancing crack; plastic deformation requires energy, and the need to provide this
energy translates into resistance to crack growth. 3 Despite their lack of tensile ductility,
at least some metallic glasses are not brittle in the same sense that ceramics are, for
example, because they can experience significant plastic deformation around the crack
tip during fracture. For instance, the fracture toughness (Krc) of zirconium-based
metallic glasses is about 20 MPa -m 112 15 -somewhat lower than the "' 55 MPa -m 112
typical of crystalline zirconium alloys 16 but much greater than the fracture toughness of
ceramics (typically 1-5 MPa-m 112 ). The fact that metallic glasses are reasonably tough
despite their lack of tensile ductility suggests structural applications are not out of the
question.
However, some metallic glasses appear to be intrinsica lly brittle in that they fracture
with only limited plastic deformation near the crack top and thus have very low values
of fracture toughness. For this reason, some alloys t hat would otherwise be highly
desirable, such as iron-based metallic glasses (for their high strength and low cost) and

(Text continues in the original file: 30 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D118 — AAWSAP DIRD, Aerospace Applications of Programmable Matter, December 2009

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D118
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D118
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 12/14/09
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

December 2009: even programmable matter needs a date to stay organized.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D118, Defense Intelligence Agency, December 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Describes speculative programmable‑matter concepts for spacecraft, smart windows, energy management, camouflage, etc.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD describes “programmable matter” as smart materials whose properties can be changed on command, potentially allowing spacecraft components to change function through software updates rather than physical repair or replacement. The report suggests that such materials could someday enable adjustable sensors, smart windows, heat control, energy collection, active camouflage, and systems that switch between different functions, making spacecraft more flexible and adaptable. At the same time, it presents the idea as highly speculative and emphasizes major technical obstacles, including manufacturing at extremely small scales, shielding against radiation and electromagnetic interference, managing temperature effects, reducing component failures, and preventing hacking or malicious control. Overall, the document presents programmable matter as a promising long-term concept over the next 50 years, while judging that simpler near-term uses such as smart windows and energy-saving surface materials are far more realistic than the more ambitious aerospace applications.

### Full text

#### Page 2

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Aerospace Applications of Programmable Matter

Prepared by:
Acqu isit ion Support Division (DW0- 3 )
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense I ntelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 90

Adm inistrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING : Further dissemination of t he photographs in t his publicat ion is not authorized .

This product is one in a series of advanced technol ogy reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Adv anced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA}.,..,i..i.~u.u.u.....:...w.i..u.u~i..i,....w.i....cUestions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to AAP Person 1
AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense I ntelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR DWO- 3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340- 5100.

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Contents
Introduction..
Four Kinds of Atoms
Natural Atoms ..
Quantum Dots
Photonics and Metamaterials 3
Liquid Crystals
"Impossible" Materials..
Advantages of Dynamic Materials
Early Commercialization of Smart Materials
Thermal Management of Spacecraft .....
Energy-Scavenging Spacecraft Skins.
Advanced Concepts in Programmable Materials .... 12
Scenario for Possible Applications...... … 13
Directions for Future Research. 14
Conclusions.. 16
Figures
1. Energy Levels of a Metal and a Semiconductor ....... 2
2. Quantum Dot.... 3
3. Programmable Materials .... 3
4. Wellstone Fiber. ... 6
5. Assorted views of RavenWindow and RavenLight Filters in the Cold
(Transparent) and Hot (Reflective) State... 8
6. RavenWindow Smart Window Film Performance vs. Leading Incumbent Window
Filters...
7. Peltier Junction Heat Pump .. 10
Tables
1. Daily Household Energy Consumption (USA, 1993-1997). 11
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Aerospace Applications of Programmable Matter
Introduction
For the owners of a $100 million satellite-a TV broadcast satellite, for
example-avoiding bankruptcy often depends on the spacecraft's continued
good health until its scheduled replacement is in orbit. Unfortunately,
numerous failure modes are possible, including blown fuses, failed sensors,
and browned-out solar arrays. The common trait of most such failures is that
they cannot be repaired from the ground. In addition, it is not typically
possible to repurpose a spacecraft or its components for new services that no
one foresaw at the time of manufacture. Either way, a new satellite is required.
However, when sensors, filters, emitters, and photovoltaic solar panels are
made of Programmable Matter smart materials, the solution to a component
failure or new mission requirement might be as simple as a software update.
Other advantages of dynamic materials include advanced energy management
and energy scavenging from a variety of sources. Smart materials can even
create new defensive capabilities, such as chameleon-style camouflage,
deflection of laser beams, and even outright invisibility.
If it becomes possible to change the properties of certain materials on demand,
based on remotely triggered instructions, the benefits for spacecraft-both
crewed and autonomous-will be considerable. This white paper-by no means
an exhaustive reference-is intended to serve as a primer on the principles
behind smart materials and their possible aerospace applications over the next
50 years.

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Four Kinds of Atoms
All matter is made of atoms and derives its properties, in part, from the fact that atoms
are discrete objects yet are so small and so close together that light waves cannot "see"
them individually. By extension, neither can electric and magnetic fields. To a photon,
or to a large electrical current, matter appears to be made up of continuous substances
rather than discrete building blocks. This fact is critically important in understanding the
optical, electrical, and even thermal properties of materials. Equally important are the
discoveries of recent decades, showing at least four different kinds of "atoms" that
meet this same general description.

NATURAL ATOMS
Natural atoms are the 92 elements of the periodic table. Actually there are more, but
the rest have unstable nuclei that will eventually fly apart Into smaller atoms and loose
subatomic particles that can damage the materials around them. For engineering
purposes, this makes them unreliable building blocks.
However, 92 building blocks allow for a staggering number of combinations, and all the
materials with which we are familiar-natural ones like coal and diamonds, ancient ones
like bronze and glass, and modern ones like silicon carbide and gallium arsenide-are
merely "Tinkertoy" sculptures of these natural atoms.

QUANTUM DOTS
A quantum dot is a very small grouping of tightly confined electrons whose collective
behavior resembles that of a natural atom. For this reason, quantum dots are
sometimes known as "artificial atoms."
To describe how this trick is accomplished, it is first necessary to talk about electrons
and how they behave. Most materials are either conductors, which permit the free flow
of electrons, or insulators, which resist it. Semiconductors are insulators that are
capable of conducting electrons above a certain threshold energy-a useful trick that
makes integrated circuits and other electronics possible. The most familiar
semiconductor is silicon, which is used to make the vast majority of microchips found in
tod;;iy's consumer ;;ind industri;;il electronics. Aecl;'l~1se silicon's n;;itive Q){ide, SiO?, is the
main component of sand and rocks, it is readily available and relatively inexpensive. In
addition, when melted, purified, and hardened into sheets, silicon dioxide serves as one
of our familiar insulators and building materials: glass. Unlike most other
semiconductors, silicon is also nontoxic.
The electrical properties of a semiconductor like silicon are of course fixed by the laws
of physics. Atoms hold electrons in shells that increase in size, capacity, and potential
energy the farther they are from the nucleus. "Valence" electrons are found in full (or
nearly full) shells, where there are few empty spaces through which electrons can
move. These electrons tend to stay at home, so their levels exhibit a large electrical
resistance and do not permit electricity to flow. "Conduction" electrons are found in
shells that are more than half-empty and have lots of open space, enabling electrons to
travel freely through them and move easily from one atom to another. Between these
layers is a "band gap" of forbidden energies. Here, there exist no electrons at all-ever.
1

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----►

Conduction Band

>­

CJ

a:
w
zw

Conduction Band
Band Gap

CJ

z

C/)

<(

w
a:

Valence Band

()

z

Metal

Semiconductor

Figure 1. Energy Levels of a Metal and a Semiconductor. In a metal, many electrons reside in the conduction
band and can be pushed to neighboring atoms with only a tiny addition of thermal or electrical energy. In a
semiconductor, enough energy must first be added to excite the electron out of the valence band, across the band
gap, and into the conduction band. Thus, to conduct electricity, semiconductors require much higher voltages and
temperatures than do metals.

Electrons below the band gap of a semiconductor behave as though they were in an
insulator, while electrons above the band gap behave as though they were in a
conductor. They flow easily and can be used to store or transport energy and
information.
The difference between a metal and an insulator is that the outermost electron shell of
a metal atom is more than half-empty. It has lots of conduction electrons and lots of
room for them to move around. An insulating material, such as sulfur, has an outer
shell that is almost completely filled. All its electrons are valence electrons­
homebodies that do not like to travel. Semiconductors have outer shells that are
approximately half-filled . With the input of energy, their electrons can jump to a higher
level where they find open space to travel through. Conduction electrons can also be
"donated" by neighboring atoms.
A "quantum dot" is simply a very small structure-usually on the order of 5-20
nanometers-that contains a modest number of conduction electrons, which it confines
in all three dimensions and prevents from leaving the structure. In addition, because
the Heisenberg uncertainty principle requires position uncertainty to increase when
particle momentum is restricted, the trapped electrons are unable to hold a well-defined
position and instead behave as standing waves that resemble the orbitals of, and
exhibit many of the same properties as, a natural atom.
However, there are two major differences between a quantum dot and a natural atom.
First, there are far more than 92 possible configurations-an infinite number, in fact­
for the confined electrons. Thus, with quantum dots it is possible to create designer
atoms with properties that simply do not occur on the periodic table. If we want to, we

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can exert precise control over their optical, electrical, thermal, and magnetic properties
rather than simply selecting these properties from the limited catalog nature has
provided.

Barrier
Figure 2. Quantum Dot. A quantum dot confines electrons in a very small volume of space, fo rcing them to
behave as standing waves. Their structure t hus resembles the electron clouds or "orbitals" of an atom.

Second, it is possible to pump electrons in and out of a quantum dot using electric
fields. Thus, instead of a single designer material, it is possible to create a
programmable material whose "atoms" can be changed on demand, allowing a bounded
but infinite variety of material properties that can be summoned or dismissed at will.

.......!.!....

:::r:
Confined
___,,_ __ Electrons

Figure 3. Programmable Materials. Various structures use electric fields to vary the confinement properties of
quantum dots and can be assembled into bulk materials.

PHOTONICS AND METAMATERIALS
"Sub-wavelength" features are objects implanted on or embedded in a transparent
material that are larger than atoms or molecules but smaller than a wavelength of light.
They can have significant effects on the optical properties of the material, since they
change the way it responds to electric and magnetic fields. However, because they are
too small to be "seen" by the photons interacting with them, they do not directly block
the passage of light. The result is a transparent material whose optical properties
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(permittivity, permeability, index of refraction, and coefficients of reflection,
transmission, and absorption) do not necessarily match those of any natural material.
Photonic crystals exploit this principle by varying the density or refractive index of a
material in a regular, periodic way. Just as light is affected by the spacing of atoms in a
natural crystal, it can be affected by the (much larger) spacing of sub-wavelength
features in a photonic crystal. Thus, photonic crystals can efficiently reflect some
wavelengths of light while absorbing, transmitting, bending, or scattering others. This
can be useful, for example, in telecommunications, where a single optical fiber may
carry thousands of different signals. Because similar effects occur naturally in many
gemstones (opal, for example), photonic crystals can also serve as artificial gems.
Whereas photonic crystals are generally insulators, another class of materials-called
superlattices-is made from semiconductors, metals, and other substances stacked in
very thin layers. Such materials "look" like crystals to the electrons and photons moving
through them but can have properties that do not occur-or occur only weakly-in
nature. Two examples are "magnetoresistive" materials made from alternating layers of
iron and a nonmagnetic material such as chromium, Even in very tiny quantities, such
materials can be used to sense magnetic fields with much greater sensitivity than can
any natural material and are widely used in hard disk drives and digital compasses.
In a "metamaterial," the sub-wavelength features are conductive metals surrounded by
a transparent dielectric material such as glass, air, or empty space. In much the same
way a metal rod interacts with radio waves and can thus serve as an antenna, the
"atoms" of a meta material create strong resonances at particular wavelengths that can
have more profound effects on light than can any of the material systems described
above. The best known of these is negative index of refraction, a property that allows
materials to bend light "the wrong way" and thus defy the laws of classical optics.

LIQUID CRYSTALS
Although they were discovered in the late 19th century and have been used in video
displays since the 1960s, liquid crystals can be thought of as an advanced 21st century
technology that somehow fell backward in time. They are essentially a fourth state of
matter, possessing some properties of a liquid and some of a crystalline solid. In
addition, they are "birefringent," meaning they have a different index of refraction,
depending on the angle or direction of light passing through them. They are capable of
serving as photonic crystals, and under the influence of light, heat, electric and
magnetic fields, and mechanical or chemical alignment layers, they can be rearranged
at a moment's notice so that their optical properties are transformed.
Today, people are accustomed to thinking of liquid crystals as pixels in a video display,
However, their capabilities extend far beyond this. With proper substrate design and
the application of electric fields and other alignment or disalignment mechanisms 1 liquid
crystals can be used to reversibly block, bend, focus, scatter, reflect, transmit, twist,
polarize, diffuse, and absorb light in limitless combinations.

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" Impossible" Materials
When natural materials are shaped and combined in macroscopic ways, it becomes
possible to produce what Roger Bacon described as "natural magic": devices such as
mirrors, lenses, polarizers, magnets, wires, semiconductors, fluorescent dyes, and
phosphorescent screens that glow in the dark. We take these devices for granted, but
to our primitive ancestors they would have seemed supernatural, as indeed they are in
the sense of not occurring naturally.
However, by combining the same materials in nanostructured ways, we achieve a
higher order of magic: Bragg mirrors that reflect a single wavelength while transmitting
all others, superlenses that defy Newton's diffraction limit to focus with unnatural
sharpness, superstrong magnets that measure the world around them with
unprecedented sensitivity, photoluminescent materials that absorb light in a broad
range of wavelengths and re-emit it in a single brilliant color. Soon we may have high­
temperature superconductors and even materials that are functionally invisible.
One such "impossible" material hypothesized is the nanostructured "metapolarizer."
Where classical polarizers either reflect or absorb half the light that hits them (typically
resulting in energy wastage of SO percent or higher), a metapolarizer simply ignores
one polarity of light and converts or rotates or "retards" the other. This principle can be
harnessed, for example, to double the battery life of a laptop display or to double the
brightness of a flat-screen TV.
However, even these magical materials are "static"; that is, their properties are fixed at
the time of manufacture. The greatest revolution in materials science may in fact come
from materials capable of changing their properties on demand.

Advantages of Dynamic Materials
Leaving behind the world of static materials, we come to a sort of programmable magic
whose fruits already include switchable mirrors, dynamic optical filters, deformable
lenses, magnets and polarizers that appear and disappear on command. Less
glamorous but equally important are such "behind the scenes" capabilities as tunable
electrical conductivity, tunable bandgap semiconductors, tunable lasers, and tunable
photonic crystals.
However, the ultimate exemplar of designer materials will be multifunctional smart
materials, which are capable not only of switching a particular property on and off but
of changing their properties-indeed, their very purpose-on demand.

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Power &
Control Signals
Figure 4. Wellstone Fiber. A notional "Wellstone" fiber uses careful arrangements of conductors, semiconductors,
and insulators to produce a long, flexible cylinder whose surface is studded with artiticial atoms. When woven
together, these fibers create a bulk material whose properties are programmable via external signals.

In the future, advanced supercomputers may be able to monitor the objects around
us-our desks, our countertops, our walls and windows and chairs-and modify their
properties to suit the needs of the moment. Transparent or opaque? Reflective or
absorptive? Conductive or insulating? Magnetic? Flexible? Luminous?
In theory, a block of true Programmable Matter should be able to select any point on
any of these axes at any time. Other effects may be desired as well, including
magnetoresistivity, photo-/thermo-/piezoelectric effects, superconductivity, and the
ability to perform computations (a truly "smart" smart material).
Unfortunately, many of these traits are strongly correlated, so that, for example, a
material that managed to be both electrically conductive and thermally insulative
probably could not be made transparent as well. A computer is unlikely to double as an
air conditioner. Still, the possible combinations-the number of things we could actually
do-would be much larger than the (already vast) range of natural material
com bi nations.
Although the smart matter of 2050 will probably be operated electrically, electrical
operation presents a number of challenges today. First, the required nanostructures are
very small and intricate, with manufacturing tolerances that push or exceed the limits
of current technology. Second, the control wires, electrodes, and other conductors in
such devices mean they will likely be vulnerable to electromagnetic interference. Like a
pocket calculator in a microwave oven, programmable materials face a harsh
electromagnetic environment and will need to be shielded and safeguarded against
spurious behavior. In addition, there is the threat of hackers. As our society turns over
the control of more and more infrastructure to computers, we add not only new
strengths but also new vulnerabilities. We must be extremely cautious about handing
malicious hackers the keys to matter itself!

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The greatest challenge, however, is temperature. The resistance of an electrical wire
varies with temperature, and while we scarcely notice the difference with the fat copper
wiring in our houses, the delicate films and nanowires of Programmable Matter smart
materials feel it very strongly. Other critical properties, such as the bandgaps of
semiconductors, the optical spacing of photonic crystals, and the internal symmetries of
liquid crystals, are also temperature sensitive and must be managed carefully to avoid
overwhelming the control signals passing through the material.
Early attempts at programmable quantum dot materials were so temperature sensitive
that researchers found that altering temperature, rather than the electric field, was
actually the easiest way to control the response of the materials . In fact, by selecting
materials with higher temperature sensitivity, we were able to enhance these effects to
produce thermally activated smart materials with no need for electric controls at all.
Of course, materials that respond to temperature are not new. Thermochromic (color­
changing) liquid-crystal thermometers are well known, and in the mid-1990s, Chinese
researchers developed a thermochromic paint that turns a cool-blue shade when warm,
a warm-red shade when cool, and pale green at room temperature. This was done
mainly for thermal regulation-the paint allegedly could increase the temperature of a
building by about 4°C in winter and decrease it by about s0 c in summer-although the
researchers also claimed an aesthetic benefit to having a home's color match the
season. Even more impressive effects could be achieved if black and white (or clear and
silver) were available color choices.
Although thermochromic building materials were very rare until recently, a number of
other mechanisms-including electrochromics, photochromics, and automatic
mechanical blinds-have been used to create "dynamic windows" that actively control
solar heat gain in buildings and display many of the properties (if not the principles) of
a true smart material. Buildings account for 40 percent of all energy consumed in the
United States, including 71 percent of all electricity and 38 percent of all carbon dioxide
emissions. Managing solar heat gain and controlling the building's thermal envelope are
the most effective ways of reducing energy use. The same principles apply, of course,
to spacecra~, for which solar heat is even more intense and nighttime (in the shadow of
the Earth) is colder.
In 2003, the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
(LBNL), on behalf of the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), performed a study focused on dynamic window
systems capable of darkening or shading automatically such that the solar heat gain
coefficient (SHGC) varied between 0.26 and 0.40. Analyses were performed for eight
U.S. cities: Boston, Denver, Jacksonville, Kansas City, Phoenix, Sacramento, Seattle,
and Washington, D.C.
The ASHRAE study found that across all eight climate zones, buildings with low­
emissivity ("low-E") glass saved an average of 8-15 percent on their total annual
energy (heating, cooling, and ventilation) costs, whereas the addition of dynamic
window systems saved an additional 6-19 percent. In other words, the savings
associated with a dynamic window are approximately as large as the savings associated
with low-E. Furthermore, because dynamic windows and low-E coatings save energy
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through completely different mechanisms, their effects are complementary and, thus,
their savings can be combined. In addition, while low-E glass reduced peak cooling
loads by 2-14 percent, the dynamic windows provided an additional 5-38 percent
reduction in peak cooling load, allowing significant downsizing of the building's air
conditioning system.
The report concluded that dynamic windows "offer the potential for significantly greater
HVAC savings than can be achieved with currently available high-performance
windows," have "much lower energy costs than static windows," and "provide the best
of all worlds."

Early Commercialization of Smart Materials
In the third quarter of 2009, RavenBrick LLC introduced RavenWindow, an "active­
passive thermoreflective" window film that is transparent when cold and partially
reflective when hot. The dual-purpose smart film is intended to manage and harness
solar heat gain in windows. The film costs much less than do existing smart window
technologies and offers superior energy savings.

Figure 5. Assorted Views of RavenWindow and Ravenlight Filters in the Cold (Transparent) and Hot
(Reflective) State.

RavenWindow film is transparent when cold and partially reflective when hot,
allowing an SHGC range between 0.12 and 0.43-more than twice the range
studied by LBNL. Studies performed by RavenBrick using LBNL tools show
energy savings up to three times those of low-E glass alone.
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Denver Five-Year Cumulative Savings
(holding energy prices constant}
-

RavenWindow+ Low-E

-

Pilkington K-Glass

$3,000.00
$2,500.00
- - O!dcastle Sunglass

$2,000.00
$1,500.00

- -Viracon VR E238

$1,000.00
-

AFG Comfort TiR

$500.00

,
$-

0

12

24

36

48

60

Months Installed

---- 99% Transmissive Low­
E
------- 99% Reflective Low-E

Figure 6. RavenWindow Smart W indow Film Performance vs. Leading I ncumbent Window Filt ers.

Assuming a retail cost of $25 per square foot, for large buildings across multiple climate
zones, the payback period is 5-10 years. Even faster return on investment is possible if
the retail cost can be reduced, which seems likely given the relative simplicity of the
technology. The payback period does not include capital cost reduction on HVAC
systems, reduction in the cost of window coverings, and the tax and building permit
savings associated with Leadership in Energy Efficient Design (LEED) certification.

Thermal Management of Spacecraft
The three laws of thermodynamics, in their simplest form, are (1) you cannot win, (2)
you cannot break even, and (3) you cannot quit the game. Energy is never free, and
nanostructured dynamic materials are of course subject to the same laws as natural
materials. However, while energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, it can be
moved around, changed in form, and also stored. Thus, for thermal management of
spacecraft, dynamic materials have much more to offer than simply regulating solar
heat gain.
One example is active heat transport. A Peltier junction is a solid-state heat pump
made from two dissimilar semiconductors. When a current is passed through the
junction, one face grows hot while the other grows cold.

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Hot Face

N-Type
Current In

Current Out
Cold Face

Figure 7. Peltier Junction Heat Pump. Running an electrical current through this device will drive thermal
energy into the upper conductor, which grows hot. The lower conductors lose energy and become cold. The same
principle works in reverse: heating the top conductor (or cooling the bottom one) will create an electrical voltage
across the device.

Unfortunately, natural materials are relatively poor at this-the best efficiencies
achieved with them so far are around 10 percent. An optimal thermoelectric material
would be simultaneously a strong electrical conductor-perhaps even a
superconductor-and an excellent thermal insulator.
Fortunately, in 2001, scientists at the Research Triangle Institute in North Carol!na used
semiconductor superlattices to create a Peltier junction that operated at 2.5 times the
efficiency and 23,000 times the speed of all previous designs. The electrically
semiconductive superlattice materials were unusually good radiators-and unusually
poor conductors-of heat.
For spacecraft hulls fashioned from programmable materials, it should be possible to
create Peltier coolers on any surface in order to pump heat out of one area and divert it
to another. In addition, it may be desirable to manipulate the thermal conductivity of
the spacecraft skin-highly conductive in some areas, highly insulating in others-either
to smooth out temperature differences between the sunward and shadowed sides of the
spacecraft or, in some cases, to accentuate them (for example, so that a radiator,
precision blackbody, or cryogenic instrument on the shadowed side remains as cold as
possible).
Finally, it may be desirable to store heat for later release . This can be accomplished, for
example, by placing an insulating barrier around a hot portion of the spacecraft skin
while also reducing the emissivity of the hot spot so its ability to radiate the heat away
into space is minimized. Later, the hot spot can be reconnected to the rest of the
spacecraft skin through conductive bridges, allowing the heat to escape and spread out.
In addition, thermal management of the spacecraft interior will provide significant
benefits for the overall energy budget. The table below details the energy consumption
of a typical household (a reasonable analog for a crewed spacecraft, with the exception
of energy required for air circulation and other life support functions) .

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Table 1. Daily Household Energy Consumption (USA, 1993-1997)
Space Heating
Water Heating
Refrigeration
Space Cooling (air conditioner)
Lighting
Clothes Drying
Cooking
Dishwashing
Other Appliances (TV, stereo, computer, etc.)

41 kWh
15 kWh
7 kWh
3kWh
3kWh

2kWh
lkWh
lkWh
?kWh

Over 80 percent of the energy budget is spent heating and cooling things-often at the
same time. It is clearly desirable to recapture the waste heat from cooling operations
and divert it to subsystems, such as the water heater.

Energy- Scavenging Spacecraft Skins
Programmable materials can also be used to harvest, store, and redirect other forms of
energy. Spacecraft are constantly bathed in a very high solar energy flux and
experience sharp temperature gradients, as well as periodic changes in magnetic and
electric field, All of these represent possible energy sources that can be scavenged from
the environment without disrupting other spacecraft operations.
The photoelectric effect occurs when photons strike a material such as a semiconductor
or metal. The energy of the photons is absorbed by the electron shells of atoms, and as
a result, some electrons may shift from the valence band to the higher, looser energies
of the conduction band. This is the source of the voltage in photovoltaic cells and allows

(Text continues in the original file: 20 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D119 — AAWSAP DIRD, Biomaterials, January 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D119
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D119
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1/7/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even Vegas surgeons can’t gamble on faster FDA approvals for new biomaterials.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D119, Defense Intelligence Agency, Jan 2010, about biomaterials, Las Vegas, Nevada.
- Survey of metals, polymers, ceramics, glasses, composites for medical use, covering implants, sensors, drug delivery.
- Conclusion: biomaterials underpin medical devices, progress slow due to safety testing, no radical new substances.

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD is a broad survey of biomaterials, including metals, polymers, ceramics, glasses, and composites designed to interact with living tissue, and argues that their value depends mainly on biocompatibility, reliability, and careful matching of material properties to specific medical uses. The report reviews major application areas including biosensors, implants, cardiovascular devices, contact lenses, drug delivery systems, tissue constructs, titanium devices, and dialysis membranes, emphasizing that no single biomaterial works best in every setting. Its overall conclusion is that biomaterials are already foundational to a large medical-device industry and save or improve millions of lives, but that progress tends to be slow because safety testing is stringent; as a result, most advances come from improved ways of applying established materials such as silicone, Teflon, biodegradable polymers, ceramics, and titanium in new devices and clinical settings rather than from radically new substances.

### Full text

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Biomaterials

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 65
Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA Pro ram. Comments or uestions pertaining to
AAWSA Program
this document should be addressed t AAP Person 1
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

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Contents
Introduction ...........................................................................................................vi
Importance of Biocompatibility .........................................................................vii
Science of Bio materials .....................................................................................vii
Biomaterials for Biosensors ................................................................................... 1
Biomaterials for Biomedicine ................................................................................. 2
Biomedical Silicones - Polydimethylsiloxanes .................................................... 2
Silicone Chemistry.............................................................................................. 4
Silicone in Biomedical Products .......................................................................... 4
Teflon ................................................................................................................. 6
Biodegradable Polymers ..................................................................................... 7
Biodegradation Advantages ............................................................................... 8
Degradable Biomaterials .................................................................................... 8
Polylactic Acid and Polyglycolic Acid .................................................................. 8
Polyethylene Glycol or Polyethylene Oxide ....................................................... 10
Hydrogels ......................................................................................................... 10
Titanium - Hip and Knee Joints ........................................................................ 11
BioCeramics ..................................................................................................... 11
Dental Ceramics ............................................................................................... 13
Tissue Constructs as Biomaterials ...................................................................... 13
Cardiovascular Biomaterials ............................................................................. 15
Stent Biomaterials............................................................................................ 18
Nitinol as a Biomaterial .................................................................................... 19
Contact Lenses ................................................................................................. 19
Drug Delivery Polymers .................................................................................... 20
Medical Titanium as a Biomaterial .................................................................... 22

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Biomaterials in Dialysis .................................................................................... 24
Summary and Recommendations ......................................................................... 25

Figures
Figure 1. Biomaterial Applications in Medical Devices ............................................vi
Figure 2. Common Medical Devices That Use Biomaterials ................................... viii
Figure 3. Biomaterials Such as Polycarbonates, Cellulose, and Silicones Used in
Membranes for Sensors, Dialyzers, and Oxygenators .............................. 1
Figure 4. Photograph of Silicone (polydimethyllsiloxane) Biomedical Implants
Used in Breast Reconstructive Surgery ................................................... 3
Figure 5. Silicone Chemical Groups ........................................................................ 4
Figure 6. Silicone Tracheostomy Tube .................................................................... 5
Figure 7. Silicone Sheets Used Under the Skin as a Physical Supporting Layer for
Repair of Scar Tissue ............................................................................... 5
Figure 8. Teflon Structure ...................................................................................... 6
Figure 9. Expanded PTFE (Gore-Tex or ePTFE) Used in Lip Implants ...................... 7
Figure 10. Biodegradable Polymers ........................................................................ 7
Figure 11. Structure of Polylactic Acid (a Biodegradable Polymer) ........................ 9
Figure 12. Biodegradable PLA as an Antiadhesion Barrier after Open-Heart
Surgery ................................................................................................. 9
Figure 13. Biodegradable Polymers Based on Copolymers of Polylactic Acid and
Polyethylene Glycol (Polysciences Inc) ............................................... 10
Figure 14. Dots of Hydrogel .................................................................................. 10
Figure 15. Various Titanium Components Used in Hip Joint Replacement ............ 11
Figure 16. Hydroxyapatite Porous Bone-Like Structure After Commercial
Processing .......................................................................................... 12
Figure 17. Bioceramic Used in Artificial Hip Replacement Component .................. 12
Figure 18. Computer-Based Sculpted Ceramic Teeth ............................................ 13
Figure 19. Scaffold-Guided Tissue Regeneration .................................................. 14
Figure 20. Biodegradable Material CSLG Deposited in a Honeycomb Structure to
Allow Infiltration by Living Cells While in a Submerged Cell Culture ... 15
Figure 21. Some of the More Popular Biomedical Devices and Duration of Their
Blood Contact ...................................................................................... 16
Figure 22. Gore Medical Teflon Foam Used in Vascular Grafts .............................. 16
Figure 23. Illustration of Treatment of an Atrial Septal Defect Using a
Teflon-Based Product Manufactured by Gore, Inc............................... 17
Figure 24. Stainless Steel and Teflon Bjork Shiley Heart Valve ............................ 18
Figure 25. Illustration of Stent Placement ........................................................... 18
Figure 26. Nitinol Stent ........................................................................................ 19
Figure 27. Contact Lens........................................................................................ 20
Figure 28. Schematic Representation of Biodegradable (Bioerodible) Drug
Delivery Device ................................................................................... 21
Figure 29. Photomicrograph of Titanium Metal (Appears Black in This Photo)
in an Intimate Integration With Living Bone ....................................... 23
Figure 30. Illustration (Left) and Photograph (Right) of a Blood Dialyzer as
Used in Medicine ................................................................................. 24
Figure 31. Cuprophane Membrane Passes Blood Waste Products (Violet and
Orange Dots) Through Pores and Blocks Passage of Red Blood Cells .. 25

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Biomaterials
Introduction
Biomaterials are metals, ceramics, polymers, glasses, carbons, and composite
materials intended to interface with biological systems. They are often used to
treat, augment, or replace bodily tissues, organs, or functions. Such materials
are used in various forms, including molded or machined parts, coatings,
fibers, films, foams, and fabrics. Biomaterials are usually nonliving, but recent
definitions also include living skin and tissues produced in culture.
A biocompatible material is different from a biological material produced by a
biological system, such as bone. Artificial hips, vascular stents, artificial
pacemakers, and catheters are all made of biocompatible materials that
typically have a synthetic origin. An extraordinarily wide range of medical
devices are made from biomaterials. Figure 1 shows some representative
examples of medical devices that use biomaterials.

Finger joint

Breast implant

Heart valve

.lloooe rubber

Hip j int

tifi ial heart
poly\lr

Figure 1. Biomaterial Applications in Medical Devices

Encompassing elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, and materials science,
biomaterials science has experienced steady and strong growth over its
approximately half-century history.
Although biomaterials are used primarily for medical applications, they are
also used to grow cells in culture, to assay for blood proteins in the clinical

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laboratory, in processing biomolecules in biotechnology, for fertility regulation
implants in cattle, in diagnostic gene arrays, in the aquaculture of oysters, and
for investigational cell-silicon "biochips." The common thread in these
applications is the interaction between biological systems and synthetic or
modified natural materials.
Biomimetic materials, in contrast, are not made by living organisms but have
compositions and properties similar to materials made by living organisms.
For example, the calcium hydroxyapatite coating found on many artificial
hips-used as metal-bone interface cement to make it easier to attach
implants to bone-is similar to the coating found in mollusk shells.

IMPORTANCE OF BIOCOMPATIBILITY
Biocompatibility is an important issue in biomedical implants and sensors. A
material-tissue interaction that results from implanting a foreign object in the
body is a major obstacle to developing stable and long-term implantable
devices and sensors.
The processes that occur when sensors are placed in the complex living
environment of the human body are sometimes known as biofouling. In
biofouling, the physical or chemically sensitive portion of the sensor interface
becomes coated with proteins, blood-formed elements, adherent
immunological cells, and sometimes forms of scar tissue that tend to isolate
the sensor from the rest of the body environment. This response of tissue is a
foreign body reaction to any object introduced in tissue that does not express
surface characteristics that identify it as part of the host tissues.
Experiences of many investigators (more than 600 reported studies since 1996)
with the biocompatibility of biomaterials related to the function of implanted
biosensors have been poor such that many companies have abandoned
implantable sensor devices altogether. Rather, the recent trend in medical
biosensors is toward placing them outside the body. Newer sensors are often
based on optical principles in an effort to obviate the biocompatibility and
biomaterial issues of placing sensors inside the human body.

SCIENCE OF BIOMATERIALS
The study and use of biomaterials bring together researchers from diverse
academic backgrounds who must communicate clearly. Professions that
intersect in the development, study, and application of biomaterials include
bioengineer, chemist, chemical engineer, electrical engineer, mechanical
engineer, materials scientist, biologist, microbiologist, physician, veterinarian,
ethicist, nurse, lawyer, regulatory specialist, and venture capitalist.
The number of medical devices used each year in humans is very large. Figure
2 estimates usage for common devices, all of which employ biomaterials.

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Numbers of Medical Devices/yr. Worldwi,.,..... - intraocular lens
contact lens
vascular graft
hip and knee prostheses
catheter
heart valve
stent (cardiovascular)
breast implant
dental implant
pacemaker
renal d ialyzer
left ventricular assist devices

7,000,
75,000,000
400,000
1,000,000
300,000,000
200,000
>2,000,000
300,000
500,000
200,000
25,000,000
100,000

Millions of lives saved. The quality of Life improved for millions more.
A $100 billion industry
Figure 2. Common Medical Devices That Use Biomaterials

The development of biomaterials is the junction of materials science and
chemistry. Medical devices may be composed of a single biomaterial or a
combination of several materials. A heart valve might be fabricated from
polymers, metals, and carbons. A hip joint might be fabricated from metals
and polymers (and sometimes ceramics) and will be interfaced to the body
through a polymeric bone cement.
Biomaterials by themselves do not make a useful clinical therapy but rather
have to be fabricated into devices. This is typically an engineer's role, but the
engineer might work closely with synthetic chemists to optimize material
properties and with physicians to ensure the device is useful in clinical
applications.
Biomaterials must be compatible with the body, and there are often issues
that must be resolved before a product can be placed on the market and used
in a clinical setting. Because of this, biomaterials are usually subjected to the
same very stringent safety requirements as those of new drug therapies.

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Biomaterials for Biosensors
Implantable biosensors for the human body place some of the greatest functional
demands on biomaterials. Biosensors monitor the physiologic state of tissues for
medical therapeutics or for assessing human performance. Sensors for glucose, oxygen,
blood pH, adrenal hormones, nervous activity, heart performance, and blood pressure
monitors are all of interest.
Blood biochemistry sensors are the most difficult sensors to keep functioning over time
primarily because the sensor interface materials provoke low-level foreign-body
reactions in t issues. These types of responses are not specifically important to
implantable devices that have structural rather than sensing functions, such as heart
valves, but they can completely render a biosensor for blood glucose, for example,
useless after a few days.
Chemically sensitive biosensor interfaces to tissue and body environments employ
membranes in an effort to protect the biosensor active-sensing surface from possible
body reactions. The membrane allows small molecules of interest to pass through its
pores while excluding larger proteins, blood-formed elements, and cells like
macrophages that would engulf the sensor.
The membrane's biomaterial composition, pore size, and long-term physical integrity
are critical components in the functioning of the sensor. If the biomaterial chosen
retards the adhesion of proteins and does not provoke a biological response, then this
improves sensor longevity. Figure 3 shows some representative biomembranes.
No one biomaterial is best for all
sensor applications, primarily because
different biomaterials behave
differently relative to the substance
being sensed. Membranes that pass
glucose, for example, may not pass
oxygen that is needed for a sensor to
function. Membrane biofouling starts
immediately upon contact of the
sensor with the body cells. Proteins
and other biological components
adhere to the sensor surface, and in
some cases, impregnate the pores of
the material. This process retards
diffusion of the molecules of interest
to the sensor surface and either slows
the sensor's response to changes in
concentration or reduces the overall
response to the point where the
sensor falls out of calibration.

Figure 3. Biomaterials Such as Polycarbonates,
Cellulose, and Silicones Used in Membranes for
Sensors, Dialyzers, and Oxygenators

The design of sensor membrane materials has been found to be critically dependent on
subtle features of the membrane's chemistry, material thickness, and porosity, as well
as, more generally, where in the human body the sensor is located. The blood stream is

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the most hostile location both for sensor performance and in terms of the potential for
danger to the patient through the provocation of blood clotting.
The most successful biomembrane materials have been porous forms of Teflon,
polyurethanes, and cellulose-based materials such as cellulose acetate. As important as
the material composition is for sensors, so are aspects of a membrane's structure and
mechanical properties, such as its ability resist abrasion and adhere to sensor surfaces.

Biomaterials for Biomedicine
In this review, we look at representative biomaterials as well as representative
applications. These biomaterials are among the most popular of t hose used in medicine
today, and the applications in some cases represent multibillion-dollar-a-year markets.
Some of the best known of the biomaterials are:
•

Silicone

•

Teflon

•

Biodegradable polymers

•

Hydrogels

•

Titanium alloys

•

Ceramics

•

Tissue constructs

Some of the largest applications are:
•

Cardiovascular - stents, synthetic blood vessels, heart valves

•

Hip and knee joints

•

Contact lenses

•

Drug delivery devices

•

Kidney dialysis

BIOMEDICAL SILICONES- POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANES
Perhaps the most well known of all biomaterials are the silicones-soft, pliable, and
semitransparent materials that are used in many different applications in modern
society, ranging from water sealants to fibrous insulations.
Silicone is often mistakenly called "silicon." Although sil icones contain silicon atoms,
they are an organic material of greater complexity and are not made up exclusively of
silicon. Silicone is used in an exceptionally large number of biomedical applications. It is
blood compatible, sterilizable, rugged, and strong but flexible. Its mechanical properties

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can be tailored to varying degrees of hardness and strength for stiffness in catheter
applications.
Biomed ical silicones attracted notoriety in 1995 when a class-action lawsuit against
Dow Corning, Inc., brought a huge settlement resulting from the supposed dangers of
silicone breast im plants.
After reviewing years of evidence and research concerning silicone gel-filled breast
implants, the national Institute of Medicine found that "evidence suggests diseases or
conditions such as connective tissue diseases, cancer, neurological diseases or other
systemic complaints or conditions are no more common in women with breast implants
than in women without implants." Dow moved out of the medical silicone business and
has since been replaced by an array of smaller companies offering specialized silicone
products.
Figure 4 shows the present form of silicone used for reconstructive surgery following a
mastectomy, particu larly after breast cancer in women.

Figure 4. Photograph of Silicone (polydimethyllsiloxane) Biomedical Implants Used in Breast
Reconstructive Surgery

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SILICONE CHEMISTRY
Silicone is actually a common name
for the chemical compound
polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a class
of synthetic polymers with repeating
units of silicon and oxygen. Figure 5
shows the polymeric repeating
structure of medical silicones. Various
functional groups-often methyl-can
be attached to that backbone to
change the material properties.
Silicone polymers can easily be
transformed into linear or cross­
linking materials without using any
toxic plasticizers . The resulting
materials are elastic at body
temperature.
The simultaneous presence of
Figures. Silicone Chemical Groups
different groups attached to the
silicon-oxygen backbone gives silicones a range of viscous and mechanical properties
that allow their use as fluids, emulsions, compounds, resins, and elastomers in
numerous applications. Thus, silicone is a versatile polymer, although its use is often
limited by its relatively poor mechanical strength. However, this limitation can be
overcome by reinforcing silicone with a silica filler or by chemically modifying the
backbone.
The stability, lack of toxicity, and excellent biocompatibility of PDMS make these
materials well suited for use in personal care, pharmaceutical, and medical device
applications. Silicone is easily molded and cast using room temperat ure curing (known
as RTV) or through the use of an organic catalyst.

SILICONE IN BIOMEDICAL PRODUCTS
Silicone membranes are made by casting the silicone liquid precursor into thin sheets.
Such membranes are often used in oxygen and carbon dioxide blood biosensors
because membranes made of this material are highly transmissive to these gases while
they block most other chemical substances present in the blood stream. In addition,
silicone's resistance to protein adhesion and its excellent overall biocompatibility make
it one of the most commonly used materials for encapsulating biosensors for tissue or
blood contact.
Recent formu lations of silicone can be patterned with ultraviolet light and, thus, lend
themselves to manufacture with biosensors made by photolithography.

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Figure 6. Silicone Tracheostomy Tube

Figure 6 is a representative example of silicone-based medical products involving tubes
or catheters. A tracheostomy tube, or "trach tube," is a 2- to 3-inch-long curved metal
or plastic tube placed in a surgically created opening (tracheostomy) in the windpipe to
keep it open. Versions of these products are used in cases where patients have
difficulty breathing on their own, such as in a spinal cord injury.
A product known as Mepiform™ is an example of silicone use in a sheet form for the
management of scars, particularly keloid scars. Figure 7 shows this product.

Figure 7. Silicone Sheets Used Under the Skin as a Physical Supporting Layer for Repair of Scar Tissue

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TEFLON
Biomedical materials must be inert to the complex chemistry of biological fluids so they
neither suffer nor instigate change in tissue. Teflon™ admirably fulfills these
requirements. Teflon is a trade name for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a
fluorocarbon-based polymer. It is made by free radical polymerization of
tetrafluoroethylene and has a carbon backbone chain in which each carbon has two
fluorine atoms attached to it.
This polymer is hydrophobic (water hating), biologically inert, and nonbiodegradable
and also has low friction characteristics and excellent "slipperiness." The chemical
inertness (stability) of PTFE is re lated to the strength of the fluorine-carbon bond that
makes it resistant to adhesion. Figure 8 shows the structure of this material. It is a long
chain of repeating chemical units, as shown in the right of the figure.

Figure 8. Teflon Structure

Goretex® is a medical form of Teflon (PTFE) that, when stretched and extruded,
entraps air cells in its microstructure much like foam does and, thus, is relatively soft
and repellant to most liquids. This material is known as e-PTFE (expanded PTFE).
PTFE can be fabricated in many forms, including pastes, tubes, strands, and sheets,
while ePTFE can be woven into a porous, fabric-like mesh. When implanted in the body,
th is strong mesh allows tissue to grow into its pores, making it ideal for medical devices
such as vascular grafts.

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Preformed ePTFE subcutaneous
implant materials have been used to
improve facial reconstruction and
cosmetic surgery outcomes. Figure 9
is a manufacturer's product
information showing the utility of
using ePTFE in cosmetic surgery.

BEFORE

AFrER

PTFE has relatively low wear
BEFORE
AFrER
resistance, but under compression or
in situations where rubbing or
abrasion can occur, it can produce
wear particles. These can result in a
chronic inflammatory reaction, an
undesirable outcome. For a given
application, the biomateria ls engineer
must consider many aspects of the
Figure 9. Expanded PTFE (Gore-Tex or ePTFE) Used in
physical and biological properties of
Lip Implants. This is a synthetic implant that has been
the materials . Thus, although PTFE is
used in the face and body for many years. The main
advantage is that it is not absorbed over time and the
highly inert in the body, applying it in
results are permanent .
the wrong circumstances (for
example, to a device that is under
compression or exposed to wear) may lead to a reaction that no longer qualifies as
"biocompatible."

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
Biodegradable polymers are an
important and relatively large
category of biomaterials that are used
extensively in the medical and food
industries. In the latter, they are used
as food wrappings and other
packaging derived from natural food
substances that slowly degrade-by
evaporation into water vapor and
carbon dioxide- when exposed to the
sun and outdoor environments, thus
minimizing waste disposal. Figure 10
shows a complex shape made from
polylactide (PLA), a biodegradable
polymer.
Biodegradable polymers can be either
Figure 10. Biodegradable Polymers. Polymers such as
PLA are much like conventional plastics and, as such , have
natural or synthetic. In general,
qualities of clarity, flexibility, and strength.
synthetic polymers offer greater
advantages than do natural materials in that they can be tailored to give a wider range
of properties and more predictable lot-to-lot uniformity than can materials from natural
sources . Synthetic polymers also represent a more reliable source of raw materials-

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one free from concerns of immunogenicity . These polymers can be optically clear,
exhibit good flexibility, and have strength comparable to that of many plastics.

BIODEGRADATION ADVANTAGES
In the human body, biodegradable polymers have good compatibility but also
decompose to harmless materials and over time dissolve altogether. Biodegradable
polymers undergo a chemical hydrolysis in the salty and wet environment of tissues by
way of a labile chemical backbone of the polymer. The degradation starts immediately
upon water exposure and occurs in two steps.
In the first step, the material t horoughly hydrates, and the water attacks the polymer
chains, converting long chains into shorter, water-soluble fragments. The desirable
aspect of this process is a reduction in molecular weight without a loss in physical
properties, since the device matrix is still held together, even with the shorter chains.
In the second step, the shorter polymer chains are attacked by enzymes that are
naturally present in tissues. Basically, a metabolization of the fragments by the body
tissues results in a rapid loss of polymer mass, what is referred to as bulk erosion. All
the commercially available synthetic devices and sutures degrade by bulk erosion.

DEGRADABLE BIOMATERIALS
Different biodegradable polymers have different lifetimes in tissues, ranging from a few
days to years . Combining two different biopolymers-for example, short-lived (days)
PLA (polylactide) and longer lived (months) PGA (polyglycolide)-reveals that polymers
can be produced with intermediate decomposition times. Thus, their decay times can be
custom determined through their formulation.
Biodegradable polymers fulfill a physician's desire to have an implanted device that will
not require a second surgical intervention for removal, which is desirable in many
applications. In orthopedic applications, for example, a fractured bone that has been
fixated with a rigid, nonbiodegradable stainless implant has a tendency for refracture
upon removal of the implant, making removal undesirable. This refracturing results
from the offloading of the stress on the bone by the stainless steel support because the
bone has not carried a sufficient load during the healing process. However, a fixation
system prepared from a biodegradable polymer can be engineered to degrade at a rate
that will slowly transfer the load to the healing bone, thereby avoiding the risk of
refracture and eliminating the need to remove the impla nt.

POLYLACTIC ACID AND POLYGLYCOLIC ACID
Polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), and their copolymers are the most widely
used of the biodegradable polymers. These materials, when exposed to the sun and
weather, will degrade into water and carbon dioxide and essentially vanish, given
sufficient time.
In the human body, combinations of PLA and PGA are used to control the longevity of a
material by controlling its degradation rate when exposed to tissues. The degradation
products in the human body are also water and carbon dioxide.
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PLA, or polylactide, is a thermoplastic,
long-chained organic material derived
from renewable resources, such as
corn starch (in the United States) or
sugarcanes (in the rest of the world).
PLA has been recognized for more
than a century and is of commercial
interest primarily because of its
biomedical applications. Figure 11
shows the chemical structure of PLA.
These materials are popular because
they have already been used in many
approved medical implant devices and

(Text continues in the original file: 32 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D120 — AAWSAP DIRD, Materials for Advanced Aerospace Platforms, January 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D120
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D120
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1/12/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

January 2010 Las Vegas: the only place material choices feel like a casino bet.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D120, DIA, January 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada, technical reference document
- Surveys structural materials for launch, reusable, propulsion platforms; reviews alloys, composites, ceramics
- Conclusion: many promising materials exist, usefulness depends on application‑specific tradeoffs

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys the structural materials needed for advanced aerospace platforms and argues that material choice cannot be separated from overall vehicle design, because launch vehicles, space vehicles, reusable systems, and propulsion hardware each face different temperature, durability, weight, and manufacturing constraints. The report reviews a range of candidate material classes, including advanced aluminum alloys; polymer-, aluminum-, and titanium-matrix composites; titanium alloys; nickel-base alloys; refractory metals; ceramic-matrix composites; carbon-carbon composites; and titanium aluminides. It emphasizes that balancing performance against practical limits such as fabrication methods, cost, inspection, contamination control, and service environment remains a major challenge. Its overall conclusion is that many promising materials exist, but their usefulness depends on application-specific tradeoffs and on closer integration of material selection with design and manufacturing, with some systems judged to be more valuable targets for development than others.

### AI summary

This is an unclassified document titled "Materials for Advanced Aerospace Platforms," prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Defense Warning Office in January 2010. It was created as part of the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) program. The document discusses materials used in launch vehicles, reusable spacecraft, and propulsion systems, focusing on advanced aluminum alloys, composites, and other materials. It outlines current material capabilities, challenges, and recommendations for aerospace platform design. The text emphasizes the importance of material selection in achieving structural performance and reliability.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED/ f FQR 8FFI@Itltt tJ91! ertt I

Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
12 January 2010
! COD: 1 December 2009
DIA-08-0912-008

Materials for Advanced
Aerospace Platforms

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Materials for Advanced Aerospace Platforms

Prepared by:
Acquisiti on Support Di vision (DW0-3)
Defense warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 66
Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed toiMP Person 1
! AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DW0-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.
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Contents
Introduction ...........................................................................................................iv
Launch Vehicles ................................................................................................. 1
Reusable Crew Modules...................................................................................... 9
Reusable Single-Stage-to-Orbit Vehicles ...................................................... 10
Advanced Al Alloys ....................................................................................... 11
Polymer Matrix Composites .......................................................................... 11
Al Matrix Composites .................................................................................... 12
Ti Alloys ....................................................................................................... 12
Ti Matrix Composites .................................................................................... 14
Ni-base Alloys .............................................................................................. 16
Refractory Metal Alloys ................................................................................ 18
Ceramic Matrix Composites .......................................................................... 18
Carbon-Carbon Composites .......................................................................... 19
Titanium Aluminides .................................................................................... 20
Propulsion Systems .......................................................................................... 21
Summary and Recommendations ..................................................................... 22

Figures
1. Schematic Diagram of Friction Stir Welding ....................................................... 2
2. Specially Modified 747 Transporter Unloading a Boeing 787 Composite
Fuselage Barrel Section ..................................................................................... 4
3. Micrograph Showing Phase Formation at the Surface of a Ti Alloy That has
Been Exposed to Air at Elevated Temperature ................................................. 13
4. Cross-Section Micrograph of a Ti Matrix Composite .......................................... 15

Tables
1. Potential Materials by Use Temperature Regime and Property ......................... 10
2. Example of Properties of Ti Matrix Composites ................................................ 14

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Materials for Advanced Aerospace Platforms
Introduction
"Advanced aerospace platforms" is a broad topic that can be divided into
several narrower subtopics to enable a more concise discussion of materials
advances, challenges, and opportunities. Consequently, this document
discusses the areas of launch vehicles, space vehicles, and space propulsion
systems separately because their key requirements are often application
specific, which affects materials selection decisions. In addition, single-use
and reusable boosters have different durability requirements that directly
impinge on design and materials selection. Furthermore, current engineering
practice has evolved to the point that design synthesis must integrate the
structure and construction materials to achieve optimum product performance.
For example, the space shuttle was designed to meet customer-imposed
mission requirements (range, payload, empty weight, landing capability, and
so forth) without significant real-time consideration of materials capability.
This approach led to significant compromises at later stages in the shuttle's
development and maturation. (Arguably, the shuttle could be designed as a
more efficient vehicle today.) In the extreme, a spectacular engineering
failure was the National Aerospace Plane (also dubbed the Orient Express),
which was launched as a military project and was intended to be a mach 12
reusable strike vehicle. This project rapidly became materials limited and was
canceled in 1993, after about $750 million in federal R&D expenditures and a
substantial private sector investment. The point is that any "clean sheet of
paper design" must start with an assessment of the requirements for
construction materials and be accompanied by a realistic assessment of the
capability of currently available materials to meet these needs. If these two
assessments indicate a gap between requirements and existing materials
capability, a risk assessment and a risk-mitigation plan must be developed
before expending engineering hours and funds.
Since the inception of manned space flight, the approach to design has
changed to include the concept of damage tolerance. This shift in design
philosophy was prompted by the (eventual) recognition that complex
structures cannot be designed and produced with zero defects. With the
maturation of fracture mechanics and means of reducing these concepts to
practice, the transition from zero defects to defect tolerance became the norm.
This new approach in turn led to recognition that high-performance materials
required not only high specific strength and stiffness but pacing increases in
strength with simultaneous improvements in fracture toughness and fatigue
crack growth resistance. The introduction of damage tolerance was
accompanied by a renewed emphasis on nondestructive inspection capabilities.
This latter thrust was driven by the need to demonstrate the capability to
reproducibly locate small flaws that could become failure initiation sites,
either because of static or because of cyclic loading conditions. In the case of
atmospheric flight, the U.S. Air Force has introduced standards for airframes
(the Aircraft Structural Integrity Program) and propulsion systems (the
Engine Structural Integrity Program) that tie structural life and reliability to
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this demonstrated inspections capability. Implementation of these standards,
starting with the B-1 bomber and the F-100 and F-110 engines, has
dramatically reduced (but not eliminated) the incidence of catastrophic
failures of critical components that endanger crews, vehicles, or both.
Taking these changes into account, this document outlines the current
situation regarding the design and production of high-performance structures
for aerospace platforms, including launch vehicles, space vehicles, and
propulsion systems for transporting space vehicles (and payloads) into orbit.

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Materials for Advanced Aerospace Platforms
LAUNCH VEHICLES
For the purposes of this document, launch vehicles are defined as the structure that
supports and/or encloses the propulsion system, the fuel supply, and the crew or
payload module. Launch vehicles today are either single use or multiple use after
recovery and extensive refurbishment. This approach adds considerably to the cost of
transporting a pound of payload into earth orbit, regardless of whether an unmanned
satellite or a manned orbiting crew module that must withstand the temperatures and
loads associated with safe reentry to earth. Furthermore, the larger the payloads are,
the greater are the reaction forces the launch veh icle must withstand during launch.
With the total weight of the payload, the empty weight of the launch vehicle, and fuel
all needing to be lifted initially, fuel-efficient propulsion and lightweight launch vehicles
are essential to maximizing the payload. Except in the area around the propulsion
system exhaust, the temperatures experienced by launch vehicles during launch are not
demanding. Therefore, advanced, high-strength aluminum (Al} alloys and polymer
matrix carbon fiber composites (PMCs) are prime candidates for the parts of the
structure that experience aerodynamic loads and where aerodynamic heating does not
exceed about 125 °Celsius. One class of advanced Al alloys is the lithium (Li)-bearing
alloys, such as Al alloy 2090. This alloy contains enough Li to reduce its density by 8
percent while increasing the elastic modulus (E) by 10 percent. Other, newer advanced
Al alloys, such as 7050 and 2050, have been developed to have improved damage
tolerance. These alloys have excellent specific strength at or near room temperature
and experience no major loss of ductility at cryogenic temperatures. The newer variants
of the 2000 and 7000 Al alloys also have substantially improved resistance to most
types of corrosion, including exfoliation and stress corrosion cracking. This can be
important in a reusable vehicle.
Perhaps the most important aspect of the improved Al alloys is their higher fracture
toughness, accomplished through a combination of alloy composition control and
improved processing. In alloy composition control, the concentrations of the residual
elements iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and silicon (Si) are reduced at
the ingot stage. These elements combine with Al to form hard, brittle intermetallic
compounds known as constituent phases. The advanced alloys contain fewer, smaller
constituent phases, leading to improved fracture resista nce and higher fracture
toughness values. In applications such as body skins for commercial aircraft, this
improved toughness has enabled an increase in t he spacing of the circumferential
fuselage frames, or "hat sections," that serve both as stiffeners and as crack stoppers
to prevent a catastrophic failure during pressurization. For any given operating stress­
in this case the pressurization stress-the spacing of the frames is directly related to
the critical crack size of the body skin . Higher toughness alloys have larger critical crack
sizes, and the frames can be spaced further apart without increasing t he risk of
catastrophic fa ilure. The increased spacing ultimately allows a fuselage design that
requires fewer frames. Consequently, the airplane benefits from a commensurate
reduction both in weight and in manufacturing cost. Similar possibilities exist for the
design of a fail-safe launch vehicle that has a lower empty weight. Clearly, the
advanced Al alloys offer intrinsic improvements over the alloys used in the Saturn
launch vehicle and introduce the prospect of new, more efficient launch vehicle designs.

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The newer Al alloys also can be specially processed to render them superplastically
formable . This capability opens a realm of possibilities to replace structures that, in the
absence of this capability, are machined from thick plate. Very large structures are
produced in sections that must be joined. Conventional fusion welding techniques do
not work for high-strength Al alloys such as 7075, 7050, 2024, or 2050 because either
the welds lead to cracks or the welds made under conditions that avoid cracking have
greatly reduced tensile properties. Because these alloys are not amenable to welding,
heavier, fatigue-prone mechanically fastened joints must be used. Recently, scientists
developed a joining process that permits joining of Al alloys such as 7050. This process,
called friction stir welding (FSW), allows joint designs in a variety of configurations that
were not considered possible when fusion welding was the only alternative.
In FSW, a rotating steel tool is inserted into the seam between the two Al alloy pieces
to be joined. As the rotating tool is driven forward, the friction between the tool and the
work piece generates enough heat to soften the Al alloy without melting it. A schematic
of this process is shown in Figure 1.

Tool

/
retreating
side

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of Friction Stir Welding

The combined action of the rotation and the traversing of the tool essentially kneads
the two pieces together, leaving a mechanically sound joint. Although the weld
properties may be somewhat inferior to those of the base metal, they are good enough
that a relatively small increase in thickness at the joint position can compensate .
Although substantial development of the FSW process is ongoing, FSW already has
been put into practice. For example, the current external propellant tank on the space
shuttle is made from an Al-Li alloy fabricated through FSW. The weight advantage of
using welded as opposed to bolted joints in a large structure such as a launch vehicle is
considerable. With earlier high-strength alloys such as 7075, concerns about fracture
toughness in conjunction with monolithic structures would have caused a welded
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construction to be considered too risky. Today, the combination of higher toughness
alloys and FSW opens up the possibility of greater design flexibility resulting in lighter
large structures with equal or greater reliability than ear lier ones.
In sum, metallic, nonreusable (at least nominally so) launch vehicles made from
advanced Al alloys and fabricated through FSW constitute an incremental but significant
improvement over earlier versions .
In recent years, PM Cs have matured significantly. For many components that are not
exposed to elevat ed temperatures, PMCs provide a degree of design flexibility not
read ily available in meta ls. Consequently, PMC materials have begun to supplant Al
alloys in the construction of commercial subson ic aircraft. The use of PMCs in the
empennage of the Boeing 777 was one of the first examp les of Al alloys being
displaced. Subsequently, the new Boeing 787 has more structure made from
composites than from metallic materials. Once PMCs are introduced into a structure in
sign ificant quantit ies, a constraint related t o galvanic incompatibility between the PMC
st ructure and any adjoining Al all oys also is introduced. When a PMC structure is in
direct contact with an Al alloy structure, catastrophic corrosion of the Al alloy
components can occur. In the Boeing 787, the remedy for this concern is the use of
titan ium (Ti) all oys in areas where there is direct contact between t he metallic and the
PMC structures. This is directly analogous to the plastic bushing a plumber puts in the
j oint between copper and iron piping. Notwithstanding this constra int, the specific
strength and stiffness of PMC structures make a compell ing argument for their
appl ication in high-performance structures, such as launch veh icles .
Composite structures can be manufactured using one of th ree methods: hand layup of
pre-preg, automated tow placement, and resin transfer molding.
•

The most rudimentary of these, but also the most flexible, is hand layup of pre -preg.
This method uses sheets of material that contain both the fiber and the polymeric
matr ix (called pre-preg). The polymeric matrix can be either a thermoset (for
example, epoxy) or a thermoplastic. Individual plies are cut from the pre-preg
typica lly using a numerically controlled laser or mechanical cutting device and are
la id up to form the desired shape. Areas that have heavier loads contain more plies
locally, and the plies are cut in an or ientation with respect to the fiber direction in
the pre-preg to ach ieve the desired strength relative to the principa l load path.
These plies are carefully placed according to a drawing (blueprint), making hand
layup a labor-intensive process and, therefore, making parts made using th is
method expensive . During ply placement, it is crit ical that no ply wrinkles are
introduced, as these create severe reductions in the local load-bearing capability of
the fina l component. Once all the plies are in their proper places , the article is
placed in a vacuum-tight bag that is evacuated and placed in an autoclave for curing
of the epoxy matrix or fusing of the thermoplastic. A disadvantage of a pre-preg
whose matrix is a thermoset is limited shelf life. In practice, this is managed to a
degree by storing the pre-preg in a freezer to slow the rate of chemica l reaction t hat
sets the epoxy. However, th is does not completely halt the reaction, causing these
materials to have a shelf life beyond wh ich they are not easily manipulated during
layup and do not develop full strength after curing in the autoclave. An additional
issue is out t ime-the time the pre-preg can be out of the freezer during layup
before the reaction proceeds at an accelerated rate and reaches a point at which the
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material is not suitable for the reasons stated earlier. Clearly, the time required for
layup places practical limitations on component size.
•

In automated tow placement, thin ribbons of a pre-preg are fed off a drum or rolled
into a computer numerically controlled machine that places them in the desired
position. In principle, this process trades recurring labor cost for up-front capital
investment (the tow placement machine) and programming time . If the anticipated
volume of identical parts is high enough to amortize the capital investment and,
particularly, the programming cost, this can be an attractive means of reducing
manufacturing costs. For axisymmetric shapes, such as cylinders, this essentially
becomes a winding process and is quite efficient. An example of a finished
composite fuselage barrel section for the Boeing 787 is shown in Figure 2. For more
irregular three -dimensional shapes, such as a spar or a strut, placing the tows
becomes much more difficult and presents a fundamental limitation. Consequently,
PMC structures with complex shapes are still for the most part made using the hand
layup process. A variant of automated t ow placement is compression, whereby a
preform, made by automated tow placement, is forced by a press into a preshaped
die. This process allows fabrication of more complex shapes, but the rigidity of the
fiber and the extreme anisotropy of the tows can lead to wrinkles, which are not
acceptable because of the reductions in properties these cause.

Figure 2. Specially Modified 747 Transporter Unloading a Boeing 787 Composite Fuselage Barrel
Section

•

The third main composite fabrication method, resin transfer molding (RTM), begins
with a woven fiber mat or preform. The polymeric matrix is injected into this mat to
create a fully dense composite. The major benefit of RTM is that it permits use of a
three-dimensional weave that minimizes the risk of delamination between plies.
Note that, with the other two methods, the material is reinforced in only two
dimensions (the plane of the pre-preg or tows). RTM's limitations include the
viscosity of the resins used. If the resin is too viscous, injecting it will either distort
the fiber architecture of the woven preform or not fully penetrate the preform,
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leaving voids. This limitation makes it difficult to use many thermoplastic resins that
are otherwise attractive because they are recyclable and have much longer shelf
lives than thermosets (epoxies). Another, more obvious limitation of RTM is
component size. This is in part because weaving of very large fiber preforms is
challenging and requires a very large weaving machine. It also requires a large
injection mach ine capable of multiple injection sites to ensure the complete
infiltration necessary to avoid formation of voids.
In practice, there are several significant challenges associated with manufacturing large
PMC structures today. Among these, perhaps the most significant are manufacturing
cost and the difficulty associated with making large, nonaxisymmetric components.
Large axisymmetric components that can be produced by winding tows of pre-preg are
clearly possible today, as demonstrated by the Boeing 787 fuselage whose section is
shown in Figure 2. For other shapes, because the load-bearing capability of PMCs
depends on the transfer of externally imposed loads to the strong, stiff fibers, joints
that intersect the principal load path become problematic. This is because the fibers
and, as a direct consequence, the load path are discontinuous, requiring local section
size adjustments to offset this local structural inefficiency. Thus, achieving the most
structurally efficient use of PMCs requires monolithic structures with continuous fibers.
In large structures, this is at best a challenge. Even in the Boeing 787's PMC fuselage,
mechanically fastened joints are used to connect adjacent barrel sections. In the
fuselage, as in any cylindrical pressure vessel, the principal stresses are hoop stresses
stemming from pressurization during flight. However, the compromise in structural
efficiency is minimized by the circumferential orientation of the joints. Although these
bolted joints add weight, the overall structural efficiency of the PMC structure is still
better, albeit considerably more expensive, than a longitudinally and circumferentially
stiffened Al structure. The circumferential joints also create discontinuous longitudinal
crack paths that improve the structure's damage tolerance. Some of the added expense
of the PMC fuselage stems from the use of Ti alloy fasteners because of the galvanic
coupling issues that would accompany Al or steel fasteners.
For other applications, which are limited by different material properties, the PMC
system can be tailored to optimize structural performance. This is possible because
both the matrix and the fiber can be independently selected. Moreover, the fiber
"architecture" (fiber orientation, weave geometry, and fiber volume fraction) can be
varied spatially to optimize load-bearing capability under complex stress states. For
example, again drawing on recent applications in commercial aircraft, the fan blades of
the large, high-bypass-ratio turbofan engine {GE90) produced by General Electric for
the Boeing 777 are made from PMCs. The limiting design consideration for these fan
blades is resistance to bird strikes. To optimize the PMCs' impact resistance, a medium­
modulus, high-tensile-strength carbon fiber was selected in combination with a
thermoplastic toughened epoxy matrix. Furthermore, the fiber architecture was set to
optimize the bending strength under the impact of a bird. The GE90 fan blades are
produced by hand layup and are quite costly to produce. In the 10-plus years that
these fan blades have been in service, not a single unscheduled engine removal related
to the PMC fan blades has occurred. The competitive fan blade technology for B-777class engines is hollow Ti, which is used by both Pratt & Whitney and Rolls Royce. By all
informal accounts, these blades are cost intensive. This example supports the unwritten
rule that the pathways leading to high-performance, high-value structures typically are

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not technology dependent but are cost intensive, no matter what technology is
employed to meet the requirements.
An additional characteristic of PMC structures-one related to the laminated
construction of components made by hand layup or automated tow placement
methods-is their susceptibility to formation of delaminations when impacted
perpendicular to the plane of the plies. This is due to the mismatch in bending stiffness
between adjacent plies that have different unidirectional fiber orientations. This
mismatch causes shear stresses to develop that can exceed the shear strength of the
interlaminate bonds, causing small, embedded cracks to form. Under subsequent
inplane compression loading, the laminates bow because of the Poisson stresses and
separate because of the lack of an interlaminar bond to hold them together. In
significant compression loads, the laminates buckle, and this leads to structural failure.
This phenomenon, called compression after impact, is an insidious failure mode because
the delaminations are not externally detectable unless ultrasonic inspection methods
are used. Sources of such an impact include dropped tools, foreign objects (for
example, meteorites), and, perhaps most commonly, hail storms. Ultrasonic inspection,
if required, is expensive and time consuming. The latter concern in turn affects vehicle
availability and turnaround time. PMC parts made using RTM typically have reinforcing
fibers in the through-thickness direction, so concerns about compression after impact
are minimal.
The maximum temperature at which PMCs can be used is limited by PMCs' susceptibility
to oxygen degradation of the polymeric matrix. The maximum-use temperature for
prolonged exposure is determined by the thermal oxidative stability (TOS) of a
particular resin. The TOS, like any chemical reaction, is determined by both time and
temperature . The glass transition temperature (T9 ) of the polymeric matrix also
imposes strength and dimensional stability limitations independent of the TOS limits.
This is particularly true for thermoplastics. However, the TOS limits usually impose
lower temperature limits than T9 if prolonged thermal exposure is contemplated. Three
distinct classes or groups of resins exist, each with a successively higher temperature
capability. These are conventional epoxies and most thermal plastics, bismaleimides
(BMis), and linear polyimides. The first class is limited by TOS to about 125° Celsius.
BMis can be used to about 175° Celsius. Linear polyimides, such as the in situ
polymerization of monomer reactants (PMR) group of thermosetting formulations, can
be used to about 300° Celsius. Many of the PMR resins contain the hazardous
compound methylenedianiline, which requires special care during use, including
protective clothing to limit personnel exposure (for example, during ply cutting and
hand layup). This requirement reduces productivity, adds cost, and creates a degree of
liability concern for the manufacturer of the PMC components. For RTM, the BMis and
PMR resins typically have higher viscosity and require commensurately higher injection
temperatures to reduce the viscosity to manageable levels for reasons discussed
earlier. New resins are constantly being developed, including some with attractive
properties. However, many of the sources of these resins are startup companies that
exist on R&D fund in g, often in the form of U.S. government SBIR (Small Business
Innovative Research) projects. Such companies are good at innovation but often have
limited experience transitioning new products from the laboratory to large -scale
production. Furthermore, in the current economic climate, access to sufficient capital to
set up production-scale capacity can be a form idable problem for a small company.
Larger companies (for example, BASF, DuPont, GE Plastics) typically are not interested
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in materials with small annual sales volume, so even licensing the new material to one
of these companies may not be commercially feasible .
This foregoing discussion highlights a commonly encountered inconsistency between
technical innovation and commercial progress. Until a production-scale source exists,
pricing of new materials is at best highly uncertain and potentially unstable over time.
This is in part due to the uncertainty surrounding demand and the associated volume of
material that will be required. Taken together, these factors act as a clear deterrent to
the adoption of new materials of literally all classes (polymers, metals, and ceramics).
For heavily loaded structures or structures that will experience temperatures higher
than about 200 °Celsius, Ti alloys are the preferred material class. Ti alloys are about
half as dense as steel or Ni-base alloys and possess a density-corrected strength and
stiffness competitive with that of other metallic materials. Numerous grades of Ti alloys
are in use today, and a strong domestic industrial base of suppliers exists for nearly all
these grades . Ti alloys for structural applications can be divided into three groups based
on their metallurgy: near a alloys, a+p alloys, and metastable p alloys (commonly called
p alloys for short) . Both the aircraft and propulsion original equipment manufacturers
and several private engineering firms have extensive design experience with Ti alloys.
Although most of this experience is with Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-6-4 ), other alloys also are widely
used, particularly in jet engines and liquid-fueled rocket engines. The alloy most likely
to be used in a launch vehicle, Ti-6-4, has been available and in use for more than 40
years but is still highly competitive with newer grades in large part because of its
versatility. Potential applications of other alloys that have particularly attractive

(Text continues in the original file: 27 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D121 — AAWSAP DIRD, Pulsed High-Power Microwave Source Technology, January 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D121
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D121
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1/28/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

January 2010 report still admits HPM weapons won’t fit in a backpack.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D121, Defense Intelligence Agency, January 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada incident 1/28/10.
- Surveys pulsed high‑power microwave sources, tech components, and potential military electronic‑attack uses.
- Concludes HPM tech has significant military value but compact ultrawideband systems remain impractical.

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys pulsed high-power microwave (HPM) source technology and argues that such systems remain of military interest because they can disrupt or damage electronic systems with short, intense electromagnetic pulses. The report reviews the main source types and the supporting technologies they depend on, including high-voltage insulation, switching, cathode materials, antennas, and pulse-power generation. It emphasizes the difficulty of building systems that are compact, efficient, and practical to field, since short pulse durations, antenna size, heating, detectability, and beam or signal quality all impose hard engineering limits. Its overall conclusion is that the technology has significant potential military value, but that further progress depends on advances in cathodes, predictive modeling, high-speed high-voltage switching, and low-loss insulation, while compact ultrawideband systems will remain difficult because of basic physical constraints on antenna design.

### Full text

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Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
28 January 2010
! COD: 1 December 2009
DIA-08-0912-005

Pulsed High-Power Microwave
Source Technology

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Pulsed High- Power Microwave Source Technology

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 64
Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not aut horized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to !AAP Person 1
AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DW0-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100 .

I

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Contents
Summary. ..vi
Critical Technologies .. 1
Insulation 1
Uniform Homogeneous. 2
Solid. 2
Plastics...... 2
Epoxies ... 3
Urethanes and Silicones .... 4
Liquids .. 4
Gaseous ....
Laminated. 6
Plastic-Paper-Oil ... 6
Plastic-Paper-Epoxy .. 6
Dielectric Tapering .
Cathode Materials . 7
Velvet....
Carbon . 9
Ceramics . 10
Cesium Iodide Coated 10
High-Voltage Switching. 11
Gaseous Switching .. 12
High-Speed Liquid Switching.... 14
Solid-State Switching ..… 14
High-Voltage Pulse Sources .. 15
Marx Generators … 15
Transformer Based Generators .... 16
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Explosively Driven Generators ......................................................................... 16
Pulsed High-Power Microwave Sources ................................................................ 17
Pulsed Electron Beam Sources ......................................................................... 17
BWOs, TWTs, and RKAs ..................................................................................... 17
Split-Cavity Oscillators ..................................................................................... 18
Virtual Cathode Oscillators ............................................................................... 18
Magnetrons ...................................................................................................... 18
Gyrotrons ......................................................................................................... 19
Impulse HPM Sources ...................................................................................... 20
SNIPER............................................................................................................. 20
EMBL ................................................................................................................ 20

H-Series HPM Sources ...................................................................................... 20
The Phoenix HPM Source .................................................................................. 22
The GEM II HPM Source ................................................................................... 24
The Jolt HPM source ......................................................................................... 24
Mesoband Sources ........................................................................................... 24
HPM Antennas ...................................................................................................... 25
Narrowband Antennas...................................................................................... 25
Wideband and Ultrawideband Antennas ........................................................... 27
Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 29

Figures
Figure 1. Paschen Curve for Air ............................................................................ 13
Figure 2. Example of Marx Generator Circuit ........................................................ 16
Figure 3. Orion HPM Testing Facility....................................................................... 19
Figure 4. Active Denial System With FLAPS Antenna ............................................ 20
Figure 5. H2 With Large TEM Horn and PGC Output .............................................. 21
Figure 6. Cross-Section Drawing of HS With Point Geometry Converter, Brewster
Angle Window, and Extended-Ground-Plane Antenna ........................... 21
Figure 7. HS Output Section With the Point Geometry Converter Feeding an
Extended-Ground-Plane Antenna Through a Brewster Angle Window ... 22
Figure 8. Phoenix Radiated Pulse at 8.5 Meters ................................................... 23
Figure 9. Phoenix Radiated Spectral Content ....................................................... 23
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Figure 10. Jolt Hyperband HPM Source................................................................. 24
Figure 11. Jolt Radiated Electric Field Waveform at 85 Meters ............................. 24
Figure 12. FLAPS Antenna With a Cross-Shorted Dipole Array ............................. 26
Figure 13. Mode Converter Vlasov Antenna and Vlasov Antenna Attached to a
Coaxial MILO ....................................................................................... 27

Tables
Table 1. Dielectric Properties of Some HPM Plastics ............................................... 3
Table 2. Relative Spark Breakdown Strength of Gases ........................................... S
Table 3. Cathode Study Findings ................. ......................................................... 11

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Pulsed High-Power Microwave Source Technology
Summary
This paper provides an overview of the major types of high-power microwave
(HPM) sources and the critical technologies required to build them. Pulsed
HPM technology has been of scientific and military interest for several decades.
Originally, the interest focused on the area of high-altitude electromagnetic
pulse (HEMP) concerns.
HEMP is produced when a nuclear weapon is detonated high above the earth's
surface, creating gamma radiation that interacts with the atmosphere to
create an intense electromagnetic (EM) energy field that is harmless to people
as it radiates outward but can overload computer circuitry with effects similar
to, but causing damage more swiftly than, a lightning strike. HEMP effects
became fully known in 1962, when a high-altitude nuclear test (codenamed
"Starfish Prime") over the Pacific Ocean disrupted radio stations and
electronic equipment 800 miles away in Hawaii. The HEMP effect can span
thousands of miles, depending on the altitude, design, and power of the
nuclear burst. It is speculated that a single device detonated at high altitude
over the central United States could affect the entire country, since the HEMP
would be picked up by conductors, such as wires and power cables, acting as
antennas to conduct the electrical energy into various electronic systems. This
EM radiation was found to have field levels on the order of several hundreds of
kilovolts per meter with onset or rise times of a few nanoseconds and a
duration of nearly a microsecond. Fields of these magnitudes were found to
have severe detrimental effects on numerous electrical systems and items,
such as the power grid, automobiles, communications equipment, and aircraft.
Much testing was done in the 1960s and 1970s to determine vulnerabilities
and to find mitigation solutions. The HEMP is essentially a wideband
microwave pulse, and several EMP simulators were devised and built for use in
testing its effect on various electronic systems. In addition, several programs
were established to investigate the possibility of generating and radiating
other spectrums of EM radiation that may have some of these same effects
without requiring a nuclear detonation. This was the impetus for the
advancement of pulsed HPM technologies for weapons.
HPM radiation is composed of shorter waveforms at higher frequencies than is
HEMP, which makes it highly effective against electronic equipment and more
difficult to harden against. Whereas HEMP weapons are large in scale and
require a nuclear capability along with technology to launch high-altitude
missiles, HPM weapons are smaller in scale, involve a much lower level of
technology, and are within the capability of almost any state. HPMs can
damage computers and electronics similar to the way HEMP can, although the
effects are limited to a much shorter range. Technical accessibility, lower cost,
and the vulnerability of U.S. electronic equipment could make small-scale HPM
weapons attractive to terrorist groups. HPM devices are now categorized as
directed-energy weapons.

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One major use of HPM by the military is for electronic attack, or what is
referred to by the media as an "ebomb." HPM sources developed for this
purpose provide peak powers in excess of 10 gigawatts. The goal of such a
weapon is to disable communications and computer systems prior to any troop
movements and render the enemy unable to stage a response. The technology
used to drive such sources has its roots in pulsed power, and for narrowband
sources requires the use of tools that have been developed in the plasma
physics community. Reliance on microprocessors that have an increasing
density of circuits packaged onto each chip makes such systems ever-more
vulnerable to HPM effects. As an example of the possible effects of HPM
weapons, on 28 May 2001, a U.S. Commanche helicopter, flying in New York
state while performing tests involving HPM weapons, was reported to have
generated a low-level energy pulse that disrupted the Global Positioning
System devices used to land commercial aircraft in Albany.
The use of this type of weapon can be based on several scenarios, depending
on the asset it will be used against. Sometimes, it may only be necessary to
upset a data bus transfer to produce a success; other times, success may not
be so simple. Some of the kill mechanisms obtained from microwave weapons
include semiconductor overheating or burnout, arc generation, computer
upsets, voltage induction into sensitive circuits, display upset, and overvoltage
in discrete components. The asset to be neutralized will often determine the
specific type of microwave source to be used; for example, assets with slots
designed for communications purposes may be most vulnerable to narrowband
HPM of a specific frequency, while assets with several computers linked by a
communications bus may be more vulnerable to ultrawideband (UWB) pulses
of a specific pulse repetition rate (PRR). Often, the variety of EM radiation that
would be most effective is not obvious, and therefore several must be
evaluated.
If EM radiation is able to penetrate a target, the issue then becomes the
susceptibility of the many semiconductor devices, which make up the various
circuits of the target. Failures in semiconductors owing to thermal effects
occur when junction temperatures are raised above 600° Kelvin. Since thermal
energy diffuses through the semiconductor, failure mechanisms depend on the
microwave pulse duration. If the pulse duration is short compared with
thermal diffusion times, then the temperature increases in proportion to the
deposited energy. Pulse durations (t) shorter than about 100 nanoseconds fall
into this regime, and the threshold power for damage varies as 1/t.
Experimental testing has shown that for pulse durations between 100
nanoseconds and 10 microseconds, the power required for damage scales as
1/t1 12 • And for pulses longer than 10 microseconds, a steady state in which the
thermal diffusion rate equals the rate of energy deposition and temperature is
proportional to power, resulting in a constant power requirement for damage.
In this case, the power requirement scales as t. The consequence of these
scaling factors is that short pulses require very high power but little energy,
while very long pulses require large amounts of energy but little power. This
analysis results in a vast range of HPM sources capable of damaging
semiconductor devices. The above applies to single-shot pulse durations, but if
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a PRR is applied such that there is insufficient time for thermal diffusion
between pulses (about 1 millisecond), then there will be an overall constant
rise in temperature. For this reason, the PRR capability is of extreme
importance for any HPM source.
As a matter of course, assets to be tested include those of friend and foe alike,
the goal being to find vulnerabilities in both and correcting those found in our
own assets. Several techniques are employed to mitigate vulnerabilities found
in assets, including filtering of conductor lines, using metallic enclosures,
eliminating any unnecessary openings in the outer enclosure, and using ferrite
or other magnetic materials. Any electronics inside a completely sealed
metallic container (Faraday cage) would have no vulnerability to HPM of any
variety; however, such a scenario is also of little or no use, since there could
be no communication to or from the enclosure. Assets therefore must include
some openings for communications, instruments, air flow, and sensors,
sometimes as a matter of fulfilling their function.
From the HPM source perspective, care must be taken to prevent fratricide and
harm to friendly assets. To prevent fratricide, all connections to the source
must be filtered to prevent fast transients from returning to the control unit.
Some signals can be transmitted using fiber-optic cable; however, there is
usually a piece of equipment at the source end that must be filtered. Some
connections, such as the high-voltage power supplies, can make good use of
high inductance filtering to eliminate fast transients, while others, such as
trigger lines, must make use of other filtering means, such as transformer
coupling, lightning arrestors, transorbs, and fast-acting, high-voltage diodes.
Preventing harm to friendly assets is difficult and is a major reason why HPM
has rarely been employed in actual battlefield settings. To ensure there is no
harm to friendly assets, all assets would have to be tested for vulnerabilities,
something that is not done at present. The antenna is a major factor in this
matter. Unfocused antennas radiate a pattern that spreads as it progresses
outward and, thus, the area subjected to the EM fields increases with distance.
It is then harder to separate one's own assets from the radiated fields.
In addition, it is very difficult to detect these sort of pulsed sources, since the
pulses are very short (typically 1-500 nanoseconds), and even in burst mode,
the bursts are usually less than 10 seconds. The short burst mode operation is
necessary because of the high peak powers and subsequent heating of key
components such as switches. The UWB sources would be the most difficult to
detect, since they have nearly zero energy at any one frequency and so would
not be detected at all by instruments such as spectrum analyzers.

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Critical Technologies
Several technology areas are critical to the design and fabrication of a working HPM
source. First, because the pulsed-power section of the source must operate at high
voltages, it must contain insulating materials capable of withstanding the required
voltage. The insulatin g scheme chosen is critical to the success of the project;
therefore, several insulation techniques will be discussed, along with the merits and
drawbacks of each. Another pulsed-power technology that is critical to the success of
any source is high -voltage switching; various types of switches will be discussed, along
with applications. Finally, cathode materials are a technology area that has been
thoroughly researched and is critical to narrowband HPM generation; several cathode
materials will be discussed, along with needs for future cathodes.

INSULATION
Electrical insulating materials or dielectrics are essential not only for pulsed power and
HPM generation but for the proper functioning of all electrical and electronic equipment.
In fact, usually the size and operating limitations of a piece of equipment are
determined by the choice of insulating material. In the past, all manner of varnishes,
tars, petroleum asphalts, natural resins, gums, saps, and minerals were used for
electrical insulation. Now there is an almost endless list of possible insulating materials.
The question now is, which material is the most appropriate for the task at hand? In
pulsed power, and even more so in HPM applications, the choice is critical. All
properties of a material must be weighed against one another to make the proper
choice. Such properties as voltage breakdown, dielectric loss, dielectric constant, cure
temperatures, hardness, tensile strength, flow modulus, and the variation of all these
with frequency, voltage, and temperature must be considered before an appropriate
insulating material can be selected. Many of these properties have never been
published for most materials, and even when they have been published, they are
typically known only at one or two frequencies. Design ing insulation for challenging
applications is at best a compromise between evils. Most of the material studies are
carried out for the power industry, making them valid only at 50 or 60 hertz.
Measurements at these low frequencies usually provide little or no clue about the
values at much higher frequencies. Therefore, it is often up to diligent engineers to
obtain materials data on their own.
One recent research area of interest is in developin g what are termed artificial
dielectrics in an effort to decrease insulation weight. This material is made by
suspending hollow glass microspheres in a lightweight dielectric medium. Depending on
the concentration of these spheres, t he dielectric constant can be lowered and tailored
for the application, and the loss tangent of the media can also be reduced . Coating the
spheres with a conductor such as aluminum can also raise the dielectric constant. Thus
far, as might be expected, the dielectric strength of such materials is much lower than
that of many thermoplastics, but they have been useful for applications such as
radomes.
Insulation generally falls into one of three categories: (1) homogeneous insulation,
where the entire insulating volume is filled with the same media, be it solid, liquid, or
gas; (2) lam inated insulation, where the insulating volume is filled with some manner of

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layering of different materials; and (3) insulation by other means, such as magnetic
insulation-these are usually used only where special conditions apply.

UNIFORM HOMOGENEOUS
Uniform homogeneous insulation implies that the insulating material is consistent
throughout the volume. However, in some cases, such as that of epoxies, there is a
uniform loading of some other material, usually to increase some desired characteristic
of the final product. Examples are loading with silica to increase dielectric strength and
loading with glass fibers to increase mechanical strength. The loaded material is
typically of such small dimensions that it has only a very small effect on other material
parameters from the truly homogeneous case. The use of uniform homogeneous
insulation also results in a more easily modeled design.

SOLID
Solid insulation is often the easiest and typically the most desirable form of insulation
since it does not require maintaining or replacing a liquid level or containing or
monitoring pressure. This fact is often critical to a source project if maintenance or long
shelf lives are important factors.

Plastics
The true title for this section should be "Thermoplastic Polymers (Plastics)," as they
comprise one of the largest groups of insulating materials used in pulsed power and
HPM generation. The term "plastics" includes acetals, acryl ics, amides, imides
polyarylate, polybutylene, polycarbonate, polypropylene, styrene, and sulfone
polymers. Plastics were first used as insulation in the 1930s, and it is hard to conceive
of constructing a high-voltage pulse source without them. Plastic materials have been
tailored to suit a wide variety of applications. In the early 1980s, plastics manufacturers
soliciting Sandia National Labs stated that they could engineer plastics to meet any set
of material properties desired. It later became apparent that this was not the case and
that, as usually occurs in nature, when one parameter was made more desirable, others
were made less desirable. In spite of this fact, some well-eng ineered plastics are now
available for some very demanding applications, such as switch housings and
transmission lines. Nevertheless, virtually no new plastics are being introduced today.
For the past 20 years, engineers have worked with essentially the same plastic
materials, although some improvements have been made in the quality of resins and
extruding and casting methods. In spite of this, there is still much more variation in
specifications (especially mechanical specifications, such as tensile strength) for plastics
from batch to batch than there is for metals. For this reason, the most demanding
plastics applications where the limits of some specification will be approached require
purchasing and independently testing a specific batch to assure confidence. One
interesting and well-documented phenomenon associated with plastics is the
nonlinearity of electrical breakdown strength with thickness. In very thin layers, some
plastics display extremely high breakdown strength. For instance, polypropylene in half­
mil (1 mil = 1/1000 inch) layers yields 7,000-volts-per-mil breakdown strength, while
in one-eighth-inch thickness, this figure drops off to 900 volts per mil. One theory to
explain this is that the proximity of imperfections in the material across the thickness
reduces the dielectric strength in thicker samples. This fact can be used to advantage
by layering thin sheets of insulation together to form thicker insulating regions (see

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section on laminated insulation). Many plastics come in a wide variety of shapes, forms,
and grades, including bulk volumes, a variety of sheet thicknesses, and various rod
diameters. The subject of using plastics as insulation fills volumes in reference books
and has yet to be exhausted . Table 1 shows selected dielectric properties, collected
over several years, on some of the most common plastics for high-voltage use.
Table 1. Dielectric Properties of Some HPM Plastics

Material

Acetal
Polypropylene
Polyetherim ide
Polysulfone
Polyethersulfone
Polycarbonate
Polvohenylene Ether
Polyphenylene Sulfide
Polyethylene
Polyvinylch loride

Trade Name
Delrin

Ultem
Ultrason S
Ultrason E
Lexan
Noryl
Ryton

Breakdown Voltage
(kV /mil)
4.0

6.0
7.0
7.5
5.8
6 .3
0.6
0.4
5.0
1.8

Epoxies
One of the greatest advantages of casting epoxies is that a high dielectric strength can
be attained with low maintenance, a long shelf life, and ease of transportation
compared with liquid or laminated insulation schemes. Some of the best epoxies ever
used for high-voltage insulation have only recently become available. These
advancements are due mainly to efforts by the automotive industry to miniaturize the
ignition coil to the point where a separate coil could be incorporated into the spark plug
cap at each cylinder. Technologies have been devised for casting several varieties of
epoxy to allow larger volume castings. The goals are to minimize voids and bubbles,
deal with any exothermal effects, and reduce shrinkage. In addition, a good candidate
material for high-voltage casting must have a high dielectric strength at the frequencies
required, a long pot life, good adhesion, and an unlimited cure depth at a low
temperature. With many epoxies, shrinkage and the glass transition point are functions
of the cure temperature. New, state-of-the-art epoxies have several desirable
characteristics never before available in a sing le product that make them ideal for high­
voltage applications. Two such characteristics are a low viscosity at room temperature
and a long pot life. This means the epoxy can be mixed (resin and hardener) and the
unit to be insulated can be filled under vacuum to eliminate voids and bubbles. Some of
these epoxies have the viscosity of milk at about 100 degrees Fahrenheit and a pot life
of several hours. A third desirable characteristic is a very low, almost imperceptible
exotherm. Th is allows insulation of items sensitive to heat, such as thin plastics, paper,
and electronic components or integrated circuits . A fourth desirable characteristic is low
shrinkage, even in large castings. This allows insulation of regions where dimensional
stability is important, such as at distances from high-voltage sections and resonant
structures. A fifth desirable characteristic is good adhesion, both to itself and to
components to be insulated. This is important because any separation from a
component creates a void region where the dielectric strength will be compromised.

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Adhesion to itself allows casting in several stages without fear of voids or mechanically
weakened areas. A final desirable characteristic-one that is of obvious importance-is
a very high dielectric strength. With attention to detail and diligence in the casting
procedures, dielectric strengths of more then 4 kV/mil on 0.125- inch thickness have
been achieved. All these advantages have allowed operation of high-voltage pulse
systems at increased power levels and at half the volume of those previously insulated
with mineral oil.

Urethanes and Silicones
These materials are used for casting solid high -voltage equipment, as well as for
coating components to reduce the effects of shrinkage or shock. Typically these
materials are very hard to use with vacuum casting techniques and, thus, have a much
lower dielectric strength than do the best epoxies, especially in larger volumes. Another
drawback is that many urethanes and silicones require either moisture or volatile
ingredients in the curing process, both of which cause problems with high-voltage
systems. Nonetheless, a wide variety of these materials are used in the fabrication of
high-voltage pulse systems for applications that require their characteristics.

LIQUIDS
Liquid insulation has been the primary type of insulation for high-voltage systems since
the beginning of the field . Over the years, mineral oils, vegetable oils, hydrocarbons,
and even tars and saps have been used as insulation. Dielectric liquids have long
served as electrical insulation in power transformers, capacitors, cables, and switching
equipment. Several once commonly used fluids are no longer available because of their
toxicity and environmental impact. As a result, liquids for insulation that do not have
these problems have now been developed for certain applications, including mineral
oils, silicon oils, fluoropolymers, and high-molecular-weight paraffin oils. Most of the
dielectric fluids made are tailored to the power industry, which accounts for about 99
percent of the demand for these liquids. As a result, many such liquids contain additives
that, while necessary for the power industry, are detrimental to high-voltage
applications. These include low-vapor-pressure additives for controlling viscosity and
antioxidants for improved aging. In addition, most insulating liquids also contain
moisture and dissolved gases, which are only weakly bound to the liquid molecules and
are easily freed when high electric field stresses are present. Scientists have for years
worked to extend the usefulness of transformer oils, fuorinert, and castor oil. They have
also developed corona-processing equipment for improving the high-voltage
characteristics of insulating oils. This has allowed state-of-the art insulation design
using insulating oils and oil-impregnated systems. The corona processing involves
flowing the liquid insulation media through a high-field -stress region while under
vacuum to remove dissolved gases and low-vapor-pressure constituents from the oil.
The liquid is then filtered to remove particles larger than 5 microns. This process
improves the corona initiation voltage limit for the liquid and greatly extends the life of
components insulated with the media. It has also allowed a significant reduction in the
size and, thus, energy density of pulsed transformer systems.

GASEOUS
Insulating gases are used in many high-voltage applications where weight is a primary
issue. Typically the use of gases as an insulating media requires pressurization and,
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thus, implies heightened safety concerns. Even low-volume vessels can contain
hundreds of joules of energy in the compressed gas, and a housing failure can hurl
fragments at deadly velocities. Highly compressed gases are used only in cases where
some prized benefit is worth the increased cost and design trials to be exacted. One
example of this is extremely fast switching where the electrode spacing is proportional

(Text continues in the original file: 37 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D122 — AAWSAP DIRD, Invisibility Cloaking Theory and Experiments, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D122
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D122
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/2/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Vegas showed up—only the cloaked parts got the jackpot.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D122, DoW, March 2 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Surveys invisibility‑cloaking theory, metamaterials, negative refraction, microwave experiments
- Imperfect microwave cloaking plausible; perfect visible‑light cloaking deemed impractical

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys the theory and early experiments behind invisibility cloaking, describing several ways an object might be hidden from visual or sensor detection, including camouflage, transparency effects, and optical cloaking that bends light around an object. It focuses mainly on metamaterials, negative refraction, and transformation optics, and reviews experiments that had already demonstrated limited cloaking at microwave frequencies. The report argues that “imperfect” cloaking is physically achievable in some parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, especially for microwaves, but that “perfect” cloaking is not practical because it would require material properties that conflict with the underlying physics. Its overall conclusion is that cloaking is a scientific field with plausible narrow applications, but that useful visible-light cloaking depends more on future theoretical breakthroughs than on conventional advances in materials science.

### Full text

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Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
2 March 2010
ICOD: 1 December 2009
DIA-08-1003-001

Invisibility Cloaking: Theory
and Experiments

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Invisibility Cloaking: Theory and Experiments

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 68
Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA Pro ram. Comments or uestions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to AAP Person 1
AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340- 5100 .

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Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................v
Camouflage ............................................................................................................ 1
Transparency ......................................................................................................... 3
Cloaking ................................................................................................................. 5

Metamaterials ........................................................................................................ 9
Optical Metamaterials .......................................................................................... 11
Fundamental Problem .......................................................................................... 15
Curved Space ....................................................................................................... 17
Broadband Invisibility .......................................................................................... 19
Implementation ................................................................................................... 20
Optical Cloaking ................................................................................................... 22

Summary.............................................................................................................. 23
References ........................................................................................................... 23

Figures
Figure 1. B2 Stealth Bomber .................................................................................. 1
Figure 2. Optical Camouflage ................................................................................. 2
Figure 3. The Secret Optical Camouflage ................................................................ 2
Figure 4. H. G. Wells's The Invisible Man: Invisibility by Transparency .................. 3
Figure 5. Complementary Media Invisibility Cloak .................................................. 4
Figure 6. Cloaking Shell .......................................................................................... 5
Figure 7. The Invisible Woman ............................................................................... 6
Figure 8. Fermat's Principle ................................................................................... 7
Figure 9. An Optical Material Deforms the Coordinates of Space ............................ 8
Figure 10. Light Waves at Cloaking Device ............................................................. 9
Figure 11. Cloaking Device for Microwaves .......................................................... 10

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Figure 12. Lycurgus Cup (British Museum; AD Fourth Century) ........................... 11
Figure 13. Idea for a Cloaking Device for Visible Light ......................................... 12
Figure 14. Advances in Metamaterials .................................................................. 13
Figure 15. Demonstration of Negative Refraction With "Bulk" Optical
Metamaterials Made of Nano-Fishnets ................................................. 14
Figure 16. Demonstration of Negative Refraction With "Bulk" Optical
Metamaterials Made of Nanowires ....................................................... 15
Figure 17. Fundamental Problem of Transformation-Based Cloaking Devices ...... 16
Figure 18. Wave Packets are Made by Combining Waves With Different
Frequencies......................................................................................... 17
Figure 19. Stereographic Projection ..................................................................... 18
Figure 20. Non-Euclidean Cloaking Device in Two Dimensions ............................. 19
Figure 21. Three-Dimensional Cloaking ................................................................ 20
Figure 22. Coordinate Transformation Implemented by a Ground-Plate Cloak..... 21
Figure 23. Implementation of the Ground-Plate Cloak ......................................... 21

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Invisibility Cloaking: Theory and Experiments
Introduction
The idea of invisibility has fascinated people for millennia, inspiring many
myths, novels, and films. Invisibility cloaking has recently become a subject of
science and technology. This paper describes the important current theoretical
and experimental developments and tries to project into the future.

V

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Camouflage
Invisibility may be achieved through three principal methods: camouflage,
transparency, and cloaking. Many an imals and some plants use camouflage to disguise
themselves from predators-for example, by assuming the shapes and colors of objects
in their surround ings. The military has long used forms of camouflage; a recent military
application of camouflage is stealth technology.
Stealth planes have aerodynamically
unusual, edgy shapes and are coated
with a special material. Both features
serve the same purpose: to make the
plane " invisible" to radar. How does it
work? In radar, electromagnetic
microwaves are emitted by a source, and
thei r reflection by an object-an
airplane, for example-is detected. From
the direction and the t ime delay of the
reflected waves, the direction and
distance of the object are inferred. If the
object does not reflect the
electromagnetic microwaves back to the
source, it will not appear on the radar.
This is precisely what stealth technology
achieves. Owing to t he edgy shape of
Figure 1. B2 Stealth Bomber
the stealth plane, most of the incident
electromagnetic waves are reflected in different directions; the coating of the plane
absorbs the rest. In this way, the stea lth plane has become completely black in t he
spectral range of radar. As for radar waves, the sky is black, not blue, and the plane
has assumed the color of the background: the stealth plane is camouflaged.

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Another recent example of camouflage is
optical camouflage, developed by the
University of Tokyo's Tachi Laboratory.
Figure 2 shows an example of optical
camouflage. A camera captures the
background scene behind the person.
The image is processed and projected
onto the person via a semitransparent
mirror. The person wears an "invisibility
cloak" made of a retroreflective material
that reflects light back in t he direction
whence it came, like cats-eye-reflectors
do. As the cloak carries the projected
image of the background, t he person
seems to disappear, but surely the
equipment standing around the person is
clearly visible. In addition, optical
camouflage works only in one direction;
seen from the side, the person is visible.
Nevertheless, optica l camouflage may
become a useful tool in some situations
Figure 2. Optical Camouflage (Tachi Laboratory,
where obstacles are in the way of sightfor example in surgery, where the
Tokyo}
surgeon's hands and instruments may
obstruct the view. Figure 3 shows how optical camouflage works.

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The S~cret of Trollnsparent croalc

Figure 3. The Secret Optical Camouflage (Tachi Laboratory, Tokyo)

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Transparency
H. G. Wells's novel The Invisible Man
represents another strategy for
becoming invisible: transparency.
In Wells's novel, the invisible man, a
disgruntled college professor, invents a
substance that somehow changes the
refractive index 1 of his body. Most
transparent substances, like glass, air,
or water, modify the speed of light,
because the atoms or molecules of these
substances absorb and re-emit light,
which takes time. The delay caused by
the atoms and molecules results in a
reduced speed of light and hence in a
refractive index larger than 1. It is,
however, also possible to achieve a
refractive index smaller than 1, although
only in narrow bands of the spectrum. In
these cases, the atoms or molecules
Figure 4. H. G. Wells's The Invisible
advance the wave fronts of light because
Man: Invisibility by Transparency
they are excited such that their electron
clouds oscillate ahead of the light. If the refractive index is uniform in a material, light
is reflected and refracted at the boundary but otherwise is traveling straight through.
On the other hand, if the refractive index varies, light is scattered at the index
inhomogeneities and gets lost. Most white substances appear white because of such
scattering . Milk, for example, consists of minuscule oily droplets-fat-in water. The
refractive index of the droplets differs from water, and hence light is scattered at them;
it does not penetrate the substance, and the diffused light appears as white. Now,
human bodies are visible, because they absorb light. Most of the absorption is due to
the scattering of light in biological tissue, in the cells of which the bodies are made. If
the refractive indices of a person's cells could somehow be changed to the refractive
index of air, the person would become transparent and disappear from view-like the
Invisible Man.
Some animals (for example, some jellyfish) are transparent, but the cells of higher
order animals are usually much too complex and diverse for transparency to become a
serious option for disguise. Exceptions are the transparent parts of the body, most
notably eye lenses, which consist of uniform cells kept in a state between life and
death. If this balance is upset, the lenses become opaque as a cataract develops.
Transparency is the idea behind some proposed forms of invisibility by technology. For
example, in plasmonic covering, 1 a particle should be surrounded by layers made of
metals and transparent substances, such as glass. The layers are designed such that
they cancel the scattering of light at the particle, hence making both the particle and
the layers transparent-that is, invisible. Another proposal 2 exploits the resonance of
the particle with a negative-refractive material that cancels out scattering. In a material
with negative refraction, the wave fronts of light appear to move in the opposite
1 The refractive index is the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and the speed of light in a material.

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direction from the pro pagation . The clearest and most advanced form of this concept is
t he complementary media invisibility cloak. 3 Here, an optical antiobject is placed beside
the object one wishes to make disappear. The antiobject should be made of a
negatively refract ive materia l that exact ly compensates the optica l appearance of t he
object. An image is contain ed in the deformations of light-wave fro nts cau sed by the
imaged object. If these deformations are reversed, the image disappears, and t he
object becomes tra nsparent- that is, in visible. The optica l antiobject must be tailored to
the object and placed precisely at t he correct dista nce-that is, the distance where it is
made to ca ncel the image of t he object. The more complex t he object is, the more
com plex t he antiobject must be for reversing all the scatt erin gs of light. Such cloaking
at the distance ca nnot be instantaneous, as the lig ht scattered by both object and
antiobject must settle t o a st ationary state where it becomes synchronized. A stationary
light field has only one color. So, in practice , these forms of tra nsparency will work only
for small objects and for small parts of the spectrum and not for large objects in ma ny
colors.

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Figure 5 . Complementary Media Invisibility Cloak: (a) The slab of empty space x with O < x < Lis optically
canceled by a slab of negative-index material in -L < x < 0. (b) The same cancellation effect works with an object
in O < x < L if the negative-index slab contains an antiobject. (c) A spherical shell b < r < c is optically canceled by
a negative-index shell a < r < b. If the corer< a is optically equ ivalent to a sphere of rad ius c, then this device ls
invisible. (d ) The same as (c), but with an object in the canceled shell b < r < c. The object is cloaked : both it and
the cloa king sphere are invisible .

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Cloaking
Cloaking 4 • 5 is a universal strategy for invisibility that works for objects of arbitrary
compositions and shapes within a given size. In cloaking, the hidden object is enclosed
by the cloaking device, a transparent shell that guides light around the object as if the
light would propagate through empty space. In this way, both the interior of the
cloaking device is hidden and the act of hiding is concealed.

Figure 6. Cloaking Shell 6

How does one find the right design for such a cloaking device? As the Invisible Man
symbolizes transparency as a strategy for invisibility, inspiration for cloaking may come
from the Invisible Woman, a cartoon figure from the Fantastic Four. The Invisible
Woman is said to create a mysterious force field around her that bends space. Lig ht
follows the curved space such that it smoothly flows around the Invisible Woman, like
water in a stream flowing around an obstacle. The key idea here is the concept of
curved space used for invisibil ity. The idea that turns the Invisible Woman with her
fabled force field from a fictitious character into something close to reality is the insight
that no force field is needed, that light-refracting materials like glass or water appear as
curved spaces by themselves .

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This idea comes from Fermat's principle
of the shortest optica l path. 7 Suppose
that light travels from A to B. According
to Fermat's principle, light follows the
path that takes the shortest time. In
refractive materials, the speed of light is
modified-in most cases reduced-by the
refractive index. The time it takes for
light to pass through an infinitesimal
element of space is proportional to the
refractive index. So, if the index varies
in an optical material or in the
boundaries between materials, the
optical measure of path length varies,
which is the defining feature of a curved
geometry. To provide a simple example,
a lens focuses parallel light rays into a
point; the parallels meet there, which is
the hallmark of a non -Euclidian
geometry. So something as familiar as a
lens creates something as fantastic as a
curved geometry.

Figure 7. The Invisible Woman. Invisibility by bend ing
light, an inspiration for cloaking.

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Figure 8. Fermat's Principle. The grey level indicates the refractive index. In traveling from A to B, light follows
the path that takes the shortest time, traveling, if possible, through regions of low index .

The bending of light in materials or, equivalently, the change of the spatial geometry by
optical materials is the cause of most optical illusions. For instance, the figure used to
illustrate Fermat's Principle shows the path of light in a mirage. The air above a hot
surface, hot tarmac, or desert sand is hotter than the air farther above. As hot air is
thinner than cooler air, the refractive index is lower above the hot surface. Light rays
are bent upwards, conjuring up images of water in the distance that, in reality, are
images of the sky. Such optical geometries may also be employed for creating the
ultimate illusion: invisibility. Imagine an optical material changing the geometry of
space, as shown in Figure 9 below.

7

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Figure 9. An Optical Material Deforms the Coordinates of Space. A: virtual space, B: real space.

The material acts like a transformation of space. In the device, each point in real space
is put to a new location in a virtual space (outside of the device, space remains the
same). The device creates the illusion that light propagates along straight lines through
the virtual space, whereas in reality it is bent. Suppose the device encloses a hollow
region that is not part of t he virtual space or, to be more precise, a region with a
surface that, in virtual space, has become a single point. The red circle in Figure 9B is
reduced to the red dot in Figure 9A. As the hollow region is not part of the virtual space
where light propagates, everything inside it has become invisible. As the coordinates of
virtual space smoothly go over into the coordinates of real space at the outer surface of
the device, light rays are not distorted. Any object inside the cloaking device is hidden,
and so is the act of hiding itself. Moreover, the cloaking device not only would bend
light rays but would modify the entire structure of lig ht waves in such a way that
detecting the hidden object is impossible. Light waves would advance around the
hidden core of the device, engulfing it, as Figure 10 shows. 8

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Figure 10. Light Waves at Cloaking Device. Wave propagation in (a) virtual space and (b) real space .

This idea of cloaking by coordinate transformations was put forward by two
independent groups. Their theories appeared in Science Express on 25 May 2006 and
were published back to back in Science magazine later on. The first paper9 only
considered isotropic materials, optical materials where the speed of light at each point
is the same in each direction but may vary from point to point. Most natural optical
materials, except for some crystals and all liquid crystals, are isotropic. In isotropic
materials, invisibility is perfect only for light rays, but the cloaking device may cause
dislocations of lig ht waves. In addition to the optical implementation of coordinate
transformations, some other tricks are required. The second paper 10 considered
anisotropic materials for cloaking or other manipulations of electromagnetic waves.
Here, perfect invisibility is possible in principle (but not in practice, as is discussed
later). I n October 2006, the first cloaking device was demonstrated, 11 for microwaves.
Science magazine regarded cloaking as one of the top 10 science breakthroughs of the
year (it was top in physics and engineering) . Scientific American listed the inventors of
cloaking devices-Sir John Pendry, David Smith, David Schurig, and Ulf Leonhardt­
among the top 50 policy, business, and research leaders of the year. The first paper 12
on cloaking had initially been rejected by most major science and physics journals
before it finally appeared in Science, but since 2006, cloaking has become a
mainstream subject on which about a thousand papers have been published so far.

Metamaterials
The first prototype 13 of a cloaking device was designed to operate in the microwave
region of the electromagnetic spectrum, for a wavelength of about 3 cm. The device
consists of 10 rings of flexible circuit board. The copper of the circuit board has been
etched away, apart from characteristic structures of about 3-mm size, so-called split­
ring resonators.

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The split-ring resonators are
electromagnetic circu its; they respond to
the electromagnetic field of microwave
rad iation. Their response depends on
their shapes. For example, in the
cloaking device shown in Figure 11, the
double stripes in the middle of the split­
ring resonators vary from ring to ring. As
these stripes form an electric capacitor,
the capacitance of the resonators also
varies. The colored curves show how the
electromagnetic functions change over
the distance from the center of the
cloaking device as a result of the varied
capacitance. As they are always positive,
negative refraction is not required for
cloaking. At the inner ring, the red curve
reaches zero, defining the boundary of
the cloaking device. The rings with their
split-ring structures are designed to
Figure 11. Cloaking Device for Microwaves 14
perform an approximation of the
coord inate transformation shown and explained in the previous section. How is this
possible? The split-ring resonators act like the atoms or molecules of a normal optical
or electromagnetic material : they absorb electromagnetic waves and re-emit them with
a phase delay or advance that depends on their electromagnetic response. Like atoms
or molecules, they are much smaller than the electromagnetic wavelength-3-mm cell
size versus 3-cm wavelength in the case of the microwave cloaking device 15 - such that
the waves cannot resolve them individually but, rather, react to them as if they were a
bulk material with electromagnetic properties that may differ from point to point. Unlike
atoms or molecules, the electromagnetic response of each sp lit-ring resonator is tailor­
made because it depends on the shape of the resonator that can be easi ly modified.
For example, in the case of the microwave-cloaking device, 16 the electromagnetic
response depends on the capacitance that is varied by changing the length of the
double stripes in the resonators. An unstructured circuit board reacts completely
differently to the microwave radiation: it would simply reflect it like the mesh in the
window of a microwave oven. A material with electromagnetic or optical properties that
depends on structures much smaller than the wavelength is called a metamaterial.
Metamaterials per se are nothing new; the ancient Romans invented the first optical
metamaterial: ruby glass. The Romans probably did not know it, but their recipe for
ruby glass contained one crucial ingredient:17 tiny gold droplets, typically 5-60
nanometers (nm) in size. These gold particles color the glass in an extraordinary way,
as demonstrated by the exquisite Lycurgus Cup shown in Figure 12. In daylight, the cup
appears a greenish color, but illuminate it from the inside, and it glows ruby. The gold
particles act like the split-ring resonators of the microwave-cloaking device, 18 but here
on light, not on microwave radiation . Light consists of electromagnetic waves as well,
but with significantly smaller wavelengths of around 500 nm. The gold particles are
thus much smaller than the wavelength of light, and they turn out to be resonators as
well: in them, electric currents flow in a way that is dictated by their shapes and sizes.
When the light wave hits the resonance of the gold particle, most of its energy is
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converted into the electromagnetic oscillation of the gold particle in much the same way
a tun ing fork responds to sound of the r ight frequency .
However, the electromagnetic oscillation
is damped out by the electric resista nce
in the metal, and its energy is absorbed
and ultimately turned into heat. The
color of light corresponds to the
frequency or wavelength . If one of the
frequencies is absorbed, the
correspond ing color is missing in the
spectrum. For the gold particles in the
Lycurgus Cup, th is color is green; a
spectrum with green missing appears
red, which produces the cup's exquisite
color. (Light is also scattered in the
material, and this scattering is enhanced
near the green of the resonance; hence
the greenish color of the cup seen in
daylight.)

Figure 12. Lycurgus Cup (British Museum; fourth
century AD). This Roman cup is made of ruby glass.
When viewed in reflected light- fo r example, in daylight ­
it appea rs green. However, when a light is sh one into the
cup and transmitted thro ugh the glass, it appea rs red .
The cup illustrates t he myt h of King Lycurgus. He is seen
bei ng dragged into the underworl d by the Gree k nymph
Am brosia, wh o is disguised as a vine.

What is new about metamaterials is t he
degree of control on their struct ures
achieved by applying modern technology
and the level of theoretica l
understanding of their workings. The Romans most probably never understood why
ruby glass is neither golden like gold nor transparent like glass, its ingredients, but
ruby . They did not know that light is an electromagnetic wave, nor did they know the
basic laws of electromagnetism . And they would not have had the technolog ical tools to
use this knowledge in the design of novel optical metamaterials.

Optical Metamaterials
As light is simply an electromagnetic wave with shorter wavelengths t han microwave
radiation , one could imagine an optica l cloaking device as the microwave cloak but with
much smaller cells, fitted to the smaller wavelength. However, this simple idea is t oo
simple, for two different reasons. One is that metals like the copper of the circuit board
or the gold of ruby glass are more electrically resistant to currents oscillating with the
frequency of visible light than to currents in the microwave range of the spectrum.
Second, and more important, the cells of a metamaterial also emit electromagnetic
rad iation in an incoherent way, not just as a coherent response to the incoming
electromagnetic wave, similar to the spontaneous emission of light by atoms and
molecules. The spontaneous emission is significantly stronger in the optical range of the
spectrum. In short, metamaterials do not scale; they must be designed differently for
visible light, and the loss of light by absorption and incoherent scatter ing usually is
greater for visible light than for microwaves. Figure 13 below illustrates the idea 19 for
an optical cloaking metamaterial. Instead of split- ring resonators, nano-scale metal
wires are embedded in a transparent host material, for example glass. The wires
replace the split-ring resonators on the ci rcuit board of the microwave-cloaking device .
They act similarly to the gold particles embedded in ruby glass; their optica l properties
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depend on t heir lengt hs and on their arrangement, which, in principle, can be tailor­
made and controlled using the tools of modern nanotechnology. The thin wires will have
lower electric losses than split-ring resonators, and their radiation losses by the
equivalent of spontaneous emission are reduced as well. Such optical cloaking devices
do not yet exist, but one can gauge the progress in the required technology by
considering the progress in negatively refracti ng optical materials.

Figure 13. Idea for a Cloaking Device for Visible Light. Metal nanowires replace the split- ring resonators of
the microwave cloaking device. Coordinate transformation and structure of the optica l cloak. a: The coordinate
transformation that compresses a cylindrical region r < b into a concentric cylindrical shel l a < r < b. There is no
variation along the vertical direction. The radii rl and r2 define the internal and external radius of a fraction of the
cylindrical cloak . b: A small fraction of the cylindrical cloak. The wires are all perpendicular to the cylinder's inner
and outer interfaces, but their spatial positions do not have to be periodic and can be random .20

Figure 14 below 21 illustrates the route toward achieving negative refraction in t he
visible range of the spectrum. Losses typically are a greater problem for negatively

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refractive materials than for the metamaterials of cloaki ng devices. So the graph
indicates the possible progress toward optical cloaking.

1000

100

10

•

0.01

2000

001

00

001

Figure 14. Advances in Metamaterials. The sol id symbols denote materials with negati ve refract ion; the open
symbols denote optical materials with negative magnetic response . Orange : data from structures based on th e
double split-ring resonator (SRR) ; green : data from U-shaped SRRs; blue : data from pairs of metal lic nanorods ;
red : data from the "fishnet" structure. The four insets give pictures of fabricated structures in different frequency

(Text continues in the original file: 29 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D123 — AAWSAP DIRD, Positron Aerospace Propulsion, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D123
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D123
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/2/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even Vegas couldn't gamble away the positron storage problem in March 2010.

- DIRD pdf by DoW, March 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada.
- Examines positrons as fuel for advanced aerospace propulsion, outlining concepts and challenges.
- Conclusion: Positron propulsion remains highly speculative, no practical technology demonstrated.

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD examines positrons as a possible fuel for advanced aerospace propulsion, arguing that antimatter offers extraordinary energy density and could, in principle, support applications ranging from long-endurance aircraft and missiles to single-stage launch vehicles, onboard power systems, and crewed Mars missions. At the same time, it makes clear that the concept depends on resolving major unsolved problems in producing positrons in sufficient quantities and storing them safely for long periods, and much of the document’s discussion of flight systems and Mars missions remains conceptual rather than closely tied to demonstrated engineering practice. Its overall conclusion is that positron propulsion is theoretically attractive, but remains highly speculative as a practical technology because its core production and storage requirements remain unsolved.

### Full text

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Positron Aerospace Propulsion

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 69

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNI NG: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA Pro ram. Comments or uestions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to AAP Person 1
, AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/ DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

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Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................v
Antimatter .............................................................................................................. 1
Positron Air-Breathing Propulsion .......................................................................... 2
PTRE Applications .................................................................................................. 5
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) ......................................................................... 5
Ramjet-Assisted Missile (RAM) .......................................................................... 7
Single-Stage Reusable Vehicle (SSRV) ............................................................... 8
Positron-Powered Rockets ................................................................................... 11
The Solid-Core Positron Rocket ........................................................................ 12
The Gas-Core Positron Rocket .......................................................................... 14
The Sanger Photon Positron Rocket ................................................................. 16
Positron Rocket System Comparison ................................................................ 17
Positron Energy Conversion for Onboard Power ............................................... 18
Positrons for a Manned Mars Mission ................................................................... 19
Positron Production.............................................................................................. 22
Positron Costs ...................................................................................................... 23
Positron Storage .................................................................................................. 24
Formation of Positronium in Porous Media ....................................................... 25
Long-Term Storage of Positronium .................................................................. 25
Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 27

Figures
Figure 1. Specific Energy for Chemical, Nuclear and Antimatter Materials............. 1
Figure 2. Tory-IIC Ready for Testing ...................................................................... 3
Figure 3. PTRE Turbojet and Turbo-Ramjet Modes ................................................. 3
Figure 4. Details of the PTRE Engine.......................,............................................... 4
Figure 5. Combustion Turbo-Ramjet ....................................................................... 4
Figure 6. UAV Range vs. Positron Mass .................................................................. 5
Figure 7. LOCAAS Turbojet Engine ......................................................................... 6

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Figure 8. BOMARC and Talos Ramjet-Assisted Missiles........................................... 8
Figure 9. Positron SSRV Flight Profile .................................................................. 10
Figure 10. Artist's Rendition of a Four-Engine Positron SSRV............................... 11
Figure 11. Solid-Core Positron Rocket Engine With a Hot-Bleed Configuration ..... 12
Figure 12. Fluid Systems ......... ............................................................................. 15
Figure 13. Modified Sanger Photon Rocket Concept ............................................. 17
Figure 14. Closed Brayton Cycle Using Positron Annihilation ............................... 18
Figure 15. Conceptual 110 Watt Positron Closed Cycle Generator Based on the
NASA Glenn Research Center Stirling Radioisotope Generator (SRG) .. 18
Figure 16. Mars Trajectories (X-Coordinates Defined in Direction of Aries) ......... 20
Figure 17. Spacecrafts Using Positron Engines ..................................................... 21
Figure 18. Proposed Undulator-Based Positron Source for the International
Linear Collider ..................................................................................... 22
Figure 19. Penning Trap ....................................................................................... 24
Figure 20. A Positron Forms Ps ............................................................................ 25
Figure 21. Computer Simulation of Ps Atoms ................................ ....................... 26
Figure 22. TEM of Silica Aerogel ........................................................................... 26

Tables
Table 1. GLOW for Chemical SSRV .......................................................................... 9
Table 2. GLOW for Positron SSRV ........................................................................... 9
Table 3. Total Positron Requirement for SSRV With a Dry Mass of 60,500 kg ....... 10
Table 4. Comparison of Space Propulsion and Power Systems - Solid Core ......... 13
Table 5. Comparison of Three Positron Propulsion Concepts for Mars Mission ..... 17
Table 6. Positron and Antiproton Expected Costs in the Next 10 Years ................ 23

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Positron Aerospace Propulsion
Introduction
Antimatter is considered an extremely attractive fuel for aerospace propulsion
because of its enormous advantage in energy density over all other known
sources of energy. However, because antimatter does not occur naturally and
is unstable in the presence of matter, no vehicles have ever flown using it.
After a short overview of the various aerospace applications of antimatter, this
paper provides a detailed analysis of air-breathing turbojets and turbo-ramjet
missiles, as well as rockets for manned interplanetary missions. It discusses
new methods of producing and storing large numbers of antielectrons, or
positrons, and compares their costs with those of antiprotons. Finally, the
paper considers the prospects for the first, modest demonstration of positron
propulsive flight within the next 10 years. Interplanetary missions on
positron-propelled spaceships are described in detail, with estimates of
positron requirements for each mission. Standalone positron power systems
are described briefly.
Studies of positrons as a fuel for aerospace propulsion applications have been
sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida,
and the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts, Atlanta, Georgia. This paper is
an anthology of that work and not a general review of antimatter propulsion.
The positron was predicted by Dirac in 1929 1 and discovered by Anderson in
1932. 2 Along with the antiproton, which was discovered in 1954, 3 the positron
has the largest specific energy of any known material. Because aerospace
propulsion performance is ultimately limited by specific power, this advantage
was immediately appreciated. However, compared with chemical sources of
energy, positrons presented new and serious production and storage
challenges.
Antimatter has a long history of appearing in science fiction literature, dating
to a 1942 short story in Astounding Science Fiction and the 1949 book Seetee.
It later appeared in the Star Trek television and film series and continues to be
an appealing subject for contemporary books and films, such as Angels and
Demons.
Positron aerospace propulsion is now entering a critical period owing to new
technologies that bear on production and storage issues. To their advantage,
positrons, unlike nuclear fission and antiprotons, present no radiation or
environmental safety problems.

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Antimatter
Antimatter appears in the form of fundamental particles that have their sign of electric
charge reversed from their matter counterpart . For example, the positron, e+, is the
antiparticle to the electron, e·. According to the CPT theorem, 4 properties of matter and
their counterpart antimatter particles are identical. This has been tested in the
laboratory to an accuracy of rough ly 1 pa rt in 10 million.
Antimatter is appealing for aerospace uses because its specific energy by annih ilation is
180 MJ/µg, or 10 orders of magnitude larger than chemical energy, as shown in Figure
1.

1.00E+03 ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.00E+02 + - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.00E+01 + - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.00E+O0 - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.00E-01 - + - - - - - -

Energy Dens ity _OOE-02 - - - - MJ/µg
1.00E-03 - - - - _OOE-04 + - - - - - - 1.00E-05 + - - - - - 1.00E-06 - + - - - - - 1.00E-07 - + - - - - - 1.00E-08 -1-- - -- . , - - - Olerrical

Fission

Fusion

Fbsitron
Annihilation

Figure 1. Specific Energy for Chemical, Nuclear, and Antimatter Materials

In the presence of matter, the positron binds with an electron to form a short-lived
atom called positronium (Ps). Depending on the relative spin orientations of the
positron and electron, Ps has a mean lifetime in a vacuum of 125 picoseconds (para-Ps,
spins antiparallel), or 142 nanoseconds (ortho-Ps, spins parallel).
From quantum number conservation, para-Ps decays into two gamma rays of equal
energy, 511 kiloelectronvolts (keV), whereas ortho-Ps decays into three gamma rays
whose energies add up to 1022 keV. Hence, when Ps self-annihilates, there is 100
percent conversion of mass into electromagnetic energy given by Einstein's famous
equation, E = mc 2 , where c is the speed of light.
Although the energies of positron ann ihilation gamma rays are on the nuclear scale,
they have none of the undesirable features associated with nuclear energy. First, the
annihilation evolves rapid ly (nanoseconds) and is controllable under predictable
electromagnetic forces. There is no long-term inertia as with nuclear reactors.
Consequently, positron-generated thrust can be throttled.

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Second, low-energy gamma rays from positron annihilation cannot make residual
radioactivity in surrounding air and containment vessels. In contrast, antiprotons
annihilate into a host of high-energy particles, including n-mesons and gamma rays that
can induce residual radioactivity in nearby materials.
Finally, low-energy gamma rays from positron annihilation can be readily converted into
useful forms of energy, including heat and electricity required for propulsion systems.
This contrasts with large, complex systems required for conversion of antiproton
annihilation and nuclear fission/fusion energy.
There are two reasons why positrons have yet to be used for aerospace applications,
First, it has not been possible to produce them in the numbers required. However,
recent developments in high-energy physics research are resulting in expanding levels
of positron production. Second, methods for storing positrons for basic research do not
hold enough positrons long enough for propulsion applications. Recent developments in
storage techniques may significantly improve the situation, with lifetimes up to months
and possibly years.

Positron Air-Breathing Propulsion
Aeronautical engines burn a mixture of aviation fuel and oxygen in air to heat a working
fluid. To keep engines small, the combustion rate in the engine needs to be high .5 At
sea level for a fuel-air mass ratio of 0.068, it is 500,000 kJ/m 3 -s. To maintain speed,
the thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) for turbojets and turbo-ramjets is in the
range of 0.075 - 0.11 and 0.17 - 0.26 kilogram/hour-Newton (kg/hr-N), respectively.
All aeronautical engines are limited in range and flight duration by the fuel on board.
Because of the aforementioned performance bounds of combustion engines, the
aeronautic industry has worked diligently to increase the range and payload of aircraft
by maximizing the performance of combustion engines and optimizing aerodynamic
design. Beyond this, the only way a combustion-powered aircraft can extend its range
and endurance is by in-flight refueling.
Two projects investigated nuclear power as a way to increase performance. In 1946,
the U.S. Air Force established the Nuclear Energy for Propulsion of Aircraft program.
However, this program was disbanded in 1951 in favor of the joint Atomic Energy
Commission-Air Force Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program. Implementing nuclear
fission to power an aircraft required two approaches . One was direct cycle, whereby air
was heated by passing it through a nuclear reactor; the other was indirect cycle,
whereby the reactor heated a liquid metal that in turn heated air in a secondary heat
exchanger. The program never produced a prototype and was canceled in 1961.
In 1957, the Pentagon started development of a nuclear ramjet missile (SLAM,
Supersonic Low-Altitude Missile) to fly below Soviet defenses. The Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory Pluto program successfully tested two engines, Tory-IIA and Tory­
IIC (Figure 2), at the Nevada Test Site. The program was canceled in 1964. 6 • 7

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Figure 2. Tory-IIC Ready for Testing (courtesy LLNL)

In a positron turbojet/ramjet engine (PTRE), 8 tungsten shells are heated by gamma
rays, with heat transfe rred to air by convection. 9 , 10
turbojet turbine

tungsten shells
us d for healing

-turbojet compressor
turbojet healing
chamber
Figure 3. PTRE Turbojet (green) and Turbo-Ramjet (red) Modes (courtesy Positronics Research LLC) 11

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Co
Surf
H
El

Tur ·n Pow r d Electric I
Pow Sourc
G r
Tra n 8 tr c

nn I r Tungst n H
g
nsf
Conv r ion
To

01)

tr c Motor

Dr' n
ompr sor

Po i on
Tr

H

d r xp nds ru
rbin nd no

P • ron Conv rs n
Chm ,

Int
Air w
Comp, sor nd turb n can be t ath red to conv rt
urbo j Ito r m I

Figure 4. Details of the PTRE Engine {courtesy Positronics Research LLC} 12

A compar ison with the combustion turbo-ramjet engin e (Figure 5) shows t hat volume
used for combustion heating is used by PTREs for convection heating.
tur ojet
combustion chamber
turbojet

ramjet fuel Injectors

or

tu rbojet
tu rbine

ramJet combus on

chamber
Figure 5. Combustion Turbo-Ramjet (courtesy Positronics Research LLC) 13

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PTRE Applications
Three uses for PTREs have been investigated: unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs),
ramjet-assisted missiles (RAMs), and single-stage reusable vehicles (SSRVs).

UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE {UAV)
Figure 6 shows range versus positron mass for a 60-kg UAV with lift/drag of four that
can circumnavigate Earth on 150 µg of positrons. 14 It is modeled after the LOCASS
turbojet (Figure 7) at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Eglin Air Force Base,
Florida .15

350
300

-z
~

.::it:.

a,
O'I

s::

250
200
150

C,:J

Ct:

100
50
0
0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

Positron Mass (mg)
Figure 6. UAV Range Versus Positron Mass (courtesy Positronics Research LLC) 16

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Figure 7. LOCAAS Turbojet Engine (courtesy of AFRL, Eglin AFB, FL) 17

A UAV fueled with positrons would allow for an ultralong-endurance platform with many
"dual-use" applications, including the following:
Military
•

Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance.

•

Real-time battlefield command observation.

•

Monitoring and early warning of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.

•

Ordnance delivery.

•

Target laser illumination/covert target acquisition .

•

Coastal patrol.

•

Drug interdiction.

•

Search and rescue.

•

Geomagnetic and atmospheric surveys.

Civil. State, and Local Government
•

Airborne early warning (storms, terrorist attacks, chem ical/biological/nuclear).

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•

Environmental/pollution monitoring.

•

Fire detection and monitoring .

•

Aerial surveying.

•

Weather and atmospheric monitoring.

•

Border patrol.

•

Emergency communications relay.

•

Drug interdiction.

•

Law enforcement.

•

Highway/road monitoring.

•

Search and rescue.

Commercial
•

Iceberg patrol/tracking in shipping lanes.

•

Railway/pipeline/power line monitoring.

•

Commercial fishing reconnaissance/sea-life monitoring.

•

Environmental/pollution monitoring.

•

Livestock monitoring.

•

Mineral exploration.

•

Weather sensing.

•

Agriculture.

Additional advantages to the commercial airline ind ustry:
•

Less propellant means increased payload/passenger per aircraft.

•

Global nonstop flights are possible.

•

Increase in structural mass allows more electronics/passenger amenities.

RAMJET-ASSISTED MISSILE (RAM)
The BOMARC 440-kilometer (km)-range antiaircraft missile was developed by the U.S.
Air Force in t he 1950s to counter Soviet bombers. In the 1960s, the Talas, a long -range
surface-to-air missile, was developed by the U.S. Navy and later converted to the
Vandal missile. Both ramjets (Figure 8) activated at mach 1.

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Figure 8. BOMARC (left) and Talos (right) Ramjet-Assisted Missiles (courtesy Boeing and the U.S. Navy)

The BOMARC range cou ld be increased to 2,000 km with 1 milligram (mg) of positrons.
In addition, positrons could act as ordnance to destroy electronics on missiles or aircraft
by electromagnetic pulse (EMP) by detonation of micrograms of positrons up to
hundreds of meters from the target. 18

SINGLE-STAGE REUSABLE VEHICLE (SSRV)
The Department of Defense, NASA, and the aerospace industry are working to eliminate
multistage rockets for access to low Earth orbit (LEO) to lower launch costs. An SSRV
would integrate components and allow more rapid turnaround on missions.
The combustion SSRV has a lower payload ratio than conventional rockets. Current
designs use combined-cycle or combination engines for the endoatmospheric phases of
the mission . Use of air-breathing engines significantly reduces propellant mass and
gross liftoff weight (GLOW). Improving payload mass requires reducing propellant and
structural mass, both of which can be accomplished using positrons as fuel.
A PTRE el iminates propellant mass during the endoatmospheric phase of operation . Any
reduction of propellant mass has serious positive effects for three reasons. First, it
allows an increased payload/number of passengers per aircraft. Second, adding
positrons on the milligram level does not change the lift requirements for the aircraft,
resulting in longer range flights, perhaps exceeding 100 kilonautical miles (kNM). Third,
the structural mass may be increased.
Tables 1 and 2 provide a mass budget comparison between a chemically fueled SSRV 19
and a positron-powered SSRV. 20

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Table 1. GLOW for Chemical SSRV 21

Vehicle Component
&ructure
Thermal Protection
Propulsion (4 engines)
Electronics
TOTAL DRY MASS

25,700 kg
12,300 kg
14,900 kg
7,600 kg
60,500 kg

15% Margin + Unused Propellants
Payload
BURNOUT MASS

11,400 kg
11.340 kg (24,948 lbs)
83,240 kg

TOTAL PROPELLANT

368 1300 kg

GLOW

451 ,540 kg (993,388 lbs)

1

Table 2. GLOW for Positron SSRV 22

Vehicle Component

Mass

Structure
Thermal Protection
Propulsion (4 engines)
Electronics
TOTAL DRY MASS

25,700 kg
12,300 kg
14,900 kg
7,600 kg
60,500 kg

15% Margin + Unused Propellants
Payload
BURNOUT MASS

11,400 kg
11,340 kg (24,948 lbs)
83,240 kg

TOTAL PROPELLANT

176 1000 kg

GLOW

259,240 kg (590 ,328 lbs)

The GLOW of the positron SSRV is 43 percent less than that of the chemica l SSRV
owing to reduced propell ant mass. The PTRE will dramatically increase the affordability
of space transportation by increasing the useful payload.

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1000

t = 1530 sec
v = 7600 m/sec,140 km
1= 1200 sec
M = 8, 38 km

I= 1650sec

l= 146 sec
M = 1.8, 10000m

--

300km

E

::.:.

0.1
500 sec

0

1000sec

1500sec

Time
Figure 9. Positron SSRV Flight Profile (courtesy Positronics Research LLC) 23

The SSRV takes off horizontally (Figure 9) from Edwards Air Force Base, accelerates to
mach 1.8 as a turbojet, and then goes to the ramjet mode . At mach 8 the rocket is
ignited and takes the vehicle into LEO. 24 The positron mass budget for a 60,500-kg dry
mass for ascension to LEO is 86 .9 mg (Table 3) .
Table 3. Total Positron Requirement for SSRV With a Dry Mass of 60,500 kg 25

Mission Mode

Mass Of e!

Turbojet - Launch
Ramjet
10% margin (turbojet mode upon
landing, inclination changes, etc. )

2.5 mg
76.5 mg
7.9 mg

TOTAL

86.9 mg

An artist's rendition of the SSRV is provided in Figure 10.

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Figure 10. Artist's Rendition of a Four-Engine Positron SSRV (courtesy of Positronics Research LLC) 26

Positron-Powered Rockets
A positron rocket offers significant advantages over nuclear fission and antiproton
rockets. 27 Nuclear fission reactors contain enormous amounts of highly toxic radioactive
material, and antiproton rockets produce radioactivity in surrounding materials by
interactions of high-energy mesons and gamma rays from antiproton annihilation. The
proposed nuclear fission gas core rocket and antiproton adaptations would release
radioactive fission fragments into the atmosphere. In contrast, positron rockets are
totally radioactivity free.
Second, in the event of an accidental detonation of the positron fuel, the prompt
(nanoseconds) burst of gamma rays can be shielded from humans on spacecraft. The
1/e absorption length of a 511-keV gamma ray in lead is 5.6 millimeters. A 13centimeter (cm)-thick shield thus reduces the gamma ray flux by a factor 8.3 x 10- 11 .
To illustrate, a human behind such a shield at a distance of 10 meters from a 100-mg
source of annihilating positrons would experience a whole-body radiation dose of 2 rem
(roentgen equivalent man), which is within the annual tolerance for radiation workers in
the United States.
The following sections investigate three positron rockets: solid core, gas core, and
photon. 28 In a solid-core positron rocket, positrons heat a hydrogen working fluid
through an attenuating solid such as tungsten. In a gas-core positron rocket, gamma
rays directly heat propellant through a one- or two-fluid process. In a photon positron
rocket, solid propellant is ablated from a surface bombarded by gamma rays.

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THE SOLID-CORE POSITRON ROCKET
Figure 11 depicts a solid-core positron-powered rocket, similar in many regards to the
NERVA nuclear-thermal concept. 29

Attenuating
HX

Hot Bleed
Line

Inlet Plenum

Turbine &
Exhaust Nozzle

Figure 11. Solid-Core Positron Rocket Engine With a Hot-Bleed Configuration (courtesy Positronics
Research LLC) 30

The cryogenic hydrogen propellant is supplied from a storage tank through a high­
pressure pump and routed to cool the regenerative nozzle, the casing of the heat
exchanger, and the central positron target tubes. Ps enters the in let plenum to the
attenuator that is heated by gamma rays to high temperature. Hydrogen propellant
passes through the attenuating matrix and is heated and exhausted through a nozzle to
generate thrust.
A small fraction of the hot exit propellant is bled off to a turbine that drives the high­
pressure feed pump. The high-temperature bleed can either be mixed with cold
hydrogen to reduce its temperature or directly fed to the turbine. If it is directly fed to
the turbine, it must be made of materials that can withstand high temperatures. The
bleed flow is exhausted from a turbine exit nozzle to space a~er driving the turbine.
As with the NERVA system, the positron solid-core concept is thermally limited by
materials in the heating chamber. The difference is that the fission system requires a
reactor and complex machinery, whereas the positron system relies on Ps atoms
injected upstream from a storage unit. This has two advantages. First, a reduction in
the engine mass for a given thrust is realized; second, there is greater choice in
materials to be used in the heating chamber.
A thermal-fluids analysis was conducted to predict performance. A specific impulse of
920 seconds is attainable with chamber temperatures at 3,000 Kelvin. The
corresponding thrust and power emulate fission systems. Mars trip burn times are on

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the order of 30 minutes, indicating t hat a spacecraft employing t hree 72-kN solid-core
engines would require 6-9 mg of positrons per mission.
Solid-core fission and positron systems are compared in Table 4.

Table 4. Comparison of Space Propulsion and Power
Systems - Solid Core
Fission-Based
Technology

• NERVA/Rover
demonstrated

• Never fl ight tested

Positron Powered

• Conceptual
• Must demonstrate

positron storage and
controlled injection

• Near-term technology
Performance

..
.
•

Operation

.
.
.
.

I,p "' 950 sec
Thrust "' 72 - 123 kN
Power "' 367 - 5320 MW
(matched to thrust)
Lifetime "' 2 hours tota l
operation
Design dictated by
neutronics, fuel burn up
and fission poisoning
High neutron & gamma
radiation during operation
Requires active, accurate
and massive control
Requires shutdown
cool ing to remove heat
from nuclear waste

• Radiation after shutdown

Materials

.
.•

due to fission products

Material dictated by
neutron Jes
Propellant-heated H2
Working fluids for power
systems - inert gas

..
.
•
.
.

demonstration for positron
storage needed

lsp - as in fission systems
Thrust -variable, similar to
fission systems
Power - matched to thrust
Lifetime - set by material
considerations
No criticality, burn up or
poison accumulation
issues
Design based only upon
heat transfer and gamma
attenuation issues

• Does not require

.

shutdown cooling

.•
.•

Not a radiation source

Simple on-off control,
power controlled by rate of
positrop utilization
Material choices dictated
by temperature
Propellant-heated H2
Working fluids for power
systems - inert gas

• Uranium in graphite media
• Corrosion issues require
complex fuel

Payload
Integration

• Requires massive shield
from reactor

• Requires separation from
reactor

• Shield required around
•

• Complex design issues
due to neutron scattering
Post Operation

manned area separated
from positron storage
Propulsion and power
sources can be integrated
into vehicle

• Not able to return to earth • Able to return to Earth or
•

or inhabited surface
Not reusable or refuelable

•

inhabited surface
Reusable and refuelable

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THE GAS-CORE POSITRON ROCKET
The gas-core positron concept follows nuclear gas-core concepts, 31, 32 , 33 which are
different from the solid-core concept in that gamma rays directly heat a fluid under
pressure. The limit of the solid-core approach is melting temperatures of the solid
matrix gamma ray attenuator. By direct heating, temperatures can increase
sign ifi cantly as long as the gas does not appreciably heat the walls.
Four versions of the gas-core concept are illustrated in Figu re 12. Synchronous with
pulsed Ps injection are (a-c) pulses of LN 2 or LNe or LH 2 with LXe gamma ray
attenuator and (d) pu lses of LH2 where Ps is encapsulated in lead, a gamma ray
converter. For fluid injection, a turbo - pump (not shown) is located upstream, with
power obtained from a positron Brayton cycle system described later in th is paper.
Results from computational fluid dynamics codes reveal that high-density regions of the
fluid move away from the gamma ray source when the power in the system exceeds
300 megawatts . Under these cond itions, the propellant does not efficiently absorb
gamma rays. Furthermore, calculations of heat required for continuous operation
suggest the vortex configuration of (b) breaks down and reverts to two-fluid flow.
However, both the two-fluid, flow-through model and the Ps lead -cartridge concepts
show promise if the mass flow rate of the hydrogen propellant exceeds that of the
xenon or lead by a factor of five. By operating in a pulsed mode, one should be able to
control the positron delivery into the chamber core. With comp lete absorption of
gamma rays in the 2-cm lead casing, performance of the system matches that of
previously examined systems. 34, 35
Thrusts of 130 kN (1,000 atmospheres) are predicted for a single-engine system with
an efficiency of 85 percent. Burn times are 30 minutes for tiV = 3. 7 km/second (sec)
with 25 mg of positrons consumed for a 50,000-kg burnout mass. The limit of the gas­
core concept occurs near the th resholds for ionization of hydrogen, corresponding to l sp
of~ 2,500 sec.

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(Text continues in the original file: 35 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D124 — AAWSAP DIRD, Space Access: Where We’ve Been and Where We Could Go, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D124
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D124
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/8/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even Vegas couldn’t gamble on expendable rockets, according to the 2010 report.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D124, Defense Intelligence Agency, March 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Surveys historical and conceptual space‑access systems, critiquing expendable rockets and urging reusable infrastructure
- Concludes future progress requires purpose‑built, frequent round‑trip space transportation infrastructure

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD is a historical and conceptual survey of space access systems, contending that the main barrier to routine access to space is a failure to build durable, reliable, operational hardware and the supporting infrastructure needed for regular service to and from low Earth orbit. The report reviews earlier launch and aerospace concepts, especially reusable and aircraft-like approaches, and suggests that U.S. space access development became too strongly centered on expendable rockets derived from ballistic missiles rather than bespoke systems designed for repeated space access and payload delivery. Its central claim is that meaningful future progress will depend on creating a purpose-built space transportation infrastructure, including frequent round-trip capability and orbital support networks, rather than continuing to rely on one-off launch vehicles. Overall, the document presents a forceful case for infrastructure-first space development, though its characterization of past technological choices is more assertive than a fully neutral account of past U.S. space programming.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFPICIAL USE ONLT
Defense
SSE Intelligence
DEEEE .
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
8 March 2010
ICOD: 1 December 2009
DIA-08-1001-006
Space Access: Where We've
Been . . . and Where We Could
Go
UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

#### Page 2

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Space Access: Where We've Been . . . and Where We Could

Go

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
D irectorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 67

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING : Further disseminat ion of the photographs in t his publicat ion is not aut horized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed tolAAP Person 1
I, AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DW0- 3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100 .

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Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................v
Propulsion Perspective ........................................................................................... 1
Hypersonic Configuration Concepts ........................................................................ 2
Thermodynamics and Materials ............................................................................ 16
The Qu Tube ......................................................................................................... 23
Rocket Propulsion ................................................................................................ 25
Up-and-Down Operations ..................................................................................... 30
Launch Options .................................................................................................... 33
Atmospheric Variations ........................................................................................ 35
Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 37
Appendix A: Historical Perspective ....................................................................... 43
Appendix B: Aeropropulsion Integrated Vehicle ................................................... 46
Appendix C: TAV Operational Costs ............. ......................................................... 47
Appendix D: Landing Ellipses for Hypersonic Gliders ........ .. .................................. 48

Figures
Figure 1. Hardware Flow ........... .. ...........................................................................vi
Figure 2. Impact of Air-Breathing Rocket ................................................................1
Figure 3. HSVS Hypersonic Cruise Aircraft Showing True Skin Temperature ........... 3
Figure 4. Hypersonic Rocket- Powered Glider Hypersonic Air- Breathing Cruiser ......4
Figure 5. Delta-Lifting Body Designs .......................................................................5
Figure 6. Martin Marietta X-24 A & B Research Gliders ............................................7
Figure 7. Detailed Design Analyses Show the Weight Trends are as Much a
Function of Configuration Family as Lift-to-Drag Ratio ............................9
Figure 8. High-Performance Hypersonic Glide Aircraft .......................................... 10
Figure 9. NASA Langley Wing-Body Configuration WB-004 with Critical Areas for
Wing Bodies Identified ...........................................................................11
Figure 10. FDL-7C/D and FDL-7MC Lifting-Body Configuration .............................. 12
Figure 11. FDL-7C/D with a DuPont Retractable Inward-Turning Inlet ................. 12
Figure 12. Comparison of FDL-7C/D and Model 176 .............................................. 13
Figure 13. Sufficient Cross Range (L/D) Means There is No Waiting to Return ..... 14
Figure 14. Hypersonic Glider Characteristics .........................................................15
Figure 15. Both Delta Planform Lifting Body (Dynasoar) and Model 176 Offer
Superior Landing Performance .............................................................16
Figure 16. McDonnell Aircraft Company Roll-Bonded Titanium Structure .............. 17

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Figure 17. Model 176 in the McDonnell Douglas Hypervelocity Impulse Tunnel .... 18
Figure 18. FDL-7C/D, Model 176 Entry Temperature Distribution ......................... 19
Figure 19. Even At Mach 12, Embedded Vortices in the Boundary Layer Alter the
Local Heat Transfer ..............................................................................19
Figure 20. Thermographic Phosphor Image of Model 176 at Near-Maximum
Angle of Attack .....................................................................................20
Figure 21. From L/D Maximum to Maximum Angle of Attack, There Is Always a
Cool Sub-layer Adjacent to the Wall .....................................................20
Figure 22. This 1988 SEP Bordeaux SiC/SiC Panel Could Sustain Temperatures of
up to 3,000°F ........................................................................................21
Figure 23. UBE Corporation's Tyranno Cloth ..........................................................21
Figure 24. A Porous Nickel Tip Oozing Water ........................................................21
Figure 25. FDL ASSET Flight-Tested From Orbital Speeds to Evaluate 1960s
Materials ..............................................................................................22
Figure 26. Heat Pipe Shuttle Leading Edge Designed and Built by McDonnell
Douglas Astronautics ...........................................................................22
Figure 27. Boost-Glide Strategic Vehicle with Pratt & Whitney XLR-129 Rocket
Engine Installed ...................................................................................25
Figure 28. XLR-129 ...............................................................................................25
Figure 29. Two Rocket Air-Breathing Rocket Cycles to Mach 5.5 ........................... 27
Figure 30. HOTOL Evolution: From Aerodynamic Optimum Configuration to
Practical Launcher Configuration .........................................................27
Figure 31. LACE Air-Breathing Rocket ...................................................................29
Figure 32. The FDL-7 Class of Vehicles ..................................................................29
Figure 33. Takeoff and Landing Speeds of Minimum-Sized Launchers ...................30
Figure 34. Horizontal launch Not Practical Unless Weight Ratio Less Than Four ... 31
Figure 35. Propellant Tanks That Are Not Reentry Vehicles Greatly Reduce
System Weight .....................................................................................33
Figure 36. Simple Horizontal Integration and Vertical Launch Provides Rapid
Launch Capability .................................................................................34
Figure 37. A Vertical Launch Complex Provides Vertical Toss Back Booster
Recovery and Horizontal Landing Facilities for the Hypersonic Gliders 34
Figure 38. A 1964 MDC Astronautics, St. Louis, Briefing ........................................35
Figure 39. Earth's Atmosphere ..............................................................................36
Figure 40. FDL-5 Scale Model of A Stage and One-Half..........................................37
Figure 41. The FDL-7 and Model 176 Class of Hypersonic Gliders ..........................37
Figure 42. Hypersonic Decelerating .......................................................................38
Figure 43. Where We Are Today ............................................................................39
Figure 44. Where We Could Be If We Can Recapture the Engineering Confidence
and Expertise of the Apollo/Saturn V Era .............................................40
Figure 45. TAV Operational Costs ..........................................................................47
Figure 46. Landing Ellipse .....................................................................................48

Tables
Table 1. Characteristics of Selected Flight Dynamics Laboratory Hypersonic
Glider Configurations During the 1958-68 Timeframe ...............................6
Table 2. Elements of the Space Infrastructure Shown in Figure 44 .......................41

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Space Access: Where We've Been . . . and Where We Could

Go
Introduction
Development of commercial access to space by our budding space­
faring civilization is a straightforward effort dominated by
propulsion and reliability. The initial focus should be on schedulable,
dependable access to and from low Earth orbit (LEO). For years we
have known the means to accomplish such a task but have lacked a
dedicated organized effort. The key requirement is to develop a
robust and not necessarily a low-cost infrastructure, without which
commercial exploitation of LEO and the moon will not be possible.
This is a matter of skill; operational hardware based on durable,
reliable, and demonstrated components; and operational systems. It
is not necessarily a matter of technology. However, technology
discovery and development are necessary for future space travel
beyond Earth's environs. This paper addresses these issues by
providing a running account of the historical details associated with
the development of the myriad systems proposed and tested to
provide access to space.
Among the many advances in space access that will be possible in
the future,1 the key technology developments will be in the area of
propulsion, because without these we are confined to our solar
system by flight times limited to a project team's functional life. The
Pioneer spacecraft were fortunate to be monitored for 20 years.
However, the issue facing our spaceflight organizations is the lack of
a durable, consistent, schedulable, and frequent hardware system to
and from space assets such as the International Space Station.
In October 1958, the author's job in the vertical wind tunnel at
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base abruptly changed; hypersonic and
high-temperature flows became a new focus. What was then the
Aircraft Laboratory was to become the Air Force Flight Dynamics
Laboratory (AFFDL), with a focus on space flight. Al Draper of the
AFFDL began working with a select group of aerospace firms on
hypersonic gliders. The initial requirement from the Air Force was to
quickly find operational access to space. Technology application,
hardware design and fabrication with an innovative application, and
extending the industrial capabilities of the time were very much the
issue, as exemplified by the Lockheed A-12/SR-71. When asked
about space access at the time, a group of Aerospace Corporation
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veterans responded, "It was not a technology issue; it was a
hardware issue."
In a keynote address to the Aeronautical Revolutionary Concepts
Workshop sponsored by the Vehicle Applications Panel of the
National Research Council and held at NASA Ames in July 1984,
then-Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Productivity, Technology,
and Innovation Dr. D. Bruce Merrifield identified the problem of
translating ideas into products as preparing technology for product
manufacture. Dr. Merrifield drew an analogy between this step and
Major League Baseball's farm system, which prepares skilled but
untrained players for the major leagues. The United States assigns
projects to accomplish technology tasks so the flow of production­
ready hardware is always improving and is not fixed (see Figure 1).

Innovation Focus:
Preparation of Technology for Application
---r- - - - - 7 t o 1 0 y e a r s - - - - - ~ 1

- - - - - - ~ - •"-""••"_,
_ ,__
...;;.;.:,
.....:..,----,....-=----_-_-_ , - - -...,..
_.. --"'"'-"..........,

....

__ __

·····•..

Idea

Generation___., .__
._

__,

PrOCluct
Develooment

lnve~n

··•.

Translation

••······· ·····•• ..................... ...•• •·

100/o Cost

Gap in effective
preparation for
application
in United States

1983 Innovation In Aeronautics
Wortcshop, NASA AMES

.............

,••·

Prototype
and Pilot
Plant

I

lntenm
Manufacture

+

..

Commercialization ·.

··•....
ROLP

900/o Cost

' •,

• .................. ................• 1:i:t· f A••

No Gap in
transformation
to production
Or.O. Bruce Merrifield
Oeptment of Commerce
Assistant Secretary for Productiv ity,
Technology and Innovation

Figure 1. Hardware Flow

Saturn I and Saturn V could be readied for a moon flight in such a
short time because most of their hardware was based on a frozen
design, proven production processes, and adaptation of existing
hardware. Using a similar approach, current industrial capabilities
can create the next practical system for accessing space. In the late
1950s and early 1960s, the U.S. Air Force was working toward an
operational capability analogous to its B-52 fleets: flight operations
when required or "on demand." After NASA was assigned
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responsibility for space access, that Air Force's focus switched to
surveillance, communication, and Global Positioning System
satellites.
In the late 1950s, there existed a predisposition-forced by the
military competition between the United States and the former
Soviet Union-to use rockets derived from military ballistic missiles.
That decision curtailed efforts to develop alternatives to chemical
rockets together with practical commercial developments. With the
orbiting of Sputnik, the aircraft path to space, as represented by the
X series of planes, ended with the X-15. With the X-15's demise, all
efforts to fly aircraft to space ended, replaced by the more familiar
(but less practical) strategy of loudly blasting to space with
expendable rockets derived from undertested ballistic missile
hardware, as documented in early failures.
Like their ballistic missile progenitors, current expendable rockets
can be launched only once. With the exception of the experimental
Delta Clipper developed and operated by William Gaubatz and the
late Pete Conrad, no operational launcher has ever successfully
aborted. In this context, a reusable launcher is simply an
expendable with some parts reused a few times. Thus, neither the
United States nor the Soviet Union/Russia has ever realized a truly
commercial approach to space travel, although the Soviets came
close to taking the first step with the since-terminated
Energia/Buran system. Both the United States and the Soviet
Union/Russia historically have generated a large number of concepts
that could fly directly to space and return on a sustained, frequent,
scheduled basis. An all-up air breather such as the NASP was to
solve that problem and fly directly to space and return. Developing
an operational mach 12 to 14 aircraft with air-breathing propulsion
presents a serious design, engineering, and fabrication challenge
analogous to the SR-71 Blackbird.

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Propulsion Perspective
In exiting Earth's atmosphere, the propulsion system and configuration are inexorably
linked. A hypersonic glider exits the atmosphere on either a rocket booster or a first
stage of a two-stage-to-orbit aircraft. As such, it usually exits the atmosphere quickly,
and the key exit design considerations are the high transonic aerodynamic and the
mechanical loads encountered in the exit trajectory. Whether for a new rocket launcher
or the U.S. space shuttle, the phenomenon is the same: the peak mechanical loads
occur during exit. In this case, the exit aerodynamics are important but not vital. The
vital aerodynam ics and thermodynamics (aerothermodynamics) are in the entry glide,
where thermal loads are maximal and must be controlled. The vehicle must always be
controlled in flight so its attitude and direction are within limits set by the
aerothermodynamics. The angle-of-attack limits are very close for high-performance
hypersonic gliders, as their glide angle of attack is 11 to 15 degrees, not the 45 degrees
of the space shuttle. Even the Russian Buran had a lower glide angle of attack than the
shuttle; a TsAGI report given to the author by Vladimir Neyland shows it to have been
about 30 to 35 degrees. 2 Like the Buran, the high-performance glider is best controlled
by an automatic integrated fl ight control system that monitors the thermodynamic state
of the vehicle, as well as its aerodynamic and trajectory states. The sensor array
provides real-time information to the control system that can maintain the correct
attitude in a manner a human controller could not accompl ish. So it is this phase of the
flight that designs the hypersonic glider.
All
The exception is when powered by an
Rocket
air-breathing rocket (HOTOL, Skylon,
LAC E
Rooket
and LACE), which must remain lower in
the atmosphere until reaching the air­
Aero Spike
Konst anbn FeotkIskov
breathing rocket transition to
conventional rocket. The configuration
for the air-breathing rocket is different,
as it must have a retractable air inlet in
the mach O to 5 range but does not
..._Under expanded
determine the vehicle configuration.
·,
The impact is significant, as the carried
Over expand'e<I
oxidizer is reduced in the heaviest initial
portion of the flight, as shown in Figure
5. 35 ton payload
2 for a Delta Clipper-type design with
334 ton
101 ton
TOGW
28.6 ton
15.9 ton
DEW
an aerospike nozzle tested by
678 m2
428 m2
Konstantin Feotkiskov. The example is
from a Senior Capstone Design Study
Figure 2. Impact of Air-Breathing Rocket
Team from Parks College, Saint Lou is
University, circa 1992, and is based on the engineering reports the author was
permitted to read from the library of Konstantin Feotkiskov, an aerospace designer and
cosmonaut. The question, as always, is, why bother with air-breathing systems at all if
they are that much of a challenge? The answer is to consider a partial air-breathing
system based on available hydrogen/oxygen rockets that operate to about mach S.S . It
operates in a flight region where the carried oxidizer quantities are the greatest. An
operational system is sought that is capable of a large number of fl ights per year. The
fewer resources required for launch, the greater ease with which the system can
operate and the greater potential to operate from more bases .

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The Russian design bureaus are to thank for arriving at a concept that eliminated the
noisy and hazardous air-breather takeoff and for increasing the operational flexibility of
the British HOTOL concept. Glebe Lozino-Lozinski had a concept for a spacecraft with a
7-metric-ton payload carried atop an Antonov An-225, with a second An-225 carrying
the liquid hydrogen and launch facilities and staff.3 The An-225 was in fact a mobile
launch facility; it could literally launch a satellite for any facility that could
accommodate a B-747 or an MDC-11. With Rolls Royce or General Electric engines, the
An-225 becomes a more easily maintained vehicle with better altitude performance.
The An-225's empennage is modified from the An-124's single vertical and horizontal
empennage to an 'H' configuration. This permits the powered hypersonic glider to
easily lift off the top of the vehicle, as the MBB Sanger wind tunnel test demonstrated.
Most commercial transport aircraft larger than ERJ 170 are potential mobile launch
platforms for space tourism, point-to-point cargo, or orbital facilities support. Most of
the commercial passenger equipment can be removed, with just enough equipment
remaining for a launch crew. The fuselage is strengthened and fitted with external
mountings for the hypersonic glider. The landing gear need not be modified, as the
same maximum weight as the commercial transport will be ma intained. The flight
control system would be adapted to automatically maintain the correct launch
trajectory until separation. A second modified transport would be modified to carry the
liquid hydrogen and liquid air to fuel the hypersonic vehicle, along with maintenance
and support crew. The intent is to use the automatic launch checkout the author
witnessed at Baikanour in 1988, wherein a Soyuz that arrived on its train carrier at
0500 hours launched carrying a Progress capsule at 1715 hours the same day. That
should make a local launch possible with in hours of arriving at the specified airport
launch departure site. These two elements can provide a commercial space launch
facility that requires no special or dedicated operational base.

Hypersonic Configuration Concepts
The configuration and the propulsion system are linked through aerothermopropulsion
integration. This approach is not new, as a wide spectrum of configurations and
concepts existed in the 1960s. One such McDonnell Aircraft Company concept is shown
in Figure 3. This potential operational mach 12 cruise vehicle was developed for the
U.S. government as a strike reconnaissance vehicle taking off from a U.S. Air Force
base. The concept was to provide on-demand reconnaissance in force operations.
However, as was the case with all such efforts in the 1960s, none of the aircraft derived
from the "flight-to-space" efforts reached a hardware stage. Individuals working on
these projects were convinced that the industrial capability existed to design and
fabricate these vehicles, and that such vehicles were technically feasible. The concepts
varied widely among different nations, but all had as their goal a transportation system
to space that had commercial potential. This discussion is provided to discriminate
between rocket-powered hypersonic gliders and hypersonic cruisers with an air­
breathing propulsion system .

2

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-McDonnell Aircraft
Advanced Design Dept.
1958 to 1967
Mr. H. D.Altis , Director

Figure 3. HSVS Hypersonic Cruise Aircraft Showing True Skin Temperature

A wide variety of configurations for recoverable spacecraft are possible. But if the
requirements for a transportation system capable of traveling to and returning from
space are to be met, the configurations spectrum is significantly narrowed. Two basic
configuration types emerge. One configuration is for a hypersonic glider powered by
either rocket or air-breathing rocket cycle propulsion that can operate as air-breath ing
propulsion to mach 5.5 or less. A versatile variable-capture, inward-turning inlet4 can
be integrated with the vehicle configuration derived from the FDL series of hypersonic
gliders developed by the U.S . Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory (AFFDL) 5 and the
work of the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company. Because of the mass ratio to
orbit, these configurations are vertical takeoff and horizontal landing vehicles,
exemplified by the upper-left vehicle in Figure 4. This vehicle is usually an upper stage
in a two-stage-to-orbit rather than a single-stage-to-orbit vehicle.

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Rocket Powered
Hypersonic Glider

Combined Cycle
Airbreather Powered
Hypersonic Cruiser

Figure 4. Hypersonic Rocket-Powered Glider and Hypersonic Air-Breathing Cruiser

The second configuration is for air-breathing propulsion systems operating at between
mach 6 and mach 14 that require a propulsion-configured vehicle, where the underside
of the vehicle is an integral part of the propulsion system (forming most of the air­
capturing inlet). This is typified by the lower-right vehicle in Figure 4. The thermally
integrated, air-breathing, combined-cycle configuration concept is derived from the
McDonnell Douglas (St. Louis) Advanced Design organization. The vehicle concept
initially conceived in the late 1950s and early 1960s was an air-breathing propulsion­
configured vehicle accelerated by a main rocket in the aft end of the body, as shown in
Figure 3. The vehicle's underside is the propulsion system; the engine is in the engine
module.
Both basic shapes are functions of tau-that is, for a given planform area, the cross­
sectional distribution is determined by the volume required. Tau was reported in
D. Kuchemann's book on supersonic aerodynamics 6 as:
'C =

Vtotal

splan
1.5

(1)

The only configuration discussed in the book in any detail is the rocket-powered
hypersonic glider. The hypersonic glider has greater near-term potential to become an
operational system, considering the failure of the National Aerospace Plane (NASP) to
reach a functional hardware stage.
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Whatever goes into orbit must enter the atmosphere many t imes if it is to be a
sustained-use vehicle . If it is to be a commercial vehicle, then the flex ibility to land
wherever the commercial customers are is essential. Consider how successful FedEx,
UPS, or DHL would be if there were only two pickup and delivery sites in the United
States and a few more elsewhere in the world. A ballistic capsule has even fewer
landing options, and a saltwater landing and recovery is too costly to be commercially
feasible. What is needed is a hypersonic glider with the flexibility to enter when
necessary, without waiting, and to land at different operational bases, just as a
transport might. There were three serious competitors in the United States with
respect to hypersonic glider configurations: the AFFDL at Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, the McDonnell Douglas Corporation (MDC), and the Lockheed Corporation.
NASA Ames and NASA Langley were also generating hypersonic configurations, but
NASA's views on hypersonic gliders (fundamentally research and development projects)
and their glide range requirements differed from those of the three organizations listed
above. That difference is clearly exemplified by the difference between the operational
requirements of an experimental aircraft (such as X-1, X-2, X-1 0, X-15, or X-20) that
flies infrequently and at the convenience of the research organization and those of an
operational Air Force or Navy aircraft that must be able to fly on any day in almost any
weather when needed (also a Russian spacecraft operational rule). From the middle of
the 1960s to the early 1970s, the U.S . Air Force and NASA had disagreements over the
operational capability of these aircraft and their requirements. As a result, each went
its own development direction, and much of the originality and practicality of the AFFDL
concepts has not been reflected in the space access configurations developed by NASA.
There was a final attempt to apply the AFFDL's philosophy of a high lift-to-drag (L/D)
ratio delta planform configuration to the NASA space shuttle, as detailed in the article
"A Delta Shuttle Orbiter" in the January 1971 issue of Astronautics and Aeronautics. 7
Figure 5 shows the array of delta planform configurations the AFFDL considered during
the 1958-68 timeframe.

Figures. Delta-Lifting Body Designs. Array of delta -lifting body designs shows configuration is not limited to
high hypersonic lift-to-drag ratios, high cross range, and large size. 8

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The AFFDL's approach was to design a hypersonic performance configuration that would
minimize the waiting t ime in orbit to return to the continental United States (CONUS).
This resulted in configurations with sharper leading edges and smaller nose radii than
found in NASA and Russian configurations. All of the material, structural, and
thermodynamic details related to the sharper configurations were tested and verified in
ground test facilities and flight tests (BGRV and ASSET). Characteristics of selected
AFFDL hypersonic glider configurations are identified in Table 1.

Table 1. Characteristics of Selected Flight Dynamics Laboratory Hypersonic
Glider Configurations During the 1958-68 Timeframe
#

Model

Observation

l

FDL-24B

Flat bottom, sharp leading edges, conventional tails, as
designed

2

All Body Glider, similar
to Russian BOR vehicles

Upnirned spatular nose, conventional tail s

3

ASSET

4

FDL-7MC

Test
vehicle
evaluate
aerodynamics,
to
thermodynamics and materi als, based on nose of
DynaSoar
Flat bottom , sharp leading edges, variable geometry
wing, ex perimentally developed tail X configuration

5

Blunt nose, wing-body

DynaSoar type configuration

6

Spaturlar Nose Version
of DynaSoar type

First integration of 2-dirnensional nose (less drag) on a
hypersonic glider (R.D. Newmann)

7

FDL-8

Flat bottom, sharp leading edges, outboard tails

8

HL-10

ASA Ames flat up-swept with bottom, ro und upper
body, high dihedral angle tai ls

9

X-24A

NASA Langley round body, high dihedral angle tails

LO

Star Body

based on Russian Star Body type configuration

Configuration 2 was a higher wing-loading, relatively blunt all-body with an upswept
spatular nose that is not unlike Russia's Bor series of Lozino-Lozinski hypersonic gliders.
When the author was at Wright-Patterson, interest in this waned quickly because of the
limited cross range available. Because of the longitudinal extent of the former Soviet
Union compared with the United States, the minimum L/D ratio to ensure a landing on
the continental land mass was less for the former Soviet Union than it was for the
United States-1.

(Text continues in the original file: 56 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D125 — AAWSAP DIRD, Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D125
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D125
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/10/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Vegas may have glitter, but its fusion still can’t break even.

- DOW-UAP-D125 DIRD, Defense Intelligence Agency, March 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Surveys inertial electrostatic confinement fusion physics, experiments, and speculative applications
- Concept remains far from practical power; near‑term neutron source more plausible

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusion, a relatively unconventional fusion concept that uses electric fields rather than the more established magnetic or laser-based approaches to confine ions, and it reviews both the underlying physics and the experimental work associated with the concept. The report emphasizes that IEC may have nearer-term value as a compact neutron, proton, or x-ray source and as a platform for studying experimental fusion approaches, while also presenting more ambitious possibilities such as aneutronic power generation and propulsion applications. At the same time, it makes clear that the concept remained far from practical fusion power, with experimental devices operating several orders of magnitude below breakeven and with major unresolved issues involving confinement, losses, grid damage, and scale-up. Overall, the document treats IEC as a technically interesting but still highly speculative path toward fusion energy, while suggesting that its more limited spin-off applications were more plausible in the near term than its long-range power generation or propulsion applications.

### Full text

#### Page 2

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Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 70
Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
AAWSA Prog ram
this document should be addressed to !AAP Person 1
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000 , Washington,
DC 20340- 5100 .

I

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Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................. vii
Section I. IEC Background and Basics .................................................................... 1
IEC Background ....................................................................................... ,.,1••········· 3
IEC Basics ............. .............................................................. ................................ 5
Bussard HEPS (or Polywell) Concept ............................................................ 10
Barnes Nebel Penning Trap .......................................................................... 10
Nebel POPS Device ..............................................................................,......... 10
Miley's "Ion Injected" Device ....................................................................... 11
Closing Remarks ......... .......... ................................................................... 11 ,,, •••••• 12
References ...................................................................................................... 13
Section II. Select Experiments ............................................................................. 14
Closing Comments ............................................................................................ 20
References ...................................................................................................... 20
Section III. Other Geometries .............................................................................. 21
Cylindrical IECs ............................................................................................... 21
Electrically-Driven IEC Jet Thruster................................................................... 22
Relation to Other Prior Thrusters ................................................................. 23
JET Extraction From a Spherical IEC ............................................................. 24
Description of the IEC Jet Thruster ............................................................. 24
Comparison to a Conventional "Plasma" Thruster ........................................ 24
Jet Extraction .............................................................................................. . 26
Experimental Jet Design and Performance ................................................... 26
Scale-up to p- 11 B IEC Space Power Unit/Thruster ........................................ 28
The Dipole Assisted IEC (DaIEC) .................................................................. 29
DAIEC Experiments .......................................................................................... 30
Khachan's Studies at U of Sydney .................................................................... 31
Concluding Remarks......................................................................................... 32
References ........................ . .....................................................................

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11 • • • • • • • • •

32

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Section IV. IEC Theory ......................................................................................... 34
Potential Well Structure ................................................................................... 38
Tzonev et al. - Deep Well Study ....................................................................... 39
Momota et al. - Study of Virtual Electrode Strudure ........................................ 41
Kim - Stability Analysis .................................................................................... 41
Rider - Energy Balance Study .......................................................................... 43
Neutron Source Simulations ............................................................................... 44

References ....................................................................................................... 46
Section V. Potential Applications .......................................................................... 46
Neutron/proton/Xray Sources ............................................................... ......... 46
Integrated X-Ray /Neutron Sources ................................................................ 47
Nuclear and Chemical Explosive Detection Techniques ................................ 47
Overview for Weapons/Nuclear Material Simulation Articles ............. .......... 48
Pulsed Power for the Inspection Station ............................................. ......... 49
Design of the Total Integrated Interrogation System ................................... 50
Detector Array and Analysis System ............................................................ 52
Space Propulsion .............................................................................................. 54
Magnetically-Channeled Spherical IEC Array (MCSA) Concept ......................... 56
Recirculation of Radial Belt Cone Losses ..................................................... 57
Retrapping of Axial-Loss Particles................................................................ 58
Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................... 59

References ................................................................................................ ........ 59
Section VI. Possible Next Step Breakeven Experiment ......................................... 60
Demonstration of Net Energy Gain using IEC Aneutronic Fusion ...................... 60
Vision of a Future p- 11 8 Fusion Plant .......................................................,......... 61

Proposed Breakeven Experiment...................................................................... 62
Concluding Remarks ......................................................................................... 64

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Figures
Figure 1.1. An UIUC Spherical IEC .............................................................................. 1
Figure 1.2. Idealized Potential Structure Calculated by Hirsch for Monoenergetic
Ions With No Angular Momentum ......................................................... 6
Figure 1.3. Discharge Modes in Gridded Devices Identified by Miley ...................... 9
Figure 1.4. Photo of Star Mode Seen Through a Reaction Vessel Port Window ....... 9
Figure 1.5. Schematic of the UIUC RF Gun Injector for IEC Experiments .... .......... 11
Figure 1.6. RF Gun Attached to an IEC Chamber in the UIUC Laboratory .............. 12
Figure 1.7. Photo of Center Spot Formation ......................................................... 12
Figure 2.1. The "Historic" Early IEC Ion Injection Experiment ............................. 14
Figure 2.2. Neutron Rates Measured With the IEC: Neutron Rates Measured With
the IEC of Figure 2.1 Exceeded 10 9 DT n/s at 150 kV ......................... 14
Figure 2.3. Photograph of a STAR Mode Discharge ............................................... 16
Figure 2.4. IEC Landmine Detection Project at Kyoto University .......................... 17
Figure 2.5. Scheme for Landmine Detection Using a Hybrid Magnetron Type
IEC Neutron Source ............................................................................ 18
Figure 2.6. 3 He Ion Source for Use in 3 He - 3 He Fusion Rate Studies at the U Of
Wisconsin .................................................................................... ........ 19
Figure 3.1. Two Types of Cylindrical IECs ............................................................. 22
Figure 3.2. Jet Operational Mode in Experimental IEC Device and Jet Set-Up ...... 24
Figure 3.3. Illustration of the IEC Jet Thruster Experiment Showing Central
Grid and Two Jet Grids ....................................................................... 27
Figure 3.4. Dipole Reactor Propulsion Scheme ..................................................... 29
Figure 3.5. Dipole Magnetic Field and Layout of Devices ...................................... 30
Figure 3.6. Electron Density Vs. Dipole Magnet Field Strength at 25mtorr, 20mA 31
Figure 4.1. Cross Section of the Experimental Layout of the PFX-I Experiment .... 34
Figure 4.2. Detail of the Anode and the Ion Injection Port in PFX-I ..................... 35
Figure 4.3. Plot of the Q-Value ............................................................................. 37
Figure 4.4. Sketch of Two Opposite Limits of the Beam-Maxwellian Equilibrium .. 38
Figure 4.5. The Definition of the Double Well Depth ............................................. 39
Figure 4.6. The Definition of the Parallel and Perpendicular Velocities at the IEC
Cathode Grid ...................................................................................... 39
Figure 4.7. The Double Well Potential Calculated With IXL Code ......................... 40
Figure 4.8. Ion Density Profile for Potential Well ................................................. 40
Figure 4.9. The D-D Fusion Reaction Rate Versus Cathode Current ..................... 40
Figure 4.10. Plot of Growth Rate of Spherically Converging/Diverging Ion-Beam
Instability......................................................................................... 42
Figure 4.11. Diagram Showing Equipotential Surfaces of the IEC Cathode Grid .. 45
Figure 4.12. Results for Calculations for Ion Energy Distributions 1 st Pass ......... 45
Figure 5.1. Block Diagram of the IEC Pulsed Power System ................................. 49
Figure 5.2. Schematic (View From Top) of a Broad Coverage IEC Inspection

··············································••11••·······

System for Luggage Inspection
51
Figure 5.3. Further Illustration of the Integrated System for Airport Luggage
Inspection ........................................................................................... 53
Figure 5.4. Further Illustration of the Integrated .System for Ship Container
Inspection .......................................................................................... 53
Figure S.S. Image of a Fusion II Spaceship, a 750-MWe IEC Fusion-Powered
Manned Spacecraft With Ion Thruster Propulsion ............................. 54
Figure 5.6. Scale Schematic of Fusion Ship II, a 750-MWe IEC Fusion
Spacecraft .......................................................................................... 55
Figure 5.7. Illustration of a Three-Unit MCSA Device............................................ 57
Figure 5.8. Diagram of Belt-Cusp Fields and Particle Recirculation ............ ........... 57
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Figure 5.9. Axial Magnetic Field Strength Along Two-Unit MCSA Centerline ......... 58
Figure 5.10. Diagram of Direction Randomization (KAM Effect) Due to the
Magnetic Field Null Region in the IEC ............................................... 59
Figure 6.1. p- 11 B Fusion Cross Section Energy Requirements ............................... 62
Figure 6.2. IEC System With Radio Frequency Ion Gun ....................................... 63
Figure 6.3. Multiple Ion Gun Concept ................................................................... 63
Figure 6.4. Differentially Pumped RF-Driven Ion Gun ........................................... 63

Tables
Table 3.1. Estimated Performance Parameters or the IEC Ion Thruster ..... .......... 28
Table 4.1. Comparison of Analytical and Numerical Estimates of Q-Values in a
Beam-Dominated Solution -- for a SO-kV Square Well ......................... 32
Table 5.1. Three Kinds of Techniques Previously Used in Explosives Detection
System ................................................................................................. 48
Table 5.2. Comparison of IEC Design and Magnetic Fusion Design ....................... 56

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Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion
Preface
This report is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the basics,
current experimental status, supporting theory, and potential applications of
inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC} fusion. Emphasis is placed on work in
these areas at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, although some
other research is brought in.
The report shows that IEC is a unique approach to fusion in that it offers a
number of "spin-off" applications, such as a small neutron source for neutron
activation analysis on the route to fusion power. The report further shows that
IEC is one of the few potential fusion approaches that can potentially burn
aneutronic fuels like p- 11 B (hydrogen - Boron 11). In aneutronic fusion,
neutrons carry no more than 1% of the total released energy, greatly reducing
problems associated with neutron radiation. That ability, combined with its
simple mechanical structure and small size, make the IEC reactor, if achieved,
an ideal fusion power unit. Present experimental devices are four to five
orders of magnitude below breakeven (energy out/in = 1) energy gain for p11 B. However, it is argued that the ability to study the physics in very-small­
volume plasmas makes it possible to rapidly investigate scale-up to a power­
producing device. As an example, the report concludes with a conceptual
experiment proposed for demonstration of breakeven conditions for p- 11 B
using a hydrogen plasma simulation.
The author has purposely tried to avoid use of ,e quations in this report to
enhance readability and to stress concepts rather than analysis. However,
considerable analysis is provided in a number of the source references cited.

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Section I . IEC Background and Basics
Before considering detail, it is helpful to obtain a rough idea of how inertial electrostatic
confinement (IEC) fusion works.
Gas Feed
Line

High-Volugc

Power Supply

-l-

Figure 1.1. An UIUC Spherical IEC. The plasma discharge betwee·n the grid and vacuum wall creates an Ion
source that is extracted and directed towards the center by the high ly charged negative grid. A photograph of a
typica l IEC chamber is shown in the center. A photograph of the discharge through the view port shows the "Star
Mode" discharge where ion beams are created that pass t hrough the grid openings. This is Important for long run
times si nce ion bombardment of the grids, hence grid wire sputtering , is minimized.

For this purpose the experimental IEC device of Figure 1.1 is considered. As shown, this
"gridded" type IEC has a spherical mesh grid suspended on a high voltage feed-through
in the center of a metal vacuum vessel. The fusion "fuel", e.g. deuterium gas, is first
fed into the chamber originally prepared at high vacuum, e.g. 10-7 Torr. The fuel gas
brings the pressure up into the 10's of Torr region. Then the voltage on the grid is
raised into the many (-) kV range, creating a plasma discharge between the high
voltage grid and chamber wall (electrical ly grounded). The high negative voltage on the
grid serves to extract the ion from the plasma, accelerating them towards the center of
the grid where in principle they interact and fuse. In practice however, the scattering
cross section is larger than the fusion cross section. Thus many ions scatter without
reacting (fusing). Many "near misses" essentially pass straight through the center of the
plasma core and exit. This dominance of scattering over fusion reactions is the central
issue of all fusion confinement approaches, forcing use of strong confinement so the
ions have many passes and hence a good probabi lity of fusing before being lost from
the fusion reaction chamber. In the IEC multiple passes occur because the ions are
trapped in a potential "well" created by the buildup of positive charge due to the large
flow of the accelerated ions into a small "core" region in the center of the negative grid.
Viewed in another way, the ions extracted from the region between the grid and the
wall can scatter and pass back through the grid, but can only return to the same
potential surface they were born on. Thus they cannot reach the vessel wall, but
instead lose their kinetic energy, stop, and are accelerated by the grid potentia l back
into the center of the grid. This then provides many "recirculations" through the center
of the grid volume where they have a finite probability of fusing. If not for the existence

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of various loss channels such as hitting the grid, charge exchange, or up-scattering in
energy, the ions would be prematurely trapped in the potential well until they fused.
The conventional requirement for fusion confinement is given in terms of the
confinement parameter, nt, where n = the ion density and t is the confinement time.
Also the ion energy (or temperature T) must be in the 20 or more keV range assuming
D-T fuel. For breakeven, J. Lawson developed his famous "criterion" nt = 10 14 cm·3 -sec
at T > 15 keV for DT fusion. Here t = energy confinement time, sec; n = ion density,
cm ·3 and T = ion "temperature" or average energy.
The Lawson criterion is independent of the confinement method, but does depend on
the fuel via the selection of cross sections in the derivation. Magnetic confinement is
generally limited to n ~ 10 14 cm· 3 by pressure balance. Then a confinement time • of~
1 sec is required. For Inertia Confinement Fusion (ICF) or "laser fusion", compression of
targets can achieve n N 10 24 , so a confinement time of only 10-10 sec is need
(corresponding to the disassembly time of the compressed target). (For a general
review of energy breakeven requirement for D-T fusion and other fuels like D- 3 He and
p- 11 8, the reader referred to: G. Miley, Fusion Energy Conversion, American Nuclear
Society, La Grange, IL 1973).
Now consider the IEC. In principle, the ions focused on the center of the IEC can
achieve a density of n 10 16 , giving a required confinement time of 10- 2 sec for DT
fusion breakeven. This time can be restated in terms of the number of ion recirculations
in the IEC potential well by dividing the well diameter by the average velocity of the
recirculating ion. In later cases discussed in this report, this number is typically quite
large, usually N1000 recirculations. Achievement of this large number of recirculations
requires strong reduction of all of the loss channels noted earlier. Grid losses can be
reduced by STAR mode operation discussed later where the recirculating ions possess
beam -like trajectories passing through the center of the grid opening. The ideal,
however, is the elimination of the grid altogether which can be done via formation of
virtual potential structures, originally proposed by Farnsworth and discussed in
following sections. The temperature requirement also leads to a fundamental difference
in the IEC physics vs. other confinement approaches. (Note that "temperature" is not a
proper term here since it implies an equilibrium distribution while the IEC is far from
that with its beam-like ions. Thus, the reader should view "temperature" as meaning
average energy of the ions. In doing that, however, it is assumed that the ion energy
distribution is known so that averaging is possible). Most ions in the IEC are born near
the chamber wall so are accelerated to an energy close to the applied voltage on the
grid during the extraction process. A reasonable estimate is that the ions reaching the
fusion region in the center have an energy near 80 percent of the grid voltage on
average. Thus it becomes relatively easy to achieve the Lawson D-T requirement by
applying a voltage of~ 25 kV. In fact most IEC neutron sources discussed later operate
at voltages > 80 kV to get into an energy range giving a higher fusion cross section. In
sharp contrast, magnetic fusion devices struggle to obtain a temperature in the 10 keV
range since the entire plasma population must be heated (vs. direct ion acceler ation in
the IEC) due to the equilibrium distribution maintained in these plasmas. Another very
important point is that Lawson assumed that the ions and electrons were in thermal
equilibrium, at the same temperature, T. This is a reasonable approximation for
magnetic confinement, but not so for the IEC. In the latter, the electrons form a
"distorted" Maxwellian distribution at an effective temperature well below that of the

~

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beam-like ions. Since electron energy loss processes such as radiation emission are
serious, the Lawson temperature criterion must be modified for the IEC. A first rough
estimate is the Te/T1< 1/3 for DT. (Here T1and Te are the ion and electron
"temperatures", respectively). Control of th is ratio is a complex physics issue, involving
the relative ion and electron source rates and energies and the potential well structure.
In later sections use of p- 11 B (hydrogen-boron-11) fuel in the IEC is considered. This is
very attractive since it provides all charged particle reaction products, making this an
unique "aneutronic" system. Such a reactor represents a truly ideal system from an
environmental and energy sustainability perspective. However, for such fuels, t he
Larson criterion becomes much more demanding, increasing nT by two orders of
magnitude and T to 150 kV. Also, for the IEC, a Te/T1< 1/9 becomes essential. (Using
temperature ration is a very simplified representation. The radiation losses are quite
sensitive to deviation in the actual energy distribution of the ions and electrons . For
example, electron Bremsstrahlung emission primarily comes from the high energy "tail"
of the electron distribution while energy transfer with ions is dominated by the "foot" of
the electron distribution. At high powers, interactions in these regions can become quite
non -linear, depleting or "burning out 0 the local populations in these regions. This effect
causes energy losses to saturate, hence can be quite beneficial under some
circumstance . However, the phenomenon is complex to evaluate numerically, so little
has been reported on it for IECs to date). The very aggressive p- 11 B Lawson
requirement is employed in the design of the breakeven experiment of Section VI.
While this discussion of IEC physics has been greatly simplified, it hopefully provides
more insight into the basic concepts and issue before delving into more detail.

IEC BACKGROUND
Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) was conceived of by Philo Farnsworth, the
inventor of electronic television, as an approach to fusion power using electrostatic
fields for confinement (Reference 1.2). When he did this in 1955, the prime approaches
being pursued worldwide were magnetic confinement or inertial (laser compression of
targets) confinement. In fact, electrostatic confinement had been written off by most
scientists due to Earnshaw's theorem (Reference 1.4) which stated that plasma could
not be confined by electrostatic fields alone. That was simply an expression of the fact
that use of a biased plate to confine one species, say ions, would automatically attract
the opposite species, electrons, such that the whole plasma would transport to the
plate. Farnsworth seemed to intuitively understand that this theorem assumed steady­
state, so that if, as in IEC, the ions were dynamically moving and confined, they would
electrostatically confine the electrons. Farnsworth went further and realized that in a
spherical system virtual electrodes would form a high density plasma region if the
confined ions were focused at the center of the sphere (Reference 1.2).
While Hirsh worked with Farnsworth to demonstrate early experimental success with
IEC experiments (Reference 1.2), the concept passed from view as magnetic and
inertial confinement resea1rch exponentiated. Then in the late 1990s R. W. Bussard
revived the concept with the hybrid IEC magnetic approach (Reference 1.6- 1.7). In this
approach the electrons were confined in the magnetic field, forming a potentials trap for
ions. [Note the similarity to the original conceptual potential well discussed by Elmore,
et al. (Reference 1.1)]. Upon invitation by R.W. Bussard to join this effort, the author,
George Miley, undertook supporting experiments that were a variation of the original
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Hirsch approach, using electrostatic grids to form a t rap with ions that then brought
electrons in. He realized that this approach could result in a very attractive low level
neutron source for neutron activation applications, and began that development. Such
work was soon taken up in several other laboratories, including Los Alamos Nationa l
Laboratory (LANL), University of Wisconsin and Kyoto University. Meanwhile Bussard's
work continued with strong funding from the military. However, little was published or
known about this until 2008 when he made public appeals on "YouTube" to regain
funding stopped just when the experiment achieved a major success. Subsequ,ently,
funding resumed but R. W. Bussard passed away shortly thereafter due to a long battle
with cancer. His company and work were then taken over by R. Nebel who took leave
from LANL to undertake this new work. That effort is now in progress and represents
the largest IEC power oriented project in the US or elsewhere (but still modest with a
half dozen senior scientists involved). Meanwhile, laboratories elsewhere working on
IEC neutron sources have continued while the U of Wisconsin has added an IEC proton
source as an option using sim ilar technology. The labs, including the UIUC, have fusion
power as an ultimate goal, but must focus on their funded near-term "spin-off"
projects.
At this point the IEC still receives no funding from DOE which remains focused on the
Tokomak route to fusion power. Thus, with little funding, slow progress has been made
in answering the key question of whether or not the IEC can be developed for fusion
power. If it can, the device would be simpler and smaller than a Tokamak, malking it an
extremely attractive option. In addition, its beam - like reactions (highly non-Maxwellian)
make the IEC very well suited for burning alternate ("advanced") fuels like D- 3 He and
p- 11 B which are much more environmentally favorable than conventional DT fusion .
Unfortunately Tokomaks are not well equipped to go forward to such fuels.
On the other hand, the use of non-power-producing IECs for other applications, such as
sma ll neutron, proton, and x-ray sources, has been .amply demonstrated. Now, the
issue is how well and in what applications the IEC sources compete commercia lly with
other options such as accelerator target sources.
This report is intended to provide the reader with important insight into the physics and
technology of IECs relative to both power and neutron/proton/x-ray sources. With this
background, hopefu lly the reader can formulate an opinion about the potential for IEC
applications. Due to the limited funding for IEC research to date, much more has to be
done to actually demonstrate its application, especially for power production. Thus that
opinion must remain a personal one for the reader.
One other limitation of this report is that it largely provides details based on the
author's work on IECs over the last decade. Thus it will not do justice to the ongoing
work by others, notably at EMC 2 on the Bussard Polywell device or the advanced
gridded IEC neuron/proton so urce development work at the U of Wisconsin, Kyoto
University, and Tokyo Institute of Technology. Some insight into these efforts is given
in comments and in references supplied, but t he reader is encouraged to discuss that
work with those individuals directly.

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IEC BASICS
We begin by presenting the early very basic theoretical study by Elmore, Tuck, and
Watson (Reference 1.1). That addresses the key question of the fusion power density
obtainable with potential well confinement. One of their basic assumptions is that the
potential well is "dug" by electrons which trap ions. Certain added assumptions lead to
well depth, etc, and finally they conclude that the system is unstable for ion densities
sufficiently high that appreciable thermonuclear yield is expected. They qualify this
conclusion saying "admittedly, a more thorough investigation is required to obtain a
complete understanding of stability of this electrostatic device".
This result was quite negative for electron formation of potential wells, but left the
route possibly open since the subject "needed a more thorough investigation." Later,
for various reasons, R. W. Bussard still pursued this concept by introducing the High­
Energy Power Source (HEPS) Polywell device which uses a spherical simulated magnetic

(Text continues in the original file: 72 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D126 — AAWSAP DIRD, Advanced Nuclear Propulsion for Manned Deep Space Missions, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D126
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D126
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/11/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

March 2010: when 'deep space' meant deeper paperwork than deep space.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D126, Defense Intelligence Agency, March 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada.
- Examines fusion‑pulse propulsion using small non‑fission deuterium explosions, magnetic mirrors, ion beams, and antimatter challenges.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD examines advanced nuclear propulsion for crewed deep-space travel and argues that human missions beyond the Moon would require propulsion systems with both very high thrust and very high specific impulse, which the author contends are difficult to achieve with conventional chemical, nuclear-thermal, and nuclear-electric systems. The report focuses on concepts derived from Project Orion, the discontinued General Atomics nuclear pulse propulsion study sponsored first by ARPA and later by the U.S. Air Force between 1958 and 1965, in which a spacecraft would be driven by repeated nuclear explosions. In this case, the DIRD emphasizes small non-fission-triggered fusion explosions using deuterium, magnetic mirrors, and other unconventional ignition concepts intended to avoid the inefficiencies associated with small fission devices. It presents these ideas as a possible pathway to crewed missions across the solar system, while also linking them to broader visions of long-range human expansion into space. The document is exploratory in character and depends on several unproven ignition methods, enabling technologies, and engineering assumptions. Overall, it is a theoretical examination of fusion-based pulse propulsion concepts rather than as a documentary account of a technology nearing practical realization.

### AI summary

A classified Defense Intelligence Agency document from March 2010, titled "Advanced Nuclear Propulsion for Manned Deep Space Missions," was prepared by the Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3) under the Defense Warning Office. It outlines research on nuclear propulsion technologies for space travel, including deuterium as a fuel, magnetic insulation, and methods for igniting nuclear explosions. The report discusses various technical approaches, such as using ion beams and superconducting systems, and references previous work on nuclear propulsion concepts like Orion. It also mentions the potential use of deuterium-helium3 reactions and addresses challenges in producing and storing antimatter for propulsion. The document is part of the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications program.

### Full text

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Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
11 March 2010
!COD : 1 December 2009
DIA-08- 1003-007

Advanced Nuclear Propulsion
for Manned Deep Space
Missions

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Advanced Nuclear Propulsion for Manned Deep Space

Missions

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 72

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced t echnology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA). Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to lAAP Person 1
AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intell igence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO- 3, Bldg 6000 , Washington,
DC 20340-5100 .

l

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Contents
Preface ....................................................................................................................v
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
Deuterium, Argon Ion Lasers, and Kev Superexplosives ........................................ 1
Magnetic Insulation and Inductive Charging .......................................................... 3
Magnetic Insulation ........................................................................................... 3
Inductive Charging .................................................................................................................................... 4
Deuterium as the Preferred Nuclear Rocket Fuel .................................................... 5
Magnetic Entrapment of the Charged Fusion Products and the Stopping of the
Proton Beam in Dense Deuterium .......................................................................... 6
Solution in Between Two Extremes ...................................................................... 10
The Nonfission Ignition of Small Deuterium Nuclear Explosives .......................... 13
Delivery of a Gev Proton Beam Onto the Deuterium Fusion Explosive .................. 15
Lifting of Large Payloads Into Earth Orbit ............................................................ 16
Neutron Entrapment in an Autocatalytic Thermonuclear Detonation Wave - a
Means to Increase the Specific Impulse and to Solve the Large Radiator Problem 18
Testing the Deuterium Microdetonation Concept .................................................. 20
Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 25
Appendix: Conjectured Metastable Superexplosives Formed Under High Pressure
for Thermonuclear Ignition .................................................................................. 26
Bombardment of a Solid Target With an Intense Relativistic Electron or Ion
Beam ................................................................................................................ 28
Hypervelocity Impact ....................................................................................... 28
Bombardment of a Solid Target With Beams or By Hypervelocity Impact,
Followed By a Convergent Shock Wave ............................................................ 28
References ........................................................................................................... 30

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Figures
Figure 1. Ignition With 107 -Ampere GeV Proton Beam ......................................... 11
Figure 2. Pure Deuterium Fusion Explosion Ignited With an Intense Ion Beam ... 14
Figure 3. Screening of the Spacecraft................................................................... 14
Figure 4. Superconducting "Atomic" Spaceship .................................................... 15
Figure 5. Argon Ion Laser Igniter ......................................................................... 17
Figure 6. Autocatalytic Thermonuclear Detonation Using a Soft X-ray ................. 18
Figure 7. Ordinary Marx Generator ....................................................................... 21
Figure 8. Super Marx Generator ........................................................................... 21
Figure 9. Artist's Conception of a 1.5-km-Long Super Marx Generator ................. 21
Figure 10. Detail View of a Section of the Super Marx Generator ......................... 22
Figure 11. Injection of GeV - 10 MA Proton Beam ................................................ 22
Figure 12. Showing a Few Elements of the Super Marx Generator ....................... 22
Figure 13. The Superconducting Toroidal Capacitor and Its Discharge Onto the
Target.................................................................................................. 24
Figure 14. Explosives ........................................................................................... 26
Figure 15. With Increasing Pressure, Electron-Bridges are Formed Between
Shells Inside Shells Melting Into Common Shells ................................ 26
Figure 16. p-d, Pressure ....................................................................................... 29
Figure 17. Inertial Confinement Fast-Ignition Configuration ................................ 30

Tables
Table 1. The Charged Fusion Products of a Detonation in Deuterium: Their
Energy and Velocity .................................................................................. 5
Table 2. Critical Ignition Currents for Thermonuclear Reactions ............................ 8

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Advanced Nuclear Propulsion for Manned Deep Space
Missions
Preface
My interest in space flight dates to when I was about 10 years old and
received as a birthday gift a popular book about the feasibility of space flight.
From it I learned for the first time about Oberth and Goddard and of the
possibility of reaching the Moon with a multistage rocket. This occurred at the
same time that Hahn and Strassmann announced the discovery of nuclear
fission, with the possibility of an atomic bomb by a fission chain reaction.
Having been born in Germany in 1929, I received my Ph.D. in physics under
Heisenberg in 1955. Inspired by the 15-megaton hydrogen bomb test
conducted by the United States in 1952, I have been deeply interested in the
nonfission ignition of thermonuclear reactions by inertial confinement since
1954. At the time all fusion research in the United States was still classified,
but I had quite independently discovered the basic principles of inertial
confinement, the Guderley convergent shock wave, and the Rayleigh
imploding shell solutions. In 1956 I presented my findings at a meeting
organized by Von Weizsacker at the Max Planck Institute in Goettingen. The
abstracts of this meeting reside today in the University of Stuttgart library.
In 1958 I had delivered a paper at the 2nd United Nations Conference on the
Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy on Nerva-type nuclear rocket reactors. The
paper turned out to be of some importance as I was invited by the U.S.
government to come to the United States under "Operation Paperclip." In San
Diego I met Ted Taylor and Freeman Dyson, who were working on the famous
"Orion" nuclear bomb propulsion concept. This concept is generally credited to
Stanislaw Ulam, but I know from conversations I had with Heisenberg that a
similar idea had been presented to Heisenberg by Wernher von Braun in Berlin
in or around 1942. Because of my idea to use the Guderley convergent shock
wave solution for thermonuclear ignition, Ted Taylor and Freeman Dyson were
interested in my joining their group. But because at that time this work was
classified and I was not yet a U.S. citizen, this was not possible.
In 1967 I saw a new possibility for the nonfission ignition of thermonuclear
microexplosions by intense relativistic electron and ion beams, driven by a
high-voltage Marx generator. This ignition concept could be used not only to
control the release of energy by nuclear fusion, but also to propel a spacecraft,
replacing the pusher plate of the Orion concept with a magnetic mirror,
reflecting the plasma-fireball of the thermonuclear microexplosion (Reference
1, 2). This idea was adopted by the British Interplanetary Society in its 1978
Project Daedalus starship study, replacing a neutron-rich deuterium-tritium
(OT) thermonuclear explosive with a neutron-poor deuterium-helium3 (DHe3)
explosive (Reference 3). Unlike the OT reaction, in which 80 percent of the
released energy goes into neutrons, most of the energy in the D-He3 reaction
goes into alpha particles, which can be deflected by a magnetic mirror. But

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because He3 is not abundantly available everywhere, it was proposed to
"mine" it from Jupiter's atmosphere.
Studies have been conducted on spacecraft propulsion with the matter­
antimatter annihilation reaction, however, it is an enormous technical
challenge to produce antimatter in appreciable quantities. The idea of using
nano-gram amounts of antimatter for the ignition of fission-fusion
microexplosions appears to have credible potential, but even there the
production and storage of nano-gram quantities of antimatter pose serious
technical problems (Reference 4).
We have little reason to expect that new fundamental laws of physics that
could lead to a breakthrough in propulsion still await discovery. Very much as
America was discovered only once, it is quite possible that all the fundamental
laws of physics relevant to propulsion have been discovered, challenging our
imagination to find out if they are sufficient to invent propulsion systems that
ultimately might bring us to Earthlike planets of nearby solar systems.
I conclude this preface with an imaginary talk by Ted Taylor to Freeman Dyson
as recorded by the latter's son, George Dyson, in his book Project Orion - The
True Story of the Atomic Spaceship (Reference 5), followed by a dream of Ted
Taylor's. "Freeman's hope for the Orion had rested on the fact that there
seems to be no law of nature forbidding the construction of fission-free
bombs," and on the belief that "improvements in the design of the nuclear
devices (by reducing the fraction of total yield due to fission) might achieve
reduction factors of 10 2 to 103 • This belief in small, fission-free bombs has
largely evaporated." "One exception is Ted (Taylor). He remains convinced
that small, clean bombs could propel Orion - but he still fears more than ever
that such devices would be irresistible as weapons, until we outgrow the habit
of war. There are lots of different routes to that final result of a very clean
bomb." "Could you make a one-kiloton explosion in which the fission yield was
zero, which is bad news on the proliferation front, but could turn Orion into
something quite clean?" "Freeman thinks Ted is wrong - and Ted hopes
Freeman is right." I for my part think Freeman is wrong.
Many years later, shortly before his death, Ted Taylor reported: "I had a dream
last night, about a new form of nuclear weapon, and I am really scared of it."
He reported that when he woke up, he wrote down his dream, and it appeared
scientifically sound and feasible. What was it? We never will know with
certainty, but I have a guess: it is the possibility of chemical superexplosives
(explained in the appendix) powerful enough to ignite a thermonuclear bomb.

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Introduction
As Hermann Oberth proved for chem ical rockets in his 1923 book The Rocket into
Planetary Space (Reference 6), this paper will try to prove for thermonuclear rockets
the following:
•

At the present state of science and technology one can build spaceships driven by
deuterium thermonuclear reactions, able to reach the outer limits of the solar
system.

•

Such spaceships permit the manned exploration of the entire solar system and
beyond, with the ultimate potential to reach nearby solar systems.

•

The cost in research and development to build such spaceships will be high but still
well within what is economically feasible.

•

Using the same physical principles as for deuterium fusion rockets will also lead to
the realization of clean nuclear energy, justifying the expenditures for these large
projects.

Deuterium can be used as the rocket fuel of choice in addition to any inert material that
is suitable as a propellant. This propellant material is available on most planetary
bodies and particularly on the comets of the Oort cloud. The main idea is that by
gradual radial expansion from the Sun by building bridges over the Oort clouds, which
presumably surround all suns, Earthlike planets in neighboring solar systems can
eventually be reached.
The first and most important step toward this goal is to reach the focus of the Einstein
gravitational lens at 550 AU (astronomical units). At this location, one can use the Sun
as the lens of a super telescope, an idea first proposed by Claudio Maccone in 1993.
Present knowledge is that there are planets in nearby solar systems that are likely
Earthlike planets. It is only with this gigantic telescope that one can determine if life on
these planets is possible. But because of the complexity of this task, a manned mission
to the Einstein gravitational lens focus is likely to be needed, possible only with
advanced nuclear rocket propulsion.

Deuterium, Argon Ion Lasers, and KeV Superexplosives
The goal is a spacecrah that can be refueled while landing on a planetary body, which
can be a planet, an asteroid, or a comet. With heavy water available on many planetary
bodies but in particular on comets, this suggests the use of deuterium (D) as the
thermonuclear rocket fuel. Ignition of deuterium though, is more difficult than ignition
of the deuterium-triti um (DT) reaction or of the deuterium-helium3 (DHe 3 ) reaction.
The DT reaction is the easiest to ignite, but 80 percent of the energy goes into
neutrons, which cannot be deflected by a magnetic mirror. In the DHe 3 reaction all the
energy goes into charged fusion products, but in a mixture of D with He 3 there are still
some neutron -producing deuterium -deuterium (DD) reactions. More important is the
fact that, unlike deuterium, He 3 is largely unavailable. There is some indication of He 3
on the surface of Moon. In the Daedalus starship study by the British Interplanetary

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Society, it was proposed to "mine" He 3 from the atmosphere of Jupiter. In either case,
the cost to recover appreciable amounts of He 3 would be very high .
For the DD reaction, the situation is quite different because there the instantaneous
burn with deuterium of the T- and He 3 - reaction products of deuterium makes possible
a detonation wave in dense deuterium. In this detonation wave, only 38 percent of the
energy released goes into neutrons, compared with 80 percent for the DT reaction .
Deuterium can be extracted from water with relative ease in three steps :
•

Water is electrolytically split into hydrogen and oxygen.

•

The hydrogen gas, composed of H2 and HD, is cooled down until it liquefies,
whereby the heavier HD is separated by the force of gravity from the lighter H2.

•

The newly produced HD is heated and passed through a catalyst, spl itting HD into
H2 and D2, accord ing to the equation (Reference 7) 2HD---+ H2 + D2.

Since the gravitational field on the surface of a comet or small planet, from which the
D2 shall be extracted, is small, the apparatus separating the liquid HD from H2 must be
set into rap id rotation.
The comparatively small amount of energy needed for the separation can ideally be
drawn from a ferroelectric capacitor (for example, a barium-titanate capacitor with a
dielectric constant c: ::::: 5,000), to be charged up to many kilovolts by a small fraction of
the electric energy drawn from the deuterium fusion explosions through a magneto
hydrodynamic loop (Reference 2). One can also draw this energy from a small on - board
nuclear reactor requiring only a small radiator, slowly charging the capacitor.
Alternatively, one may store the needed energy in the magnetic field of a
superconductor.
For the launching of the spacecraft into Earth orbit, a very different scheme is
proposed. It requires special materials that are readily available on Earth but not on
extraterrestrial bodies serving as landing points to refuel the spacecraft. There the
primary resource is water from which deuterium is obtained.
In the Orion bomb propulsion project, a large number of fission bombs, or fission­
triggered fusion bombs, were proposed to lift the spacecraft into space. Since this
would release a large amount of highly radioactive fission products into the
atmosphere, it was one of the causes that killed Orion. Even though large payloads can
be brought into Earth orbit by chemical rockets, this rema ins very expensive, and an
acceptable less expensive nuclear alternative is highly desirable.
There appear to be two possibilities:
•

A laser driven by a high explosive, powerful enough to ignite a DT microexplosion,
wh ich in turn can initiate a thermonuclear detonation in deuterium (Reference 8) .

•

A second, more speculative possibility is the conjectured existence of chemical
kiloelectronvolt (keV) superexplosives. These are chem ical compounds formed under
high pressure, resulting in keV bridges between inner electron shells and able to

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release intense bursts of keV X-rays capable of igniting a DT thermonuclear reaction,
which in turn could ignite a larger deuterium detonation.
To realize the first possibility, one might consider pumping a solid argon rod with a
convergent cylindrical shock wave driven by a high explosive (Reference 9). If the
argon rod is placed in the center of convergence and reaches a temperature of 90,000
°K, the upper ultraviolet laser level of the argon will be populated. Following this
heating, the argon cylinder radially expands and cools, with the upper laser level frozen
into the argon. The energy thus stored in the upper laser level can then be removed
from the rod by a small Q-switched laser, the resulting powerful laser pulse optically
focused onto a thermonuclear target.
To realize the second possibility, one would have to subject suitable materials to very
high pressure (Reference 10, 11). These energetic states can be reached only if during
their compression the materials are not appreciably heated, because such heating
would prevent the electrons from forming t he bridges between the inner electron shells.
Details of t he second possibility are provided in t he appendix.

Magnetic Insulation and Inductive Charging
Two concepts are of great importance for t he envisioned realization of a deuterium
fusion-driven starship:
•

The concept of magnetic insu lation, which permits the attainment of ultrahigh
voltages in high vacuum (Reference 1).

•

The concept of inductive charging, by which a magnetically insulated conductor can
be charged up to very high electric potentials (Reference 12).

MAGNETIC INSULATION

In a greatly simplified way, magnetic insulation can be understood as follows: if the
electric field on the surface of a negatively charged conductor reaches a critical field on
the order of Ee ~ 107 Vjcm, the conductor becomes the source of electrons emitted by
field emission. The critical electric field for the emission of ions from a positively
charged conductor is ~ 108 V/cm. Therefore, if in a high-voltage diode the electric field
107 V/cm , breakdown will occur by electric field emission from t he cathode to
reaches
the anode. But if a magnetic field of strength B measured in gauss is applied in a
direction parallel to the negatively charged surface, and if B > E, where E (like B) is
measured in electrostatic cgs units, the field-emitted electrons make a drift motion
parallel to the surface of the conductor with the velocity.

~

w

w

ExB

E

B2

B

v =c - - =c d

(1)

To keep vd/C < 1 then requires that E < H. Let us assume that H::::: 2 x 10 4 G, which can
be reached with ordinary electromagnets, means that E ~ 2 x 10 4 esu = 6 x 106 V/cm.

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For a conductor with a radius of A- ~10m = 10 3 cm, an example for a small starsh ip
configuration, one can reach a voltage on the order of E ).. ~ 6 x 109 volts.

INDUCTIVE CHARGING
To charge the spacecraft to the required gigavolt potentials, we choose for its
architecture a large but hollow cylinder, which at the same time acts as a large
magnetic fie ld coi l. If thermionic electron em itters are placed inside this coil and the
magnetic fie ld of the coil rises in t ime, Maxwell's equation V x =---{11 c) aBjat induces
an azimuthal electric field inside the coil:

E

£ ¢

r •_
= --B ,
2c

(2)

where B = Bz is directed along the z-ax is, with r the radial distance from the axis of the
coil. In combination with the ax ial magnetic fie ld, the electrons from the therm ionic
em itters make a radia l inward -directed motion

(3)

E

By Maxwell's equation div = 4mie'!P, th is leads to the buildup of an electron cloud inside
the cyl inder, resulting in the radial electric fie ld

E, = 2nner

(4)

This radial electric field leads to an add itiona l azimuthal drift motion

(5)

superimposed on the rad iall y directed inward drift motion vr.
For the newly formed electron cloud to be stable, its maximum electron number density
must be below t he Brillou in limit:

n

< n max = B2/ 4n mc2

where mc2 = 8.2 x 10-7 erg is the electron rest mass energy. For B = 2 x 104 G, one
finds t hat n ma x ~ 4 x 10 13 cm -3 . To reach with a cylindrical electron cloud of radius R a
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potential equal to V requires an electron number density n~v/ neR2 . For V = 109 volts
::::l 3 x 10 6 esu and R = 103 cm, one finds that n ~ 2 x 109 cm- 3 , well below nmax,

Deuterium as the Preferred Nuclear Rocket Fuel
To appreciate the importance of deuterium as the preferred and abundantly available
nuclear rocket fuel, one must consider the secondary reactions with D of the He 3 and T
reaction products from D-D fusion. Taking these reactions into account, one obtains
from 6 deuterium nuclei an energy of 26.8 megaelectronvolts (MeV) in charged fusion
products, made up of He 3 and H, and an energy of 16.55 MeV in neutrons. This means
62 percent of the energy is released into charged fusion products and 38 percent into
neutrons-a substantial improvement over the DT reaction, in which only 20 percent of
the energy goes into He4 .
Of interest also is the average velocity, averaged over the momentum of the charged
fusion products, because it is a measure of the maximum specific impulse, respectively
the maximum exhaust velocity:
6

_

L m;v;

v = ~i=~I _ _
6

(7)

I m;
i= I

-

For the six charged fusion reaction products (given in Table 1), one obtains v =
l.S x 109 cm/s.

Table 1. The Charged Fusion Products of a Detonation in Deuterium: Their
Energy and Velocity

Fusion Product

Energy [MeV]

Velocity lOY [cm/s]

Hej

0.8

1.23

H

3.0

2.40

H

14.7

5.30

He4

3.6

1.31

He4

3.7

1.33

T

1.0

0.80

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Because the 6 charged fusion products are accompanied by 9 electrons, they have to
share their kinetic energy with 9 electrons. This reduces the maximum specific impulse
by the factor .J(6+9)/6 = m to ~ = 0.95 x 109 cm/s.
A reduction of the specific impulse does not occur if the electrons have enough time to
escape the burning plasma behind the detonation front; that is, in a time shorter than
the time for them to be heated by the charged fusion products.
The time needed for the electrons to be heated by the charged fusion reaction products
can be computed from the range Ao of the charged fusion products and their velocity v
in a plasma at the temperature T. For the He4 fusion products, the range is given by
(kT) 312
Ao= _a _ . , a = 2.S x 10 34 [cgs]
n

(8)

This time is
= Ao = a(kT) 312

'

v

(9)

nv

It then has to be compared with the time the electron can escape the burning plasma
behind the detonation front, given by
(10)
where ro is the rad ius of the burning deuterium cylinder, and ve the electron velocity.
One thus has
t e,c

-

T

V

nr0

= ----------

(11)

Ve a(kT) 312

Putting n = 10 23 cm-3 , T ~ 108 K with Ve~ 109 cm/s, V

~ 10 cm/s, one finds tescl-r~
9

2.5 'o . Therefore, tesc < r requires that 'o < 0.4 cm.
To reach the highest specific impu lse possib le, one should make the deuterium cylinder
as thin as possible.

Magnetic Entrapment of the Charged Fusion Products and
the Stopping of the Proton Beam in Dense Deuterium
If a fission bomb is used to trigger a thermonuclear detonation, so much energy is
available that almost any radiation implosion configuration is likely going to work. As an
example, one may place a fission bomb and a sphere of solid deuterium in a shell of
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gold, in the two foci of an ellipsoidal cavity. The radiation released by the exploding
fission bomb, by ablating the gold, launches a convergent shock wave into the liq uid
deuterium. With the temperature in the shock wave approximately rising as 1/ r , where
r is the distance of the shock wave from the center of the deuterium sphere, the
ignition temperature is reached at some distance from the center. But only if this
distance is larger than the stopping length of the DD fusion reaction products, typically
a few cm, is a radia lly outward-moving detonation wave ig nited. This configuration is
essentially the same kind of "hohlraum" (cavity) configuration used in the indirect drive
mode of laser fusion for a small DT sphere.
A configuration of this kind can still be used to burn deuterium if t he DT microexplosion
is used to trigger a larger deuterium explosion. For a starship that will depend on
deuterium as its only rocket fuel, this possibility is excluded.
But another possibility arises if the ignition is done with a 10 7 -ampere gigaelectronvolt
(GeV) proton (or deuterium) beam. If focused onto one end of a slender, cylindrical
deuterium rod, the beam not only can be made powerful enough to ignite the
deuterium, but its strong azimuthal magnetic field entraps the charged DD reaction
fusion products within the deuterium cylinder, launching a deuterium detonation wave
propagating with supersonic speed down the cylinder (Reference 13). There the fusion
gain and yield can in principle be made arbitrarily large, depending only on the length
of the deuterium rod.
The range of the charged fusion products is determined by their Larmor radius

a
r, = ­

B

(12)

where
C (2MAE/ 12
Q - ----e
Z

(13)

In equation (13), c, e are the velocity of light and the electron charge, M the hydrogen
mass, A the atomic weight, and Z the atomic number. Eis the kinetic energy of t he
fusion products.
If the magnetic field is produced by the proton beam current I, one has at the surface
of the deuterium cylinder the azimuthal magnetic field

(14)

Combining equation (12) with equation (14) and requiring that r, < r, one finds that

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(15)

l > le

where le = S a. In Table 2, the values for a and le for all the charged fusion products of
the DD reaction are compiled. For all of them, the critical current is below l e = 3.84
x 10 6 A. Therefore, with the choice l ~ 10 7 A, all the charged fusion products are
entrapped inside the deuterium cylinder.

Table 2. Critical Ignition Currents for Thermonuclear Reactions

Reaction

Fusion Product

Energy [MeV]

a [G cm]

le [A]

DT

He4

3.6

2. 7 x 10:i

1.35 X 10°

DD

He5

0.8

l.12 x 10:,

5.6 x 105

DD

T

1.0

2.5 x 10:i

1.25 X 10°

DD

H

3.0

2.5 x 10"'

1.25 X 10°

DHe3

H

14.65

5.56 x 105

3.84x 106

DHe5

He4

3.66

2.78 x 10:i

1.39 x 10°

For the argon ion laser configuration proposed for the launch into Earth orbit, where a
small amount of DT serves as a trigger for the ignition of a larger amount of deuterium,
the ign ition of a magnetic field supported detonation wave in deuterium is possible
there with an aux iliary high-explosive-driven megampere current generator, setting up
an axial magnetic field, by an azimuthal current around the rod. The charged fusion
products there are spiraling down the rod. The current needed to entrap the charged
fusion products are there on the same order of magnitude; that is, ~ 10 7 A.
For the deuterium-tritium thermonuclear reaction, the condition for a propagating burn
in a sphere of radius rand density p, heated to a temperature of 108 K, is given by
pr ~ l g/cm 2 . This requires energy of about 1 megajoule (MJ). For the deuterium
reaction, this condition is pr~ 10 g/cm 2 , with an ignition temperature about 10 times
larger. That a thermonuclear detonation in deuterium is possible at all is due to the
secondary combustion of the T and He 3 DD fusion reaction products (Reference 8). The
energy required would be about 10 4 times larger, or about 10 4 MJ-for all practical
purposes out of reach for nonfission ignition. However, if the ignition and burn are

(Text continues in the original file: 37 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D127 — AAWSAP DIRD, An Introduction to the Statistical Drake Equation, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D127
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D127
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/11/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Vegas dice aren’t the only odds they crunched in March 2010.

- DIRD PDF by DoW, March 2010, Las Vegas, NV
- Introduces statistical reformulation of the Drake Equation
- Concludes numbers and distances should be expressed as ranges, not single values

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD introduces the Drake Equation, a well-known thought framework for estimating how many communicative extraterrestrial civilizations might exist in the galaxy. It reformulates the equation in statistical terms, arguing that the usual approach of assigning fixed values to its variables is too simplistic because major inputs are uncertain and are better modeled as probability distributions. Using that approach, it concludes that, if one accepts the underlying logic of the Drake Equation, the estimated number of communicating civilizations should be treated as a range of possible values, and that the likely distance between neighboring civilizations can likewise be expressed statistically rather than as a single figure. The document is primarily a mathematical and methodological exercise, and its worked examples rely on assumed values to illustrate the framework rather than to establish a firm astrophysical estimate. Overall, it is an attempt to formalize uncertainty within the Drake framework rather than an attempt to bound the actual likelihood, prevalence, or proximity of extraterrestrial civilizations.

### Full text

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An Introduction to the Statistical Drake Equation

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 80
Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized .

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed t o !AAP Person 1
~ AAWSA Prog ram
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

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Contents
1. Introduction .......................................................................................................iv
2. The Key Question: How Far are They ? .............................................................. 4
3. Computing N By Virtue of the Drake Equation (1961) ........................................ 7
4. The Drake Equation is Over-Simplified ............................................................. 10
5. The Statistical Drake Equation ......................................................................... 11
6. Solving the Statistical Drake Equation By Virtue of the Central Limit Theorem
(CLT) of Statistics .......................................................... ,.................................... 13
7. An Example Explaining the Statistical Drake Equation ..................................... 15
8. Finding the Probability Distribution of the Et-Distance By Virtue of the Statistical
Drake Equation ................................................................................................. 18
9. The "Data Enrichment Principle" as the Best CLT Consequence Upon the
Statistical Drake Equation (Any Number of Factors Allowed) ........................... 23
10. Conclusions .................................................................................................... 23
Appendix A: Proof of Shannon's 1948 Theorem Stating That the Uniform
Distribution is the "Most Uncertain" One Over a Finite Range of
Values ............................................................................................. 25
Appendix B: Original Text of the Author's Paper #IAC-08-A4.1.4 Entitled the
Statistical Drake Equation ............................................................... 28
References ........................................................................................................... 55

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An Introduction to the Statistical Drake Equation
1. Introduction
SETI (an acronym for "Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence") is a relatively
new branch of scientific research, having begun only in 1959. Its goal is to
ascertain whether alien civilizations exist in the universe, how far from us
they exist, and possibly how much more advanced than us they may be.
As of 2009, the only physical tools we know that could help us get in touch
with aliens are the electromagnetic waves an alien civilization could emit and
we could detect. This forces us to use the largest radiotelescopes on Earth for
SETI research, because the higher our collecting area of electromagnetic
radiation is, the higher our sensitivity is (that is, the farther in space we can
probe). Yet, even by using the largest radiotelescopes on Earth (the 310-meter
dish at Arecibo, for instance), we cannot search for aliens beyond, say, a few
hundred light years away. This is a very, very small amount of space around us
within our galaxy, the Milky Way, that is about 100,000 light years in diameter.
Thus, current SETI can cover only a very tiny fraction of the galaxy, and it is
not surprising that in the past 50 years of SETI searches, NO extraterrestrial
civilization was discovered. Quite simply, we did not get far enough!
This demands the construction of much more powerful and radically new
radiotelescopes. Rather than big and heavy metal dishes, whose mechanical
problems hamper SETI research too much, we are now turning to "software
radiotelescopes," where a large number of small dishes (ATA = Allen
Telescope Array, and ALMA= Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array)
or even just of simple dipoles (LOFAR = Low Frequency Array) using state-of­
the- art electronics and very- high-speed computing can outperform the
classical radiotelescopes in many regards. The final dream in this field is the
SKA ( = Square Kilometer Array), currently being designed and expected to be
completed around 2020.

2. The Key Question: How Far are They?
But still, the key question remains: how far are they?
Or, more correctly, how far do we expect the NEAREST extraterrestrial civilization to be
from t he Solar System in the galaxy?
This question was first faced in a scientific manner back in 1961 by the same scientist
who also was t he first experimental SETI rad io astronomer ever: t he American, Fra nk
Donald Drake (born 1930). He first considered the shape and size of the galaxy where
we are living: the Milky Way. This is a spiral ga laxy measuring some 100,000 light
years in diameter and some 16,000 light years in thickness of the Ga lactic Disk at half­
way from its center. That is:
The diameter of the galaxy is (about) 100,000 light years, (abbreviated ly) i.e., its
radius, R Gala.1y , is about 50,000 ly.

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The thickness of the Galactic Disk at half-way from its center, h a " 1t'-'Y ' is about 16,000 ly.
The volume of the galaxy may then be approximated as the volume of the
corresponding cylinder, i.e.

(1)
Now consider the sphere around us having a radius r. The volume of such a sphere is
V o ur _ Sphere =

4 ( Ef Distance ) 3

3n

-

(2)

2

In the last equation, we had to divide the distance "ET_Distance" between ourselves
and the nearest ET civilization by 2 because we are now going to make the
unwarranted assumption that all ET civilizations are equally spaced from each
other in the galaxy! This is a crazy assumption, clearly, and should be replaced by
more scientifically-grounded assumptions as soon as we know more about our Galactic
Neighborhood. At the moment, however, this is the best guess that we can make, and
so we shall take it for granted, although we are aware that this is a weak point in the
reasoning.
Furthermore, let us denote by N the total number of civilizations now living in the
galaxy, including ourselves. Of course, this number N is unknown. We only know that
N ~ 1 since one civilization does at least exist!
Having thus assumed that ET civilizations are UNIFORMLY SPACED IN THE GALAXY, we
can then write down the proportion:
V a a/a.,y

V o ,, r _ Spher e

(3)

-- = -~-

N

That is, upon replacing both (1) and (2) into (3):
2
i'l" R Ga /axy h =

N

Dis __
lance )
-4 i'l" ( _Ef- _
3

3

2
1

The last equation contains two unknowns: N and ET_Distance, and so we don't know
which one it is better to solve for.
However, we may suppose that, by resorting to the (rather uncertain) knowledge that
we have about the Evolution of the galaxy through the last 10 billion years or so, we
might somehow compute an approximate value for N.
Then, we may solve (4) for ET_ Distance thus obtaining the (AVERAGE) DISTANCE
BETWEEN ANY PAIR OF NEIGHBORING CIVILIZATIONS IN THE GALAXY (DISTANCE
LAW)

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(4)

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Ef_ ff,stance (N) =

3 6 R2
h
Ca!a,y

VN

C

VN

(5)

where the posit ive constant C is defined by
C = V6 R ~ala.,y h ca /axy ,., 28845 light years .

(6)

Equations (5) and (6) are the starting point to understand t he orig in of the Drake
equation that we discuss in detail in Section 3 of th is paper.
Let us just complete this section by pointing out three different numerical cases of the
distance law (5):
•

We know that we exist, so N may not be smaller tha n 1, i.e., N ~ 1. Suppose then
that we are alone in the galaxy, i.e., that N=l. Then the distance law (5) yields as
distance to the nearest civilization from us just the constant C, i.e., 28,845 light
years. Th is is about the distance in between ourselves and the center of the galaxy
(i. e. the Galactic Bulge) . Thus, this result seems to suggest that, if we do not find
any extraterrestrial civilization around us in these outskirts of the galaxy where we
live, we should look around the Galactic Center first. And this is indeed what is
happening, i.e., many SETI searches are actually point ing the antennas towards the
Galactic Center, looking for beacons (see, for instance ref. [1]).

•

Suppose next that N=l000, i.e. there are about a thousand extraterrestrial
communicating civilizations in the whole galaxy right now. Then the distance law (5)
yields an average distance of 2,885 light yea rs. This is a distance that most
radiotelescopes in Earth may not reach for SETI searches right now: hence the need
to build larger radiotelescopes, like ALMA, LOFAR and the SKA.

•

Suppose finally that N=l00000O, i.e., there are a million communicating civilizations
now in the galaxy. Then the dist ance law (5) yields an average dista nce of 288 light
years. Th is is with in the (upper) range of distances that our current rad iotelescopes
may reach for SETI searches, and that justifies all SETI searches that have been
done so far in t he first fifty years of SETI (1960-2010).

In conclusion, interpolating the above three special cases of N, we may say that the
distance law (5) yields t he following key diagram of the average ET distance vs. the
assumed number of communicating civilizations, N, in the galaxy right now (Figure 1):

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Av era ge DIST A CE o f the nea res t ET c iviliza tion vs . th e ASSUM ED NUMBffi of ET c ivilizations in th e Gah
200
Cl)

0:::

<(

UJ

>­

175

!­

:I:

0

:i

.!::

150

!'.l

g

~

125

!'l

=

l

100

\

750

500

' "--

~

250

0

0

I 00000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

I000000

ASS MED NUMB ER of civiliz ations in the Galaxy (that is, Nin the Drake equation)
Figure 1. DISTANCE LAW; i.e., the Average Distance (plot along the ver-1:ical axis in light years) Versus
the NUMBER of Communicating Civilizations ASSUMED to Exist in the Galaxy Right Now

3. Computing N By Virtue of the Drake Equation (1961)
In the previous section, the problem of finding how close the nearest ET civilization may
be was "solved" by reducing it to the computation of N, the total number of
extraterrestrial civilizations now existing in this galaxy. In this section the famous
Drake equation is described, that was proposed back in 1961 by Frank Dona ld Drake
(born 1930) to estimate the numerical value of N. We believe that no better
introductory description of the Drake equations exists other than the one given by Carl
Sagan in his 1983 book "Cosmos" (ref. [2]), in its turn based on the famous TV series
"Cosmos." So, in this paragraph we report Carl Sagan's description of the Drake
equation unabridged.
"But is there anyone out there to talk to? With a third or a half a trillion stars in our
Milky Way galaxy alone, could ours be the only one accompanied by an inhabited
planet? How much more likely it is that technical civilizations are a cosm ic
commonplace, that the galaxy is pulsing and humming with advanced societies, and,
therefore, that the nearest such culture is not so very far away - perhaps transmitting
from antennas established on a planet of a naked-eye star just next door. Perhaps
when we look up at the sky at nig ht, near one of those faint pinpoints of light is a world
on which someone quite different from us is then glancing id ly at a star we call the Sun
and entertaining, for just a moment, an outrageous speculation.

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It is very hard to be sure. There may be several impediments to the evolution of a
technical civilization. Planets may be rarer than we think. Perhaps the origin of life is
not so easy as our laboratory experiments suggest. Perhaps the evolution of advanced
life forms is improbable. Or it may be that complex life forms evolve more readily, but
intelligence and technical societies require an unlikely set of coincidences - just as the
evolution of the human species depended on the demise of the dinosaurs and the ice­
age recession of the forests in whose trees our ancestors screeched and dimly
wondered. Or perhaps civilizations arise repeatedly, inexorably, on innumerable planets
in the Milky Way, but are generally unstable; so all but a tiny fraction are unable to
survive their technology and succumb to greed and ignorance, pollution and nuclear
war.
It is possible to explore this great issue further and make a crude estimate of N, the
number of advanced civilizations in the galaxy. We define an advanced civilization as
one capable of radio astronomy. Th is is, of course, a parochial if essential definition.
There may be countless worlds on wh ich the inhabitants are accomplished linguists or
superb poets but indifferent radio astronomers. We will not hear from them. N can be
written as the product or multiplication of a number of factors, each a kind of filter,
every one of which must be sizable for there to be a large number of civilizations:

•

Ns, the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy.

•

fp, the fraction of stars that have planetary systems.

• ne, the number of planets in a given system that are ecologically suitable for life.
•

fl, the fraction of otherwise suitable planets on which life actually arises.

•

fi, the fraction of inhabited planets on which an intelligent form of life evolves.

•

fc, the fraction of planets inhabited by intelligent beings on which a communicative
techn ical civilization develops .

•

fl, the fraction of planetary lifetime graced by a technical civilization.

Written out, the equation reads
N = Ns • jjJ • ne • fl ·ft · Jc· fL

All of the f's are fractions, having values between O and 1; they will pare down the
large value of Ns.
To derive N we must estimate each of these quantities. We know a fa ir amount about
the early factors in the equation, the number of stars and planetary systems. We know
very little about the later factors, concerning the evolution of intelligence or the lifetime
of technical societies. In these cases our estimates will be little better than guesses. I
invite you, if you disagree with my estimates below, make your own choices and see
what implications your alternative suggestions have for the number of advanced
civilizations in the galaxy. One of the great virtues of this equation, due to Frank Drake
of Cornell, is that it involves subjects ranging from stellar and planetary astronomy to
organic chemistry, evolutionary biology, history, politics and abnormal psychology.
Much of the Cosmos is in the span of the Drake equation.
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We know Ns, the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy, fairly well, by careful counts
of stars in a small but representative region of the sky. It is a few hundred billion; some
recent estimates place it at 4 x 10 11 . Very few of these stars are of the massive short­
lived variety that squander their reserves of thermonuclear fuel. The great majority
have lifetimes of billions or more years in which they are shining stably, providing a
suitable energy source for the energy and evolution of life on nearby planets.
There is evidence that planets are a frequent accompaniment of star formation: in the
satellite systems of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, which are like miniature solar systems;
in theories of the origin of the planets; in studies of double stars; in observations of
accretion disks around stars; and is some preliminary investigations of gravitational
perturbations of nearby stars. 1 Many, perhaps even most, stars may have planets. We
take the fraction of stars that have planets, fp, as roughly equa l to 1/3. Then the total
1.3 x 10 11 (the symbol
number of planetary systems in the galaxy would be Ns fp
means "approximately equal to"). If each system were to have about ten planets, as
ours does, the tota l number of worlds in the galaxy would be more than a trillion, a vast
arena for the cosmic drama.

~

~

In our own solar system there are several bodies t hat may be suitab le for life of some
sort: the Earth certainly, and perhaps Mars, Titan and Jupiter. Once life originates, it
tends to be very adaptable and tenacious. There must be many different environments
suitable for life in a given planetary system. But conservatively we choose ne=2. Then
the number of planets in the galaxy su itable for life becomes Ns fp ne 3 x 10 11 .

~

Experiments show that under the most common cosmic conditions the molecular basis
of life is read ily made, the building blocks of molecules able to make copies of
themselves. We are now on less certain grounds; there may, for example, be
impediments in the evolution of the genetic code, although I think this is unlikely over
billions of years of primeval chemistry . We choose fl~ 1/3, implying a total number of
planets in the Milky Way on which life has arisen at least once as Ns fp ne fl~ 1 x 10 11 ,
a hundred billion inhabited worlds . That in itself is a remarkable conclusion. But we are
not yet fin ished.
The choices of fi and fc are more difficult. On the one hand, many individually unlikely
steps had to occur in biologica l evolution and human history for our present intelligence
and technology to develop. On the other hand, there must be quite different pathways
to an advanced civilization of specified capab ilities. Considering the apparent difficulty
in the evolution of large organisms, represented by the Cambrian explosion, let us
choose fix fc = 1/100, meaning that only 1 per cent of planets on wh ich life arises
actually produce a technical civilization. This estimate represents some middle ground
among the varying scientific options. Some think that the equivalent of the step from
the emergence of trilobites to the domestication of fire goes like a shot in all planetary
systems; others th ink t hat, even given ten or fifteen billion years, the evolution of a
technical civi lization is unlikely. This is not a subject on wh ich we can do much
experimentation as long as our investigations are limited to a single planet. Multiplying
1 Carl Sagan was writ ings these lines back in the 1970's, when no extrasolar planets had been discovered yet. The
first such discovery occurred in 1995, wh en Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz, working at the "Observatoire de Haute
Provence" in France, discovered the first extrasolar planet orbiting the nearby star 51 Peg. This first extrasolar
planet was hence named 51 Peg B. Many more extrasolar planets were discovered around nearby stars ever since .
As of Apri l 2009, 347 extrasolar planets (exoplanets) are listed in the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaed ia.

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these factors together, we find Ns fp ne fl fi fc ~ 1 x 109 , a billion planets on which
technical civilizations have arisen at least once. But that is very different from saying
that there are a billion planets on which technical civilizations now exist. For this we
must also estimate fl.
What percentage of the lifetime of a planet is marked by a technical civil ization? The
Earth has harbored a technical civilization characterized by radio astronomy for only a
few decades out of a lifetime of a few billion years. So far, then, for our planet fl is less
than 1/108 , a millionth of a percent. And it is hardly out of the question that we might
destroy ourselves tomorrow. Suppose this were a typical case, and the destruction so
complete that no other technical civilization - of the human or any other species - were
able to emerge in the five or so billion years remaining before the Sun dies. Then Ns fp
ne fl fi fc fl
10, and, at a given time there would be only a tiny smattering, a handful,
a pitiful few technical civilizations in the galaxy, the steady state number maintained as
emerging societies replace those recently self-immolated. The number N might be even
as small as 1 if civilizations tend to destroy themselves soon after reaching a
technological phase; there might be no one for us to talk with but ourselves. And that
we do but poorly. Civilizations would take billions of years of tortuous evolution, and
then snuff themselves out in an instant of unforgivable neglect.

~

But consider the alternative, the prospect that at least some civilizations learn to live
with technology; that the contradictions posed by the vagaries of past brain evolution
are consciously resolved and do not lead to self destruction; or that, even if major
disturbances occur, they are reveres in the subsequent billions of years of biological
evolution. Such societies might live to a prosperous old age, their lifetimes measured
perhaps on geological or stellar evolutionary time scales. If 1 percent of civilizations can
survive technological adolescence, take the proper fork at this critical historical branch
point and achieve maturity, then fl ~ 1/100, N ~ 107 , and the number of extant
civilizations in t he galaxy is in the millions. Thus, for all our concern about t he possible
unrel iabi lity of our estimates of the early factors in the Drake equation, which involve
astronomy, organic chemistry and evolutionary biology, the principal uncertainty comes
to economics and politics and what, on Earth, we call human nature. It seems fairly
clear that if self-destruction is not the overwhelmingly preponderant fate of galactic
civilizations, then the sky is softly humming with messages from the stars.
These estimates are stirring . They suggest that the receipt of a message from space is,
even before we decode it, a profoundly hopeful sign. It means that someone has
learned to live with high technology; that it is possible to survive technological
adolescence. This alone, quite apart from the contents of the message, provides a
powerful justification for the search for other civilizations.

4. The Drake Equation is Over-Simplified
In the nearly fifty years (1961-2009) elapsed since Frank Drake proposed his equation,
a number of scientists and writers tried to find out which numerical values of its seven
independent variables are more real istic in agreement with our present-day knowledge.
Thus there is a considerable amount of literature about the Drake equation nowadays,
and, as one can easily imagine, the results obtained by the various authors largely
differ from one another. In other words, the value of N, that various authors obtained
by different assumptions about the astronomy, the biology and the sociology implied by
the Drake equation, may range from a few tens (in the pessimist's view) to some
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million or even billions in the optimist's opinion. A lot of uncertainty is thus affecting our
knowledge of N as of 2010. In all cases, however, the final result about N has always
been a sheer number, i.e., a positive integer number ranging from 1 to millions or
billions. This is precisely the aspect of the Drake equation that th is author regarded as
" too simpl istic" and improved mathematically in his paper #IAC-08-A4.1.4, entitled
"The Statistical Drake Equation" and presented on October 1st , 2008, at the 59 th
International Astronautical Congress (IAC) held in Glasgow, Scotland, UK, September
29 th thru October 3rd , 2008. That paper is attached herewith as Appendix B. Newcomers
to SETI and to the Drake equation, however, may find that paper too difficult to be
understood mathematically at a first reading. Thus, I shall now expla in the content of
that paper "by speaking easily." I thank the reader for his or her attention .

5. The Statistical Drake Equation
We start by an examp le.
Consider the first independent variable in the Drake equation (7), i. e., Ns, the number
of stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Astronomers tell us that approximately there should
be about 350 millions stars in the galaxy. Of course, nobody has counted (or even seen
in the photographic plates) all the stars in the galaxy! There are too many practical
difficulties preventing us from doing so: just to name one, the dust clouds that don't
allow us to see even the Galactic Bulge (i.e. the central region of the galaxy) in the
visible light (although we may "see it" at radio frequencies like the famous neutral
hydrogen line at 1420 MHz). So, it doesn't make any sense to say that Ns = 350 x 106 ,
or, say (even worse) that the number of stars in the galaxy is (say) 354,233,321, or
similar fanciful exact integer numbers. That is just silly and non-scientific. Much more
scientific, on the contrary, is to say that the number of stars in the galaxy is 350 million
plus or minus, say, 50 millions (or whatever values the astronomers may regard as
more appropriate, since this is just an example to let the reader understand the
difficulty).
Thus, it makes sense to REPLACE each of the seven independent variables in the Drake
equation (7) by a MEAN VALUE (350 millions, in the above example) PLUS OR MINUS A
CERTAIN STANDARD DEVIATION (SO millions, in the above example) .
By doing so, we have made a great step ahead: we have abandoned the too-simplistic
equation (7) and replaced it by something more sophisticated and scientifically more
serious: the STATISTICAL Drake equation. In other words, we have transformed the
classical and simplistic Drake equation (7) into an advanced statistica l tool for the
investigation of a host of facts hardly known to us in detail. In other words still:
•

We replace each independent variable in (7) by a RANDOM VARIABLE, labeled
D, (from Drake).

•

We assume that the MEAN VALUE of each D, is the same numerical value previously
attributed to the corresponding independent variable in (7).

•

But now we also ADD A STANDARD DEVIATION cr 0 ; on each side of the mean value,
that is provided by the knowledge gathered by scientists in each discipline
encompassed by each D,.

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Having so done, the next question is:
How can we find out the PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION for each D; ?
For instance, shall that be a Gaussian, or what?
This is a difficult question, for nobody knows, for instance, the probability distribution of
the number of stars in the galaxy, not to mention the probability distribution of the
other six variables in the Drake equation (7).
There is a brilliant way to get around this difficulty, though.
We start by excluding the Gaussian because each variable in the Drake equation is a
POSITIVE (or, more precisely, a non-negative) random variable, while the Gaussian
applies to REAL random variables only. So, the Gaussian is out. Then, one might
consider the large class of well-studied and positive probability densities called "the
gamma distributions," but it is then unclear why one should adopt the gamma
distributions and not any other. The solution to th is apparent conundrum comes from
Shannon's Information Theory and a theorem that he proved in 1948: "The probability
distribution having maximum entropy ( = uncertainty) over any FINITE range of real
values is the UNIFORM distribution over that range," This is proven in Appendix A of the
present document.
So, at this point, we assume that each of the seven D; in (7) is a UNIFORM random
variable, whose mean value and standard deviation is known by the scientists working
in the respective field (let it be astronomy, or biology, or sociology). Notice that, for
such a uniform distribution, the knowledge of the mean value Po; and of the standard
deviation u 0 , automatically determines the RANGE of that random variable in between
its lower (called a;) and upper (called b;) limits: in fact these limits are given by the
equations
(8)

(the "surprising" factor ✓3 in the above equations comes from the definitions of mean
value and standard deviation: please see equations (12), (15) and (17) in Appendix B
for the relevant proof). So the uniform distribution of each random variable D; is
perfectly determined by its mean value and standard deviation, and so are all its other
properties.
The next problem is the following:
OK, since we now know everything about each uniformly distributed D;, what is the
probability distribution of N, given that N is the product (7) of all the D1 ?
In other words, not only do we want to find the analytical expression of the probability
density function of N, but we also want to relate its mean value f-lN to all mean values
µ
of the D;, and its standard deviation
to all standard deviations
of the D;.
,

u

N

0

u

,

0

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This is a difficult problem.
It occupied the author's mind for no less than about ten years (1997 -2007).
It is actually an ANALYTICALLY UNSOLVABLE problem, in that, to the best of this
author's knowledge, it is IMPOSSIBLE to find an analytic expression for any FINITE
PRODUCT of uniform random variablesD; . This result is proven in Sections 2 thru 3.3 of
Appendix B (unfortunately!) .

6. Solving the Statistical Drake Equation By Virtue of the
Central Limit Theorem (CLT) of Statistics
The solution to the problem of finding the analytical expression for the probability
density function of N in the statistica l Drake equation was found by this author in
September 2007.

(Text continues in the original file: 55 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D128 — AAWSAP DIRD, Anomalous Acute and Subacute Field Effects on Human Biological Tissues, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D128
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D128
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/11/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out March 2010 was hotter than Las Vegas’s summer, according to the burns.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D128, Defense Intelligence Agency, March 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada incident 3 Nov 2010.
- Reports 42 documented and 300 unpublished cases of burns, fever, neurological symptoms after unknown field exposure.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.
This DIRD surveys reported acute and subacute injuries allegedly associated with close exposure to anomalous field effects, attempting to draw tentative parallels between these claimed symptoms and the known physiological effects of intense radiofrequency .and microwave exposure on human tissue. By reviewing medical and biophysical literature on heating, burns, neurological effects, and sensory disturbances, the report speculates on theoretical mechanisms by which intense electromagnetic fields might account for some of the reported injury patterns, though it does not establish a direct causal link between the reported injuries and any specific source. It hypothesizes that clinical symptoms and reported exposure circumstances might allow for highly constrained, limited inferences regarding the characteristics of an unknown emitter or propulsion system. Notably, the document’s findings rely heavily on case comparisons lacking physical examinations, untestable exposure conditions, and a mix of established science and more controversial literature. These comparisons are then extended to anomalous-craft scenarios, attempting to map known electromagnetic injury mechanisms onto anomalous encounter claims that lack independent scientific validation in the report.

### Full text

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Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
11 March 2010
ICOD : 1 December 2009

Anomalous Acute and
Subacute Field Effects on
Human Biological Tissues

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Anomalous Acute and Subacute Field Effects on Human
Biological Tissues

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 81
Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARN ING : Further dissemi nation of the phot ographs in this publication is not author ized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA Pro ram. Comments or uestions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to AAP Person 1
AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DW0-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

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Contents
Preface and Summary .................................................................. .. .......... .......... .... . v
Preface .. .... ........ .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. ............ ........ ........ .................................................. v
Summary... ........ .......... .. .. .... .. .... ........ ...... .. ........ .... ........... ...................................v
Chapter One : Definitio n of Topic and Domain of this Study .. ........................... .. .... 1
A. What is addressed in this review ................................................................... 1
B. What is not addressed in th is review .......................... ...... .. ........................... 1
Chapter Two : Back groun d : What is Thou g ht to Cause Harm? ................................ 2
A. Setting the Stage: What others have said openly about injury caused by EMR
Field Effects ....................................................................................................... 2
B. Newly Unclassified Material ........................................................................... 3
C. Field effects and hearing / communications ................................................... 5
D. Relationships of Physics and Biophysics to Injuries ....................................... 7

Chapter Three: How Damage Occurs ..................................................................... 8
A. The effects that burn ...................................................................................... 9
B. The enigma of "non-thermal" wheals and localized "burns" ........................ 11

c. Some thoughts on neurological correlates ................................................... 12
Chapter Four: Applicable Subacute Injury Effects ................................................ 13
Chapter Five: Cognitive and Neural Injury Mechanisms and Effects .................... 16

References & Working Data Bases ........ ................ ................................ .......... ..... 19
Appendix A: Schuessler Catalog of UFO-Related Human Physiological Effects
(Frequency Distribution) ...................................................................................... 23
Appendix B: Green/Morris Example to Show the Global Breadth of Available Older
ICD Case Inputs From Mu ltiple Data Sources (red =pending ICD classification) .. 25
Appendix C ........................................................................................................... 27

Figures
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Figure 1. Variation of Normalised Specific Absorption Rate with Frequency and
Related Absorption Characteristics in Living Organisms.........................................9
Figure 2. Electromagnetic Spectrum .......................................................................14

Tables
(U) Table 1: Limits for Maximum Permissible Exposure..........................................15
Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Anomalous Acute and Subacute Field Effects on Human
Biological Tissues
Preface and Summary
PREFACE
Several years ago three previous fit and active individuals experienced an
anomalous ["irregular, incongruous and inconsistent with their domain"]
aerospace-related event. Within 72 hours they suffered medical signs and
symptoms [acute and subacute effects].
•

These included almost immediate erythema (heat and redness) over
exposed [to the presumed source of an electromagnetic radiation] skin,
and varying degrees of the following as a function of their body-surface
exposure times: fever, pain, headaches, numbness and parasthesiae,
malaise, diarrhea, loss of hair and alopecia, skin eruptions/boils, cardiac
palpitations, beginnings of what were to become chronic headaches and
symptoms of insomnia and other sleep and dream disturbances, moderate
to occasional severe anxiety and insomnia. Two of the persons also
experienced photophobia ( extreme sensitivity to light), dry and scratchy­
stinging eyes, and extreme inflamed blood-shot sclerae (whites of the
eyes) with soft tissue swelling of the eyelids. One of the three experienced
moderate blood dyscrasia and signs of radiation illness, and over several
years developed signs of malignant transformations.

Extensive, but controversial investigations revealed the three had been
subjected to an accidental exposure in the near-field [meters] to a broad-band
ultrahigh radiofrequency mixed radiation of RF (radio frequency), NIEMR
(non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation) & microwave energies [including
non-specific and un-measured induced ionizing effects, probably mixed UVA,
UVB and UVC (Ultra Violet A, B, C}] centered at about 785 MHz.
•

These three persons were antennae engineers subjected to an anomalous
"accident" [ 1]

An extensive review of the medical literature and a compilation of a database
has revealed an additional relevant but less dramatic 42 cases from the peer­
reviewed medical literature, and an additional un-published similar 300 cases,
primarily when fields were measured or emitters were known of mixed
exposures of from 1 -10 GHz at power densities of above 100 mW/cm 2 •

SUMMARY
This paper relates, summarizes, and analyzes evidence of unintended injury to
human observers by anomalous advanced aerospace systems. Additionally, an
argument is made that the subsequent work can inform ( e.g., reverse
engineer), through clinical diagnoses, certain physical characteristics of
possible future advanced aerospace systems from unknown provenance that
may be a threat to United States interests.
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The evidence discussed includes scientific material that has been peer­
reviewed, contained in recently declassified government documents, and early
emergent clinical medical analyses also underway in companion research
studies.
•

Based on historical cases, humans have been found to have been injured
from exposures to anomalous vehicles, especially airborne, and when in
relatively close proximity.

•

The primary mechanisms of injury are related to electromagnetic radiation
field effects (EMR field effects).

•

The biophysical characteristics of the injuries are well understood.

•

The energy related propulsion systems are not well understood.

•

The potential deployment of systems is thus important to understand.

•

Sufficient incidents/accidents have been accurately reported, and medical
data acquired, as to support a hypothesis that some advanced systems are
already deployed, and opaque to full US understanding.

•

Amongst the most important pathophysiological effects are:
-

-

-

•

Heating and burn injuries
o

Ionizing and non-ionizing

o

Thermally induced

Neurological effects
o

Cognitive/ central nervous system

o

Neuromuscular / central & autonomic nervous systems

o

Sensory/ peripheral nervous system

o

Neuropsychiatric / neuroendocrine

Auditory/ cranial nerves VII & VIII
o

Communication & disabling effects

o

Noise and central neurocognitive

Analysis of clinical diagnostic codes together with environmental
conditions observed during anomalous events are clustered in
meaningful ways.

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•

The medical analyses while not requiring the invention of an alternative
biophysics, do indicate the use of (to us) unconventional and advanced
energy systems.

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Chapter One: Definition of Topic and Domain of this Study
The objective of the overall program for which this paper has been prepared is to
understand the physics and the engineering of advanced aerospace weapons system
applications ... into the future, e.g., from now through the year 2050. This study
addresses the clinical medical signs and symptoms and biophysics of injury known and
expected from unintended exposure to anomalous systems.

A. WHAT IS ADDRESSED IN THIS REVIEW
Advanced aerospace technologies, as with current technologies, often involve exposure
of humans to exceptionally strong, and in the future to likely exotic, fields. This review
is meant to cover the clinical medical injurious effects, including harmful psychiatric/
psychological effects on the human organism that may be induced. Specifically, we are
interested both in the more narrow scope of certain near-field heating and burn effects
on "biological tissues" [usually human] and also systemic or internal medical/
neurologica l / psychiatric inj ury or sequelae, usually modulated by neural tissue.
"Near Field" is a term we intentionally leave as subjective. That is, we include effects of
possible exposures that are within sight of the injured, and which are acute [within
hours] or subacute [within days], but not longer chronic effects. Our working distance
from the putative emitter is '!Os of meters, and injury times are less than 10 minutes.
We thus focus on the acute and subacute high-level, not chronic low-level exposures
and effects. The most important bandwidth of interest is the range with tissue effects
on humans: from about 300 kHz to 300 GHz; that is, from about 1 km to 1 mm wave
lengths.
In particular, we note that many of the effects on tissues {as currently with all
environmental exposures of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation (NIEMR), toxic
effluents, and noise/ thermal effects} are initia lly incorrectly adduced to be
"subclinical" until chronic effects of low-level effects and/or accumulative doses are
recognized . We will be particularly cognizant to not miss this subtlety in determining
harm to persons in the near-field of possible advanced aerospace systems. We will not
(except by reference) discuss ionizing radiation tissue effects, unless they are adduced
to be "Mixed Field", e.g. the Cash-Landrum case, vide infra) .
Therefore, since the potential deployment of advanced weapons technology is
subsumed under this topic, of interest are not only side effects associated with possible
lift/propulsion field mechanisms of advanced craft architectures, but also effects from
advanced weapons systems as well. These include but are not limited to beam
weapons, and active denial systems (ADS), including high powered microwaves (HPM).

B. WHAT IS NOT ADDRESSED IN THIS REVIEW
We are aware of claims that some new and emergent systems may be intended to
cause harm, and thus even be an intended weapon system. We make no attempt
herein to validate any claims. There is ample precedent in US history for utilizing a
separate analytic framework for Verification and Compliance issues, as in the lag in our
recognizing Former Soviet Union and Chinese systems utilizing infrasonic, laser­
blinding, and NIEMR weapons that went unappreciated by our intelligence agencies for
two decades. Historically, the IC (Intelligence Community) adduces verification first,

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claims of injury secondly, and compliance after lengthy state-sponsored discursive. We
will not make that mistake. Beyond this, from a sociolog ical perspective, expansion of
this theme may also include the effects on humans en masse, namely inducement of
hysteria, alteration or solidification of belief systems, alteration/destruction of social
structures, group dynamics, etc., the analyses of which would require expertise in a
great number of fields including sociology, anthropology, psychology, etc.
This review will not critically evaluate epidemiological infectious disease or low-level
electromagnetic radiation/ RF aspects of certain exposures, except in passing .i We will
not address psychophysics, paranormal, explicit pre-existing or chronic psychiatric, or
abnormal psychological effects from exposures. {However, in the early draft of ICD­
Code project in Appendix C, psychiatric diagnostic codes when made by a qualified
physician, and medical sequelae from perceived abductions are included for
completeness.}

Chapter Two: Background: What is Thought to Cause
Harm?
It is well-understood that long-term exposure to even chronic "low-strength" as well as
acute "high-strength" electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, intense lasers, etc., can
have harmful effects on human physiology. {Terms defined vide infra} It is also known
that EMR mechanisms can disrupt physiological and psychological functioning on a
temporary basis. Emerging data support that some of the chronic low-level effects alter
the ability of cells to function properly due to epigenetic effects {damage to the DNA/
RNA protein regulatory pathways, independent of chromosome disruption}, and
simultaneously alter the metabolism of dividing cells of (especially) the neuroimmune
system [5,6]. The same holds true for exposure to toxic chemical, biologica l, or nuclear
materials .

A. SETTING THE STAGE: WHAT OTHERS HAVE SAID OPENLY ABOUT
INJURY CAUSED BY EMR FIELD EFFECTS
There is relatively comprehensive literature on reported deleterious effects from
exposure at close ranges to perceived anomalous aircraft of apparent advanced design
[2,3,4, 7]. Some of the claimed physiological effects include such phenomena as
paralysis, electrical shocks, feeling of heat, burns, perception of odors, etc.
Whether such effects are the result of unintended or intended harm to humans is yet to
be determined, though evidence for the latter can be inferred in certain cases [8, 9]. We
will draw on that literature for selected cases, where exposure and emitter data are
known or can be inferred, or where injury an be logically related to biophysical
parameters.
That is, it is of particular interest in a threat analysis program, regardless of whether
anomalous-craft-induced physiological effects of humans are intended or not, to
ascertain probable mechanisms, field strengths, etc., involved in the generation of t he
i As an examp le, the enormous literature on the low-leve l and chronic exposure effects of ionizing, non-ionizing­
UVA, UVB and UVC radiation will not be reviewed here. That literature is summarized well in
http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ped/content/ped_ l _ 3x_ radiation_exposure

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reported physiological effects. It is our contention that characteristics of the fields or
mechanisms associated with close encounters with anomalous craft can even
sometimes carefully be gleaned from archival records where effects on human
physiology have been carefully reported.
This is true because the medical literature of such field effects {although not many
related to craft} has been mature for decades, and is rich in peer-reviewed medical
reports and papers. There are several professional societies within the Department of
Health & Human Services (DHHS), National Science Foundation-National Institutes of
Health) (NSF-NIH) domains, including the Centers of Disease Control Epidemiology
Intell igence Service (EIS) that follow these effects, and numerous examples will be
discussed.

B. NEWLY UNCLASSIFIED MATERIAL
A couple of years ago a citizen, who believed he was being targeted by the United
States Government with harassing field effect weapons {edits and highlights below, are
the author's}...
" .. .XXXX walked into an FBI field office with a two-page letter signed by him and
addressed to Special Agent YYYY of the United States Secret Service.
{His} letter stated, in part:
'Agents of the U.S. Secret Service, as you already know, have been committing very
serious crimes against me and other members of my family for a very long time, and
I'm taking more direct action to prevent it from continuing. I am going to get an
admissible confession from at least one of your agents one way or the other, and if I
don't get what I am demanding from you today, I will use the method of torture
described in the attached pages to obtain that confession and to punish the agent for
his or her involvement in the illegal acts that your agents have been perpetrating
against me and my family.'
After he was arrested, the court found the evidence for the alleged electromagnetic
assaults unconvincing.
The district court then held a competency hearing at which [he] testified, inter alia, that
the back of a pair of his shoes were vaporized by an electromagnetic weapon fired at
his feet in 2001. [He] presented the shoes in question to t he district court, but it
appeared to the court that the heel of the shoe had simply worn out due to ordinary
use.
Inevitably, XXXX's mental status was questioned.
After receiving this report, XXXX requested that he be examined by a medical
professional of his own choosing. The psychologist chosen by XXXX concurred with the
government's psychiatrist that XXXX "is clearly psychotic and ... precisely fits the
diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia" [5-a,b].
The story didn't end, then. It turned out that XXXX may have been crazy, and the
Government wasn't harassing him, but his document was valid: it was a newly

3

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unclassified US Government document that described precisely and accurately the
nature of the Field Effects XXXX claimed existed [5].
It was a recent (1998), classified (unti l 2006) and controlled document: SECRET/
NOFORN; Not to be disseminated to US Allies, NATO, or physically even be taken
outside the United States except to secure US Embassy Military Attache Facilities. It
was from a unit in the Intelligence and Security Command {INSCOM}, the US Army
Analytical Element responsible for coordinated National Intelligence Community
Assessments of military threat potentia ls... based on current known worldwide (including
US for benchmarking) research.
It remains a bit murky as to how Mr. XXXX was able to "FOIA" ("use" the Freedom of
Information Act) and obtain the document. Other "legitimate" researchers had
consistently not been able to obtain it.
The above vignette is offered, to make several points.. .both administrative and
subjective, and scientific ... and objective:
•

Classified information exists that is highly pertinent to the subject of this study, and
only a small part of the classified literature has been released.

•

Yet, while directionally indicative of interest and intention to understand, the
material does not rise to the quality of the initiative of the program in which this
paper serves as one analytical example. ii

•

There is no evidence that the systems described in the document have been fielded.

•

The development of generators and aiming devices is not a rate-limiting issue. iii

•

There is no doubt that they would work.

•

The concerns, therefore, that individuals exposed to field effects as described in the
document, and in this paper would suffer the claimed injuries .. .are legitimate.

Amongst the systems described are those of special interest in this effort: claimed
injury from near-field exposures to aerospace anomalous vehicles and systems. As will
be described, the pattern and circumstances of injury very often belie nay-sayer
attempts to discredit witnesses, analysts, and those who suffer directly or indirectly
from the systems. Even those who are, from time to time, delusional ... are not
necessarily poor reporters of information outside their particular and personal delusion.
Examples of systems the INSCOM analysis described as real and potential include
precisely those asserted by good observers {and victims of injury} consistent with
near-field RF/ EM/ NIEMR /Thermal/ Infrasonic/ and Coherent light-Laser effects:
ii This author once ran the INSCOM effort from which this FOIA'd document [5] derived, as the Assistant National
Intelligence Officer for Science and Technology, and has recently chaired a DIA-sponsored 18- month Update Study
at the National Academy of Sciences' NRC, (including classified research ) published as "The military application of
neuroscience resea rch" [5-c] that encompasses virtually every aspect of the 2006 declassified INSCOM study .
iii An electric field strength of roughly 100 kV/mover a time period of 1 nanosecond is approximately the condition
thought to be necessary to produce the desired effect when provided to an overall repetition rate of 15 Hz. Such a
field may be developed using a radar- like, high-peak-power pulsed source or an electromagnetic pulse generator
operated at 15Hz. These technologies exist today . Aim ing devices are currently available . The effective range
could be meters, or even hundreds of meters [ SJ .

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•

Microwave communication/ hearing/ localized heating

•

CO2 Laser communication / hearing / localized heating

•

Ability to instill fear secondary to above, including with use of messaging and RF
carrier-wave modulated intra-cranial "voices" through thermoelastic expansion of
intracranial spaces at 5 kHz (vide infra)

•

Ability to direct thermal effects to include directed pa in, erythema, and second­
degree burns

•

Ability to cause frontal-temporal headache with mm waves

•

Pulses of RF (e.g. 2450 MHz/ 12.4-1.24 Mev UHF 1.0 dm - 1.0 m pressure waves)
to disorient and destabilize muscular coordination: at this frequency 40 J/cm and of
microsecond duration pulses will cause thermoelastic expansion in brain (as well as
the cochlear microphonics for hearing sensation at 0.5-32 micron pu lse widths per­
pulse thresholds are near 20 J/cm)

•

Use of mm waves to instigate cortical surface effects and seizures through delta­
wave, EPSP & IPSP (excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials neocortical
neurona l synchronization with high voltage 100 kV/m nanosecond pulsed 15 Hz
{ELF} :through stimulation of the hippocampus CA3 pyram idal cells and cells of the
pyriform cortex, sustained over 1 - 5 minutes for ictal development for petit mal or
grand mal seizures

•

Loss of consciousness, muscle spasms, muscle weakness

•

Parasthesiae with UHF - SHF, lasting for minutes

•

Increase of core body temperature to above 41 °C (105.8 °F) with VHF (e.g. 225
MHz) within 15 - 30 minutes {1-2 km waves at dose rates about 10 W/kg; 5 W/kg
will increase a humans core body temperature within one to two hours

•

Use of pu lsed-microwaves to temporarily interfere with short-term spatial memory

•

Nausea and vomiting, and disorientation can be easily induced with audible
frequencies at 145 dB at selected frequencies of 100-500 Hz, within seconds up to a
few minutes: combinations of infrasonic and sonic tones can be selected for specific
effects on the vestibular apparatus to induce highly specific gastro intestinal and
neural effects.

•

iv (see footnote)

C. FIELD EFFECTS AND HEARING/COMMUNICATIONS

iv The INSCOM document also discusses another area of interest, but one beyond the scope of this

review. That is, the effects of laser-radiation including inducement of photophobic and also acoustical ­
mechanica l as well as therma l effects . As our area of focus does not include either actual accidental or
anecdotal cases in this domain, we will not review laser-induced field effects.

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The Airborne Instruments Laboratory {AIL}v in 1956, reported for the first time
anecdotal evidence that persons could "hear" RF frequencies [10], The data were
however, deemed important enough to be placed in a corporate advertisement and
warning.
Yet, the first systematic review of evidence and experiment of what is now known to be
human capability to "hear" modulations in ears or the temporal lobes, as well as in the
apparatus of the inner ear (the "cochlear microphonic") was not published until 1961,
followed by a series of eight peer-reviewed papers over the following decade.vi
The most comprehensive review that describes the biophysics and the methodology to
modulate RF to incorporate purposive communications, and which also describes in
detail injury patterns was published in 2003, by the Motorola Research Laboratories,
and is still the seminal meta-analysis {of about 100 review articles} on these subjects
[11].
For our purposes, it is sufficient at this point to summarize this and additional literature
[esp. 11-15] in contexts narrowly related to claimants' description of effects when
placed near (10-100 meters) of a presumed emitting large object, which may or may
not have the appearance of containing an obvious RF antenna:
•

The mechanism of transduction of the RF may be to or through skin, bone, or the
external auditory meatus.

•

Frequency and pulse width dependency may account for perceptions as coming from
the ear, the temporal lobe on the same or contralateral side to the object.

•

The frequencies are amazingly broad: contained with the bandwidth of 2.4 - 10,000
MHz {MF, HF, VHF, UHF, SHF, EHF; wavelengths 1km - 1cm; incident energy
densities of 10-20 mJ/kg threshold; 40 µJ/pulse, energy absorption per pulse 16
µJ/g},

•

Thus, the character of the perceived sounds can be used to accurately "back­
calculate" the emitter characteristics: many thousands of human experiments over
the above ranges have been consistent and repeatable.

•

Simple shielding, includ ing tin-foil hats (sic!) will attenuate and often block totally
the sounds and communications.

Voice frequencies of 5 kHz-20 kHz can be RF modulated, and transmitted covertly, with
intelligible effect. However, it is absolutely required that to hear the sounds, a human
must have a capability to hear a frequency acoustic wave in the kHz range above 5kHz
through 20 kHz.
v AIL was formed in 1945, in Mineola NY by then Defense Department contractors affiliated with MIT. It became the

forerunner of virtually every subsequent application Radar and EM laboratory, especially for the Department of the
Navy. It is known in folklore, as having been the site of the development of the technology for the controversial
"Ph iladel phia Experiment." http ://www.stealthskater.com/Documents/AI L 0 1.doc
vi There are at the present time, over 240,000 peer-reviewed scientific papers on the phenomena of RF hearing and

covert communication, with and without engagement of the inner ear, in the medical literature. Yet, to this day,
persons who during experiencing of anomalous RF hearing and skin heating when confronted by unknown objects
in the near-field are nonetheless ubiquitously {at first, at least} said to be paranoid, or paraphrenic, or paranoid
schizophrenic.

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That sa id, it is not necessary that the cochlear microphonic versus ephaptic (electrical
current transmissions through the intercellular spaces) modulation of the axons of the
VIIth and VIIIth cran ial nerves be stimulated directly: the hearing pathways and relay
middle geniculate bodies and inferior collicu li may be stimulated by the RF, first. That
is: while it is possible for energy transmission or transduction to "bypass" the tympanic
membrane, organs of Corti, and cochleae...the hearing apparatus is necessary for at
least penu ltimate stimulation to hear sounds in the voice range: thoughts and meaning
can not be otherwise transm itted [ 12]. But, at the same time, thermoelastic expansion
and contraction of fluid spaces in the brain can result in the perception of clicks,
buzzing sounds, and humming.
Notably, the above discussion is of non-hazardous "effects." Harm and injury, including
severe headache seizures or convulsions, motor ataxia and contractures,
unconsciousness, and destabilizing psychiatric acute, subacute, and chronic outcomes
can be induced. The use of very high intensity RF pulses at, for example, 915 MHz will
cause an elevation in brain temperature of 8 °C, resulting in petit ma/ or grand ma/
seizures after one minute exposure, followed by 5 minutes of unconsciousness.
Recovery occurs when brain temperature returns to within 1°C of normal (37 °C). The
threshold for this stun effect is 680 J, regardless of peak power, pulse width, and
equates to about 28 kJ in terms of expressed peak absorption. This adverse effect is
about 1,000 times higher than the auditory threshold, which in humans is near
16mJ/kg as reported above. No adverse effects, in any event have been found at SARs
(Specific Absorbed Rate is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by the
body when exposed to radio-frequency electromagnetic field. It is defined as the power
absorbed per mass of tissue and has units of watts per kilogram) in the head of 0.2
W/kg (950 MHz) up to 1.0 W/kg (936 & 90 MHz) [13,14].

(Text continues in the original file: 38 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D129 — AAWSAP DIRD, Metallic Spintronics, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D129
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D129
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/23/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

March 2010 spintronics: the only thing that flips more than a pancake.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D129, Defense Intelligence Agency, March 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Surveys metallic spintronics, focusing on giant magnetoresistance and spin‑transfer torque applications
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys metallic spintronics, a branch of electronics that seeks to use both the electric charge and the magnetic spin of electrons to store, detect, and manipulate information, and argues that the field could lead to faster, lower-power, and more radiation-resistant devices than conventional semiconductor electronics. The report focuses on two main effects: giant magnetoresistance (GMR), which allows magnetic states to be read through changes in electrical resistance, and spin-transfer torque (STT), which allows electrical currents to change those magnetic states. The DIRD reviews their underlying physics, the experimental work then available, and possible applications in memory, sensors, oscillators, and logic devices. The document treats metallic spintronics as a promising field while emphasizing that many of its more advanced proposed applications still require substantial further development.

### Full text

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Metallic Spintronics

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 71
Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARN ING : Further dissemi nation of the photographs In this publication Is not a.uthorlzed.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
I AAWSA Prog ram
this document should be addressed to!AAP Person 1
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DW0-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

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Contents
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................iv
2. Giant Magnetoresistance .................................................................................... 1
2.1 GMR Basics .........................................................................................1••········· 1
2.2 GMR Applications ........................................................................................ 3
3. Spin-Transfer-Torque ......................................................................................... 4
3.1 STT Basics ........................................................................................,........... 4

3.2 STT Experiments ............................................................................................... 7
3.3 STT Applications ............................................................................ ..... ........... 10
3.4 STT-Driven Motion of Magnetic Domain Walls ........................................... 12
4, Antiferromagnetic Metal Spintronics ............................................................... 12
4.1 Antiferromagnetic GMR .........,............ .,....................................................... 13
4.2 Antiferromagnetic STT....................................................................... ........ 14
5. Summary and Conclusions ............................................................................... 16
6. References ..............................................................................................,......... 18

Figures
Figure 1. In a Magnetic Multilayer, Several Atomic Layers of Magnetic Material
Alternate With Layers of Nonmagnetic Material ...................................... 1
Figure 2. Resistance of a Magnetic Multilayer R Versus Magnetic Field ...... ............ 2
Figure 3. Differential Resistance dV/dI of a Mechanical Point Contact as a Function
of Current for a Series of Magnetic Fields................................................ 4
Figure 4. Device Schematics for STT Experiments ................................................. 5
Figure 5. Qualitative Picture of STT ....................................................................... 6
Figure 6. Torques on a Magnetic Moment in a Magnetic Field and Subject to an
Electrical Current .........................................................................
7
Figure 7. Spin-Torque-Driven Magnetic Switching .................................................. 8
Figure 8. Oscillatory Voltage .................................................................................. 9
Figure 9. Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy Images ................................. 10
Figure 10. Conventional MRAM Cell ....................................................................... 11
Figure 11. Racetrack Memory Concept .................................................................. 12
Figure 12. Schematic of Point Contact to Sample Geometry ................................. 15
, 1• • • • • • • • • • •

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Metallic Spintroni·cs
1. Introduction
The rapid pace of progress in the computer industry over the past 40
years has been based on the miniaturization of chips and other
computer components. Further miniaturization, however, faces
serious challenges-for example, increasingly high power dissipation.
To continue on pace, the industry must g,o beyond incremental
improvements and embrace radically new technologies. A promising
nanoscale technology known as spintronics (a neologism for "spin­
based electronics"} has emerged. Spintronics refers to the role an
electron spin plays in solid-state physics. Spintronics researchers
aim to develop a revolutionary new class of electronic devices based
on the spin of electrons in addition to the charge. In spintronic
devices, information is carried not by the electron's charge, as in
conventional microchips, but by the electron's intrinsic spin.
Changing the spin of an electron is faster and requires less power
than moving it. Therefore, if a reliable way could be found to control
and manipulate spins, spintronic devices could offer higher data
processing speeds, lower electricity consumption, and many other
advantages over conventional chips, perhaps including the ability to
carry out radically new quantum computations.
Spintronics in ferromagnetic systems is built on a complementary
set of phenomena in which the magnetic configuration of the system
influences its transport properties and vice versa. Giant
magnetoresistance (GMR} (Reference 1, 2} and spin-transfer-torque
(STT} (Reference 3-5} phenomena exemplify such interconnections
in multilayers composed of ferromagnetic (F} and nonmagnetic (N)
layers. The physics and applications of metallic spintronics are
discussed in this report from the perspec:t ive of these two
phenomena. GMR, research on which was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 2007, refers to a large change in resistance of magnetic
multilayers when the relative orientation of magnetic moments in
their constituent ferromagnetic layers is altered by an applied
magnetic field. The inverse effect, STT, in which a large electrical
current density j can perturb the magnetic state of a multilayer, has
also been predicted (Reference 3, 4} and observed in experiments on
current-induced reversal and precession of magnetization
(Reference 5-9} and magnetic domain wall motion (Reference 10,
11}.

iv

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Spintronics is a broad research field with ( currently) three major
subfields: (1) materials research that is attempting to create new
materials that are both magnetic and semiconductors, (2) research
on novel magnetotransport effects in ferromagnetic metals, and (3)
research on techniques that can be used to manipulate individual
electron spins. The first subfield is targeting magnetic
semiconductors because devices based on such materials would be
the easiest to integrate with the present semiconductor device
technology and processing capabilities. However, despite extensive
research, most semiconductor spintronic devices are still theoretical
concepts awaiting experimental demonstrations. This report focuses
on spintronics research in metallic systems within the scope of the
second and third subfields. The second subfield has experienced an
unprecedented period of new discovery over the past 20 years,
including the discovery of GMR, and has already spawned major
technological change in the information storage industry with the
use of GMR sensors and read heads. The third subfield is vital for
spintronic devices, as virtually any processing of information in such
devices is associated with transport and manipulation of spins.
New and efficient methods for manipulating spins that stimulate
active research programs in spintronics at a large number of
academic institutions and a half-dozen industrial research labs
around the world are highly desirable. The prize to be gained is
active control and manipulation of spin distributions (magnetic
moments) for new and improved functionality in
electronic/spintronic devices. The confluence of intense basic
science and industry interest in ferromagnetic metal spintronics has
not occurred on this scale in physics in a long time.
The report is arranged as follows: Section 2 is dedicated to
magnetotransport effects in magnetic systems where magnetic
configuration can influence the system's transport properties. It
discusses GMR in magnetic multilayers and related phenomena,
highlights basic physical principles responsible for GMR, and
describes technological applications of the effect. Section 3 focuses
on the reverse connection between the system's magnetic
configuration and its transport properties-the so-called STT effect.
The physical origin and potential applications are discussed. Section
4 discusses other new directions in metallic spintronics, with a
particular focus on spintronics with antiferromagnetic materials.
Section 5 summarizes, with an eye to the future, the development of
spintronic technologies and their aerospace applications.

V

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2. Giant Magnetoresistance
2.1 GMR BASICS
This section discusses the phenomenon of giant magnetoresistance (GMR). Excellent
reviews of GMR are available elsewhere (Reference 12-22). The focus on physical
concepts important for the sections to follow are discussed.
GMR in magnetic multilayers refers to a dramatic reduction in the resistance of the
multilayers when subjected to an external magnetic field. GMR's size is usually defined
as the resistance change in magnetic field relative to its peak value. The effect can be
distinguished from the ordinary magnetoresistance (MR) coming from the direct action
of the magnetic field on the electron trajectories via the Lorentz force (Reference 23),
and from the anisotropic MR, which comes from dependence of the resistivity on the
relative orientation of magnetic moment to the current (Reference 24 ).
To prepare the magnetic multilayers,
where several atomic layers of one
(ferromagnetic) material alternate by
layers of another (nonmagnetic)
Current
material (see Figure 1), a wide variety
In
of deposition methods have been used,
the Plane
such as electrochemical deposition
techniques (Reference 25, 26) and
various vacuum deposition techniques
(Reference 27, 28). The latter shares
mainly between two methods using
either sputter deposition or molecular
beam epitaxy (MBE) systems. Sputter
deposition involves knocking off the
Current
atoms of the material of interest from a
Perpendicular
target by particle bombardment,
to the Plane
followed by the deposition of high­
energetic atoms ( N2-30 electronvolts
[eV]) onto the substrate. A principal
advantage of sputter deposition is the
ease with which many different
Figure 1. In a Magnetic Multilayer, Several Atomic
materials can be deposited at relatively
Layers of Magnetic Material (shown In grey)
high deposition rates. In contrast,
Alternate With Layers of Nonmagnetic Material
(shown in white). GMR occurs in one of two different
deposition rates in MBE systems are
geometries: (1) when the cu rrent flows in the plane (CIP
usually much lower than for sputtering
geometry) of the layers or (2) wh en th e current flows
systems, but much lower energies
perpendicular (CPP geometry) to t he layers.
(~0.1 eV) of the evaporated material
make this technique favorable for growth of highly oriented single-crystalline films.
The original observation of GMR (Reference 1) was made on MBE grown iron-chromium
(Fe/Cr) mu ltilayers with nearly perfect crystal lin ity. Subsequently, by using sputtered
samples that are grown much more rapidly than MBE samples, it was possible not only
to reproduce these results but also to observe osci ll ations in the magnetoresistance as
the th ickness of the nonmagnetic spacer layers was varied (Reference 29). Subsequent

1

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studies (Reference 30) on sputtered cobalt-copper (Co/Cu) multilayers revealed
magnetoresistances at room temperatures 3 to 4 times larger than those for iron ­
chromium and 13 times gr eater than those for the permalloy films that were used as
magnetoresistive sensors in magnetic reading heads at that time. The much higher
numbers observed in magnetic multilayers predetermined the fate of GMR in magnetic
recording technology.
R
The current understanding is that GMR
observed in magnetic multilayers arises
from the dependence of the resistivity
on their internal magnetic configuration
and the role of the external magnetic
field to change this configuration. Figure
2b illustrates GMR in the simple limit
Bs
where the electron mean-free-path is
J
much longer than the layer thicknesses.
RF - - - The electrical transport properties of the
0
system are described in terms of the so­
Magnetic Field
called two-current model (Reference
F1 F2
F1 F2
31), based on the suggestion by Mott
(Reference 32) that, at temperatures
lower than the Curie temperature, the
spin -up and spin-down electrons will be
almost independent and carry current in
parallel. Electrons are much more
strongly scattered by a magnetic layer if
t R
R
t R r
t r
r
they and the local magnetization spin in
opposite rather than the same direction
t r
r
R
R
R
(R > r). For simplicity, the figure is
drawn with scattering only at interfaces;
Figure 2. (a) Resistance of a magnetic multilayer R
however, there is also scattering within
versus magnetic field. {b) Origin of GMR in terms of
spin-dependent electron scattering: F1 aInd F2 are
the layers. At zero magnetic field,
ferromagnetic layers with a nonmagnetic layer in
where the magnetizations of adjacent
between. At zero magnetic field, the magnetizations
magnetic layers are aligned
in F1 and F2 are aligned antiparallel (center panel)
and can be switched to parallel orientation by an
antiparallel-for example, because of
applied field. (c) The equivalent resistance circuits
exchange coupling between the layers
corresponding to the three magnetic configurations
(Reference 29)-the spin-down
shown in (b). See text for details.
electrons are weakly scattered in layer
Fl but strongly scattered in F2. In contrast, the spin-up electrons are weakly scattered
in layer F2 but strongly scattered in FL As a result, two channels are equivalent,
leading to a total resistance in this "antiferromagnetic" configuration RAF= (R+r)/2 (see
the corresponding resistance circuit in Figure 2c).

l l

~

' t--

w

ioo}

When the magnetizations of the two F layers are set into parallel configuration by an
applied magnetic field, the spin-up electrons are weakly scattered in both layers and
form a low-resistivity channel, whereas the spin-down electrons are strongly scattered
in all the layers and form a high - resistivity channel. The reversal of magnetic fii eld just
interchanges the roles of spin-up and spin-down channels. The current's shunting by
the low-resistivity channe'I produces a low total resistance RF= 2Rr/(R+ r) in this
"ferromagnetic" configuration . The size of the GMR is defined as (RAF-RF)/RAF = (R-

2

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r) 2/(R+r) 2 ~ 1. The other definition ti. R/R = (RAF-RF)/RF= (R-r)2/4Rr (unbounded from
above) is also in use. Figure 2a shows a magnetoresistance curve typical for magnetic
multilayers. The resistance is constant at a minimum value RF above a saturation field
Bs (parallel Fs) and rises to a maximum value RAF as the applied magnetic field B
approaches zero (antiparallel Fs).
GMR occurs in two different geometries (see Figure 1): namely when the current flows
in the plane of the layers, or CIP geometry, or when current flows perpendicular to the
layers, or CPP geometry. Most of experiments on GMR are carried out in the CIP
geometry because measuring the fairly large resistance of a thin film is quite easy (film
length is typically orders of magnitude larger than its thickness). Experiments in the
CPP geometry are more d'i fficult (Reference 33) and require special techniques for
precision measurements of very small resistances ~10-7 - 10-s Q resulting from the
"short and wide" geometry of a 1-mm 2 "wide" and 1-~Lm "long" sample . In order to
increase the resistances to easily observable values, microfabrication techniques can be
used to reduce the sample's cross-sectional area (Reference 34-36). Finally, a simple
and inexpensive point-contact technique (Reference 37) may also be suitable for this
purpose. The samples with a reduced cross-sectional area will be of interest for spin­
transfer-torque experiments presented in Section 3.

2.2 GMR APPLICATIONS
GMR is currently used in magnetic field sensors, including those in read heads for
computer hard drives, in galvanic isolators, and in nonvolatile random access memory
devices. Reading information stored on magnetic har d disk drives in computers was the
first large-sca le commercial application of GMR. The information is stored by
magnetizing small regions (magnetic domains) of a magnetic recording disk in different
directions. The stray magnetic fields from these domains are detected by a GMR
sensing element called spin valve. The simplest type of spin valve consists of two
ferromagnetic layers separated by a thin, nonmagnetic spacer. The spin-valve
resistance is smallest when the magnetizations of the two ferromagnetic layers are
para llel and largest when the magnetizations are antiparallel. The antiparallel alignment
is achieved by making the two layers respond differently to an external magnetic field;
an antiferromagnet in contact with one of the layers is used to effectively "pin" the
magnetization in this layer through an effect called "exchange bias." The exceptional
responsiveness of spin valves to magnetic fields has enabled very high areal packing
densities in hard drives.
Other sensor applications using GMR elements include monitoring of a ferrous gear
rotation in machinery oper ation (Reference 38) via detection of a changing magnetic
flux when a gear tooth passes near the sensor, man itoring of electrical current via
detection of the current-induced Oersted magnetic field, and transferring high­
frequency signals between isolated circuits (Reference 39) via magnetic fields
generated by a high-frequency inductor in one circuit and replicated in another circuit
by a GMR sensor.

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3 . Spin-Transfer-Torque
This section focuses on the spin-transfer-torque (STT) phenomenon, which refers to a
novel method to control and manipulate magnetic moments in nanostructures by spin
currents-one of the forefront and most exciting areas in magnetism research today.

3.1 STT BASICS
The previous section showed that the magnetic state of a ferromagnet can affect its
electrical transport properties; for instance, the relative orientation of the magnetic
moments in magnetic multilayers underlies the phenomenon of GMR (Reference 1, 2).
The inverse effect, in which a large electrical current density can perturb t he magnetic
state of a multilayer, has also been predicted (Reference 3, 4). Here the current
transfers vector spin between the magnetic layers and induces precession and/or
reversal of the layer magnetizations. Altering the magnetic state with spin currents is
based on quantum mechanical exchange interaction and represents a novel method of
magnetization control on the nanometer length scale and the picosecond time scale.
45 ,---,---,---,---,---,--,,---,--~-,---,---,---,
The first observation of such a spin­
transfer phenomenon in magnetic
44
multilayers was recorded by Tsoi et al.
(Reference 5) (see Figure 3). In this
43
experiment, the spin-transfer-induced
excitations were produced by injecting
42
high-density electrical currents into a
Co/Cu magnetic multilayer through a
~
mechanical point contact. Point contacts
~ 41
smaller than 10 nanometers (nm) are
40
formed when a sharpened Cu metal
wire (tip) is carefully brought into
39
contact with the multilayer. The
extremely sma ll cross -sectional area of
38~~~~~-~~~~~~-~
such a contact makes it possible to
0.01
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.02
0.03
achieve current densities in excess of
10 12 A/m 2 . Because of its extremely
VM
sma ll size ( <10 nm), point contact is a
Figure 3. Differential Resistance dV / di of a
very efficient probe of electrical
Mechanical Point Contact as a Function of Current
for a Series of Magnetic Fields. The peak In dV/dl
transport properties in ext remely small
ind icates the onset of SST excitations. The inset shows
sample volumes inaccessible with other
that t he thres hold cu rrent at t he peak In dV/dl Increases
techniques (for example, electron­
linearly with the applied field. (Reference 5)
beam -lithography pattern ing). The
latter qualifies point contact as the smallest probe of STT today.

-a

The STT phenomenon currently attracts considerable attention because it combines
poorly understood fundamental science questions with the promise of applications in a
broad range of technologies. In high-speed, high-density magnetic recording
technology, for instance, SST could replace the Oersted field currently used for writing
magnetic bits in storage media (for example, in magnetic random access memory
[MRAM]). This may lead to a sma ller and faster magnetic memory. Another possible
application is based on the spin -transfer-induced precession of magnetization, which
4

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converts a direct current (de) voltage input into an alternating current (ac) voltage
output. The frequency of such a precession can be tuned from a few gigahertz (GHz) to
> 100 GHz by changing the applied magnetic field and/or de current, effectively
resulting in a current-controlled oscillator for use in practical microwave circuits.
Since its prediction in 1996, the STT effect has been observed in a number of
experiments, including those with mechanical (Reference 5, 9, 40) and lithographic
point contacts (Reference 6, 41), manganite junctions (Reference 7), electrochemically
grown nanowires (Reference 8), lithographically defined nanopillars (Reference 42, 43),
tunnel junctions (Reference 44), and semiconductor structures (Reference 45). These
different methods all share one characteristic feature: they make it possible to attain
extremely high current densities (>10 12 A/m 2 for metallic structures) needed to produce
sufficiently large spin-transfer torques (Reference 3, 4 ). This is achieved by forcing the
electrical current to flow through a very small constriction. The latter can be a
mechanical point contact, a lithographically defined point contact or nanopillar, or a
nanowire, as illustrated in Figure 4. I n all cases, the maximum current density jmax =
I/A is defined by the current I flowing through the device and the minimum cross­
sectional area A of the current path. For typical mechanical point contacts, I 1 mA and
A ~100 nm 2 gives jmax ~10 13 A/m 2 . In lithographically defined structures, both I and A
are typically larg er, I ~10 mA and A ~10000 nm that gives jmax ~10 A/m

~

2

12

,

mechanical
point contacts

lithographycal
point contacts

electrodeposited
manganite
nanowires
trilayer junctions

2

.

IIthog raphycal
pillar devices

e-

Figure 4. Device Schematics for STT Experiments. All experiments share one co mmon feature: a small
constriction for electrical current-that Is, point contact, junction, nanowire, or nanopillar. Black (grey) Indicates
insulator; dark blue indicates mag netic materia l.

The basic physical mechanism underlying STT relies on conservation of angular
momentum. Consider a pedagogically simple case where a conduction electron crosses
an interface between a nonmagnetic metal (N) and a ferromagnet (F). We assume the
initial state of the electron's spin S in N is noncollinear to the F's magnetization M. Once
into F, S is subject to an exchange torque caused by M that tends to reorient S.
Therewith, according to Newton 's Third Law, there should also exist a reaction torque
that acts on M - STT torque. Deep into F, S is aligned with M, and the change in
angular momentum that occurs from its reorientation has been transferred to M. Hence
the phenomenon's name: spin -transfer torque. Of course, the torque applied to M by a
single-sp in S is negligibly small owing to S being negligibly small compared with M. For
high current density crossing the N/F interface, however, the number of such spins can
be very large and the resulting effective S might become comparable to M. This
highlights the need for high current densities to observe the STT phenomenon .
A typical experiment on current-driven excitation of a ferromagnet usually involves two
single-domain thin -film magnets separated by a nonmagnetic spacer. Here one magnet

5

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(Fa) is "hard" and used to polarize the current, while the spacer (N) is thin enough for
the polarized current to get t hrough and excite t he second "free" magnet (Fb) , This
Fa/N/Fb trllayer structure is sim ilar to a GMR spin valve . The GMR effect can thus be
used to monitor the orientation of Fb relative to Fa - GMR varies linearly with cose,
where e is ang le between magnetic moments of Fa and Fb, and a phenomenological
description (Reference 46) gives the trilayer resistance R(0) = RF+ (RAF- RF) (1 cos0)/2. When current flows across Fa/N/Fb, t he current-induced torques act on both Fa
and Fb layers (Reference 3, 47). Th is is schematica lly illustrated in Figure 5. This
qualitative picture of STT .assumes both Fa and Fb layers are perfect spin filters, so t hat
electron spins aligned with t he magnetic moment of, for example, Fa layer are
completely transmitted t hrough the layer, while spi ns aligned antiparallel to the layer
moment are comp letely reflected. When electron current crosses the Fb/N/Fa trilayer
from right to left (Figure Sa), electrons transmitted t hrough Fa will be polarized along
Fa. If spin-diffusion length in N is long enough, this spi n- polarized curre nt will reach Fb
and exert a torque on Fb in a direction so as to align Fb with Fa. Repeating the argument
for Fb, we find that electrons reflected from Fb will be polarized antiparallel to Fb and,
hence, in turn exert a torque on Fa trying to alig n Fa antiparallel with Fb. The net result
is a pinwheel-type motion with both Fa and Fb rotating in the same direction (clockwise
in Figure Sa), as described previously by Slonczewski (Reference 3). When the current
crosses the trilayer from left to right, the directions of the torques are reversed (Figure
Sb) - the torque on Fa is trying to align Fa parallel with Fb, while the torque on Fb is
trying to align Fb antiparallel with Fa .

Fb N

Fa

F N

r V
-¢

¢-

¢

Electron Current

(b)
Electron Current

Figure 5. Qualitative Picture of STT. (a) For left- going electrons magnetic moments (thin arrows) of both Fa and
Fb are rotated clockwi se. (b) For right-going electrons the directions of t he torques (thick arrows) on Fa and Fb are
reversed . (Reference 47)

The above discussion implies the asymmetry of STT with res pect to current direction as
follows. Let's fix t he orientation of the polarizer Fa; in experiments this is usually
accomplished by making Fa very t hick (compared wit h Fb) or by pi nn ing its orientation
with an adjacent antiferromagnetic layer via the phenomenon of exchange bias. If
initially Fb is almost parallel with Fa, t he left-going electrons will stabilize this parallel
alignment, and no STT excitation is present. When current bias is reversed , the torque
on Fb will try to rotate Fb away from Fa and will result in STT excitation of the system.
This asymmetry with respect to current polarity is one of the main features of STT in
experiments; see, for insta nce, Figure 5, where STT excitations are present only at
negative bias.
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3 .2 STT EXPERIMENTS
Section 3.1 introduced the physics of STT in magnetic nanosystems. We have seen that
a high-density electrical current can result in torques on magnetic elements of the
system . These torques may be used to control and manipulate the system's magnetic
state . However, the resulting behavior of the system can differ significantly from case
to case, depending on particular conditions of observation. For instance, in modest
external magnetic fields, magnetization of a small element can be repeatedly reversed
between two stable configurations, while at higher fields, where the reversal is
energetically unfavorable, the moment can be set into precession at a very high

...

frequency . To understand details of what happens with a magnetic moment S in a
particular situation, one can use Newton's Second Law.

...

...

For S this would be the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, where the rate of change of S

...

is set equal to the net torque acting on S :

Equation 1:

...

Here the first term on the right is the
torque on a magnetic moment S in an
~

effective magnetic field B eff, (including
applied, demagnetizing, anisotropy, and
other fields), with y the gyromagnetic
ratio; the second term is a
phenomenological damping term
introduced by Gilbert, with a. the Gilbert
damping parameter; ~e thir~ term is
the SST where small s· and * are unit

•

STT

•

Damping

vectors along and the polarizer ' *, I
is the current, µs is the Bohr magneton,
e is the electron charge, and 11 is the
spin -polarization factor.
The diagram in Figu re 6 shows the
directions of the three torques from
Equation 1. Note that, depending on the
polarity of applied current, the STT
Figure 6. liorques on a Magnetic Moment in a
torque can be either in the same or
Magnetic Field and Subject to an Electrical Current

(Text continues in the original file: 27 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D130 — AAWSAP DIRD, Technological Approaches to Controlling External Devices, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D130
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D130
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/23/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Vegas 2010: the only place where the chips weren’t gambling, they were brain‑waves.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D130, Defense Intelligence Agency, March 2010, incident 3/23/10, Las Vegas, Nevada.
- Surveys brain‑machine interface methods, both noninvasive and invasive, assessing signals, bandwidth, response time, usability.
- Concludes near‑term noninvasive electrical approaches most practical; invasive interfaces needed for higher‑bandwidth control.

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys brain-machine interface technologies intended to allow users to control external devices without conventional manual controls, and it evaluates both noninvasive and invasive approaches for turning neural or related physiological signals into usable commands. The report reviews the underlying neural signals, distinguishes between open- and closed-loop control systems, and examines technologies including scalp-based electrical recording, magnetic and imaging-based methods, and implanted cortical interfaces, with particular attention to bandwidth, response time, signal quality, and practical usability. It concludes that, in the near term, the most practical systems are likely to be noninvasive electrical approaches that draw heavily on muscle and neural signals, while longer-term high-bandwidth control would likely require more advanced invasive interfaces capable of robust two-way communication with individual neurons. The document presents thought-based control of external devices as a research field with plausible assistive and specialized applications, while emphasizing that naturalistic, high-performance control remained constrained by major technical and physiological limits.

### AI summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Agency report titled "Technological Approaches to Controlling External Devices in the Absence of Limb-Operated Interfaces," dated March 2010. It was prepared by the Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3) of the Defense Warning Office, Defense Intelligence Agency. The report discusses methods for controlling external devices without traditional limb-operated interfaces, focusing on neural signals and brain-machine interfaces. It covers both noninvasive and invasive technologies, including EEG, MEG, EMG, and neural implants. The report concludes that noninvasive electrical monitoring is the most promising near-term technology, while invasive methods may offer higher bandwidth communication in the long term.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED/ f 1"8rt 8Ffl@ltltl ~!HI 8HL\f

Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
23 March 2010
!COD : 1 December 2009
DIA-08- 1003-012

Technological Approaches to
Controlling External Devices in
the Absence of Limb-Operated
Interfaces

UNCLASSIFIED/ /f8R 8FFI&I.t.k Wliili Qtlb¥

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Technological Approaches to Controlling External Devices

in the Absence of Limb-Operated Interfaces

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
D irectorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 73

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARN ING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to !AAP Person 1
l AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

ii

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Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................v
Direct Neural Signals.............................................................................................. 1
Indirect Neuronal Signals - The BOLD Effect.......................................................... 3
Control of External Devices .................................................................................... 4
Noninvasive Technologies ...................................................................................... 6
EEG ..................................................................................................................... 7
MEG .................................................................................................................... 8
EMG .................................................................................................................... 9
MRI and fMRI ..................................................................................................... 9

NIRS .................................................................................................................... 10
Invasive Technologies .......................................................................................... 10
Open-Loop Direct Cortical Array Algorithm Modeling ....................................... 11
Closed-Loop Peripheral Arrays Utilizing Visual Feedback ................................. 13
MEMS, ECoG, and PSoC Circuitry ...................................................................... 14

Chronic Neural Implants and fMRI ................................................................... 16
New Electrode Designs ..................................................................................... 18
Hybrid Neuro-Robotic Systems for True Closed-Loop BMI ................................ 20
Trials Using Human Subjects ............................................................................ 22
Optical Stimulation of Action Potentials ........................................................... 23
Discussion ............................................................................................................ 23
Noninvasive Electrical Devices ......................................................................... 24
Noninvasive BOLD-Based devices..................................................................... 25
Noninvasive Magnetic Devices ......................................................................... 26
Invasive Technologies - General, Optical, and Ex-Vivo Engineering ................. 26
Implantable Chips, Ladders, and Arrays ........................................................... 27

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Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 27

Figures
Figure 1. Simplified Rendering of a Neuron ............................................................ 1
Figure 2. The General Layout of a Closed-Loop Control Interface ........................... 5
Figure 3. Two Commercially Available EEG Sensors................................................ 8
Figure 4. Experimental Overview of Brain-Controlled Robot in a Closed Loop
With Visual Feedback Experiment ......................................................... 13
Figure s. Schematic of the Neurochip Functional Blocks ...................................... 15
Figure 6. Implant Location ................................................................................... 16
Figure 7. Histology and Electrode Tracks ............................................................. 17
Figure 8. The Michigan Electrodes ........................................................................ 18
Figure 9. Image Distortion and Custom Microwire Electrode Assembly to
Improve It ............................................................................................. 19
Figure 10. Example of T2 Variability ..................................................................... 19
Figure 11. T2 Value Analysis Summary of T2 Values in All the Image Slices That
Spanned the Electrode Arrays in All Animals ....................................... 20
Figure 12. A Hybrid Neuro-Robotic System .......................................................... 21
Figure 13. Experimental Arrangements ................................................................ 21

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Technological Approaches to Controlling External Devices
in the Absence of Limb-Operated Interfaces
Introduction
Since the advent of modern interactive control of computers, technologies
have been sought to directly connect the biological and the physical to form a
seamless entity. While science fiction explores the possibilities of shared
consciousness between brains and mainframes, real-life scientists work
toward an equally fantastic but more pedestrian goal of eliminating required
electromechanical human-machine interfaces (HMis). Such technologies
promise integration of thought and computer-controlled action, without the
need for a limb-operated device to translate intent from physiological
networks to physical circuits.
This paper first briefly reviews underlying neural structure, function, and
activity to provide background on the type of signals and the scale of temporal
changes that arise from conscious control within the nervous system. A short
primer on brain-machine interfaces (BMis) is included at the end of the
background material. This is followed by a survey of the state-of-the-art
detection and stimulation technologies available utilizing noninvasive and
invasive methods, including several studies that exemplify research paths
currently being undertaken. Discussion brings together elements of the
technology survey, application limitations, a timeline for useful commercial
deployment, and predicted future research directions. Two technology
research paths are highlighted as the most probable to produce functionally
useful devices (defined as nearly equal or even superior to the control
capabilities of current HMis) in the near and far term.
The technology endpoint this paper seeks is thought-based operation of
remote machinery during normal human activities without mechanical device
interaction-that is, control of external devices without the need to go to a
specified location, such as a shielded room; without the need to remain
perfectly motionless to reduce signal noise; and without the need for
interaction with a normal electro-mechanical device, such as an i-Phone or
other handheld device with buttons and trackballs. Data transfer rates are
sought to exceed 5-10 bits/second to be useful for operation of complex
devices; this rate range and above is referred to as high-bandwidth BMis.
Response time for a 1-of-N selection of commands is targeted at 300
milliseconds or less. These are the operational parameters assumed for final
implementation unless some limitation or supercapability is described.
The paper concludes that noninvasive electrical monitoring of neural activity,
primarily reading combined action of muscles and neurons, is the most
promising commercial technology in the near term. Inherent limitations in the
noninvasive electrical approach require future development of different
research paths. The paper argues, mainly by eliminating other approaches,
that the most probable technology in the long term involves invasive single­
neuron-based direct cortical connections to form a network of high-bandwidth
duplex communication pathways. Currently the most promising technologies
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for robust construction of such an interface are optical stimulation, gating, and
sensory devices, and chip-based electrode arrays that have been encased in
ex-vivo-engineered neural tissue.

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Direct Neural Signals
The human nervous system has two classes of cells, neurons and glia. Based on all
research to date, it is believed that signals within the network of neurons constitute the
whole of information processing, with gl ial cells playing a purely supporting role. This
neural doctrine has dominated research in BMI until recently and still constitutes the
only major research path in direct technologies. Furthermore, all technologies directly
measuring human neuronal action rely on detecting or influencing electrical activity of
these cells; no current in situ research selectively affects neurotransmitter activity
between local cells for the purpose of information exchange . Therefore, the focus for
the foreseeable future will be on the electrical activity of neurons as the primary target
of BMI.
Neurons consist of four parts: axon, dendrites, cell body or soma, and pre-synaptic
terminals. Electrical information is transmitted to the neuron through the dendrites,
proceeds through the cell body, and leaves the cell through the axon at one or more
pre-synaptic terminals. Neurons have one axon and from one to tens of thousands of
dendrites.

Figure 1. Simplified Rendering of a Neuron. The arrows indicate t he direction in which signals are
conveyed . The single axon conducts signals away from the cell body, while the multiple dendrites receive
signals from the axons of other neurons. The nerve terminals end on the dendrites or cell body of other
neurons or on other cell types, such as muscle or gland cells. (Reference 1)

Chemical details of how the action potentials travel through the cell or are transmitted
across the synapse are not important to the current treatise, other than the distinction
that in these biologically based electrical networks, ions of sodium, potassium, and
chlorine move through the cell membranes perpendicular to the propagation of the
action potential down the axon. This allows information to be transmitted faster than
ions could flow down the axon. The propagation of information is sim il ar to a wave
traveling down a garden hose: quickly move one end of the hose back and forth with
sufficient force, and a wave will travel to the other end of the hose; however, any part
of the hose structure has only moved (nominally) perpendicular to the direction of wave
propagation. In a similar fashion, ions flow through channels across the axon's cell
membrane, changing the local membrane potential and thus propagating the electrical
signal down the axon.

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The signal transmission down the axon of a neuron is an all-or-nothing process. When
the cell body is stimulated above threshold, the axon transmits the same action
potential at the same speed and in the same direction, regardless of the extent above
threshold or duration of the input. Action potentials have durations of 1-10
milliseconds. Input signals can result in transmission of multiple action potentials, and
thus the frequency and number of neuronal firings do vary with the input. Neurons
require some t ime to reset between firings, nominally the duration of the pulse for that
axon, yielding a typical maximum firing rate of between 100 hertz (Hz) and 1 kilohertz
(kHz).
It is instructional at this point to contrast this mechanism with propagation of signals
through a physical electrical circuit, the planned external portion of our BMI. In a
copper wire, electrons carry the signal. Electrons drift along the signal path, but the
signal itself moves as a compression wave rather than a transverse wave as in the
biologica l system. Going back to our garden hose example, consider the hose now filled
with small marbles: inserting a marble at one end will move each marble in the hose
just a little, but very rapidly the last marble in line will pop out of the far end of the
hose. As with the biological system, the signal is propagated to the far end of the hose
by local actors rather than physical motion of a single ion or electron moving the whole
distance. The underlying physics governing the signal transmission makes metallic and
semimetallic circuits about a million times faster than the biological system.

This difference in the carriers and underlying mechanisms of signa l transmission
between biological and physical circuits has so far prevented the invention of a direct
connection between the two disparate systems. Instead, both noninvasive and invasive
direct-detection technologies rely on placing physical sensors or transmitters in close
proximity to the neurons of interest and utilizing classical electrodynamics to govern
signal jump between the systems. Additionally, given the maximum typical firing rate
for neurons of 1 kHz, sampling of action potentials at a few kHz will be fast enough to
detect firing of any individual neuron, though super-sampling above 10 kHz can be used
to reduce noise. Higher sampl ing frequencies also may be required if multiple neurons
are monitored and quantitative information about their relative firing sequence is
desired . Frequencies of a 1 kHz or below are sufficient to stimulate action potentials,
and again, higher system frequency may be required for multiple neuron sequential
stimulation. Finally, higher frequencies may be required if monitoring or stimulation of
some aspect of signal transmission other than action potentials is sought, such as
monitoring single ion channels. 1 There is currently no evidence that transduction
frequencies above 100 kHz have any advantage in BMis, thus the main challenge is the
connection dynamics, since even this ultra-maximum frequency is easily attainable with
current electronic manufacturing technology.
The human brain doesn't process information as a traditional computer does.
Information is moved around through pathways and at certain neurons it is allowed or
not allowed to pass based on excitory or inhibitory dendritic signals arriving before
triggering of action potentials . Local groups of neurons can act nearly coherently, for
example in volition of motor action like a hand movement. Detecting such coherent
firing at nodes around the bra in is robust both noninvasively and invasively, though
1 Technologies that monitor single ion channels on a neuronal membrane are important for researc h on

neural
function and neurotransm itter action . However, these devices are ultra -sensitive to physical motion, and have so
far not proven useful in large scale information transfer required in BMis .

2

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noninvasive techniques currently cannot resolve firing sequences of individual neurons
within such groups.
Living neurons in an active tissue fire in the rest state. Changes in the frequency of
these firings imply that a given neuron is currently involved in the processing of
information. Bulk changes in local field potential oscillations imply that several neurons
are active. This is the signal seen in the noninvasive direct-measurement techniques of
electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG).
Movement as simple as an eye blink involves signal communication through a million
neurons. Several locales in the nervous system thus offer the possibility of placement of
an invasive monitoring device for detecting electrical activity associated with an eye
blink or other signal of interest. Many other factors will influence the placement
decision, but considering only catching the signal as an action potential, using any
neuron along the complete pathway is equally as good, assuming detection of individual
neuronal firing can be accomplished.
Considering cortical placement of detection devices, the most common area of activity
under study is the outer covering of gray matter of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex.
The neocortex is about 2. 5 mm thick in humans and follows the ridges and fissures of
the brain (gyri and sucli, respectively, or gyrus and sulcus, if singular). The neocortex is
roughly divided into six layers and different cortical probes can concentrate on activity
in different layers, or just measure the combined activity on the surface of the cortex,
or the combined activity that is detectable noninvasively through the layers of tissue
and bone of the cranium.
Detecting single firings of individual neurons is a difficult process because the signals
are weak to start with, and not isolated from the rest of the electrical activity within the
brain. Large groups of coherent neurons, perhaps a few thousand to tens of thousands
all firing at once in relation to an external event, are the most studied of single firing
signals. 2 One of the most studied signals is the so-called P300 which occurs in many
cognitive tasks (References 2-4).
P300 is a term used to indicate a pulse signal from a large group of neurons that
appears about 300 milliseconds after a stimulus event. Peaks that occur between 200
and 400 milliseconds are commonly grouped into the P300 category. The "P" stands for
a positive measured voltage, while "N" signals are negative. 3 The P300 signal has been
shown to be influenced by top-down executive function and is therefore a prime
candidate for a trainable interface (Reference 5). Earlier signals, like PS0 and Nl00, are
of a greater interest for differential diagnosis of pathology in current research.
The preceding discussion is greatly simplified version of the electrical dynamics of
neuronal firing and does not include differences between axon and dendrite signals, or
the transmission of signals across the synapse. Complete discussion of underlying
electrical signals in the nervous system can be found in (References 6, 7).

Indirect Neuronal Signals - The BOLD Effect
2 Single firing signa ls here mean a single peak of combined electrical activ ity relative to an event. This is not
necessarily the same as single firings of each neuron .
3 The literature is not consistent with plotting P signals up, and N signals down ; however, P peaks are always in the
opposite direction of N peaks.

3

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The brain activity mentioned above is a complex chain of ionic motion within the central
nervous system. Ionic production, release, and movement within and between cells all
consume energy. This energy is supplied by the conversion of blood-borne
oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin. The rate of oxygen consumption in a localized
volume varies based on local neural activity. The circulatory system compensates for
changes in energy demand by increasing or decreasing both the flow rate and volume
of blood, regionally and locally. Local energy demand, expressed in the capillary beds,
will alter the rate at which oxygen is metabolized, called the cerebral rate of oxygen
metabolism, abbreviated CMRO2. When brai n activity increases in a region, the
circulatory response, called the hemodynamic response, will be increases in flow and
volume, while the local areas increase CMRO2.
The hemodynamic response consistently provides an excess of oxygen over what is
required, and this results in some oxyhemoglobin traveling through the capillary bed
and local venous structure without being converted into deoxyhemoglobin. Oxy- and
deoxyhemoglobin have different magnetic susceptibilities, and different infrared
spectra. The hemodynamic response, by changing the net ratio of oxy- to
deoxyhemoglobin in the local venous structure, thus changes the local magnetic
susceptibility and local infrared resonance spectra around focused brain activity. This
complex chain reaction is called the Blood Oxygen Level Dependent, or BOLD effect
(Reference 8). The BOLD effect leads to a method to indirectly measure the local brain
activity by monitoring the hemodynamic response using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) or Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS).
The BOLD response to any event peaks about 4-6 seconds a~er the event occurs,
limiti ng the applications for which monitoring these signals and their associated delay
may be useful, given the BMI operating parameters defined above Furthermore, person
to person variation in distributed signals show significant differences in regions
activated (Reference 9), though there is evidence that these inter-subject variations are
stable intra-subject over time (Reference 10).

Control of External Devices
In general, t here are two types of BMI design called open-loop and closed-loop. Open
loop designs, those either detecting activity or providing stimulation, are important for
BMI research and application other than the practical control of an external device.
Closed-loop systems include both output signals from the brain to effect a change in the
state of a device, and a stimulation channel, which can be used as feedback. In some
system designs, the feedback can be via visual cues such as watching a display
(Reference 11). Open- loop systems are important for BMI research and have
application in sense replacement such as artificial hearing, or when extensive output
signal processing is combined with external device state feedback (see remote robot
operation below). For learning and fine, efficient control of external devices without
significant external processin g, closed-loop systems are typically needed .
Several components constitute a general BMI system for control of an external device
(Figure 2). As mentioned in the previous section, the interfaces where the information
signal makes the jump between biological and physical pathways are the most
challenging part of the system. These connections can be placed to stimulate or read
peripheral or cerebral neurons . The processing step could be as simple as amplification

4

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of a spiking train to trigger a switch, or as complex as decoding signal from noise
utilizing a 300-channel EEG cap.

~-------------------------,

---1 -------------------'

: Additional sensory
I

~

,----1

Brain

Output
interface

:

Input
interface

Output
signal
processing

Components of a
Closed-loop BMI
Control System
Input
signal
processing

External
Device

Figure 2. The General Layout of a Closed-Loop Control Interface. The input and output interfaces can attach
to read or affect activity of cerebra l or peripheral neurons. Add itional sensory feedback channels such as visual
displays, audio tones, or haptic feedback are possible . In some system designs, especially noninvasive types, these
sensory feedback channels replace stimulation inputs. In an open-loop interface, either the input or output signal
paths are absent.

One consideration in developing a BMI control system is the utility of the application:
does it make sense to directly tie these controls to neural activity? The bulk of research
in direct neural interfaces is toward the goal of restoring mechanical capabilities to
those individuals who have either lost limbs or lost control of limbs through central
nervous system injury or disease. In these cases it is of obvious utility to produce a
system that moves a cursor across screen to select an item over the course of several
seconds; however, for a healthy individual, it is far more practical to execute a hand
movement to control a mechanical device4 to achieve the same goal.
An exception to consider is the case of applications where the subject's hands or feet
are already occupied with other essential tasks in the overall application. A research
question for any such application is whether training a subject to uti lize a BMI is
advantageous over a more complex mechanical interface. Furthermore, whether
training on a new BMI affects learning/retaining proficiency with similar BMis is an
additional concern.
Moreover, for any BMI, one can quantitatively describe the information transfer in
controlling the magnitude of human motor action (Reference 12). Since the advent of
digital control of external devices, this information is expressed in equivalent bits per
4 Mechanical device as used here represents any limb-operated interface, such as a mouse or touchscreen.

5

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second transferred. Higher bit rates equate to more efficient interfaces . Baseline
examples of performance include finger pointing, which can convey 14 bits/s of
information (Reference 13), operation of a mouse about 8 bits/s (Reference 14), while
stylus tapping a soft QWERTY keyboard on a PDA has a lower rate, around 5 bits/s
(Reference 15).
Once these questions are researched and answered for a given application, the design
choice should be made whether a new mechanical interface, or an optical interface that
tracking detailed motion of the eyes, body and limbs, may be the optimum solution
rather than a BMI. 5
Another consideration in developing a BMI control system is the cognitive limit of
supervisory control of external devices. The current state of the art for human
interfaces involves volition of control, meaning that there is some executive
supervision, typically involving the pre-frontal cortex, active during the control process.
Recent studies relating to control of semiautonomous vehicles show that there are
significant limits on the number of supervisory activities that can be undertaken
simultaneously (Reference 16). In response to these limits, one can consider utilization
of nonsupervised brain networks in control of external devices, similar to those brain
systems that initiate very complex muscle coordination activity such as martial arts or
playing a musical instrument, or systems like those that are responsible for autonomic
function. Application from such research is long term, but there are current studies that
show BMI training of at least one spinal cord patient exhibited differential activity in the
cerebellum, owing to extraordinary plasticity (Reference 17). It is therefore not out of
the realm of possibility that sufficient input and output interfaces that include neural
pathways through the cerebellum could result in over-learning a BMI application to the
point that supervisory control is developed and thus significant cognitive effort is not
required.

Noninvasive Technologies
There are four noninvasive technologies currently in widespread use in monitoring brain
activity. The two direct-measure technologies involve detecting surface currents from
the relative voltage changes at or just below the scalp, electroencephalography (EEG),
and detection of near scalp magnetic fields associated with neural pathway current flow,
magnetoencephalography (MEG). The remaining two indirect measures involve
monitoring BOLD response through rapid successions of whole brain MRI (functional
MRI or fMRI), and near-i nfrared spectroscopy (NIRS). 6
The primary technology used for BMI is also the oldest. EEG was first described in 1929
(Reference 18) and now exists in several derivative forms. Traditional EEG uses
electrodes at the surface of the scalp to measure and amplify potential differences
between points above the cortical surface and a fixed reference such as the average
read ing from the earlobes. Traditional EEG data is analyzed by breaking up the power
spectrum into several bands between 0.5 and 100 Hz. A derivative form of EEG
developed about 10 years later is called event-related potentials, or ERP. In ERP, scalp
5 There is a valid argument to be made that optical tracking and analysis, especially of the eyes, is a BMI
technology as defined in the current treatise. It is excluded as one merely by fiat.
6 NIRS is occasionally refe rred to as fu nctional NIRS or fNIRS. NIRS using multiple sources to produce 3D images of
internal changes in blood flow is occasionally called diffuse optical tomography (DOT) . DOT is a more genera l
technology that can also refer methods such as to visible-light laser excitation of tissue.

6

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data is averaged over several electrodes time-locked to a stimulus (Reference 19). Both
the previous methods record summed electrical activity of nominally 50,000 local
neurons, thus large coherent group spiking activity 7 is required to produce appreciable
signal.

EEG
EEG-based BMI systems use pattern recognition among the several electrodes to
transmit information. In closed-loop systems, audio or visual feedback is utilized.
Tra ining on the system and adaptation by the process ing software can increase target

(Text continues in the original file: 36 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D131 — AAWSAP DIRD, The Role of Superconductors in Gravity Research, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D131
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D131
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/23/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Las Vegas research focused on superconductors, not on hitting the jackpot.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D131, Defense Intelligence Agency, March 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Surveys theoretical links and disputed experiments on superconductors affecting gravity
- Experimental verification remains limited, no definitive findings

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD is a historical survey of efforts to determine whether superconductors might play a role in producing, detecting, or modifying gravity-related effects in a laboratory setting. It reviews the main theoretical and experimental lines of work in that area and attempts to connect superconducting materials with gravitational-wave or propulsion-related concepts. Because the topic is highly contested within the scientific literature, the report spends substantial attention on experiments of disputed value and on controversial theories, especially claims that rotating or energized superconductors might generate anomalous gravitational effects. Overall, the document treats the subject as an exploratory research area with potentially major implications if any real effect were verified, while also making clear that the evidentiary base remained weak, that prominent claims had not been convincingly replicated, and that both the underlying theory and the experimental record remained deeply disputed.

### Full text

#### Page 1

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Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
23 Ma rch 2010
!COD : 1 December 2010
DIA-08-1003-013

The Role of Superconductors
in Gravity Research

UNCLASSIFIED/ /F8R 8ffle1Jltl tJ9! OHL I

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The Role of Superconductors in Gravity Research

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author :

AAP Person 75

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARN ING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

Th is product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to !AAP Person 1
AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/ DW0-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

I,

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The Role of Superconductors in Gravity Research
Introduction
This paper is a historical survey of the role superconductors have played in the
recent search for laboratory-scale manipulation of gravity. The invention of
superconductors and, in particular, the recent development of high­
temperature ceramic superconductors have provided the impetus for pursuing
a connection between gravity, electromagnetism, and, in particular,
magnetism and matter in the solid state. The discovery of yttrium-barium­
copper oxide (YBCO) YBa2Cu301 ceramics able to superconduct at liquid
nitrogen temperatures allowed many laboratories around the world to
fabricate these superconductors in various experimentally useful sizes. True
Meissner repulsion was obtained by cooling them using relatively cheap liquid
nitrogen rather than liquid helium. For the theoretician, the possibility of
considering the superconductor being a macroscopic quantum object as a
reality rather than a fantasy suggested several avenues for developing
theories connecting gravity and gravity-like forces to engineerable matter. For
the experimentalist, extrapolations from these theories suggested there might
actually be gravitational disturbances in the laboratory that would be
amenable to measurement, assuming all necessary precautions were taken to
exclude artifact.

iii

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Gravity Waves
A distinction should be made between gravitational waves, the gravitational "force,"
and anomalous forces. Currently, work on gravitational waves is divided into two more
or less distinct realms: low frequency (less than a few hundred Hz) and high frequency
(greater than ~ several tens of kHz). The existence of gravitational waves of any
frequency is a natural outcome of Einstein's theory of general relativity (GR). The
search for low-frequency gravitational waves currently utilizes large, heavy, and long
metal bars as detectors together with interferometers, strain gauges, and
accelerometers in an attempt to detect quadrupolar gravitational waves from
cosmological sources, such as binary stars. The general idea is that if a large mass of
precisely known dimensions is effectively isolated from the surrounding environment
(such as Earth) by means of special vibration and other isolators, the masses will
interact with the small-amplitude gravity waves emitted by large masses in the cosmos
and their lengths will change, but by extremely small amounts. UGO, LISA, VIRGO,
DECIGO (Japan), and CEGO {China) are some of the acronyms given to these
experiments. They are primarily attempts to verify the existence of these waves to
further solidify the understanding that GR gives us about the nature of space and
matter. Several researchers consider that high-frequency gravitational waves (HFGW)
will be produced in the laboratory under certain conditions in the near future (Reference
1). These researchers have a considerably more ambitious view of the future than the
low-frequency gravitational wave researchers, including the use of HFGW for
communications, telescopy, microscopy, and possibly propulsion. Some consider that
the production and detection of these waves will be mediated, or at least assisted, by
superconductors (References 2, 3). Current research on the link between HFGW and the
manipulation of gravity for propulsion is at present only theoretical. If gravitational
waves can interact with and be converted into forces in laboratory-scale matter, it is
hoped that those forces would be manifest not as gravitational forces per se, as these
gravitational forces would be exceedingly small and difficult to unequivocally detect in
the laboratory, but rather as electromagnetic or ponderable nongravitational forces,
thus making them more amenable to detection by electromagnetic means.

Gravitoel ectromag netism
The gravitational "force" arises from the tendency of one body to accelerate toward
another. (Force is in quotation marks here merely for simplicity and ease of use when
comparing gravity with other forces, as many other gravity-like forces can be easily
confused in the laboratory with actual gravitational attraction.) The physical explanation
for gravitational attraction has been elusive at best. Several notable attempts at novel
explanations have recently been published. Puthoff (Reference 4) developed an idea
originally put forward by Sakharov (Reference 5) that posits gravity as a Casimir-like
attraction arising within the universal sea of fluctuating electromagnetic interactions,
sometimes called zero-point fluctuations. Alzofon (Reference 6) presented an
engineering approach to interacting with gravity by means of altering nuclear entropy
using a technique associated with electron paramagnetic resonance called dynamic
nuclear orientation-that is, enhanced polarization of the magnetic moments of
nucleons by interaction with pulsed polarized electron spins. Hughes (Reference 7)
analyzed the Kopernicky Conjecture, which holds that gravity is nothing other than the
slight difference between forces of coulomb attraction and repulsion. However, none of
these researchers appealed to the special form of matter constituting superconductors.

1

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The "attraction" of modifying gravity-whether your own, your spacecraft's, or that of a
nearby large mass-for propulsive purposes lies in two general categories of effect:
•

The modifying, neutralizing, or negating of the gravitational attraction of a nearby
body, typically Earth.

•

The provision of propulsive force or impulse to a spacecraft based on manipulation
of the same underlying physical phenomenon that forms the basis of gravity.

The theoretical and experimental attempts outlined in this paper deal with both these
possibilities.
In experiments designed to produce a gravity-l ike force or to interact directly with a
local gravity field, the researcher has to be looking for extremely small deviations from
a null result. Observations to date demonstrate that interactions between gravity and
electromagnetic fields, given the field densities and strengths available to even the
most well-equipped laboratory, are many orders of magnitude smaller than those
required to begin to see such forces. Braginski et al. (Reference 8) showed that
ordinary matter cannot be used to generate measurable gravitational fields in the
laboratory. The standard edict against such things as gravity shields can be summed up
by noting the absence of negative gravitational mass, at least in this sector of the
universe, resulting in the relative "gravitational permittivity/permeability" being unity in
normal matter. Therefore, demonstrating that a new force, whether gravitational or
not, has been discovered in the laboratory will require an intense effort to provide
proof. This implies being able to distinguish between true gravity-like forces and gravity
interactions and a host of prosaic effects masquerading as these forces . A list of
potential artifacts attendant on such experiments can be found in Reference 9.
General relativity introduces a metric tensor theory of gravity, and while it does not
explain the fundamental physical basis of the gravitational attraction between two
bodies, it does allow the prediction of a large range of interactions between bodies.
Simi larly, Maxwell's vector equations do not explain the fundamental basis for
electromagnetic interactions but do allow us to predict the outcomes of such
interactions. It is possible to reformulate the tensor format of GR into a simple vector
format that is val id only for a subset of GR conditions, namely in the weak field
approximation and for nonrelativistic velocities. Using perturbation theory, for example,
to compute the equations of motion in the simplified GR equations results in terms that
have direct analogs in Maxwell equations where electrical current flow is rep laced by
mass flow, for example. Forward (Reference 10, 11) was among the first to investigate
this analog. One term is analogous to the Biot-Savart-like magnetic fie ld and is
generally referred to as the "gravitomagnetic field" (and also sometimes as
"gravitational frame dragging" or the "Lense-Thirring Effect") and has the dimensions of
s- 1 . Another term is analogous to the electrostatic coulomb field and is referred to as
the "gravitoelectric field." Essentially, the gravitomagnetic field produces a force
between currents of flowing matter, while the gravitoelectric field produces a force
between masses themselves (the Newtonian gravitational field). Sometimes the term
"gravitoelectromagnetic field" is used to refer to both the gravitoelectric and
gravitomagnetic fields.
Gravity is thus composed of a (Newtonian) velocity-independent field and a
(gravitomagnetic) velocity-dependent field analogous to the electric and magnetic fields
2

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in electromagnetic theory. The simplified GR/Maxwell equations show that there is also
a Faraday-like law of induction that can generate Newtonian gravitational fields from
time-varying gravitomagnetic fields.
Modern attempts to confirm the existence of the gravitomagnetic field include highly
accurate laser ranging of the Earth-Moon distance (Reference 12), as well as the launch
of the Gravity Probe B satellite (Reference 13).

Historical Timeline
In order to aid future researchers, it is instructive to follow the general historical
development of the modern search for a link between electromagnetism, matter, and
gravity. This outline will include both theoretical and experimental aspects, expanding
and emphasizing experimental issues where appropriate. Because of space limitations,
not all of the many contributions to the field can be highlighted. The reader is
encouraged to consult the source references cited in this paper to obtain a fuller
appreciation of the amount of effort that has been expended in this area of physics.
Podkletnov and Nieminen (Reference 15) published what is considered the first possible
evidence for an experimental link between high-temperature liquid nitrogen (LN2)
superconductor effects and gravity, allegedly in the form of a gravity shield. Many
scientists since then have cast considerable doubt on their findings. Notwithstanding
these severe criticisms, since the publication of this paper, many other researchers
have considered that the experimental search for gravity-related forces could be taken
out of the realm of pure speculation and onto the laboratory bench. Podkletnov's
apparent experimental success has in turn prompted some theoreticians to consider
fresh approaches to investigating superconductors as a special form of condensed
matter capable of modifying and/or producing such forces.
It would be a breakthrough of the first order to discover a repeatable, laboratory-scale,
heretofore hidden connection between gravity, special forms of matter that can be
created in the laboratory, and electromagnetism that would possibly unlock the door to
new transportation systems, new energy sources, and a host of other earthly benefits,
not to mention professional accolades and untold wealth for the technology developers.
However, the rush to be the first to successfully find a repeatable and verifiable link
between superconductors and gravity has produced many casualties. Theoreticians
have made assumptions to force their theories to explain the putative experimental
results. Most experiments have been literally thrown together with little thought paid to
the myriad traps and pitfalls that litter the minefield of experimental physics in this
uncharted territory. This is primarily due to the expectation that the sought-after forces
will be extremely tiny and hard to distinguish from prosaic influences.
The most prominent, albeit controversial theoretical work on creating laboratory­
detectable gravitomagnetic fields via high-temperature superconductors was initiated
by Li and Torr (Reference 16-18). Their work expanded on earlier work by DeWitt
(Reference 19) and Ross (Reference 20), who considered modifications to the London
equations, which relate supercurrent (that is, Cooper pair) flow to electric and magnetic
fields in and around a superconductor, to include gravitomagnetic fields. Dewitt showed
that a time-varying gravitomagnetic field must arise owing to the presence of magnetic
flux quantization in superconductors. Dewitt's work was expanded on by Ross, who

3

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produced a modified set of London equations. These papers laid the theoretical
foundations for the later work of Li, Torr, and Tajmar, for example .
In the late 1980s while at the University of Alabama, Douglas Torr was examining
neglected areas of physics, including aether theories and experiments, as well as
gravitational wave antennas, the subject of a paper awarded the Gravity Research
Foundation's "First Award" in 1989. In 1991, Torr and Ning Li pub lished a paper on the
effects of a gravitomagnetic field on superconducting matter (Reference 16). Ordinarily,
all magnetic fields are excluded from the interior of a superconductor because of
Meissner expulsion . However, by solving the coupled Maxwell, GR, and London
equations for the internal magnetic and gravitomagnetic fields of superconductors
exposed to external gravitomagnetic and magnetic fields, they predicted a small
residual internal magnetic field. This in turn produces an internal gravitomagnetic field.
The fields are related to one another by the Cooper pair mass-to-charge ratio. The
gravitomagnetic field penetration depth is larger than the normal magnetic field depth.
A year later the same authors presented papers at a meeting of the American Physical
Society (Reference 17). Buoyed by the apparent success of their previous analyses,
part of the title of one presentation was "A Theoretical Basis for a Principle of
Electrically Induced Gravitation." In this paper, they used coupled Ginzburg-Landau
equations to calculate the relative strengths of the electric and gravitational fields in
superconductors in the presence of magnetic and gravitomagnetic fields. They
concluded that under certain circumstances, a secondary gravitational field could be
induced inside a superconductor and "provide a basis for the electrical generation of
gravitational fields in the laboratory."
Then came the bombshell. A Russian materials scientist on staff at the Institute of
Materials Science at the Tampere University of Technology in Finland published a paper
in 1992 on an apparent gravity shielding experiment using a spinning superconductor
disk (Reference 15). In the mid-1980s, the lead author, Evgueny E. Podkletnov, had
published several papers on ceramics while at the Institute for High Temperatures in
Moscow. He later moved to Finland, where he completed his doctorate under then­
Director of the Institute of Materials Science Pentti Kettunen. Podkletnov's thesis was
on preparation of pure YBCO wh iskers by magnetron sputtering, and he was producing
this material for powder-in-tube high-temperature superconducting wire for a local
business concern . According to Kettunen (Reference 21), the spinning disk experiment
was not actually performed at the institute but rather was conducted by Podkletnov and
others "after hours." Kettunen also confided that although he was aware of the
existence of the gravity shielding experiment through " so many others" telling him
about it, he never witnessed it himself. He did confirm the story Podkletnov later told
about discovering the shielding effect by watching the smoke from a coworker's pipe
float up exactly in the "shadow" of the spinning disk. The disk was apparently made in
Russia for sputtering purposes and brought to Finland .
The coauthor of the gravity shielding experiment, Risto Nieminen (this Risto Nieminen
is emphatica lly not the more famous professor of computational physics currently at
Helsinki University of Technology), was a technician working at the Institute of
Materials Science during Podkletnov's time there. He was not involved in Podkletnov's
experiments but noted (Reference 22) that they were likely conducted at either the
Tampere Institute of Technology's Department of Electrical Engineering or the Institute
of Physics. To this day, he is still not sure why he was asked to coauthor the paper,
4

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except possibly for his proofreading skills. Strangely, the only persons who contacted
Podkletnov in the mid-1990s about the paper were the Ital ian theoretical physicist G.
Modanese and this author. Podkletnov claimed he had never heard of the work of Li and
Torr prior to publishing the paper.
According to the 1992 paper, the essence of his experiment was the high-speed
rotation of a relatively large ( 14. 5-cm diameter x 6-mm thick) YBCO sintered ceram ic
superconducting disk in the vapors of liqu id helium {LHe). The disk was levitated by
Meissner repulsion over a large support electromagnet immersed in LHe that was
powered by a variable-frequency supply from 50 Hz to 106 Hz. At the diametrical
periphery of the disk were positioned two additional but smaller electromagnets also
powered by variable frequency supplies. These two "rotational" electromagnets were
used to spin the disk in some unspecified manner. A small nonconducting, nonmagnetic
test mass was suspended from an analytical balance about 15 mm from the top of the
disk. Subsequent information from Podkletnov indicated that to obtain the maximum
stable test sample weight loss of about 0.3 percent, the optimum conditions required
operation of these two electromagnets at frequencies of 10 5 Hz and disk rotational
speeds of several thousand rpm.
Apart from the difficulty believing, on purely theoretical grounds, that such an
enormous weight loss was possible, there was considerable doubt about the validity of
the observations based on experimental issues. Among many other concerns, a few
comments regarding the cryostat are in order. The only information on the physical
configuration of the experiment is given in the sketch provided in Reference 15.
Referring to that figure, it is difficult to believe the only thing separating the vapors of
LHe in the cryostat from the laboratory atmosphere was a thin plastic film. Ordinarily,
so much water vapor and other gases would have condensed on the outer surface of
the film as to render it completely opaque, thus making the observation of the disk
extremely unlikely. If the cryostat was actually designed roughly per the sketch in the
article, the LHe would be boiling so vigorously that it would rupture any film unless
adequate He gas escape was provided . As pointed out by dePodesta (Reference 23),
thermal currents and buoyancy changes above such a cryostat would be so severe as to
render the determination of the weight of a test mass suspended only 1.5 cm above the
disk (and therefore only a few mm above a separating film covered with ice) virtually
impossible. This was an entirely unsatisfactory cryogenic design for the purpose.
Important issues such as how the disk was balanced, how it was prevented from
rupturing at high speeds, how much power was used to operate the coils, and what
means were employed to prevent the balance from being affected by the magnetic
fields from the coils were not addressed in the article. Nevertheless, the article caused
experimental ists around the world to try to duplicate the essence of the experiment,
generally in an overly simplified manner. All started out using the less costly LN2
approach with either fixed or rotating permanent magnets and small ( 2- to 3-cm
diameter) disks purchased commercially. Several researchers, including Gonnelli at
Turin Politecnico (Reference 24), Woods at the University of Sheffield (Reference 25),
and this author witnessed very sl ight apparent weight changes while the disk was
passing through its critical temperature, Tc. However, in most cases, the effect was so
close to the noise that further experimentation was not considered. At a private
unpublished meeting (see below) hosted by Professor R. Gonnelli at the Turin
Politecnico in April 1999, however, Podkletnov made it clear that unless the exact disk
formulation was followed, high-frequency magnetic fields were employed (not

~

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permanent magnets), and a larger disk was spun at lower temperatures, the shielding
effect would be extremely small.
The experiment has remained controversial since its publication. Very few scientists put
any stock into it at all. Most damning to Podkletnov's case was the complete lack of any
supporting evidence that the experiment had ever actually taken place.
As the Podkletnov article began to slowly circulate, Li and Torr published another article
(Reference 18) expanding on their earlier investigations in an attempt to outline the
physical mechanism underlying the production of a gravitomagnetic field inside a
superconductor. Basic to their consideration was an assumption of near-zero magnetic
permeability in the superconductor and the requirement of coherent alignment of lattice
ion spins in conjunction with a time-varying applied magnetic vector potential field.
With this understanding, they determined values for laboratory-scale induced internal
gravitomagnetic fields and external gravitoelectric fields and how these fields could be
maximized. However, in 1994 Kowitt (Reference 26) claimed that their 1992 and 1993
results were not credible owing to their assumption of near-zero permeability inside a
superconductor. However, Li and Torr rather effectively countered shortly thereafter,
and Woods (Reference 3) also called that criticism into question. Later, however, Harris
(Reference 27) argued in a more effective critique that Li and Torr's previous results
were erroneous because they assumed arbitrary (and extremely small) distances from
the lattice ion to the observer, thus producing unreasonably large effects. In fact, Harris
pointed out that the correct estimation of the induced gravitoelectric field outside a
superconductor is some 20 orders of magnitude smaller! No evident rebuttal has been
forthcoming from Li or Torr.
At about this time, Torr and Li parted company, although both continued to work in the
area. In 1995, Li was sufficiently convinced that she now had the answer to producing
an artificial gravity field that could be measured outside a superconductor that she
approached R. Kaczor at NASA to fund further development of her version of the
theory. By this time the Podkletnov paper had been "discovered," and a few forward­
thinking NASA scientists determined that perhaps it was time to initiate some research
in the area. After all, now there was a peer-reviewed theoretical basis for a peer­
reviewed experiment. Also at this time, this author and colleagues began preliminary
experiments in Toronto after contacting Podkletnov. Our approach was to attempt to
reproduce the 1992 Physica C spinning disk experiment with additional data from
Podkletnov but using a better cryogenic design with the possibility of mechanically
spinning the disk. This author and colleagues started manufacturing our own large
YBCO disks in house.
The following year, while still at the Tampere University of Technology's Institute for
Materials Science, Podkletnov and Vuorinen attempted to publish updated spinning disk
experiments in the British Journal of Physics D Applied Phys Vol. 29 (1996), but the
paper was withdrawn in a cloud of controversy. It was later published on the Internet
(Reference 28) under the authorship of Podkletnov and Levit and then Podkletnov
alone. Vuorinen and Levit had coauthored papers on ceramic processing with
Podkletnov previously. This new experiment involved a large AC levitated 27 -cm­
diameter bi-layer sintered YBCO disk spun to 5,000 rpm using two-phase high­
frequency radiofrequency (RF) "rotation" fields and allegedly showed gravitational
shielding in the few percent range. The cryostat design was somewhat better in that
there was considerably more shielding of the test mass from buoyancy and thermal
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current effects. There was no independent confirmation that th is experiment actually
took place . Vuorinen and Levit had disappeared from the scene when this author asked
Podkletnov whether they were ava ilable to discuss the experiment. Nevertheless, this
author arranged for Podkletnov to visit the Toronto laboratory for preliminary
consultation on the experimental design to replicate his 1992 Physica C resu lts.
Meanwhile, a 1997 Un iversity of South Carolina press announcement declared that
investors were being sought fo r a "Gravity Generator" t echnology based on
confirmatory experiments apparently underway at the university involving nonrotating
high-temperature superconductors and RF co ils. Th is machine would "rep lace the
wheels of a car...lift and propel aircraft, drive generators more efficiently and produce
gravity-free environments on Earth." Evidently, the work of Douglas Torr, who had
recently taken up a post there, was the basis for the announcement. Unfortunately, the
excitement was short-lived, as a subsequent announcement was issued stating that the
previous announcement was " premature ."
In preliminary experiments at NASA, Kaczor, Li, et al. failed to see expected shielding
effect in a Podkletnov-li ke experiment (Reference 29). However, they were using a
small, commercially ava ilable disk levitated above permanent magnets at LN2
temperatures. Undeterred, they pressed on, buoyed by the Internet publication of
Podkletnov's previously rejected paper and discussions with Podkletnov himself. The
following year, Noever and Kaczor (Reference 30) published the results of their
investigations into nonrotating superconductor disks irradiated by radiofrequencies from
1 to 15 MHz and detected a very weak gravity increase. This finding was lat er shown by
the same authors to be t he likely result of an instru mentation artifact (Reference 31) .
In 1999, this author was asked to present the state of the Toronto experimental
replication to the assembled physicists and eng ineers at the April 1999 Turin Politecnico
meeting. Gonnell i and others presented their initial find ings of a tiny possible weight
change in test samples suspended above a disk as it passed through Tc. Also
presenting was G. Modanese, who had been formulating his own theoretical
explanations for the Podkletnov results. Podkletnov described how the "gravity
shielding" effect was discovered . Apparently his group had made large sputtering target
disks of YBCO for the aforementioned single-crystal processi ng, and to ensure t he
correct uniformity and porosity, the disk was set into rotation (presumably
mechanically) while being levitated over a "supporting solenoid." Th is allowed quick and
complete scanning of the target's surface by means of a sma ll , movable test magnet
suspended above the rotating disk and connected to an analytical chem ical ba lance.
When the smoke from a technician's pipe inexplicably appeared to rise above the
apparatus, they considered the possibil ity of gravitational shielding and subst ituted a
nonmagnetic, nonconducting test mass for the small suspended magnet. Note that the
normal rotational speeds for magnetron sputtering are in the tens, not thousands, of
rpm .
Podkletnov went on to describe his first experiments with the so-called high -voltage
"gravity beam" apparatus. An array of sing le-crystal wh iskers of YBCO was grown on a
small (few cm 2 in area) substrate using a technique later commercialized by materials
scientists (Professors Kettunen and Tiainen) at the Tampere University of Technology.
Th is plate was placed upright in a small LN2 dewar and electrically attached to a small
(~200-kilovolt) van de Graaff machine. A grounded metal annular disk was placed a
few centimeters laterally away. The whole assembly was placed in a large bell jar that
7

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was evacuated and back-filled with argon to prevent YBCO degradation by water vapor.
When the static machine was operated, a light blue planar "discharge" was seen to pass
from the superconductor array to the annulus. At this instant, a pencil standing upright
on a table in an adjoining room and separated from the experiment by a thick concrete
wall fell over.

(Text continues in the original file: 16 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D132 — AAWSAP DIRD, Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Vacuum (Spacetime Metric) Engineering, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D132
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D132
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/29/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out Vegas isn’t just a gamble, it’s a spacetime‑metric thought‑experiment venue.

- DIRD PDF by DoW, March 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Examines theoretical vacuum/spacetime‑metric engineering for propulsion and power
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD examines the idea of vacuum or spacetime-metric engineering: the possibility that an unspecified future technology might alter the structure of spacetime in ways useful for propulsion, power generation, or extremely rapid long-distance travel. Using general relativity as a model-independent framework, it explores the physical effects that would theoretically follow if such metric changes could be artificially induced, including altered time rates, changes in effective mass, modified light propagation, gravity-like effects, and warp-drive propulsion. The document does not propose any mechanism for generating these effects and treats these physical consequences as an assumed result of spacetime manipulation rather than as the outcome of a practical engineering pathway. It also emphasizes that the energy requirements predicted by current theory to create such effects are far beyond existing technological capability.

### AI summary

This document is a classified report titled "Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Vacuum (Spacetime Metric) Engineering," prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Acquisition Support Division in March 2010. It discusses theoretical concepts related to manipulating spacetime metrics for advanced propulsion. The report outlines the mathematical framework of the metric tensor and explores physical effects such as time dilation, spatial distortion, and changes in the speed of light within altered spacetime. It references existing theories like the Alcubierre warp drive and examines potential implications for aerospace technologies. The document was part of the AAWSA Program and was produced in 2009.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED/ fFOR OFFI&il.t.k WIiii 8Plklf

Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
29 March 2010
ICOD : 1 December 2009
DIA-08-1003-015

Advanced Space Propulsion
Based on Vacuum (Spacetime
Metric) Engineering

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Advanced Space Propulsion based on Vacuum (Spacetime

Metric) Engineering

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 57

Administrative Note
COPYRI GHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

Th is product is one in a series of advanced t echnology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intell igence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program . Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to lAAP Person 1
AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intell igence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/ DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100 .

!,

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Contents
Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Vacuum (Spacetime Metric} Engineering .... iii
Preface and Introduction .......................................................................................iii
I. Spacetime Modification - Metric Tensor Approach .............................................. 1
II. Physical Effects as a Function of Metric Tensor Coefficients .............................. 2
Time Interval, Frequency, Energy ...................................................................... 3

Spatial Interval ................................................ . ................................................................................ 4
Velocity of Light in Spacetime-Altered Regions ....................... ....................... 4
Refractive Index Modeling ........................................... ..... ......................................... 5
Effective Mass in Spacetime-Altered Regions ................................................. 6
Gravity/Antigravity "Forces" ......................................................................... 6
III. Significance of Physical Effects Applicable to Advanced Aerospace Craft
Technologies as a Function of Metric Tensor Coefficients ....................................... 6
Time Alteration .................................................................................................. 6
Spatial Alteration ............................................................................................... 8
Velocity of Light/Craft in Spacetime-Altered Regions ........................................ 8
Refractive Index Effects ..................................................................................... 9
Effective Mass in Spacetime-Altered Regions ..................... ................................ 9
Gravity/Antigravity /Propulsion Effects ............................................................ 10
IV. Discussion ...................................................................................................... 11

Figures
Figure 1. Blueshifting of Infrared Heat Power Spectrum ........................................ 7
Figure 2. Light-Bending in a Spacetime-Altered Reigon ......................................... 9
Figure 3. Alcubierre Warp Drive Metric Structure ................................................. 11

Tables
Table 1. Metric Effects on Physical Processes in an Altered Spacetime as
Interpreted by a Remote (Unaltered Spacetime) Observer ....................... 4

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Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Vacuum (Spacetime
Metric) Engineering
Preface and Introduction
A theme that has come to the fore in advanced planning for long-range space
exploration in the future is the concept that empty space itself (the quantum
vacuum, or spacetime metric) might be engineered to provide energy/thrust
for future space vehicles. Although far reaching, such a proposal is solidly
grounded in modern physical theory, and therefore the possibility that
matter/vacuum interactions might be engineered for spaceflight applications
is not a priori ruled out (Reference 1). Given the current development of
mainstream theoretical physics on such topics as warp drives and traversable
wormholes that provides for such vacuum engineering possibilities
(References 2-6), provided in this paper is a broad perspective of the physics
and consequences of the engineering of the spacetime metric.
The concept of "engineering the vacuum" found its first expression in the
mainstream physics literature when it was introduced by Nobelist T. D. Lee in
his textbook Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory (Reference 7).
There he stated, "The experimental method to alter the properties of the
vacuum may be called vacuum engineering .... If indeed we are able to alter
the vacuum, then we may encounter new phenomena, totally unexpected."
This legitimization of the vacuum engineering concept was based on the
recognition that the vacuum is characterized by parameters and structure that
leave no doubt that it constitutes an energetic and structured medium in its
own right. Foremost among these are that (1) within the context of quantum
theory, the vacuum is the seat of energetic particle and field fluctuations and
(2) within the context of general relativity, the vacuum is the seat of a
spacetime structure (metric) that encodes the distribution of matter and
energy. Indeed, on the flyleaf of a book of essays by Einstein and others on
the properties of the vacuum, there is the statement, "The vacuum is fast
emerging as the central structure of modern physics" (Reference 8). Perhaps
the most definitive statement acknowledging the central role of the vacuum in
modern physics is provided by 2004 Nobelist Frank Wilczek in his book The
Lightness of Being: Mass, Ether and the Unification of Forces (Reference 9):
"What is space? An empty stage where the physical world of matter acts
out its drama? An equal participant that both provides background and
has a life of its own? Or the primary reality of which matter is a
secondary manifestation? Views on this question have evolved, and
several times have changed radically, over the history of science. Today
the third view is triumphant."
Given the known characteristics of the vacuum, one might reasonably inquire
why it is not immediately obvious how to catalyze robust interactions of the
type sought for spaceflight applications. For starters, in the case of quantum
vacuum processes, uncertainties regarding global thermodynamic and energy
constraints remain to be clarified. Furthermore, it is likely that energetic
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components of potential utility involve very-small-wavelength, high-frequency
field structures and thus resist facile engineering solutions. With regard to
perturbation of the spacetime metric, the required energy densities predicted
by present theory exceed by many orders of magnitude values achievable with
existing engineering techniques. Nonetheless, one can examine the
possibilities and implications under the expectation that as science and its
attendant derivative technologies mature, felicitous means may yet be found
that permit the exploitation of the enormous, as-yet-untapped potential of
engineering so-called "empty space," the vacuum.
This paper introduces the underlying mathematical platform for investigating
spacetime structure, the metric tensor approach. It then outlines the
attendant physical effects that derive from alterations in the spacetime
structure. Finally, the paper examines these effects as they would be exhibited
in the presence of advanced aerospace craft technologies based on spacetime
modification.

iv

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I. Spacetime Modification - Metric Tensor Approach
Despite the daunting energy requirements to restructure the spacetime metric to a
significant degree, one can investigate the forms that such restructuring would take to
be useful for spacefl ight applications and determine their corollary attributes and
consequences. Thus we embark on a "Blue Sky," general-relativity-for-engineers
approach, as it were.
As a mathematical evaluation tool, the metric tensor that describes the measurement of
spacetime intervals is used . Such an approach, well known from studies in general
relativity (GR), has the advantage of being model independent-that is, it does not
depend on knowledge of the specific mechanisms or dynamics that result in spacetime
alterations but rather only assumes that a technology exists that can control and
manipulate (that is, engineer) the spacetime metric to advantage. Before discussing the
predicted characteristics of such engineered spacetimes, beginning in Section III, a
brief mathematical digression for those interested in the mathematical structure behind
the discussion to follow is introduced.
As a brief introduction, the expression for the four-dimensional line element ds2 in
terms of the metric tensor gµ ., is given by
ds 2 = g µvdx"dx"

{l)

where summation over repeated indices is assumed unless otherwise indicated. In
ordinary Minkowski flat spacetime, a (four-dimensional) infinitesimal interval ds is given
by the expression (in Cartesian coordinates)

c/s 2 = c2 dt 2 - (dx2 +dy2 +dx 2 )

(2)

where the identification dx 0 = cdt , dx' = dx, dx 2 = dy , dx3 = dz is made, with metric
tensor coefficients g00 = 1, g I I = g 22 = g 33 = - 1, gµ v = 0 for µ --t= v.
For spherical coordinates in ordinary Minkowski flat spacetime

ds 2 = c2 dt 2 -dr2 - r 2 d0 2 - r 2 sin 2 0dql

(3)

where dx 0 = cc/t , dx' = dr, dx 2 = d0, dx 3 =d(f), with metric tensor coefficients g 00 =1,
g 11 = -1, g22 = -r2 , g 33 = -r 2 sin 2 0, gµv = O for µ -t; v.
As an example of spacetime alteration, in a spacetime altered by the presence of a
spherical mass distribution mat the origin (Schwarzschild-type solution), the above can
be transformed into (Reference 10)

1

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with the metric tensor coefficients gµ v modifying the Minkowski flat-spacetime intervals
dt, dr, and so forth, accordingly.
As another example of spacetime alteration, in a spacetime altered by the presence of a
charged spherical mass distribution (Q,m)at the origin (Reissner-Nordstrom-type
solution), the above can be transformed into (Reference 11)

with the metric tensor coefficients gµv again changed accordingly. Note that the effect
on the metric due to charge Q differs in sign from that due to mass m, leading to what
in the literature has been referred to as electrogravitic repulsion (Reference 12).
Similar relatively simple solutions exist for a spinning mass (Kerr solution) and for a
spinning electrically charged mass (Kerr-Newman solution). In the general case,
appropriate solutions for t he metric tensor can be generated for arbitrarily engineered
spacetimes, characterized by an appropriate set of spacetime variables d.x:11 and metric
tensor coefficients g µ 11 • Of significance now is to identify the associated physical effects
and to develop a table of such effects for quick reference .
We begin by simply cataloging metric effects-that is, physical effects associated with
alteration of spacetime variables-saving for Section IV the significance of such effects
within the context of advanced aerospace craft technologies.

II. Physical Effects as a Function of Metric Tensor
Coefficients
In undistorted spacetime, measurements with physical rods and clocks yield spatial
intervals dxµ and time intervals dt, defined in a flat Minkowski spacetime, the spacetime
of common experience. In spacetime-altered regions, dx;i and dt are still chosen as
natural coordinate intervals to represent a coordinate map, but now local
measurements with physical rods and clocks yield spatial intervals ✓-8µ v dxµ and time
intervals .j'i;dt , so-called proper coordinate intervals. From these relationships a table
of associated physical effects to be expected in spacetime regions altered by either
natural or advanced technological means can be generated. Given that, as seen from
an unaltered region, alteration of spatial and temporal intervals in a spacetime-altered
reg ion result in an altered velocity of light, from an eng ineering viewpoint such
alterations can in essence be understood in terms of a variable refractive index of the
vacuum (see Section III below) that affects all measurement.

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TIMEINTERVAL, FREQUENCY, ENERGY
Begin by considering the case where ~ < 1, typical for an altered spacetime metric in
the vicinity of, say, a stellar mass, as expressed by the leading term in Equation (4).
Local measurements with physical clocks within the altered spacetime yield a time
interval ..[i";;dt < dt; thus an interval of time dt between two events in an undistorted
spacetime remote 1 from the mass-say, 10 seconds-would be judged by local (proper)
measurement from within the altered spacetime to occur in a lesser time interval,
.[i";;;dt < dt-say, 5 seconds. From this one can rightly infer that, relatively speaking,
clocks (atomic processes and so forth) within the altered spacetime run slower. Given
this result, a physical process (for example, interval between clock ticks, atomic
.ji;, when
emissions) that takes a time !:::.t in unaltered spacetime slows to !).t ➔

M/

occurring within the altered spacetime. Conversely, under conditions (for example,
metric engineering) for which Ji;; > 1, processes within the spacetime-altered region
are sped up. Thus the first entry for a table of physical effects (see Table 1) is made.
Given that frequency measurements are the reciprocal of time duration measurements,
the associated expression for frequency w is given by m➔ m.Jg;; , our second entry in
Table 1. This accounts, for example, for the redshifting of atomic emissions from dense
masses where ..[i";; < 1. Conversely, under conditions for which Ji;; > 1, blueshifting of
emissions would occur. In addition, given that quanta of energy are given by E = hm,
energy scales with Jg;; , as does frequency, E ➔ E.jg;,, our third entry in the table.
Depending on the value of .Ji: in the spacetime-altered region, energy states may be
raised or lowered relative to an unaltered spacetime region.

1

An observer at "infinity ."

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Table 1. Metric Effects on Physical Processes in an Altered Spacetime as
Interpreted by a Remote (Unaltered Spacetime) Observer
Typical Stellar Mass

Variable

(goo < 1, lg11 I > 1)

Spacetime-Engineered
Metric
(g(X) > 1, lg11 I < 1)

Processes (for example,
clocks) run slower
Redshift toward lower
frequencies

Processes (for example,
clocks) run faster
Bluesh ift toward higher
frequencies

Energy states lowered

Energy states raised

Spa t .,a 1 !::.r ➔ t::.r/~

Objects (for example,
rulers) shrink

Objects (for example,
rulers) expand

Velocity vL = c ➔ c.Jgoo / - 811

Effective vL < c

Effective vL > c

.

Time Interval
Frequency
Enerqv

Mass

M ➔ tit/ ji:i
00

w ➔ wji;;
00

E ➔ E.ji;;
00

m= E/ c2 ➔ (-gIJ.Ji:;)m Effective mass increases

Gravitational "force"
"Gravitational"

f(goo ,81 1)

Effective mass decreases
"Antig ravitationa I"

Spatial Interval
Again, by considering the case typical for an altered spacetime metric in the vici nity of,
say, a stellar mass, then ~ > 1 for the radia l dimension x 1 = r, as expressed by the
second term in Equation ( 4 ). Therefore, local measurements with physical rulers within
the altered spacetime yield a spatial interval ~ d r > dr; thus a spatial interval dr
between two locations in an undistorted spacetime- say, remote from the mass- would
be judged by local (proper) measurement from within the altered spacetime to be
greater. From th is one can rightly infer that, relatively speaking, rulers (atom ic
spacings and so forth) within the altered spacetime are shrunken relative to their
values in unaltered spacetime. Given this result, a physical object (for example, atom ic
orbit) that possesses a measure !::.r in unaltered spacetime shrinks to !::..r ➔ t::.r/ ~
when placed with in the altered spacetime . Conversely, under conditions for which
~ < 1, objects wou ld expand-thus the fourth ent ry for the table of physical effects.

Velocity of Light in Spacetime-Altered Regions
Interior to a spacetime reg ion altered by, say, a dense mass (for example, a black
hole), the locally measured velocity of light c in, say, the x 1 = r direction is given by the
ratio of locally measured (proper) distance/time intervals for a propagating light signal
( Reference 13).
V

;
L

.J-g,1 dr

= --- = C

..{i;;dt

4

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(6)

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From a viewpoint exterior to the region, however, from the above one finds that the
remotely observed coordinate ratio measurement yields a different value
(7)

Therefore, although a local measurement with physical rods and clocks yields c, an
observer in an exterior reference frame remote from the mass speaks of light "slowing
down" on a radial approach to the mass owing to the ratio.Jg 00 /-g I 1 < 1. Conversely,
under (metric engineering) conditions for which

.Jg /-g > 1, the velocity of light-and
00

11

exotic-technology craft velocities that obey similar formulas-would appear
superluminal in the exterior frame. This gives our fifth entry for the table of physical
effects.

Refractive Index Modeling
Given that velocity-of-light effects in a spacetime-altered region, as viewed from an
external frame, are governed by Equation (7), it is seen that the effect of spacetime
alteration on light propagation can be expressed in terms of an optical refractive index
n, defined by
(8)

where n is an effective refractive index of the (spacetime-altered) vacuum. This widely
known result has resu lted in the development of refractive index models for GR
(References 14-17) that have found application in problems such as gravitational
lensing (Reference 18). The estimated electric or magnetic field strengths required to
generate a given refractive index change given by standard GR theory (the Levi-Civita
Effect) can be found in (Reference 19).
In engineering terms, the velocity of light c is given by the expression c =

1/.Jµ 0c0 ,

where µ 0 and &0 are the magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity of undistorted
vacuum space (µ 0 = 4Jr x 10-7 H/m and &0 = 8.854 x l0- 12 F/m) . The generation of an
effective refractive index n = .j- g 11 / g 00 =t:- I by technological means can from an
engineering viewpoint be interpreted as manipulation of the vacuum parameters µ 0 and
&0 . In GR theory, such variations in µ 0, &0 and hence the velocity of light, c, are often
treated in terms of a "THsµ" formalism used in comparative studies of gravitational
theories (Reference 20).
As discussed below, a number of striking effects can be anticipated in certain
engineered spacetime regions.

5
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Effective Mass in Spacetime- Altered Regions
In a spacetime-altered region, E = mc 2 still holds in terms of local ("proper coord inate")
measurements, but now energy E and the velocity of light c take on altered values as
observed from an exterior (undistorted) spacetime region. Reference to the definitions
for E and c in Table 1 permits one to define an effective mass as seen from the exterior
undistorted region as therefore taking on the value m ➔ m( - g 11 )/-Jg;;;, provid ing a
sixth entry for our table. Depending on the values of g00 and g 11 , the effective mass
may be seen from the viewpoint of an observer in an undistorted spacetime region to
have either increased or decreased.

Gravity/Antigravity " Forces"
Strictly speaking, from the GR point of view, there are no gravitational "forces" but
rather (in the words of GR theorist John Wheeler) "matter tells space how to curve, and
space tells matter how to move." (Reference 21) As a result, Newton's law of
gravitational attraction to a central mass is therefore interpreted in terms of the
spacetime structure as expressed in terms of the metric tensor coefficients, in th is case
as expressed in Equation ( 4) above. Therefore, in terms of the metric coefficients,
gravitational attraction in this case derives from the cond ition that g 00 < 1, 11 > 1. As

lg I

for the possibility for generating "antigravitational forces," noted in equation (5),
inclusion of the effects of charge led to metric tensor contributions counter to the
effects of mass-that is, to electrogravitic repulsion. This reveals that conditions under
which, say, the signs of the coefficients g00 and g 11 could be reversed would be
considered (loosely) as antigravitational in nature. A seventh entry in Table 1
represents these features of metr ic sign ificance .

III. Significance of Physical Effects Applicable to Advanced
Aerospace Craft Technologies as a Function of Metric
Tensor Coefficients
As in Section III, metric tensor coefficients define the relationship between locally and
remotely observed (that is, spacetime-altered and unaltered) variables of interest as
listed in Table 1, and in the process define corollary physical effects. Table 1 thereby
constitutes a useful reference for interpreting the physical significance of the effects of
the alteration of spacetime variables. The expressions listed indicate specific spacetime
alteration effects, whether owing to natural causes (for example, the presence of a
planetary or stellar mass) or as a result of metric engineering by advanced
technological means as might be anticipated in the development and deployment of
advanced aerospace craft.

TIME ALTERATION
With regard to the first table entry (time interval), in a spacetime-altered region, time
intervals are seen by a remote (unaltered spacetime) observer to vary as
1/ fg; re lative to the remote observer. Near a dense mass, for example, -Jg;;;< 1, and

6

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therefore time intervals are seen as lengthening and processes as running slower,2 one
consequence of which is redshift of emission lines . Should such a time -slowed condition
be engineered in an advanced aerospace application, an individual who has spent time
with in such a temporally modified field wou ld, when returned to the normal
environment, find that more time had passed than could be experientially accounted
for.
Conversely, for an engineered spacetime associated with an advanced aerospace craft
in wh ich
1, t ime flow with in the altered spacetime reg ion would appear sped up

Ji::>

to an externa l observer, while to an internal observer externa l time flow would appear
to be in slow mot ion. A corollary would be that within the spacetime-altered region,
normal environmental sounds from outside the reg ion might cease to be registered,
since externa l sounds could under these conditions redshift below the auditory range.
An additional implication of t ime speedup within the frame of an exotic craft technology
is that its flightpath that might seem precipitous from an external viewpoint (for
example, sudden acceleration or deceleration) would be experienced as much less so by
the craft's occupants. From the occupants' viewpoint, observ ing the external
environment to be in relat ive slow motion, it wou ld not be surprising to consider that
one's relatively modest changes in motion would appear abrupt to an external observer.
Based on the second ent ry in Table 1 (frequency), yet another implication of an
accelerated timeframe due to craft-associated metric engineering that leads t o

Ji::> 1, frequencies associated with the craft would fo r a remote observer appear to

be blueshifted. Corollary to observation of such a craft is the possibility that there
wou ld be a brightening of luminosity due to the heat spectrum blueshifting up into the
visible portion of the spectrum (see Figure 1).
inf1 red

l

:..
41

$

0
Q.

~CJ
41

M

~

visible

0.

visible
(shifted infrared)

3:

0
Q.

l"

C

CJ

41

0.

V)

V)

Frequency w

Frequency w

Figure 1. Blueshifting of Infrared Heat Power Spectrum

With regard to the third ent ry in Table 1 (energy), in a spacetime-altered region,
energy scales as

Ji: relative to a remote observer in an undistorted spacetime. I n the

vicinity of a dense mass where Jg;;< 1, the consequent reduction of energy bonds
correlates with observed redsh ifts of emission. For engineered spacetimes associated
with advanced craft technology in wh ich
2

,Ji;;;> I (accelerated timeframe case), a

In t he ca se of approach to a black hole, to stop altogether.

7

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craft's material properties would appear "hardened" relative t o the environment owing
to the increased bind ing energies of atoms in its material structure. Such a craft cou ld,
for example, impact water at high velocities without apparent deleterious effects.

SPATIAL ALTERATION
The fourth entry in Table 1 (spatial measure) indicates the size of an object within an
altered spacetime region as seen by a remote observer. The size of, say, a spherical
object is seen to have its radial dimension, r , scale as l/

Fi::. In the vicin ity of a

dense mass M , > 1, in which case an object within the altered spacetime region
appears to a remote observer t o have shrunk. As a corollary , metric eng ineering
associated with an advanced aerospace craft to produce this effect could in principle
result in a large craft with a spacious interior appea ring to an external observer to be
relatively small. Additional dimensiona l aspects, such as potential dimensional changes,
are discussed below in "Refractive Index Effects."

VELOCITY OF LIGHT/CRAFT IN SPACETIME-ALTERED REGIONS
Interior to a spacetime-altered region, the locally measured velocity of light , v;_ = c , is
given by the ratio of (locally measured) distance/time intervals for a propagating light
signal, as expressed in Equation (6) above . From a viewpoint exterior to the region,
however, the observed coordinate ratio measurement can yield a different value v1
greater or less than c as given by the fifth entry in Table 1 (velocity). As an example of
a measurement less than c, one speaks of light "slowing down" as a light signa l
approaches a dense mass (for example, a black hole.) In an engineered spacetime in
which g 00 > 1, lg11 1< 1, however, the effective velocity of light v~ as measured by an
external observer can be > c.
Given that velocities in general in different coordinate systems scale as does the
velocity of light-that is, v ➔ .J g 00 /-g 11v -for exotic propulsion an engineered
spacetime metric can in principle establish a condition in which the trajectory of a craft
approaching the velocity of light in its own frame would be observed from an exterior
frame to exceed light speed-that is, exhibit motion at superluminal speed. Th is opens
up the possibility of transport at superluminal velocities (as measured by an external
observer) without violation of the velocity-of-light constraint with in the spacetime­
altered region, a feature attractive for interstellar travel. Th is is the basis for discussion
of warp drives and wormholes in the GR literature (References 2-6). Therefore,
although present t echnological facility is far from mature enough to support the
development of warp drive and wormhole technologies (Reference 22), the possibility of
developing such technologies in the future cannot be ruled out. In other words,
effective transport at speeds exceeding the conventional speed of light could occur in
principle, and therefore the possibility of reduced-time interstellar travel is not
fundamentally ruled out by physical principles.

8

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REFRACTIVE INDEX EFFECTS
When considering metric-engineered
spacetime associated with exotic
propulsion, a number of corollary side
effects associated with refractive index
changes of the vacuum structure
emerge as possibilities. Expected effects
would mimic known refractive index
effects in general and can therefore be
determined from known phenomena.
Indistinct boundary definition associated
with "waviness" as observed with heat
waves off a desert floor is one example.
As another, a light beam may bend (as
in the GR example of the bend ing of
starlight as it grazes the sun; see Figure
2) or even terminate in mid-space. Such
an observation would exhibit features
that under ordinary circumstances
would be associated with a high­
refractive index optical fiber in normal
I
space (well-defined boundaries, light
trapped within, bending or term ination
in mid-space). Additional observations
might include apparent changes in size
Figure 2. Light-Bending in a Spacetime-Altered
or shape (changes in lensing
Region
magnification parameters). Yet another
possibility is the sudden "cloaking" or
"blinking out," which would at least be consistent with strong gravitational lensing
effects that bend a background view around a craft, though other technical options
involving, for example, the use of metamaterials, exist as well.

-

\

,~

EFFECTIVE MASS IN SPACETIME- ALTERED REGIONS
As noted in the preceding sections, spacetime alteration of energy and light-speed
measures leads to an associated alteration in the effective mass of an object in a
spacetime-altered region as viewed from an external (unaltered) region. Of special

(Text continues in the original file: 17 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D133 — AAWSAP DIRD, The Space Communication Implications of Quantum Entanglement and Nonlocality, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D133
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D133
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/30/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even Las Vegas couldn’t gamble on faster‑than‑light signals in March 2010.

- DIRD PDF by DoW, March 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Reviews quantum entanglement’s potential for faster‑than‑light space communication
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD reviews quantum entanglement and nonlocality with a focus on whether those phenomena might be usable as a means of faster-than-light communication between observers, especially for real-time space operations over interplanetary distances. The report surveys the relevant quantum experiments and no-signal theorems, then examines proposed communication schemes based mainly on momentum-entangled photons, including scenarios involving superluminal and retro-causal signaling. However, it repeatedly acknowledges that the central question remains unresolved experimentally, and it gives substantial attention to the coherence-versus-entanglement tradeoff and other features of standard quantum mechanics that may prevent usable signaling even if non-local correlations are experimentally validated. Overall, the document is an exploratory analysis of whether quantum nonlocality could conceivably support a practical communications application rather than a demonstration of prospective utility.

### AI summary

This is a classified defense intelligence document titled "The Space-Communication Implications of Quantum Entanglement and Nonlocality," prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Acquisition Support Division in March 2010. It was part of the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications program and discusses quantum entanglement, nonlocality, and their potential for superluminal communication. The document reviews experiments like the EPR paradox and explores whether quantum phenomena could enable faster-than-light signaling, which could revolutionize space communication. It acknowledges limitations imposed by relativity and current scientific understanding.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR. OFFICIAL 891!! Oflt I

Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
30 March 2010
ICOD : 1 December 2009
DIA-08- 1003-016

The Space-Communication
Implications of Quantum
Entanglement and Nonlocality

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR 8FPl@IAL 891!! Oflt I

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The Space-Communication Implications of Quantum

Entanglement and Nonlocality

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 76

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARN ING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to !AAP Person 1
L AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

UNCLASSIFIED//fQA QffiliCiliCL Pl&li QtlL¥

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Contents
Foreword and Introduction ....................................................................................iv
I. Quantum Entanglement, Nonlocality, and EPR Experiments ............................... 1
II. The Quantum No-Signal Theorems .................................................................... 4
III. Nonlocality Versus Special Relativity? ............................................................. 5
IV. Momentum Domain Entanglement and EPR Experiments .................................. 5
V. Coherence-Entanglement Complementarity ..................................................... 10
VI. Nonlocal Communication Versus Signaling ..................................................... 11
VII. A Transactional Analysis of the Nonlocal Communication Test ...................... 13

VIII. Superluminal and Retrocausal Nonlocal Communication ............................. 17
IX. Paradoxes and Nonlocal Communication ........................................................ 18
X. Superluminal Communication without Paradoxes ............................................ 19
XI. Example: Real-Time Earth Control of Mars Rover............................................ 20
XII. Another Superluminal Possibility: Nonlinear Quantum Mechanics................. 22
XIII. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 23
Appendix: Glossary .............................................................................................. 24

Figures
Figure 1. Schematic of the 1972 Freedman-Clauser Experiment ............................ 2
Figure 2. Schematic of the 1995 Ghost Interference Experiment of the Shih
Group ...................................................................................................... 6
Figure 3. Ghost Interference Position Distributions at X2 ....................................... 7
Figure 4. "Unfolding" the Ghost Interference Experiment ...................................... 8
Figure 5. Schematic of the 1998 Dopfer Experiment .............................................. 9
Figure 6. Thick-Source Effect ............................................................................... 10
Figure 7. Slit-Imaging Coincidence-Free Version of the Ghost Interference
Experiment to Demonstrate Nonlocal Communication ........................... 12
Figure 8. Transactional Interpretation Diagrams for Case 1 ................................. 15
Figure 9. Transactional Interpretation Diagrams for Case 2 ................................. 16

ii

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Figure 10. Slit-Imaging Coincidence-Free Version of the Ghost Interference
Experiment Demonstrating Superluminal and Retrocausal Signaling .. 17
Figure 11. A Superluminal Nonlocal Communication System in Which the
Communication Spans a Spacelike Interval ........................................ 20
Figure 12. Schematic of Earth-to-Mars Real-Time Control of a Rover ................... 21

iii

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The Space-Communication Implications of Quantum
Entanglement and Nonlocality
Foreword and Introduction
This paper reviews quantum entanglement and nonlocality and considers the
possibility that this phenomenon could be used for sending observer-to­
observer signals. Such a demonstration would break several quantum "no­
signal theorems" in the physics literature. Nonlocal quantum signaling would
have far-reaching implications as an enabling technology for superluminal and
retrocausal signaling. Scenarios that might lead to nonlocal quantum
communication are described, and applications to retrocausal signaling and
real-time space communication are considered. Also considered briefly is the
nonlocal communication implications of nonlinear quantum mechanics.
Communication in space at the scale of the solar system is severely limited by
the space-time scale set by the speed of light. Light signals, whether in the
form of radio waves, microwaves, visible light, X-rays, or gamma rays, require
about 3.3 microseconds to travel a distance of 1 kilometer. A light signal sent
from Earth requires about 1.3 seconds to reach the Moon, between 4.4 and 20
minutes to reach Mars, and between 4 and 4.3 hours to reach Neptune,
depending on their orbital positions. This time delay makes real-time control
of remote space-based devices impossible and leads to the need for pre­
programmed robotic devices with enough "intelligence" to perform limited
operations with a minimum of remote control.
The burden of these limitations raises the question of whether there is some
way to speed up the space communications link. The conventional answer is
"No!," because the well-established special theory of relativity is viewed as
limiting signal transmission speed to the speed of light, with superluminal
communications strictly forbidden. However, as will be discussed in Section
III, relativity prohibits only certain forms of superluminal communication,
while other forms are not in conflict with relativity. One phenomenon that
appears, at least superficially, to exhibit superluminal aspects while
preserving compatibility with special relativity is quantum nonlocality, the
ability of quantum phenomena to enforce correlations between quantum
states over large separations in space-time.
When two photons emerge from a single quantum event, the state of one
photon may be subtly connected to that of the other. The classical view is that,
once separated, such photon states must be fixed according to mechanics and
conservation relations that act at the point of their origin, so that modifying
one later will not affect the other. In quantum physics, however, as borne out
by experiment (Reference 1, 2), the outcome of a measurement of the state of
one of the photons, even well after their point of joint creation, can affect the
state of the other photon. This connection is referred to as quantum
entanglement, a phrase first coined by Erwin Schrodinger (Reference 3).
Questions raised by the phenomenon of quantum entanglement are: (1) what
is the causal connection between entangled states, and (2) can the
phenomenon possibly be used for sending observer-to-observer signals? This

iv

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paper attempts to address these questions by taking a close look at quantum
entanglement, quantum nonlocality, the experiments that have explored them,
and proposed experiments to test the causal and faster-than-light
communication issues evoked by such physics.
Quantum entanglement describes the condition of separated parts of the same
quantum system in which each of the parts can be described only by
referencing the state of other parts. This is one of the most counterintuitive
aspects of quantum mechanics, because classically one would expect system
parts out of "local" contact to be completely independent. Thus, entanglement
represents a kind of quantum "connectedness" in which measurements on one
isolated part of an entangled quantum system have nonclassical consequences
for the outcome of measurements performed on the other (possibly very
distant) part of the same system. This quantum connectedness acting in
entangled quantum systems is called quantum nonlocality.
Nonlocality was first highlighted by Albert ~instein and his coworkers Boris
_fodolsky and Nathan ,Rosen in their famous EPR paper (Reference 4). They
argued that the nonlocal connectedness of quantum systems was unphysical
in that it implied a faster-than-light connection in apparent conflict with
special relativity. Despite their objection, quantum nonlocality has now been
demonstrated (see Section I) in many quantum systems (Reference 1, 2). In
the physics community, it is now generally acknowledged to be implicit in the
quantum formalism as applied to entangled systems, although there remain a
few Copenhagen "holdouts" who would require an explicit demonstration of
nonlocal signaling before admitting that nonlocality can be considered a real
quantum phenomenon.
The question investigated in this paper is whether quantum nonlocality is the
private domain of nature or whether it can be used in experimental situations
to send signals from one observer to another. As we will see, there is at
present no compelling answer to this question. However, it is clear that if such
nonlocal observer-to-observer communication were possible, it would have
far-reaching implications. In particular, it would represent an enabling
technology for superluminal (and retrocausal) signaling and communications,
and perhaps make possible the real-time exploration of the universe.

V

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I. Quantum Entanglement, Nonlocality, and EPR

Experiments
In the quantum mechanical description of elementary entities like photons, there is a
duality between the description as a particle and as a wave. Photons can be thought of
as traveling through space as waves but delivering energy (and other conserved
quantities) at detection as particles. By choosing the kinds of measurements made on
such objects, one can force wave-like or particle-like behavior to be exhibited in the
measurements results. Between the entangled parts of a quantum system (for
example, the emission of a pair of entangled photons), this wave-like or particle-like
behavior in a measurement on one part of the system may force similar behavior in the
other part. This is considered further in Section IV below.
The quantum entanglement condition is usually a consequence of some conservation
law acting within the system, so that the subsystems are connected by the conserved
quantities. For example, if two photons are emitted back to back in a joint state that
has zero angular momentum and positive parity, then whatever linear or circular
polarization state one photon is measured to have, the other photon must have an
identical polarization if measured in the same basis (linear or circular). This condition
must exist to ensure that the net angular momentum of the two photon states is zero.
In this situation, if the photons are measured for circular polarization, they must both
be in states of right circular polarization or in states of left circular polarization. Because
linear polarization is a coherent superposition of circular polarization states, if measured
in the vertical/horizontal linear polarization basis, they must be in the same vertical or
horizontal polarization state, and in the 45° left or right linear polarization basis, they
must be in the same 45° left/rig ht polarization state.
Classically, such a polarization correlation condition could in principle exist in some
particular polarization basis but not in all of the many possible polarization bases
simultaneously. This is the underlying physics of the Bell Inequalities (Reference 8),
which deal with the falloff rate of the correlations as the polarization basis of one of the
measurements is rotated in angle. The Bell Inequalities demonstrate mathematically
that the predictions of sem i-classical local hidden-variable theories are inconsistent with
those of standard quantum mechanics. Tests of such polarization correlations have
been the basis for a number of Bell-Inequality tests (or so-called EPR experiments), in
which the validity of the predictions of quantum mechanics and the inadequacies of
semi-classical local hidden-variable theories have been demonstrated to high statistical
precision (Reference 1, 2) .
It was later demonstrated (Reference 5, 6) that the issues surrounding a violation of
the Bell Inequalities could be separated into violations of either parameter
independence (the outcome probability of a measurement on one of a pair of entangled
particles is independent of the choice of parameters of a measurement performed on
the other member of the entangled pair) and violations of outcome independence (the
outcome probability of a measurement on one of a pair of entangled particles is
independent of the outcome of a measurement performed on the other member of the
entangled pair). The observation of a violation of the Bell Inequalities indicates a
violation of either parameter independence or outcome independence (or both).
Outcome independence is fairly evident in the quantum formalism, while parameter
independence is more elusive and depends on specific assumptions. Below, the

1

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implications of this dichotomy are considered in the context of the "no-signal"
theorems .
It is noted that there is some misinformation in the literature concerning the chronology
of successful EPR polarization correlation experiments, and here we wish to set the
record at least somewhat straighter. The experimental measurement that first
demonstrated a polarization correlation related to EPR nonlocality was performed by C.
S. Wu and I. Shanknov in 1949 (Reference 7), well before Bell's work and the
subsequent interest in testing Bell's Inequality. Wu and Shanknov showed that the
linear polarizations of back-to-back entangled gamma rays from electron-positron
annihilation (an L=O negative parity state) were anticorrelated, for example, if one
photon was polarized vertically, then the other was polarized horizontally. They did not,
however, investigate the falloff of the correlation with polarimeter angle, which is the
basis of Bell Inequality tests, nor did they depict their results as a consequence of
quantum nonlocality.

Almost two decades passed before the publication of John Bell's pivotal work (Reference
8) in 1964 and 1966. In 1972, Freedman and Clauser (Reference 1) performed the first
definitive Bell inequality test by measuring the polarization correlation of entangled
photons from a positive parity L=O atomic cascade in calcium. Their results were in
agreement with the predictions of quantum mechanics and were inconsistent with local
hidden-variable theories by 6. 7 standard deviations. A decade later, in 1982, EPR
measurements of the Aspect group (Reference 2) eliminated several "loophole"
scenarios that might constitute unlikely ways of preserving classical locality and again
demonstrated agreement with quantum mechanics and inconsistency with local hidden­
variable theories, this time by 46 standard deviations. In a more recent example of an
EPR experiment, the Gisin group (Reference 9) used the fiber-optic cables owned by the
Swiss Telephone System to demonstrate the nonlocal connection between EPR
measurements made at locations in Geneva and Bern, Swiss cities with a line -of-sight
separation of 156 km-a direct demonstration, if one was required, that quantum
nonlocality can operate over quite large distances.

Ca-OVEN
LENS

LENS

~

FILTER

POLARIZER 2

'~

_

_ _-..i

~

=--------i

~LE,
.....__

RI
POLARIZER I

DISC.
COINC .

f8
P.H.A.

ELAY

COINC.
TA.C.

Figure 1. Schematic of the 1972 Freedman-Clauser Experiment (Reference 1)

2

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Do these EPR experiments constitute a demonstration of the existence of quantum
nonlocality? There is more than one way of interpreting the implications of the
experimental results (Reference 1, 2), and one can find much discussion in the
literature as to whether it is locality or "realism" (the objective observer- independent
reality of external events) that has been refuted by these EPR measurements.
Noble Laureate Anthony Leggett of the University of Illinois recently pushed this issue
somewhat further (Reference 10). He demonstrated that by focusing on the falloff of
correlations with elliptical polarization rather than the linear polarization used in the Bell
Inequality EPR experiments, one can compare the predictions of quantum mechanics
with a class of nonlocal realistic theories that he constructed. The resulting Leggett
Inequalities can be used in the same way as the Bell Inequalities, but to test theories
incorporating nonlocal realism instead of local realism. Anton Zeilinger's group at the
Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) in Vienna performed a
definitive test of the Leggett Inequalities (Reference 11). The results show that using
elliptically polarized entangled photons, the Leggett Inequalities in two observables are
violated by 3.6 and by 9 standard deviations. This is interpreted as a statistically
significant falsification of the whole class of nonlocal realistic theories constructed by
Leggett. The IQOQI group summarizes its results with the statement "We believe that
our results lend strong support to the view that any future extension of quantum theory
that is in agreement with experiments must abandon certain features of realistic
descriptions."
It is our view, however, that this is mainly an exercise in demolishing a "strawman."
Leggett's nonlocal realistic theories assume that when entangled photons emerge from
their emission source, they are in a definite state of polarization. It is well known that
when that assumption (and no others) is made, one does not observe the quantum
mechanical prediction of Malus's Law for the correlations of the photon pair.

However, Leggett solves that problem by assuming an unspecified nonlocal connection
mechanism between the detection systems that fixes the discrepancy. In effect, the two
measurements talk to each other nonlocally in such a way that the detected linea rly
polarized photons obey Malus's Law and produce the same linear polarization
correlations predicted by quantum mechanics calculations. Leggett then shows that this
nonlocal "fix" cannot be extended into the realm of elliptical polarization, and that
quantum mechanics and this type of nonlocal realistic theories give differing predictions
for the elliptic polarization correlations. In other words, the "reality" that is being tested
is whether the photon source is initially emitting the entangled photons in a definite
state of polarization. It is this version of "reality" that has been falsified by the IQOQI
measurements.

It is our view that this assumption, clearly inconsistent with the formalism of quantum
mechanics, is invalid, and that nature is both nonlocal and unrealistic, if by realism one
means that when entangled photons emerge from their emission source, they are in a
definite state of polarization. This very restricted definition of realism is not required,
and it is assumed that the intrinsic nonlocality of standard quantum mechanics is a
physical fact.
It is noted that the several polarization bases used in t hese ki nds of polarization EPR
experiments make demonstrating the quantum nonlocal connections straightforward
but also make it effectively impossible to use those connections for observer-to-

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observer signaling (Reference 12), because one would need to deduce from the arriving
photons the polarization basis that was being used in the distant measurements. This is
an aspect of the parameter independence mentioned above. While each observer is free
to choose a parameter that specifies the polarization basis (for example, circular
right/left, linear at any angle) for the measurement, he is not free to force the photon
into a particular state of that basis, as would be required for nonlocal communication.
However, measuring polarization correlations in a system with angular momentum
constraints is not the only way to demonstrate the nonlocal connection between the
entangled separated parts of a quantum system. Below, EPR experiments that use
momentum entanglement are discussed, and the question of whether such quantum
systems might provide a better vehicle for observer-to-observer nonlocal
communication is explored, because by using momentum entanglement, an observer is
able to force the photon into particle-like or wave-like behavior.

II. The Quantum No-Signal Theorems
As Einstein implied with his well-known "spooky actions at a distance" comment,
enforcement of quantum correlations across spacelike and negative timelike intervals
by nonlocality is very counterintuitive. It appears to imply the twin possibilities of
superluminal commun ication and of reverse causation through back-in-time
communication between observers. However, a number of authors (Reference 13) have
presented "proofs" that such nonlocal observer-to-observer communication is
impossible within the formalism of standard quantum mechanics. These theorems
assert that in separated measurements involving entangled quantum systems, the
quantum correlations will be preserved, but there will be no effect apparent to an
observer in one sub-system if the character of the measurement is changed in the
other sub-system . Thus, it is asserted, nonlocal signaling is impossible.
As mentioned above, EPR experiments can be viewed (Reference 5, 6) as
demonstrating violations of outcome independence or parameter independence or both.
Outcome independence cannot be used for nonlocal signaling, while parameter
independence can. Thus, any test of nonlocal signaling is, in effect, a test of the
parameter independence of quantum phenomena, and the no-signal theorems are
"proofs" of parameter independence.
Do these no-signal "proofs" really have the status of mathematical theorems? Perhaps
not. Recently it has been pointed out (Reference 14) that at least some of these
"proofs" ruling out nonlocal signaling are tautological, assuming that the measurement
process and its associated Hamiltonian are local, thereby building the final conclusion of
no signaling into their starting assumptions. Standard quantum mechanical Bose­
Einstein symmetrization in systems of bosons has been raised as a counter-example,
shown to be inconsistent with the initial assumptions of some of these "proofs."
Therefore, at least from some perspectives, the possibility of nonlocal communication in
the context of standard quantum mechanics remains open and appropriate for
experimental testing.

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III. Nonlocality Versus Special Relativity?
If nonlocal communication is possible, would it be in conflict with special relativity, with
its well-known prohibition against faster-than-light signals? The answer is no.
The prohibition of signals with superluminal speeds by Einstein's theory of special
relativity is related to the fact that the definite simultaneity of two separated space­
time points is not Lorentz invariant. Since some hypothetical superluminal signal could
be used to establish a fixed simultaneity relation between two such points-for
example, by clock synchronization-this would imply a preferred inertial frame and
would be inconsistent with Lorentz invariance and special relativity. In other words, it
would be inconsistent with the even-handed treatment of all inertial reference frames in
special relativity.
However, if a nonlocal signal could be transmitted through measurements at separated
locations performed on two entangled photons, the signal would be "sent" at the time
of the arrival of the photon in one location and "received" at the time of arrival of the
other photon. By varying path lengths to the two locations, these events could be made
to occur in any order and time separation in any reference frame. Therefore, nonlocal
signals (even superluminal and retrocausal ones) could not be used to establish a fixed
simultaneity relation between two separated space-time points, because the sending
and receiving of such signals do not have fixed time relations. The transmission and
arrival instants of a nonlocal signal cannot be used for synchronization because the
transmission and reception instants are path- and delay-dependent variables.
To put it another way, the nonlocal connections of entangled photons lie along
segmented lightlike world lines that transform properly under Lorentz transformations.
Therefore, there is no conflict between nonlocal signaling and the Lorentz invariance of
special re lativity. On the other hand, the principle of causality (cause must precede
effect in all reference frames) appears very likely to be violated (or at least violate­
able) if nonlocal signaling is possible.
Is it possible that the universe does have some preferred reference frame, perhaps that
laid down by the cosmic microwave background or implied by Mach's Principle?
Perhaps, but if such a preferred frame existed, its existence could not be established by
nonlocal communication.

IV. Momentum Domain Entanglement and EPR
Experiments
Einstein's original objection (Reference 4) that quantum mechanics appeared to be
nonlocal was made with arguments based on a gedankenexperiment in the momentum
domain. However, almost all of the modern EPR experiments testing the Bell Inequality
and demonstrating quantum nonlocality have been performed in the polarization (that
is, angular momentum) domain, usually with linearly polarized photons. Interestingly, it
appears that if nonlocal quantum communication is possible at all, it may be more
easily achieved in the momentum domain of Einstein's original focus.
The optical process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion (Reference 15) turns
out to be a very useful way of generating photon pairs entangled in either the
polarization or the momentum domains. In this process, a photon from a "pump laser"

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interacts with a nonlinear crystal and is transformed into two photons with energies and
vector momenta that add up to those of the original pump photon. Depending on the
type of down-conversion process, there are well-defined polarization correlations
between the entangled photons. The down-converted photons may also be easily
prepared in momentum -entangled states, because within the nonlinear medium, the
vector momenta of the down-converted pair of photons must add to give that of the
pump photon.
The first measurement using
momentum-entangled down-conversion
35 1 nm
photons that might be related to
nonlocal communication is the Ghost
Interference experiment reported in
1995 by the Shih group (Reference 16),
Ar Laser
shown schematically in Figure 2. The
experimenters used degenerate
collinear Type-II down-conversion of
351-nm UV pump radiation from an
BS
argon-ion laser passed through a 3f1
mm-long BBO (f3-BaB2Q4) crystal that
0
Slits
had been cut with the optic axis at a
phase-matching angle of 42.2° to the
pump beam to produce a pair of
collinear momentum-entangled 702-nm
photons with opposite polarizations. The
entangled photons emerge from the
Gating
crystal very nearly parallel with the
fiber
pump beam. The pump beam is then
split off from the pair using refraction in
a quartz prism (UV Prism), and the
Gated
entangled photons are separated with a
polarization-selecting beam splitter (BS)
that reflects the "extraordinary"
vertically polarized photon (e) and
Figure 2. Schematic of the 1995 Ghost Interference
transmits the "ordinary" horizontally
Experiment (Reference 16) of the Shih group
polarized photon (o) . Both photons are
passed through 702 ± 10-nm wavelength-selective filters (f1,2) and then detected
(D1,2).

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The experimenters demonstrated that
passing the vertically polarized photon
(e) through a double- or single-slit
system before detection at D1 produced
a "comb" interference distribut ion or a
"bump" diffraction distribution,
respectively, in the position X2 of the
horizontally po larized photon (o)
detected at D2 when the pair of photons
is examined in coincidence. I n other
words, the position distribution of the
straight-through photon shows patterns
characteristic of the single- or double­
slit system through which its tw in
entangled photon passed. Figure 3
shows the observed position
distributions for the two cases .

300

(a) Two slits

250

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C:
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0

200

0

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(.)

C:
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150

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C:
·5

100

0

so
0 L _ _ , = . . J . - - - - ' - - ~ _ _ J _ ~ - - - - - ' - - - ~ - ' - - ~ . . . , _ _ ~~
·2
0
2
4
·8
·6
·4

'---'

De tec tor 2 position (mm)
500

"'

C:
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0
0

a,

(b) One slit

400

300

0
C:
Ql

From the viewpoint of nonlocal
~ 200
C:
·o
commun ication, we note that modifying
0
100
the slit system before D1 through which
the reflected photon passes, wh ich can
be thought of as the action of a
·8
·4
·2
0
2
4
"sending" observer, nonlocally causes
Detector 2 position (mm)
an observable change in the Xrposition
Figure 3. Ghost Interference Position Distributions

(Text continues in the original file: 32 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D134 — AAWSAP DIRD, Maverick Inventor Versus Corporate Inventor: Where Will the Next Major Innovations Arise, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D134
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D134
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/30/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

In Vegas, the best innovation gamble is the lone inventor, not the corporate casino.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D134, DoW, March 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Compares maverick vs corporate inventors, highlights independent researchers in energy/propulsion
- Concludes independent, technically trained inventors are strongest candidates for breakthroughs

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD compares lone “maverick” inventors with researchers working inside larger organizations in order to ask where major future breakthroughs are most likely to come from, especially in unconventional energy and propulsion. It concludes that the strongest candidates are technically trained, relatively independent, and flexible researchers working with some freedom from institutional constraint. Because that preferred profile closely resembles the kind of researcher who appears to have authored or shaped much of the broader AAWSAP DIRD effort, the document reflects a notable methodological circularity, validating the program’s operational model rather than neutrally assessing the innovation ecosystem.

### AI summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Agency report titled "Maverick Inventor Versus Corporate Inventor: Where Will the Next Major Innovations Arise," dated March 2010. It was prepared by the Acquisition Support Division of the Defense Warning Office, Defense Intelligence Agency. The report discusses the roles of maverick inventors and corporate inventors in technological innovation, focusing on energy and propulsion. It outlines characteristics of each type of inventor and notes that corporate inventors have greater access to resources and are more likely to drive major innovations. The document was produced as part of the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications program.

### Full text

#### Page 1

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Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
30 Marc'h 2010
ICOD : 1 December 2009
DIA-08- 1003-017

Maverick Inventor Versus
Corporate Inventor: Where
Will the Next Major
Innovations Arise?

UNCLASSIFIED/ /5i0A OFFIEil.t.l WS& OHL¥

#### Page 2

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Maverick Inventor Versus Corporate Inventor: Where Will
the Next Major Innovations Arise?

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division ( DW0- 3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analvsis
Defense Intelligence Agency

Author:

AAP Person 75

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemi nation of the photographs in this publication is not authorized .

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense I ntelligence Agency, Defense Wa rn ing Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to !AAP Person 1
AAWSA Prog ram
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

l

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Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................ ........... iv
Maverick Inventor ....................................................................................... ........... 1
Corporate Inventor ..................................................................................... ........... 2
Technologies .......................................................................................................... 4
The Type 1 Inventor ............................................................................................... 6
The Type 2 Inventor .................................................................................... ........... 7
The Type 3 Inventor ...................................................................................... ........... 8
The Type 4 Inventor .................................................................................... ......... 10
The Type 5 Inventor .................................................................................... ......... 10
Comparisons ............................................................................................... ......... 11

Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 12

Tables
Table 1. Types and Examples of Think Tanks............................................... ........... 3
Table 2. Essential Elements That Characterize the Types of Inventor ........ . ......... 11

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Maverick Inventor Versus Corporate Inventor: Where Will
the Next Major Innovations Arise?
Introduction
Technological innovation has been advanced by several sectors of human
society and via a diverse set of circumstances. In the early 20th century, the
solitary maverick inventor was responsible for the bedrock of most of today's
industrial and commercial enterprises. As these enterprises grew larger, they
could afford their own research and development departments, tasking them
with developing products and processes aimed at increasing the market share
of the parent company. Generally speaking, as time went on these types of
enterprises became less hotbeds of true innovation than places where
improvements to the current technologies were tightly managed. Such
management became stultifying for many inventors wishing to produce true
innovation, and these mavericks shunned the commercial research agencies
and went off to carry out their own brand of research.
Another institution where true innovation is fostered is the university.
University research as it exists today started in Europe only in the 18th
century. The bulk of the discoveries in science leading to technologica l
innovation came from university research laboratories in the 19th and early
20th centuries. Currently there is considerable controversy surrounding the
degree to which research at universities is free from external influences,
whether from within the university, from the greater scientific community, or
from public and/or private agencies that fund the research. As university
salaries and expenses go up, there is increasing reliance on external funding
sources, the majority of which wish to exert some influence over the type of
research they are underwriting.
Human aggression and human needs gave birth to two additional areas of
innovation. As governments became embroiled in conflicts, they found the
need to fund "think tanks" for the purposes of stimulating scientific
developments that could aid war efforts. As well, the needs of their
constituents for food, shelter, health care, energy, economic development,
space exploration, and so forth demanded the establishment of government­
funded agencies to perform research and produce policy. To be effective,
military planners needed access to the most innovative technologies in all
areas of endeavor, not just armaments, and so established their own research
and development departments.
Circumstances determine the temporal requirement for innovation. Modern
versions of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse {wars, pestilence, lies,
famine/death: read conflict, environment, economy, health) pretty well sum
up the major stimulants that foster innovation. Fortunately, human society-at
least so far-has shown a remarkable propensity for inventing methods of
overcoming seemingly insurmountable obstacles.
This paper concentrates on two areas of technological innovation where
solutions have been particularly hard to come by-namely energy and
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propulsion, in particular aerospace and space propulsion. It is now the case
that new and exotic materials and their dimensions are driving the quality and
quantity of energy and propulsion innovations and preventing the average
inventor from contributing new and useful forms and assemblies. The capital
outlay required to probe the limits of current high technology in search of a
new breakthrough is also beyond the means of the vast majority of lone
inventors. These are the major reasons for the shift in focus from the lone
maverick inventor to the "corporate inventor," the latter being a part of a
large organization.
This paper compares the roles of the maverick inventor who is less
constrained by the strictures of a large organization with those of the
corporate inventor and provides some insight into where to expect required
future innovations in the areas of energy and propulsion.

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Maverick Inventor
Most of the easy combinations of components and materials have been investigated
repeatedly since the time of Michael Faraday. However, it is still to this "low-hanging
fruit" that the average maverick inventor is drawn for inspiration. For example, in the
area of energy innovation, it is still attractive to many inventors to try various
combinations of permanent magnets and wire to try to improve the efficiency of
modern electrical machinery, or better yet, claim to extract possibly limitless energy
from these magnets. The average energy inventor is not bothered by pesky Laws of
Energy Conservation or that the devices he is spending endless time on have been
investigated hundreds of times before.
There is also the role of the media, most important the Internet, in continuing to
stimulate the creativity of the maverick inventor. Movies continue to depict the lone
genius saving the planet via some invention, be it a physical weapon or a piece of
computer code. This no doubt propels succeeding generations to believe that they may
one day single-handedly develop a new free-energy or antigravity device and save the
planet. Unfortunately, the Internet has fostered the belief that new inventions,
especially in the areas of energy generation and gravity control, are relatively
straightforward - one simply needs the correct comb,ination of macroscopic components.
One of the disadvantages of the access to apparent technological innovation that the
Internet provides is to foster and maintain intellectual and experimental laziness. This
manifests itself in many ways, principally in that the prospective inventor increasingly
believes that simply spending a few minutes on the Internet can give him all the
background information about who has done what in a particular field of invention.
Indeed, the would-be inventor does not even need to leave his chair and physically
investigate the situation himself. A corollary concern is the lack of information on prior
attempts that is available to maverick inventors. Whereas the corporate inventor has
immediate access to a broad range of technical resources, including patents and
scientific and technical publications, the cost of these resources and their publicly
accessible concentration in university libraries drive the average maverick inventor to
rely solely on the Internet. Fortunately there are now positive signs that at least as far
as "free energy" and antigravity are concerned, there are Internet sites trying to be
repositories for failed inventions in these areas (Reference 1, 2).
Another major problem is the decreasing reliance on a sound technical education, either
in the sciences or in engineering. Why bother enduring 4 years of an extremely difficult
undergraduate program when all the answers are right there on the computer screen. It
is the age of instant, albeit self-proclaimed, geniuses. No need to bother with correct
measurement procedures or proper control experiments when you can publish the
results of your studies on YouTube without bothersome peer review.
So how might one characterize the maverick inventor? Useful categories of maverick
inventors (assumed to be in the context of the late 20th and early 21st centuries)
might include the following types:
•

Individual with no formal training and little money.

•

Individual with no formal training and some money.

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•

Individual with formal training and little money.

•

Individual with formal training and some money.

•

Small group (usually two or three) of knowledgeable inventors with money.

"Formal training" is assumed to be in the specific scientific or engineering discipline in
which the invention would naturally be situated. Of course, in the last entry in the
above list, the maverick inventor begins to look more like the "corporate inventor," but
the idea should be clear.
Although this paper does not dwell on the personality of the maverick inventor, it is
useful to remind ourselves that the maverick inventor is by definition a loner both in
social and scientific/techn ical areas. In an online article (Reference 3), maverick
inventor Dean Kamen 1 writes: "It's not that they're brilliant or well-educated ... They
work all the time. They don't let failure demoralize or destroy them. They pick
themselves up and keep going and eventually, every once in a while, one of your ideas
actually breaks through and works, and it makes all that stuff seem worthwhile."
Kamen's article goes on to state: "Stubborn, delusionally optimistic, creative, fearless,
flexible and focused are some of the ways psychologists and business people describe
the personality of the maverick ...'You need to be in denial or in ignorance about the
huge challenges you face,' laughs Guy Kawasaki, a former Apple executive and
entrepreneur who's starting the self-described "magazine rack" alltop.com. 'You have to
believe that it wouldn't be hard for you to succeed."'

Corporate Inventor
The corporate inventor is a part of and relies on a large organization, conveniently
labeled a think tank, to both stimu late and susta in him. There is constant interaction
between like-minded innovators that serves both as a stimulus to explore new areas
and as a much-needed "dead-end detector." Usually, sufficient cash and equipment are
on hand, especially when the desired innovation is being funded externally. These think
tanks may be government, military, academic, corporate, or private. The closest model
to the freedom associated with the maverick inventor is usually found in a university
setting, although a number of privately sponsored institutions exist (for example,
Perimeter Institute in Waterloo, Canada). At least until recently, academic institutions
prided themselves in the freedom granted to their research scientists and engineers.
Table 1 provides examples of the various types of th ink tanks.

' Dean Kamen Is an experienced Inventor In the medical field, where his Inventions Include the AutoSyrlnge . Among
his many other inventions are devices using the Stirling cycle for energy generation and water purification and the
Segway Personal Transporter.

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Table 1. Types and Examples of Think Tanks
Type

Universities
Government

Examples
Radlab, MIT, Cambridge, MA
Sandia National Laboratories,
Albuquerque, NM

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Livermore, CA
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,
NY

Quasi -Government/Military
Corporate

NASA (for example, Glenn Research
Center, Brook Pa rk, OH)
DARPA, Arlinqton, VA
GM Research Laboratory, Warren, MI
Alcatel/Lucent - Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ
Skunk Works, Palmdale, CA
Perimeter I nstitute for Theoretica I Physics,
Waterloo, Canada

Privately Funded

Institute for Advanced Studies, Austin , TX

Independent, Nonprofit

SARA (Scientific Applications & Research
Associates) Cypress, CA
Battelle, Columbus, OH
SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute),
Palo Alto, CA
Austrian Research Centers, Sei ber sdorf,
Austria

These entities typically arose in response to a particular need or crisis. Perhaps the
most famous and effective th ink tank was the vast agency known as the Manhattan
District. Less well known to the public was, for example, the RadLab at MIT.
Except in the case of privately funded organizations, they all support many hundreds to
thousands of researchers, of which a variable proportion could be termed "inventors."
Even the smaller entities support a dozen or so highly motivated scientists and
engineers easily classified as inventors.
A benefit of being an inventor in a large organization is access to information. The
corporate inventor can quickly determine whether a certa in avenue of approach has

3

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already been tried, using resources not generally available to the maverick inventor,
such as patent searches, scientific and technical documents, or an in-house library.
Another benefit is access to the latest technical apparatus, prototyping, and machining
capabilities. In most cases, the inventor does not need to be an expert in the operation
of all types of analytical or experimental equipment or machine tools. There are
technicians at his disposal! able to convert his ideas i1nto reality.
A relatively recent development in the larger organizations is the establishment of a
"blue-sky" team of highly creative individuals, sometimes just two or three people,
whose job it is to think outside the corporate box and provide directions and policy,
usually for the long term. However, in general, their tasks still fall within the general
purview of the entity funding them. Sometimes government laboratories will allow such
teams to investigate unusual areas and possibly set up experiments leading to eventual
inventions assigned to the laboratory. A particular example is that of Tajmar (Reference
4). Other relevant models for this type of activity are found in research and university
hospitals, where continuous innovation is the norm.
Corporate inventors also benefit from belonging to an organization that includes people
with business acumen. An invention is worthless as a commercial innovation if it cannot
be produced or marketed at a competitive price. The business side of the corporation is
an essential component of successful innovation. The maverick inventor typically does
not have these skills close at hand, and often the enterprise fails not for techn ical
reasons, but because the inventor has not thought out an appropriate business plan.
However, there are drawbacks to the life of the corporate inventor. Fluctuations in the
overall economy can put projects on hold, cause them to be canceled, or force layoffs
that can stall or kill a project. The maverick inventor will strive to keep his project alive
regardless of the external economy, which unfortunately sometimes means loss of
savings, house, family, friends, and so forth. A Not Invented Here (NIH) syndrome
often can interfere with overall progress in areas where a corporate inventor approach
is the most suitable. If an idea did not originate with a particular organization, it may
not be pursued, even though it may represent the best approach. Maverick inventors
rarely suffer from NIH. Whereas the maverick inventor is generally accustomed to
putting 100 percent of his time into the invention, the corporate inventor may suffer
from burnout if he is not as personally motivated or has such a personal stock in the
invention. After a while, "group think" syndrome can infect large organizations,
including their innovators. This happens in organizations that do not recognize or
encourage radical thinking, resulting in mediocre innovation performance. This process
is exacerbated if the number of projects being attended to by corporate inventors starts
to overwhelm them. The maverick inventor is usually single minded in his attention.

Technologies
In order to gain a clearer understanding of the relatiive roles of the maverick and the
corporate inventor, it is instructive to observe how each addresses specific technological
areas. This paper concentrates on innovations in the areas of unconventional energy
and propulsion systems as examples of ideas pursued by the maverick inventor in
particular. The study does not focus on how the personality of the maverick inventor
determines his innovative capacity so much as it focuses on what tools and techniques
are available to him in addressing a particular potential innovation.
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The inventors highlighted in this study investigate technologies encompassing the
production or conversion of energy from novel sources, sometimes referred to as "new
primary energy sources," including permanent magnets, cold and warm fusion, "zero­
point fluctuations," and novel uses of batteries and rotating systems, as well as
theoretical and experimental approaches to modulating the local gravity field. Some of
these inventors and inventions are described in recent books (see Reference 5, 6).
Historically, what has been the relative contribution to the major innovations in these
areas? Taking the specific area of electrical energy production as an example, it was the
contributions, inspiration, and determination of maverick inventors such as Tesla that
resulted in the design of many of the current power-generating technologies in use
today. As far as radically new recent designs of alternators and motors is concerned,
there have been very few innovations from maverick inventors, Flynn 's dual-path
magnetic circuit being a notable exception (Reference 7). Most of the innovations in this
area come from corporate inventors in the electric power industry, as the only path left
toward increasing efficiency is through novel materials such as high-temperature
superconductors. Such research is generally out of reach of the maverick inventor.
There has been no lack of attempts by maverick inventors to produce electrical "free
energy" and related machines.
In the area of space propulsion and earth-to-orbit methods in particular, again it was
the contributions of mavericks such as Tsiolkovsky and Goddard that laid the
foundations for modern rocketry. Both inventors took a practical approach to rocketry,
as the field was in its embryonic state. Initially denigrated as being "on ly" a high school
math teacher with no formal scientific training, Tsiolkovsky developed the fundamental
equation for rocket propullsion. Although Goddard was university trained, like
Tsiolkovsky, his fundamental work on rocket dynamics was largely ignored until later in
his life. During their early, creative years, neither man worked for large organizations.
As far as radically new propulsive means are concerned, there have been innovations
only in the efficiency and overall design, and the fundamental mass expulsion model
has remained unchanged. The efficiency innovations have sprung from corporate
inventors who have the resources to plan and test their increasingly costly designs only
in the context of large organizations.
The current in novations in these two fields come from larger organizations such as
those highlighted in the previous section. However it should be noted that these
innovations, largely increased in efficiency, have been economically as well as
technically viable. There are plenty of novel thruster designs that would be excellent
candidates for inclusion in the breakthrough category if only they were not so
expensive. Antimatter propulsion using positrons and antiprotons is a good example
(Reference 8, 9). In the early development of electrical machines, many parts of the
system were very expensive-electrical steel laminations, for example- but mass
production brought prices down. Fortunately inventions are not completely discarded
simply because they are too costly at the time of their conception. Increasingly today,
materials costs rather than manufacturing costs drive economic decisions about the
development and commercialization of inventions in this category. This is due in part to
the replacement of human manpower with its robotic equivalent and the scarcity of
certain strategic technologically important raw materials, such as rare earths.

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The Type 1 Inventor
One should examine the area of novel energy generation inventions from the
standpoint of the maverick inventor who has no formal training. Because the approach
and timel ine of the typical energy inventor mimic those of the propuls ion (read
"antigravity") inventor,2 we will concentrate on the energy inventor. Often the invention
involves a device that is p•urported to produce more energy than it consumes. In some
cases the inventor naively thinks his invention is simply creating the extra energy from
nothing. More often the inventor believes his device is tapping a new energy source,
such as "zero-point energy" or "magnetic energy ." He typically begins his quest by
literally playing with st orage batteries or pu lse-driven, simple, permanent-magnet­
based motors. Since the typical maverick inventor has negligible funds for research and
development, cheap measuring instruments are the norm. A very cursory
understanding of electrical wiring and possibly a rudimentary capability in designing
solid-state circuitry seem all that are necessary from an educational standpoint. Delving
into thermodynamics, proper experiment design, error analysis, or even power factor is
usually seen as taking valuable time away from construction of an invention prototype.
Alas, it is most often in the area of measurement that the maverick inventor solidifies
his belief that he has discovered the answer to the world's energy problems. His fear of
ridicule and belief that the local university or testing agency would (a) steal the
invention, (b) not do a proper test because they do not believe in the underlying
concept (for example, zero-point energy), or (c) are in league with big oil and will
suppress the invention ensure that proper measurements are rarely performed at the
important early stages of the invention's development. Fear of suppression also
contributes to the typical inventor's lack of proper note taking. The test instruments
used usually are not su itable for use in measuring the various electrical parameters in,
for example, pulsed -motor designs. Even if more expensive oscilloscopes are
purchased, their internal math functions are overrelied upon without giving a second
thought to applicability, calibration, or use of proper probes within specification, among
a host of bothersome details. The measurement problem is generally compounded
when attempting to measure the true power or energy output of a device, especially
where the output is a rotating shaft or source of heat.
The modern Type 1 inventor shuns publishing in the peer-reviewed literature for
obvious reasons and instead makes a YouTube video or appea rs on a TV "weird science"
program or news clip to further promote this incredible invention .
Up to th is point, the invention has been developed using personal or immediate family
funds. Once the maverick inventor is convinced he has the ultimate solution, the next
step is to raise the necessary funds to produce a larger, higher power prototype . Note
the key step of independently verifying the technical validity of the device at low power
is to be avoided . "Only a big power output will convince the skeptics" is the slogan at
this stage. And a high-power prototype will take much longer to build, thus buying
more t ime for the inventor to invent excuses for why the whole idea was unworkable in
the first place . Usually the original prototype is either scrapped or robbed of
components to make a new high-power device.

2 For typical examples of Inventors concentrating on gravity and propul sion means, see Reference 10, 11, 12.

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Where does the inventor find funding for such a development? The typical inventor
(Reference 13) will canvas a wider network of friends, his church, a local venture
capitalist or private investor who is not very savvy, or a fund specifically establ ished to
invest in exotic energy startups (Reference 14, 15). After convincing them of the
incredible return on their investment in the technology by "demonstrating" it (without
proper protocols, test equipment, and so forth), manpower, space, and new equipment
are purchased. Usually the last thing on the inventor's mind at this stage is wasting
investors' money on an independent laboratory test such as might be found at a local
university's engineering or physics department or certified testing laboratory to
determine whether there is any validity to the technology.
Around this time, the major investors start to sense there might be something amiss in
their original assessment of the validity of the technology. This might arise from any
number of factors, including continual requests for more funding, continual delays in
demonstrating the new high-power unit, more-informed friends asking probing
technical questions, and so forth. Investors start to withdraw, accepting the fact of their
bad investment, and the inventor eventually recedes into oblivion or skips town to start
up again under a different guise somewhere else. This is typical behavior for the con
artist (Reference 16, 17, 18), whose exploits will not be further analyzed herein.
However, some enterprising individuals parlay their experience into related
conventional businesses (Reference 19), and some investors hang on long past the time
a reasonable person would quit (Reference 20).
Patent protection generally is not sought by the Type 1 inventor. And if a patent is
sought, either it is rejected outright by the patent office or a watered-down version is
obtained that is usually worthless from either the physics or technical point of view or
as part of the intellectual property to eventually be sold to an investor interested in
commercializing the device.
What can be learned from the Type 1 inventor? Given their lack of formal education in
the relevant disciplines, there is a negligible chance that Type 1 inventors will
contribute anything of significance to major innovations in the energy and propulsion
areas. Their undisciplined approach, coupled with th,e ir lack of funds and interest in
science by media, virtually guarantees failure.

The Type 2 Inventor
The major-and sometimes only-difference between Type 2 and Type 1 inventors is
that Type 2 inventors tend to be even more confident in their inventions because they
have been able to purchase fancy and costly measuring equipment and have high­
quality machining done. However, because of their general lack of education in the
relevant areas of instrumentation, they can misuse the instruments or misinterpret the
resulting data just as bad ly as Type 1 inventors (Reference 21). However, Type 2
inventors have the advantage of being able to purchase external expertise in these
areas (Reference 22). The degree to which they rely on and believe the external
expertise-for example, a university laboratory-is dependent on several factors, most
notably the personality of the inventor himself. The more self-assured personality relies
less on outside expertise.
Type 2 inventors generally have more to lose in terms of money, as they typically start
out big and want to go bigger faster. They tend to investigate less speculative areas of
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a technology. Also, they are not generally plagued by the insecurities of the Type 1
inventor about subjecting their inventions to outside scrutiny, and some will be bold

(Text continues in the original file: 19 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D135 — AAWSAP DIRD, Antigravity for Aerospace Applications, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D135
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D135
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/30/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even Vegas didn’t gamble on antigravity in March 2010.

- DIRD D135, Defense Intelligence Agency, March 2010, incident 3/30/10, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Surveys theoretical antigravity mechanisms, cites extreme energy needs, exotic matter, impractical scale
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys a range of proposed “antigravity,” or gravitational control, concepts for aerospace applications, drawing mainly from Newtonian gravity, general relativity, cosmology, and quantum field theory to hypothesize that gravity might someday be reduced, counteracted, or redirected as a means of propulsion. The report reviews mechanisms including ultra-dense matter, gravitomagnetic effects, relativistic moving masses, negative energy, dark or vacuum energy, and quantum vacuum or dispersion-force approaches, while presenting some of these ideas as theoretically permissible under extreme, idealized conditions within established physics. However, it notes that any practical implementation faces currently insurmountable engineering barriers, including astronomical energy requirements, currently unproven exotic matter conditions, kilometer-scale or otherwise unbuildable apparatuses, and highly immature experimental foundations. Although the report draws on broadly accepted theoretical concepts, its implication that those concepts might eventually yield viable “antigravity” propulsion systems deviates significantly from mainstream physics consensus.

### Full text

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Antigravity for Aerospace Applications

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0- 3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 58

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to lAAP Person 1
I AAWSA Prog ram
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

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Contents
Foreword .................................................................................................................v
I. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
II. Concepts for Antigravity Within Newtonian Physics .......................................... 2
Negating Newtonian Gravity .............................................................................. 2
Energy Estimate for Newtonian Levitation ......................................................... 3
III. Concepts for Antigravity Within General Relativity .......................................... 4
Antigravity via Gravitomagnetic Forces .............................................................. 4
Historical Foundations ................................................................................... 4
Forward's Dipole Gravitational Field Generator .............................................. 4
Felber's Relativistic Antigravity Effect ................................................................ 7
Negative Energy-Induced Antigravity ................................................................ 9
Examples of Exotic or "Negative" Energy Found in Nature ........................... 10
Toy Model Estimate for Negative Energy-Induced Antigravity ...................... 10
Cosmological Antigravity.................................................................................. 13
Pressure as a Source of Gravity.................................................................... 13
Vacuum Energy of Einstein's Cosmological Constant .................................... 13
Dark Energy ................................................................................................. 15
Antigravity Propulsion Application of Dark/Vacuum Energy ........................ 17
IV. Quantum Antigravity Propulsion Concepts ..................................................... 17
Antigravity via Quantum Vacuum Zero-Point Fluctuation Force ....................... 19
Antigravity via Nonretarded Quantum Interatomic Dispersion Force ............... 21
V. Conclusion: The Way Forward .......................................................................... 24
Appendix A ........................................................................................................... 29
Static Radial Electric & Magnetic Fields ............................................................ 29
Squeezed Quantum Vacuum ............................................................................. 29
Gravitationally Squeezed Electromagnetic Zero-Point Fluctuations .................. 30

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Quantum Vacuum Field Stress: Negative Energy from the Casimir Effect ......... 31
Dynamical Casimir Effect: Moving Mirrors ........................................................ 32
References ........................................................................................................... 34

Figures
Figure 1. Dipole Electric Field Generator ................................................................ 5
Figure 2. Diople Gravitational Field Generator........................................................ 6
Figure 3. Dipole Gravitational Field Generator: Inside-Out Whirling Dense
Matter Torus ............................................................................................ 7
Figure 4. Illustration of the Casimir Effect........................................................... 31
Figure 5. Negative Energy Flux {Gold) Emanating From a Moving Mirror ............. 33

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Antigravity for Aerospace Applications
Foreword
Antigravity effects can be implemented by manipulating spacetime. This
paper reviews several different theoretical approaches for exploring the
possibility of controlling gravity by generating forces that counteract, or
otherwise modify, gravity for the purpose of aerospace propulsion. Einstein's
General Theory of Relativity is the theoretical framework guiding this study.
The paper also reviews other antigravity approaches via the interaction of
quantum theory with gravitation. And it explores the question of which
method or technique is best suited for aerospace applications and evaluates
the make-or-break issues that limit them.

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I. Introduction
Gravity is the bane of aerospace transportation. The force of the Earth's gravitational
field acts to pull all objects, whether in motion or at rest, downward towards the Earth's
surface. Because aerospace transportation involves the motion of vehicles through the
atmosphere and/or into space, propulsion engineers are always faced with the
requirement that aerospace vehicles will have to carry enough propellant and
associated tankage in order to provide enough propulsive thrust to overcome the
downward pull of gravity and achieve rectilinear motion. Energy has to be expended by
a propulsion system to overcome the force of gravity in addition to providing for
rectilinear motion, and the majority of propulsive energy is dedicated to overcome
gravity. The aerospace propulsion engineer is faced with two choices for the control of
gravity in this regard: passive control and active control. Modern aerospace propulsion
technology, which is based on accumulated scientific knowledge since recorded history,
can only achieve the passive control of gravity whereby a given propulsion device must
develop a thrust that will passively counteract the Earth's gravitational pull, lift a
vehicle off the surface, and propel it through the air or into space. Newton's laws of
motion and gravity require that the fuel fraction of any aerospace vehicle can never be
less than that given by a simple function of the ratio of the vehicle's maximum speed to
the speed of its rocket plume, jet, fan, or propeller wake. For example, this limit implies
that a single-stage rocket that accelerates to escape velocity must be composed of
more than 93 percent fuel. That is because a rocket must accelerate its working fluid
from rest (relative to the rocket) up to its exhaust speed. Thus, exhaust speeds for
aircraft and chemical rockets are limited by material science, chemical reaction rates,
and engineering factors to only a few thousand meters per second.
To date, there is no technology that can achieve the active control of gravity. If one
could eliminate or otherwise control the Earth's gravity field, then one has the ability to
dramatically reduce the amount of propellant, its tankage, and the overall structural
size and mass of an aircraft or rocket because there will no longer be any need for
these to overcome the pull of Earth's gravity while transporting a payload across the
globe or into space. Instead, aerospace vehicles will only need to have the propellant
mass and infrastructure necessary to change their kinetic energy from rest to a final
velocity necessary to achieve atmospheric flight or space orbit. The Earth's gravitational
well will no longer have any impact on aircraft, launch vehicle, or spaceflight dynamics
if one were to achieve active gravity control. Aerospace vehicles would merely "levitate"
in air and their propulsion systems would be optimized for change-in-velocity missions.
However, it is possible to envision a form of active gravity control propulsion that would
not require a change in kinetic energy.
One of the primary concepts for the goal of affecting gravity is "antigravity," which is a
colloquial expression that specifically means the negation or repulsion of the force of
gravity . A more general term that encompasses this notion and other possibilities is
"gravity control."
If antigravity exists, it can be exploited to counteract or nullify the gravitational pull, or
attraction, of a planetary (or stellar) body that acts upon a much smaller body.
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity gives a prescription for a variety of different
antigravity generators. Even Newton's law of gravity offers several different classical
prescriptions. Newton's law of gravity can be used to simply nullify the gravity field of
one body acting on another body by using a clever arrangement of masses. The

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theoretical poss ibi lity of antigravity also appears in quantum gravity theories,
cosmological vacuum or dark energy, and quantum field theory. This report reviews all
of these top ics. The report will also review the topics of gravity control that include the
production of antigravity (self-lifting) forces induced by quantum vacuum zero-point
energy and by nonretarded quantum interatomic dispersion forces in a curved
spacetime (that is, in a background gravitational field). The reader should bear in mind
that many of these concepts are nowhere near having any form of practicable
engineering implementation. However, the report will provide theoretical estimates to
guide the way toward technologica l implementation of antigravity.

II. Concepts for Antigravity Within Newtonian Physics
The basic form of Newton's law of gravity is given by the standard expression for the
gravitational force {Fgrav) that mutually acts between two masses (Reference 1):
(1)
where the negative sign indicates t hat Fgrn" is a (mutual) force of attraction, G is
Newton's universal gravitation constant (6.673 x 10- 11 Nm 2/kg 2 ), m 1 and m 2 are two
interacting masses, and r is the radial distance between the two masses (note: MKS
units are used throughout). Observe in Equation (1) that the force of gravity acting on
a small test mass becomes stronger when the other (gravitating) mass is larger in
magnitude or when the distance between them is very small, or both. Also recall that
Equation (1) and Newton's second law of motion (F = ma) t o define the magnitude of the
gravitational acceleration a8 that acts on a small test mass m due to a larger
(gravitating) mass M (Reference 1):

GM
ag =

-

?­

r-

(2)

If Earth is chosen to be the larger gravitating mass so that M = M@(5.972 x 10 24 kg),
then according to Equation (2) a small test mass m placed near the Earth's surface,
whereby r~ R @ (6.378 x 106 m), will experience a downward gravitational acceleration
of a g = g = 9.81 m/s 2 .

NEGATING NEWTONIAN GRAVITY
It is possible to design an antigravity machine that can nullify Earth's gravity field using
Newton's law of gravity . One way to use Equation (1) to nullify the Earth's gravitational
pull at a particular location would be to locate another planet of equal mass above that
location (Reference 2,3). The forces from the two Earth masses will cancel each other
out over a broad region between them . Everything within this broad region will be in
free fall. However, this is not a practical solution for aerospace flight since there is no
way to manipulate and control another planetary sized body.
Along similar lines, Forward (Reference 2,3) suggested to consider using a ball of
ultradense compact matter, corresponding to dwarf star or neutron star matter ( ~ 10 11
- 10 18 kg/m 3 ), having a diameter of 32 cm and a mass of 4 million metric tons. This
ultradense ball will have a surface gravitational (attractive) force of 1-g. This small
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ultradense ba ll could be placed near the surface of the Earth and its 1-g gravity field will
cancel the Earth's 1-g gravity field. All test objects placed in the broad region between
the small ultradense ball and the Earth will thus be in free fall. Another option Forward
(Reference 2-5) suggested would be to shape the compact ultradense matter into a disk
that is 45 cm in diameter and 10 cm thick, and having the same mass and density as
the small ultra dense ball. Its gravitational acceleration is a g = 4Gp,, where p is the mass
density of the disk and t is its thickness. In this case, the disk will have a force of
gravitational attraction that is the same on both sides, and it will be uniform near the
center of the disk where the strength of the gravitational force will be 1-g. If th is disk
were to be placed very close above the Earth's surface, then there will be a
gravitational force of 2-g above the disk ( = 1-g due to the Earth's gravity field plus 1-g
due to the top-side gravity field of the disk) while underneath the disk near its center
there will be a gravity-free (or free fall) region because the Earth's gravity field
underneath is canceled by the gravity field of the disk's bottom -side. While these are
interesti ng antigravity machines, they are unfortunately not feasible from an
engineering standpoint since one does not yet have the technology or means to create
and handle ultradense compact matter.

ENERGY ESTIMATE FOR NEWTONIAN LEVITATION
An ideal propulsion breakthrough could take the form of the antigravity-based levitation
of an aerospace vehicle within the Earth's atmosphere. Rockets like the Air Force DC-XA
can hover above the ground for a time that is limited by the amount of rocket fuel
avai lable (Reference 6). But an ideal antigravity propulsion device should allow for the
indefinite levitation of a vehicle above the Earth's surface. It is illustrative to estimate
the energy required to levitate a 1-kg test mass above the Earth's surface. This will
help quantify a potentially key engineering parameter for such a levitation system . A
generic estimate can be found by considering the amount of energy per unit mass
required to nullify the (magnitude) of the Earth's gravitational potential energy E1ev for a
test mass m hovering at height It above the Earth's surface:
E

lcv

= GMffl
m
h

(J / ko)
b

(3)

Equation (3) can also be derived by calculating how much energy is required to
completely remove a test mass from the Earth's surface to infinity. This calculation is
more in line with the analogy to nullify the effect of gravitational energy. And Equation
(3) also represents the energy required to stop a test mass at the levitation distance h
if it were falling in from infinity with zero initial velocity.
Setting h ;::i Re and m = 1 kg in Equation (3), the result is E1ev = 62.5 MJ/kg. This is 2.05
times the kinetic energy required to put the test mass into low Earth orbit {LEO).
However, this estimate will require some adjustment t hat depends upon the type of
theory and its technological implementation. That is because the operational energetics
of a putative antigravity propulsion system must be considered in conjunction with E1cv ,

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III. Concepts for Antigravity Within General Relativity
In the Sections that follow the known types of antigravity that can be derived from
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity are described and summarized, which is the
modern relativistic theory of gravity.

ANTIGRAVITY VIA GRAVITOMAGNETIC FORCES

Historical Foundations
Heaviside (Reference 7) (in 1883), Einstein (prior to the 1916 publication of his General
Theory of Relativity), Thirring (Reference 8,9), and Thirring and Lense (Reference 10)
(see also, Reference 11) showed that general relativity theory provides a number of
ways to generate non -Newtonian gravitational forces via the splitting of gravitation into
electric and magnetic field type components . These forces can be used to counteract
the Earth's gravitational field, thus acting as a form of antigravity. General relativity
theory predicts that a moving source of mass-energy can create forces on a test body
which are similar to t he usual centrifugal and Coriolis forces, although much smaller in
magnitude. These forces create accelerations on a test body that are independent of
the mass of the test body, and the forces are indistinguishable from the usual
Newtonian gravitational force. The Earth's gravitational field can be counteracted by
generating these forces in an upward direction at some spot on the Earth.
Forward (Reference 12) linearized Einstein's general relativistic field equation and
developed a set of dynamic gravitational field relations similar to Maxwell's
electromagnetic field relations. The resulting linearized gravitational field relations are a
version of Newton's law of gravitation that obeys special relativity. The linearized
gravitational field relations show that there is a unique correspondence between the
gravitational field and the electric field. For example, the Newtonian gravitational field
of an isolated mass is the gravitational analog to the electric field of an isolated electric
charge.
Likewise, there is an analogy to a magnetic field conta ined within the linearized
gravitational field relations. In Maxwellian electrodynamics, a magnetic field is due to
the flow of an electric charge or an electric current. In other words, the electric field
surrounding an electric charge in motion will appear as a magnetic field to stationary
observers. If the observers move along with the charge, they see no relative motion,
and so they will only observe the charge's electric field. Thus, the magnetic field is
simply an electric field that is looked at in a moving frame of reference. In an analogous
fashion, the linearized gravitational field relations show that if a (gravitational) mass is
set into motion and forms a mass current, then a new type of gravitational field is
created that has no source and no sink. This is called the Lense-Thirring effect, or
rotational frame dragging effect, in which rotating bodies literally drag spacetime
around themselves.

Forward's Dipole Gravitational Field Generator
Forward (Reference 13,14) used the linearized gravitational field relations plus aspects
of the Lense-Thirring effect to develop models for generating antigravity forces. One
example of an antigravity generator is based on a system of accelerated masses whose
mass flow can be approximated by the electrical current flow in a wire-wound torus.

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According to Maxwellian electrodynamics, an electric current flowing through a wire that
is wrapped around a torus (or ring) causes a magnetic field to form inside the torus. If
the current (I) in the wire increases with time, then the magnetic field B inside the
torus also increases with time. This time-varying magnetic field in turn creates a dipole
electric field E, as shown in Figure 1. The magnitude of the electric field at the center of
the torus is given by:
(4)

where µo is the vacuum electromagnetic permeability constant (4n x 10- 7 H/m), N is the
total number of turns of wire wound around the torus, i is the time rate-of-change of
the electric current flowing through the wire, r is the radius of one of the loops of wire,
and Rt is the radius of the torus.

Figure 1. Dipole Electric Field Generator (Reference 14)

In a similar fashion, Forward's antigravity device is a dipole gravitational field
generator. As shown in Figure 2, a mass flow T through a pipe wound around a torus
induces a Lense-Thirring field P to form inside the torus. If the mass flow is
accelerated, then the P-field increases with time, and thus a dipole gravitational field G
is created. The magnitude of the anti-gravitational field at the center of the torus is
given by:

(5)

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where rio is the vacuum "gravitational permeability" constant(= 16nG/c2 = 3. 73 x 10- 26
m/kg), 1 N is the total number of turns of pipe wound around the torus, 'ft. is the time
rate-of-change of the mass current flowing through the pipe, r is the radius of one of
the loops of pipe, R1 is the radius of the torus, and c is the speed of light (3 x 108 m/s)
(Reference 14). One should note the striking similarity between Equations (4) and (5)
for the dipole electric and dipole gravitational fields.

Figure 2. Diople Gravitational Field Generator {Reference 14}

Using Equation (5), Forward (Reference 13,14) showed that there would be a need to
accelerate matter with the density of a dwarf star through pipes as wide as a football
field wound around a torus with kilometer dimensions in order to produce an antigravity
field (at the center of the torus) of G ~ 10- 10a acc , where a acc is the acceleration of the
(dwarf star density) matter through the pipes. The tiny factor 10- 10 is composed of the
even smaller rio, which is the reason why very large systems are required to obtain
even a measurable amount of acceleration. To counteract the Earth's gravitational field
of 1-g requires an antigravity field of 1-g (vectored upward), and thus the dwarf star
density material within the pipes must achieve a acc = 10 11 m/s 2 in order to accomplish
this effect.
Forward (Reference 5) also identified a configuration comprised of a rotating torus of
dense matter that turns inside-out like a smoke ring as another type of dipole
gravitational field generator. As shown in Figure 3, an inside-out turning ring of very
dense mass (M) will create an upward force (of acceleration a) in the direction of the
(constant) mass motion (Mv, vis the mass velocity). This is also a feature of the
1 The vacuum "gravitational permittivity" constant is (Reference 12) : yo= (41tGJ-'

= 1.19 x 109 kg -s2/m 3 •

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Lense-Thirring effect. Forward's linearization analysis generalizes all of these effects
into the following two key ingredients that are required to produce antigravity forces:
1) any mass with a velocity and an acceleration exerts many different general
relativistic forces on a test mass, and 2) these forces act in the direction of the velocity
and in the direction of the acceleration of t he originating mass. In summary, these
forces are equivalent to gravitational forces, which can be used to cancel the Earth's
gravitational field.

Figure 3. Dipole Gravitational Field Generator: Inside-Out Whirling Dense Matter Torus (Reference 5)

One can also view this genre of devices as a gravity catapult machine in which the
machine pushes a body away using its general relativistic antigravity forces to impart a
change in velocity. A space launch operator on the ground wanting to send a payload
up into orbit would just ratchet up the strength of the (upward-directed) antigravity
field to some value above 1-g, and after pressing the release button the payload
accelerates up and away into orbit. These devices could also be placed in Earth orbit,
stationed anywhere within the solar system, or even distributed throughout the galaxy
in order to establish a network of gravity catapults. Space travelers could begin their
trip by being launched from the catapult on the Earth's surface, and when they reach
space they would jump through various catapults as needed to reach their destination.

FELBER'S RELATIVISTIC ANTIGRAVITY EFFECT
Felber (Reference 15) used the Schwarzschild solution of Einstein's general relativistic
field equation to find the exact relativistic motion of a payload in the gravitational field
of a mass moving with constant velocity. His analysis gives a relativistically exact
(strong gravitational field cond ition) calculation showing that a mass, which radially
approaches or recedes from a payload at a relative velocity of Vcrir > c/3 112 ( vc,i1 = critical
velocity), will gravitationally repel the payload as seen by distant inertial observers. In
other words, any source mass, no matter how large or small it is or how far away it is
from a test body (payload), will produce an antigravity field when moving at any
constant velocity above Vent •

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The exact relativistic strong-field condition that establishes the lower limit criterion for
vcr;r to induce antigravity repulsion of a payload (as measured by distant inertial
observers in the rest frame of the source or in the initial rest frame of the payload) is
given by (Reference 15):
(6)

In this expression, y = (I - p2)- 112 is the standard relativistic Lorentz transformation factor
which is a function of the normalized relativistic velocity parameter p = vie, 'I'= 'l'(r) = I (2GM/rc2) is the goo (or time-time) component of the static Schwarzschild spacetime
metric 2 of a source (or central) body of mass M, Lis the constant specific angular
momentum of a ballistic payload of mass m, and r is the radial distance of the
approaching/receding payload from M. One can solve the inequality in Equation (6) for
p (or v) under the condition that a payload far from M, such that r » b (b is the periapsis
distance of the payload from M) and r » GM!c2 , and find that the payload will become
gravitationally repelled by M whenever y2 > 3/2 or p > 3- 112 . In order to derive an exact
solution, Felber considered the case for which M » m so that the energy and momentum
delivered to the payload has a negligible back-reaction on the source body's motion.
And he found that a strong gravitational field is not required for antigravity propulsion
because a weak-field solution achieves the same results.
Felber discovered another interesting facet about this new relativistic antigravity effect.
He found that there is also an antigravity field that repels bodies in the backward
direction with a strength that is one-half the strength of the antigravity field in the
forward direction. Thus a stationary body will repel a test body that is radially receding
from it at any v > vcri, , To delineate the propulsion benefit from this technique, Felber
determined that the maximum velocity ( vpmax-wf) that can be imparted to a payload
initially at rest by the weak (gravitationa l) field of a larger source mass moving toward
the payload at constant V > Vcrit is Vpmax-wf « c[P - (3Pt 1]. For the strong-field case, the
maximum velocity (vpma,-,r) that can be imparted to the payload (initially at rest) by the
larger source mass moving toward the payload at any constant v is vpma,-,r = pc. Felber's
analysis includes examples where he uses black holes for the large source mass.
This form of antigravity propulsion is not too surprising because Misner et al.
(Reference 16), Ohanian and Ruffini (Reference 17), and Ciufolini and Wheeler
(Reference 18) report that general relativistic calculations show that the time­
independent Kerr (spinning black hole) gravitational field exhibits an inertial frame
dragging effect similar to gravitational repulsive forces in the direction of a moving
mass at relativistic velocities. This and Felber's exact solution are among the genre of
Lense-Thirring type effects that produce antigravity forces. It is interesting to note that
even though general relativity theory admits the generation of antigravity forces at
relativistic velocities (Reference 19), they have not been seen in laboratory experiments

2 A spacetime metric (ds2 ) is a Lorentz-invariant distance function between any two points in spacetime that is
defined by ds 2 = g""dx 1'dx' , where g," is the metric tensor which is a 4 x4 matrix that encodes the geometry of
spacetime and dx" is the infinitesimal coordinate separation between two points. The Greek indices (µ,v = 0... 3)
denote spacetime coordinates, ><° ... x 3 , such that x 1... x 3 = space coordinates and ><°= time coordinate . The
Schwarzschild metric is: ds 2 = - (1 - 2GM/cir) c2dt 2 + (1 - 2GM/c2r )"1dr2 + r2 (d0 2 + sin 20dcp 2 ) . The corresponding
metric tensor is a diagonal matrix : g,,. = diag[- (1 - 2GM/c2r), (1 - 2GM/c2r)"1, r2, r2sin 2 0). (r, O,cp) are the usual
spherical polar coordinates in 3-dimensional space .

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because repulsive force terms are second and higher-order in the source mass velocity.
To invent a relativistic driver for a captured astronomical body in order to use it to
launch payloads into relativistic motion presents a large technical challenge for future
experimenters. For this reason, this paper will not consider this concept any further.
However, it does serve the useful purpose of illustrating the unusual antigravity forces
that can appear in Einstein's general relativity theory.

NEGATIVE ENERGY-INDUCED ANTIGRAVITY
Negative energy density and negative pressure are acceptable resu lts both
mathematically and physically in general relativity and quantum field theories, and
negative energy/pressure manifests as gravitational repulsion (that is, antigravity).
Negative energy is also known as a form of "exotic matter."
In classical physics the energy density of all observed forms of matter (fields) is non­
negative. What is exotic about negative energy is that it must have negative energy
density and/or negative flux (Reference 20). The energy density is "negative" in the
sense that a given (exotic) matter field must have an energy density, PE(= pc 2 , where

(Text continues in the original file: 44 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D136 — AAWSAP DIRD, Biosensors and BioMEMS: A Survey of the Present Field, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D136
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D136
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/31/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out the only thing laser‑targeted in Las Vegas was a microfluidic chip.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D136, DoW, March 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada, PDF file
- Surveys biosensors and BioMEMS, detailing applications, benefits of miniaturization and development constraints
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys biosensors and BioMEMS, a broad class of miniature biomedical devices that combine microscale engineering with sensing, fluid handling, stimulation, or drug-delivery functions. The report reviews major application areas including implantable blood-chemistry sensors, neural interfaces, neurostimulation, drug-delivery pumps, microfluidic systems, and emerging nanoscale extensions of the field, while emphasizing that miniaturization can improve sensitivity and enable functions that are difficult or impossible at larger scales. However, it also makes clear that practical development is constrained by biocompatibility, long-term stability, sensor drift, device degradation inside the body, and the high regulatory burden associated with implantable medical systems. The document presents BioMEMS as a rapidly growing and productive field whose future advances are likely to come through continued improvements in fabrication, materials, and reliability.

### Full text

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Biosensors and BioMEMS: A Survey of the Present Field

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 65

Administrative Note
COPYRI GHT WARNING: Further dissem ination of the photographs in this publ ication is not authorized .

This product is one in a series of adva nced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under t he Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or uestions pertaining to
this document shou ld be addressed to!AAP Person 1
, AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN : CLAR/DWO- 3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5 100.

1

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Contents
Introduction.. ..vi
What is BioMEMS? .
Characteristics of BioMEMS 2
Categories of BioMEMS. 3
BioMEMS Micromachines ... 3
Brain-Implanted BioMEMS Micromachine Neuroelectrodes 4
Fluidic BioMEMS ... 6
Drug-Delivery Pumps .
What is a Biosensor? . 9
BioMEMS Implantable Sensors ... 10
MEMS Blood Glucose Sensors ... 13
Commercial Blood Glucose Sensors ..... 14
Enzyme-Based Biosensors... 14
Thermopile Implantable Glucose Sensors ... 15
Neuroengineering by BioMEMS... 20
Bioelectric Events.... .... 20
Bionics and Neurointerfaces.. 22
Bioelectrodes and BioMEMS .... 22
Microelectrode Array Fabrication ... 24
Brain-Machine Interfaces .... 25
Polymer BioMEMS Electrodes ... 26
Retinal Devices Using BioMEMS. 27
Microscale in Therapeutic Neurostimulation.... 30
MEMS in Microfluidics .. 32
Lab Chips •... 33
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NASA Space Applications for Microfluidic Systems ................... .. ....... ......... .... .. 34

Microcantilever MEMs Sensors .. ............ ...... .............. ... ... ...... .... ............ .... ........... 36
Conclusion ....... .............. .... .................... .............. .... ............................................. 39

Figures
Figure 1. Varieties of BioMEMS and Sensors ........................................................... 2
Figure 2. Functional MEMS Micromachines At tached to Sensing Bioelectrodes ... .... 5
Figure 3. Schematic Diagram of a MEMS Motor Complete With a Method of
Converting Oscillatory Motion to Linear Motion ....................................... 5
Figure 4 . Illustration of the Basic Physical Principle of the BioMEMS Motor ..... ...... 6
Figure 5. Close-up Views of the Micr o-Motor Gear .......... .... ................... ... .......... .... 6
Figu r e 6. An Insulin MEMS Pump ............................................................................ 8
Figure 7. An ISFET (Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor) Needle-Type pH Sensor
for Monitoring Tissue Physiologic Status ............................................... 11
Figure 8. A Fiber Optical Oxygen Sensor .............................................................. 12
Figure 9. Control of an Insulin-Delivery System by an Implantable Glucose
Sensor ................................................................................................... 13
Figure 10. Glucose Oxidase .................................................................................. 14
Figure 11. An Experimental MEMS Blood Glucose Sensor ..................................... 15
Figure 12. Photomicrograph ................................................................................. 16
Figure 13. A MEMS Thermopile Glucose Sensor .................................................... 17
Figure 14. Illustration of the Thermocouple Principle .......................................... 18
Figure 15. Thermopile Glucose Sensor (left) With Functional Illustration (right)
are Made Using Photolithographic Techniques .................................... 19
Figure 16. Photograph and Illustration of the Thermopile Glucose Sensor in a
Catheter .............................................................................................. 19
Figure 17. A MEMS Biopotential Electrode System ................................................ 20
Figure 18. A Neural Cell Showing Dendritic Inter-Connections That are Electrically
Active With Other Cells........................................................................ 21
Figure 19. A Neuroprosthetic Interface ................................................................ 22
Figure 20. Scanning Electron Micrograph of a Brain Electrode Array Manufactured
From Titanium and Produced by a Process of Electrodischarge
Machining ............................................................................................ 23
Figure 21. Scanning Electron Micrograph of a 1141 Electrode Array Made to Be
Inserted Into the Surface of the Human Brain .................................... 25
Figure 22. Polymer Based Cortical Penetrating Neuroelectrodes Made by Processes
of Thin Film Deposition and RF Etching ............................................... 26
Figure 23. A MEMS Microelectrode Array Implanted Into the Cortex of a Rat Brain
............................................................................................................ 27
Figure 24. A Representation of the Retinal Prosthesis ......................................... 28
Figure 25. A BioMEMS Fabricated 4x4 Microelectrode Retinal Array..................... 28
Figure 26. An Illustration of the Retinal Neuroprosthesis Created by the Boston
Implant Project ................................................................................... 29
Figure 27. Power Transfer by Magnetic Induction to an Implanted BioMEMS Retinal
Prosthesis ........................................................................................... 30
Figure 28. A New Generation of Implantable Neurostimulation Devices Can Pass
Through the Lumen of a Syringe Needle .............................................. 31
Figure 29. Illustration of the Internal Construction of the Ultrasound Powered
Neurostimulator Developed at ASU ..................................................... 32

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Figure 30. Microfluidics in Glass........................................................................... 32
Figure 31. Commercial Lab-Chip Devices That Allow Analysis for Biomarkers of
Various Diseases Using On-Chip Electrophoresis in Microscale........... 34
Figure 32. Design of an Automated Cell Culture System for NASA Space
Applications Incorporating Microfluidics and Integrated Optical
Components ........................................................................................ 35
Figure 33. NASA Space Application of Microfluidic Cell Culture System Made by
Micromachining ................................................................................... 36
Figure 34. Principle of a Microcantilever That Bends When It is Loaded With an
Adherent Mass .................................................................................... 37
Figure 35. Scanning Electron Micrograph Showing a Cantilever Beam With a Single
Vaccinia Virus Particle ......................................................................... 38
Figure 36. Antibodies Attached to a Cantilever Array Create Different Specificities
to Substances in Blood That are Indicative of Cancer .......................... 38

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Biosensors and BioMEMS: A Survey of the Present Field
Introduction
Biomedical sensors and implantable devices employing micro­
electromechanical technology will be important to the future of biomedicine.
Once just science fiction, the notion of a bionic man is now becoming a reality
through the application of microscale technologies. Today it is not unusual to
have a friend or family member who has an implantable device, such as a
pacemaker, defibrillator, cochlear implant, biosensor, neurostimulator, or
insulin pump.
We have only seen the beginning of this technology development, and today's
state-of-the-art implantable devices will be seen as crude and cumbersome
tomorrow. With the rapid pace of development, it is probable that within the
next two decades we will have as many medical treatments based on
microdevices as there are pharmaceutical solutions today. This paper
examines some of the most recent advances in the field, as well as the
technologies that are likely to appear in the next few years.

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What is BioM EMS?
BioMEMS stands for biomedical micro-_glectro-mechanical ~ystems. It is a name applied
to biological and medical devices that are created using advanced fabrication processes
that allow the devices to be very small relative to comparable devices produced by
traditional techniques. BioMEMS devices can also exploit the microscale to provide new
functions that are not practical or possible in large-scale devices.
The name applies to an exceptionally wide variety of engineered devices that derive
from electrical, mechanical, chemical, and molecular engineering. The name
distinguishes these from nanoMEMS which are submicron in scale such as carbon
nanotube structures.
Recently BioMEMS has become something of a misnomer as many of the latest
technologies are being designed and developed based on nanoscale technologies which
are many times smaller than microscale technologies. While current devices are
manufactured mostly on the microscale, many of the functioning parts and the
materials they operate on are at the nanoscale level.
NanoMEMS for biomedical applications are mostly carbon-based materials that have
emerged as prime materials because of their favorable mechanical and electrical
properties. Carbon-based nanostructures such as graphene exhibit a hig h Young's
modulus (stiffness), high strength, low density, low friction and large surface area. The
low friction of a carbon nanotube allows production of practically frictionless bearings
and has thus been a huge motivation towards applications such as nanomotors. Carbon
nanostructures are much stronger than steel, which allows carbon-based materials to
meet high-stress demands in biomedical applications such as weight-bearing
prosthetics (like hip-joint or bone replacements), where other materials would fail.
The field of BioMEMS encompasses micro devices that are often but not exclusively
made by the same photolithographic techniques used to make computer chips. Their
applications include neuroprosthetics, sensors and actuators, and microchemistry
systems. A microchemistry system, often called a lab on a chip, can analyze chemical
properties of a very small quantity of material such as a tiny blood sample. Advanced
systems can perform several tests on the sample at one time.
There are also drug-delivery systems, miniature hearing aids, artificial retinas, DNA
analysis systems, cancer diagnostics, and an amazing variety of devices which support
the function of the human body. Figure 1 shows some devices that were developed by
the faculty of Biomedical Engineering at Arizona State University.

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Varieties of BioMEMs and Sensors

---

---·

·-•·

-- -

.I . .I .
-- -· ---·

---·

Figure 1. Varietie.s of BioMEMS and Sensors. These BioMEMS devices were made at Arizona State University
(ASU). They represent many of the areas of BioMEMS research .

CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMEMS
Conceiving and designing BioMEMS devices requires a different perspective of the
physical world. These devices can operate on principles such as capillary force, van der
Waals forces, and electric-field forces. These forces become relatively strong when the
size scale reaches very small dimensions. In the realm of the very small, the force of
gravity is far less important than electrical charge and viscosity.
From the perspective of microscale devices, engineers need to think about
accomplishing tasks on an extremely subtle scale but with an exceptionally effective
result. BioMEMS employs engineering sciences in ways that are more than just scaling
down familiar devices used in biomedical applications. Rather, employment of new
structures and new materials including polymers and biological components is
necessary. In addition we need to be concerned about things like biocompatibility (the
effect of the device on body tissue) as well as the degradation effects of tissues and
body fluids on the device itself.
Development of a new product that is targeted for implantation into the human body is
particularly expensive due to federal regulation of medical devices. Devices must be
shown to be effective for their intended use, and above all devices must be proved safe.
Bringing a new device to market is not unlike the development of a new drug. In order
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to gain federal approval there may be biocompatibility issues to resolve, clinical trials to
perform, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements to satisfy.

CATEGORIES OF BIOMEMS
We divide the BioMEMS field into several subcategories. Some devices are targeted to
be implanted into the human body or are applied to the body. Many of these are being
developed as alternatives to drugs which therapeutically treat illness or disease. There
is also activity in using microscale stimulation devices to treat neurological disorders
such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease and to treat neurological injuries such as
stroke or trauma to the spinal cord.
Another promising field of research is directed towards integration of the human brain
with microelectrical components. For example implants are being developed which allow
volitional (thought) control of machines. Most of this effort is targeted towards
rehabilitation of individuals who are quadriplegics in order to allow them some control
over their environment.
Then there are devices being developed for clinical applications such as rapid blood
analysis, and t here are those targeted for benchtop biological research. I n this review,
the focus is on specific microscale and MEMS-based devices t hat are used in medicine
and biology .
These include:
•

Micromachines that interface to brain electrodes.

•

Blood glucose sensors.

•

Microfluidics.

•

Neural Interfaces.

•

Neurostimulators.

•

Microbeam sensors.

Several of these technologies have been the subject of research by the present author
and by colleagues at Arizona State University.

BioMEMS Micromachines
Micromachines made by photol ithography are among the most complex and
sophisticated of all MEMS devices. They have seen some application in various forms of
biomedical devices where motion must be achieved with an implantable device. Motion
within the human body by a device is difficult since it implies sliding surfaces, a need
for electrical power, and long term reliability and stability. Biomedical implants are
usually introduced by surgery and so once implanted cannot be easily removed for
servicing.

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Only a few BioMEMS applications are well known for implanted devices and these are
used for positioning and repositioning of sensors. A specific example is application to
brain-electrode systems.

BRAIN-IMPLANTED BIOMEMS MICROMACHINE NEUROELECTRODES
There are applications in biomedicine and research where very small electrodes are
implanted into the brain. These microelectrodes are used in the cortex (surface layer)
to detect electrical activity associated with the volitional desire to move some part of
the body. Electrical activity is recorded as a very small change in voltage within the
tissue.
Near the top of the human head and about 2 cm beneath the scalp lie the parts of the
brain where nerve cells (neurons) are found which control the muscles of the body.
Specific locations in the cortex are associated with specific parts of the body. When a
person moves a limb, there can be detected a corresponding electrical activity of these
neurons. Neuroscientists have recorded these signals and developed a kind of map of
the brain that defines what brain ce lls actuate certain muscles of t he body.
An interesting phenomenon occurs in which some of these brain cells become active
even when t here is intent to move a limb but no actua l movement occurs. I n a healthy
person the intent to move can be detected by measurement of microvolt signals from
the brain cells about 120 milliseconds before any muscle movement occurs. In a person
who has lost a limb or has become para lyzed, the intent to move can still be detected in
the brain even though there is no limb movement.
Thus in principle there is an ability to electrically record from the brain and determ ine a
person's intent to move. Monitoring of the brain is accomplished by using an array of
implanted microelectrodes whose signals anticipate movement of specific limbs. These
signals can in turn be used to control machines. This is the idea beh ind advanced
devices that allow quadriplegics to interact with their environment. Signals from
implanted electrodes are used by computers to control robotic actuators.
A problem recording t he signals occurs because the body naturally tends to encapsulate
the electrodes with scar tissue, meaning the electrodes lose electrica l contact with the
neurons. A solution to this problem incorporates a very sma ll electromechan ical
actuator attached to the electrode. This device allows the implanted electrodes to
change their position occasionally in order to continue to monitor neural events. By
moving t he thin rod-like electrode up or down a small distance after several months of
implantation, the useful lifetime of the electrode array can be greatly extended.
The BioMEMS device described here is meant to be implanted under t he skull and on
top of the bra in cortex . It allows fine adjustment of less tha n a millimeter in order to
make sure the electrode system, once implanted, is able to contact the desired bra in
cells even after the electrode has been encapsu lated by scar tissue over t ime.
Figure 2 shows a photomicrograph of a gear-driven micromachine that was made
through collaboration between ASU and Sandia National Laboratories. The device is
driven by an electrostatic vibrating comb motor . Under a microscope it can be seen that
the combs move in an oscill atory fash ion at about 40 Hz when energized . Electrostatic
forces between two blade- like combs a few tens of microns apart are operative with
about 15 volts as the electric field source.
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The Neural Probe chip enables precise bi-directional positioning of the microelectrodes
in the brain with a step resolution in the order of 8.8 µm. The thermal microactuators
allow for a movement of the microelectrodes of up to 5 mm in either direction making it
suitable for positioning microelectrodes in deep structures of a rodent brain.
The rest of the mechanism converts an oscillatory motion to a linear motion through a
ratchet-type configuration. Figure 3 illustrates the basic unit where there are two comb­
like arrays on either side. These generate the actual force. They are connected to a
cross piece that converts oscillatory motion in concert with a spring to a pulsatile linear
motion of the vertical shaft. This connects to some gears which do a mechanical
transformation.

,

~---

Figure 2. Functional MEMS Micromachines Attached
to Sensing Bioelectrodes. The gears have features as
small as 50 microns, less than the size of a period on a
printed page . (Courtesy of Dr. J. Muthuswamy,
Bioengineering Department, ASU)

...

fon•11,
~

Figure 3. Schematic Diagram of a MEMS Motor
Complete With a Method of Converting
Oscillatory Motion to Linear Motion. (Courtesy of
Dr. J. Muthuswamy, Bioengineering Department, ASU)

5

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Figure 4 illustrates the basic physics where the force is generated. A voltage V, is
applied to the horizontal sliding shaft. There arises an electrical field (shown as the
curved arrow) that tends to pull the shaft into the cavity between the two outer combs.
This is the basic motive force of the device. The force generated by each comb is very
small so there are constructed many sim ilar structures that form a comb-array. All of
the forces act in parallel.

(1)

V
(3)
Figure 4. Illustration of the Basic Physical Principle of the BioMEMS Motor (Muthuswamy et al.)

The device is fabricated by using Sandia's Ultraplanar Multi-level MEMS Technology
(SUMMiTV) process, a 5-layer polysilicon micromachining technology. The layers are
chemically sensitive to different processes and can be selectively removed by etching
with different reagents.
For example silicon can be removed
using an etchant which preferentially
removes silicon only along certain
crystalline planes. Other layers can be
undermined through the use of acids.
The components of the micromachine
are patterned on the silicon using
photoresist masks. A mask is a covering
which prevents parts of the silicon from
being etched away. Figure 5 gives an
idea of the sophistication of this MEMS
fabrication technique.
The end result is that the long rod at
the right of the picture in Figure 3
moves up and down with a speed of
about 1-2 mm per second. The speed
can be adjusted through the number of
teeth designed on the reduction gears.

Figure s. Close-Up Views of the Micro-Motor Gears
(Sandia National Labs)

Single unit recordings were obtained from the somatosensory cortex of adult rats over
a period of three days demonstrating the feasibility of th is technology. This device has
been implanted in rats and its development supported by the neuroprostheses program
of the US National Institutes of Health.

Fluidic BioMEMS
The application of microscale fabrication techniques has allowed the manipulation of
very small volumes of fluids on the nanoliter and even picoliter scales. This allows
6

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chemical processes such as separations, reactions, and analysis to be conducted with
very small amounts of sample.
According to a forecast by the Nexus Task Force, the market for BioMEMS is expected
to reach $18 Billion in 2005. The commercial success of these devices and the technical
potential of other BioMEMS has driven research in a number of areas. As a result, over
the past few years, fluidic BioMEMS devices have become the largest and most diverse
applications of MEMS devices.
Fluidic BioMEMS now include:
•

Drug-delivering neuroprobes.

•

Biosensors (general).

•

Bioreactors.

•

Cell-handl ing devices.

•

Drug-delivery devices.

•

Micro-chromatography systems.

•

Microfluidics.

•

Molecular detection/handling.

•

Neural interface devices.

•

Optical/retinal sensing.

•

Surgical devices.

•

Tissue-handling devices.

There are obviously application overlaps within these devices and some are integrated
with others to create system-level or multi-sensing devices. Applications run the gamut
of the imagination includ ing identification of bacterial or viral agents, drug testing,
home testing, environmental safety and security, and drug-delivery technologies.

DRUG-DELIVERY PUMPS
Drug delivery to the human body for medical therapeutic purposes has long been by
swallowing substances or by injection. However this approach creates rapid rises and
falls in drug concentration in the blood stream because the dose is typically introduced
all at one time. The blood titer of a drug may thus peak at undesirably high levels in an
effort to sustain the drug action over a longer period of time.
Treatment of many medical conditions, such as cancer by chemotherapeutic drugs
would best be accomplished by a steady and long sustained infusion of the drug into
the blood. This would keep the tumor-fighting drug at some optimal concentration and
so make it maximally effective. High levels of chemotherapeutic drug levels in the blood
are toxic and levels that are below some threshold are ineffective.
7

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Methods of creating a more sustained blood concentration of a given drug are desirable
to increase drug effectiveness. Similarly there are other medical applications for
controlled-release drug-delivery systems, such as that for insulin, where it is desirable
to maintain a more sustained dose over a period of hours.
There has been the application of MEMS technologies in the creation of better ways to
deliver drugs to the human body by way of small implantable reservoirs that can slowly
release their drug over a prolonged period of time. Figure 6 shows a MEMS-based
insulin-delivery pump for the treatment of diabetes. This is perhaps one of the largest
applications of BioMEMS in medicine.

Subcutaneous drug delivery
Debiotech p iezoelec ric
in sulin pump
S itzerland

http://lllww.tfebiotech.com/dobiotoch.h

• MEMS technology using Si and glass
biocompatibility
• Precise control of nl volumes
• Prevent under/overdosing and detect occlusions, other problems
• Small size : 114th the size of existing monitors
• Proprietary hermetic packaging
• In he U.S. alone, 60 mill ion people are affec e by diabe es
• 15% of worldwide heal h spending goes award rea ing diabe es .
• 450,000 people now wear ransportable insulin pumps worldwide.
sources: Debiotech

ebsite· Ad vanced Packaging

Figure 6. An Insulin MEMS Pump. An implantable drug-delivery device.

Diabetes is a disorder in wh ich glucose (blood sugar) is not properly taken into the cells
of the body. This process is normally mediated by the hormone insulin, which is
produced by the islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin circu lates in the blood to actuate a
receptor on tissue cells that causes them to uptake glucose from the blood stream. If
there is too little insulin (as in Type 1 diabetes) the cells will not uptake glucose from
the blood, the cell s will starve, and blood sugar levels become too high from
unabsorbed glucose. Alternatively, cell s may not respond properly to normal insulin
levels (as in Type 2 diabetes) and require artificially higher levels of insulin to uptake
glucose. This is ca lled insulin resista nce. In either case, blood insulin levels can be
increased by using insulin injection devices.
Brittle diabetes is a condition where blood glucose levels fluctuate wildly with eating or
fasting causing hyperglycemia (too high a blood glucose-more than about 100 mg
percent) or too low (hypoglycemia-less than about 60 mg percent). Brittle diabetics
8

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have a significant problem in controlling their blood sugar and sometimes insulin doses
are not adjusted finely enough or frequently enough to maintain the blood glucose at
healthy levels. This form of diabetes is responsible for fainting (ketoacidosis) and other
serious symptoms such as poor blood circulation to the limbs. Poor circulation can
result in diabetic ulcers and may sometimes necessitate amputation of the limb.
Insulin pumps are often worn by brittle diabetics because a slow infusion of insulin
works better in stabilizing blood glucose levels rather than periodic injections. A belt­
worn insulin-delivery system looks something like an old-style audio player. These
systems are typically controlled by a small screw-type pump powered by batteries. The
reservoir carries several milliliters of insulin for dispensing over an extended period of
time. The injection needle is connected (underneath the clothes) to a catheter and then
to the pump. The systems are reasonably effective but are cumbersome and require the
needle to continuously reside subcutaneously in the abdomen.
A MEMS implanted insulin pump is a less cumbersome and perhaps more convenient
means of slowly infusing insulin at a programmed rate. The implanted device is refilled
periodically by introducing a needle through the skin and tissue to a septum in the
device.
The MEMS insulin pump shown in Figure 6 is surgically placed under the skin. It has a
rubber septum on the top for filling with insulin. This implementation has a piezoelectric
element that moves in response to electrical charge. When actuated by a timer the
element oscillates, creating a pressure inside the device that dispenses insulin. The
device is programmable for dispensing at various rates.
Although the implantable MEMS pump was developed for diabetes, the pump has
application to the slow measured delivery of many other drugs including 5-fluoruracil
used for cancer therapy and theophyllne for treatment of asthma.

What is a Biosensor?
A primary application of BioMEMS is in the creation of sensors for blood chemistry and
other biophysical parameters of the human body.
We can define a Biosensor as:
•

A sensor whose application is primarily in the measurement of quantities within a
biological system, such as chemical, electrical, and physical parameters.

•

A sensor incorporating a biological component (enzymes, living cells, antibodies)
typically used to measure chemical concentration. This definition does not require
that the sensor be deployed within a biological system.

The two definitions wh ich are somewhat different have their origin with different
influential investigators who wrote textbooks in the early days of this field. The latter
definition is prevalent in Europe.
A biosensor is normally constructed by immobilizing a biologically active material (such
as an enzyme) onto an electrical sensor that measures a fundamental physical quantity

(Text continues in the original file: 45 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D137 — AAWSAP DIRD, State of the Art and Evolution of High-Energy Lasers, March 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D137
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D137
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/31/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Las Vegas 2010: the only place laser reports outshine the Strip lights.

- DIRD D137, DoW, March 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Surveys high‑energy laser tech, limits, advantages, and future projections
- No high‑energy laser weapons deployed; future potential noted

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys the development of high-energy laser weapons and notes that, although lasers had already become important military tools for ranging, guidance, and other lower-power uses, true weapon-class systems remained limited by power generation, beam control, atmospheric propagation, and logistics. The report reviews major laser types along with the optical, tracking, and thermal-management systems needed to make them militarily useful. It argues that high-energy lasers can offer important advantages over kinetic weapons in speed, precision, and low collateral damage, especially against softer or fast-moving targets, while also emphasizing that practical deployment has long been hindered by hazardous chemical fuels, thermal blooming in the atmosphere, power-supply constraints for mobile systems, and waste-heat removal.

### AI summary

This document is a classified report titled "State of the Art and Evolution of High-Energy Lasers," prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Acquisition Support Division in March 2010. It was released on 31 March 2010, with an initial classification date of 1 December 2009. The report outlines the current state of high-energy laser technology, discussing elements of laser weapons, types of lasers, beam control, historical development, and future projections. It notes that while no high-energy laser weapons have been deployed, advances in solid-state and free-electron lasers may enable practical military applications in the future. The document also mentions potential policy constraints on weapon deployment and the advantages of space-based laser systems.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED/} FOR OFFICIJCL 1191! 9HLY

Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
31 March 20 10
ICOD : 1 December 2009
DI A-08- 1003-019

State of the Art and Evolution
of High-Energy Laser Weapons

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State of the Art and Evolution of High-Energy Laser

Weapons

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 79

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to!AAP Person 1
AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100 .

l

ii

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Contents
Summary.................................................................................................................v
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
Basic Attributes of Kinetic Energy and HEL Weapons ......................................... 1
Elements of an HEL weapon ............................................................................... 2
Laser Devices ......................................................................................................... 3
Laser Fundamentals ........................................................................................... 3
Chemical Lasers ................................................................................................. 5
Solid-State Lasers .............................................................................................. 6
Rod and Slab Lasers ........................................................................................... 7
Fiber Lasers ....................................................................................................... 8
Ultra-Short Pulse Lasers .................................................................................. 10
Free-Electron Lasers ........................................................................................ 11
Beam Control and Atmospheric Propagation of Laser Devices .............................. 12
Brief History of DoD Laser Weapon Research ....................................................... 16
Laser-Material Interaction ................................................................................... 20
Vulnerability of Spacecraft to Laser Radiation ...................................................... 22
Projection of Future HEL Weapon Capability ........................................................ 23
Recommendations ................................................................................................ 25
Sources of Further Information ............................................................................ 26

Figures
Figure 1. Utility of KE and HEL Weapons ................................................................. 2
Figure 2. Elements of an HEL Weapon System ........................................................ 3
Figure 3. Basic Laser Concept................................................................................. 4
Figure 4. Cylindrical Gain Generator for HF Chemical Space Based Laser ............... 5
Figure 5. Common Solid-State Lasers and Their Wavelengths ................................ 6
Figure 6. Incoherent Combination of Single Mode Lasers at the Target.................. 9

iii

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Figure 7. Incoherent Combination of Single Mode Lasers in a Fiber Combiner ....... 9
Figure 8. Free-Electron Laser Wiggler .................................................................. 11
Figure 9. Elements of the 2 kW FEL at Thomas Jeffereson National Accelerator
Facility .................................................................................................. 12
Figure 10. HEL Weapon Basic Tracking and Pointion Controls .............................. 14
Figure 11. Sealite Beam Director ......................................................................... 14

Figure 12. Typical Atmospheric Absorption and Scattering in the Infrared .......... 16
Figure 13. Army Mobile Tactical Unit .................................................................... 17
Figure 14. Air Force Airborne Laser Laboratory .................................................... 17
Figure 15. Mid-Infared Advanced Chemical Laser ................................................. 18
Figure 16. MDA Airborne Laser in a Boeing 747-400F .......................................... 19
Figure 17. The Advanced Tactical Laser C-130 Aircraft.......... ..... ...... .................... 20
Figure 18. Single Pulse Maximum Permissible Exposure ...................................... 22

Tables
Table 1. Laser Systems Irradiance Calculations ................................................... 25

iv

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State of the Art and Evolution of High-Energy Laser
Weapons
Summary
The laser was invented in 1960, only 49 years ago, and (along with the light­
emitting diode) has evolved into an essential part of our modern every-day life
in ways that cou ld not have been foreseen. On the military side, there have
also been incredible advances in laser and beam control technolog ies but no
deployment of any high-energy weapons. Many concepts have been developed
and pursued, only to be discarded or deferred owing to technical immaturity,
expected production cost, lack of apparent utility, or logistics concerns.
The most significant technical impediment to deployment may have been the
large quantities of expensive and hazardous chemicals that were required by
the only available high-average-power lasers. This is now changing with
recent advances in electrically powered lasers (both solid-state and free­
electron lasers). As these devices mature over the next few decades, they will
enable practical military weapons at power levels ranging from kilowatts to
megawatts. This evolution may be somewhat slowed or limited in the United
States if there are policy concerns about the use of new types of weapons or
about weaponization of space. As an example, the Department of Defense
developed a microwave device for crowd control, called Active Denial, which
has been shown to produce temporary pain without any injury. However, DoD
was precluded from deploying it owing to policy (not legal) concerns. Other
countries may not exhibit similar restraint, as evidenced by the open
marketing of laser-blinding weapons despite a 1980 Geneva Convention
prohibiting their development or use.
Space offers the ideal environment for laser beam propagation; there is no
atmosphere to either attenuate or spread the beam. As a result, large
distances could be bridged quickly, with range limited by the size of the
transmitting telescope and the potential damage mechanisms limited primarily
by the laser's output power. Initial spacecraft laser weapons are conceivable
within the next 20 years, with the potential for follow-on growth in laser
power and transmitting telescope size. Transmitting telescope size would be
limited by the spacecraft size and competing demands for weight and volume.
Laser power could grow to the megawatt range as solid-state and free­
electron laser technology matures, but the major limitation to a spacecraft's
weapon capability may prove to be its ability to generate and store the energy
required by the laser and to store and dissipate the resultant waste heat.

V

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Introduction
The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art and
potential evolution of megawatt (MW) class high-energy laser (HEL) weapons.
Implications for space vehicles in or beyond earth orbit will be addressed.
It is rare today to find an individual who doesn't have some concept of a laser weapon.
From Orson Wells's Martian invaders in War of the Worlds, who used them with chilling
efficiency, to the now-classic Star Wars movies, the capabilities attributed to such
devices have grown with time and with writers' imagination. While most fictional
depictions of laser weapons (and many news stories) are without sound basis, these
devices do offer the potential for a whole new class of weapons and capabilities which
may complement (but not replace) existing kinetic energy (KE) weapons and electronic
warfare.

BASIC ATTRIBUTES OF KINETIC ENERGY AND HEL WEAPONS
KE weapons (bullets, shells, missiles, bombs, and so forth) require a finite period of
time to reach the target but are then able to destroy it instantly. They can deliver
immense quantities of explosive energy and destroy large areas. This makes KE
weapons most effective at engaging hardened, large, or stationary targets. Collateral
damage concerns, such as a desired target next to a hospital, enemy forces near
friendly forces, or a sniper target in a crowd can sign ifi cantly limit the opportunity to
use KE weapons. Randomly moving targets also present a challenge for KE weapons
due to difficulties in predicting the target's location at the future time of arrival or in
tracking the target with sufficient accuracy.
High Energy Laser (HEL) weapons, by contrast, begin delivering the laser beam's
energy to the target at the speed of light. However, they require a finite dwell time to
accumulate enough thermal energy (heat) on the aim point to achieve the desired
effect (similar to a blowtorch). The strength of an HEL weapon is its ability to precisely
deliver a limited quantity of energy to a small spot with little collateral damage to
nearby objects or people. The instantaneous measure of a focused laser beam's
effectiveness is called "irradiance" and is measured in power per unit area over the
laser spot (typically watts/cm 2). The beam's ability to inflict damage, by heating during
a time interval, is called "fluence" and is typically measured in joules/cm 2 . Fluence is
simply irradiance x time and one joule is equal to one watt for one second.
Speed-of-light energy transfer, coupled with precision tracking, allows HEL weapons to
efficiently engage softer targets which are highly maneuverable, only visible for short
periods of time, or at extremely long range. Although the initial cost of a laser weapon
might be hig h, the logistics trail is short and the cost per shot is comparatively
inexpensive since the only major expendables are laser chemicals or electricity.
Figure 1 compares t he relative strengths and weaknesses of KE & HEL weapons for
different classes of potential targets. Just as there is a wide variety of KE weapons
(ranging from bullets to precision guided munitions to nuclear weapons) for different
types of applications, one could envision a range of future HEL weapons at different
power levels, wavelengths, weights, volumes, and costs which would be best suited for
specific applications.

1

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HEL and Kinetic Weapons offer complementary capabilities

Target
Types

Soft/Smal l/Fast

Moving/tactical

E/O sensors
(Dazzle or Destroy)
Target tagging
Fire starting
Small UAVs
Manpads

Vehicles
Cell towers & comm nodes
Radar antennas
Power grids
Ceramic RF radornes
MilitaryUAVs
Individual persons
Rockets, artillery & mortars

Missiles &
Satellites

Hardened or
Large Area

ICBMs
IRBMs
TheaterBMs
Cruise missiles
Satellites

Tanks
Armored vehicles
Bridges
Buildings
Groups of people

------------------ ----------------------+--------

Laser Power

Laser
1 kW
Weapon
E
Effectiveness
asy

Increasing Laser Power or Increasing Range for Same Effect

10kW

100kW

111Ni

Medium

Difficult

Impractical

Medium
if stationary
if isolated

Difficult

Easy
If stationary
if isolated

---------------------------------------- -- ---KE
Impractical
Weapon
Effectiveness

----------------- ----- ----- ---- ----- ----- -----

Figure 1. Utility of KE and HEL Weapons

ELEMENTS OF AN HEL WEAPON
The purpose of an HEL weapon system is to place and maintain the focused laser beam
on a target aim point for sufficient time to cause the desired heating effect. To
accomplish this, the weapon beam is generated by the laser device, then shaped and
relayed to the input of a pointing te lescope (Figure 2). Laser beam sensors and
steering mirrors are required to maintain the HEL beam centered as it traverses the
optical train. The pointing telescope, which typical ly sits on azimuth and elevation
gimbals, then expands the beam to the diameter of its primary mirror and focuses it to
the range of the target while an imag ing system (which can use a separate telescope or
share the transmitting telescope) acquires the target, tracks it, and points the
transmitti ng telescope's beam at the desired aim point. If the HEL beam's propaga t ion
path from t he weapon to the target includes the earth's atmosphere, it can have a
significant deleterious effect. Absorption and scattering of the beam, which reduce its
strength at the target, are caused by molecular constituents of the atmosphere and
aerosols such as haze or dust. Additionally, atmospheric turbulence spreads the
focused spot and further reduces its effectiveness. All of these factors must be taken
into account when designing a laser weapon.

2

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High Power Laser
Device

High Power Optics Pointer I Tracker I
and Beam Shaping Target Designator

Atmospheric
Propagation

Target

TRACKER

EXHAUST

ENERGY SOURCE

Atmospheric,
absorption,
scattering,
and turbulence

Figure 2, Elements of an HEL Weapon System

Laser Devices
LASER FUNDAMENTALS
The term "Laser" is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation. It is a unique device that employs the quantum states of matter to store
and convert energy into electromagnetic radiation. The resulting radiation is referred to
as "coherent," meaning it is single wavelength or "monochromatic" and highly focusable
due to its well controlled phase. In its simplest form, any laser device can be viewed as
an "energy-conversion" box with one input and two outputs. The input is energy, which
can take a variety of forms (electricity, light, or a chemical reaction) depending on the
specific laser, while the two outputs are a coherent beam and heat (Figure 3). Since
the overall energy-conversion lasing process is considerably less than 100 percent
efficient, significant waste heat is generated which must be removed from the laser.
Inside the laser is a "gain-medium" which stores a fraction of the input energy in its
atoms or molecules and then releases the energy at the laser's selected wavelength.
The laser also contains "resonator" mirrors which repeatedly relay the beam back and
forth through the gain medium to increase its energy level. The laser device functions
as the optical equivalent of an electrical oscillator with the resonator optics providing
the feedback. Different lasers, which use various materials as their gain medium, emit
radiation at wavelengths ranging from the infrared through the visible spectrum and
into the ultraviolet.

3

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Energy
source

(

Lasing Medium

Laser
beam

Waste
heat
Figure 3. Basic Laser Concept

The principles behind the laser were first described by Basov and Prokhorov at the
Soviet Lebedev Institute of Physics in 1952. The first concept demonstration was
actually at microwave frequencies (24 GHz) in 1953 by Townes, Gordon, and Zeiger at
Columbia University. They called their device a MASER for Microwave Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The first working laser, initially called an "Optical
MASER," produced milliwatts of visible light using a ruby rod as the gain medium. This
was done in 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories in Ca lifornia.
Since then, many types of lasers have found uses in an extremely wide variety of
applications ranging from everyday life (bar code readers, CD players, flashlights), to
industry (cutters, welders, surveyors, levelers), to the military (range finders, precision
guided munitions, dazzlers). These lasers have proven to be inexpensive when
produced in large quantity, rugged, reliable, and safe.
Since the earliest days of the laser, the Department of Defense (DoD) has
conceptualized and led the development of hig h-average-power lasers for weapon
applications. There have been many open literature reports of similar work in Russia,
China, and other countries. Lasers currently exist in a wide variety of forms with many
solids, liquids, gases or even electrons being used for a gain medium to produce beams
over a wide ra nge of wavelengths and power levels. However, only a small group of
laser types have shown the potential to produce weapon level powers.

4

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CHEMICAL LASERS
Chemical lasers use a chemical reaction in gas or liquid to re lease the energy which
produces their lasing. A reaction can be initiated with an electric current, by light from
another source, or by simply mixing hypergolic chemicals. These lasers include familiar
low power, sea led gas types such as helium-neon, argon, or krypton-ion and typically
produce light in the visible or near infrared. Excimer lasers are another low average
power sub-category of gas lasers. These use dimer molecules as the lasing medium,
are generally electrically excited, and lase in the ultraviolet.
To-date, every laser which has been
scaled to MW-class average power falls
in the chem ical category . They use
large quantities of rapidly flowing
chemicals to produce reactions which
,.c:.;_i:::~
: ::~=?:.;:~•.i;:;,..~•...
::'.'i
••/~:"'I,
::.--then release the required energy. The
<"- " " " ' ~. .'"::~ ~ ~ ~
carbon dioxide laser (CO2 at 10.6 ~1m)
was the first to be scaled to high power
around 1970 followed by the deuterium­
fluoride laser (DF at 3.8 µm) and its first
cousin the hydrogen-fluoride laser (HF
at 2.8 µm) in the mid-1970s. These
devices lase in the far- to mid-infrared
and depend on exciting vibrational and
rotational states of the lasing molecules.
CO2, DF, and HF lasers resemble rocket
engines because they combust a fuel
with an oxidizer. The DF laser ignites a
mixture of nitrogen-trifluoride (NF3)
with ethylene (C2H4) and then injects
deuterium (an isotope of hydrogen) into
the exhaust stream to produce the
lasing molecule of deuterium-fluoride.
Figure 4. Cylindrical Gain Generator for HF Chemical
This laser was the choice of the Navy
Space Based Laser
and Army in the 1970's and 80's for tactical laser development while the HF laser was
the choice of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) for their Space Based Laser
development in the 1980's (Figure 4 ).
The newest chemical laser to be scaled to high power is the Chemical Oxygen Iodine
Laser (COIL at 1.315 µm) which excites vibronic states (simultaneous change of
vibrational and electronic quantum numbers) in monatomic iodine to achieve the near­
infrared wavelength. COIL generates light in a more complex process which does not
involve combustion but still releases considerable heat. Gaseous chlorine (Cl2) is mixed
with a destabilized hydrogen-peroxide (H2O2) mixture to produce an excited oxygen
molecule and water. The oxygen molecule is then combined with iodine (Iz) in a
reaction which separates t he iodine molecule into monatomic iodine and transfers the
oxygen molecule's energy to it. Iodine then becomes the lasing atom. This near­
infrared laser was the device of choice for the Missile Defense Agency's Airborne Laser
program.

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Typically in a chemical laser, 10 to 20 percent of the energy released in the chemical
reaction will result in lasing while the other 80 to 90 percent becomes heat.
Fortunately in a flowing gas laser, the heat can be easily removed from the resonator
region of the gain generator by the exhaust gas. It is this efficient heat removal
mechanism which has allowed chemical lasers to be scaled to such high average
powers. If a MW-class laser were required today or in the next few years, chemical
lasers provide the only available options. Because they use large quantities of
hazardous chemicals and need refueling, this type of laser is not a preferred choice by
the military.
The physics and scaling of chemical lasers such as OF, HF, and COIL are well
understood and, in principal, they could be scaled to power levels significantly beyond
the MW level. However, due to the maturity of these technologies, only marginal
further efficiency improvements are likely. As a result, the quantity of chemicals which
must be stored and consumed for a laser beyond ~ 10 MW would make the concept
highly impractical for space-based applications and extremely cumbersome for ground
based lasers. Additionally, the atmospheric degradation of a laser beam propagating
from ground to space makes these wavelengths impractical at power levels beyond 10
MW.

SOLID-STATE LASERS
The earliest and perhaps the most diverse laser category is the solid-state laser which
uses specific atoms or molecules as a lasing gain medium (called the dopant) uniformly
suspended in transparent crystalline or ceramic glass (called the host). For example,
the familiar Nd:YAG laser uses a few percent of neodymium (Nd) atoms as the dopant
suspended in a crystalline mix of yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (YAG). Figure 5 shows
some of the many combinations of solid-state laser dopants and hosts in use or being
developed today.
Wavelength (microns)
0.4
I

I

0. 5

0.6

: isibl e

I

a

·~

0.7

0

0.8

·~

0.9

I
I

1.0

~ear lnfra~d

•I

!,Sapphire

1.1

1.2

1.3

I

I
I

!11

Rhodamine
Nd:YAG X2

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

I
~~

Nd: YAG
Yb:YAG

Alex and rite
Ruby

1.4

Er: YAG
Er:Yb :YAG

Hosts can include:
Ruby~ Al2 0 3 ::Cr
Sapphire -- Al20 3
YAG"' Yittrium , Aluminum , Gamate"' Y3Al 5 0 12
LuAG"' Lutetium , Aluminum, Gamate"' Lu 3Al 5 0 12
Yittira"' Y2 0 3

,J
Ho:

Figure 5. Common Solid-State Lasers and Their Wavelengths

A major advantage of solid-state lasers for mobile or portable applications is that they
only require electricity to power them although cooling is also needed. For example, a
5 second run of a 15 percent efficient 100 kW laser would require less than one
kilogram of gasoline or diesel fuel. No hazardous chemicals are needed and an

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extremely deep magazine becomes possible. These attributes combine to make solid­
state lasers very attractive for both civilian and military applications.

ROD AND SLAB LASERS
The earliest solid-state laser mediums took the shape of a cylindrical rod and were
optically pumped with flashlamps. Higher power solid-state lasers were later made
using larger rectangular slabs since the amount of laser power which can be extracted
increases with the lasing medium's volume. Additionally, rectangular geometries
allowed more efficient optica l pumping and cooling. Newer solid-state lasers were
pumped with semiconductor diodes which emitted light more efficiently than flashlamps
and at wavelengths which were more useable by the gain medium. Like chem ical
lasers, they are considerably less than 100 percent efficient overall and generate heat.
However, soli d-state lasers accumulate heat in the glass lasing medium where the
resulting thermal stresses can distort the lasing beam enough to render it useless or
even crack the glass. Since the glass-based medium is a poor thermal conductor, it is
difficult to remove heat. Thus, thermal management of the gain medium imposes
fundamental limits to increasing the average power in a single slab laser. Much of the
recent research in slab lasers has focused on developing innovative ways to remove this
heat or to combine beams from many smaller slabs.
In order to combine laser beams in a fashion which retains good overall beam quality,
the wavelength, phase, and polarization of the individual beams must be tightly
controlled. This process is referred to as "coherent combination" or "phasing" and
results in the maximum irradiance (watts/cm 2 ) by minimizing the focused spot area
over which the total laser power is spread. If an application (such as welding or
machining) depends more on total power than on minimizing spot size, then coherent
combination is not needed and the laser beams can be separately focused to the same
spot with no regard to differences in wavelength, phase, or polarization. This technique
is called "incoherent combination."
Major progress has been made in slab laser development during the last few years.
Northrop-Grumman, under a DoD-funded program, recently produced 100 kW with
good beam quality. This laboratory device, called the Joint High-Power Solid-State
Laser (JHPSSL), uses a single Nd :YAG master-oscillator that feeds parallel, well-phased
Nd :YAG power amplifiers. Brute-force power scaling, well beyond 100 kW, seems
relatively straight-forward using approaches available today. Unfortunately, as more
lasers are combined the overall beam quality will deteriorate while the parts-count,
complexity, and fragility increases. This makes either militarization at the 100 kW level
or laboratory scaling to/beyond the MW level unlikely in the near-term with this
approach. However, given the recent rate of progress and the relative immaturity of
the technology, it would be reasonable to expect further major technological
breakthroughs in thermal management and phasing, cheaper/more powerful pump
diodes (the major cost today), and far more rugged engineering. These improvements
could be expected to yield affordable, rugged, militarily useful MW-class slab laser
systems with reasonable beam quality within the next 20 years. Much of the relevant
research is occurring outside of the United States.

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FIBER LASERS
Fiber lasers are also solid-state lasers but are frequently considered separately due
their many differences in implementation. They are made of the same materials listed
in Figure 4 and lase at the same wavelengths. A fiber laser can be visualized as a rod
laser which has been stretched many meters with a resulting diameter about the size of
a human hair. The fundamental reason is to improve heat dissipation. The ratio of a
fiber's surface area to its volume is much greater than a rod or slab and the distance
which heat must travel to the edge of the lasing medium is reduced by orders of
magnitude . The lasing fiber is surrounded by a concentric, larger diameter undoped
fiber into which pump light is injected (usually at the ends) and then allowed to leak
into the lasing fiber along the entire length. Fiber lasers are manufactured or "pulled"
in much the same way as conventional optical communications fibers. Because the
fibers are so thin, the power which can be generated in any one lasing fiber before the
onset of damage is currently quite limited. New approaches to injecting the pump light
and controlling the laser beam as it is generated or amplified are occurring almost daily.
Fibers have been constructed using multiple cores, photonic crystals and air spaces in
order to increase the power of individual fiber lasers with good beam quality and in
ways to combine the beams.
The smallest diameter fiber lasers, which produce single mode beams with very good
wavelength control and stable polarization, have demonstrated a few hundred watts
and are currently thought to have a damage threshold upper bound of about 10 kW.
Small numbers of these beams have been coherently combined using techniques which
match wavelength, phase and polarization of each fiber laser in the cluster. The
bandwidths of these laser/amplifier chains must be extremely narrow ( << 1 GHz) to
maintain polarization and to then be coherently phased to about 01. ). rms. It remains
to be seen how much total power can be generated with good beam quality and what
are the fundamental limits to coherent combining. Phasing research into mechanical
techniques which use deformable mirrors and passive approaches which use stimulated
Raman scattering are both being aggressively pursued. These combining techniques,
when applied to fiber lasers, are in their infancy and offer the potential for weapons
with fairly long tactical ranges.
Other single mode fiber lasers have been produced which generated as much as 5 kW.
Although their outputs are of good beam quality, they lase over a wavelength band
which is too broad to maintain polarization and cannot be coherently combined.
However, these types of beams can be combined incoherently by individually focusing
them onto the same spot (Figure 6), similar to incoherent combination of slab laser
beams or by physically splicing the output fibers of the individual lasers onto a larger
undoped fiber (Figure 7) which can accommodate the higher total power.

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Pointing Telescope

single mode lasers
Figu re 6. I ncoherent Combination of Single Mode Lasers at the Target

Pointing Telescope

'------r---'

Single mode
lasers
Figure 7. Incoherent Combination of Single Mode Lasers in a Fiber Combiner

(Text continues in the original file: 31 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D138 — AAWSAP DIRD, Warp Drive, Dark Energy, and the Manipulation of Extra Dimensions, April 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D138
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D138
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 4/2/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

April 2010: when warp‑drive proposals were still just Friday‑themed brainstorming.

- DIRD PDF by DoW, dated April 2010, incident 4/2/10, Las Vegas, Nevada.
- Examines speculative warp‑propulsion linking dark energy, Casimir effects, extra dimensions.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD examines whether a warp-propulsion concept can be grounded in known theoretical physics by linking general-relativistic warp metrics with dark energy, Casimir effects, and higher-dimensional models from string theory and brane cosmology. The paper hypothesizes that if dark energy arises from vacuum effects and originates in extra dimensions, then a future technology capable of manipulating those dimensions might be capable of altering local spacetime expansion to generate a warp bubble. While framed as a method to mitigate the astronomical energy demands of more traditional warp models, the report acknowledges that this concept relies entirely on unverified assumptions; namely, the physical reality, stability, and macroscopic controllability of extra dimensions. Consequently, while the paper draws on mainstream theoretical physics concepts, the speculative chain linking them lacks empirical support and offers no viable engineering pathway toward a functioning propulsion system.

### AI summary

This document is a classified report titled "Warp Drive, Dark Energy, and the Manipulation of Extra Dimensions," prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Acquisition Support Division in April 2010. It was authored by AAP Person 74 and AAP Person 58. The report discusses theoretical concepts related to warp drives, dark energy, and extra dimensions, focusing on how these could enable faster-than-light travel. It references previous research, including a 1994 paper by Miguel Alcubierre, and explores the potential for manipulating spacetime using advanced physics. The document is part of a series of advanced technology reports produced under the AAWSA Program in 2009.

### Full text

#### Page 1

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Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
2 April 2010
ICOD : 1 December 2009
DIA-08- 1004-001

Warp Drive, Dark Energy, and
the Manipulation of Extra
Dimensions

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Warp Drive, Dark Energy, and the Manipulation of Extra

Dimensions

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Authors:

AAP Person 74, AAP Person 58

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARN ING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
AAWSA Program
this document should be addressed to !AAP Person 1
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

l

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Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................v
2. General Relativistic Warp Drives ........................................................................ 1
2.1 Warp Drive Requirements ............................................................................ 2
3. The Cosmological Constant ................................................................................ 4
3.1 Einstein's Equation and the Introduction of/\ .............................................. 4
4. Casimir Energy and the Quantum Vacuum .......................................................... 5
4.1 The Casimir Effect ........................................................................................ 6
5. Extra Space Dimensions ..................................................................................... 8
5.1 Kaluza-Klein Theory ..................................................................................... 8
5.2 Large Extra Dimensions.............................................................................. 10
5.3 Randall Sundrum Brane Models .................................................................. 11
5.4 Extra Dimension Summary ......................................................................... 12
6. Dark Energy as a Higher Dimensional Artifact .................................................. 12
7. Warp Drive and Higher Dimensional Manipulation ........................................... 15
7.1 Adjusting Higher Dimensions for Propulsions ............................................ 16
7.2 The Geometry of Extra Dimensions ............................................................ 17
7.3 Higher Dimensions and Stabilization .......................................................... 17
7 .4 Elementary Warp Drive Calculations .......................................................... 20
7.5 Future Experiments .................................................................................... 22
7 .6 The Development of the Technology .......................................................... 23
8. Summary .......................................................................................................... 24

Figures
Figure 1. York Extrinsic Time (9-) Plot..................................................................... 1
Figure 2. The Interior Region of Parallel Conducting Plates ................................... 7
Figure 3. Internal Structure of a Seemingly One-Dimensional Object .................... 9
Figure 4. Manipulated Extra Dimension ................................................................ 15

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Figure 5. Artist's Conception of a Futuristic Warp Drive Spacecraft ..................... 16
Figure 6. A Toroidal Higher Dimension ................................................................. 17
Figure 7. A Combination of Phenomenologically Viable Fields .............................. 19
Figure 8. False Vacuum Minima ............................................................................ 19
Figure 9. Thick and Thin Shell Warp Bubble ......................................................... 21

Tables
Table 1. Transit Times to Various Exotic Destinations at 100 Times the Speed of
Light .........................................................................................................vi
Table 2. Negative Energy Required for Warp Bubble (Larger Negative Energy) ..... 3
Table 3. Negative Energy Required for Warp Bubble ............................................ 22

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Warp Drive, Dark Energy, and the Manipulation of Extra
Dimensions
Introduction
If one is to realistically entertain the notion of interstellar exploration in
timeframes of a human lifespan, a dramatic shift in the traditional approach to
spacecraft propulsion is necessary. It has been known and well tested since
the time of Einstein that all matter is restricted to motion at sublight velocities
(<< 3 x 108 m/s, the speed of light, or c), and that as matter approaches the
speed of light, its mass asymptotically approaches infinity. This mass increase
ensures that an infinite amount of energy would be necessary to travel at the
speed of light, and, thus, this speed is impossible to reach and represents an
absolute speed limit to all matter traveling through spacetime.
Even if an engine were designed that could propel a spacecraft to an
appreciable fraction of light speed, travel to even the closest stars would take
many decades in the frame of reference of an observer on Earth. Although
these lengthy transit times would not make interstellar exploration impossible,
they would certainly dampen the enthusiasm of governments or private
individuals funding these missions. After all, a mission whose success is
perhaps a century away would be difficult to justify. In recent years, however,
physicists have discovered two loopholes to Einstein's ultimate speed limit:
the Einstein-Rosen bridge ( commonly referred to as a "wormhole") and the
warp drive. Fundamentally, both ideas involve manipulation of spacetime itself
in some exotic way that allows for faster-than-light (FTL) travel.
Essentially, the wormhole involves connecting two potentially distant regions
of space by a topological shortcut. Theoretically, one would enter the
wormhole and instantaneously be transported to the exit located in a distant
region of space. Although no observational evidence of wormholes exists,
theoretically they can exist as a valid solution to general relativity.
The warp drive-the main focus this paper-involves local manipulation of the
fabric of space in the immediate vicinity of a spacecraft. The basic idea is to
create an asymmetric bubble of space that is contracting in front of the
spacecraft while expanding behind it. Using this form of locomotion, the
spacecraft remains stationary inside this "warp bubble," and the movement of
space itself facilitates the relative motion of the spacecraft. The most
attractive feature of the warp drive is that the theory of relativity places no
known restrictions on the motion of space itself, thus allowing for a
convenient circumvention of the speed of light barrier.
An advanced aerospace platform incorporating warp drive technology would
profoundly alter the capacity to explore-and potentially to colonize-the
universe. Because a warp drive is not limited by the speed of light, one can
only guess the top speeds such a technology might be capable of achieving.
For the sake of argument, let's consider the duration of trips taken by a

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spacecraft capable of 100c1 for an array of exotic destinations of possible
interest. As Table 1 shows, trips to the planets within our own solar system
would take hours rather than years, and journeys to local star system would
be measured in weeks rather than hundreds of thousands of years.
Table 1. Transit Times to Various Exotic Destinations
at 100 Times the Speed of Light
Destination
Mars
Jupiter
Neptune
Alpha Centauri
Epsilon Eridani
The Orion Nebula

Transit Time
193 seconds
36 minutes
4 hours
15 days
38 days
1.3 years

Until recently, the warp drive was a concept reserved for science fiction.
However, a 1994 paper by Miguel Alcubierre placed the idea on a more solid
theoretical footing. Alcubierre (Reference 1) demonstrated that a specific
Lorentzian manifold could be chosen that exhibited bubble-like features
reminiscent of the warp drive from the popular Star Trek television series. The
bubble allowed for the surrounding spacetime to move at FTL speeds, and the
inhabitants of the bubble would feel no acceleration effects because spacetime
itself would be in motion instead of the spacecraft and its inhabitants.
A number of papers have emerged in recent years that build on this original
idea. However, these papers do not typically address how one might actually
create the necessary spacetime bubble. Our own research directly addresses
this question from a new and unique perspective and introduces a novel
paradigm shift in the field of warp drive study (Reference 2). More formally,
our work approaches the physics of warp drive from the perspective of
quantum field theory; this diverges from the more traditional approach to
warp drives, which utilizes the physics of general relativity. One of the
improvements the model introduces is a dramatic reduction in the overall
energy required to create such a phenomenon.
The roadmap to this new idea was the observation that spacetime is currently
known to be in a state of accelerated expansion, as demonstrated by the
redshifting of galaxies, and the belief that if the mechanism for this expansion
could be understood, then it might ultimately be controlled. A popular term
used by cosmologists today is "dark energy," an exotic and ubiquitous form of
energy that is believed to constitute over 70 percent of the matter-energy
content of the universe (Reference 3-6). One salient feature of dark energy is
its intrinsic ability to generate negative pressure, causing the fabric of space
to expand in the way that is currently observed (Reference 7).

1 This speed, while somewhat arbitrary, highlights the fact that our galaxy wo uld become far more accessible if or
when one discovers how to surpass the speed of light barrier.

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Although we know what dark energy does, we do not yet fully understand its
nature. We do not understand why it exists or how it is created; we simply
know it provides an ever-present force on spacetime, causing the universe to
expand. Indeed, recent high-precision experimental observations indicate dark
energy may be a cosmological vacuum energy (Reference 8-10). These
observations are based on the magnitudes of high-redshift supernova and
have been a source of high research activity of late owing to the unexpected
discovery that the rate of expansion of the universe is increasing (commonly
referred to as accelerated expansion).
One tantalizing aspect of dark energy is that if it were fully understood, and if
a technology were developed that could generate and harness the exotic
effects of dark energy on the fabric of space, then a warp drive would be one
step closer to technological reality. While a full understanding of the true
nature of dark energy may be many years away, it is entirely feasible that
experimental breakthroughs at the Large Hadron Collider or developments in
the field of M-theory could lead to a quantum leap in our understanding of this
unusual form of energy and perhaps help to direct technological innovations.
Our own research focuses on gaining an understanding of the physical origin
of dark energy. By exploring novel ideas at the forefront of theoretical physics,
one is able to propose a physically viable model incorporating some of the
cutting-edge ideas emerging from string theory and quantum field theory. This
leads to a deeper understanding of the possible origin of dark energy and
allows consideration of a mechanism that would allow a sufficiently advanced
technology to control the dark energy density in any region of space, and thus
the expansion of space. This work has clear implications for the advancement
of warp drive research.
This paper is structured as follows: Section 2 reviews the more traditional
general relativistic warp drives, the energy required to create them, and the
physics required to understand them. Section 3 discusses the cosmological
constant, a term featured in Einstein's equation that regulates the contraction
and expansion of the spacetime. Section 4 introduces the Casimir energy,
which, under certain conditions, may be the phenomenon that physically
generates the cosmological constant. Section 5 discusses higher dimensions in
physics and their importance in the context of Casimir energy calculations.
Section 6 introduces the formulas that demonstrate that the Casimir energies
in higher dimensions may in fact be the dark energy that is responsible for the
accelerated expansion of the universe. Section 7 relates all the previous
concepts together and introduces the novel warp drive paradigm. Section 8
performs original calculations of the energy required to create a superluminal
warp drive. Finally, the paper speculates about the technological progress that
would be necessary to turn this model into a reality.

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2 . General Relativistic Warp Drives
Alcubierre (Reference 1) derived a spacetime metric motivated by cosmological inflation
that would allow arbitrarily short travel times between two distant points in space. The
"warp drive" metric uses coordinates (t, x, y, z) and curve (or worldline) x = Xsh (t), y =
0, z = 0, lying in the t-x plane passing through the origin. Note that Xsh is the x-axis
coordinate position of the moving spacesh ip (or warp bubble) frame. The metric 1
specifying this particular spacetime geometry is (Reference 1):
(2.1)
where c is the speed of light, Vsh(t) is the speed associated with the curve (or warp
bubble speed), and Tsh(t) is the Euclidean distance from the curve. The warp bubble
shape function f (rsh) is any smooth positive function that satisfies f (0) = 1 and
decreases away from the origin to vanish when Tsh > R for some distance R. The
geometry of each spatial slice is flat, and spacetime is flat where f (rsh ) vanishes but is
curved where it does not vanish.
The driving mechanism of Equation (2.1) is the York extrinsic time, 9. This quantity is
defined as ( Reference 1) :

S = v," x," df .
C

The 9 behavior of the warp drive bubble
provides for the simultaneous expansion
of space behind the spacecraft and a
corresponding contraction of space in
front of the spacecraft. Figure 1 illustrates
the 9 behavior of the warp drive bubble
geometry. Thus the spacecraft is
enveloped within a warp bubble and can
be made to exhibit an arbitrarily large
faster-than-light {FTL) speed (Vsh >> c)
as viewed by external coordinate
observers. Even though the worldlines
inside the warp bubble reg ion are
spacelike for all external observers, the
moving spaceship (warp bubble) frame
itself never travels outside of its local
comoving lig ht cone and thus does not
violate special relativity.

~h

d,;"

(2.2)

Figure 1. York Extrinsic Time (S.} Plot

1 A spacetime metric (ds 2), or line element, is a Lorentz-invariant distance fu nction between any two points in

spacetime that is defined by ds2 = 9a,-d><" dx'', where g,"' is the metric tensor which is a 4 x4 matrix that encodes the
geometry of spacetime and dX" is the infinitesimal coord inate separation between two points. The Greek indices ( µ,
v = 0... 3) denote spacetime coordinates, x 0...x 3, such that x 1...x 3 = space coordinates and xD = time coordinate.

1

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2.1 WARP DRIVE REQUIREMENTS
Implementation of FTL interstellar travel via warp drives requires engineering of
spacetime into very specialized local geometries as shown by Equation (2.1). The
analysis of these via the general relativistic field equation plus the resultant source
matter equations of state demonstrates that such geometries require the use of
"exotic" matter in order to produce the requis ite FTL spacetime modification. Exotic
matter is generally defined by general relativity (GR) physics to be matter that
possesses (renormalized) negative energy density and/or negative stress-tension ( =
positive outward pressure, aka gravitational repulsion). The term is widely
misunderstood and misapplied by the non-GR community. Also, it has been claimed
that FTL spacetimes are not plausible because exotic matter violates the general
relativistic energy conditions. 2 However, this has been shown to be a spurious issue
(Reference 11).
The energy density for the Alcubierre (Reference 1) warp drive that is derived from the
general relativistic field equation is complex, so we instead use a more simple formu la
to express the net energy required, E.varp , to build a warp bubble around a spaceship
(Reference 12):

=_ v2warp c4 R2 cr
Ewarp

G

(2.3)

=-( l.21 x 1044 ) v:,,up R2 cr,
where G is Newton's un iversal gravitation constant (6.673 x 10- 11 N·m 2 /kg 2 ), Vwarp is the
dimensionless speed of the warp bubble, R (> 0) is the radius of the warp bubble, and cr
(> 0) is proportional to the inverse of the warp bubble wall th ickness L'. (i.e., cr ~ 1/L'. ).
Equation (2.3) characterizes the amount of negative energy that one needs to localize
in the walls of the warp bubble . Table 2 presents a tabulation of the required negative
energy as a function of the "warp factor," Vwarp , One can compare the values of E.varp in
the table with the (positive) rest-energy contained in the Sun (1.79 x 10 47 J). The
consequence of Equation (2.3) and Table 2 is that if one wants to travel at hyperlight
speeds, then the warp bubble energy requirement will be an enormous negative
number. And this remains true even if one eng ineers an arbitrarily low sublight speed
warp bubble. Engineering a warp drive bubble is quite daunting given these results.
2 The condition for ordinary, classical (non-exotic) forms of matter t hat we are fami liar with in nature is that PE > p
and/or PE ;:: 0, where PE is t he energy density and p is t he pressure/stress-tension of some source of matter. These
conditions represent two examples of what are variously called the "standa rd" energy conditions : Weak Energy
Condition (WEC: PE.?: 0, PE + p .?: 0), Null Energy Cond it ion (NEC : PE + p ~ 0), Dominant Energy Condition (DEC),
and Strong Energy Condition (SEC). These energy conditions forbid negative energy density between material
objects to occur in nature, but they are mere hypotheses. The energy conditions were developed to establish a
series of mathematical hypotheses governing the behavior of collapsed - matter singularities in the study of
cosmology and black holes .

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Table 2. Negative Energy Required for Warp Bubble
(Larger Negative Energy)

Warp Factor, Vwarp

Ewarp (J)

10- 5 (= 3 km/s)
10-4 (= 30 km/s)
0.01 (= 3,000 km/s)
0.5 (= 150,000 km/s)
1 (= light speed)
2 (= 600,000 km/s)

- 3.03 X 1040
- 3.03 X 1042
- 3.03 X 1046
-7.59 X 1049
- 3.03 X 1050
- 1.21 X 1051
- 3.03 X 1052
- 3.03 X 1054

10 (= 3.0 X 106 km/s)
100 (= 3.0 x 107 km/s)

Assume: R = 50 m cr = 103 m- 1

Lobo and Visser (Reference 12) constructed an improved model of the warp drive
spacetime by applying linearized gravity to the weak-field warp drive case and testing
the energy conditions to first and second orders of Vwarp , The fundamental basis of their
model is that it specifically includes a finite mass spaceship that interacts with the warp
bubble. Their results verified that all warp drive spacetimes violate the energy
cond itions and will continue to do so for arb itrarily low warp bubble speed. They also
found that the energy condition violations in this class of spaceti mes is generic to the
form of the geometry under consideration and is not a side effect of t he superlum inal
properties. Based on these facts plus Equation (2.3) and Table 2, it appears that for all
conceivable laboratory experiments in which negative energy ca n be created in minute
amounts, the warp bubble speed will be absurdly low.
Coup ling of the finite spaceship mass with t he warp bubble leads to the (quite
reasonable) condition that the net total energy stored in the warp bubble be less than
the total rest-energy of the spacesh ip itself, which places a strong constra int upon the
(dimension less) speed of the warp bubb le (Reference 3) :

< [2__2 ( M .hip R , hip2 ti
v,.,.rpC

R.hip

R

J]i
(2.4)

where M ship and R ship are the mass and size of the spaceship, respectively, and R is the
rad ius of the warp bubble. Equation (2.4) ind icates that for any reasonable values of
the enginee ring parameters inside the brackets, Vwarp will be absurdly low. This result is
due to the intrinsic nonlinearity of the general relativistic field equation. To illustrate
this poi nt, the example starship parameters from Table 2 (R = 50 m, ~ 1/cr = 10-3 m)
are inserted into Equation (2.4) and assume M ship = 10 6 kg to find that Vwarp ~ 1.72 x
10- 14 (or 5. 16 x 10-6 m/s). Garden snails can crawl faster than th is. And if Rand M ship

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are kept constant, then t... = 3.37 x 10 24 m (or 3.57 x 108 light-years) in order for Vwarp :::;
1, wh ich is an unrealistic requirement on the warp bubble design.
Because this energy requirement is so phenomenally high one finds it of paramount
importance to explore new ideas in the field of warp drive technology . What now follows
is a pedagogically rich review of the novel warp drive concept that we have been
developing since 2005.

3 . The Cosmological Constant
Einstein is famous for a multitude of achievements in the field of physics. Arguably his
most notable contribution is the General Theory of Relativity, a geometric description of
gravitation whose fundamental idea relates the matter and the energy content of the
universe to the geometry of spacetime. Simply put, the presence of matter and energy
causes spacetime to curve, and this curvature controls how matter and energy move
through spacetime. General relativity has been the prevailing theory of gravitation since
1915 and thus far has unambiguously passed observational and experimental tests. It
remains an active area of research and technology is still being developed to test
certain features of the theory . Gravitationa l waves, for example, are one prediction
from GR; however, technology is only now reaching the stage of maturity to allow for
the detection of these waves .

3 .1 EINSTEIN 'S EQUATION AND THE INTRODUCTION OF/\
Upon completion of GR, Einstein applied his theory to the entire universe. He firmly
believed in Mach's principle, and the only way to satisfy this was to assume that space
is globally closed and that the metric tensor should be determined uniquely from the
energy-momentum tensor (Reference 13). He also assumed that the universe was
static, which was a reasonable assumption at the time because observational
astronomy had not advanced to a level that contradicted this paradigm. In 1917, when
a static solution to his equations could not be found, he introduced the cosmologica l
constant A (Reference 14): 3

I

8nG

RI"' - 2Rg pv = 7

~, v+ Agµv ·

(3.1)

In this equation Rµv is the Ricci curvature tensor, R is the Ricci curvature scalar, Tµv is
the stress-energy-momentum tensor, 4 and gJI" is the spacetime metric. The left-hand
side of Equation (3.1) encodes the curvature in the geometry of spacetime, and the
right-hand side encodes the source of matter-energy that curves spacetime.
The addition of A can be understood as a term in the equation which allows one to
adjust theory to match observation. In Einstein's case, he chose to add A to ensure that
the universe was static and unchanging. In later years, he often referred to this
amendment to his equations as his "biggest blunder." Several years after GR had been
formulated, the astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered the phenomenon of galactic
redshifting, which strongly indicated that the universe was indeed expanding. This
3 Pronounced "lambda ."

4 Tµ,· encodes the density and flux of a matter source's energy and momentum.

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theoretical prediction from GR was ignored by Einstein because of his belief in a static
universe.
Even though Einstein retracted the addition of A into his equations, it is now known that
it does indeed play a role and is typically included in GR equations. Data from precise
astronomical observations strongly suggest that an extremely small, yet non-zero A is a
necessary feature of GR and is responsible for the expansion of the universe that is
observed.
From a physical perspective, A represents an inherent energy density associated with
empty space. One way to envision this is to take a perfectly insulating box into deep
space, and then to remove all matter and all energy from this box so that it encloses a
perfect void. Even in this emptiness, a residua l energy fie ld would remain. According to
GR, the effect of th is energy would be to cause the region of space to expand, albeit at
an extremely small rate. To summarize, A is a ubiquitous, ever present feature of
space, and its presence causes space to expand.
In the late 1990s it emerged that not only is the universe expanding, but the rate of
expansion is, in fact, increasing. Since then, it has become more popular to refer to A
as dark energy, and the remainder of this paper will follow this convention.
Although the role of dark energy is extremely well understood mathematically, and in
the context of its effects on spacetime, its physical nature is still a mystery. One knows
that it is homogeneous, not particularly dense, and that it does not interact with any of
the fundamental forces of nature. One also knows that it exerts negative pressure on
spacetime, which expla ins the observed accelerated expansion (Reference 15, 16). As
there is yet to be a reasonable explanation for the fundamental origin of dark energy,
the problem is considered serious and has been tackled by a large number of eminent
and respected physicists, including previous Nobel prize winners (Reference 17).
Because dark energy is intimately related to the expansion of space, and because this
expansion is exactly the feature that would allow for a warp drive to function, an
understanding of this mysterious energy is of paramount importance in the
development of this novel propulsion technology.

4. Casimir Energy and the Quantum Vacuum
A central theme in th is paper is the notion of the quantum vacuum . To a particle
physicist, the term "vacuum" means the ground state of a quantum field in some
quantum theory for matter. In general, this ground state must obey Lorentz invariance,
at least with regards to three spatial dimensions, meaning that the vacuum must look
identical to all observers.
At all energies probed by experiments to date, the universe is accurately described as a
set of quantum fields. To a non-physicist a quantum field may, at first, be a strange
concept to grasp. This is because one generally likes to visualize the things one thinks
about; for example, an electron and even a photon provides something one can, on
some level, picture in one's minds. Simply put, a quantum field is an intangible
mathematical object whose properties are ideal in explain ing nature. Theories have
reached such an advanced level that the familia r physical images that one appreciates

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must be abandoned for more erudite mathematical constructions which are better
suited at describing the building blocks of nature (Reference 18-20).
If one takes the Fourier transform of a free quantum field,5 each mode of a fixed
wavelength behaves like a simple harmonic oscillator. A quantum mechanical property
of a simple harmonic oscillator is that the ground state exhibits zero-point fluctuations
as a consequence of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. One way to understand these
zero-point fluctuations is to imagine releasing a pendulum and watching as dissipative
forces slowly try to bring the pendulum to a stop. The uncertainty principle would
ensure that the pendulum was never able to come to a complete rest, but instead
would exhibit microscopic oscillations around the equilibrium position indefinitely. Of
course, for a real macroscopic pendulum, these fluctuations would be miniscule and all
but impossible to detect; however, the analogy with a quantum harmonic oscillator
holds well. The expectation value of the energy associated with the ground state energy
of a quantum oscillator is:

(4.1)

In this formula c and n are the speed of light and Planck's reduced constant (1.055 x
10- 34 J.s), respectively, and k is the wave-vector related to the momentum of the
quantum field. One of the features of this ground state energy is that the wave vector
has an infinite degree of freedom. Clearly this sum is divergent; however, this is a
common feature of quantum field theory, and an array of mathematical techniques
known as renormalization exists to deal with the infinities that arise.

(Text continues in the original file: 33 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D139 — AAWSAP DIRD, Traversable Wormholes, Stargates, and Negative Energy, April 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D139
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D139
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 4/6/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

April 2010: they filed a wormhole proposal before the Vegas wedding season began.

- DIRD titled Traversable Wormholes, DIA, April 2010, incident dated 4/6/10 in Las Vegas, Nevada
- Reports theoretical wormhole and stargate models, emphasizes exotic negative‑energy requirements, cites Casimir effects
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD examines traversable wormholes and “stargates” as hypothetical spacetime structures within general relativity that theoretically offer a means of faster-than-light travel or communication. The report focuses extensively on the requirement for exotic, negative-energy matter to stabilize and keep such geometries open for the passage of macro-scale objects. It reviews standard wormhole models, describes a flat-throated “stargate” variant, and argues that violations of general relativity's standard energy conditions do not physically rule such structures out, citing microscopic, transient negative-energy effects observed in Casimir-type laboratory phenomena. However, the document acknowledges that the transition from microscopic quantum fluctuations to macroscopic engineering is an unresolved barrier. While small-scale negative-energy effects are observable, there is no known mechanism to generate, concentrate, or stabilize the amounts of exotic matter proposed to be required to sustain a traversable macroscopic wormhole. Ultimately, while the paper frames wormhole concepts within accepted relativistic physics, it confirms that the gap between theoretical models and any realizable technology remains enormous.

### Full text

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Traversable Wormholes, Stargates, and Negative Energy

Prepared by:
Acquisition support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency

MP Person 58

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed tolAAP Person 1
I AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

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Contents
I. Summary .............................................................................................................v
II. A Brief Review of Transversable Wormholes and the Stargate Solution ............ 1
A. Traversable Wormholes ................................................................................. 1
B. The "Stargate" Solution ................................................................................. 4

c. What a Wormhole Looks Like in the Real World ............................................. 7
III. The General Relativistic Definition of Exotic Matter and the Energy Conditions 9
A. Examples of Exotic or "Negative" Energy Found in Nature ........................... 10
B. Generating Negative Energy in the Lab ........................................................ 11
1. Static Radial Electric & Magnetic Fields .................................................... 11
2. Squeezed Quantum Vacuum ..................................................................... 12
3. Gravitationally Squeezed Electromagnetic ZPF ......................................... 16
4. Vacuum Field Stress: Negative Energy from the Casimir Effect ................ 18
5. Dynamical Casimir Effect: Moving Mirrors ................................................ 20
6. Casimir Effect: Negative Energy for Traversable Wormholes .................... 20
IV. Constructing a Traversable Wormhole is not Easy .......................................... 21
A. Negative Energy Requirements and Energy Condition Violations ................. 21
B. Physical Constraints on Negative Energy ..................................................... 22

c. Observing Negative Energy in the Lab .......................................................... 25
V. Conclusion: The Way Forward .......................................................................... 26
VI. References...................................................................................................... 29

Figures
Figure 1. Intra-Universe Wormhole as a Hyperspace Shortcut Through
Conventional Space .................................................................................vi
Figure 2. Inter-Universe Wormhole (top} and Intra-Universe Wormhole (bottom}.3
Figure 3. Diagram of a Simultaneous View of Two Remote Compact Regions, n1
and n2, of Minkowski Space Used to Create the Wormhole Throat on ...... 5
Figure 4. The Same Diagram as in Figure 3 Except as Viewed by an Observer
Sitting in Region n1 Who Looks Through the Wormhole Throat and Sees
Remote Region n2 on the Other Side....................................................... 5
Figure 5. A Thin Shell of (Localized} Mass-Energy Possessing Two Principal Radii
of Curvature, p1 and p2 ............................................................................ 6

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Figure 6. A Spherically Symmetric Traversable Wormhole Observed in Space........ 7
Figure 7. A Stargate ............................................................................................... 8
Figure 8. A Stargate in Times Square ..................................................................... 9
Figure 9. Conceptual Squeezed Light Negative Energy Generator ........................ 14
Figure 10. Sodium Chamber Negative Energy Separator ...................................... 15
Figure 11. Alternative Conceptual Squeezed Light Negative Energy Generator .... 15
Figure 12. Schematic of the Casimir Effect ........................................................... 18

Tables
Table 1. Substantial Gravitational Squeezing Occurs for Vacuum ZPF ................. 18
Table 2. Negative Equivalent Mass Required for Traversable Wormhole .............. 22

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Traversable Wormholes, Stargates, and Negative Energy
I. Summary
Implementation of faster-than-light (FTL) interstellar travel via traversable
wormholes generally requires the engineering of spacetime into very
specialized local geometries. The analysis of these via Einstein's General
Theory of Relativity, plus the resultant equations of state, demonstrates that
such geometries require the use of "exotic" matter. It has been claimed that
since such matter violates the energy conditions, FTL spacetimes are not
plausible. However, it has been shown that this is a spurious issue. The
identification, magnitude, and production of exotic matter are seen to be a key
technical challenge, however. These issues are reviewed and summarized, and
an assessment on the present state of their resolution is provided.
In 1985 CalTech physicists M. Morris and K. Thorne discovered the principle of
traversable wormholes based on Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
(published in 1915). Morris and Thorne (Reference 1) and Morris et al.
(Reference 2) did this as an academic exercise at the request of Carl Sagan,
who had completed the draft of his novel Contact. This little exercise led to the
development of two new cottage industries in spacetime physics research: the
study of traversable wormholes and the study of time machines. Wormholes
are hyperspace tunnels through spacetime connecting either remote regions
within our universe or two different universes; they even connect different
dimensions and different times. Space travelers would enter one side of the
tunnel and exit the other, passing through the throat along the way. The
travelers would move at~ c (c is the speed of light, 3 x 108 m/s) through the
wormhole and therefore not violate Special Relativity, but external observers
would view the travelers as traversing multi-light-year distances through
space at FTL speed; Figure 1 illustrates this effect. A "stargate" is a special
class of traversable wormhole solutions to Einstein's general relativistic field
equation that possesses very simple physics and flat entry and exit openings.
Traversable wormholes are unlike the well-known, non-traversable Einstein­
Rosen Bridges or Schwarzschild wormholes that are formed from collapsed
stellar matter (that is, black holes) or spherically symmetric vacuum regions.
Black holes are collapsed stars that have all their mass concentrated at an
infinitesimal point where the induced gravitational field crushes all matter and
spacetime. However, even Einstein-Rosen bridges can be made traversable by
an infinitesimal tweaking of their spacetime metric. In the case of black holes,
the singularity of collapsed matter, along with its crushing gravity field, totally
blocks the way through the tunnel. A traversable wormhole does not have a
singularity blocking the tunnel or any crushing gravity field. Explorers would
enter one side of the tunnel, travel through the throat, and exit the other side.
Traversable wormholes also do not possess an event horizon, a region of high
gravitational field strength separating the inside space surrounding the black
hole's singularity from the outside universe. Once you go through a black
hole's event horizon, you can never come back out because you will have to
attain FTL speed to escape it. Not even light can escape from an event horizon.

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Worm/Joie

Figure 1. Intra-Universe Wormhole as a Hyperspace Shortcut Through Conventional Space

Traversable wormholes are creatures of classical general relativity theory
allowing for very comfortable travel through the Cosmic Neighborhood. But
from the viewpoint of modern physics, the Cosmic Neighborhood can
encompass other universes, other space dimensions, and other times beyond
the four-dimensional spacetime realm. Mankind has certainly not discovered
all of the universe's facets and will need to continue to construct new
experiments and technology in order to verify (or not) these undiscovered
facets. Wormholes can possess normal or backward (in special cases) motion
through time and normal or nonexistent gravitational stresses on space
travelers, and their entry/exit openings (or throats) are spherically shaped,
flat, cubic shaped, polyhedral shaped, generic shaped, and so forth.
Why consider wormholes for travel through space, time, and other dimensions?
All standard space propulsion engineering is based on Newton's three laws of
motion, which is dependent on the expenditure of propellant to induce thrust­
generating momentum transfer on a spacecraft. Many investigators have
proposed interstellar propulsion schemes based on a variety of nuclear (fission,
fusion, and pulsed) rockets, electric (ion or plasma) rockets, matterantimatter annihilation rockets, solar or laser sails, fusion or laser ramjets,
interstellar ion scoops, beamed energy propulsion (sails, rockets, and ramjets),
and so forth. Many of these modes either have been experimentally tested at
one time or another in our recent history or remain as theoretical proposals,
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but all are based on Newtonian mechanics. The limiting speed of space flight,
based on any of these modes, is the speed of light. It is important to point out
that for the interstellar travel application, Newtonian rocket propulsion modes
suffer from enormous mass ratios> 105 - 10 100 (depending on the specific
impulse) for spacecraft cruise velocities > 0.0Sc, if the travel time is
constrained to within 100 years for a one-way interstellar voyage. If the cruise
velocity is increased to sub-relativistic, near-relativistic, or even ultra­
relativistic speeds and thus reduces the one-way travel time, then the mass
ratio increases ( exponentially!). The mass ratio is the initial spacecraft mass
(payload +structure+ propellant) at launch divided by the final spacecraft
mass (payload + structure) at "burnout." The large ratios given above show
that Newtonian rockets consist mostly of propellant in order to propel the
propellant, along with a given tiny payload, through interstellar space. The
specific impulse is a measure of rocket propulsion system efficiency: how
much impulse (thrust multiplied by time) is produced per unit of mass of
propellant expenditure. It is desired that rocket propulsion systems possess a
very high specific impulse in order to reduce the mass ratio, and hence
propellant mass requirement, to reasonable levels.
The non-traditional propulsion modes (sails, ramjets, beamed power, etc.)
have different efficiencies and constraints, but they are all still dependent on
Newtonian mechanics, even though their mass ratio and specific impulse
characteristics are slightly improved over that of the traditional modes. But all
traditional and non-traditional propulsion modes come with a great cost in
interstellar voyage travel time. At non-relativistic and sub-relativistic cruise
speeds, it will take explorers several human lifetimes to reach stellar
destinations. At low relativistic to ultra-relativistic cruise speeds, the travel
time will be reduced to hours, days, weeks, months, or years. However, at
these cruise speeds, relativistic time dilation will kick in, and the returning
interstellar voyagers will find that decades to thousands of years have elapsed
on Earth since their launch date and that their families and culture no longer
exist or are unrecognizable. This is an undesirable outcome for any interstellar
voyage. Furthermore, traditional Newtonian propulsion cannot transcend time
or spacetime dimensions or universes.
The solution to this problem is to dispense entirely with long interstellar
voyage times or the undesirable outcome of relativistic time dilation. Explorers
could deploy a wormhole-stargate near the Earth's surface, in Earth's orbit, or
anywhere in the solar system they like and just pass through the "stargate"
and come out the other side in remote spacetime within seconds, moving
through the throat at low cruise speeds (30 mph!) and with no time dilation
effects. Explorers could travel through the wormhole-stargates in small scout
ships or send probes unencumbered by either enormous propellant mass
ratios or extensive life support provisions. Effective travel time through the
Cosmic Neighborhood via stargates would become irrelevant but could be
estimated to be many times or thousands of times the speed of light. Explorers
could spend all day investigating the remote spacetime location and then
return home through the stargate in time to have dinner with their families. If
explorers were to really push the envelope, they would design their stargate
so they could return from their voyage in time to wave goodbye to themselves
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as they see themselves depart on their journey. This is no longer recognized in
classical general relativity physics as a time paradox issue. It is very easy to
build a time machine, given a traversable wormhole. But time travel via
wormhole is beyond the scope of this paper. Suffice it to say that classical
general relativity theory is seriously infested with time machines; the theory
both allows for and demands time travel in order to preserve self-consistency
of dynamic spacetime solutions for just about every problem ever studied.
Implementation of FTL interstellar travel via traversable wormholes generally
requires the engineering of spacetime into very specialized local geometries.
Analysis of these via the general relativistic field equation, plus the resultant
source matter equations of state, demonstrates that such geometries require
the use of "exotic" matter in order to produce the requisite FTL spacetime
modification. Exotic matter is generally defined by general relativity physics to
be matter that possesses (renormalized} negative energy density (sometimes
negative stress-tension = outward pressure, aka gravitational repulsion or
antigravity}. This term is very misunderstood and misapplied by the non­
general-relativity community. This misconception can be cleared up by
defining what negative energy is and where it can be found in nature and by
reviewing the proposed experimental concepts for generating negative energy
in the laboratory. In addition, it has been claimed that FTL spacetimes are not
plausible because exotic matter violates the general relativistic energy
conditions. However, this has been shown to be a spurious issue. The
identification, magnitude, and production of exotic matter are seen as key
technical challenges, however. FTL spacetimes also possess features that
challenge the notions of causality, and quantum effects allegedly place
constraints on them. These issues are reviewed and summarized, and an
assessment on the present state of their resolution is provided.

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II. A Brief Review of Transversable Wormholes and the
Stargate Solution
How does one study the physics of FTL spacetimes with in the framework of general
relativity t heory? When studying spacetime physics, the normal philosophy is to take
the general relativistic field equation, add some form of matter, make simplifying
assumptions, and then solve to deduce what the geometry of spacetime will be. 1 This is
very difficult to do because there are ten nonlinear second-order partial differential
equations with four redundancies (arbitrary choice of spacetime coordinates) and four
constraints (stress-energy conservation). There is a tremendous body of research that
takes exactly this approach, either analytically or numerically. However, this is not the
best strategy for understanding wormhole spacetimes. The appropriate strategy is to
decide beforehand on a definition of the traversable wormhole t hat you desire and
decide what the spacetime geometry shou ld look like. Given the desired geometry, use
the general relativistic field equation to calculate the distribution of matter required to
set up this geometry. Then one needs to assess whether the required distribution of
matter is physically reasonable and whether it violates any basic rules of physics, etc.
The following sections briefly outline the key results for traversable wormholes.

A. TRAVERSABLE WORMHOLES
Traversable wormholes represent a class of exact metric solutions of the general
relativistic field equation. The solutions are "exact" in the sense that no approximations
requiring a plethora of physical assumptions have to be made to derive the appropriate
spacetime geometry. To define a stable traversable wormhole one needs to define t he
desirable physical requirements it is to have in order to achieve the desired FTL travel
benefit. The desired requirements are the following (Reference 1, 3):
•

Travel time through the wormhole tunnel or throat should be ::; 1 year as seen by
both the travelers and outside static observers.

•

Proper time as measured by travelers should not be dilated by relativistic effects.

•

The gravitational acceleration and tidal-gravity accelerations between different parts
of the travelers' body shou ld be ::; 1 go (go is the acceleration of gravity near t he
Earth's surface, 9.81 m/s 2) when going through the wormhole.

•

Travel speed through the tunnel/throat should be < c.

•

Travelers (made of ord inary matter) must not couple strong ly to the material that
generates the wormhole curvature; the wormhole must be threaded by a vacuum
tube t hrough which the travelers can move.

•

There is no event horizon at the wormhole throat.

1 The Einstein field equation is:

Gµv"' R,,., - [(1/2) g,,., R] = -(SrcG/c4)Tµ, ,, where G,,, is the Einstein curvature tensor,
R,,., is the Ricci curvature tensor, R "' Rµµ (the trace of Rµ,,) is the Ricci scalar curvature, Tµv is the stress-energy­
momentum tensor (a matrix quantity that encodes the density and flux of a matter source's energy and
momentum), G is Newton's universal gravitation constant (6.673 x 10-11 Nm 2/kg 2 ), and c is the speed of light. In
simplest terms, this relation states that gravity is a manifestation of the spacetime curvature ( Gµv) induced by a
source of matter (T,..). The Greek indices (µ, v = 0...3) denote spacetime coordinates, xo...x, , such that x1 ...x, =
space coordinates and xo"' time coordinate.

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•

There is no singularity of infinitely collapsed matter residing at the wormhole throat.

These requirements then lead us to define a spherically symmetric Lorentzian
spacetime metric, ds2,2 that prescribes the required traversable wormhole geometry
(Reference 1, 3):

ds2 = - e2lf!<rl c 2 dt2 +[1 -b(r)/ rr' dr2 + r 2 d02

(1)

where standard spherical-polar coordinates are used (r: 2nr = circumference; 0 s 0 s n;
0 s rps 2n), tis time (-oo < t < oo), d<E>2 = dff- + sin2 Bdq}, r/1,.r) is the freely specifiable
redshift function that defines the proper t ime lapse through the wormhole throat, and
b(r) is the freely specifiable shape function that defines the wormhole throat's spatial
(hypersurface) geometry. The throat is spherically shaped. There are a large number of
variations of Equation ( 1), which define traversable wormholes having different
properties. The reader should consult (Reference 3) for further details . By inserting
Equation (1) into the Einstein field equation and cranking through the math, one can
derive the density and flux of energy and momentum (a.k.a. pressure) encoded by T,,v
for the source of matter that is required to produce the traversable wormhole. The
results show that the source of matter must have zero or negative energy density
and/or an outward radial tension (negative pressure) that is larger than the magnitude
of the energy density (Reference 1-3). Travelers moving through the throat at very
high speed will tend to measure a negative energy density. These exotic properties are
required to create and thread open the wormhole, and stabilize it against collapse (see
Section III for more details).
The technical description of a trip through a spherically symmetric traversable
wormhole is simply given by the proper time and/or the proper distance of travel
through its throat as measured by space travelers, while the (radial) travel velocity
through the throat is v = v(r) < c. The proper time of travel as measured by space
travelers going through the wormhole is given by /J., = f(yv) - 1dA, where y = [1 ( v/c)2J - 112 and the integration (over the element of proper distance, d1c) is taken from
the wormhole entrance to its exit. The proper distance of travel as measured by the
space travelers is /J.1c = v!J.,. Remote static observers watching the space travelers go
through the wormhole will measure their travel time to be M = f(ve<P('"l)- 1d). and their
travel distance will be t,,.). = vM, where the integration is taken over the same limits as
before.
2 A spacetime metric, ds 2 , is a Lorentz-invariant distance function between any two points in spacetime that is
defined by ds 2 = gµ,dX1'dx '', where 9w is the metric tensor which is a 4x4 matrix that encodes the geometry of
spacetime and dxµ is the infinitesimal coordinate separation between two points.

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Figure 2 shows two diagrams
representing the embedded space
(Flamm diagram) representation of
Equation (1), which depicts the
geometry of an equatorial ( 0 = rc/2)
slice through space at a specific
moment of time (t = const). The top of
Figure 2 shows the embedding diagram
for a traversable wormhole that
connects two different universes (i.e.,
an inter-universe wormhole). The
bottom diagram in the figure is an intrauniverse wormhole with a throat that
connects two distant regions of our own
universe. These diagrams serve to aide
in visualizing traversable wormhole
geometry and are merely a geometrical
exaggeration.
There was originally one other criterion
for defining a traversable wormhole,
which was that it must be embedded
Figure 2. Inter-Universe Wormhole (top) and Intra­
within the surround ing (asymptotically)
Universe Wormhole (bottom).
flat spacetime. However, Hochberg and
Visser (Reference 4) proved that it is only the behavior near the wormhole throat that is
critical to understanding the physics, and that a generic throat can be defined without
having to make all the symmetry assumptions and without assuming the existence of
an asymptotically flat spacetime in which to embed the wormhole. Therefore, one only
needs to know the generic features of the geometry near the throat in order to
guarantee violations of the Null Energy Condition (NEC; see Section III for further
detail) for certain open regions near the throat. So one is free to place our wormhole
anywhere in spacetime because it is only the geometry and physics near the throat that
matters for any analysis. This fact led to the development of a number of different
traversable wormhole throat designs that are cubic shaped, polyhedral shaped, flat-face
shaped, generic shaped, etc. The reader should consult (Reference 3) for a complete
technical review of the various types (and shapes) of traversable wormhole solutions
found in general relativity theory.
One knows that one needs exotic or negative energy to create and thread open a
traversable wormhole. So in this regard, one asks what kind of wormhole one can make
with less effort. To answer this question one can relate the local wormhole geometry to
the global topolog ical invariant of the spacetime via the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem
(Reference 5). In the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem the local wormhole geometry is quantified
by the energy density, U (in geometrodynamic units, TJ = G = c = 1), threading the
wormhole throat plus a spatial curvature constant (for the throat). The global
topological invariant of spacetime is quantified by the Euler Number, xe, which is itself
defined in terms of the genus, g, representing the number of handles (or throats or
tunnels) a wormhole can be assigned. These two topological quantities are related via
xe = 2(1 - g). Therefore, the (static) wormhole Gauss-Bonnet relation is given by U :;;
xe/4 or U :;; (1 - g)/2 (Reference 5). (The case for dynamic traversable wormholes has
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results that are similar to the static case.) This relation will help to decide if a
traversable wormhole having one throat, or two or more throats should be built and at
what energy cost this will incur.
The following is the result of our analysis for traversable wormholes having:
•

1-handle/throat (i.e., flat torus or spherical wormhole topology) giving g = 1, thus
Xe = 0, and so U s 0

•

2-handles/throats giving g = 2, thus xe = -2, and so U s -1/2

•

3-handles/throats giving g = 3, thus xe = -4, and so U s -1; and so on.

It is clear from this that as the number of wormhole handles/throats increases the
amount of negative energy required to create the wormhole will grow larger in
magnitude. This is an undesirable demand on any putative negative energy generator.
It is clear then that item (a) defines the most desirable engineering solution one can
hope for: a 1-handle/throat traversable wormhole that will require zero or (arbitrarily)
little negative energy to create. The magnitude of energy condition violations and the
amount of negative energy required to build a traversable wormhole will be addressed.

B. THE "STARGATE" SOLUTION
It is a straightforward exercise to design a real "stargate" from wormhole physics. A
stargate is essentially a traversable wormhole with a flat-face shape for the throat as
opposed to the spherical-shaped throat of the Morris and Thorne wormhole as discussed
in the previous section. A traveler going through a stargate will simply be shunted into
another remote spacetime region within our universe or into another universe.
The flat-face traversable wormhole solution is derived from the thin shell (a.k.a.
junction condition or surface layer) formalism of the Einstein field equation (Reference
6, 7). The procedure is to take two copies of flat Minkowski space and remove from
each identical regions of the form n x 1.R, where n is a three-dimensional compact
spacelike hypersurface and 9, is a timelike line (time axis). Then identify these two
incomplete spacetimes along the timelike boundaries an x ~H. The resulting spacetime is
geodesically complete and possesses two asymptotically flat regions connected by a
traversable wormhole. The throat of the wormhole is just the junction an, which is a
two-d imensional space-l ike hypersurface, at which the two original Minkowski spaces
are identified (see Figures 3 and 4) .

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_a_,

Figure 3. Diagram of a Simultaneous View of Two Remote Compact Regions, Il1 and Il2, of Minkowski
Space Used to Create the Wormhole Throat an (time is suppressed in this diagram)

.n.,_

Figure 4. The Same Diagram as in Figure 3 Except as Viewed by an Observer Sitting in Region n1 Who
Looks Through the Wormhole Throat an and Sees Remote Region n2 (dotted area inside the circle) on
the Other Side

It is a standard result of the thin shell formalism that the Einstein field equation may be
cast in terms of the surface stress-energy tensor S ;i of a th in shell of matter (or mass­
energy) localized inside t he wormhole throat an (Reference 8):

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4

S = - - c- (K' -8'K k)
J

4rrG

i

J

(2)

k

where the second fundamental form K ;i is a matrix that represents the extrinsic
curvature of an (telling how the wormhole throat is curved with respect to the
enveloping four-dimensional spacetime), Sii is the three-dimensional unit matrix, and
K \ is t he trace (sum of diagona l matrix elements) of KV K ;i is a diagonal matrix
having the two principal radii of curvature, p1 and p2, of the thi n shell as its components
(see Figure 5). S ;i may be interpreted in terms of the thin shell's surface energy density
cr and principal surface tensions, S1 and S2, which are also diagonal matrix components.

thin shell of mass-energy

pl

Figure 5. A Thin Shell of (Localized) Mass-Energy Possessing Two Principal Radii of Curvature, p1 and
p2.

Equation (2) is solved and the components of S ;i are found to be (Reference 8):

(3a)

3 The Latin indices (i, j, k = 0... 2) denote three-dimensional hypersurface coordinates, ><° ...x2, such that x 1, x 2 "'
space coordinates and><° = time coordinate.

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(3b)

(3c)

These are the Einstein field equations for a traversable wormhole that is produced by a
thin shell of localized matter. Equations (3a-c) imply that (for ~ a convex
hypersurface) one is dealing with negative surface energy density and negative surface
tensions. This is exotic matter! The negative surface tension ( = positive outward
pressure, a.k.a. gravitational repulsion) is required to keep the throat open and stable
against collapse.

(Text continues in the original file: 42 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D140 — AAWSAP DIRD, High-Frequency Gravitational Wave Communications, April 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D140
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D140
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 4/6/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Vegas 2010: slot machines weren’t the only things sending invisible high‑frequency signals.

- DIRD DOW‑UAP‑D140, Defense Intelligence Agency, April 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada.
- Reviews proposals for high‑frequency gravitational‑wave transmitters, detectors, and potential secure communications applications.
- Concludes concepts remain theoretical; no demonstrated generation or reliable detection of usable signals.

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD examines whether high-frequency gravitational waves could serve as a communications medium while avoiding the attenuation that limits radio-frequency systems. The report surveys proposed transmitter and detector concepts, argues that gravitational-wave communications could support secure point-to-point links, timing standards, and interplanetary navigation, and gives particular attention to laboratory generator concepts and the Li-Baker detector as possible building blocks for such a system. The document makes clear, however, that the entire concept depends on capabilities that had not been demonstrated in practice, including laboratory-scale generation and reliable detection of usable high-frequency gravitational-wave signals. It is an exploratory systems-oriented review built around a future communications concept.

### Full text

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High-Frequency Gravitational Wave Communications

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 77

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemi nation of the photographs in this publication is not author ized .

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA Pro ram. Comments or uestions pertaining to
AAWSA Program
this document should be addressed t AAP Person 1
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/ DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

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Contents
Summary......................... .......... .... ...... ........ .......... ...... .......... ................ ........ ......... . v
1.0 Introduction .. .................................. ................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction .................... ........ .... .... .. .... .... .. ........ .. ....................................... 1
1.2 Definition of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves ....................................... 1
2.0 HFGW Communications .................................................................................... 2
2.1 HFGW Generators (Transmitters) .... ........ .... .. .. ............................................. 2
2.1 .1 HFGW Generator Concepts ..... .. ................ ............................................. 2
2.1 .2 Alternative Approaches ........ .......... .. ...... ........... .................................... 6
2. 1.3 Piezoelectric Approach .......................................................................... 6
2.1.4 Infrared-Excited Molecules Approach .................................................... 7
2.2 HFGW Detectors (Receivers) ...................................................................... 12
2.2.1 Alternative Approaches ....................................................................... 12
2.2.2 Concept (Li-Effect) .............................................................................. 14
2.2.3 Quantum Back-Action Limit ................................................................. 16
2.2.4 Li-Baker HFGW Detector...................................................................... 20
3.0 Operational Concerns ..................................................................................... 22
3.1 Link Budget ................................................................................................ 22
3.1.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio .......................................................................... 22
3.1.2 Link Budget Considerations ................................................................. 23
3.2 Bandwidth .................................................................................................. 25
3.3 Frequency and Time Standard .................................................................... 25
3.3.1 Improvements Accruing from a HFGW Time Standard ......................... 27
3.3.2 Search Space Improvement Accruing From HFGW FTS ........................ 28
3.3.3 The Impact of Phase Noise Improvements on Phase Shift Encoding ... 29
3.3.4 The Impact of Frequency Noise Improvements on FDMA and FHSS..... 30
3.4 Possible Future Upgrades to the FTS Devices ............................................. 30
3.4.1 Propagating Signals From Optical Lattice Clocks for Timing ................ 31
3.4.2 In Navigating and Mapping Interplanetary Geoids .............................. 31
4.0 Future Potential ............................................................................................. 32
4.1 Developmental Roadmap ............................................................................ 32
4.2 HFGW Communications Predictions to 2050 ............................................... 33
4.3 Interplanetary Navigation and Geoid Mapping to 2050 .............................. 34
4.4 Other Possible HFGW Applications ............................................................. 36

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4.5 2050 and Beyond ........................ .. ............................................................. 37
5.0 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ 37
6.0 References ..................................................................................................... 37
Appendix A: Nomenclature ................................................................................... 44
Appendix B: Li-Baker HFGW Detector ................................................................... 45
Appendix C: Perturbative Photon Fluxes Generated By High-Frequency
Gravitational Waves and Their Physical Effects .................................... 52

Figures
Figure 1. Communication Link Block Diagram ........................................................ 2
Figure 2. Change in Centrifugal Force of Orbiting Masses, Afct, Replaced by Change
in Tangential Force, '1ft, to Achieve HFGW Radiation ............................... 3
Figure 3. Circular Resonator Geometry Using Infrared Excitation .......................... 8
Figure 4. Radiation Pattern Calculated by Landau and Lifshitz (1975) ................... 8
Figure 5. GW Flux Growth Analogous to Stack of N Orbital Planes ......................... 9
Figure 6. Stack of Circular-Wave-Guide Plates With Typical Molecule Jerks, Af's ... 9
Figure 7. Omni-Directional Nature of the HFGW Radiation Pattern ....................... 10
Figure 8. Predicted Relic GW Energy Density as a Function of Frequency ............. 11
Figure 9. Birmingham University HFGW Detector ................................................. 13
Figure 10. INFN Genoa HFGW Detector ................................................................ 13
Figure 11. The National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 100 MHz Detector ... 14
Figure 12. Detection Photons Sent to Locations that are Less Affected by Noise .. 15
Figure 13. Quantum Back Action as a Mechanism for Creating the Standard
Quantum Limit ..................................................................................... 17
Figure 14. Schematic of Ultra-Sensitive HFGW Detector....................................... 21
Figure 15. Fractal Membrane Component of Li-Baker Detector Exhibited in Planar
Form .................................................................................................... 21
Figure 16. Conceptual SNR Fill Factors: Signal and Noise Components ................ 23
Figure 17. A Block Diagram of a Typical Link Budget............................................ 24
Figure 18. A Proposed Near Earth Distribution of Frequency Time Standard........ 26
Figure 19. HFGW Supplemented Remote Terminal Design .................................... 27
Figure 20. Acquisition Search Space Improvement Accruing From HFGW FTS ...... 28
Figure 21. The Impact of Phase Noise Improvements on Phase Shift Encoding ... 29
Figure 22. The Impact of Frequency Noise Improvements on FDMA and FHSS ..... 30
Figure 23. The Earth's Associated Lagrangian Points ........................................... 31
Figure 24. HFGW Com Space Application Development Roadmap, Estimated
Timeline .............................................................................................. 32
Figure 25. A GW Pair on Earth as Used by a Lunar Mission ................................... 34
Figure 26. A GW Pair on Earth and on the Moon, as Used by a Mission to Mars .... 35
Figure 27. A GW Pair on Earth and on Mars for an Outer Planetary Reference
Pair...................................................................................................... 35

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High-Frequency Gravitational Wave Communications
Summary
•

Fourteen laboratory high-frequency gravitational wave (HFGW) generators
(or transmitter s) have been proposed in the past 45 years in peer-reviewed
journal articles.

•

The most promising laboratory HFGW generators are those that utilize very
large numbers of sub-microscopic radiation elements.

•

The Piezoelectric Approach to HFGW generation is best for the proof- of­
concept test and the proposed IR-excited Molecules Approach i s best for an
oper ational communications HFGW transmitter.

•

Ten different HFGW detectors (or receivers) have been proposed since
1978 and reported in peer-reviewed journal articles.

•

Several different HFGW receivers can be utilized for communication, but the
proposed Li-Baker detector (plans & specification development in Appendix
B) shows the most promise (underlying concept in Appendix C). The Li­
effect, upon which the Li-Baker detector is based, is not so new that it is
untested in the literature. At least nine peer-reviewed research publications
concerning the theory have appeared following the initial peer-reviewed
article by Li, Tang and Zhao (1992).

•

Because HFGW communications are carried on an extremely narrow beam
directly through the Earth, there is a very low probability of interception.

•

Theoretical results confirm that the Li-Baker detector is photon-signal
limited, not quantum-noise limited-that is, the Standard Quantum Limit is
so low that a properly designed Li-Baker detector can have sufficient
sensitivity to observe HFGWs of amplitude A:::;$ 10- 32 m/m.

•

Utilizing the IR-excited Molecules HFGW generator approach and the Li­
Baker detector, the theoretical information-transfer rate over 7,000 km of
distance, beamed directly through the Earth, is about 1.9 x 10 6 bits per
second.

•

A means of propagating a Frequency Time Standard may be one viable
early low-bandwidth application for HFGW communications.

•

HFGW sources on the Earth, the Moon, and Mars may act as reference
standards for interplanetary navigation, with the advantage that they
cannot be shielded or shadowed by planetary masses. Plasma interference
seen at planetary entry would be eliminated, and precise charting of
Lagrangian points would be possible.

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1.0 Introduction
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Of the applications of high-frequency gravitational waves (HFGWs), communication
appears to be the most important and most immediate. Gravitational waves have a
very low cross section for absorption by normal matter, so high-frequency waves could,
in principle, carry significant information content with effectively no absorption unlike
electromagnetic (EM) waves. Multi-channel HFGW communications can be both point­
to -point (for example, to deeply submerged submarines) and point-to-multipoint, like
cell phones. HFGWs pass through all ordinary material things without attenuation and
represent the ultimate wireless system. One could communicate directly t hrough t he
Earth from Moscow in Russia to Caracas in Venezuela-without the need for fiber optic
cables, microwave relays, or satellite transponders. Antennas, cables, and phone lines
would be things of the past. A timing standard alone, provided by HFGW stations
around the globe, could result in a multi-billion dollar savings in conventional telecom
systems over ten years, according to the recent analysis of Harper and Stephenson
(2007). The communication and navigation needs of future magneto hydrodynamic
(MHD) aerospace vehicles, such as the MHD aerodyne (www.mhdprospects.com), which
is high in electromagnetic interference, similar to plasma interference seen at reentry,
would be another possible applications area for HFGW communications.

1.2 DEFINITION OF HIGH-FREQUENCY GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
Visualize the luffing of a sail as a sailboat comes about or tacks. The waves in the sail's
fabric are similar in many ways to gravitational waves (GWs), but instead of sailcloth
fabric, gravitational waves move through a "fabric" of space. Einstein called this fabric
the "space-time continuum" in his 1915 work known as General Relativity (GR).
Although his theory is very sophisticated, the concept is relatively simple. This fabric is
four-dimensional: it has the three usual dimensions of space-east-west, north-south,
and up-down -plus the fourth dimension of time. Here is an example: we define a
location on this "fabric" (Einstein, 1916) as 5th Street and Third Avenue on the fourth
floor at 9 AM. No one can see this "fabric," just as no one can see wind, sound, or
gravity. Nevertheless, those elements are real, and so is this "fabric." If one could
generate ripples in this space-time fabric, many applications would become available.
Much like radio waves can be used to transmit information through space, gravitational
waves could be used to perform analogous functions. Gravitational waves are the
subject of extensive current research, which so far has focused on low frequencies.
High-frequency gravitational waves, as defined by physicists Doug lass and Braginsky
(1979), are gravitational waves having frequencies higher than 100 kHz. Low-frequency
gravitational waves (LFGWs), such as those detectable by interferometric GW detectors
(for example, the Laser Interferometer Gravitat ional Observatory, or UGO) are not
applicable to communications due to their very long wavelengths, often thousands of
kilometers in length and, even more importantly, t he inability to generate them
effectively in the laboratory. Furthermore LFGW detectors cannot detect HFGWs
(Shawhan, P. S., 2004).

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2.0 HFGW Communications
Consider the case of a single point-to-point two station fu ll duplex communication
system, as is represented in Figure 1. Such a system is often characterized as a single
data link, and requires two transmitters, one at each end, and two receivers, one at
each end . To avoid self-interference the link in one direction often uses a frequency of
radiation different than the link in the opposite direction.

Full Duplex Communication Link
Using Gravitational Wave Generators and Sensors

Station 1

r------------------~
GW Generator '
'
'' Sianal 1 + Source Noise
I

<01

-----.

Xmit 1

GW Sensor

+--

I
I
I
I
I

GW Sensor

I ~

Rcvr 2

,~
I

Additional Link Noise ---~ ►

_,

~,
<02

Station 2

r------------------~

Sianal 2 + Source Noise

'
Rcvr 1 r-e+-------Additional_Link
Noise

''
'''

•-------------------·

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

'
'
''
'''
I

(01

-----.

GW Generator

Xmit2

{02

+--

',' ___________________
'

Figure 1. Communication Link Block Diagram

If one were to apply the emerging technology of gravitational wave control to such a
link, one wou ld use GW generators for the transmitters on each end, and GW sensors
for the receivers at each end (Stephenson, 2009a). In the example shown in Figure 1,
station 1 would have a GW generator transmitting at a frequency of ro1 and a GW
sensor sensitive to a frequency of CO2, without being sensitive to a frequency of co1.
Likewise, station 2 would have a GW generator transmitting at a frequency of ffi2 and a
GW sensor sensitive to a frequency of ro1 , without being sensitive to a frequency of co2.
This is the minimum functionality required to constitute a communication link. Signal
strengths of the respective GW generators would need to be sufficient to overcome link
loss, coupling losses, and noises sources. Signal to noise considerations and link
budgets are covered in further detail in Section 3.1.

2.1 HFGW GENERATORS (TRANSMITTERS)
2.1.1 HFGW Generator Concepts
Several sources for HFGWs or means for their generation exist. The first generation
means is the same for gravitational waves (GWs) of all frequencies and is based upon
the quadrupole equation first derived by Einstein in 1918. A formulation of the
quadrupole that is easily related to the orbital motion of binary stars or black holes,

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rotating rods, laboratory HFGW generation, and so forth is based upon the "jerk" or
shake of mass (time rate of change of acceleration) and is derived by Baker (2006) as
P = 1.76x1Q-52 (2r.M/6t) 2 W

(1)

where Pis the power of the GWs, W; r is the distance between two masses, m; Mis a
change in force, N; over the time interval 6t, s; that is, the jerk or shake of the two
masses, such as the change in centrifugal force vector with time; for example, as
masses move around each other on a circular orbit. Figure 2 describes that situation.
Please recognize, however, that M need NOT be a gravitational force (see Einstein,
1918; Infeld quoted by Weber 1964, p. 97; Grishchuk 1974). Electromagnetic forces
are more than 1035 larger than gravitational forces and should be employed in
laboratory GW generation. As Weber (1964, p. 97) points out: "The non-gravitational
forces play a decisive role in methods for detection and generation of gravitational
waves ... " Equation (1) is also termed "quadrupole formalism" and holds in weak
gravitational fields (well over 100 g's), for speeds of the generator "components" less
than the speed of light and for r less than the GW wavelength. This last restriction may
not really apply. Certainly there would be GW generated for r greater than the GW
wavelength, but the quadrupole formalism might not apply exactly. For very small 6t,
the GW wavelength, AGw = c6t (where c ~ 3x 108 ms-1, the speed of light) is very small
and the GW frequency VGw is high. As a numerical example, r is choosen to be 10 m
(convenient laboratory size, though usually greater than AGw), M = 4x 10 8 N; for
example, the force produced by a large number of piezoelectric resonators and M =
2x 10-10 s; equivalent to about a VGw = 5 GHz jerk or shake frequency so that AGw = 6
cm and P = 2.8x 10-13 W or 0.28 picowatts. Clearly a very small HFGW power is
generated.
GW

GW

A
I
[

A

~~----------8
___
fct
I

! __ __._f...=Cf"---!Y

r

I
I
l
I

'

GW

8

I
I
I

T

GW

Figure 2. Change in Centrifugal Force of Orbiting Masses, dfct, Replaced by Change in Tangential Force,
df,, to Achieve HFGW Radiation

One of the first suggested means for the laboratory generation of HFGWs was the so­
called gaser analogous to the laser for light. Simply described (Halpern and Laurent,
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1964), the gaser consists of a long rod of a material and microscopic parts of which can
be excited by a means, such as electromagnetic (EM) radiation, to emit HFGWs. They
utilize linearized theory to treat the interaction of a gravitational field with matter:
"Application is made to the emission ... of gravitons by microscopic systems such as
molecules and nuclei." Grishchuk and Sazhin in early 1974 discussed the emission of
gravitational waves by an electromagnetic cavity. In August of 1974 Chapline, Nuckolls
and Woods suggested the generation of HFGWs by nuclear explosions. In this same
regard Fontana suggested that the problem of efficient generation of HFGWs and pulses
of gravitational radiation might find a reasonably simple solution by employing nuclear
matter (Fontana and Baker, 2006; Fontana and Binder, 2009), especially isomers. A
fissioning isomer not only rotates at extremely high frequency(~ 3.03x10 24 s-1 )
according to the aforementioned references, but is also highly deformed in the first
stages of fission (the nucleus is rotating and made asymmetric "before" fission). Thus
one achieves significant impulsive forces (for example, 3.67x 108 N) acting over
extremely short time spans (for example, 3.3x 10-22 s). Alternatively, a pulsed particle
beam, which could include antimatter, could trigger nuclear reactions and build up a
coherent GW as the particles move through a target mass. The usual difficulty with
HFGWs generated by nuclear reactions is the small dimensions of their nuclear-reaction
volumes-that is, the small moment of inertia and submicroscopic radii of gyration (for
example, 10-16 m) of the nuclear-mass system. Such a difficulty is overcome by utilizing
small clusters of nuclear material, whose nuclear reactions are in synchronization; for
example, through the use of a computer controlled logic system. Such nuclear­
energized HFGW generators are currently very theoretical. Braginsky and Rudenko
(1978) discussed the generation of gravitational waves in the laboratory and proposed
a means utilizing small particles In 1981 Romero and Dehnen analyzed the generation
of gravitational radiation in the laboratory also utilizing a linear array of piezoelectric
crystals that will be analyzed in more detail in Section 2.1.3. In 1988 Pinto and Rotoli
presented a paper on the laboratory generation of gravitational waves at the Italian
Conference on General Relativity and Gravitational Physics. Another Italian, Giorgio
Fontana (1998), suggested that the possibil ity of emission of high frequency
gravitational radiation from junction between d-wave and s-wave superconductors.
Kraus (1991) proposed that gravitational-wave communication might be possible in the
IEEE Antennas & Propagation magazine. At the first HFGW Working Group Conference
at the MITRE Corporation in 2003, Grishchuk analyzed electromagnetic generators and
detectors of gravitational waves. At that same Conference Valentin Rudenko presented
a paper on the optimization of parameters of a coupled generator-receiver for a HFGW
Hertz experiment. At the second HFGW Working Group Conference in Austin, Texas, in
2007, Kolosnitsyn and Rudenko presented another paper on the generation and
detection of the high-frequency gravitational radiation in a strong magnetic field. In
2007, and more recently this year, a new type of HFGW generator/detector and mirror
system based on thin, type I superconducting films was proposed by R. Chiao, S.
Minter, and K. Wegter-McNelly (2007; 2009a,b). Therefore it is evident that a number
of devices for the laboratory generation of HFGWs have been proposed including the
aforementioned gaser (as has been mentioned, was first proposed by Halpren and
Laurent in 1964, some 45 years ago) discussed by Fontana and Baker (2003); as well
as an actual laser generator of HFGWs as discussed by Li and Li (2006). Finally a rather
practical laboratory HFGW generator, which may be appropriate for the initial proof-of­
concept test, is one utilizing off-the-shelf components such as magnetron energized
piezoelectric crystals or Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators or FBARs has been analyzed in
Woods and Baker, (2005) and Baker, Woods and Li (2006).
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The figure of merit for a HFGW generator is given explicitly by Baker, Woods and Li
(2006). This Figure of merit can be extended by considering other effects since in the
laboratory the force change could not even approach those of the celestial sources. It
would seem that the magnitude of any laboratory generated GWs could be best
increased (1) by utilizing electromagnetic forces rather than gravitational, (2) by
increasing the distance between the gravitational radiators, (3) by increasing the GW
frequency (that is, reducing ~t) and especially ( 4) by developing a large number of in­
phase system elements. This last effect enters as the square of the number of
elements, N , as proved using General Relativity analyses by Dehnen and Romero­
Borja's analyses (Romero and Dehnen, 1981; Dehnen and Romero, 2003). Such N2
dependence also may be the key to successful laboratory generation of GWs, especially
HFGWs. In that regard, recent proposal by Woods (Woods and Baker, 2009; Black and
Baker, 2009)) propose the use of infrared-energized atomic nuclei, electrons and or
molecules, which have a very large N, contained in a stack of N waveguide rings
(Patents Pending). The distance between GW radiators may be proportional to the GW
wavelength in that it may have a limit that is less than or equal to a GW wavelength.
The wavelength is inversely proportional to the GW frequency. Thus given some value
for the proportional constant, say unity or the distance between radiators equal to one
GW wavelength, the GW frequency cancels out. As already noted it is important to take
advantage of square of the number of in phase elements for useful laboratory HFGW
generation. If the elements are sliced in one dimension (the dimension along the axis of
HFGW generation) in order to increase the number of elements, then the change in
force per element will be inversely proportional to the number of elements. For
example, if the elements are sliced into one hundred separate pieces, then each piece
will have one hundredth of the force of the unsliced element. Essentially, f = ma and it
is assumed that the acceleration of the element was the same after the split as before.
This result also follows Equation (8), page 17 in Baker, Stephenson and Li (2008b) and
if there were 100 splits of an FBAR, then the power to an individual slice, P and its
mass, m would be both one hundredth of their un-split value and the square root of
their product would again be one hundredth. The frequency of the spl it elements may
be a higher value -- but the attendant increase in GW power proportional to the square
of the higher frequency and the decrease in power due to a smaller distance between
tracks (assuming that the distance between tracks is one GW wavelength, which would
be smaller) would cancel and there would be no net effect on HFGW amplitude. It is
concluded, therefore, that in this particular special situation the amplitude of the
generated HFGWs is proportional to the number of in-phase elements, N (not the
square). In any event a large number of elements for a given HFGW-generator length
can be best realized by reducing the size of the individual elements to submicroscopic
size (as discussed in U. S. Patent Number 6,784,591).
In the case of HFGW generation for communications applications, it is important to
relate the amplitude of a GW, A, with the power, P, or more exactly with the GW flux,
FGw, in wm- 2 . For a viable communications link, the HFGW amplitude, A, must be large
enough to be detected at the HFGW receiver. From Appendix B of Baker, Woods and Li
(2006),
A= 1.28x10-18 ( FGw/VGw) 112 m/m

where A has the dimensionless value of spacetime strain or m/m and VGw is the GW
frequency s-1 . Following the proceeding numerical example we will concentrate the
HFGW on a diffraction -limited area of 4x 10-3 m 2 or 0.004 m 2 for a HFGW flux of
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(2)

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(2.8x1Q· )/(4x1Q· = 7x10· wm · Thus A= 2x1Q·
HFGW amplitude, but possibly a detectable signal.
13

3

11

)

2

33

.

.

It is an extremely small

2.1.2 Alternative Approaches
There are several alternative approaches to the laboratory generation of HFGWs
developed over the past 45 years as discussed in the preceding Section 2.1.1. They can
be categorized as EM -cavity generated, nuclear-energy generated, superconductor­
generated, laser-impact generated and energized microscopic & submicroscopic-particle
generated HFGWs. Of these categories the last category appears to be the most
promising for early deployment in HFGW communications systems. Furthermore, one
embodiment of that category: the Magnetron-energized FBARs generator, utilizing off­
the-shelf equipment, would seem the most useful for proof-of-concept tests. For a
practical, operational commun ications system HFGW generator (transmitter) the strong
dependence of HFGW generator's power on the number of radiating elements, N,
recommends a system utilizing molecular elements as suggested by Braginsky and
Rudenko (1978) or using Infrared (IR)-energized pentane molecules in a stack of
circular waveguides as proposed by Woods and Baker (2009). The Magnetron-energized
FBARs and the IR-energized pentane will be considered in the next-following sections.

2.1 .3 Piezoelectric Approach
Let us consider the l.8x 108 cell-phone film bulk acoustic resonators or FBARs, 10,000
Microwave-Magnetron, proof-of-concept laboratory HFGW generator. Assuming a 10 µm
distance or margin between the 100 µm square conventional FBARs, the overall length
of the laboratory generator will be 110 x (10· m) x (l.8x 10 elements) = 19.8 km. It
will have a total HFGW power of 0.066 W and for a distance out from the last in-line, in­
phase FBAR element of one HFGW wavelength (6 .1 cm) it will have a flux of 3.53 wm· 2 ,
yielding a HFGW amplitude there of A= 4.9x 10- 28 m/m. By the way, the inline set of
FBAR elements also produces a more needlelike radiation pattern of HFGWs so that the
flux and resulting A may even be larger. Although the frequencies may be different
analyses (2003), one can extrapolate approximately from the results of Dehnen and
Romero-Borja's analyses in which the ang le of the needle-like radiation pattern is
inversely proportional to the square root of the product of the distance between the
radiators (the width between FBAR bands or tracks) and N. The distance for the system
discussed here is 6.1 cm and for Dehne n's system 0.00001 m, for a factor of 6,100 and
N differs by (1.8x 108 )/(5x 107 ) = 3.6 for a product of 2.2x 104 and the inverse of the
square root is 6.7xl0· 3 . Using the result from Dehnen's paper (Equation (4.51), page
12) of a needle half angle of 1. 7 degrees we would extrapolate to 0.0115 degrees or
very approximately 2x10·4 radians. Since there is no longer the constraint to the use of
rudimentary off-the-shelf components as there was for the proof-of-concept apparatus,
the specially designed submicroscopic elements can be manipulated. First, they will be

(Text continues in the original file: 57 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D141 — AAWSAP DIRD, Metamaterials for Aerospace Applications, April 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D141
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D141
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 4/6/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

April 2010: when the only thing faster than a metamaterial was the paperwork.

- DIRD titled DOW-UAP-D141, Defense Intelligence Agency, April 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Surveys metamaterials' optical and microwave properties, suggesting aerospace uses like sub‑wavelength imaging, compact waveguides, energy harvesting
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys metamaterials, engineered structures designed to control electromagnetic waves in ways ordinary materials cannot, and argues that their main aerospace value lies in unusual optical and microwave properties together with significant component miniaturization. The report reviews possible applications including sub-wavelength imaging, compact waveguides and lasers, energy harvesting, tunable absorbers, nonreciprocal devices, and switchable materials, with particular emphasis on infrared and microwave uses for sensing, power management, and payload efficiency. It notes that many of the most ambitious applications depend on the practical output of a still-nascent field, especially in optical metamaterials, where only limited demonstrations had been achieved and fabrication remained a major constraint. The document presents metamaterials as a promising advanced materials field with credible niche applications and broader long-term potential.

### Full text

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Metamaterials for Aerospace Applications

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 78

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to JAAP Person 1
AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

J

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Contents
Definition of Metamaterials .................................................................................... 1
Applications to Sub-Diffraction Imaging: Super-Lens and Hyper-Lens .................. 6
Applications to Circuits and Waveguide Miniaturization: Slowing Down and
Manipulating Electromagnetic Pulses (EMP) Using Advanced Metamaterials ....... 16
Metamaterials for Energy Harvesting ................................................................... 20
Nonlinear Non-Reciprocal Chiral Metamaterials: For Developing Novel Optical
Isolators and "One-Way" Microwave Mirrors ....................................................... 27
Tunable Switchable Metamaterials ....................................................................... 30
Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................... 31
References ........................................................................................................... 31

Figures
Figure 1. Example of a Metamaterial Component: The Magnetic Split Ring
Resonator (SRR) Design .......................................................................... 2
Figure 2. Example of Another Metamaterial Component: Electric Ring Resonator
(ERR) ......................................................................................................... 2
Figure 3. Geometry of Original Planar Metamaterial Unit Cells (OE1-OE6) and Their
Complements (CE1-CE6) ......................................................................... 3
Figure 4. Recent Optical Metamaterials for Telecommunication Wavelength and
Mid-Infrared Indefinite Permittivity Material .......................................... 5
Figures. Schematic of The Super-lens With n=-1 Refractive Index Corresponding
to ( Surrounded by Vacuum ..................................................................... 7
Figure 6. Schematic of the SiC-based Super-lens Which is Imaging Sub-wavelength
Holes Buried Under the SiO2 Layer .......................................................... 8
Figure 7. Theoretical Concepts (left panel) and Experimental Implementation
(right panel) of an Optical Hyperlens Capable of Magnifying SubDiffraction Objects to Observable (larger than Size................................. 9
Figure 8. Hyperlens Based on a Converging Array of Metal Wires ........................ 10
Figure 9. Far-Field Super-lens (FSL) Based on an Indefinite Permittivity
Metamaterial Placed Between the Object and the Image-Releasing
Grating .................................................................................................. 12
Figure 10. Tomographic Multi-Beam Multi-Detector Holography of Sub-Wavelength
Objects Using Indefinite Permittivity Medium (IPM) ........................... 12
Figure 11. First Experimental Demonstration of Propagating Sub-Diffraction Waves
in the Indefinite Permittivity Medium (IPM) ....................................... 13
Figure 12. Schematic for 2-Beams/2-Detectors Interferometric Measurement
and Numerical Simulation................................................................... 14
Figure 13. Experimental Setup for 2-Beams/2-Detectors Interferometric
Measurement in the Lab and Preliminary Experimental Results .......... 15

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Figure 14. Schematic of Pulse Compression in Magnetized Plasma ...................... 16
Figure 15. Trapped Rainbow: A Waveguide With Negative Index Core Can Stop
Light.................................................................................................... 17
Figure 16. "Plasmonic Molecule" Exhibiting EIT ................................................... 18
Figure 17. True Multi-Layer Metamaterial With a Unit Cell Shown in Figure16:
Radiative Antenna (Single Metal Strip) Coupled to a Dark Antenna
(Two Perpendicular Metal Bars) .......................................................... 19
Figure 18. "Perfect" Narrow-Band Microwave Absorber ....................................... 20
Figure 19. Wide-Angle Plasmonic Absorber Based on Negative Index
Metamaterial ....................................................................................... 21
Figure 20. Specific Design of a Wide-Angle Plasmonic Absorber Based on Negative
Index Metamaterial Operating at A= 1550 nm ..................................... 22
Figure 21. Experimental Reflectivity vs. Wavelength and Theoretical Plot of
Reflectivity Contours ........................................................................... 23
Figure 22. Preliminary Attempts to Design a Better Absorber Using Complementary
MetaMaterials (U-shaped C-MM) ......................................................... 25
Figure 23. Engineering the Complex Reflectivity Coefficient Using the Concept of a
MetaMirror.......................................................................................... 26
Figure 24. Example of a Generic Chiral Metamaterial ........................................... 28
Figure 25. Example of Time-Irreversibility of Light Propagation Inside the Twisted
Fiber Core............................................................................................ 29
Figure 26. THz Properties of an Electric Split Ring Resonator .............................. 31

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Definition of Metamaterials
A metamaterial is defined as an artificial medium whose properties (mechanical, optical,
magnetic, or other) cannot be found in naturally-occurring materials. The emphasis of
this study will be on electromagnetic and optical metamaterials. Such metamaterials
can exhibit rather extreme properties, such as negative refractive index, which implies
that both electric permittivity and magnetic permeability must be negative
( £ < 0 µ < 0) (Reference 1). Such meta materials used to be called " left-handed"
I

because of the unusual phase re lationship between the electric and magnetic fields.
Specifically, in most (positive index, including vacuum) media one uses the right-hand
magnetic field (
and the
rule to define the relationsh[p between electric field (
propagation wavenumber ( f ). The physical basis of the right-hand rule is that the

E)

direction of energy propagation defined by the Poynting vector

H),

S= cEx HI 47Z' and the

direction of the phase velocity (defined by the wavenumber k) must coincide. That
does not hold true for negative index metamaterials where the two directions are
opposite, therefore, t he left-handed relationship must hold for the three vectors.
Nevertheless, the "left-handed" designation did not withstand the test of time because
it was causing confusion and creating irrelevant allusions to helica l (a.k.a. chiral)
structures. Although chiral structures can indeed exhibit negative index behavior
(Reference 2), chirality is not necessary.
A typical metamaterial consists of resonant elements such as Split Ring Resonators
(SRR). An example of an SRR is shown in Figure 1. The main function of the SRR is to
enable strong magnetic response of the structure. A simple empirical formula exists for
the magnetic permeability of a metamaterial comprised of the SRRs:

(1)

where {J)M is the resonant frequency of the SRR, and F is proportional to t he volume
filling factor of SRRs. It is noteworthy that SRRs are designed in such a way that it has
a large capacitance. As the result, the resonant freque ncy of an SRR is small, (that is,
the SRR-containing cell is very sub-wavelength). In the example shown in Figure 1
(taken from Reference 6), the unit cell operated at {J)j27Z" = 10 GHz is A/10. I n fact, the
sub-wavelength size of the meta material is what distinguishes them from their close
cousins: photonic crystals. By properly designing magnetic SRRs, it is possible to
achieve any value of µ for any given frequency. Special challenges exist for optical
structures, though, as will be explained below.

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C I.

r

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r1yun: .L , cxc1mp1t: u, i:I r111::cc1 mc1 c11::nc11 1.,umpun 11::nc; 1n - ,.,_,..,_., _ -,-........,. _____ ., ___ , ,---· ·, _ _ _ ,,. ... .. ,~

in-plane lattice pa ram eters are av = a,= 10/3 mm, The ring is square, with edge length I =3 mm and t racewidth w
= 0. 2 mm. The substrate is 381 µm-thick Duroi d 5870 (E = 2.33, td = 0.001 2 at 10 GHz, where td is t he loss
ta ngent) . The Cu fi lm, from wh ich t he SRRs are patterned, is 17 µm th ick. The parameters ra nd s are given in the
ta ble together with t he associated value of µ,. (Reference 6)

Elect ric properties of met amaterials can be similarly contro lled. An example of a planar
elect rically -active metamaterial is shown in Figu re 2.

-

-

Figure 2. Example of Another Metamaterial Component: Electric
Ring Resonator (ERR). This com pone nt provides tu nable resona nt
electric response to the incident electromagnetic fiel d, and can be
util ized for engineering t he freque ncy -dependen t dielectric

permittivity &( w) . Possi ble app lication : THz and microwave absorbers,
( Reference 7)

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The electric response of such (or similar) metamaterial is given by
(2)

where w R is the resonant frequency and r is the loss coefficient.
Negative index metamaterials are by no means the only potentially useful metamedia.
Several new concepts such as Indefinite Permittivity Metamaterials (1PM) (References
3, 4) and Epsilon- Near-Zero (ENZ) metamaterials (Reference 5) have recently emerged
and found some exciting applications t hat will be reviewed below. IPMs ca n be used as
ultra-compact spatia l filters (both high -pass and low -pass) whereas ENR metamater ials
can be used for making sub- wavelength waveguides capable of coupling close to 100
percent of the incident rad iation (Reference 8), as well as directing it around tight
bends with negligible bending losses. Yet another class of planar metamaterials,
complementary metamaterials (CMMs), has recently emerged (Reference 7). Instead of
using metallic structures deposited on a substrate (left panel of Figure 3), CMMs consist
of slits in the continuous metal screen (right panel of Figure 3). The shape of the slits
coincides with that of the materials themselves. Such complementary metamaterials
have been recently used for making epsilon-near zero waveguides (Reference 8).
CE1

CE4

CE2

CE5

CE3

CE6

Figure 3. Geometry of Original Planar Metamaterial Unit Cells (OE1-0E6) and Their Complements
(CE1-CE6}. The polari zation of normally incident electromagnetic rad iation is configured as shown in OEl
and CEl for the original and complementary metamaterials, respectively. (Reference 9)

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In general, metamaterials offer a new way of designing electromagnetic structures with
arbitrary values of permittivity/permeability tensors, as well as other parameters (such
as bi-anisotropy coefficient). In many instances, metamaterials enable us to
considerably minimize sizes of resonators, transmission lines, and so forth. Such
miniaturization is possible due to the resonant nature of the individual unit cells.
Specifically, the structures shown in Figure 3 have high capacitance; therefore, their
individual sizes are very sub-wavelength. That enables arrangement within sub­
wavelength units that can be densely packed and result in strongly miniaturized
components. It is this miniaturization that makes metamaterials interesting for
aerospace application where small weight and size are essential.
While the most spectacular progress in the field of electromagnetic metamaterials has
so far occurred in the microwave range, it is the optical (visible, infrared, mid-infrared)
spectral regions that hold most promise for revolutionary applications. Electromagnetic
metamaterials have a tremendous potential for revolutionizing propagation, storage,
and conversion of electromagnetic waves across the entire Electromagnetic Spectrum.
In our opinion, the most exciting applications that are relevant for aerospace
applications include energy harvesting, developing novel optical devices with unusual
yet practically important capabilities (for example, non-reciprocal devices), enhancing
the efficiency of nonlinear optical devices, developing novel imaging modalities capable
of breaking the diffraction limit (for example, super-lenses, hyper-lenses, far field
super-lenses), and developing novel lithographic techniques.
Optical metamaterials are still a very new area. Just a handful of experimental
demonstrations of multi-layer (truly bulk) optical metamaterials exist at the moment.
Among the most recent ones are (a) demonstration of the negative index optical
metamaterial at the telecommunications wavelength (Reference 10) that used the so­
called fishnet structure shaped as a prism for demonstrating Snell's Law, and (b)
demonstration of the Indefinite Permittivity Material (IPM) and negative refraction
(which, in the context of anisotropic metamaterials, is not the same as negative
refractive index) in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum (Reference 11). These
structures have the distinction of being multi-layer (or bulk). Most previous examples of
optical metamaterials have dealt with single or double-layer substances which cannot
be, strictly speaking, characterized as metamaterials. The difficulty in obtaining strong
magnetic activity in optical metamaterials has been explained in several recent reviews
(References 12, 13). In a nutshell, the issue is that the magnetic moment of most
structures (including atomic systems) is very small, much smaller than the electric
moment. Therefore, it is difficult to observe any optical effects that can be clearly
assigned to magnetic activity. This is especially true for the structures that are much
smaller than one wavelength. Exceptions, such as artificially constructed split rings, are
possible. However, such structures cannot be operated at very high frequency because
of the excitation of electrostatic resonances (Reference 12). In other words, when the
resonant frequency is too high (or the dielectric permittivity of a metal is not sufficiently
large), electrostatic resonances disrupt magnetic activity. More specifically, the energy
inside and in the vicinity of a metamaterial element (for example, Split Ring Resonator)
becomes predominantly electrostatic, (that is, in the form of the kinetic energy of
oscillating electrons). The recently described multi-layer fishnet (Reference 10) is not
an exception: its unit cell (that is, the lateral period) is only one-half of the operating
wavelength.

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10

12

14

WmOfllllll{)lml

Figure 4 . Recent Optical Metamaterials fo r Telecommunication Wavelength A = 1.5 1,1m (Left and
Middle) and Mid-Infrare d IPM . The mu lti- layer fishnet is made of si lver films separated by a dielectric spacer. A
focused ion beam was used to produce the prism-shaped fishnet. The 1PM was obtained by depositing interleaved
80 nm layers of Ino.s3Gao.41As and Alo.. slno.s2As. The layers, approximat ely 8.1 µm thick, grow n by molecular beam
epitaxy on lattice-matched InP substrates. The InGaAs layers were uniform ly doped to create different values of
permittivity in alternating layers. (Reference 10 and 11)

That is not to say that there is not ongoing theoretical and experimental work on
designing optical metamaterials for practical applications. The author's research group
at UT- Austin, has designed the first Plasmonic Negative Index Metamaterials (P-NIM)
super-lens (Reference 14 ), developed novel techniques for analyzing optical properties
of plasmonic nanostructures, (including band-structure calculations of periodic
nanostructures) (Reference 15) and quasi-static calculations of plasmonic resonances
(Reference 16). The UT-Austin group has also designed a number of unique sub­
wavelength P-NIMs in the optical part of the spectrum (References 14, 17, 18), and has
recently published a review of optical P-NIMs (Reference 12). The group has also
contributed to developing and experimentally implementing the concept of the "perfect
lens" (Reference 19) based on plasmonic/polaritonic materials. A perfect lens enables
imaging of sub-wavelength objects in the infrared part of the spectrum, including
objects buried under the surface. Also developed is a Wide-Angle "Perfect" Absorber of
Mid-Infrared Radiation {WAPAMIR) (Reference 20) based on the negative index
metamaterial whose impedance is perfectly matched to vacuum.
Below is a concise summary of various topics/applications that are especially suitable
for the aerospace industry. This study concentrates on the facility of meta materials to
miniaturize various optical and microwave components. Metamaterials can also be used
for imaging very small (sub-wavelength) objects without resorting to costly and space­
consuming near-field scanning optical microscopy. Also described are the ongoing
efforts in the field to make extremely compact metamaterials-based lasers. Smaller
lasers mean smaller weight and more room for other diagnostic devices and useful
payload within the confines of a space vehicle. Applications of metamaterials to photon
harvesting is especially fitting for advanced aerospace platforms because of the
necessity to collect electromagnetic energy for battery recharging, diagnostic
spectroscopy, and other vital functions of a space vehicle.

•

Complementary Metamaterials for Energy Harvesting. Development of ultra­
thin photovoltaic and thermo-photovoltaic cells is hampered by weak photon
absorption in semiconductors. Metamaterials can modify absorption making it
wavelength-selective (tunable), highly efficient, and, if desired, wide-angle. Recently
a way has been found for creating quarter-wavelength resonators backed by leaky
mirrors made out of CMMs.

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•

Far Field Super-Lens Based on the Interferometry of Sub-Diffraction Waves.
Sub-diffraction imaging has long been considered to be possible only using near­
field microscopes. Those are fairly complex, slow-scanning, and large devices that
are not appropriate for advanced aerospace platforms. Metamaterials enable new
imaging modalities: super-lenses, hyper-lenses, and far-field super-lenses. In
addition to a survey of the existing scientific literature, novel ideas on developing a
new interferometric Far-field Super-Lens (FSL) based on the multi-beam multi­
detector technique utilizing materials with Indefinite Permitivity Tensor are
presented. Fabrication of such Indefinite Permittivity Materials (IPMs) for the mid­
infrared part of the spectrum is achieved and demonstrates the capabilities of
transmitting electromagnetic waves with the spatial period much smaller than the
vacuum wavelength of light. Interference between sub-diffraction waves enables
disentangling multiple diffractive orders and extracting their amplitudes.

•

Nonlinear Non-Reciprocal Chiral Metamaterials: Developing Novel Optical
Isolators and "One-Way" Microwave Mirrors. These developments are
motivated by the need to construct one-way "light diodes" for compact optical
isolators. Presently there are two approaches to optical isolation: the most common
using magnetic fields, and the less developed based on using nonlinearities. A
different approach relies on the phenomenon of adiabatic mode conversion in
nonlinear chiral metamaterials. Preliminary theoretical results for a simple chiral
fiber with a variable twist period (pitch) that enables full transmission of a tightly
confined core mode in the forward direction and full mode-conversion of the core
mode into a cladding mode for the backwards propagation is obtained.

•

Slowing Down Light and Miniaturizing Optical Components Using the
Phenomenon of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in
Metamaterials. The speed of light places a natural limit on the size of
optical/microwave components. Metamaterials offer an exciting opportunity to slow
down light. This has two major implications: (a) light can be stored/manipulated in
smaller volumes, and (b) nonlinear effects are strongly enhanced by the resulting
energy compression.

Applications to Sub-Diffraction Imaging: Super-Lens and
Hyper-Lens
The super-lens is one of the earliest applications of metamaterials (Reference 21), and
its principle is shown is Figure 5. Without the super-lens, all information about sub­
diffraction (or sub-wavelengths, which is equivalent) features of the periodic object
would have been lost. The reason for the information loss is evanescent decay of the
large spatial wavenumbers. The only method of accessing/measuring these features
would be to scan the object using a near field scanning optical microscope. By inserting
a super-lens between the object and the imaging plane, evanescent waves may be
amplified and the image transferred forward. Unfortunately, this approach by itself does
not remove the need for a near-field scanning device; the image that is recreated in the
imaging plane is still sub-wavelength, and needs to be read out.

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A>d

.
=

Figures. Schematic of the Super-Lens with n=-1 Refractive Index Corresponding to(£= -1, µ
-1)
Surrounded By Vacuum. Super-lens' presence enables imaging sub-diffraction objects such as the period ic
grating shown here.

There are, however, interesting circumstances when it is very important to transport
the image towards the scanning device. One such special circumstance is spatially­
resolved spectroscopy of small (for example, cellular) structures. One can envision
space expeditions to other planets that could, potentially, result in finding some
evidence of primitive cellular-level life. It would then be highly desirable to examine the
structure of the living cell in its natural environment. In all likelihood, that environment
would be liquid. Therefore, it would be very desirable to examine the cell without
actually touching it with a tip of a near-field optical microscope. Thus, the sub-surface
imaging of a small object which is buried underneath a liquid layer would be necessary.
No such experiments have so far been conducted. However, several years ago t here
was an experiment demonstrating imaging of sub-diffraction objects buried under the
layer of silicon dioxide.
The schematic and experimental results from the experiment (Reference 19) are shown
in Figure 6. In this experiment the sub-wavelength objects were simple holes that were
mill ed in the metal using an FIB. They were buried underneath the super-lens
consisting of SiC (negative epsilon material for mid-infrared frequencies) and silicon
dioxide (positive epsilon material). Note that this configuration (materials with 6 1 > 0
and 6 2 ~ - 6 1 < 0 joined together: sandwiched or positioned next to each other) is typical
for a near-field super-lens. The difference between the near-field super-lens shown in
Figure 6 and the " ideal" super-lens shown in Figure 5 is that the ideal also requires a
material with a negative value of magnetic permeability.

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a

Figure 6. Schematic of the SiC-Based Super-Lens Which is Imaging Sub-Wavelength Holes Buried Under
the Si02 Layer. The imaged objects are >../20 holes milled in gold using FIB . The scattered signal is picked up by
the tip of an NSOM and directed towards the I R detector. Depending on the imag ing wavelength, either amplitude
(e) or the phase (f,g) of the signal are prominent.

As the laser beam scatters off the sub-wavelength holes, its electric field is picked up
by the tip of a Near-Field Scattering Optical Microscope (NSOM) and re-scattered into
the far-field. There it is interfered with the reference pulse and picked up by an infrared
detector. Note that this interferometric technique enables one to extract both the phase
and amplitude of the field, as shown in Figure 6. This significantly broadens the spectral
range over which the super-lens yields meaningful information . For example, the
amplitude contrast is highest at A = 10.85 µm shown in panel ( e) while the phase
contrasts are the highest at A =11.03 µm and A =10.65 µm.

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Despite the convenience of the near-field super-lens, (that is, its ability to transport the
image) it still requires an NSOM to read out the image. Within the confines of an
advanced aerospace platform such device (with its necessary auxiliaries) may not fit.
Therefore, one has to consider alternative metamaterials-based ideas for sub-diffraction
imaging. One such idea, the hyper-lens, has been proposed recently by two groups
(References 22-24), and already experimentally tested by another group (Reference
25). The principle of the hyper-lens is very simple: to use an indefinite permittivity
medium (sometimes referred to as the hyperbolic medium because the relationship
between the propagation wavenumbers and the frequency, also known as the constant
frequency contour, has a hyperbolic nature) in a tapered format. Several conceptual
implementations such as the spoke-like structure and the cylindrical multi-layer
structure (see Figure 7, left panel) have been suggested. The hyper-lens works on two
pri ncip les: (a) indefin ite permittivity materials (of which t he super-lens is one example)
are capable of propagating sub-diffraction waves, and (b) the expanding nature of the
hyper-lens can magnify images to the 'A./2 size, at which poi nt they become observable
in a conventiona l microscope . One recent experim ental implementation of the hyper­
lens in UV is shown in t he right panel of Figure 7. The hyper-lens is made of 16 layers
of Ag/ AbOJ. This specific hyper-lens was used for imaging a line pair object with line
width of 35 nm an d spacing of 150 nm and was operat ed at>,., = 400 nm . The magnified
image (350 nm spaci ng) can be cl ea r ly resolved with an opt ica l microscope [n umer ical
aperture (NA) = 1.4], t hus demonstrati ng magnification and proj ection of a sub­
diffraction-limited image into the far fi eld.

Jacob, Alekseyev, Narimanov, Opt.Exp.'06

1

To the fir-field opllCI

1

Salandrino & Engheta, PRB'06

Govyadinov & Podolsky,
PRB'06

Liuet.al, Science'07

Figure 7. Theoretical Concepts (left panel) and Experimental Implementation (right panel) of an Optical
Hyper-lens Capable of Magnifying Sub-Diffraction Objects to Observable (larger than A,/2) Size

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Note that the hyper-lens concept does not require employing a bulky near-field
scanning optical microscope. However, the practical implementation of the hyper-lens is
by no means simple. The original implementation required depositing the sample on the
curved surface of the hyper-lens. A more practical implementation of the super-lens has
been theoretically proposed by another group (Reference 26). The concept is shown in
Figure 8. The hyper-lens involves an array of thin metallic wires converging towards the
tip. As is demonstrated, a dense array of metal wires separated by much less than the
wavelength constitutes a metamaterial with the indefinite perm ittivity tensor.
Specifically, the tensor component along the wires is given by:
(3)

where the z component is along the wires and perpendicular direction is normal to the
wires. Because the only propagating waves are the TEM waves satisfying the
o/ = k; c2 dispersion relation, this meta-medium is strongly anisotropic and supports
sub-wavelength waves which perform imaging. The spatial resolution is given by the
spacing between wires. Figure 8 (right panel) shows the magnified image of a small
('A/25) object placed at the tip of the hyper-lens. The magnification factor is Sx.
5

30-

20.

2

15-

5-.

0
-4 :·

-5-------------------5
0
X!L
5

-1 o __.

0

5
-5

-5

Figures. Hyper-Lens Based on a Converging Array of Metal Wires. A small object can be placed at the tip,
illuminated from the top, and magnified by the expanding array of wires. Left panel : schematic. Right panel: A./25
object magnified by a factor Sx by the expanding hyper-lens. This hyper-lens can operate at mid-IR frequencies .
(Reference 26)

Another concept for sub-wavelength imaging employing metamaterials is the so-called
Far-Field Super-Lens (FSL) . The concept is pioneered in Reference 27. The idea is

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(Text continues in the original file: 38 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D142 — AAWSAP DIRD, Concepts for Extracting Energy from the Quantum Vacuum, April 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D142
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D142
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 4/6/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

At least the vacuum got a mention before Las Vegas ran out of power.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D142, Defense Intelligence Agency, April 6 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Examines quantum‑vacuum energy extraction concepts, reviewing theories, Casimir effect, and propulsion possibilities
- No practical method demonstrated; concepts remain theoretically underdeveloped and unconfirmed

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD examines whether useful energy might be extracted from the quantum vacuum, the ground state with the lowest possible energy of quantum fields. This treatment considers applications for space power or “propellantless” propulsion by reviewing a range of concepts involving zero-point fluctuations, Casimir effects, squeezed vacuum states, Dirac-vacuum decay, and possible vacuum phase changes in quantum chromodynamics. The report argues that established physical models contain real vacuum-related phenomena, and that certain mechanisms can be modeled as energy-releasing phase changes under specific boundary conditions or intense external fields. However, it acknowledges that no practical method for continuous or useful energy extraction has been demonstrated experimentally and that standard quantum electrodynamics does not support continuous vacuum-energy conversion in the manner proposed. Frameworks based on the concepts described in the DIRD remain theoretically underdeveloped and experimentally unconfirmed at the time of writing.

### AI summary

This is an unclassified defense intelligence document prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Acquisition Support Division for the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program. Dated April 6, 2010, it discusses concepts for extracting energy from the quantum vacuum, including historical theories, experimental reviews, and theoretical considerations. The document outlines the electromagnetic quantum vacuum's energy density, its coupling with particles, and potential applications, such as energy generation and propulsion. It references the Casimir effect and other phenomena, but does not mention any specific unidentified aerial phenomena.

### Full text

#### Page 1

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Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Acquisition Threat Support
6 April 2010
ICOD : 1 December 2009
DIA-08-1004-007

Concepts for Extracting
Energy From the Quantum
Vacuum

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Concepts for Extracting Energy From the Quantum Vacuum

Prepared by:
Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 58

Administrative Note
COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to
this document should be addressed to jAAPPerson 1
AAWSA Program
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,
DC 20340-5100.

I,

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Contents
I. Summary .............................................................................................................v
II. Historical Concepts for Extracting Energy and Thermodynamic Considerations 1
III. Origin of Zero-Point Field Energy ..................................................................... 4
Elements of QED Theory ..................................................................................... 4
Elements of SED Theory ..................................................................................... 6
IV. Review of Selected Experiments ....................................................................... 7
Voltage Fluctuations in Coils Induced by ZPF at High Frequency ........................ 7
ZPF Energy Extraction by Ground State Energy Reduction ............................... 10
Tunable Casimir Effect ..................................................................................... 14

EV Phenomenon ............................................................................................... 17
V. Theoretical Considerations and Issues ............................................................. 22

QED Vacuum Revisited ..................................................................................... 22
QED Vacuum as a Plenum ............................................................................. 22
QED Vacuum as a Mathematical "Placeholder" for Fluctuating Matter Fields 23
Casimir Effect Revisited ................................................................................... 24
Casimir Effect in the Plenum Picture ............................................................ 24
Casimir Effect in the Fluctuating Matter Fields Picture ................................. 24
Type I (Transient) and Type II (Continuous) Machines .................................... 25
Degradability of the Vacuum ............................................................................ 25
Alternatives to QED .......................................................................................... 26
Neoclassical Theories of QED Vacuum Fluctuation Effects ............................ 26
SED Model Revisited ..................................................................................... 27
QED Without Second-Quantized Fields ......................................................... 28
Examples of Degradable of Decaying Vacuum .................................................. 28
Gravitational Squeezing of the Vacuum ........................................................ 29
Redshifting the Vacuum ............................................................................... 29
Vacuum Field Stress: Negative Vacuum Energy from the Casimir Effect ...... 30

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Squeezed Quantum Vacuum ......................................................................... 32
Dirac Vacuum Decay: "Sparking the Vacuum" .............................................. 33
Magnetically Induced Decay of the Dirac Vacuum ........................................ 34
Melting the QCD Vacuum .............................................................................. 35
Summary: ZPF Modes and Vacuum Field Energy ......................................... 37
VI. Conclusion: The Way Forward to 2050 ........................................................... 37
Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. 41
Appendix: The QCD Bag Model ............................................................................ 42
References ........................................................................................................... 44

Figures
Figure 1. Illustration of the Casimir Effect ............................................................. 1
Figure 2. Vacuum-Fluctuation Battery .................................................................... 1
Figure 3. ZPE Resonant Dielectric Spheres Electrical Power Generation ................. 3
Figure 4. Theoretical Voltage Spectral Density of a Tungsten Coil .......................... 9
Figure 5. Energy Released from Ground State Suppression of Hydrogenic Atom
in a Microcavity ..................................................................................... 11
Figure 6. Apparatus for Ground State Energy Suppression: Casimir Segmented
Tunnels ................................................................................................. 13
Figure 7. Alternative Apparatus for Ground State Energy Suppression: Casimir
Strip and Spacer-Channels .................................................................... 13
Figure 8. Experimental Apparatus for Ground State Energy Reduction Tests ....... 14
Figure 9. Tunable Casimir Effect: Conductor vs. Dielectric................................... 15
Figure 10. Tunable Casimir Effect: Engine Cycle ................................................... 16
Figure 11. Schematic of EV (Pulse Discharge Source) Device............................... 18
Figure 12. SEM of EV Damage to Ceramic Plate.................................................... 19
Figure 13. SEM of EV Damage to Palladium Target ............................................... 20
Figure 14. EV Moving at Downward Angle Away From Its Source........................ 21

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Concepts for Extracting Energy From the Quantum Vacuum
I. Summary
Quantum theory predicts that the vacuum of space throughout the universe is
filled with electromagnetic waves, random in phase and amplitude,
propagating in all possible d irections, and with a cubic frequency distribution.
This differs from the cosmic microwave backg r ound radiation and is refe rred
to as the electromagnetic quantum vacuum, which is the lowest energy state
of otherwise empty space. When integrated over all frequency modes up to the
Planck frequency, vp ( 1043 Hertz [Hz]), it represents an energy density of as
much as 10 113 J/m 3 , wh ich is far in excess of any other known energy source,
even if only an infinitesimal fraction of it is accessible. Even if one is
constrained to integrate over all frequency modes only up to the nucleon
Compton frequency ( 10 23 Hz), 1 t his energy d ensity is still enormous ( 10 3 5
J/m 3). In addition, the electromagnetic quantum vacuum is not alone; it
intimately couples to the charged particles in the Dirac sea of virtual fermion
particle-antiparticle pairs (aka the Dirac vacuum) and thereby couples to the
other interactions inherent in the Standard Model (weak and strong force
vacua). However, in the Standard Model of particle physics, the weak force
vacuum is essentially the electromagnetic vacuum, because photons serve as
the massless eigenstates of (unified) electroweak theory with an "effective"
coupling constant that is in fact electromagnetic in strength. 2 And we can
safely ignore any coupling of the quantum electromagnetic vacuum to the
quantum chromodynamic vacuum in this paper because the latter coexists in
two phases: (1) the ordinary vacuum exterior to the hadron, which is
impenetrable to quark color, and (2) the vacuum interior of the hadron,3 in
which the Yang-Mills fields that carry color (gluons) propagate freely. Both
vacuum phases are separated by a boundary at the surface of the hadron on
which the Yang-Mills and quark fields satisfy boundary conditions.

~

~

~

Even though this zero-point field (ZPF) energy seems to be an inescapable
consequence of quantum field theory, its energy density is so enormous as to
make it difficult to reconcile. Instead, many quantum calculations subtract the
ZPF energy by ad hoc means (for example, renormalization). However, the
effects of the quantum vacuum ZPF that are responsible for a variety of well­
known physical effects are observed, such as:
Lamb shift.
Spontaneous atomic emission.
1 The characteristic frequency associated with the size of nucleons.
2 The weak force coupling constant is merely the quantum electrodynamic/electromagnetic

coupling constant (i.e., the fine structure constant, a) that is "suppressed" by a simple
inverse-quadratic ratio of the virtual weak force particle mass to the proton mass (a factor
of 10-4).
3 Hadrons are the class of strongly interacting elementary particles which are a bound state
of quarks. This class of particles has two subclasses: baryons (e.g., protons and neutrons
comprised of three quarks) and mesons ( comprised of two quarks).
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Low-temperature van der Waals forces.
Casimir effect.
Source of photon shot and fluctuating radiation-pressure noise in lasers.
•

Astronomically observed cosmological constant (aka dark energy, a form of
Casimir energy according to the Schwinger-DeWitt quantum ether
prescription [ Reference 1-4]).

Rather than eliminate the ZPF energy from the equations, there is much left to
be learned by exploring the possibility that it is a real energy, From this
perspective, the ordinary world of matter and energy is like foam atop the
quantum vacuum sea. If the ZPF is real, then there is the possibility that it can
be tapped as a source of power or be harnessed to generate a propulsive force
for space travel. This notion of exchanging energy with the quantum vacuum
is the focus of this paper.
An aircraft propeller or jet engine can push air backwards to propel the
aircraft forward. A ship or boat propeller does the same thing in water. On
Earth there is air or water to push against. But a rocket in space has no
material medium to push against, and so it needs to carry and eject propellant
in order to provide momentum. A deep-space rocket must start out with all the
propellant it will ever require, and this quickly results in the need to carry
additional propellant just to propel the propellant. The breakthrough desired
in space travel is to eliminate the need to carry propellant at all, that is, to
generate a propulsive force without carrying and ejecting propellant?

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II. Historical Concepts for Extracting Energy and
Thermodynamic Considerations
The Casimir force is a force associated with the electromagnetic quantum vacuum
(Reference 5). This force is an attraction between parallel uncharged metallic plates
that has now been well measured and can be attributed to a minute imbalance in the
ZPF energy (ZPE) density inside the cavity between the plates versus the region outside
the plates as shown in Figure 1 (Reference 6-8). As shown in the figure, the vacuum is
full of virtual photons (that is, zero-point vacuum fluctuations), but photons with
wavelengths, 'A., more than twice the plate separation, d, are excluded from the space
between them, which causes the imbalance that pushes the plates together.
The primary requirement for space travel is energy. It is sometimes assumed that
attempting to extract energy from the vacuum ZPF would somehow violate the laws of
thermodynamics. Fortunately, it turns out that this is not the case. A thought
experiment published by Forward (Reference 9, 10) demonstrated how the Casimir
force could in principle be used to extract energy from the vacuum ZPF. Forward
showed that any pair of conducting plates at close distance experiences an attractive
Casimir force that is due to the electromagnetic ZPF of the vacuum. A "vacuum­
fluctuation battery" can be constructed by using the Casim ir force to do work on a stack
of charged conducting plates as shown in Figure 2. By applying a charge of the same
polarity to each conducting plate, a repulsive electrostatic force will be produced that
opposes the Casimir force. If the applied electrostatic force is adjusted to be always
slightly less than the Casimir force, the plates will move toward each other and the
Casimir force will add energy to the electric field between the plates. The battery can be
recharged by making the electrical force slightly stronger than the Casimir force to re­
expand the foliated conductor.

Figure 1. Illustration of the Casimir Effect

Figure 2. Vacuum-Fluctuation Battery (Reference 9)

Cole and Puthoff (Reference 11) verified that (generic) energy extraction schemes are
not contradictory to the laws of thermodynamics. For thermodynamically reversible
processes, no heat will flow at temperature T = 0. However, for thermodynamically

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irreversible processes, heat can be produced and made to flow, either at T = 0 or at
any other T > 0 situation, such as by taking a system out of mechanical equilibrium .
Moreover, work can be done by or done on physical systems, either at T = 0 or T > 0
situations, whether for a reversible or irreversible process. However, if one is
considering a net cyclical process on the basis of, say, the Casimir effect, then energy
would not be able to be continually extracted without a violation of the second law of
thermodynamics. Thus, Forward's process cannot be cycled to yield a continuous
extraction of energy. Here, the recharging of the battery would, owing to frictional and
other losses, require more energy than is gained from the ZPF. There is no useful
engine cycle in this process; nonetheless, the plate-contraction phase of the cycle does
demonstrate the ability to cause "extraction" of energy from the ZPF. It does reflect
work done by the ZPF on matter.
Another illustrative example of an early scheme for extracting energy from the ZPF is
described in a patent by Mead and Nachamkin (Reference 12). They propose that a set
of resonant dielectric spheres be used to extract energy from the ZPF and convert it
into electrical power. They consider the use of resonant dielectric spheres, slightly
detuned from each other, to provide a beat-frequency downshift of the more energetic
high-frequency components of the ZPF to a more easily captured form. Figure 3 shows
two embod iments of the invention. The device includes a pair of dielectric structures
(items 12, 14, 112, 114 in the figure) that are positioned proximal to each other and
which intercept incident ZPE radiation (items 16, 116 in the figure). The volumetric
sizes of the structures are selected so that they resonate at a particular frequency of
the incident radiation. But the volumetric sizes of the structures are chosen to be
slightly different so that the secondary radiations emitted from them (items 18, 20, 24,
118, 120, 124 in the figure) at resonance interfere with each other, thus producing a
beat frequency radiation that is at a much lower frequency than that of the incident
radiation, and that can be converted into electrical energy. A conventional metallic
antenna (loop or dipole type, or a RF cavity structure; items 22, 122 in the figure) can
then be used to collect the beat frequency radiation. This radiation is next transm itted
from the antenna to a converter via an electrical conductor or waveguide (items 26,
126 in the figure) and converted to electrical energy. The converter must include: 1) a
tuning circuit or comparable device so that it can effectively receive the beat frequency
radiation, 2) a transformer to convert the energy to electrical current having a desired
voltage, and 3) a rectifier to convert the energy to electrical current having a desired
waveform (items 28, 30, 32, 34, 128, 130, 132 in the figure).

2

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110

10~
20

114

14

12

_A

112

116

¢{

~

22

26

122

,..,,.-34

28_)

;[[
32

126

/

130

128_}

I
132

IT:

Figure 3. ZPE Resonant Dielectric Spheres Electrical Power Generation (Reference 12)

The receiving structures are composed of dielectric material in order to diffract and
scatter the incident ZPE radiation. The volumetric sizing requirements for the receiving
structures are selected to enable them to resonate at a high frequency corresponding to
the incident ZPE radiation, based on the parameters of frequency of the incident ZPE
radiation, and the propagation characteristics of the medium (vacuum or otherwise)
and the receiving structures. Since the ZPE radiation energy density increases with
increasing frequency, greater amounts of electromagnetic energy are potentially
ava ilable at higher frequencies. Consequently, the size of the receiving structures must
be miniaturized in order to produce greater amounts of energy from a system located
with in a space or volume of a given size. Therefore, the smaller the size of the receiving
structures, the greater the amount of energy that can in principle be produced by the
system.
Although a computer model study performed at the Air Force Research Laboratory
(Edwards AFB, CA) indicates that the invention could work, no experimental study has
been performed to validate this in the lab (F. B. Mead, private communication, 2002).
Regarding critiques, it is not clear how the beat frequency can be picked up by the
receiving loop antenna. There is no nonlinear method in the invention showing that an
electromagnetic beat frequency can be generated and coupled to the loop. Without a
nonlinear coupling method there will be no sidebands, one of which would be frequency
down-shifted and called the beat frequency. The coupling method requires the
generation of sidebands in the mixing of two different frequencies via a nonlinear
technique. However, an easy resolution to this potential deficiency is that the resonant
dielectric spheres could be constructed of a nonlinear dielectric material.
Although several novel ZPF energy extraction mechanisms have been proposed in the
popular and technical literature, no practicable technique has been successfully
demonstrated in the laboratory . To better understand how ZPE extraction methods
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might work, it is necessary to characterize the physics of the ZPF and proposed energy
extraction techniques, and to evaluate their feasibility for appl ication to space power
and propulsion systems. In what follows, the physics of the ZPF and the experimental
investigations being pursued to address the question of extracting energy from the
quantum vacuum are summarized.

III. Origin of Zero-Point Field Energy
ELEMENTS OF QED THEORY
The basis of the ZPF is typically attributed to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
According to this principle, A and B are any two conjugate observables that one is
interested in measuring, and they obey the commutation relation [A,B] = in. 4 Their
corresponding uncertainty relation is M~B 2'. n/2, where M is the variance (aka
uncertainty) of observable A and ~B is that of the conjugate observable B. This relation
states that if one measures observable A with very high precision (that is, its
uncertainty M is very small), then a simultaneous measurement of observable B will be
less precise (that is, its uncertainty ~Bis very large), and vice versa. In other words, it
is not possible to simultaneously measure two conjugate observable quantities with
infinite precision. This minimum uncertainty is not due to any correctable flaws in
measurement, but rather reflects the intrinsic fuzziness in the quantum nature of
energy and matter. Substantial theoretical and experimental work has shown that in
many quantum systems the limits to measurement precision is imposed by the
quantum vacuum ZPF embodied within the uncertainty principle. Nowadays one would
rather see the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle as a necessary consequence, and
therefore, a derived result of the wave nature of quantum phenomena. The
uncertainties are just a consequence of the Fourier nature of conjugate pairs of
quantities (observables). For example, the two Fourier-wave-conjugates time and
frequency become the pair of quantum-particle conjugates time and energy and the
two Fourier-wave-conjugates displacement and wavenumber become the pair of
quantum-particle conjugates position and momentum. For more on this see, for
example, Reference 13.
Classically, electromagnetic radiation can be pictured as waves flowing through space at
the speed of light. The waves are not waves of anything substantive, but are in fact
ripples in the state of a field. These waves carry energy, and each wave has a specific
direction, frequency and polarization state. This is called a "propagating mode of the
electromagnetic field." A useful tool for modeling the propagating mode of the
electromagnetic field in quantum mechanics is the ideal quantum mechanical harmonic
oscillator: a hypothetical charged mass on a perfect spring oscillating back and forth
under the action of the spring's restoring force. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
dictates that a quantized harmonic oscillator (aka a photon state) can never come
entirely to rest, since that would be a state of exactly zero energy, which is forbidden
by the commutation relation outlined above. Instead, every mode of the field has hw/2
as its average minimum energy in the vacuum. 5 (This is a small amount of energy, but
the number of modes is enormous, and indeed increases as the square of the
frequency. The product of this minuscule energy per mode, multiplied by the huge
spatial density of modes, yields a very high theoretical energy density per unit volume.)
4

i is the unit complex number. n is Planck's reduced constant, 1.055 x 10-34 J-s.

5 w is the mode or photon frequency and nw is the energy of a single mode or photon.

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This ZPE term is added to the classical blackbody spectral radiation energy density
p(w)dro (that is, the energy per unit volume of rad iation in the frequency interval (w, w
+ dw )) (Reference 14):

hw- - +hw
p(w)dw =al- [ - - - ] dw
n 2 c3 exp(hw/ kT) - 1 2

(1)

3

hw)
= - hw
-2 3 coth ( - dw,
2kT

21t c

where c is the speed of light (3.0 x 108 m/s), k is Boltzmann's constant (1.3807 x 10-2 3
J/K), T is the absolute temperature, and ro = 2nv is the angular frequency. The factor
outside the square brackets in the first line of Equation (1) is the density of mode (or
photon) states (that is, the number of states per unit frequency interval per unit
volume); the first term inside the square brackets is the standard Planck blackbody
radiation energy per mode; and the second term inside the square brackets is the
quantum zero-point energy per mode. Equation ( 1) is called the Zero-Point Planck
(ZPP) spectral rad iation energy density. Planck first added the ZPE term to the classical
blackbody spectral radiation energy density in 1912, although it was Einstein, Hopf, and
Stern who actually recognized the physical significance of this term in 1913 (Reference
14). Direct spectroscopic evidence for the reality of ZPE was provided by Mulliken's
boron monoxide spectral band experiments in 1924, several months before Heisenberg
first derived the ZPE for a harmonic oscillator from his new quantum matrix mechanics
theory (Reference 15).
Following this line of reasoning, quantum physics predicts that all of space must be
filled with electromagnetic zero-point fluctuations (aka the zero-po int field) creating a
universal sea of zero-point energy. The density of this energy depends critically on
where the frequency of the zero-point fluctuations ceases. Since space itself is currently
thought to break up into a kind of "quantum foam" at the Planck length, A p (~ 10- 35 m),
it is argued that the ZPF must cease at the corresponding vp. If true, then the ZPE
density would be
10 113 J/m 3 , 108 orders of magnitude greater than the rad iant
energy at the center of the Sun! Forma lly, in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) theory,
the ZPE energy density is taken as infinite; however, arguments based on quantum
gravity considerations yield a fin ite cutoff at vp . Therefore, the spectral energy density
is given by p(w)dw = (nw 3/2 n2 c3 )dw, which integrates to an energy density, pE =
nvp 4/8n2 c3 ~ 10 11 3 J/m 3 . As large as the ZPE is, interactions with it are typically cut off at
lower frequencies depending on the particle coupling constants or t heir structure.
Nevertheless, the potential ZPF energy density pred icted by quantum physics is
enormous.

~

Many experts have claimed that an enormous vacuum ZPF energy density would
produce a corresponding enormous gravitational force of attraction (via Einstein's
General Theory of Relativity) that would cause the immediate collapse of the entire
universe. Thus they argue that such enormous vacuum energy cannot be rea l due to
the fact that our universe is observed to be undergoing accelerated expansion.
However, such arguments are spurious because numerous stud ies in quantum field
theory show that it is the low-frequency ZPF modes that contribute significantly to the
physica l vacuum energy, because 1) only the low-frequency modes are affected by the

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presence of cosmological spacetime curvature, and 2) the high-frequency modes are
unaffected by the presence of cosmological spacetime curvature so they take the flat
Minkowski spacetime form; that is, these modes contribute nothing to the physical
vacuum energy (Reference 4). This then enforces a very low-frequency cutoff that
renorma lizes the total vacuum energy, leading to a minute residual cosmolog ical
vacuum energy density of 10- 9 J/m3, wh ich has been observed. Also, investigators
studying supersymmetric and superstring quantum gravity theories have proposed the
limited cancellation of some positive energy electromagnetic ZPF modes by some
negative energy fermionic (Dirac vacuum) ZPF modes as an explanation for the
observed minute vacuum energy density.

ELEMENTS OF SED THEORY
An alternative to QED, stochastic electrodynamics (SEO) identifies the origin of the ZPF
as a direct consequence of a classical ZPF background. SEO begins with the ordinary
classical electrodynamics of Maxwell and Lorentz, but instead of assuming the
traditional homogeneous solution of the source-free differential wave equations for the
electromagnetic potentials, one instead considers that due to multiple charged particles
moving throughout the universe, there is always a random electromagnetic radiation
background present that affects the particle(s) in any experiment. This new boundary
condition (random radiation background) replaces the prior null background of
traditional classical electrodynam ics. Moreover, the principle of relativity dictates that
identical experiments performed in different inertial frames must yield the same result,
and that this random classical electromagnetic radiation must be isotropic in all inertial
frames; it is invariant under scattering by a dipole oscillator, invariant under redshift
(Doppler, cosmological, gravitational, no Einstein-Hopf drag force), and must therefore
have a Lorentz- invariant energy density spectrum. The only energy density spectrum
that obeys such conditions is one that is proportional to the cub ic power of the
frequency. Interestingly, this is exactly the same frequency dependence as that of the
QED spectral ZPF energy density described above, when the temperature Tis set to
zero in Equation (1). Thus in SEO, the random radiation assumes the role of the ZPE of
QED, and is termed the classical electromagnetic ZPE. Planck's constant appears then in
SEO as an adjustable parameter that sets the scale of the ZPE spectral density.
The formulation of the SED model has evolved over time, beginning with the work of
Nernst in 1916 and the later foundational work of Marshall and Boyer in the 1960s
(Reference 14). The original Standard SED model was based on random phases with
fixed electric-field mode amplitudes. The more recent Modified SED model employs
random phases with random electric-field mode amplitudes and a full probability
distribution for the ground state amplitude, in agreement with quantum theory
(Reference 16). A comparison of SEO with quantum theory shows that the first and
second moments of the spectral energy distribution are identical, but beyond that, the
distributions diverge widely. Nevertheless, several quantum theory results have been
reproduced by means of the SED approach, such as (Reference 14, 17):
•

Quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator.

•

Lamb shift.

•

Blackbody radiation.

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•

Van der Waals forces.

•

Casimir fo rces.

•

Diamagnetism.

•

Dav ies-Unruh Effect.

The strength of the SEO model is that it is heuristically appeal ing, with transparent
derivations, and it is applicable to linear systems.

(Text continues in the original file: 57 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D143 — AAWSAP DIRD, Laser Lightcraft Nanosatellites, November 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D143
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D143
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 11/1/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the Lightcraft was hoping to hit the jackpot in Las Vegas.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D143, DoW, November 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Examines laser‑propelled Lightcraft for low‑cost nanosatellite launch
- Technically plausible but needs reliable, economical laser/beam‑control infrastructure

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD examines laser-propelled “Lightcraft” as a possible low-cost method to launch very small satellites into low Earth orbit by using a remote high-energy laser to supply most of the propulsion energy rather than relying entirely on onboard energy sources. The report combines a survey of nanosatellite trends with a review of “Lightcraft” propulsion concepts, vehicle design, beam-control requirements, and mission studies, and argues that the most promising application is the launch of nano- or pico-satellites, especially Earth- and space-observing payloads of a few kilograms or less. It presents the concept as potentially much cheaper than conventional multistage rockets for very small payloads, while also noting significant practical constraints including strict beam-riding geometry, atmospheric losses, demanding pointing and adaptive-optics requirements, and heavy dependence on large ground-, sea-, or air-based laser infrastructure. Overall, the document presents laser “Lightcraft” as a technically plausible launch concept whose attractiveness depends on whether the supporting laser and beam-control system can be made reliable and economical at operational scale.

### Full text

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Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Defense Futures
01 November 2010
ICOD 30 August 2010
DIA-08-1011-001

Laser Lightcraft
Nanosatellites

Laser Lightcraft Nanosatellites
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The Defense Intelligence Reference Document provides non-substantive but
authoritative reference information related to intelligence topics or methodologies.

Prepared by:
Technology Warning Division (DW0- 4)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
611thnr·

AAP Person 58

Administrative Notes:
(U) COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not
authorized.
This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2010 under the Defense
Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications. - - -....
(AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be addressed to I -·--. ) MP Person
______
AAWSA Program Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: JUIAF - DI/DWO-3, 1 ·-··AAP Perso~
1
---· Bldg 6000, Washington, DC 20340-5100.

I

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Contents
Chapter 1: Nanosatellite Technologies .................................................................. 3
Chapter 2: Laser Lightcraft Nanosatellite Propulsion .............................................. 11
Chapter 3: Laser Lightcraft Weapon Mission Selection Study .................................. 27
Chapter 4: Summary of Multi-Megawatt Laser Study for Lightcraft Propulsion
Appl ications .....................................................................................................42
Chapter 5: Conclusion ......................................................................................68
References .......................................................................................................71

Figures
Figure 1. Air Force X-25LR Laser Lightcraft .......................................................... 12
Figure 2. AFRL Test Veh icle in Vertical Flight ................................ ........................ 14
Figure 3. Time-Lapse Photo of a Lightcraft Undergoing an Outdoor Vertical Flight Test 15
Figure 4. Lightcraft Flight-Test Vehicle Used in Horizontal Guide -Wire Flight Tests ...... 16
Figure 5. Lightcraft Undergoing Horizontal Guide-Wire Flight Test ........................... 16
Figure 6. Lightcraft Undergoing Horizontal Guide-Wire Flight Test ........................... 17
Figure 7. Lightcraft Concept .......... ...... ................ ... .......... ........... .......... ............ .18
Figure 8. Lightcraft Trajectory and Associated Pointing Angles ................................. 19
Figure 9 . Lightcraft Vehicle Evolution ... ................. ..... ........ ............. .......... ........... 20
Figure 10. Attenuation Effects on Captured Laser Beam Power................................ 22
Figure 11. Influence of Trajectory and Laser Wavelength on Captured Power ............. 22
Figure 12. Captured Laser Power vs. Increasing Range from 11.2 µm CO2 Laser ........ 23
Figure 13. Influence of Lightcraft Range and Po inting Angles on Captured Power........ 24
Figure 14. Ground/Sea-to-Space Concept .............................................................27
Figure 15. Air-to -Space Concept . ........................................ .......... ............ ......... .28
Figure 16. Schematic of Power Oscillator Optics ....................................................44
Figure 17. Schematic of MOPA ............................................................................45
Figure 18. Schematic of the Laser N2/CO2/H2 Gas Flow System ................................45
Figure 19. Northrop Grumman's Joint High Power Bulk Slab Solid-State Laser .......... .48
Figure 20. DARPA's High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System ......................... 50
Figure 21. Phase Change Materials Allow Storage of Large Intermittent Heat Loads
While Slow Regeneration Removes Heat from Aircraft ............................................52
Figure 22. Typ ical HPFL MOPA Design ... ...................................... ......................... 54
Figure 23. Fiber Laser Beam Combining Techniques ...............................................54
Figure 24. Pumping Fiber Lasers .........................................................................56
Figure 25. Large and Small Diameter Fiber Lasers .................................................56
Figure 26. Single Mode Fiber Laser Modules ..........................................................57
Figure 27. Multimode HPFLs ................................ ...............................................57
Figure 28. Free-Electron Laser............................................................................58
Figure 29. Free-Electron Laser Mechanism ............................................................58
Figure 30. Free-Electron Laser Electron Beam Phase-Space Evolution ....................... 59
Figure 31. Recirculating-Beam FEL System ...........................................................60
Figure 32. High-Power FEL Optical Resonator ........................................................62
Figure 33. Notional Long Range HEL Beam Control System ..................................... 64
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Figure 34. HEL Beam Pointer/Tracker............................................ ....................... 65
Figure 35. Basic Shared Aperture Beam Control System ......................................... 66
Figure 36 . HEL Adaptive Optics System ................. ...... ......................................... 67

Tables
Table 1. Laser Lightcraft Model Cost Summary ......................................................25
Table 2. Performance and Estimated Weights for a Hybrid Rocket and Lightcraft ........ 30
Table 3. Estimated Costs for Hybrid Rocket and Lightcraft Launch Vehicles for ETO
Flight..............................................................................................................32
Table 4. Influence of Target Velocity and Intercept Angle on Impact Energy and
Required Mass ..................... ...................... .. .................. ................................... 33
Table 5. Influence of Lightcraft and Target Velocity on Impact Energy and Required
Mass ............................................................................................. .................. 35

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Laser Lightcraft Nanosatellites
Summary
Miniaturized satellites are spacecraft of unusually low mass and small size, usually
under 500 kg in total mass. The term "minisatellite" refers to a spacecraft with a wet
mass (including onboard propellant) of 100 kg to 500 kg. Microsatellite or "microsat" is
a spacecraft with a wet mass of 10 kg to 100 kg. Nanosatellite or "nanosat" is a
spacecraft with a wet mass below 10 kg. Picosatel lite or "picosat" is a spacecraft with a
wet mass of 0.1 kg to 1.0 kg. Picosats are also called sub-nanosats.
The primary reason for miniaturizing satellites is to reduce cost. Heavier satellites
require larger launch vehicles of greater cost while smaller, lighter satellites require
smaller and cheaper launch vehicles and can sometimes be launched in multiples or
"piggyback" using excess capacity on larger launch vehicles. Miniaturized satellites
allow for cheaper designs as well as ease of mass production. However, few satellites
of any size other than communications constellations, where dozens of satellites are
used to cover the globe, have been mass produced in practice.
Besides the cost issue, the main rationale for the use of miniaturized satellites is the
opportunity to enable missions that a larger satellite cannot accomplish, such as:
•
•
•

Constellations for low data rate communications.
Using formations to gather data from multiple points.
In-orbit inspection of larger satellites.

Many of these missions require numerous small spacecraft in a constellation or
"swarm." These include orbital communications networks and swarms of small
satellites to conduct remote sensing, and to provide unique perspectives on
astronomical bodies of interest. For instance, 100 or more nanosats could be deployed
from a mother ship to their final destination in space for deployment.
Provisions for orbital maneuvers as well as attitude control, multiple sensors, and
instruments, and full autonomy will yield a highly capable miniaturized satellite. All
onboard electronics will survive a total radiation dose rate of several hundred kilorads
over a several year mission lifetime (at least 100 kilorads over two years) . Nanosats
developed for in-situ measurements will be spin-stabilized, and carry a complement of
particles and fields instruments. Nanosats developed for remote sensing measurements
(MASINT) or surveillance and eavesdropping (SIGINT) will be three-axis stabilized, and
carry a complement of imaging and radio wave instruments. Autonomy both onboard
the nanosats and at the ground stations will minimize the mission operational costs for
tracking and managing a constellation.
To reduce overall mission cost, advanced technology components and a novel laser
propulsion system will be used to make nanosats and their onboard instruments
compact, lightweight, low power, low cost, and able to survive their radiation
environment over a several year lifetime. Each nanosat will be manufactured and
tested for a recurring cost not to exceed $500k. By producing a large quantity of
nanosats for a given mission, the per-unit cost will be reduced to a small fraction of
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satellite procurements for traditional missions. Mission operation costs will be
minim ized by the incorporation of both onboard and ground autonomy and use of
heuristic systems.

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Chapter 1: Nanosatellite Technologies
OVERVIEW
Nanosats require technologies that radically reduce the mass and power of components
without compromising performance. In addition to miniaturizing components, methods
to integrate similar functions across subsystems are being evaluated. For example, all
subsystem electronics, including instruments, could be integrated within the Command
and Data Handling (C&DH) subsystem. Multifunctional solutions also offer significant
savings over traditiona l approaches. Technology investments are required to develop
or adapt components to accommodate the expected radiation environment. Simple,
effective methods of thermal control are essential to keep the nanosat operational
during extreme temperature variations. Autonomy is a critical technology that impacts
every subsystem. Constellations with tens to thousands of nanosats must be highly
autonomous to be practical. The nanosat ground system must be kept inexpensive,
simple, and made inter-operable with other missions.

PROPULSION
In the baseline mission, nanosat propulsion is needed for two distinct functions: 1) each
nanosat must raise its orbit apogee to the appropriate radius, 2) and it must reorient
the axis of the spinning nanosat from the velocity direction (within the orbit plane) to
its science mission attitude (perpendicular to the ecliptic plane). These maneuvers
present challenging velocity change (1W) and attitude-control (ACS) requirements.

Requirements for the Av Thruster:
•
•
•
•

Total impulse: 3,000 to 7,000 N-sec.
Thrust: 445 N maximum.
Input power (during burn): < 1 watt.
Specific impulse: 280 seconds.

Requirements for the ACS Thruster:
•
•
•
•

Total impulse: $ 2.4 N-sec.
Minimum impulse bit: 0.044 N-sec.
Response time: < 0.005 sec.
Pulse rate: 1 Hz.

It turns out that the tiv and ACS thrusters can have independent systems. We propose
a new innovation whereby the nanosat launch vehicle propulsion system also serves
double duty as the tiv thruster system, and this can be done without having to carry the
propulsion energy source into orbit. This can only be achieved via laser propulsion in
which the laser beam energy that is used to launch a nanosat into orbit is also used to
provide tiv thrust in orbit. This novel innovation dramatically reduces the mass, size,
cost, and complexity of nanosats because they will only need to carry minimal onboard
ACS thrusters and propellant to carry out routine, minor attitude adjustments. The
innovative nanosat laser propulsion concept is presented in Chapter 2.

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Miniaturized solid propellant gas generators could be used as ACS thrusters. Forty­
eight 50 mN-sec pulses are required to reorient the nanosat after it achieves the
required orbital altitude. Although this could be achieved either by a monopropellant or
a cold gas thruster, it could also be achieved using an array of gas generators. Such
miniaturized gas generators have already been successfully built and commercialized by
companies such as MOOG and Lockheed-Martin Space Systems. By incorporating
micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) techniques, the devices have been produced
relatively inexpensively . Miniaturized electric propulsion ACS thrusters, such as pulsed
plasma and MEMS field-emission electric propulsion (MEMS FEEP) thrusters, have been
developed and are now emerging into widespread commercialization.

GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION AND CONTROL
Guidance Navigation and Control (GN&C) subsystem key technologies and concepts
have been identified to enable successful altitude determination of spin-stabilized and
three-axis-stabilized nanosats for future missions. They include miniaturization of a
sun sensor and horizon crossing indicator. The miniature precision "fan" sun sensor will
pinpoint the sun virtually everywhere in the entire celestial sphere with every satellite
rotation. The sun sensor will be required to weigh less than 0.25 kg, draw less than 0.1
watt, operate on no greater than a 3.3 volt bus, and meet a 0.1 ° resolution
requirement. The miniature horizon crossing indicator has a small bore-sight field of
view that is mounted at an angle off the spin axis. As the spacecraft rotates, a cone of
coverage is formed. The sensor must be capable of detecting Earth over a range of
orbital radii with a pointing accuracy of 0.05°. Total horizon crossing indicator weight
and power will be less than 0.2 kg and 0.1 watt, respective ly.
Of particular interest to Constellation missions is the incorporation of GPS onboard the
nanosats, to eliminate ground-based ephemeris generation. This allows for increased
autonomy and simpler, more accurate time resolution onboard the spacecraft. For GPS
to fit within the constraints of a nanosat, t he receiver electronics need to be
miniaturized into a layer within the C&DH module.

COMMAND AND DATA HANDLING
Developing the C&DH subsystem for a nanosat presents some unique challenges, with
low mass (0.25 kg) and low power (0.5 W) requirements being the biggest drivers.
Advanced microelectronic solutions are being developed to meet these challenges. The
microelectronics developed must be modular and of scalable packaging to both reduce
cost and meet the requ irements of various missions. Th is development will utilize the
most cost effective approach, whether infusing commercially driven semiconductor
devices into spacecraft applications or partnering with industry in the design and
development of high capacity data processing devices. The major technologies will
include: lightweight, low power electronics packaging; radiation hard, low power
processing platforms; high capacity, low power memory systems; and radiation hard,
reconfigurable, field programmable gate arrays (RHrFPGA).
The C&DH requirements are as follows:
•

Power: 0.5 watts.

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•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Weight: 0.25 kg.
Input data rate: 2 kbits/sec.
Output data rate: 100 kbits/sec.
Data storage: 2 Gbits.
Encoding: advanced convolutional.
Processing speed: 12 MIPS.
Radiation tolerance: > 100 krads total dose.

In order to develop a low mass C&DH, a lightweight and low power electronics
packaging method must be used. The packaging method that will be chosen must have
a small volume and small footprint (6 cm x 6 cm x variable height). The packaging
technique must provide data on programmable substrates and data on a compliant
interconnects for space use. A multi-chip module (MCM) has been successfully
produced by Pico Systems Inc.
A combin ed effort to reduce mass, power, size and cost led to the development of the
CMOS Ultra Low Power Radiation Tolerant (CULPRiT) system on a chip, and "C&DH in
your Palm" are technologies that enable the power reduction required for nanosats.
The goals of these technologies are a 20: 1 power reduction over current 5-volt
technology, foundry independence of die production, and radiation tolerance.
Another technology enabling a decrease in volume is the RHrFPGA, which reduces
volume by replacing many logic functions/circuits with one die. The RHrFPGA also
allows concurrent design by decoupling the logic design from the module, shortens the
design schedule, lowers the part count, and eases rework.
The above technologies allow for higher levels of electronic integration, effectively
combining spacecraft subsystem electronics and instrument electronics into the
smallest possible mass, power, and volume.

POWER SYSTEMS
Total spacecraft power is limited by the small satellite size. The Sun's power density is
1.35 kW/m 2 . Assuming 15% conversion efficiency for a 0.3 m x 0.1 m disk shaped
nanosat (cross section of 0.03 m 2), with a 67% area coverage, this results in a total
electric power of only 4.0 watts. Lightweight, efficient solar array panels that minimize
the effective array mounting area are needed. Dual or triple junction GaAs solar cells
that give 18% conversion efficiency at end of life (EOL), and assuming a more
optimistic area factor of 85%, will result in only 6.2 Wat EOL. Small satellites that do
not have extended solar panels simply do not intercept a large solar power density and
must use the available power very efficiently. For a small spinning satellite, it is
expected that three solar cells will be connected in series along the spin axis, and
groups of three will be connected in parallel around the circumference. Each section
will generate 3.3 volts and rotate into and out of sunlight as a unit. Voltage drops at
3.3 volts, bus regulation, circuit protection (e.g., fuse or circuit breaker) and Lithium
ion battery discharge characteristics are being studied.
Highly elliptical orbits in the ecliptic plane where the apogee velocity is very low will
cause a several hour eclipse during part of the year. Spacecraft batteries to cover this
eclipse period presents a significant mass impact. However, only a 10° orbit plane
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inclination relative to the ecliptic, will reduce the maximum eclipse period to about one
hour. Inclusion of spacecraft batteries is then justified. Passive thermal control will be
used to keep the spacecraft electronics within 10°C of ambient temperature, and hence
will not require electric power for heating. Using such a scenario, a battery
requirement of about 2 amp-hours at 3.3 volts will allow full spacecraft functionality
during an eclipse. Twelve AA size Lithium- ion batteries meet the requirement and only
weigh 480 grams.
Circuits that have high current demands, such as thruster solenoids and fuses, need to
be augmented with components that have a lower power density than batteries, but
also have lower internal resistance. Ultra-capacitors are being explored for this
application.
Miniaturization of the power system electronics (PSE) to meet the weight and size
requirements of the nanosats is a considerable challenge. The ideal approach is to
eliminate the PSE completely, by having a fixed electrical load and batteries provide the
needed bus regulation. This yields a simplified system consisting of solar cells,
batteries, and minimal circuitry. A more immediate approach to miniaturization is to
produce hybrid modules that measure approximately 5.08 cm x 3.17 cm x 1.27 cm
and weigh 100 grams for each PSE component, namely the solar array regulator,
battery regulator, and low voltage power converter. The combination of these three
components into one module will reduce the size and weight another order of
magnitude.

THERMAL
Although an inclination change by 10° renders maximum shadows below two hours, we
evaluate the case of a maximum eight hour shadow for the purpose of generality.
Three thermal configurations are considered: (1) top and bottom of the nanosat are
insulated, the inside of the cylindrical solar array is not insulated, allowing internal heat
transfer between the internal equipment and the array; (2) the entire nanosat is
insulated, top and bottom as well as inside the solar arrays, except for a radiator on
top, sized to radiate the internal electrical dissipation; and (3) the internal equipment is
thermally isolated as well as possible from an "outside shell" with a controllable two­
phase heat transport device wh ich can be "shut off" during Earth shadows, serving as
the only thermal coupling between the equipment and a radiator on the outside surface.
The key advantage of configuration (1) is its reliability, or robustness. Since the
temperature of the nanosat is set by a high energy balance (heat in - heat out)
dominated by the absorbed solar energy, the operational temperature of the nanosat is
relatively insensitive to top and bottom multilayer insulation (MLI) properties, or,
largely, to internal heat dissipation. However, the feature that yields the operational
reliability, i.e., the high energy balance, also results in a rapid drop in temperature
when the solar load disappears during the Earth shadow. During the maximum eight
hour eclipse used for this evaluation, it was found that internal temperatures dropped
by about 60°C, which would result in internal temperatures in the range of - 30°C to
- 40°C. At the same time, the solar arrays dropped to a temperature of about 60°C.
Based on past experience, these end-of-eclipse temperatures are reasonable.

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Because configuration (2) has a much smaller overall energy balance than configuration
(1), it is much more sensitive to MLI properties and to internal power dissipation.
However, eclipse performance improves. During the ~ 8 hour eclipse, internal
temperatures drop by only 20°C, a marked improvement, with end-of-eclipse
temperatures well within the range of most spacecraft components. It should be noted
that the solar arrays, since they are now isolated from the body of the nanosat, drop to
temperatures of about - 110°C. Even these solar array temperatures should not pose a
problem. For example, the solar arrays of many geosynchronous satellites drop
routinely to temperatures of about -150°C during the 72 minute eclipse experienced by
these spacecraft at each equinox season.
The key feature of configuration (3) is that the equipment is coupled to an external
radiator only with a two-phase heat transport device, such as a capillary pumped loop
(CPL) or loop heat pipe (LHP). Operational temperatures are again maintained to
temperatures of about 20°c nominal with a properly sized radiator. However, the
temperature is also totally dependent on the proper operation of the two-phase "loop."
The two-phase heat transport device can be made redundant by the addition of a
second loop if single fault tolerance is desired. Note that redundancy is not a
consideration for the other two configurations . During the ~ 8 hour eclipse, further
improvement is realized, with internal temperatures dropping by as little as 6°C if the
internal payload is well insulated from the exterior of the nanosat. As in configuration
(2), the solar array temperatures drop to about -110°C. For certain equipment or
science instruments, the temperature control afforded by this type of "active" design
may be necessary.
A moderate amount of technology development has been underway since 2000 to
enable a two -phase heat transport system for use in a nanosat. The small size and low
heat transport requirements of the nanosat will necessitate significant downsizing of
today's flight qualified two-phase systems. This reduction will be accomplished by
leveraging recent successful tests of a small cryogenic two-phase CPL.

RF COMMUNICATIONS
The onboard RF subsystem must be small, low mass, and low power. The system
specifications are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Mass: 0.5 kg.
Power consumption: 0.5 watt.
Transmission data rate: up to 100 kbits/sec.
Command reception data rate: 1 kbit/sec.
Range: 3 to 5 Earth radii.
Channel type: BPSK.
Effective isotropic radiated power: 0.15 watt (-8.2 dbW).
Carrier frequency: 8,470 MHz.

The tracking system should be coupled with this communication subsystem to maximize
efficiency in mass and power.

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The communications subsystem is further complicated by constellations requiring spin­
stabilized nanosats. A spinning nanosat cannot easily point an antenna toward Earth.
Therefore, a low gain omni antenna is assumed and communications must take place
near perigee, when the range is 3 to 5 Earth radii. A large ground antenna and high
data rate compression must be used to achieve reasonable data rates with minimum
power. This places an additional burden on the ground stations for both sensitive
receivers/bit synchronizers and advanced decoders. These same considerations limit
data rate for satellite-to-satellite communication.
Although the inclusion of an onboard command receiver is high ly desired, it puts an
additional strain on an already challenged nanosat mass and power budget. For this
reason, the concept of a totally autonomous, receiverless nanosat design appears most
attractive. However, "receiver-on-a-ch ip" technology has advanced to the point where
including a receiver onboard looks feasible. The biggest disadvantage of a receiver now
becomes the ground personnel and software needed to support the ability to command
the nanosat. Command actions taken onboard will of course be limited to basic
functions such as "transmit data" because of the lack of redundancy and mechanical
functions. Although scenarios have been defined to allow nanosats to autonomously
determine when to transmit their stored data, utilizing a receiver to control the
telemetry downlink from the ground still has value. The capability of uploading flight
software changes, as well as sending a master reset if necessary, would also exist with
such an onboard command receiver.

MECHANICAL AND STRUCTURES
The nanosat mechanical system will be kept as simple as possible. The ideal nanosat
mechanical design should consist of a one-piece structure on which all other
components are mounted.
Multifunctional structures can provide thermal control, shielding and serve as substrates
for printed circuit boards. For example, diamond facesheet honeycomb panels can
serve as a structure, thermal conductor and radiator, and printed circuit board
substrates. The diamond facesheet provides ten times greater thermal conductivity
than aluminum and can dissipate heat from high power density electronics modules
with a low mass comparable to carbon fiber composites. Another example is the
structural battery system. It consists of a honeycomb panel whose core is filled with
the cells of a nickel-hydrogen battery (or other flight qualified cell technology).
Concurrent engineering and fabrication techniques will be used to create a single
computer model for the design, analysis (structural, thermal, and dynamic), and
fabrication of the nanosat and its components. Dynamic modeling capabilities to
simulate nanosat deployments will provide faster designs and a reduction in the amount
of deployment testing required. This approach will significantly lower development
costs by reducing duplication of effort, chances of errors, the number of drawings and
paperwork required.
Mass production techniques not traditionally used for spaceflight hardware will be used,
such as casting and injection molding. Options being considered for the nanosat
structure material are: cast aluminum; cast aluminum-beryllium alloy; injection molded
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plastic; fiber reinforced plastic; flat stock composite construction; and carbon
nanotubes (a.k.a. "Buckytubes") or carbon nanotubes composited with other materials.
The material will be selected based on mass, cost, manufacturability, ease of assembly
and integration, and suitability for the space environment.
Streamlin ed testing is needed for up to 100 or 1000 nanosats per mission. Performing
a complete test program on each unit wou ld be prohibitively expensive and time
consuming. We need to reduce the quantity of testing required while assuring product
quality to meet program cost and schedule goals. Lot testing and statistical quality
control methods should be developed to verify quality and structural performance by
testing a small subset of the total number of nanosats.

INSTRUMENTS
Instruments for in-situ and remote measurements must be miniatu rized to fit within the
mass and volume constraints of a nanosat. Power consumption must also be scaled
down accordingly. Instrument sensitivities cannot be compromised in the process.

(Text continues in the original file: 77 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D144 — AAWSAP DIRD, Cockpits in the Era of Breakthrough Flight, November 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D144
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D144
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 11/1/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even Las Vegas 2010 couldn’t decide if gravity‑control needed a bar tab.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D144, Defense Intel Agency, November 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada, PDF.
- Speculates cockpit designs for hypothetical gravity‑control, propellant‑less, FTL aerospace vehicles.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD examines how cockpit design might change if future aerospace vehicles were ever to achieve major propulsion breakthroughs such as control over gravity and inertia, “propellantless” flight, or faster-than-light travel. The report does not describe an existing or emerging vehicle class. Instead, it asks what such hypothetical capabilities would mean for piloting, displays, controls, and human factors, and it argues that the biggest design challenges would come from full six-degree-of-freedom motion, operation across multiple flight regimes from near-surface flight to orbit and deep space, and the possible separation between the craft’s actual motion and the crew’s internal physical sensations. It combines those assumptions with established human-machine-interface principles and with maturing inputs such as gesture, voice, and brain-machine control to outline a provisional cockpit centered on intuitive displays, stress-tolerant physical controls, and a virtual surround display.

### Full text

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Cockpits in the Era of Breakthrough Flight

The Defense Intelligence Reference Document provides non-substantive but
authoritative reference information related to intelli ence to ics or methodolo ies.

Prepared by:
Technology Warning Division (DW0-4)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 82

Administrative Notes:
(U) COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is
not authorized .
This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009 under the Defense
Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications
AAWSA Pro ram. Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be addressed to ,....- ...-___-..
_,M_E,__Person
AAP Person 1
AWSA Program Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: JUIAF - DI/DWO-3,1
••
g
, as mg on, DC 20340-5100.

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Contents
Introduction .. .........................................................................................................iv
Chapter 1: Predicting Implications of Propulsion Breakthroughs ........................... 1
MARCH OF PROGRESS: REVOLUTIONARY PROPULSION PHYSICS ....................... 1
VEHICLE and COCKPIT IMPLICATIONS ............................................................... 2
Chapter 2: Human-Machine Interface Lessons ..................................................... 18
HUMAN PERCEPTION NORMS ........................................................................... 18
DESIGN FOR STRESS ........... ....... ........... ......... ...... . ........ .... .......... ........ .... ....... ..... . 21
DEVICES TO CONVEY INFORMATION ................................................................ 23
DEVICES FOR RECEIVING PILOT COMMANDS ................................................... 27
CONTEMPORARY AIRCRAFT COCKPITS ............................................................. 28
Chapter 3: Provisional Cockpit for Breakthrough Flight.................... .................... 32
FLIGHT MODES ................................................................................................. 32
PHYSICAL DISPLAVS .................................................................... ... ............... .. 34
VIRTUAL SURROUND DISPLAY ......................................................................... 40
CO NTROLS ........................................................................................................ 41
Chapter 4: Future Work ........................................................................................ 43
MULTIPLE FLIGHT REGI ME GUIDANCE CONVENTIO NS ..................................... 43
VECTOR MOTION DISPLAY ............................................................................... 43
VECTOR MOTION CONTROL .............................................................................. 43
OPTIMUM MIX OF CONTROL METHODS ............................................................. 44
Appendix A: Annotated Bibliography ......... .. ......................................................... 45
Appendix B: Endnotes .......................................................................................... SO

Figures
Figure 1. Six Independent Degrees of Freedom ...................................................... 3
Figure 2. Comparing Conventions of Aircraft Motion .............................................. 5

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Figure 3. Necessary Distinction Between External & Internal Force Environments. 6
Figure 4. Warp Drive ...............................................................................................8
Figure 5. Hypothetical Gravitational Bias Drive .......................................................9
Figure 6. Inertial Frame Bias Drive and Vehicle Zones ..........................................10
Figure 7. Typical Science Fiction Orientations .......................................................12
Figure 8. Cosmic Microwaves as Universal Motion Reference Frame ..................... 15
Figure 9. Human Fields of View .............................................................................20
Fig ure 10. Flight Deck of Contemporary Aircraft ...................................................29
Figure 11. Contemporary Primary Flight Display ............. ......................................30
Figure 12. Space Cockpit Visions Ci rca 1959 ....... .... ...... .. ................................... ... 31
Figure 13. Provisional Breakthrough- Era Cockpit ..................................................33
Figure 14. Functional Designation of Physical Cockpit Panels......... ....... .... ..... ....... 34

Tables
Table 1: Comparing Reaction Time to Distance Traversed at Various Speeds .. ... .. 13

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Cockpits in the Era of Breakthrough Flight
Introduction
Responding to the request to explore forefront science relevant to future cockpits for
any form of aerospace craft and/or deep-space craft that is propelled by any
unspecified advanced or breakthrough propulsion physics, th is report offers a
provisional cockpit design that employs the following:
•

Predictions of propulsion physics breakthroughs.

•

Lessons of human-machine interface.

•

Emerging technology for displays and controls.

This study discusses the implications of breakthrough propulsion, includ ing the mastery
over gravitational and inertial forces and the prospect for faster-than-light spaceflight.
The main reference used to predict these possibilities is the book Frontiers of Propulsion
Science [Millis & Davis, 2009]. Although the breakthroughs discussed in this book are
not imminent, enough progress has been made to allow for thoughtful speculation
about their characteristics and possible implementations.
How these advances may affect future cockpits is described, and this is the central
message of this study. The most significant differences from legacy cockpits are
identified and then used to set the baseline design requirements.
Additionally, substantial lessons about human-machi ne interfaces are reviewed and
applied to this notional cockpit. Most of this progress relies on better accommodating
the norms and limitations of human perception-lessons that do not change even when
vehicle characteristics change.
Recent advancements in the use of hand gestures for commands are also included, as
well as advancements in brain-machine interfaces. In this conceptual study of far-future
possibilities, these technologies are assumed to have reached fu ll maturity, with one
exception: in order to focus this study on future cockpits, the options for brain implants
and for transhumanism-where humans are reengineered to adapt to new
requirements-are not considered.
Next-step investigations are suggested to refine the ideas presented herein. A caveat
is that advances in cockpits for breakthrough flight might be further advanced by taking
advantage of the gaming industry techniques or through science fiction speculation.
Note: All projections in this report are based on public domain informati on.

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Chapter 1: Predicting Implications of Propulsion
Breakthroughs
MARCH OF PROGRESS: REVOLUTIONARY PROPULSION PHYSICS
Breakthroughs in propulsion physics (such as the control over gravitational or inertia l
forces, propellant-less space drives, and even faster-than-light travel) are not
imm inent; however, enough progress has been made to allow for thoughtful
speculation about their nature and implications. As a preview, the implications to
cockpit design include added degrees of motion, combination of operational regimes
(near ground, orbit, and beyond), greater range of speed (from zero-speed hover to
beyond light speed), and loss of familiar motion cues (pilot's inertia and visual cues)
resulting from the separation of external and internal environments.
The primary reference used to predict these possibilities is the book Frontiers of
Propulsion Science [Millis & Davis, 2009], 1 particu larly chapters 3, 4, and 15. This book
may be the first-ever scholarly compilation of science pertaining to breakthrough
flight-methods sufficiently advanced to enable human voyages to other star systems.
The book examines a wide range of works, offering introductory explanations and
comparisons between approaches and identifying high -priority unknowns needing
deeper study. References to specific ideas and issues cite that book and other orig inal
works.

Setting Ideal Performance as Design Target
This report focuses on the most sign ificant likely differences between contemporary
cockpits and cockpits in the era of breakthrough flight. Possibilities that imply the most
demanding changes are considered first, and explanations of the correlations between
the propulsion characteristics and resulting cockpit features are provided . Looking to
the far future, this study evaluates the impact of having achieved the following
breakthrough advancements:
•

•

Control over gravitational and inertial forces:
-

The craft is propelled by int eract ing with t he properties of the space-t ime and/ or
inertial frames su rround ing the craft- and can accelerate at g levels beyond
human endura nce .

-

The environment inside a craft can be sustained anywhere between 0 g and 1 g
(m inimum range) without regard for either the motion of the craft or its outside
gravitational environment.

Faster-than -light (FTL) speeds are possible by hav ing mastered control over t hose
aspects of nature that impose the light-speed limit. However, due to reasonable
re lativistic projections of the energy required for propulsion coupled with the limits
of the human lifespan, it is reasonable to expect that travels will be limited to within
our galaxy. For the sake of bracketing the scope of coverage, this study assumes
that practical star flight will be limited to a 100-light-year radius around our Sun.
Even with this constraint, thousands of star systems are within that range.

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•

The energy supply for these features resides on the vehicle and is cons idered to
have a dynamic interplay with the motion of the vehicle . The energy can be
transferred to and from the environment surrounding the craft as a consequence of
the propulsive maneuvers.

Sanity Check on Predictions
Objectively, the propulsion physics pred ictions offered in this report should be
interpreted as informed conjectures or, at best, well-reasoned speculations. Absent of
verified theories and engineering implementations, it is premature to consider this first
study as the last word on this topic. Further progress will likely reduce the span of
options and provide greater insight into implementation details.
It must also be stressed that these interpretive predictions and cockpit implications are
solely generated by the author and, thus, have not yet been published or debated with
other scientists and engineers. Therefore, the reader should consider these predictions
to be an initial step into the process.

VEHICLE AND COCKPIT IMPLICATIONS
~deally, it is desirable to have a vehicle that can move in any direction, at any speed, in
both air and space, without limitations. These features imply the need to have
technological mastery over the forces of gravity and inertia and mastery over those
aspects of nature that impose the light-speed limit. Based on projections of the
underlying physics, such abilities would have secondary characteristics that affect how
such motions are monitored and controlled.

Degrees of Freedom
Unlike an aircraft, whose motion consists basically of deviations from constant forward
motion, or a helicopter, whose motion is dominated by t he dynamics of its main rotors,
a breakthrough propulsion vehicle would allow the full six degrees of freedom, including
the ability to remain fixed relative to a desired reference. For example, if we start with
the situation of a vehicle hovering over the ground, the breakthrough vehicle should be
able to change its orientation (yaw, pitch, or ro ll) without affecting its altitude or lateral
position. Similarly, it should be able move up/down or laterally without the need to
induce pitch or roll maneuvers (Figure 1).
Such novel motion leads to two major differences from legacy cockpits:
•

Independent control inputs are needed for the full six degrees of freedom (yaw,
pitch, and roll; and laterally, x [fore-aft], y [ left-rig ht], and z [up-dow n]).

•

New display methods are required to convey position, orientation, and motion for all
those degrees of freedom.

The control methods need not copy legacy methods from airplanes or helicopters­
methods that are based on the mechanisms of their origin (Figure 2). Instead, future
cockpit designs are now free to use control methods tailored to the natural
action/reaction of pilots, whi le t he vehicle's interfaces perform the function of
converting pilot inputs to drive the veh icle's motion. Whether such a system consists of

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a single joystick with six degrees of freedom, some sort of gesture-based system, or
one that has those degrees of freedom dispersed across multiple pilot inputs (e.g ., head
motion, legs and feet, and arms and hands) remains open for future study. As a
provisional baseline, th is report chooses the option of having a pair of six-degree-of­
freedom joysticks, one for both the left and right hands and located at the edge of the
cockpit chair's arm rests.

Th ree equally avalla ble recti linear axes of motion

Three equally available rotational axes of motion

Figure 1, Six Independent Degrees of Freedom. [Graphic : A. Szames] Note : the vehicle shown is strictly
hypothetical and is a combination of three 1960s science fiction vehicles: Seaview submarine, Galileo shuttle, and
Amtronic car.

Simi lar to requiring new control methods, new display methods are also required to
convey more information than in legacy cockpits. In addition to the complete six
degrees of freedom, these motions will take place near the Earth's surface, in orbit, and
in deep space. A key difference spanning those regimes is the traditional role played by
a gravitational field as a reference for orientation and motion. Since a gravitational
reference will not always be present, and yet is extremely important when it is present,
the new display system must accommodate all regimes in a way that feels natural to
the pilots. These particular challenges are addressed in the section on Mixed
Operational Regimes.

Separation of Internal and External Environments
Probably the most significant and perplexing difference for breakthrough-era cockpits is
that the sensations of motion inside the vehicle will not necessarily match the motion of
the vehicle itself. This is both a consequence of the method of propulsion as well as
cockpit features designed to ensure crew survival.

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As illustrated in Figure 2, when planning for breakthrough flight, there is no need to
constrain designs to match the legacy conventions derived from prior vehicles. In the
case of both the airplane and the helicopter, the control inputs available to the pilot are
specific to the mechanisms of the control surfaces. When projecting breakthough flight,
it is assumed that the controls will be tailored to match the natural characteristics of
pilots, and the propulsion system will be designed to perform accordingly.

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2A
2B
2C
Fig 2A. Airplane Motion Fig 2B. Helicopter Motion Fig. 2C. Ideal Full Motion
Aircraft motion is dominated by its Helicopter motion is dominated by It is desirable to be able to
forward motion at relatively the upward thrust and dynamics transiate along any lateral axis
constant airspeed. Linear of its main rotor. Like the aircraft, without needing to change
displacements are induced by rolling (orientation change) results orientation, and to be able to
changing orientation. Pitching up/ in left/right displacements. Unlike change orientation without
down results in ascent/descent, an aircraft, the helicopter can affecting translational motion.
and rolling left/right results in hover and change yaw without Although this might not be directly
turning to the left/right. affecting its lateral position, with possible from the propulsion
the exception of needing to system, such a feature is assumed
compensate for secondary effects to be achieved by the
of the dynamics of the rotor. programming of the control
system.
Figure 2. Comparing Conventions of Aircraft Motion. [Credit: A. Szames]
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To make t his easier to grasp and to provi de a provisional co ncept , imagine tha t t he
vehi cl e is partit ioned into concent ric sections as shown in Figure 3. The central vol ume
is for the crew, where it is required that t he gravitational and inertial forces be
sustained within su rvivable levels. The inner she ll, or inner hull, su rround in g that reg ion
conta ins wha t ever devices provide that safe environment. The out er shell conta ins the
propulsion devices that induce the desired motion of the craft relative to the externa l
space. The reg ion between t he two hull shells is a provisional separation for ana lyzing
the int eraction between those two fu nctions.
Coordinate system of the
externa l environment

Outer shell whose
propulsion interacts with
externa l environment

Crew cabin where inertial
and gravitational forces
are maintained at normal,
safe conditions

provides a safe internal
force environment

Figure 3. Necessary Distinction Between External and Internal Force Environments. [ Grap hic: A. Szames]

For analytica l purposes, it is advant ageous to consider these volumes and control
surfaces (the hu ll shells) as separate and t hen use t hem to define boundary cond itions .
I n addition to its utility for assessing future cockpit designs, t his multisectioned vehicle
baseline is valuable for gedanken experiments about revolutionary propulsion concepts .
Why This Is Odd
Conventionally, gravitationa l and inertial effects permeate through everyth ing , so the
notion of having different conditions inside and outside of the craft runs contrary to

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experience. If the gravitational environment outside the craft is 1 g, that same 1 g is
expected inside as well. Similarly for accelerations, the entire mass of the vehicle,
including its occupants, will experience the same inertial reactions as the vehicle
accelerates.
Upon the advent of breakthrough propulsion, mastery over gravitational and inertial
forces will have been achieved. This implies, for example, that it is possible for a vehicle
to accelerate at extreme g's while its crew remains within survivable limits or that,
while cruising in deep space (absent of any acceleration or gravitational field), the crew
can enjoy the familiar, constant 1 g upward.
Because such possibilities run so contrary to established experience, it is difficult to
comprehend how such things can be achieved and then contemplate the consequences
that these advances impose onto other systems of the vehicle-in this case, how they
affect cockpit designs. Not all known approaches to propulsion physics evoke the need
for a double hull. 2 Versions that simply suggest a new thrusting mechanism and
reaction mass would only need the double hull if also addressing how to provide a safe
acceleration environment for the crew. As stated earlier, however, the most significant
possible impacts are considered for this study. Therefore, two examples are described
next for how breakthrough propulsion would require this provisional double-hull
configuration.
Why Double-Hull Needed: Example 1 (Warp Drive)
The Alcubierre warp drive, which uses the physics from the Riemannian geometry of
Einstein's general relativity, creates a "warp bubble" around the cralt, and then this
bubble of space-time is moved through the surrounding space-time . This effect is
created (in theory) by expanding space-time behind the vehicle and contracting space­
time in front. The vehicle within the bubble feels no acceleration forces. As illustrated
in Figure 4, 3 the high peaks represent expanding space-time, while the low peaks
represent contracting space-time. Note that the inner region is flat (meaning that the
vehicle does not experience any acceleration forces), that the region far from the
propulsion effect is also flat, and that these two regions are separate.

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Figure 4. Warp Drive. Taken directly from the Frontiers book, this image has become the iconic representation
for a warp drive : the "York Extrinsic Time Plot."

In theory, the outer shell is presumed to create the propulsive effect of warping space­
time outside the craft without affecting the inside. In short, the Alcubierre warp drive
creates a separation of space-time environments inside and outside of the craft,
although the exact details remain uncertain.
Although there is no explicit function for the inner hull in this situation, this Alcubierre
warp drive at least illustrates the concept of separation of these outer and inner
environments. When planning future cockpits, the outer and inner inertial frames need
to be treated as two distinct zones. The physics related to such considerations is still
evolving 4 and beyond the scope of this report.
Why Double Hull Needed: Example 2 {Field Space Drive)

Another class of conceptual propulsion is a "field drive"-a subset of "space drives"
where a spacecraft is propelled " ... using only the interactions between the spacecraft
and its surrounding space ... " 5 Instead of using the Riemannian geometry of Einstein's
general relativity, these approaches use the physics of fields and scalar potentials. 6
While several variants exist, the "Bias Drive" concept is selected here to illustrate the
relevance of the double-hull configuration, specifically in the context of modifying the
scalar potential that defines an inertial frame. By altering the properties of the
surrounding inertial scalar, a gradient in that scalar is induced which, in turn, induces
gravitational-like forces on matter located in that gradient.

8

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Figure 5 represents one version of this effect/ where the vehicle and its contents would
be located at the steep gradient and therefore would jointly experience acceleration
forces. Taken directly from the Frontiers book, this image represents what would
happen if it were possible to asymmetrically modify Newton's gravitational constant to
induce gravitational gradients that would then, in turn, accelerate the vehicle. Despite
the similarity to the distortions in the warp drive (Figure 4), these surfaces represent
scalar potentials of gravitational fields. Figure 6 is a modified version of this where the
double-hull configuration of Figure 3 is imposed, along with the condition that the inner
region remains unaffected. In Figure 6, the locations of the inner and outer shell are
identified on the figure. The notion of the gravitational bias drive has been modified
here to illustrate the concept of having two separate zones of inertial and gravitational
forces. In this case, the plotted surface represents a scalar potential of an inertial
frame, where a gradient has the same effect as a gravitational field. The smaller central
flat area is the inside of the vehicle where no acceleration forces are felt. The outer
edges of the diagram are also flat, representing the unaffected space sufficiently far
from the propulsive effect. The distorted regions in between represent the effects of
both the outer and inner hull shells. The outer hull shell induces a gradient that propels
the vehicle, and the inner shell acts to prevent those distortions from reaching the crew
It should be emphasized that these notions are at the level of thought
cabin.
experiments, as opposed to being mature theory.

a) Multiplicative modification, B, Eq. (39a)

b) Exponential modification, b, Eq. (39b)

Figure 5. Hypothetical Gravitational Bias Drive.

In short, this Inertial Frame Bias Drive has affected the space both outside and inside of
the craft to propel the veh icle and to keep its crew isolated from the resulting
acceleration forces. For example, if the outer hull creates a 10-g field outside the craft,
the inner hull would compensate to create an opposing field such that the crew cabin is
free of the 10-g acceleration forces. It can, therefore, be speculated that-if such field­
affecting physics is discovered-the inner shell could create a 1-g field when the craft is
coasting in 0-g deep space.

9

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Outer Hull

Inner Hull

Crew Safe Zone

Figure 6. Inertial Frame Bias Drive and Vehicle Zones. [Credit : M. Millis]

To be explicit, the physics and engineering to create such situations do not yet exist.
The related physics can be categorized as still being at steps one and two of the
scientific method: defining the problem and collecting data. 8 Among many other issues
eluding discovery and resolution, major issues include momentum conservation, the
role played by inertial frames, and methods to affect gravitational and inertial
properties of matter and space.

Secondary Consequences
Pertinent to cockpit design, the normal sensations of motion inside the cockpit will likely
not be the same. In contrast to the advantage of shielding the crew from harsh
maneuvers, this shielding removes sensations of motion (seat-of-pants feeling) that
pilots use to help judge the motion of their vehicle. This detriment is compounded by
the likelihood of inducing motion sickness, since the visual cues of the vehicle's real
motion will be different from that felt by the pilot. A difference between visual and
vestibular cues is a cause of motion sickness. The option of allowing a certain portion of
the vehicle's g-loading to be transferred to the cockpit can be considered as a
mitigation strategy. Accordingly, cockpit controls to affect such changes are required.
Also, it is likely that this double-hull notion would prevent direct visual contact between
the occupants and the environment outside the vehicle, or perhaps distort such visual
cues beyond easy interpretation. In other words, do not expect windows. Without the
famil iar visual and vestibular cues directly available to the pilot, it becomes vitally
important for the cockpit displays to provide re liable and instinctive cues for the pilot to
aptly judge the position, orientation, and motion of the vehicle.

Mixed Operational Regimes
A major desirable feature sought from propulsion breakthroughs is the ability to move
from the surface of the Earth directly into space. This implies that the veh icle's displays
and controls must readily encompass motion near the Earth's surface, ascent into space,
10

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transitions into and out of orbits, and long-duration sustained cruising in a 0-g
environment.
As alluded to earlier, this deviates from prior displays where the Earth's gravitational
field is available from which to gauge orientation. Similarly, the notion of an altimeter
takes on a whole new meaning in this context. While visual cues for "up" are
instinctively clear near the surface of the Earth (or even in closed rooms where 1 g is
present), for a true breakthrough vehicle, these will be special conditions amongst a
greater span of possibilities.
A particular consequence of these added operational regimes is that unfamiliar
situations are presented that must be made easy for the pilot to comprehend. Human
instincts of motion and perception are honed from living in a 1-g environment with the
majority of motions constrained to the (comparatively) two-dimensional ground. Also,
lacking eyes in the back of our heads, our natural sense of attention is focused forward.
While these instinctual characteristics serve well in travel near the ground, they do not
apply to orbits or to deep-space flight.

Orbit
Orbits around the Earth-or any gravitating body, for that matter-present stable,
constant energy situations. Orbits are convenient parking locations. A vehicle does not
need to expend energy to stay in orbit indefinitely (unless drag forces from the
atmosphere or long extensions of the vehicle come into play). Orbits, therefore, are
common trajectories to select when loitering near gravitating bodies. But so far in the
course of human evolution, developing an innate sense of placing a vehicle into an orbit
does not exist. Although a human can instinctively run at just the right speed and
direction to catch a ball thrown toward them, such natural instincts do not apply to
placing a vehicle in orbit. Therefore, display systems will be required to provide readily
interpretable cues for the pilots to transition into orbital flight. This implies presenting
the natural relations between orbital altitude and orbital speed. This challenge is
compounded since such cues must naturally blend with the motion cues used when
flying near the surface.

Deep-Space and Interstellar Flight

(Text continues in the original file: 57 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D145 — AAWSAP DIRD, Aneutronic Fusion Propulsion I, November 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D145
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D145
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 11/1/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

November 2010: still waiting for that ignition spark.

- DIRD D145, Defense Intelligence Agency, November 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Surveys aneutronic fusion propulsion, proton‑boron, Bussard concepts, and ignition/x‑ray challenges
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys aneutronic fusion as a possible advanced space-propulsion method, focusing on fusion reactions that release most of their energy in charged particles rather than neutrons and therefore offer potential advantages over more neutron-intensive fusion concepts, especially in radiation shielding, direct energy conversion, and thrust generation. The report reviews the underlying rocket physics, compares candidate fusion fuels and ignition conditions, and gives particular attention to proton-boron and related schemes, while also discussing Bussard’s concepts and other fusion projects as representative development paths. It also makes clear that the central obstacle remains ignition and sustained net-energy fusion under practical conditions, and it notes additional problems such as x-ray energy losses from the hot plasma, extreme temperature requirements, and the gap between theoretical specific impulse and what proposed systems had demonstrated experimentally. Overall, the document presents aneutronic fusion propulsion as an attractive long-range concept for deep-space travel, but one whose practical realization still depended on major unresolved advances in fusion engineering.

### Full text

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Aneutronic Fusion Propulsion

The Defense Intelligence Reference Document provides nonsubstantive but
authoritative reference information related to intelli ence to ics or methodolo ies.

Prepared by:
Technology Warning Division (DW0-4)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 83

Administrative Notes:
(U) COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not
authorized.
This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2010 under the Defense
Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications....--.......
(AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be addressed to (
· ---14A
-.E..! 'erson
Person 1
j AAWSA Program Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: JUIAF - DI/DWb- 3,i' •

IAAP

"'Bfclg 6000, Washington, DC 20340-5100.

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Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................v
Chapter 1: Theory ................................................................................................. 1
Rocket Propulsion .............................................................................................. 1
Comparison of Specific Impulse for Various Rocket Designs .............................. 5
Radiation Shielding ............................................................................................ 6
Subatomic Particle Mass, Velocity, and Energy .................................................. 9
Nuclear Fission Rockets .......................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 2: Nuclear Fusion Rocket Design ............................................................ 13
Classic Nuclear Fusion Schemes ....................................................................... 13
Fusion Initiation Methods................................................................................. 14
Gravitational Confinement ............................................................................... 16
Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF) ................................................................ 16
Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) ................................................................... 16
Muon-Catalyzed Fusion .................................................................................... 17
Cavitation (Bubble) Fusion ............................................................................... 17
Rocket Design Using Fusion Energy ................................................................. 17
Chapter 3: Aneutronic Nuclear Fusion Schemes .................................................. 18
Chapter 4: Antimatter Propulsion ........................................................................ 20
Chapter 5: Aneutronic Fusion Propulsion Projects ............................................... 21
Nuclear Pulse Propulsion ................................................................................. 21
Other Aneutronic Rocket Designs ..................................................................... 22
Commercial Development....................................................................................22
Chapter 6: Speculation on Research Needs Over the Next 30 Years ..................... 25
Surface to Low-Earth Orbit (100 miles) .................................................................................................. 26
LEO to Mars (34 to 249 million miles) .............................................................. 27
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LEO to the Moons of Jupiter and Saturn (460 to 940 million miles) .................. 28
LEO to Alpha Centauri (4.22 light-years or 24.8 trillion miles) ......................... 28
Chapter 7: Conclusions ........................................................................................ 29
Appendix A: Relativistic Rockets ......................................................................... 30

Appendix B: Aneutronic Fusion Rocket ................................................................ 32
Appendix C: Antimatter Annihilation Rocket........................................................ 36
Appendix D: Relativistic Rocket Worksheet ......................................................... 38
Appendix E: Endnotes.......................................................................................... 41

Figures
Figure 1. Liquid-Fueled Chemical Rocket. ....................................................... vi
Figure 2. Mass Ratio Increases as Objects Approach Speed of Light .. .. .... .. ...... 2
Figure 3. Spherical Radiation Shield Surrounding Point Source ....................... 8
Figure 4. Nuclear Fission Rocket Design ........................................................ 11
Figure 5 . Schematic Design of a Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generator ..... 13
Figure 6 . Nuclear Fusion of Deuterium and Tritium ....................................... 14
Figure 7. Low-Temperature Fusion Reactions ................................................ 15
Figure 8. Fusion Ignition Energies for D-T, D-D, and D-He3 ........................... 15
Figure 9 . Aneutronic Fusion Schemes ............................................................ 18
Figure 10. Fusion of Hydrogen-1 and Boron-11 Produces 3 Alpha Particles .. 19
Figure 11. QED Rocket Design ....................................................................... 23
Figure 12. Time Dilation at Relativistic Velocities .......................................... 31
Figure 13. Maximum Achievable Velocity Versus Fuel Usage ......................... 33
Figure 14. Acceleration and Rocket "Clock" Ratio Vs Mission Time on Earth .. 33
Figure 15. Spreadsheet for Sample Mission to Alpha Centauri........................34
Figure 16. Antihydrogen Atom........................................................................36

iii

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Aneutronic Fusion Propulsion
Introduction
Space exploration is limited by existing propulsion technology. Up to now, chemical
rockets have been used to reach low-Earth orbit, the Moon, and the outer regions of the
solar system. Chemical rockets can use either solid or liquid fuel. Regardless of the
type of fuel, their design is similar to that shown in Figure 1. Oxygen is combined with
hydrogen or a hydrocarbon fuel in a combustion chamber where high temperatures and
pressures cause the exhaust to be ejected through a supersonic nozzle to provide
thrust to the rocket. The momentum of the fuel ejected through the nozzle provides
the force or thrust that accelerates the rocket forward.
There are many variations of chemical rockets, but they all suffer from the need to
carry copious amounts of fuel. Other methods have been proposed to decrease the
need to carry such a significant mass of fuel into space. Ion drives, for example, are
used to provide the very low thrust required to maintain satellites in Ea rth orbit. The
"fuel" that they carry is xenon gas accelerated by electric fields.
Nuclear fission propulsion has been proposed for space missions, and therma l nuclear
fission reactor rockets were constructed and tested at the Nevada Test Site through
Project Rover between 1956 and 1971. 1 I n these rockets, a nuclear reactor provides
heat to liquid hydrogen through nuclear fission and ejects the hydrogen gas through a
Laval nozzle to generate thrust. While these rockets must still carry hydrogen fuel as a
propellant, these rockets can provide more than twice the performance of chemical
rockets by using heat through fission rather than reactive chemicals. The results of the
72 reactor tests conducted under Project Rover were very promising and culminated in
the successful 12-minute test of the Phoebus-2A NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket
Vehicle App lication) reactor that generated over 4 gigawatts of thermal power. One
problem associated with nuclear fission rockets is radioactive contaminants. These
contaminants in the exhaust make this technology impossible to use in launching
payloads from Earth. Additionally, for appl ications in space, radiation protection must
be provided for the crew by adding heavy shielding materials or by locating the crew as
far as possible from the reactor propulsion system.
Nuclear fusion, as opposed to fission, provides another potential propulsion technology.
In a fusion propulsion system, isotopes of light elements are fused together under
extreme conditions to form heavier elements, releasing large amounts of thermal
energy. This thermal energy can be used to heat liquid hydrogen to high temperatures
and expand it through a Laval nozzle to provide thrust in a manner similar to that
shown in Figure 1. Typically, isotopes of hydrogen and helium would be used in fusion
propulsion systems. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen and can be separated from
the hydrogen in water. Fusion reactions are difficult to initiate due to the high
temperatu res and pressures requ ired. Thermonuclear bombs, for example, combine a
fusion device with a nuclear fission bomb to provide the high temperatures required to
initiate the fusion reaction. Regardless of the conditions required to induce nuclear
fusion, the energy release is large. From propulsion standpoint, an advantage of fusion
over fission is that for a given amount of thrust, the fusion reaction requ ires less fuel
than either fission or chemical propulsion systems.
Fusion reactors using deuterium or tritium fuels are easiest to initiate; however, they
generate significant amounts of neutron radiation. This is a hazard for the crew on a
V

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space ship, and there is a high probability that neutrons produced by fusion reactors
would escape into space without providing much of their energy to a hydrogen
propellant. Other fusion reactions using isotopes of helium and lithium will generate
only charged particles, such as protons, that travel very short distances before giving
up all of their energy as heat. These "aneutronic fusion" reactions take place without
neutron production and decrease the need to carry large amounts of radiation shielding
material for the crew. The energy from charged particles generated by aneutronic
fusion can also be captured in conductive coils and converted directly into electricity.
Aneutronic fusion promises to be an important mechanism for future space propulsion,
although novel accelerator or laser systems must be researched and developed in order
to initiate, sustain, and control the fusion reaction.
Another futuristic method of spacecraft propulsion involves the use of antimatter.
Antimatter includes antiprotons, antineutrons, and positrons (anti-electrons). Although
this propulsion process may be the most efficient, antimatter has some drawbacks. For
example, antimatter is generated in only minute quantities at accelerator facilities
around the world. Although it has been captured and stored, containment remains a
problem . When antimatter combines with matter, it completely annihilates and
converts to energy, which then can be converted into heat for a propulsion system.
Antimatter reactions provide the greatest amount of energy per unit mass of any
potential fuel, but the ability to generate significant quantities of antihydrogen or
similar antimatter fuels at any accelerator facil ity is very limited.
The focus of this study is on aneutronic fusion propulsion. Integral to this study are the
topics of fuel, rocket design, and the organizations that research aneutronic fusion
development.

Uquld H,

LOX

I.Jwal-

Figure 1. Liquid-Fueled Chemical Rocket.

vi

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Chapter 1: Theory
ROCKET PRO PU LSION
It is difficult to compare propulsion technology without talking about how objects are
accelerated in space. Within Earth's atmosphere, aircraft use the air to generate lift
and thrust. Propellers or turbofans move a mass of air rearward and Newton's second
and third laws require that the momentum in this exhausted air is equal to a thrust in
the opposite direction. In equation form, the thrust, F, is equal and opposite to the
change in momentum over time.

Fm=- _ d(mv'
' / e.x.lrausr
dt

( 1.1)

The momentum of the exhausted air is equal to the mass of air times its velocity and is
provided by the propulsion system. The thrust can be used to accelerate a payload
according to the following equation:
w
m
F = m payload a

(1.2)

Here, thrust is equal to the payload mass times its acceleration.
This method of momentum transfer works well for aircraft operating within the Earth's
atmosphere; however, operating in space presents special problems. Space is nearly a
complete vacuum, and there is no air mass to accelerate, i.e., no "reaction mass" that
can be accelerated and exhausted at high speeds. In space, the reaction mass is
carried by the rocket in the form of propellant mass, which is expended as the rocket
accelerates.

m
m dm m
F = ma +-V
dt

(1.3)

In this equation, the thrust is provided by the momentum ejected from the rear of the
rocket, but the total mass of the rocket is decreasing as the fuel is burned up and as
propellant is lost. Examining equation 1.3, we see that there are two ways to increase
rocket thrust. The first is to increase the mass flowrate, dm/dt, typically measured in
kg/s (if mass flowrate is given in kg/s, then thrust, F, is given in newtons to maintain
consistency). Unfortunately, this requires carrying increasing quantities of fuel. For
flights to Mars, the outer planets, or to other star systems, it would not be possible to
carry such large quantities of propellant.
A second choice would be to increase V, i.e., the velocity of the ejected propellant
reaction mass. There is an upper limit, however, to how fast we can eject the propellant.
In his Special Theory of Relativity, Albert Einstein demonstrated that no object that has
any mass when at rest can be accelerated beyond the speed of light or 2. 998 x 10 8 m/s
in a vacuum. Einstein's relationship between an object's mass (m), its velocity (v), and
the speed of light, (c) is given in equation 1.4:

1

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(1.4)
m=g

-

?

9

8
7

3

-

2

0.2

0.4

0.6

..---

/

I'

0.8

v/c
Figure 2. Mass Ratio (m/mo) Increases as Objects
Approach the Speed of Light.

Equation 1.4 is plotted in Figure 2; we see that as an object's velocity approaches light
speed its mass approaches infinity. Coupled with this, we see that as mass approaches
infinity, the energy required to move the mass also approaches infinity. Thus, it would
take an infinite amount of energy to accelerate an object to the speed of light.
Equations 1.2 and 1.3 indicate that the best propulsion system would use the least
amount of propellant but exhaust it at the highest possible velocity. Therefore, the
rocket engine that has the highest exhaust velocity requires that the rocket be the least
massive or carry the least amount of propellant. Unfortunately, this combination
corresponds to the minimum efficiency in terms of rocket power. The point here is that
for spacefl ight to anywhere other than near destinations, our present rocket technology
is insufficient.

2

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Specific Impulse
To compare various propulsion systems and their fuel, rocket efficiency can be
represented by the amount of momentum that can be obtained per unit weight of the
propellant that is used. This is defined as the "specific impulse" (lsp ) and is measured
in units of seconds:

I

•,.,,

=

Li(m v • .,1w 11s,)

Li (ni g earth )

=

v ,x/11111 S/

(1.5)

g ea 1·1/t

Here, earth's gravitational acce leration, gearth, is 9.81 m/s 2 . As described earlier, the
best propulsion system is typically one that has the highest possible exhaust or
propellant velocity. High specific impulse, or correspondingly high exhaust velocity,
also produces low energy efficiency.
Table 1: Specific Impulse for Various Rocket Engine Types
En<1ine Tvpe

Ve (m/s)

Isa (s)

4 130

421

Solid Rocket

2, 500

255

Best Chemical Rocket Tested

5 320

542

Nuclear Therm al Rocket

8 340

850

Ion Thruster

29 000

3 000

VASIMR

290,000

30,000

Saturn V Rocket 2nd and 3rd Staqes
LH 2/LOX Liquid Fuel

F2/Li/H2 Chem ica l Rocket

The efficiency of a rocket can be defined as the ratio of rocket thrust to the power
required to generate the thrust. The resulting equations follow:

½(dm)
V
dt

Power = dE =
dt
2
Thrust =

2

e

(dm)
V
dt
'

3

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(1.6)

(1.7)

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r, = ( Thrust) = ]_

(1.8)

Ve

Power

In choosing a rocket engine, as the specific impulse (Isp ) or the exhaust velocity (Ve)
increase, the corresponding efficiency (TJ) decreases. The specific impulse for various
fuels varies widely as shown in Table 1. 2, 3

Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation
For a spaceflight to Mars or other body, the exhaust velocity affects the time of flight
and the amount of fuel that is needed to change the velocity of the spacecraft. The
change in velocity (t-.V) can be expressed in terms of the initial mass of the rocket
(m ;n;t1a1, rocket+ propellant) and the final total rocket mass (m t;na1 rocket only):

~ V =V

exhaust

In (minilia/)

(1.9)

mfinal

The mass of propellant used to generate thrust is given by :
mpropellanr

= minirial - mfinal

(1.10)

(1.11)

m

- m

fina l -

~ V = g J [In [
O

sp

e~V / Vt'.r:lr ,rns r

(1.12)

'initia l

m i11i1ial]-

..!_

m fi11a/

R

(1 _m

fina l

J]

(1.13)

mi11irial

(1.14)

In these equations, R is the thrust-to-weight ratio and t is the t ime required for an
engine burn to produce a desired t-.V. These are the standard equations used for rocket
engine performance.

4

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COMPARISON OF SPECIFIC IMPULSE FOR VARIOUS ROCKET
DESIGNS

Chemical Rockets
Chemical rockets burn solid or liquid propellant. The exhaust gas exits the rocket
through a Laval nozzle and generates thrust. Figure 1 provided the outline of a liquid­
fueled rocket using liquid hydrogen as the fuel and liquid oxygen (LOX) to combust the
fuel. Unlike turbofan and RAM engines, rockets are not airbreathing and must carry
their own oxidizer.
The Laval nozzle is a principle component of chemical rockets; its design is based on
compressible fluid flow theory. 4 In general, the nozzle is made up of contoured
convergent-divergent cross sections. Conical cross sections are also sometimes used .
Its purpose is to transform pressure energy into kinetic energy. Nuclear fusion rockets
may also make use of Laval nozzles by heating up a liquid propellant and ejecting it as
a supersonic gas. In subsonic flow, fluid can only be accelerated by decreasing the
cross-sectional area of the duct section t hat it is traveling through, as in a Venturi tube.
Once the velocity in a fluid reaches the speed of sound (Mach 1), the fluid can continue
to accelerate only if it is expanded. The Laval nozzle combines a converging section
where the flow is subsonic, a throat where the flow is accelerated to sonic speed (Mach
1), and a diverging cone where the flow is accelerated to supersonic speed. The
performance of a rocket is based on its thrust, where T = (dm/dt) x Vexhaust, and by
maximizing the exit velocity, the thrust reaches a maximum. The pressure of the
combusting gases in the combustion chamber directly affect the amount of thrust that
the rocket can achieve.
Whether a rocket is propelled by gases from combusting propellant or by gases heated
through a nuclear fission or fusion reaction, two equations determine the thrust of the
Laval nozzle. The maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle can be computed in
terms of the nozzle area (Athroat) the combustion or heated gas pressure (po), and the
heated gas temperature (To).

mJ

(d
dt

= Po ~hroa t

_
mu1m11m

'T

(1.15)

--..Jl. o

Vexhaust --

(1.16)

In these equations, R is the gas constant of the propellant gas and y is a
thermodynamic property of the gas called the ratio of specific heats. These equations
make it possible to compute the maximum thrust generated by a propellant gas
through a Laval nozzle based on the pressure and temperature of the gas in the
combustion chamber or heating tank.

5

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Ion Drives
Ion thruster electrical propulsion provides a convenient and efficient method of
generating thrust. A gas that is easily ionized, such as xenon, is carried onboard as a
propellant. The voltage difference between an electrode and a metal screen accelerates
xenon ions toward the screen and out the back of the spacecraft, generating thrust.
The specific impulse of this kind of drive is about 3,000 seconds. It is relatively
common for satellites to use ion drives, generating minute forces measured in
millinewtons, to maintain orbit. Solar energy and radioactive decay are possible
sources of electric power for satellites in Earth orbit. In deep space, fusion or fission
reactors could provide electrical power. However, once the xenon propellant has been
expended, the ion drive is no longer useful.
Ion drives include the VASIMR (Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket)
designed by the Ad Astra Rocket Company in Webster, Texas. This system uses two RF
radiowave antennae to couple energy into an ionized gas that is used for propulsion in
space. While ion drives are often used to help maintain orbit for satellites circling the
Earth, the VASIMR technology has been proposed for use in moving payloads
throughout the solar system. The specific impulse for this technology is cited as 5,000
seconds compared to ~3,300 seconds for typical ion drives. 5

Photonic Propulsion
Photons of visible light, infrared radiation, or x-rays can produce thrust through
momentum transfer, where the momentum of each photon is given by p = h/A (h =
Planck's constant, A = radiation wavelength). Photonic propulsion has been explored by
Y. K. Bae Corporation (http://www.ykbcorp.com ) who holds a patent on a photonic
laser thruster. These drives generate no contaminants and require a source of
electricity to produce photons. Their photonic laser thruster (PLT) uses an active
resonant optical cavity formed between two mirrors on a pair of spacecraft to generate
thrust. Photonic drives would be viable on fusion or fission -powered spacecraft if their
power output were used to generate electrical power that could provide light.

RADIATION SHIELDING
Radiation shielding will be important for astronauts traveling to the Moon, to the other
planets, and to other star systems. Radioactive particles and cosmic rays left over from
the big bang, radiation from supernovae, x-ray emissions from black holes, and a
constant flux of energetic protons from our own sun all contribute to the radiation dose
received by humans in space.
Radiation levels are typically measured in sieverts (Sv), expressing the amount of
energy deposited in human tissue from radiation. One sievert is equivalent to 1 joule of
energy absorbed for every kilogram of tissue. 6 • 7 An older unit, the rem (Roentgen
equivalent, man) is still in common use: 1 rem = 0.01 Sv. Sieverts are now the
international standard unit.

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The energy absorbed is strong ly related t o the amount of radiation damage done to the
tissue. On Earth, the magnetic field of the planet helps to shield people from most of
the effects of radiation from the sun, but cosmic radiation and terrestrial sources of
radiation (granite, potassium, radon gas) all contribute to an annual background dose
that everyone receives. The average annual dose of radiation in the United States is
about 2.5 mSv from background and another 1.0 mSv from other source, such as
dental x-rays, commercia l jet flights, and rad iopha rmaceuticals. The total annual dose
in the United States is approximately 3.5 mSv (millisieverts) per person.
In space, away from the protection of the Earth's magnetic field, the radiation dose
increases substantially to about 250 mSv per year. The radiation dose in space is
continuous, and the effects of being in space for extended periods of time may be
cumu lative. As a comparison, 2,000 mSv of rad iation in an acute dose can cause
significant medica l problems and 5,000 mSv is usually fata l. Leukemia and other forms
of cancer are possible for people exposed to chronic doses of radiation at the levels
encou ntered in space.
The logical conclusion wou ld be to carry radiation shielding into space to protect the
astronauts. The problem is that shielding is typica lly heavy and expensive. Four types
of radiation must be shielded:
1. Gamma Rays (y)
These are energetic forms of electromagnetic radiation (photons) and tend to
penetrate most materials. High -density metals, such as iron, lead, and
uranium are usually used to shield gamma rays.
2. Beta Particles (~ +, W)
These are electrons or positrons, the antimatter counterpart to electrons.
They are emitted by the radioactive decay of certain isotopes and through
nuclear fission. Because these are charged particles, they are fa irly easy to
stop with minimal sh ield ing.
3. Neutrons (n)
These uncharged particles are generated by nuclear fission and fusion. They
may penetrate metals, yet they can be slowed down until they decay in light
Typical shielding mat erial
materials that contain hydrogen or carbon.
includes water, paraffin wax, and po lyethylene blocks.
4 . Heavy Charged Particles (p, a)
Ions are atoms that have one or more of t heir electrons stripped from thei r
outer orbital. Due to their positive electric charge, ions are generally easy to
stop with in any kind of material, unless the ions are very energetic. Typica l
ions include protons, which are ionized hydrogen atoms, and alpha particles,
Cosmic radiation includes heavy ions
which are ionized helium nuclei.
emitted by explod ing supernovae and may include ions as heavy as iron
nuclei at extremely high energy.
7

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Long-duration spaceflights will require copious amounts of water for the crew, and
water can be used to provide some shielding from neutrons for the astronauts.
Shielding material for gamma rays presents a weight problem. Lead is one of the best
shielding materials for gamma, but at a cost of about $10,000/lb to launch material into
space, lead shielding is expensive to use.
The International Space Station and other spacecra~ designed for long-term human
habitation usually have a small area that is heavily shielded to prevent excessive
radiation exposure to the crew during solar events.
In addition to the dangers of natural sources of radiation in space that can endanger
human health and safety, the propulsion techniques of nuclear fusion and fission
generate large fluxes of radiation. Neutron production is of special concern because
neutrons can penetrate metals and the structural material of space habitats.
The general equations that govern radiation shielding can help develop spacecraft
designs that will minimize radiation exposure. The intensity of gamma rays will
attenuate according to the following equation:
- µI'
A..()-A..
r - 'f-'i11irial e

'f-'

( 1.17)

In equation 1.17, the flux of gamma rays or neutrons, given in particles per unit area
per unit time, is represented by <P(r); ¢ 1n1t1a1 represents the initial flux without the
shielding; and µ is the linear attenuation coefficient, a function of the gamma ray or
neutron energy and the type of shielding material. The thickness of the material is
represented by r.
The radiation flux decreases with distance since photons or
radioactive particles typically expand outward through a spherical area of 4rcr2 as shown
in Figure 3. Equation 1.18 shows the relationship between total attenuation, particle
flux, and radiation exposure.

Figure 3. Spherical Radiation Shield Surrounding a Point Source.

8

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e- p r

¢ (r) = </J; , , ; ,4; , , 12- B(µ r)
Tr r

(1.18)

The radiation flux is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from a point
source of radiation, such as a nuclear rocket engine. It also decreases through any
intervening radiation shielding material. The last term in equation 1.18, B(µr), is called
the "buildup factor"; it represents the process of reradiation following atomic collision
with shield ing material, thus contributing to the tota l radiation dose. This secondary
radiation is a problem for all spacecraft since cosmic radiation impacting the spacecraft
structural material can produce a cascade of secondary particles t hat can irradiate the
crew .
A standard technique to decrease the radiation exposure to the crew on a spacecraft
using nuclear fusion as an energy source will be to locate the crew as far away from the
engine as possible and place as much liquid hydrogen or other light shielding material
between the crew and the engine as designs allow. A simpler solution would be to use
nuclear fusion schemes that do not generate neutrons. These are the so -called
"aneutronic fusion" propulsion techniques.

SUBATOMIC PARTICLE MASS, VELOCITY, AND ENERGY
Atoms are composed of a small nucleus containing neutrons and protons, along with
electrons orbiting the nucleus in shells. The atomic number (Z) is equivalent to the

(Text continues in the original file: 50 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D146 — AAWSAP DIRD, Aneutronic Fusion Propulsion II, November 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D146
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D146
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 11/1/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Vegas in November: even the fusion talk wanted a slot machine spin.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D146, Defense Intelligence Agency, November 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada, pdf.
- Analyzes aneutronic fusion propulsion concepts, low‑neutron fuels, confinement methods, and near‑space to interplanetary applications.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD revisits aneutronic fusion propulsion in a more systems-oriented manner, arguing that fusion concepts using low-neutron fuels such as proton-boron or helium-3 could become attractive for space propulsion because they reduce shielding burdens and may support direct conversion of charged-particle energy into thrust or onboard power. The report reviews the relevant fusion plasma physics and focuses on several candidate confinement approaches, then connects those concepts to possible applications in near-space, orbital, and interplanetary propulsion. It presents the most plausible nearer-term use as very high-power electric or plasma propulsion for satellites and deep-space missions rather than atmospheric flight or interstellar travel, while emphasizing that major obstacles remain in ignition, sustained confinement, system mass, power handling, fuel storage, launch integration, and end-to-end engineering.

### Full text

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(U) Aneutronic Fusion Propulsion

The Defense Intelligence Reference Document provides nonsubstantive but
authoritative reference information related to intelli ence to ics or methodolo ies.

Prepared by:
Technology Warning Division (DW0-4)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Authors:

AAP Person 85, AAP Person 88, AAP Person 89

COPYRIGHT WARNI NG: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.
This product is one of a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2010 under the Defense
Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapons System Applications
CMWSA} program Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be addressed to
}\AwsA Program Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: JUIAF !AAP Person 1
DI/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington D.C. 20340-5 100.

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Contents
Chapter 1: Concept Overview ................................................................................ 1
Chapter 2: Fusion Plasma Physics ......................................................................... 3
2.1

Magnetic Confinement............................................................................ 5

2.2

Inertial Confinement .............................................................................. 7

2.3

Electrostatic Confinement ...................................................................... 8

2.4

Magneto-Inertial Confinement ............................................................... 9

Chapter 3: Fusion Propulsion .............................................................................. 11
3.1

Fusion Reactors for Propulsion ............................................................. 11

3.2

Air Propulsion ...................................................................................... 13

3.3

Ion Propulsion ..................................................................................... 14

3.4

Plasma Thruster ................................................................................... 14

Chapter 4: Applications ....................................................................................... 17
4.1

Near Space ........................................................................................... 17

4.2

Earth Orbit ........................................................................................... 17

4.3

Interplanetary...................................................................................... 18

4.4

Interstellar........................................................................................... 19

Chapter 5: Recent Developments ........................................................................ 21
5.1

U.S. DOE Programs ............................................................................... 21

5.2

International Programs ........................................................................ 21

5.3

NASA Programs .................................................................................... 23

5.4

Privately Funded Programs .................................................................. 23

Chapter 6: Future Developments ......................................................................... 25
6.1

Near-Term Developments .................................................................... 25

6.2

Mid-Term Developments ...................................................................... 27

6.3

Far-Term Development......................................................................... 28

Chapter 7: Conclusions ........................................................................................ 30

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Chapter 8: Endnotes ............................................................................................ 31

Figures
Figure 1. Fusion Reaction Cross Sections vs. Temperature ..................................... 4
Figure 2. Magnetic Mirror Confinement .................................................................. 6
Figure 3. a) Tokamak and b) Stellarator Confinement ............................................ 6
Figure 4. Field-Reversed Configuration .................................................................. 7
Figure 5. IEC Fusor and Polywell Confinement Configurations ............................... 8
Figure 6. Magnetized Target Fusion Experiment at LANL. ..................................... 10
Figure 7. Dense Plasma Focus (Lawrenceville Plasma Physics) ............................ 10
Figure 8. Specific Power as a Function of Plasma Temperature of Fusion Rocket. 11
Figure 9. Colliding Beam Fusion Reactor .............................................................. 12
Figure 10. DPF Thruster System With Direct Conversion ...................................... 12
Figure 11. Magnetized Target Fusion Reactor ...................................................... 13
Figure 12. MHD Air-Breathing and Fusion Rocket Aerospace Plane ...................... 13
Figure 13. Design of an IEC Jet Thruster - Experimental Device ........................... 18
Figure 14. Comparison of Fusion, Nuclear-Thermal, and Chemical Propulsion for
Same Payload ....................................................................................................... 19
Figure 15. Thrust-to-Weight Ratio and Exhaust Velocity Regimes for Various LongRange Space Propulsion Options.......................................................................... 19
Figure 16. Bussard Ram let.................................................................................. 20
Figure 17. Progress in Tokamak Magnetic Confinement Fusion ............................ 22
Figure 18. ITER Design Concept With BWR Size and Blanket Segment ................. 23
Figure 19. Experiments To Prove a Plasma Fusion Propulsion Concept ................ 28
Figure 20. Roadmap to Aneutronic Fusion Propulsion Development..................... 29

Tables
Table 1: Principal Fusion Reactions ........................................................................... 3
Table 2: Fusion Peak Interaction Temperatures and Fusion Energy to X-rays.........4
Table 3: Fusion Ignition Temperatures.....................................................................5
Table 4: Advanced Fusion Concept Reactor Companies ..........................................24
Table 5: Emerging Technologies ..............................................................................26

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Aneutronic Fusion Propulsion
Summary
Controlled fusion energy production has been under development for 60 years.
The primary objective has been gaining the ability to create terrestrial power
plants using deuterium and tritium as fuel. Unfortunately, this objective has
been eluded for both technical and economic reasons. However, the threshold
for achieving success in applying fusion to propulsion is considerably relaxed,
especially if fuels are used that do not use tritium. Tritium has to be
continuously bred; these reactions yield fast neutrons, which require shielding
and cause structural materials to be periodically replaced. Such "aneutronic"
fusion fuels, such as hydrogen fusing with Boron-11, have been studied
extensively for space propulsion applications since the 1980s.
This report reviews the basic fusion plasma physics, design concepts that
apply aneutronic fusion for propulsion, and the requirements for transitioning
to space. The predominant concepts studied include magnetic field reversed
configuration, dense plasma focus and inertial electrostatic confinement. All of
these concepts have venture capital funded programs for terrestrial fusion
power. When applied to space or near-space propulsion, they can exceed the
performance of any conventional electric thruster.
The future technology development of aneutronic fusion propulsion will
initially be motivated by the very large GEO satellites that will be developed in
the next 20 years for commercial and military broadband communication.
Further development of very-high-power propulsion systems(> 100 kW) to
Mars and beyond will require major developments in all technology areas for
confinement pulsed power and ion fuel beam accelerators.

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Chapter 1: Concept Overview
Controlled thermonuclear fusion has been the aspiration for nuclear scientists and
engineers for the last 60 years. During that time, tens of billions of dollars have been
invested in this endeavor with the expected fruition being pushed even further into the
future. When Lyman Spitzer invented the Stellarator in 1951, it was expected to take
only 5 years of concentrated plasma physics experiments to harness the fusion of
hydrogen ions confined by magnetic fields. However, the numerous new instabilities
that arose under increasing higher magnetic confinement pressures have been a
roadblock to the success of controlled fusion.
In 1983, a rediscovery was made by Robert Bussard of a fusion device invented by
Robert Hirsch in his 1966 Ph.D. thesis. The Fusor, as Hirsch named it with his thesis
advisor and famous inventor Philo Farnsworth, simply used spherically concentric
electrodes in a vacuum chamber. When a deuterium gas was supplied to the chamber
and a few-microsecond pulse at 30 kV was applied to the electrodes, D-D fusion
occurred, releasing He and neutrons. Although it released less energy than was needed
to supply the in itia l electric pulse, it provided the evidence for a method to obtain
supplementary heating to ignition of magnetically confined plasmas.
The Fusor led to continued development of what is now called Inertial Electrostatic
Confinement (IEC) devices. Amongst these was the Dense Plasma Focus (DPF), a
plasma production tube invented in 1961, and several other devices. Magnetic
confinement devices utilized the IEC method with imploding layers of lithium or
applying intense beams from either end of a linear magnetic pinch device. This
resurgence of alternate confinement concepts was immediately applied to fusion space
propulsion since it was recognized that there would be an advantage over nuclear
fission propulsion with its costly safety requirements. For mitigating shielding mass and
tritium fuel launch-safety concerns, non-neutron-generating "aneutronic" fusion fuels
were also adopted.
Aneutronic fusion fuels include those isotopes of light elements that when fused
produce no neutrons or a very few from the fusion of daughter products. Although there
are eight such reactions for light nuclei, the most practical for fusion reactors include
the following:
D + 3 He ➔ 4 He + p
P + 7 Li ➔ 24 He

In Chapter 2, we will review the fusion plasma physics needed to apply these
aneutronic reactions to a confinement device to make a fusion reactor practicable for
propulsion, which is described in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, the relevance of these
aneutronic fusion propulsion concepts will be reviewed and assessed for aerospace
applications including near-space, orbital, and interplanetary propulsion, as well as the
potential for interstellar use. In Chapter 5, we will summarize the recent national,
international, and privately funded R&D that may expedite development, while in
Chapter 6, we outline an R&D path forward for the aneutronic fusion technologies and
systems needed for the next 50 years. Finally, we provide a summary in Chapter 7 that
that conveys aneutronic fusion propulsion:

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•
•
•

May have near-term applications to replace current satellite ion thrusters and
extend application to interplanetary flight.
Requires extensive technology development for air and near-space applications.
Will not be practical beyond the solar system unless breakthrough propulsion
physics can ass ist the flight to the next stellar system, where fusion "ion
thrusters" can then be used.

Despite the attention propulsion has gotten from the scientific community, the problem
has been insufficiently addressed by the space science community. Although it is
certainly true that the fusion drive train must be successfu l from a theoretical and
experimental perspective before consideration for adaptation to the space environment,
many critical aspects such as Earth-based launch, space-based assembly, space
materials science, safe flight operations, and mission success need to be introduced
early in the design phase. More importantly, now that these fusion propulsion concepts
are starting to look both feasible and attractive, the transition to space and the inherent
aerospace application development need considerable focus.
Toward this consideration, we now begin with a background on plasma physics that
includes fusion efficiencies and confinement schemes for aneutronic fusion, which leads
us to the application to the propulsion concept discussions that follow.

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Chapter 2: Fusion Plasma Physics
At the most basic level, nuclear fusion occurs by forcing atomic nuclei close enough so
that the attractive strong force (which binds nuclei together) overwhelms the very
powerful electromagnetic repulsion force. Under such circumstances the nuclei fuse
together to form a single nucleus, creating an atom of a different element (along with
byproducts such as radiation and neutrons). Because the strong force dominates over
such short-length scales ( ~10- 15 meter, the diameter of a medium -sized nucleus), the
fusion of heavier nuclei are inherently more unstable, with smaller binding energ ies. For
light nuclei, the binding energies of the individual nuclei are significantly smaller than
that of the fused nucleus; it is the released energy of the fusion process (in the form of
high -energy photons or kinetic energy of nuclear products such as neutrons) that is
sought as an energy source. Table 1 shows Fusion reactions including the relevant
aneutronic fusion reactions.
Table 1: Principal Fusion Reactions
Main

, ,rro/1 d

I

i

11

+T-a:+ n
T +p
{ 3 Hc + n

+

E (M e V)

17 .5

+y

T + T d1 •a,1

ue/

a:+_ n

ed fu i

II fuel

+ ~, C--+

+p

p+

L i-+ a,+
r>+7 i - 0"

r>+ II

-

H

30'

To fuse a sufficient number of nuclei within a span of time for practical use, it is
generally necessary to heat an ensemble of atoms to the very high energies shown in
Table 1. These energies (temperatures) are high enough that electrons are stripped
from their associated nuclei, producing a plasma of free electrons and ions. The fusion
reaction cross sections (cr), the probability of interaction for these reactions in barns =
10-28 m 2 , is shown in Figure 1. For the maximum reaction rate temperature, the ratio of
the total amount of energy (kinetic plus radiation) released in the fusion reaction
relative to the bremsstrahlung radiation released is shown in Table 2.

3

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10

....
C

·::i

10-1

~
~
e 10-2
C

0

u..

\

'.
,,:,

-~
10-J

\

\
\

~

TT \

I

TT

I

I

1
10-S

~-~----~r,~---~---10

1

JO.

Figure 1. Fusion Reaction Cross Sections vs. Temperature
Table 2: Fusion Peak Interaction Temperatures and Fusion Energy to X-rays

fuel

' T
jDiD--D
l - He

Ti (ke\ Pru ·oi PBre_

so
-oo

__9

00

-.3

0

0. -

rr:ahlun•

14-0

0. 1
0 --,,
.

I

If the ratio is low, it takes more confining energy to sustain the reaction. The largest
fusion output is obtained when the temperature is chosen so that <crv>/T 2 is a
maximum (known as the Lawson Criteria), which for plasma ignition is achieved when
the fusion reactions produce enough power to mainta in the temperature without
external heating. This is shown in Table 3 for the most relevant neutronic and
aneutronic fusion fuels. While the ignition temperature is up to a factor of 10 higher for
the aneutronic fusion reactions, the confinement power required for ignition will be one
to two orders of magnitude greater. Th is will therefore require some unique
confinement concepts to achieve ignition.
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In order to facilitate efficient fusion, it is also necessary to constrain the motions of the
charged particles (i.e., confine the plasma) in an attempt to maximize the likelihood of
ion collisions. Therefore, the net energy produced by the fusion process is more
realistically the released energy minus the energy consumed for plasma heating and
confinement. The fusion energy gain factor, usually expressed with the symbol Q, is the
ratio of fusion power produced in a nuclear fusion reactor to the power required to
maintain the plasma temperature; for the Lawson Criterion, breakeven Q = 1. However,
to provide sufficient energy to convert that power to a useful level, a minimum Q >5 is
needed, and for a power plant to generate electricity the Q should be >30.
For the fusion reactions shown in Table 3, the (D, 3 He) will produce a few fusion
neutrons which can be minimized by running hot and deuterium-lean; however, the
application may be limited by the availabi lity of 3 He. Other reactions to consider will be
the (p, 6 Li) and (p, 11 B). First, a review the most commonly used plasma confinement
methods is needed.
Table 3: Fusion Ignition Temperatures

]

MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT
Magnetic confinement is an often -u sed method for constraining the motion of the
plasma "fuel," increasing the efficiency of nuclear collisions and the fusion process. The
plasma is composed of charged particles and is, therefore, affected by electric and
magnetic fields. Charged particles spira l along magnetic field lines with electrons
spiraling faster and in smaller radii and in opposite directions than their heavier ion
counterparts . As the magnetic field increases at the ends of a magnetic mirror, the
charged particles will reverse direction along the field lines and thus become trapped. A
chamber can be designed such that an appropriate magnetic field configuration can be
produced that guides and constrains the motion of the plasma (see Figure 2). The
pressures (thermal, kinetic, magnetic) of the plasma "gas" are balanced by the high
pressure of the imposed magnetic field-the plasma is "contained" by the magnetic field.
One obvious advantage of this approach is that the imposed magnetic field prevents (or
at least delays) much of the plasma (at energies of tens of keV or temperatures of
several hundred millions of degrees Kelvin) from coming into contact with the structural
elements of the chamber. The pressures are typically on the order of one bar, and
depending on the design, confinement times can span a few seconds to minutes.
Although magnetic confinement designs are in principle steady-state systems, their
primary difficulty is maintaining the strong damping of the various modes of plasma
instabilities that arise in these systems.
5

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magnetic mirror

pole regions serve as a
magnetic mirror or bottle
that traps and reflects charged
particles - the particles gain
energy

Figure 2. Illustration of Magnetic Mirror Confinement in Vicinity of Jupiter

A second, related magnetic method is to join the ends of the solenoid together as a
toroid, confining the plasma to a ring. A simple toroidal (i.e., circu lar) field, however,
provides poor confinement because the radial gradient of the magnetic field strength
results in plasma drift. A method to reduce drift and produce a stable plasma
equilibrium is to superpose a poloidal magnetic field with the toroidal field, thus driving
a current through the plasma itself. This provides a path for the plasma moving along
the outer edge of the toro id to migrate to the inner edge and vice versa. This is the
method used in tokamak systems (shown in Figure 3). Another solution has been to
structurally modify the toroid chamber into a figure-eight configuration. This allowed
plasma to spend half of the time on the inner portion of the tube, and half of the time
on the outer portion of the tube. Such systems are called stellarators. This configuration
has eventually evolved back into a (non-axially symmetric) toroidal configuration;
rotating the windings in such a manner produces a stable plasma equilibrium while
eliminating the need for a toroidal magnetic field. The fundamental issue with these
confinement systems is that they require superconducting magnetic coils, pressure
vessels, and neutron-energy-absorbing blankets for a 6-meter major radius by 6-meter
high plasma, an enormous technological undertaking-and that is just for an ignition
demonstration (see Chapter 5) .

Figure 3. a) Tokamak and b) Stellarator Confinement

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A spheromak is a tokamak in a
spherical chamber that uses only a
sin gle set of coils in conjunction with
plasma currents that self-generate a
confining magnetic field. However,
this design is thought to be less
promising than the previously
described technologies for
generating significant fusion energy.

Plasma

Field Reversed
Configuration

Separatrix

re

An FRC (field-reversed configuration)
Open Magnetic
Axial Fi~oils Closed Pololdal
Field Line
Field Line
is an elongated plasma ellipsoid
Figure 4. Field-Reversed Configuration
conducting an azimuthal current that
reverses the direction of an
externally applied magnetic field. The resultant field provides toroidal plasma confine­
ment without requiring a toroidal vacuum vessel or coil set (shown in Figure 4 ). It has
the potential of achieving much higher stable plasma configurations in much smaller
volumes than a tokamak using supplementary laser or neutral beam heating from its
ends. The FRC is susceptible, however, to a tilting mode instability where the confined
plasma ring can flip over and fly apart as the previously confining forces shift radially
outward rather than inward. This can be overcome by magnetic field design. A
significant augmentation of power density for th is concept is to inject the fuel through
the ends with high energy ion or neutral particle beams. Such a system can allow the
very high plasma energy density, temperatures, and confinement times needed for
aneutronic fusion.

INERTIAL CONFINEMENT
Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a process by which nuclear fusion is initiated by
heating and compressing a fuel target. Such targets are usually pellets conta ining a
"fuel" of deuterium and tritium atoms. Typical pellets are about the size of a pinhead,
holding ~10 mg of fuel. The process of compressing and heating the pellet is usually
accomplished by one of two methods: using high-energy lasers or using particle beams
(electrons or ions). The vast majority of ICF devices use lasers.
The lasers heat the pellet's outer layer, which explodes this layer outward and produces
a reaction force against the remainder of the target. The lasers either impact the pellet
simultaneously from multiple symmetrically arranged directions or illuminate the inner
wall of a metal cylinder (a hohlraum) containing the pellet (the hohlraum then produces
thermal x-rays which impact the pellet). This force accelerates the fuel inward, sending
shock waves into the pellet's center. If the shock waves are strong enough, they are
able to compress and heat the fuel at the center to such an extent that fusion can occur.
The released energy then heats the surrounding fue l, wh ich may also undergo fusion.
In comparison with magnetic confinement, ICF results in much higher pressures, but at
the expense of a much shorter confinement time.
The goal of ICF is to get a sufficient percentage of the fuel to undergo fusion such that
more energy is released than is used to produce the reaction. Early attempts, however,
have demonstrated that ICF efficiency was much lower than expected. Recent advances
in materials technology and techniques have shown that considerable improvements in
performance are possible; such a test at the DOE National Ignition Test Facility (NIF)
will use 50 TW of laser energy in 192 beams to compress a pellet to achieve ignition.
7

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The perennial challenge for developing such a device into a power reactor is the feat of
manufacturing and compressing 10 such 1-mm DT fuel pellets per second. One
significant problem is maintaining equal pressure on the pellets repeatedly to permit
energy production.

ELECTROSTATIC CONFINEMENT
This simple method of confinement is composed of concentric spheres (or sometimes
cylinders) acting as anode and cathode in a vacuum known as a Farnsworth-Hirsch
Fusor or, more commonly, Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC). As shown in Figure
5, the inner sphere (cathode) is not solid, but rather is composed of a wire grid. Ions
entering the vacuum chamber between the anode and cathode are accelerated through
a large potential difference toward the cathode. Passing through the cathode, the ions
collide in the central region, with a small portion of the plasma population undergoing
fusion. 1• 2, 3 However, using this simple setup, it has been argued that net energy
production is not viable for anything other than deuterium-tritium fusion, in part
because the fusion-collision cross section is several orders of magnitude smaller than
the Coulomb-collision cross section. 4 An additional difficulty is that some of the plasma
interacts directly with the cathode, contaminating the plasma with heavy sputtered ions.
A method for mitigating this problem is to eliminate the cathode grid and instead use
magnetic (and electrostatic) fields to create a virtual cathode composed of electrons.
Such devices include the Polywell 5 and the Penning trap. 6 One such Penning trap design
developed at Los Alamos injects electrons into the central region in such a manner as to
produce a harmonic oscillator potential. Called a Periodically Oscillating Plasma Sphere
(POPS), ions in this chamber then also undergo harmonic oscillations and can become
phase-locked with the use of an externally applied radiofrequency electric field.7 8 This
allows the ions to reach very high densities and temperatures as they collide at the
center of the chamber. This promising design eliminates any power loss due to Coulomb
collisions and substantially increases the efficiency of fusion-power generation.
1

Figure S. IEC Fusor and Polywell Confinement Configurations

8

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MAGNETO- INERTIAL CONFINEMENT
This method of confinement is an adaptation of the inertial confinement system (ICF)
described above, but also uses some of the methods developed for magnetic
confinement in an attempt to lower the fusion ignition requirements for implosion
velocity and power density. 9 This concept uses a strong magnetic field within a
conducting shell (a magnetic flux conserver). The inertial fusion target plasma lies
within the conducting shell. As the shell is imploded, the magnetic intensity increases
dramatically, constraining and heating the plasma and facilitating fusion. This concept is
being pursued in the United States by the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences of the
Department of Energy. Currently there are two classes: High-gain magneto-inertial
fusion (MIF) and low-to-intermediate-gain magneto-inertial fusion.

High-Gain MIF
The heating power directed into a hot spot for fusion ignition must be greater than the
rate of heat energy loss, and this implies that a high implosion velocity is needed for
high-yield fusion. However, a higher implosion velocity actually lowers the efficiency of
fusion, since less of the cold fuel is assembled (the higher velocity increases the
breakdown of density barriers or growth rate of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability). As
described above, lasers are typically used for direct implosion of the fuel pellet but, to
date, this is not very efficient and the cost per unit energy is high. With a magnetized
target, however, the implosion velocity need not be so high to initiate fusion ignition,
thus lowering the input energy cost without sacrificing efficiency.

Low-to-Intermediate MIF
For low-yield fusion, electromagnetic pulsed power can be substituted for lasers or
particle beams to compress the target. A lower implosion velocity implies that a larger
shell can be used, leading to longer burn duration and a much lower density target. It is
thought that by using an imposed magnetic field, a solid or liquid shell (liner) and a
gaseous target can be used, rather than the usual cryogen ic solid fuel pellets. Such is
the case for the Magnetized Target Fusion experiment being performed at LANL (shown
in Figure 6).
A sim ilar pulsed compression of a fusion fuel gas can be achieved without a target by
instead using Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) having annular electrodes (shown in Figure 7).
In this case a capacitor bank is discharged into the electrodes driving a nanosecond to
microsecond pulse that will heat the plasma created to ignition temperatures. This by
far is the simplest and least elaborate magnetic confinement concept to achieve
aneutronic fusion ignition.

9

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Compressed to
thermonuclear
condiUons

Preheated fuel

Figure 6. Magnetized Target Fusion Experiment at LANL

Figure 7. Dense Plasma Focus (Lawrenceville Plasma Physics)

10

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(Text continues in the original file: 36 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D147 — AAWSAP DIRD, Ultracapacitors as Energy and Power Storage Devices, November 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D147
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D147
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 11/1/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even in November 2010, the paper charged faster than the capacitors it describes.

- DIRD D147, DoW, November 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada, technical reference document
- Surveys ultracapacitors, rapid charge/discharge, cycle life, aerospace and military pulsed‑power uses, drawbacks listed
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys ultracapacitors as high-power energy-storage devices and argues that their main value lies in extremely rapid charge and discharge, very long cycle life, and usefulness in systems that need short bursts of power rather than sustained energy delivery. The report explains how ultracapacitors differ from batteries, reviews the materials and cell designs that determine their performance, and emphasizes that they are especially useful for power stabilization, backup power, load leveling, regenerative braking, and other applications where fast energy transfer matters more than total stored energy. It also notes their drawbacks, including lower energy density, self-discharge, and voltage-management requirements that limit their usefulness as stand-alone replacements for batteries in many applications. The document presents ultracapacitors as a maturing and increasingly important technology whose most credible aerospace and military uses lie in pulsed-power, missile and munitions systems, electric propulsion support, and other hybrid power architectures rather than in long-duration primary energy storage.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED//F8R 8ffl@I.tltt tJ!I!! eHt I

Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Defense Futures
01 November 2010
!COD : 20 July 2010
DI A-08- 1011 -005

Ultracapacitors as Energy and
Power Storage Devices for
Commercial and Military
Applications

UNCLASSIFIED/f FQA &FFI&Iat.k ll6E 8Ptl¥

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Ultracapacitors as Energy and Power Storage Devices for
Commercial and Military Applications

The Defense Intelligence Reference Document provides nonsubstantive but
authoritative reference information related to intelli ence to ics or methodolo ies.

Prepared by:
Technology Warning Division (DW0-4)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Authors:

AAP Person 84, AAP Person 85

(U) COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.
This product is one of a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2010 under the
Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapons System
Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be
addressed to !MP Person 1
AAWSA Program Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency,
ATTN: JUIAF - DI/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington D.C. 20340-5100

I

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Contents
Summary................................................................................................................iv
Chapter 1: Concept Overview ................................................................................ 1
Batteries and Ultracaps ...................................................................................... 3
History ............................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 2: Materials Technology ........................................................................... 8
Electrolytes ........................................................................................................ 8
Electrodes ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Chapter 3: Applications ....................................................................................... 13
Electronics and Telecommunications ................................................................ 13
Industrial ......................................................................................................... 13
Transportation ................................................................................................. 14
Aerospace ........................................................................................................ 15
Chapter 4: Recent Developments ........................................................................ 17
CNTs and Advanced Carbons ............................................................................ 17
Thin Films ........................................................................................................ 20
Magnetic Capacitors ......................................................................................... 21
Chapter 5: Future Developments ......................................................................... 25
Chapter 6: Conclusions ........................................................................................ 27
Chapter 7: Endnotes ............................................................................................ 28

Figures
Figure 1. Ultracaps in Various Configurations . ...................................................... 1
Figure 2. Operation of an Ultracapacitor................................................................3
Figure 3. Ragone Plot.............................................................................................5
Figure 4. Electrolytic Capacitor as Designed and Patented by SOHIO.....................5
Figure 5. Activated Carbon Porosity..................................................................... 10
Figure 6. Ultracapacitor Use in a Forklift................................................................14
Figure 7. CNT Forest................................................................................................18
Figure 8. Transmission Electron Microscope Image of Graphene ......................... 19
Figure 9. Relationship Between Average Pore Size and Normalized Specific
Capacitance ............................................................................................................. 20

ii

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Figure 10. CDC Synthesis and Electrochemical Test Cell Preparation Schematic. 21
Figure 11. Volumetric Capacitance of the Films in (A) TEABF4 and (B) H2S04...... 21
Figure 12. MCap Structure................................................................................... 22
Figure 13. Preliminary MCap Test Results........................................................... 23
Figure 14. Summary Chart of MCap Results to Date............................................ 23
Figure 15. Specific Energy and Estimated Costs vs. foMc ...................................... 24
Figure 16. Evolution of Ultracapacitors ............................................................... 26

Tables
Table 1: Contrasting Properties of Batteries and Ultracapacitors........................... 4
Table 2: Manufacturers of Ultracapacitors.............................................................. 7
Table 3: Properties of Various Electrolytes Used in Ultracapacitors....................... 8
Table 4: Properties of Various Materials used in Electrochemical Capacitor
Electrode Materials.................................................................................................9

iii

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Ultracapacitors as Energy and Power Storage Devices for
Commercial and Military Applications
Summary
Ultracapacitors (ultracaps) are energy storage devices capable of extremely
rapid charge and discharge rates with the ability to be cycled hundreds of
thousands of times. These unique capabilities make ultracaps attractive for a
number of applications. The advantages over lithium ion batteries are
somewhat mitigated by the fact that they have less than 10% of the specific
energy (Wh/kg) and require a power converter to regulate their voltage. The
high capacitance is achieved by the enormously high surface area of the
carbon electrodes compared to planar electrolytic capacitors. Ultracapacitors
are commonly used to provide voltage stabilization of power converters and to
supplement peak-power loading of electrical systems. Their application has
expanded from electronics and telecommunications to industrial load leveling
and transportation. Due to their durability, their use in aerospace has been for
munitions fusing and missile power load leveling. Ultimately, application will
be pulsed power storage and delivery for electric propulsion and directed­
energy weapons.
Recent developments in ultracapacitors have focused on different active
materials and electrode designs. By using advanced carbons, polymers, and
metal oxides, increased power density and energy density can be achieved.
Oxide-based thin-film ultracaps have demonstrated high-performance energy
and power density, approaching theoretical limits. Carbon nanotubes and
advanced carbons have been used as additives to and solely as electrode
materials. Nanostructured materials and thin-film manufacturing process
improvements will generate breakthroughs in mass production. Magnetic
capacitors are a recent development, manufactured using semiconductor
processes on silicon wafers. They possess a different storage mechanism and
will transform energy storage and pulsed-power applications. Ultracapacitors
are reaching widespread adoption and they are now available to support
electronics through transportation. New advancements in materials will enable
high-energy density devices with exceptional power capabilities.

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Chapter 1: Concept
Overview
Ultracapacitors, also known as
supercapacitors, hybrid capacitors,
electrochemical capacitors, electrochemical
double-layer capacitors, or ultracaps, are
energy-storage platforms that offer energy
storage capable of extremely rapid charge
and discharge rates. Ultracapacitors also
have the ability to be cycled hundreds of
thousands of times. The phenomenal
charge and discharge capabilities make
them ideal for supporting volatile memory
and computing applications, energy
efficiency/capture processes, and high­
power applications. Ultracaps store their
charge in the electrical double layer
between the electrode and the electrolyte.
Charge storage is a physical mechanism
rather than a chemical phase change, so
these are theoretically capable of cycling an
infinite number of times. 2 One of the
Figure 1. Ultracaps in Various Configurations.'
disadvantages of ultracaps can be a high
self-discharge rate. 3 The charge and discharge voltage output for an ultracap is a
slop ing linear curve, which allows for straightforward and accurate state-of-charge
monitoring. 4 The real advantage of an ultracapacitor is the ability to deliver or accept
bursts of power in a short time.
Ultracaps were introduced in 1966 and found initial use 12 years later as backup power
devices for volatile memory and clocks. Over the last 30 years, numerous advances
have been made that have led to many uses of ultracaps, from transportation to
portable electronics and more. Ultracaps are becom ing more affordable as activated
carbon electrodes and manufacturing improvements have driven costs down. Several
companies now make ultracapacitors to fill a broad spectrum of applications. Figure 1
shows a number of ultracaps with various capacities to fill a range of functions.
Transportation, microelectronics, and aerospace markets are some of the many areas
where ultracaps have become enablers. Advanced materials and improved cell designs
will lead to improvements in both power density and energy density. The improved
performance is expected to make ultracaps important components for efficient power
leveling and high-power receiving and delivery. The unique signature of ultracapacitors
must be understood for aerospace and military applications.
As an electrochemical capacitor, ultracapacitors store energy within the electric double
layer formed at the interface between the electrode and electrolyte. In a conventional
capacitor, the energy is stored by moving charge carriers from one plate to another,
and the charge separation creates a potential. Voltage differentials in a conventional
capacitor are dependent upon the dielectric material separating the plates. In the
ultracap, the electrical double layer is the separation of charge in a vanish ingly thin gap
between two plates. Figure 2 depicts the components and basic design of the ultracap,
1

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showing the electrochemical double layer responsible for the characteristic
performance. 5 The basic principles of operation have not changed with improved
technologies, only the materials and cell design.
The two electrode plates are traditionally the same material, which is usually a
carbonaceous material, such as activated carbon. Each layer is capable of storing a low
voltage, and multiple layers serve to increase the potential. Individual cells are placed
in series to create a higher voltage, in much the same manner as a battery. Recent
advances in ultracapacitors have moved toward employing dissimilar electrodes, which
create a higher potential; since the electrodes are now different, these are sometimes
referred to as "pseudo" or hybrid capacitors . The pseudocapacitor uses a battery-like
electrode to replace one of the carbon electrodes, yielding a high-energy-storage
electrode and a highly capacitive electrode within the same system.
The capacitance of an ultracapacitor can be determined by the Helmholtz equation
(equation 1), which describes the relationship between the electrolyte and the electrode:
C = EA/d

(1)

Here, £ is the dielectric constant of the electrolyte, A is the available surface area, and d
represents the distance between the center of the double layer and the electrode
surface. Increasing the double-layer capacitance in an ultracap is generally
accomplished by either manipulating the electrode (carbon) surface area or the
electrolyte. Energy density (equation 2) is the product of the capacitance and the
square of the voltage:
E = ½ cv 2

(2)

Strategies for increasing the stored energy target improvements to both the electrodes
and the electrolyte. Changing from an aqueous electrolyte to an organic electrolyte with
a higher dielectric constant will increase the voltage from approximately 1 volt to more
than 2.5 volts. Increasing the surface area of the electrode is another approach to
increasing storage capability. There is a tradeoff between porosity and surface area that
must be considered when constructing an electrode with an extremely high surface area.
An activated carbon approaching a measured surface area of 3,000 m 2/g may have less
than half that as accessible or useable area. 6 Increasing the pore size sacrifices surface
area but provides more accessible material. By providing more interfacial area between
the electrode and the electrolyte, a better electrochemical double layer can be produced,
yielding a better ultracapacitor.

2

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Activated
carbon
electrodes

Material selection
and construction

0000000000

■ Electrodes
■ Separator

■ Electrolyte

Electrolyte

Separator soaked in electrolyte

0000000000

■ Wound component

■ Case

Activated
carbon
electrodes

Figure 2. Operation of an Ultracapacitor. A si mple ultracapacitor ut ilizes two similar electrod es (typica lly
ca rbon) with a separator and electrolyte to create the electrochemica l double layer that governs operation . 7

BATTERIES AND ULTRACAPS
For an ultracapacitor, energy is stored within the electrica l double layer, which is a
physica l storage mechanism . Contrast this with batteries, where charge and discharge
take place through a chemical (Farada ic) reaction . Since charge is stored physically,
there is no direct degradation mechanism that limits cycle life. Side reactions do occur,
which prevents infinite cycle life, but ultracaps can often be cycled tens of millions of
times .8 Batteries store their energy through chemica l reaction; consequently, cycle life
is much shorter and heavily dependent on the depth of discharge . In contrast, there are
no limitations to the discharge depth with an ultracapacitor. Table 1 addresses some of
the general characteristics of batteries and ultracapacitors, which can help to determine
the preferred system for a specified application . The values are based upon 2008 data,
so some numbers are outdated, but the relative va lues remain consistent. There are
now hybrid devices that blur the boundaries further by introducing a battery-like
electrode to replace one of the two identical electrodes in a traditional ultracapacitor.

3

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Table 1: Contrasting Properties of Batteries and Ultracapacitors9
Characteristic
State of the Art
Charge time

Lithium Ion Battery
~3-5 minutes

Ultra capacitor
"'1 second

~3-5 minutes

~1 second

<5,000 @ 1C rate

>500,000

Specific Energy (Wh/kg)

100-200

5

Specific power (kW/kg)

0.5 -1

5-10

<50% to >90%

<75 to >95%

Cost/Wh

$1-2/Wh

$10-20/Wh

Cost/kW

$75-150/kW

$25-50/kW

Discharge time
Cycle life

Cycle efficiency (%)

The voltage curve for an ultracapacitor is proportional to the depth of discharge,
whereas batteries deliver a relatively constant voltage over a long discharge period. The
sloping voltage curve of an ultracap can be advantageous for state-of-charge
determinations. However, this is also responsible for the decreased energy density
ava ilable in an ultracapacitor. For applications requiring energy to be delivered over a
longer time scale or delivered at a constant voltage, the relatively flat voltage curve
found in most batteries would be the preferred option. In instances where power is to
be delivered or received quickly, or where many cycles are required, an ultracap is ideal.
To better understand the differences between batteries and ultracaps, it helps to think
of batteries as storing watt-hours of energy and ultracaps as storing watts of power. A
Ragone plot illustrates the distinctions by plotting power versus energy in a logarithmic
scale. As can be seen in Figure 3, ultracaps make an excellent option where high power
density is required. The times shown are rough estimates for a full charge or discharge,
which are estimates to help understand the relationship between energy density and
power density. Batteries have made significant improvements to power delivery
recently, but batteries remain the high-energy-density solution . Ultracapacitors are
often thought of as a stop-gap between conventional capacitors and batteries. Recent
developments of hybrid capacitors have led to considerable progress toward higher
energy density. However, there is a tradeoff between high energy density and high­
power devices, and the distinctions between the two require consideration of application
requirements when choosing the energy storage platform for a system. The differences
between ultracaps and batteries do not make the two mutually exclusive. There are
applications where either a battery or an ultracap is the preferred energy storage
platform. Quite often, these two can be used together in systems to perform
complementary roles.

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1000

.......
C')

, .. .s

.c

-

100

C'

10

~

~

Con~entmnal
battene s

"cii
C:
(I)

1

"C

10 hours

>,

...

Cl
(I)

C:

w

0.1

1 second

1 hour

_,II _________
I
I

-- '---------

0.03 second

0.01 .___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___,
10

100

1000

10000

Power density (W/kg)
Figure 3. Ragone Plot. The graph illustrates the areas where ultracaps and batteries dominate in the power
density versus energy density relationship.

HISTORY
The concept of storing electrical energy in the electric double layer that is formed at the
interface between an electrolyte and a solid has been known since t he late 1800s. In
1966, Standard Oil Company of Ohio (SOHIO) invented the device in the format now
commonly used, which forms the basis for hundreds of patents and t housands of
journal articles. Figure 4 shows a drawi ng from the electrochemical double-layer device
invented by SOHIO. NEC introduced the SuperCapacitor™ in 1978 under license from
SOHIO.
CO

UC. 0'2

Ole.

SA . Alt(S04 3 50

10

lO PEQ.MEABLI:'
Mct.162At-.lcFigure 4. Electrolytic Capacitor as Designed and Patented by SOHIO.

From this point on, ultracaps have rapidly evolved through several generations of
designs. In the 1980s, Matsushita Electric Company developed a method of
manufacturing ultracapacitors with improved electrodes. Initially, they were used as
backup power devices for volati le clock chips and complementary metal-oxide­
semiconductor (CMOS) computer memories . As the technology became more
understood, more and more applications were developed for ultracaps. Many other
applications have emerged over the past 30 years, including wireless communication,
power quality, and improved energy efficiency through regenerative energy capture
processes, as found in hybrid electr ic vehicles. 10

5

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Initial ultracaps used aqueous electrolytes made with Ab(SO4)3 (aluminum sulfate),
H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), or KOH (potassium hydroxide) . While these electrolytes have
excellent ionic conductivity, the operating voltage is limited to 1.2 volts using carbon
electrodes. Organic electrolytes have lower ionic conductivity, but the higher dielectric
constant increases the nominal cell voltage up to as high as 3 volts. Carbon has been
used as a high-surface-area electrode material since the inception of the
electrochemical capacitor. It is still the material of choice for many ultracapacitors; one
of the primary reasons is the low cost of carbon materials. However, there are many
types of carbon that are available for use as an electrode material. In addition to
carbonaceous electrodes, metal oxides and conductive polymers are find ing increasing
use in ultracap design. Advancements in the understanding of the electric double-layer
and ultracapacitor behavior have led to better materials utilization and, consequently,
improved devices.
Early electrochemical capacitors were rated at a few volts and had capacitance values
measured from less than one farad up to several farads. Today cells range in size from
small devices with exceptional pulse-power performance in the millifarad range up to
devices rated at several kilofarads. There are even some specialized ultracapacitor cells
now in production that have ratings of more than 100 kF. The technology is
experiencing increasingly broader use, replacing batteries in some cases and in others
complementing their performance. Ultracap technology has grown into an industry with
sales of several hundred million dollars per year that is poised for rapid growth in the
near term due to expansion of power quality needs and the emerging energy
management/conservation applications. 11
Advancements in ultracapacitors have led to numerous devices from an array of
manufacturers. Table 2 compares the various products on the market, showing voltage,
capacity, power density, and additional energy-storage characteristics. Ultracaps have
moved away from aqueous electrolytes and are typically organic electrolytes due to the
increased voltage performance. Electrodes vary from carbon/carbon systems to hybrid
systems using metal oxides or conductive polymers paired with a carbon electrode.
Packaging and sizes of ultracapacitors covers a large range as these are now used from
cellular communications and small electronics to power delivery and management for
seaport cranes. Ultracapacitor technology development is focusing on delivering better
energy density, and this is being approached by improved carbon electrodes, better
electrolytes, and alternative electrodes that provide pseudocapacitive behavior,
including battery-like electrodes. 12

6

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Table 2: Manufacturers of Ultracapacitors 13

Device

V
rated

C
(Fl

Maxwell *
Maxwell
Apowercap **
Aoowercap**
Ness
Ness
Ness (cyl.)
Asahi Glass (pc)

2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7

2 885
605
55
450
1 800
3 640
3 160
1,375

RC
R (mOhml (sec}

.375
.90
4
1.4
.55
.30
.4
2.5

1.08
.55
.22
.58
1.00
1.10
1.26
3.4

Wh/kg

W/kg
(95%)

(1)

(2)

W/kg
Match.
Imped.

4.2
2.35
5.5
5.89
3.6
4.2
4.4
4.9

994
1 139
5,695
2,574
975
928
982
390

8 836
9 597
50,625
24 595
8 674
8 010
8 728
3,471

Wgt.
(kal

Vol.
lit.

.55
.20
.009
.057
.38
.65
.522
.210
(est.)
.34
.60
.63
.50
.21

.414
.211
--.045
.277
.514
.38
.151

Panasonic (oc)
2.5
1 200
1.0
1.2
2.3
514
4 596
.245
EPCOS
2.7
3 400
.45
1.5
4.3
760
6 750
.48
LS Cable
2.8
3 200
.25
.80
3.7
1 400
12 400
.47
BatScao
2.7
2 680
.20
.54
4.2
18 225
.572
2 050
Power Sys. (AC,
2.7
1,350
1.5
2.0
4.9
650
5,785
.151
IPC) **
Power Sys. (GC,
3.3
1,800
3.0
5.4
8.0
486
4,320
.21
.15
pc)**
1 500
1.7
2.5
6.0
776
3.3
.23
.15
6 903
Fuji Heavy
3.8
1,800
1.5
2.6
9.2
1,025
10,375
.232
.143
Industry- hybrid
l(AC/GC) **
JSR Micro
3.8
4
4
.113
.073
1,000
11.2
900
7,987
(AC/GC)* *
3.8
.206
2 000
1.9
12.1
1 038
9 223
.132
(1) Energy density at 400 W/kg constant power, Vrated - 1/2 Vrated
(2) Power based on P=9/16 * (1-EF) * V2/R, EF=efficiency of discharge
* Except where noted, all the devices use acetonitrile as the electrolyte (pc = propylene
carbonate)
AC = Activated Carbon; GC = Graphitic Carbon
** Laminated oouches; all other devices are oackaaed in metal containers

7

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Chapter 2: Materials Technology
The standard electrochemica l capacitor is made of two electrodes, an electrolyte, and a
separator, packaged in either a metal container or a laminated pouch. Ultracapacitors
are often packaged in a fash ion similar to a typical battery configuration. The separator
is an ultrathin material that allows ion transport but is electrically insulating. There are
several polymer separators on the market that have the desired porosity needed to
create fast ion transport. The electrodes are traditionally the same material in an
ultracapacitor-this is in stark contrast to a battery. Electrodes are typically carbon; this
is advantageous in making a cost-effective energy/power-storage device . Activated
carbon has a very high surface area, vital to storing energy in the electrica l double
layer between the electrode and the electrolyte. This th in double layer is responsible for
the impressive high-power-storage capabilities of the ultracapacitor. The electrolyte's
resistivity and dielectric constant play a vital role in behavior of the double layer;
consequently, the choice of electrolyte impacts performance.
The earliest electrochemical capacitors were introduced 30+ years ago; they were
symmetric designs (two identical electrodes) in aqueous electrolyte. Wh ile these
electrolytes have excellent ionic conductivity, the operating cell voltage was limited to
~1.2 V/cell and these had a nominal cell rating of ~0 .9 volts . In the second generation
of electrochemical capacitors, the use of organic electrolyte led to an increase of the
rated cell voltage from about 0.9 V/cell to 2.3-2.7 V/cell. Today, ultracapacitors using
an organic electrolyte are the most popular. 14

ELECTROLYTES
Initial ultracaps used aqueous electrolytes, saturated with Al2(SO4)3, or 30%
concentrations of H2SO4 or KOH. While these electrolytes have excellent ionic
conductivity, the operating voltage is limited to 1.2 volts using carbon electrodes.
Improvements to ultracapacitor performance were made by transitioning from aqueous
electrolytes to an organic medium. Organic electrolytes have lower ionic conductivity,
but the higher breakdown potential increases the nominal cell voltage. An increase in
cell voltage up to as high as 3 volts has been realized by use of an organ ic electrolyte.
These electrolytes are typically an ammonium salt dissolved in an organic solvent, such
as propylene carbonate or aceton itrile. Table 3 highlights the comparison between the
various electrolytes used in ultracapacitors. Ionic liquids are beginn ing to become more
common in ultracapacitors , as they allow for an increase in cell voltage to as high as 4
vol t s. These ionic li quids have a higher resist ivity, especi ally at lower t emperatures . The
tradeoff in resistivit y for voltage may be beneficial for some high -power applicati ons.
Table 3: Properties of Various Electrolytes Used in Ultracapacitors 1 5
Electrolyte
KOH

Sulfuric acid
Propyl en e carbonate
Acetonitrile
I onic liquid

Density

Resistivity

(am/cm3)
1.29
1.2
1.2
0.78

(Ohm-cm)
1.9
1.35
52
18
125 (25°C)
28 ( 100°C)

1. 3- 1.5

8

UNCLASSIFIEO/fFOA OFFI&I:.l.b YS& ONLY

Cell
Voltaae
1.0
1.0
2.5- 3.0
2.5-3 .0
4. 0
3 .2 5

#### Page 14

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ELECTRODES
Carbon has been the optimal electrode material for ultracapacitors since their
commercial introduction over 30 years ago. Pseudocapacitor systems use a combination
of a carbon electrode and a battery-like electrode, such as a conductive polymer or a
metal oxide. The hig h surface area of carbon makes it an extremely attractive option
for ultracap electrodes. Carbon chemistry is quite we ll known, and hig h surface area
and low cost ensures carbo n's cont inued use for the near future. While carbon has been
used in electrochemica l systems for many years, there are many nua nces that make its
properties and performance vary significantly amongst the many types of carbon. The
use of a carbon electrode makes ultracaps affordable for use in many systems.
Activated carbon is readily available, can be made from many source materia ls, and is
inexpensive . Materials science activities for electrodes are focused on improving the
carbon electrodes and introduci ng alternat ive materia ls to create an asymmetric
electrode.
Types of carbon can include activated carbon, carbon cloth, aerogels, porous carbon,
carbon nanotubes, and graphene. The properties of carbon can change dramatically
based upon processing, having a major im pact to the porosity and active surface area.
Activated carbon has an extremely high surface area, is inexpensive, and is produced at
a global scale for use in a number of applications. For these reasons, activated carbon
is the traditional carbon of choice for ultracapacitor applications. Recent advances in
carbon materials development have led to a number of options for ultracapacitor
electrodes. Table 4 demonstrates a number of electrode materials in use today and t he
corresponding performance of these ultracaps.

Table 4: Properties of Various Materials Used in Electrochemical Capacitor
Electrode Materials 16
Density
(g/cm 3 )

Material
Activated Carbon

0.7

Carbon Cloth

0.35

Aerogel Carbon

0.6

Porous Carbon from SiC

0.7

Porous Carbon from TiC

0.5

Anhydrous RuO2
Hvdrous RuO2
Doped Conductive Polvmer

2.7
2.0
0.7

Electrolyte
KOH
Oroanic
KOH
Organic
KOH
Orqanic
KOH
Oroanic
KOH
Organic
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Orqanic

F/g

F/cm 3

160
100
200
100
75
125
175
100
220
120
150
650
450

112
70
70

(Text continues in the original file: 34 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D148 — AAWSAP DIRD, Detection and High-Resolution Tracking of Vehicles at Hypersonic Velocities, November 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D148
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D148
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 11/20/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even desert heat can’t out‑shine a hypersonic wake in Las Vegas.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D148, DoW, November 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada.
- Surveys detection/tracking methods for hypersonic vehicles using shock waves, ionized gas, wakes.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys how hypersonic vehicles may be detected and tracked by exploiting the physical effects they create in flight, especially shock waves, ionized gas, hot surfaces, and turbulent atmospheric wakes. The report reviews a broad set of detection methods, including radar, infrared sensing, optical imaging, LIDAR, passive radio reflection, infrasound, and seismic techniques, and argues that the most effective systems will likely combine multiple sensor types, because each captures different features of a high-speed vehicle’s passage through the atmosphere. It presents radar and infrared sensing as the strongest existing tools for operational detection, while giving particular attention to wake-based methods such as LIDAR and passive radio techniques for improving tracking, identification, and discrimination of future hypersonic aircraft. The paper identifies hypersonic vehicles as an evolving surveillance problem in which future progress will depend on better multi-sensor integration, improved wake characterization, and novel signature-exploitation techniques.

### Full text

#### Page 2

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Detection and High Resolution Tracking of Vehicles at
Hypersonic Velocities
The Defense Intelligence Reference Document provides nonsubstantive but
authoritative reference information related to iutelli ence to ics or methodolo ies.

Prepared by:
Technology Warning Division (DW0-4)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 83

{U) COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one of a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2010 under the
Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapons System
Applications (AAWSA) Program . Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be
addressed to !AAP Person 1
f AWSA Program Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency,
ATTN: JUIAF - 01/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington D.C. 20340-5100

UNCLASSIFIED.'/FOR OliliiliGiliiliaL W&& 8HLV

#### Page 3

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Contents
Introduction.
Chapter 1: Theory Governing Objects in Flight 3
Subsonic Flow and Drag 3
Supersonic Flow. 6
Chapter 2: Hypersonic Compressible Flow Theory. 10
Chapter 3: Detection Technologies.. 11
Electromagnetic Methods 13
RADAR (Reflected Energy) 13
Doppler RADAR. 14
Radio Reflection Detection 15
Optical Methods . 16
Sky Cameras and Photographic Methods. 16
Infrared Detection 17
LIDAR.. 23
Acoustic and Seismic Methods 25
Infrasound 25
Seismic... 27
Chapter 4: Vision of Progress Over the Next 30 Years. 28
Detectability of New Hypersonic Aircraft.. 29
Recommendation #1 - Build a Database of the Wake Characteristics for Existing Aircraft
. 29
Recommendation #2 - Exploit the Detectability of Hypersonic Aircraft Based on the
Features That Allow Them To Fly Efficiently at High Speeds .... ... 30
Recommendation #3 - Explore the Detection of Vehicles Designed To Be Undetectable30
Recommendation #4 - Explore the Development of Novel Detectors... 31
Summary ...... 31
iii
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Figures
Figure 1. Boundary Layer Development in Subsonic Flow about a Projectile ........................ 4
Figure 2. Subsonic Flow Past a Projectile ....................................................................... 5
Figure 3. Strauhal Frequency as a Function of Reynolds Number for Flow over a
Circular Cylinder .. .............. ............................ .. ...................................... ....... 6
Figure 4. Supersonic Flow Past a Wedge-Shaped Body .................................................... 8
Figure 5. Supersonic Flow Past a Blunt Body (Spheroid) .................................................. 8
Figure 6. Ratios of Mach Number, Temperature, and Pressure Across a Normal Shock .... ... 10
Figure 7. Hypersonic Vehicle Detection Techniques ....................................................... 11
Figure 8. Laser-Based Chronograph ... ......... ............. ....................... ............................ 12
Figure 9. Electromagnetic Spectrum as a Function of Wavelength ................................... 13
Figure 10. Schematic of a RADAR System ................................................................... 14
Figure 11. Radio Reflection Detector................ .. ......................................................... 16
Figure 12 . Energy Spectrum of t he Sun at 5,778 K....................................................... 19
Figure 13. Hypersonic Flow Past a Sphere... ................................................................ 20
Figure 14. Infrared Energy Spectra for Mach 3 and Mach 3.5 ......... ................................ 21
Figure 15. Peak Wavelength of the Infrared Radiation Emitted by Hypersonic Objects ........ 22
Figure 16. Peak Shock Layer Temperature for Hypersonic Objects .................................. 22
Figure 17. Schematic of a Pulsed LIDAR System ........................................................... 24
Figure 18. Mach Cone Generated by a Supersonic Object .............................................. 26
Figure 19. Comparison of Detection Technology for Hypersonic Objects ........................... 32

Tables
Table 1: Normal Shock Values for Mach 3 Flow ...............................................................9

iv

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Introduction
An object is supersonic when its speed through the atmosphere is greater than the local
speed of sound . The Mach number is defined as the speed of the object divided by the local
speed of sound . For Mach numbers greater than 1 (supersonic flow), shock waves develop in
the flowfield and near the surface of the object due to the air's compressibility. Traditionally,
the lower Mach number limit for the so-called hypersonic speed regime is about Mach 5 (1. 7
km/sec). "Low hypersonic" values range between Mach 5 to about Mach 10, while "high
hypersonic" values range between approximately Mach 10 to Mach 30 or above. Mach 30
(10 km/s), for example, is close to Space Shuttle reentry velocity . Few objects can travel at
hypersonic velocities. The most common object that we see movin g at these speeds are
meteors entering the Earth's atmosphere. As meteors fall to the Earth's surface, their
velocities may reach 30 miles per second (48 km/s), 1 and their corresponding Mach number
as they enter the upper layers of the atmosphere will exceed 150. Meteors are preceded by
a bow shockwave as they compress the air immediately in their path. Temperatures and
pressures increase dramatically across the shockwave to a point where the gases in air ionize
and disassociate, leading to the emission of visible light and radio waves. These conditions
also lead to rapid heating of the meteor surface causing them to fracture and break up as
they enter the atmosphere. Optical and RADAR-based surveillance systems are now used to
scan outer space to detect asteroids and other objects with orbits that may lead them to
collide with Earth.
A second class of hypersonic objects includes reentry vehicles moving into the Earth's
atmosphere from orbit. In the case of a reentry vehicle returning from low-Earth orbit at
100 km altitude, the velocity of the vehicle will reach 8 km/s (about 5 miles per second).
The Mach number of this vehicle will exceed 26 .5 in the upper atmosphere. As the vehicle
moves through the atmosphere, flow-induced drag forces will slow down the vehicle; if the
vehicle has sufficient thermal protection, it can survive reentry and be recovered.
A third class of hypersonic vehicles includes the reentry payload used in ICBMs
(intercontinental ballistic missiles). The payload in these missiles is launched using a rocket
that boosts them above the atmosphere to a suborbital velocity. The payload velocity may
exceed 7 km/s as they reenter the atmosphere, equating to M > 23. The coupled high
velocity and high kinetic energy of these objects creates an ionized wake and shock wave
that can be used to detect their position and to determine their velocity. This information,
along with their ballistic trajectory, is used to locate their target and the time to impact.
A fourth class of hypersonic vehicles includes manned and unmanned rockets and aircraft.
The North American X-15, for example, exceeded a speed of 7,274 km/hr in 1964, equating
to about M = 6.5. This aircraft also exceeded 100 km in altitude on two occasions, qualifying
the X-15 as a spacecraft. The SR-71 Blackbird, an air-breathing strategic reconnaissance
aircraft, has exceeded Mach 3.2 at 80,000-ft altitude, and its actual maximum speed may
have reached into the hypersonic flow regime. Other real and conceptual aircraft capable of
reaching hypersonic speeds include the alleged Aurora SR-91 (Mach 4 to 6), the Boeing X51, an unmanned Mach 6 scramjet, the HTV-2 from the DARPA Falcon project (designed for
M=20 flight to low-Earth orbit), the HyperSoar (M = 12), the Russian Leninetz Ayaks, and
the Skylon (designed for single-stage-to-orbit flights). Certain rockets are also designed to
travel at hypersonic speeds. The Patriot missile, for example, travels at Mach 5, a high
speed necessary for it to be able to intercept and destroy other missiles while they are in
flight.
1

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There are a number of different techniques available to detect hypersonic objects and to
determine their position, velocity, and trajectory. These detection methods can be broadly
divided into electromagnetic, optical, and acoustic/seismic methods. Each method relies on
the properties of the surface of the object to reflect incident radiation or upon the properties
of the hot ionized gases caused by the bow shock and entrained into the object's wake. The
theory of external fluid flow around objects in subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic regimes
will be reviewed and various detection methods will be compared in this report.

2

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Chapter 1: Theory Governing Objects in Flight
Many of the detection technologies for hypersonic aircraft are based on the properties of the
air flow around the object. The flu id mechanics affecting supersonic and hypersonic aircraft
are well described in textbooks on compressible flow by J.D. Anderson;2•3 subsonic flow,
including the affect of boundary layers, is covered in the textbook by F. M. White. 4
Hypersonic flow usually refers to the reg ime where objects are moving faster than Mach 5,
but technically refers to the Mach range where pressure, temperature, and density ratios
across shock waves reach constant values, and this does happen at about Mach 5. Fluid flow
changes dramatically at Mach 1 defined at the point where the velocity of a projectile, V,
equals the local speed of sound, a, in the atmosphere:
M ='!_
a

(1)

Flow regimes are defined by the following:
•

M < 1, subsonic flow

•

M = 1, sonic flow

•

M > 1, supersonic flow

•

M > 5, hypersonic flow

The speed of sound varies with temperature and with t he type of gases in the atmosphere. A
simple equation for the speed of sound includes the ratio of specific heats, y, the gas
constant, R, and the temperature, T:

a=.JyRT

(2)

For air at room temperature, y = 1.4, R = 287 J/kg -K, and T = 20° C or 293 K. The
subsequent speed of sound is 343 m/s (1,125 ft/s or 767 mph). It is easier for a projectile
to exceed the speed of sound at higher elevations since the temperature of the atmosphere
is lower, reducing the speed of sound and the subsequent velocity necessary to break the
sound barrier.
The viscosity of the fluid flowing around an object induces drag and retards its forward
motion. Supersonic flow has some of the viscous characteristics of subsonic flow, but adds in
the complication of shock waves. To understand the nature of how a projectile affects the
flow of fluid around it, consider the case of a subsonic projectile.

SUBSONIC FLOW AND DRAG
Subsonic flows, such as the flow shown in Figure 1, are heavily influenced by collisions
between molecules of air and the surface of the projectile. The equations for this interaction
were first developed by Sir Isaac Newton in the seventeenth century, where he determined
that fluids have a property called "viscosity" that is the cause of drag on projectiles. The key
parameter that affects subson ic fluid flow is the ratio of viscous forces to inertial forces,
where inertial forces are associated with the tendency for a moving fluid to keep moving in
the same direction. The ratio of these two forces is defined as the Reynolds Number, Re.
3

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Re = viscous forces= VD
inertial forces
v

(3)

In this expression, V is the velocity of the projectile, D is its effective diameter, and v is the
kinematic viscosity of the fluid. As flow passes over the projectile in Figure 1, viscous forces
are especially strong near the surface where the velocity changes from zero at the surface of
the projectile to the free stream velocity.
Direction of Flow
. - - - - Streamlines

<- ________
Boundary Layer

--

-----

Velocity D

ibution within

the Bounda

ayer

-------,, ,
''

''
\

\

\
\

I
I

Figure 1. Boundary Layer Development in Subsonic Flow About a Projectile.

The region where this transition in velocity occurs is called a "boundary layer," which grows
in thickness as flow moves along the surface from the nose to the rear of the projectile.
The boundary layer forms around the surface of the projectile and "separates" from the
surface at the back end of the projectile. Pockets of fluid spill off of the back end of the
projectile and form rotating pockets of fluid called Strauhal eddies or vortices. These eddies
"shed" from the surface at a rate that is strongly dependent upon the Reynolds number in
the flow. Figure 2 demonstrates that these eddies form a "wake" downstream of the
projectile that can extend far into the flu id.

4

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Boundary Layers
Strouhal Eddies or

Streamlines

Vo rtices

Projectile

Direction of Flow

Figure 2. Subsonic Flow Past a Projectile.

Visible examples of a "wake" are the contrails observed in the upper atmosphere when water
vapor in the exhaust of jet aircraft freezes into ice crystals, highlighting the wake generated
by the aircraft and its engines. In still air, the wake can be visible for many miles behind the
aircraft.
The wake rapidly becomes turbulent as it extends downstream. The Strauhal eddies are
detectable and have a shedding frequency that is expressed in terms of the Strauhal
number, St = f D/V, where f is the Strauhal shedding frequency (hz), D is the diameter (m)
of the projectile, and V is its velocity (m/s) through the air. The Strauhal number is a
function of Reynolds number, as shown in Figure 3. By measuring the Strauhal frequency,
the velocity of the projectile can be determined with moderate accuracy.
At low speeds, and corresponding low Reynolds numbers, the flow is "laminar" where
streamlines move in smooth "laminae" or layers over projectiles. At high Reynolds numbers,
the fluid flow becomes unstable and forms a widely distributed set of small eddies defined as
"turbulence." In turbulent flow, rapid mixing of the flow in the wake, even in the boundary
layers, will occur.

5

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St= 10/V

0 - ~ ~ - - - - + - - ~............f - - ~ ~ - ~ f - -..........- ~ ~ - + - - - ~ ~......

1.E+0l

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.H07

Re 0 =VD/v

Figure 3. Strouhal Frequency as a Function of Reynolds Number for
Flow Over a Circular Cylinder.

The high velocities present in the wake generate low pressures on the downstream side of
the projectile that pull the projectile backwards into the wake. Th is is defined as "wake" or
"form" drag and is a predominant cause of drag forces on aircraft or on any obj ect moving
through the atmosphere. The viscous forces that create the boundary layers on the surface
of a projectile also contribu t e a small amount of drag, usually referred to as "skin friction."
Boundary layers and wakes also affect supersonic flow, but the effect of shock waves tends
to be the predominant mechan ism affecting flow around supersonic projecti les. Total drag
force, Fo, exerted on projectiles or aircraft is usually summarized by th is equation:

(4)
The drag force is dependent upon the density of the air, p, the frontal area of the aircraft, Ar,
the aircraft velocity, V, and the drag coefficient, Co. The drag coefficient is a function of the
geometry of the aircraft and the two "dimensionless" groups, Mach number, M, and Reynolds
number, Reo, that relate inertial, viscous, and elastic forces in the flow:
C 0 = f (Re 0 , M , geoniet ry)

(5)

Drag coefficients for various types of aircraft and projectiles are obtained from theory, from
computational fluid mechanics, or, most commonly, from experiments in wind tunnels.
These coefficients are usually presented in tables or in graphical form. 5, 6 , 7

SUPERSONIC FLOW
Air is predominantly made up of molecules of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21 %). At room
temperature, air behaves as an ideal gas where the density, p, the pressure, p, and the
temperature, T, are related through a gas constant, R, which is a property of the air. The
ideal gas law gives the relationship between these values. The gas constant for air is
R = 287 J/kg-K.
6

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(6)

p = pRT

It is possible to statistically model the motion of the molecules of oxygen and nitrogen in air,
and their kinetic energy, KE, can be determined based on the mass, m, of each molecule and
the temperature of the gas.
KE =_!.mV 2 ='i kT
2
2

In this equation, k is the Boltzmann constant (1.3807 x 10-23 J/K).
velocity of air molecules based on the temperature of the ai r .

(7)
We can ca lculate the

(8)

Or, for the average velocity of a molecule:

V= ✓ 8=T

(9)

For air near sea level (p = 101,320 Pa, T = 293 K) the average velocity of molecules in air is
463 m/s or 1,035 MPH. This value is just a little higher than the speed of sound in air (343
m/s or 767 MPH) as computed earlier. These molecules only travel a short distance before
they collide with each other. This distance is defined as the "mean free path " given by the
symbol A.
(10)
In this expression, d is the diameter of a molecul e, which is approximately 0.3 nanometers.
For air at 20° C and 101,325 Pa, the mean free path (A) is approximately 100 nanometers or
about 333 molecular diameters.
When the supersonic projectile in Figure 4 moves through the air, molecules of nitrogen and
oxygen in the air bounce off the vehicle's surface and collide with other molecules of air a
short distance away. At the speed of sound, these molecules are not moving fast enough to
get out of the way and a large number of molecules pil e up along a straight line that
emanates from the nose or leading edge of the projectile as a "shock wave."
Supersonic flow in the atmosphere labeled as region 1 passes through the shock and moves
para llel to the surface of the body. The flow "expands" through a Prandtl-Meyer expansion
fan at the end of the airfoil and speeds back up to its original Mach number. Flow in the
boundary layer separates from the end of the airfoil and forms a highly turbulent wake
downstream of the airfoil. The wake is also composed of Strouhal eddies that ca n subsist in
the air long after the airfoil has passed by. The flow density, pressure, and temperature
increases dramatically across the bow shockwave and returns to the original Mach number
downstream of the airfoil.
For a blunt-nosed object, as shown in Figure 5, the magnitude of the impact that the
shockwave has on the flow is easier to explain. For a blunt object, the shock detaches from
the surface of the object into the freestream in front of the object. Since the orig inal flow
moving at M1 is traveling at 90° with respect to the shock near the nose of the object, the
shock in this reg ion is referred to as a "norma l" shock. The properties across a normal shock
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are described by the Rankine-Hugoniot equations, which yield the ratio of certa in
thermodynamic properties.
Expansion Fan

Bow Shockwave

Region 1

Figure 4. Supersonic Flow Past a Wedge-Shaped Body.

Turbulent Wake

Detached Shock

Expansion Fans

Blunt Body

Figure 5. Supersonic Flow Past a Blunt Body (Spheroid).

8

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These equations can be expressed in a form where the ratio of density, temperature, and
pressure across the normal shock are a function of the upstream Mach number, M1.

(11)

(12)

Pz = 1 + ~ ( M 12 - 1)
P1

(13)

r+ 1

Pi = -<r-+t) M 12
-Pi

(14)

2 + (y - 1) M i2

As an example, if the object shown in figure 4 is traveling at Mach 3 through air at sea level,
the pressure in the reg ion between the nose of the object and the shock changes as shown in
the following table:

Table 1: Normal Shock Values for Mach 3 Flow
Freestream
Values

Ratio of
Properties
Across the
Normal Shock

Values
Downstream
of the
Normal Shock

M 1 =3

M2/M 1 = 0.158

M2 = 0.475

p1 = 101,325 Pa

p/p 1 = 10.333

p 2 = 1,047,000 Pa

T1 = 293 K

Ti/T1 = 2.679

T2 = 785.0 K

= (2o·q
p 1 = 1.293 kg/m 3

= (s12·q
p 2 = 4.976 kg/m 3

p/p 1 = 3.857

For a normal shock, the Mach number on the downstream side of the shock is always
subsonic, and in th is example, the Mach number abru ptly drops from M1 = 3 to M2 = 0.475.
The temperature always increases across a shock, and for a Mach 3 flow, the temperature
rises from room temperature at 20° C up to 512° C. It is apparent that, for supersonic
aircraft traveling at this speed, the fuselage and wings will need to be made of materials that
can withstand the high temperatures and the dramatic pressure increase of 10.333. Shocks
are always accompanied by significant increases in pressure, temperature, and density in the
flow across the shock.
Flow about an Ogive or wedge-shaped airfoil as shown in Figure 4 can be analyzed in a
will affect the flow and the formation of
similar fashion; however, the wall deflection angle,
the oblique shock wave that surrounds the airfoil.

e,

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Chapter 2: Hypersonic Compressible Flow Theory
Hypersonic flow is typically assumed to apply to objects traveling at M > 5. Figure 6 shows
that, for Mach numbers above 5, the ratio of Mach numbers across the shock approaches a
constant va lue of 0.378, although temperature and pressure ratios contin ue to increase. In
hypersonic flow, the bow shock, or Mach angle, /3, approaches the half-angle, 0, of slender
airfoils and the drag coefficient reaches a constant value that does not change with Mach
number. The drag coefficient actually becomes a simple function of the half-angle of the
airfoil, and the boundary layer is squeezed between the shockwave and the airfoil surface.
150

•I

'

- 09

•

- 0.8

' ..

100 - ~ . . - + - - - + - - - - + - - - - - i e - - - - - + - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - ' - - - -l0.7
T nllio( M )

- 06

• .....

·-- .. ·-···-·•--1111---

- 0.5 M z( M )

...

..

,

P,mio( M )

.. • •• • • "' • • • • • • • • • .- 0.4

50

- 03
- 0.2

OL
I

.-~-. -;;;
-·· -~· --~----~· -···
J ·-,·~
2

3

4

d : : : : :l :±::t::c J-o. J
5

6

7

9

1S

M

Figure 6. Ratios of Mach Number, Temperature, and Pressure Across a Normal Shock

In hyperson ic flow, the Rankine-Hugoniot equations, which are based on the perfect gas law
(p = pRT), fail to predict the real behavior of air at extremely high temperatures. Equation
12, for example, predicts a temperature of 29, 787° C in the air near the surface of a blunt
obj ect traveling at the reentry Mach number of 26.5, wh ile the actual temperature on ly
reaches 7,600° C. The reason for this discrepancy is due to ionization of molecu les of air as
electrons are stripped away by the high temperatures tha t exist across the shock. Some
energy is used to produce this ionization, and above temperatures of 550° C, equation 15
does not accurately predict air temperatures due to shocks. Ionization is responsible for the
glowing wake that follows reentry vehicles and meteors as electrons rush to recombine with
ions releasing x-rays and visible light. The ionization also interferes with radio transmissions,
but provides a convenient way to identify hypersonic objects due to the emitted light. A
"rule of thumb" is that the peak shock layer temperature in degrees kelvin is 1,000 times
larger than the aircraft speed in km/s. By this standard, a reentry veh icle at 8 km/s
(Mach 26.5) would have a maximum shock layer temperature of 8,000 K. At temperatures
above 2,000 K, nitrogen and oxygen gas in the form of 02 and N2 will disassociate into
individual ions, consuming more energy from the flow.

10

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Chapter 3: Detection Technologies
Hypersonic objects passing through the Earth's atmosphere leave traces that can be
observed using a number of detection methods. The bow shock introduced by such objects
The ionized air
reflects and refracts radio waves, RADAR pulses, and visible light.
surrounding the object also creates electromagnetic interference that is visible on RADAR and
the emitted visible li ght in the wake is observable in photographs. The shock and turbulent
wake also create low frequency sound that can be sensed by ground-based sensors. These
detection methods can be characterized as electromagnetic, optical, and acoustic and seismic
as shown in Figure 7. Each method will be discussed along with the limitations and
advantages for the detection of hypersonic objects passing through the atmosphere.
Electromagnetic
RADAR
Energy Reflection
Doppler RADAR
Radio Reflection Detection
Optical
Sky Cameras and Photographic Methods
Infrared Detection
LIDAR
Chronograph
Acoustic and Seismic
Infrasound
Seismic
Figure 7. Hypersonic Vehicle Detection Techniques.

One of the fundamental tools for detecting the velocity of high-speed objects is the
chronograph.
These devices are used to measure the velocity of automobiles using
pneumatic tubes, and simple systems using laser diodes or LEDs are used to measure the
Figure 8 outlines a laser-based chronograph that is commercially
velocity of bullets.
available for measuring the velocity of projectiles in two-stage gas guns capable of speeds in
a vacuum of 12 km/h, or approximately Mach 36 if the projectile passed through air. As a
high-speed object passes through the first laser beam followed rapidly by the second,
photodetectors sense the change in intensity of the laser beam and send these signals to a
storage oscilloscope or to a counter. The time delay between the two signals, Lit, is used to
find the velocity of the object based on the distance between the two photodetectors, L.
Digital clocks are capable of accurately measuring time delays to within a fraction of a
nanosecond (10·9 seconds), so chronographs are capable of very high accuracy in
determining the velocity of objects. As noted earlier, their use at gun ranges or in high­
speed gas guns requires that the path of the hypersonic object must pass through the laser
beams for the chronograph to be effective, which limits their usage for the detection of
hypersonic aircraft except at instrumented test ranges.

11

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~

~--- --~
:

Hypersonic
Aircraft

c===-

Storage

l

scope

Photodetectors

''
'
''

'''
'

Oscillo­

:

Test Range

llL
: ..

~ Laser

/

111:

lit

1

D
Velocity= L/llt

~ ~ ~ams

/ ~

Lasers

Figure 8. Laser-Based Chronograph.

Currently, the best devices for the detection of hypersonic vehicles are based on the
reflection of radio and microwave radiation through RADAR and upon the detection of
infrared energy emitted by the ionized gases surrounding high-speed vehicles and in their
wake. Optical and RADAR methods are also based on electromagnetic energy, yet make use
of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum as shown in Figure 9. Longer wavelength
photons, or quanta of electromagnetic energy, have less energy than short wavelength
photons. As a result, detection of short wavelength radiation tends to be more line-of-sight
as in infrared or other optical methods. Longer wavelengths, used in RADAR, tend to bend
around the Earth and can provide over-the-horizon detection of ICBMs, reentry vehicles, and
other hyperson ic vehicles.

12

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wavelength
1nm

Type of
Radiation
x-rays

10nm
100nm

Ultraviolet (UV)

lµm

Visible Light {0.4 to 0.7 µm)

l0µm

Near Infrared

lOOµm

Thermal Infrared

1mm

Far Infrared

10mm

Microwaves

100mm

Radar

lm
10m

Rad io Waves

100m

AM Radio

Figure 9. Electromagnetic Spectrum as a Function of Wavelength.

ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS
RADAR (Reflected Energy)
RADAR, or "radio detection and ranging," has been heavily used since World War II for the
detection of aircraft and sea vessels. First patented by Christian Hulsmeyer in 1904, this
technique was first demonstrated by Nikola Tesla in 1917; RADAR was exploited in the
defense of Britain through the Chain Home RADAR network initiated in the late 1930s. 8
RADAR uses an antenna or a dish to transmit pulses of microwaves or radio waves toward a
potential target. Energy reflected from the target is collected by the antenna and the time of
flight of the transmitted and reflected signals yields the distance to the target. Early RADAR
systems emitted radia t ion in the high-frequency band (HF) from about 10 to 30 MHz.
Modern systems can operate well above 300 GHz.
As a single pu lse travels at the speed of light toward a target, the time delay between the
generation of the pulse and the time that its echo is received is 2L/c where L is the distance
to the target and c is the speed of light. For a target located 30 km from the source, the
time delay is 200 microseconds, an easily measurable delay. By using microwave radiation
emitted from a dish, target distance and bearing can both be measured.
While it was possible to use low-frequency radio waves ( ~30 MHz) for RADAR systems in the
1940s, the wavelength of t hese waves (100 meters) made it difficult to resolve small targets,
includ ing aircraft. This made it desirable to develop systems t hat could operate at higher
frequencies. UHF energy (300 to 1,000 GHz, 0.3- to 1-meter wavelength) radiation is used

(Text continues in the original file: 46 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D149 — AAWSAP DIRD, MHD Air Breathing Propulsion and Power for Aerospace Applications, November 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D149
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D149
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 11/21/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Only the 2010 filing mentions “reverse energy bypass,” not a backup generator.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D149, Tech Warning Division, DIA, November 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Surveys MHD and plasma air‑breathing propulsion, power generation, control, emphasizing hypersonic constraints
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and plasma-based concepts for air-breathing propulsion, onboard power generation, and aerodynamic control, arguing that such systems could in principle extend aerospace performance beyond the limits of conventional chemical propulsion and control surfaces. The report reviews concepts including MHD acceleration, flow control, inlet control, onboard power generation, drag reduction, and plasma-generated “virtual” aerodynamic surfaces, while giving particular attention to hypersonic applications such as scramjet power extraction, reentry vehicles, global-strike gliders, and aero-assisted orbital maneuvers. However, it emphasizes major practical constraints, especially extreme power requirements, system weight and complexity, and the difficulty of achieving useful ionization in colder air at lower hypersonic speeds; on that basis, it argues that Ajax-style MHD bypass concepts, in which energy is extracted from the airflow upstream and reintroduced downstream through an electromagnetic system, are not meaningful below about Mach 12, while treating the “virtual cowl” and related reentry applications as more plausible. The document presents plasma and MHD aerospace systems as a technically serious but highly demanding field whose nearer-term promise lies in specialized hypersonic control, power generation, and reentry applications rather than a fully realized air-breathing propulsion system.

### AI summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document titled "MHD Air Breathing Propulsion and Power for Aerospace Applications," prepared by the Technology Warning Division (OWO-4) of the Defense Warning Office, Directorate for Analysis, Defense Intelligence Agency. It was published on November 21, 2010, and includes information dated July 20, 2010. The document reviews propulsion concepts using plasmas and magnetohydrodynamics, highlighting their potential for advanced aerospace applications. It discusses challenges such as weight, complexity, and the need for artificial ionization in cold air. The report mentions concepts like the Ajax MHD energy bypass and a new "reverse energy bypass" for hypersonic vehicles, noting potential applications in reentry, global-strike gliders, and orbital maneuvering. It also predicts increased use of MHD propulsion if hypersonic vehicles adopt powerful onboard electricity sources.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR 0551~1.ltk WO& 8HL'f

Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Defense Futures
21 November 2010
ICOD: 20 Ju ly 2010
DIA-08-1011-006

MHD Air Breathing Propulsion
and Power for Aerospace
Applications

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FQR 8FFl@IJltt tJ9~ 814Li

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MHD Air Breathing Propulsion and Power for

Aerospace Applications

The Defense Intelligence Reference Document provides nonsubstantive but auLhoritaLive reference
information related to intelli ence to ics or methodolo ies.

Prepared by:
Technology Warning Division (OWO-4)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Authors:

AAP Person 86, AAP Person 87

(U) COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not
authorized.
This product is one of a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2010
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced
Aerospace Weapons System Applica tions (AAWSA) Pr ogram, Comments or gue~tions
pertaining t o this document should be addressed to ._!AA
_ P_P,.,,e,,,,,
rs,,,,,o.,..
n....,1,.,..,.,,..,..,,,.__,,,..,,.,.,,..,.,.~J
AAWSA Program Manager, Defense I ntelligence Agency, ATTN : JUIAF - DI/DW0-3,
Bldg 6000, Washington D.C. 20340- 5100

ii

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Contents
SUMMARY ................ ........................................................................,..... iv
Chapter 1: CONCEPT OVERVIEW ............................................................ 1

Weakly Ionized Plasmas for Propulsion Applications ....................... 2
Electric Propulsion Systems .................. ....................................,...... 5
Chapter 2: AERONAUTICAL APPLICATIONS .................................. ...,.... 11
Basic Principles of Magnetohydrodynamics and Requirements for
MHD Performance ......................................................................... 11
Nonequilibrium MHD in Cold Ai r Flows........................................... 13
The Ajax Concept: MHD Bypass .................................................,.... 15
The Reverse Energy Bypass................... ........................................ 18
MHD Applications to Reentry and Near-Orbital Flight ................,.... 20
Chapter 3: SPACE APPLICATIONS ........................................................ 23

Chapter 4: SUMMARY AND PREDICTIONS ........................................ .... 25
Chapter 5: ENDNOTES ......................................................................... 26

Figures
Figure 1. Electrothermal Arcjet Thruster.................................................7
Figure 2. Electrostatic Gridded Ion Thrusters................................... ......8
Figure 3. Field Orientation for Hall Field Systems and PS Hall
Thruster. ....................................................................................
8
Figure 4. Electromagnetic Accelerator Field Configuration and SelfField Electromagnetic Spacecraft Thrusters.......................................9
Figure 5. Air-Breathing MHD Engine.................................................,.... 10
Figure 6 . MHD Control of Scramjet Inlet Using E-Beam Ionization. ....... 15
Figure 7. Schematic of Ajax Hypersonic Vehicle Concept...................... 16
Figure 8. The Reverse Energy Bypass Concept.. .................................... 19
Figure 9. Schematic of the Virtual Cowl Concept................................... 20
Figure 10. Reentry Vehicle with Surface-Integrated MHD Device and
Plasma-Enabled Vi rtual Streamlining and L/D Increase...............,.... 21
Figure 11. Electrothermal Arcjet Thruster on Satellite.......................... 23
Figure 12. SP- 100 Space Nuclear Power System................................... 24
Figure 13. Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) Concept Vehicles.........,.... 24
, 1, • • • • •

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MHD Air-Breathing Propulsion and Power for
Aerospace Applications
Summary
The paper reviews novel propulsion concepts utilizing plasmas (ionized
gases) and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). These concepts are shown to
be attractive due to their potential to achieve propulsion and
aerodynamic performance far beyond current conventional technologies.
However, significant difficulties impede the development and application
of these technologies; these include weight, complexity, higher power,
and the need for complex and energy-consuming artificial ionization in
"cold" air (at Mach <12).
A well-publicized Ajax concept of MHD energy bypass has been shown to
be meaningless below at least Mach 12. In contrast, a new "reverse
energy bypass" with Virtual Cowl is potentially practical for air­
breathing hypersonic vehicles.
Applications of the Virtual Cowl and other plasma/MHD devices to
reentry, global-strike hypersonic gliders, and aeroassisted orbital
maneuvering are identified as promising in the near future. The ability of
a plasma/MHD system to generate high power onboard and to provide
L/D (lift-to-drag ratio) far beyond that possible conventionally makes
these applications both feasible and desirable for national defense.
However, these applications are also likely to be implemented by
nations such as China, Japan, and Russia.
The outlook for uses and applications of MHD propulsion could increase
dramatically if high-speed (hypersonic) vehicles begin to carry powerful
onboard electricity sources, such as nuclear (fission or fusion) reactors.
For spacecraft, the current trend of replacing chemical rockets with
electric propulsion systems will continue and is likely to become the
standard. Electric systems can provide a much wider range of operation
(e.g., low-thrust fine positioning/pointing, more frequent or
nontraditional maneuvers, and longer times on station) than chemical
systems can.

iv

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Chapter 1 : Concept Overview
A flight vehicle's speed and altitude limit its available propulsion options.
Traditional air-breathing systems (propeller, turbofan, and turbojet) are typ ically
limited to altitudes below 80,000 feet. The existing and planned high-altitude
vehicles utilize either high-speed propulsion with ramjet and scramjet engines or
slow-speed systems with large propellers. Chemical rockets can operate at all
altitudes but have limited burn times and require both fuel and oxidizer to be
carried onboard.
High-speed air-breathing propulsion, based on ram/scramjet engines, have well­
known difficulties: external and internal flow compression and shock control;
shock-shock and shock-boundary layer interactions in the propulsion flowpath;
mixing, ignition, and flameholding in the combustor; incomplete combustion and
chemical energy release; and very high temperatures and wall heat fluxes in the
combustor. There are limits to what can be done about these problems with
conventional technologies, which is why the use of plasma (ionized gas) with or
without electric and magnetic fields can offer additional opportunities for control
and propulsion enhancement.
Onboard generation and storage of electric power is one of the main problems
encountered with respect to high-altitude, high-speed flight. Hypersonic vehicles,
both air-breathing and unpowered reentry "gliders," have no rotating
turbomach inery to which an electrical generator could be connected. An
attractive power option can be offered by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) devices.
For example, placing an MHD generator immediately downstream of a scramjet
combustor can, given the high velocities and temperature of the flow and with
metallic additives to the fuel, provide high power (from tens of kW to several
MW) with no moving parts. For reentry vehicles, both external (i.e., surface­
integrated) and internal-duct MHD generators can generate high power also
without moving parts. Employing additional equipment like electrical generators
imposes a weight penalty that must be optimized with vehicle performance.
The use of electric and magnetic systems can open new potential areas for
aerospace propulsion. While chemical energy sources are limited by the energy
available for particular reactions and are limited to operating conditions that are
conducive to combustion, electromagnetic energy can be added to the flow over
a much wider range of operating conditions. For example, at very high altitudes
(>150 kft), it is difficult to get reliable combustion in hypersonic air-breathing
engines. In an electrothermal system, the combustor would be replaced with an
electrical heating source that can easily and reliably add enthalpy to the flow
even at low pressure. The flow can also be accelerated by manipulating body
forces ( electric and magnetic) on charged particles (ion and electrons) within the
flow.
Outside the atmosphere, we note that operation in space almost always requires
rocket propulsion whether it be chemical, electric, or nuclear. The exceptions
would be sails and tethers. Spacecraft are rapidly transitioning from chemical
rockets to electric (plasma) for most space-based operations.1 The higher
specific impulse (lsp) available for electric systems (2 to 100 times that of
chemical) has a dramatic impact on the vehicle design and operation. Although

1

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electric (plasma) thrusters have been around for decades, their use in space was
limited by the electric power available onboard the spacecraft. 2 The advent of
high-power solar arrays has made systems from a few kW to tens of kW
practical. Chem ical systems will probably always be the primary choice for
getting vehicles into space. The thrust levels for electric systems are too low to
be practical for that purpose.
Chemical and electric (or electromagnetic) propulsion systems have intrinsic
differences. For example, chemical propulsion is "energy limited" because the
chemical reactants have a finite amount of energy per unit mass (i.e., their
enthalpy of combustion or reaction), which ultimately limits their ach ievable
exhaust velocity. However, because the propellants are their own energy source,
the rate at which energy is supplied to the propellant (which is ultimately limited
by the reaction kinetics) is independent of the mass of propellant, so very high
powers and thrust levels can be achieved. By contrast, electric propulsion
systems are typically not energy limited; an arbitrarily large amount of energy
can be delivered (from the external solar, nuclear or chemical power system) to
a given mass of propellant so that the exhaust velocity can be an order-of­
magnitude larger than that of a chem ical system . Instead, electric propulsion
systems are "power limited" because the rate at which energy from the external
source is supplied to the propellant is proportional to the mass of the power
system. This has the result of limiting the thrust of the electric propu lsion system
for a given vehicle mass. Because of this, electric propulsion vehicles are
typically low thrust-to-weight (T/W) ratio (i.e., low acceleration) vehicles.

WEAKLY IONIZED PLASMAS FOR PROPULSION APPLICATIONS
This review is devoted to a group of emerging technolog ies centering on weakly
ionized plasmas for propulsion and power. 3 Charged particles (ions and
electrons) must be present in the flow so that it can interact with applied electric
and magnetic fields. Space thrusters operate at very low pressures ( < 100 mTorr
or < about 2 psi) with a significant fraction of the working fluid/gas being
partiall y ionized (from a few percent to nearly 100 percent) . In contrast, air­
breathing systems operate at much higher pressures and have low ionization
fractions. The ionization fraction of concern (i.e., the fraction of gas molecules
that are ionized) ranges from as low as 10-s to 10- 2 , hence the term " weakly
ionized." The gas pressure in the plasmas can take almost any value. In
applications to high-altitude flight, the static pressure is on the order of 10-100
Torr, whereas combustion applications demand near-atmospheric ( ~760 Torr) or
above-atmospheric pressures. The temperature of the gas can be near-ambient
in low-pressure glow discharges, rising to 5,000-10,000K in arc or high-pressure
microwave discharges, or even 20,000-30,000K in laser-generated sparks. The
plasmas can be generated by electric or electromagnetic fields, from DC to RF,
short pulses, microwaves, and optical (laser) beams, or by various combinations
of the above. In general, low pressure plasmas tend to be uniform (diffuse) and
nonequilibrium. The temperature of electrons and internal molecular modes can
be very high, while the gas as a whole stays relatively cold. As the pressure and
power loading increase, plasmas tend to become hotter, getting closer to
thermal equilibrium, and also break into channels (streamers and arcs). The
reality, however, is more complex. In some devices, such as dielectric barrier
discharges, nonequilibrium plasmas are generated even at atmospheric pressure,
2

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UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR 8ffl@IAL tt.!l!! er•t t
and in devices such as t he gliding arc, the plasma evolves from near-equilibrium
to highly nonequilibrium during each of the per iodically repeating cycles. In
shock and boundary layers during reentry, the plasma is near therma l
equ ilibrium while being diffuse. The primary reason for this behavior is that the
ionizat ion in those shock and boundary layers exists without any electric field
and thus is not subject to arcing instabilities.

Plasma Features
What feat ures or properties make weakly ionized plasmas interesting for
propu lsion and aerodynam ic applications? The most obvious feature is heating - a
consequence of Joule dissipation in an electrically conducting medium placed in
an electric field. As a heating element, plasma has important advantages
compared with conventional heaters. For example, even a surface electric
discharge can effectively heat t he gas flow much farther from the wall than a
wall-imbedded convent ional heater would. Microwave and laser beams can
create plasmas and heat the gas even far from any surfaces, and the volume and
shape of the heated region can, in principle, be adjusted. Since heated regions
can significantly alter the flow by making the gas flow mostly around them,
plasmas can form switchable, controllable, and tunable virtual bodies or
surfaces. Such virtua l surfaces can be deployed on demand for drag reduction,
aerodynamic control (when app lied asymmetrically), and optimization of engine
inlet performance, to name a few. It is the localized and transient deployment of
plasma virtual surfaces that results in the most interesting and complex
interactions with gas flows while saving energy compared with large -volume,
steady-state plasma utilization, and thus is especially promising for applications.
Another useful application of plasma heating is ignit ion . This may seem triv ial;
after all, spark plugs in conventional internal combustion engines are well­
developed thermal plasma devices . However, therma l plasma ignition for
scramjet eng ines is not that simple, since the ign it ion system would have to
prevent the plasma from being easily blown away by the supersonic flow, and
even if this problem is resolved, if not properly (and qu ite ingeni ously) designed,
the igniter would cause an unacceptably strong perturbation to the flow and loss
of the stagnation pressure and wou ld require extremely high power. As an
example, plasma igniters based on subcritical microwave discharges are quite
sophisticated .
Besides heating, the presence of charged particles is another obvious, and very
important, feature of plasmas. Charged particles can be act ed upon by electric
and magnetic fields, and this action can be transferred to the bu lk gas by ion­
molecule collisions. Thus, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and
electrohydrodynamic (EHD) interactions can be ut ilized to exert forces and to
decelerate or accelerate the gas in both inviscid core flows and viscous boundary
layers. The magnitude of such interactions depends on the ionization fraction and
the magnetic or electric field strength.

MHD Interactions
The ionization fraction can be quite high in shock and boundary layers at very
high Mach numbers (such as those in reentry flight), or just downstream of
3

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ram/scramjet combustors if alkali vapor is added to the gas. In those regions,
MHD interactions can be promising for electric power generation or acceleration
of the flow, as well as for flow control. However, at Mach numbers below about
12 (and excluding the combustor or the region just downstream of it), the air is
too cold for a significant thermal ionization even with alkal i seeding. The required
level of ionization then has to be created and sustained by nonequilibrium
(nonthermal) means and is associated with a very substantial power budget and
additional heating. Therefore, the efficiency of ionization (which can vary by
orders of magnitude depending on the particular means of ionization) is of first­
order significance for the entire operation and efficiency of the device. Energy
used to ionize and excite the gas molecules can be considered as loss in the
system since this energy is rarely recovered in the form of directed kinetic or
thrust energy. Note that in this regard, ionization by high-energy electron beams
or by repetitive high- voltage nanosecond pulses are promising as the most
energy-efficient means of nonequilibrium ionization. 4 , 5 , 6 , 7
Even with the most efficient ionization techniques, the power budget and
additional heating associated with the ionizer normally limit the achievable level
of ionization. To have a substantial MHD effect, 8 • 9 one has to either use a very
strong magnetic field (which is associated with some practical issues) or use the
MHD interaction in a localized and transient regime (e.g., for boundary layer
control).
As for EHD interaction, 10 , 11 it relies upon non-neutral ity of the plasma and an
electric field to impart momentum to the gas. Although EHD (or "ion wind")
phenomena have been known for many years, the last several years saw a surge
of new interest to this type of interaction. This new boom is due to the
asymmetric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)-a remarkably simple device that
has been demonstrated to be very effective in delaying and controlling flow
separation and perhaps even laminar-turbulent transition. Although details of the
physics of DBD plasma actuators are still incompletely understood, the simplicity
of these devices, their low power consumption, and the striking effectiveness in
separation control bring these systems to the top of the list of plasma
aerodynamics and plasma-assisted propulsion technologies that have near-term
application prospects.

Combustion
Another area where nonequilibrium (nonthermal) weakly ionized plasmas are
very promising is plasma-assisted combustion. Although heating induced by
plasmas can ignite combustible mixtures, as mentioned above, it is the presence
of "hot" electrons in a cold gas that makes nonequilibrium plasmas quite
interesting for promoting chemical processes such as combustion . Electron­
impact dissociation, excitation, and ionization of molecules can generate
chemically active species such as radicals and excited atoms and molecules, and
those species can initiate or accelerate chemical reactions that would otherwise
be nonexistent or slow at low temperature. A number of novel techniques,
including (but not limited to) high-voltage nanosecond pulses and the so-called
"gliding arc" have been shown to be quite effective in plasma-assisted
combustion . Investigation of detailed mechanisms (often quite complex and

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nontrivial) of the coupled physical and chemical processes in those plasmas can
potentially lead to their better understanding and help them become practical.

ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS
Electric propulsion thrusters can be divided into three categories: electrothermal,
electrostatic, and electromagnetic. First, electrothermal thrusters use electric
energy to directly heat the propellant and add enthalpy. The heated gas is then
accelerated using a conventional converging-diverging gas-dynamic nozzle.
Second, electrostatic thrusters use applied static electric fields to accelerate
propellant ions via body forces. Third, electromagnetic thrusters use
electromagnetic body forces (ExB) to accelerate a plasma (positive and negative
charges). An electric propulsion system consists of a power source (e.g., solar or
nuclear), power conditioning electronics, engine/thruster (including inlet for air­
breathing systems), and fuel/propellant storage and feed subsystem.
Energy can be obtained from sunlight, a nuclear reactor, or chemical sources. In
the case of solar electric propulsion (SEP), solar photons are converted into
electricity by solar cells. The energy could also be beamed to the vehicle using
laser or microwave sources. Beaming the power allows for higher power
densities but with the added complications of needing a power station and a
means of getting the power to the vehicle (direct illumination or via a relay
system). In nuclear electric propulsion (NEP), thermal energy from the nuclear
reactor is converted into electricity by either a static or dynamic thermal-to­
electric power conversion system. Static systems have the advantage of no
moving parts for high reliability, but they have low efficiency; dynamic systems
have moving parts (e.g., turbines and generators) and do not scale well for small
systems, but they do have higher efficiency. Other onboard energy storage
systems such as high-density capacitors, flywheels, or fuel cells could be used.
Power conditioning systems are required to convert the power system voltage to
the form required by the electric thruster. For example, an SEP power system
produces low-voltage DC (typically ~l00V); this would need to be converted (via
transformers, etc.) to kilovolt levels for use in an ion thruster. The power­
conditioning system is often referred to as the power processing unit (PPU); this
is, in turn, part of the vehicle's overall power management and distribution
(PMAD) subsystem.
Various combinations of thruster and propellant are possible, depending on the
specific application. The propellant or working fluid can be either stored on board
and used in a rocket mode or collected from the atmosphere in an air-breathing
mode. The natural system-level trade between these propellant methods is
fuel/propellant mass versus power system mass. Air-breathing systems require
less propellant mass but require higher energies to perform similar missions.
Although rockets will operate in a space or air environment, t heir thrust
durations are limited by the amount of propellant that can be carried.
Key performance parameters determine the relative strengths and weaknesses
of different propulsion technologies. The fuel/propellant efficiency is
characterized by the specific impulse (Isp) for rockets and by the thrust-specific­
fuel-consumption (TSFC) for air-breathing systems. It is a measure of how much
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thrust (Fth) is produced from each mass unit of propellant. The thrust efficiency
(ll ) is a measure of how much of the power/energy that is available results in
directed kinetic energy (thrust power) in the flow. The thrust density is a
measure of how much thrust is produced per unit cross-sectional area, Ac (area
perpendicular to the flow direction). Although the thrust density is a packag ing
issue for spacecraft, it is critical for air vehicles where drag is present. The
thrust-to-power measures the acceleration efficiency. Traditiona lly a trade exists
between fuel/propellant efficiency and thrust-to-power (speed vs. economy). The
fina l parameter is the specific mass or weight (mass)-to-power ratio. In most
cases the efficiencies improve with the size of the system (economy of scale).
Measures of performance are fundamenta lly different between air-breathing and
rocket systems due to the inlet on the air-breathing system .
Air-Breathing

Rocket

FIB = m, ue - m(/ u

+ A e (Pe - panil )

= ,,;J(l +f)u.- u] + A. (P. - P anti )

Thrust

l sp - - - - - - - - - - -

propeJlant weight flo w rate
F,h

=

I SP -=

Thrust
= _
fuel weight flow rate

F....=
lh' - -

u cq

=

0

o o

m, g o

fuel mass flow rate __ mJ

TSFC = - - - - - Thrust

F111

.

p jel

= 1/2 m, u;q = 1/2 F,1, I SP 8 0

.
1] =

½ ·er
P,,/ect

= F,h l sp 8 0 _ 112 m, u;q

2 P,,,,cr

P ,/ec,

p
1]

= ___!!!_
P e,ec/

1/2 ( ,,;, u;q
=

_,,;au 2)

- - - ' - - - - --'--

P,,,c,

Above, m0 is the mass flow rate of the air, mI is the mass flow rate of the fuel,

m, is the exit flow rate, go is the acceleration of gravity (reference po int, Earth),
Ue is the nozzle exit velocity, u is the flight/vehicle velocity, Ueq is the equivalent
exit velocity, Ae is the nozzle exit cross -sectional area, Pe is the nozzle exit
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pressure, Pamb is the ambient/environmental pressure, Pj et is the jet-kinetic
power (thrust power) produced by the engine, and P eiect is the electrical (or other
external source) power supplied to the propulsion system. For air-breathing
systems the mass flow rate of the fuel is very small relative to the mass flow
rate of the air.
Note that an air-breathing system can never fly faster than its exhaust velocity.
Rockets, because they carry an onboard oxidizer, do not have this restriction
and, therefore, have no flight-speed limits. The jet power for high-speed air­
breathing engines is larger than the equivalent jet power for a rocket due to the
inlet and is the difference of two large numbers.
Large power levels are required for aircraft and launch vehicles . For example, an
SR-71 cruising at Mach 3.2 produces a thrust of 24,700 lbf (110 kN) and a jet
power of 104 MW. Climb and maneuver thrust is much higher. Similarly, an RL10
rocket eng ine produces 15,000 lbf (66.7 kN) thrust at an l sp of 433 seconds, and
has a jet power of 142 MW. By comparison, a Nimitz class nuclear aircraft carrier
propulsion system is 194 MW, and the Hoover
dam produces about 2000 MW. Therefore, any
electric system replacing these applications must
be capable of processing a lot of power.
Spacecraft propulsion systems are typically
hundreds of watts to tens of kW. This, in addition
to powerplant weight issues, is a primary reason
why electric propulsion systems are currently
being used on spacecraft and not on aircraft.
Historically, electric thrusters for spacecraft were
available for flight decades before the power
systems. 12

Figure 1. Electrothermal Arcjet
Thruster. Photograph of a 30-kW
arcjet thruster being tested at the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory .13

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Electrothermal thrusters use electric energy to
heat the propellant and add additional enthalpy.
This can be done with simple resistive heating or
by passing the propellant gas through an arc
plasma discharge. The plasma can be generated
through a high-current discharge or by
absorption of microwaves. The hot pressurized
gas is then accelerated out of the thruster using
a conventional converging-diverging gas-dynamic
nozzle. An example of an electric arc heated
thruster or arcjet thruster is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 2. Electrostatic Gridded
Ion Thrusters. Photo-

Electrostatic thrusters use an applied static
graph of a gridded 30 cm diam ­
electric field to accelerate propellant ions. Strong eter ion thruster being tested at
electric fields are created in the engine which
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory . 14
then accelerate the (positive) ions to high velo­
cities. The accelerating field can be applied using physical grids such as those
used in ion engines or using "virtual grids" generated by an applied magnetic
field that traps the electrons as is done in Hall-effect thrusters. A photograph of
the NASA ion engine used on the Deep Space One spacecrah is shown in Figure
2. While gridded electrostatic thrusters like ion thrusters are capable of very high l sp (1,000 to >20,000 seconds) values they have very low
thrust densities ( 1-5 N/m 2) due to the space-charge current limit in the
accelerator system. Hall -effect thrusters do not have this space-charge limit but
also have thrust density limits due to the annular geometry (tens of N/m 2).
Typical power levels are from watts to 50 kW.
In the Hall field orientation, the electric field causes electrons to flow upstream
and the ions to drih toward the exhaust as shown in Figure 3. 15 The electrons
and ions transfer equal and opposite amounts of momentum to the air, resulting
in zero thrust when no magnetic field is present. However, with the application of
a transverse magnetic field, the forward flow of electrons is slowed while the ah
flow of ions is nearly unaffected. Consequently, there is a net momentum
transfer resulting in thrust on the vehicle.

Hall Field
Orientation
E

Figure 3. Field Orientation for Hall Field Systems and PS Hall Thruster. Left: Figure
shows the Hall field orientation. Right : PS Hall Effect thruster being tested at the University of
Michigan.

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Electromagnetic thrusters use electromagnetic body forces (ExB) of Lorentz
force to accelerate a propellant plasma as shown in Figure 4. 16 , 17 The electric
field is applied using electrodes within the thruster. The Lorentz or ExB force

(Text continues in the original file: 32 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D150 — AAWSAP DIRD, Quantum Computing and Utilizing Organic Molecules in Automation Technology, December 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D150
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D150
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 12/10/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even Las Vegas couldn’t gamble on quantum chips back in December 2010.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D150, Defense Intelligence Agency, December 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Surveys quantum and DNA‑based computing for future space and automation platforms
- Concludes architectures are long‑term, viable mainly in specialized or hybrid roles

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD surveys advanced computing concepts for future space and automation applications, focusing on quantum and molecular (DNA-based) computing as potential alternatives to conventional silicon electronics. The report introduces quantum computing principles alongside DNA-based logic gates, self-assembly, and nanoscale repair mechanisms, arguing that these unconventional architectures might eventually offer advantages in radiation tolerance, physical robustness, and specialized onboard processing for space-based platforms. It notes that near-term practical barriers remain substantial. Quantum systems continue to depend on complex cryogenics, shielding, and unsolved reliability challenges, while DNA-based computing remains a far-future concept rather than a viable alternative to general-purpose processors. Overall, the document presents both frameworks as long-term possibilities to complement, rather than immediately replace proven space-qualified electronics. It concludes that the stronger, nearer-term cases for such architectures are in highly specialized or hybrid roles rather than in fully mature general-purpose onboard computing applications.

### Full text

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Defense
Intelligence
Reference
Document
Defense Futures
10 December 20 10
! COD: 10 December 2010
DIA-08- 1102-005

Quantum Computing and
Utilizing Organic Molecules in
Automation Technology

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR 066iliCili.t.k WS& 8,.Llf

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Quantum Computing and Utilizing Organic Molecules in

Automation Technology

The Defense Intelligence Reference Document provides non-substantive but
authoritative reference information related to intelliqence topics or methodoloqies.

Prepared by:
Technology Warning Division (DW0-4)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 73

COPYRIGHT WARNING : Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized .

This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2010 under the
Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapon System
Appl ications \AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be
addressed to AAP Person 1
AAWSA Program Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency,
ATTN: JUIAF - DI/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington, DC 20340-5100.

l

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Contents
Summary........................................................................................................................ 5
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 7
Ultrafast Computing Power in Aerospace Applications ................................................... 7
Making Digital Circuits Faster..................................................................................... 8
Applications of Quantum Computers ........................................................................ 10
The Closed Box and Fault Tolerance ......................................................................... 11
Scalability ................................................................................................................ 12
Universal Logic ......................................................................................................... 12
Initialization and Measurement................................................................................ 13
The Quantum Dot Approach ................................................................................. 13
Electrostatic Quantum Dots in Graphene .............................................................. 14
Quantum Dots in Graphene Nanoribbons ............................................................. 15
Graphene Disc in Single-Layer Graphene ............................................................. 16
Graphene Disc in Bilayer Graphene ...................................................................... 17
Manipulation of Spin Qubits in Graphene Quantum Dots Relative to GaAs ........... 18
Spin Relaxation and De-phasing in Graphene Quantum Dots ............................... 19
Spin Relaxation Due to Spin-orbit Interaction ...................................................... 20
Research with Graphene Quantum Dots ............................................................... 21
Summary of Additional Inorganic Technologies ....................................................... 21
Photon Technologies ............................................................................................ 21
Ion and Atomic Trap Technologies ....................................................................... 22
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Technologies ............................................... 22
Superconducting Technologies ............................................................................. 22
DNA-based Designs for Molecular Computers ........................................................... 23
DNA Background .................................................................................................. 23
Error Suppression Mechanisms in DNA Self-Assembly .......................................... 28
Self-assembly with DNA-based Microfluidic Devices ............................................ 31
DNA Origami ........................................................................................................ 32
Engineering DNA-Based Logic Gates .................................................................... 35
Logic Operation by Deoxyribozymes .................................................................... 35

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Deoxyribozyme-based Boolean Automata ............................................................ 39
Robotic Bases (The DNA Robot) ........................................................................... 40
DNA Nanomotors.................................................................................................. 41
The Nano Walker; a Spider-like Approach ............................................................ 43
Discussion ................................................................................................................ 45
Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 46
References ................................................................................................................ 48

Figures
Figure 1. Hexagonal structure of graphene..................................................................... 14
Figure 2. Quantum dot in graphene nanoribbon.............................................................. 15
Figure 3. Left; Energy diagram for quantum dot in single-layer graphene. Right; Bound
state levels as function of dot radius............................................................. 16
Figure 4. (a) Color scale plot of the transconductance. (b) One of the vertices of the
honeycomb structure at Vsd = 800 µV: Charge stability diagrams for seriescoupled quantum dots...................................................................................... 16
Figure 5. Quantum dot in bilayer graphene..................................................................... 17
Figure 6. Bilayer graphene tunneling device structure................................................. 18
Figure 7. Qubit piano........................................................................................................19
Figure 8. Long distance coupling of three graphene qubits ............................................ 19
Figure 9. A DNA nanomachine driven by repeated sequential addition of DNA control
strands.............................................................................................................. 23
Figure 10. Recombinant DNA molecule with restriction enzyme cleavage and sticky end
ligation....................................................................................................... 25
Figure 11. Two symmetric DNA nanomotifs and the crystals grown using them .......... 26
Figure 12. (top a-e) The XOR Cellular Automaton and Its Implementation by Tile-Based
Self-Assembly............................................................................................. 27
Figure 12 (continued). (bottom a-e) AFM Images of Algorithmic Self-assembly of
Sierpinski Triangle Crystals ........................................................................... 28
Figure 13. Error Suppression with the PTM Method ........................................................ 30
Figure 14. Simulation results of growth in (A} the OTM, (B) the PTM, and (C} the LTM.30
Figure 15. Three Types of Error in DNA Tile Self-assembly (a) Growth error (b) Facet
error (c) Nucleation error. Red lines indicate the mismatched sides .......... 31
Figure 16. Micro-fluidic device for DNA tile self-assembly............................................ 32
Figure 17. (A) Schematic diagram of a 16-column microfluidic DNA synthesizer
(B) Close up schematic of the column array............................................... 33
Figure 18. Design of DNA origami ................................................................................ 34
Figure 19. Several DNA origami folding paths.............................................................. 34
Figure 20. Functional design of a DNA based logic gate............................................... 37
Figure 21. Simplistic rendering of a DNA logic gate...................................................... 38
Figure 22. Basic gate structures, derived from allosterically regulated deoxyribozyme
E6, for playing tic-tac-toe against a human opponent................................ 39
Figure 23. First Generation (MAYA I) DNA-based Logic Circuit that plays tic-tac-toe ... 40
Figure 24. A single molecule DNA-based nanomotor driven by photons....................... 42
Figure 25. AFM Scan of walkers as they follow a track pattern places on the surface.. 43

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Figure 26. The Nano walker made at Columbia University is a protein molecule
decorated with three legs--single-stranded DNAzymes, synthetic DNA
molecules that act as enzymes and catalyze a reaction............................. 44
Figure 27. Deoxyribozyme-based molecular walker and origami prescriptive landscape.
..................................................................................................................................... 45

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Quantum Computing and Utilizing Organic Molecules in
Automation Technology
Summary
Powerful onboard computing hardware is a desired option for future space travel. Without
large data processing capability, the copious amounts of data acquired during flight from
astronomical sensors as well as crew and vehicle sensors will need to be sent back to
earthbound machines for processing, introducing delays measured in hours for routine
calculations. Current commercial computer hardware trajectories in silicon substrate
semiconductors are not likely to produce a radiation-hard or small and portable
supercomputer without significant mission-specific alteration. Alternatives to traditional
computing technology include computers based on entangled quantum states and molecular
computing hardware based on DNA molecules.
Included in th is review is significant introduction to the necessary elements of quantum
computing and a summary of the state-of-the-art technologies. Following is background on
DNA and production of engineered DNA chains. Finally, DNA logic gates are presented along
with a treatment of nanomachines that will repair DNA circuitry. Forecasts of technology
development in the 10-20 and 40-year horizons are included along the way, as well as
summary discussion and a conclusion.
The first operating quantum computers capable of solving real-world problems will
commence within 10 years and be based on ion trap technology. This is entirely based on the
amount of research resources dedicated to the problem and the fact that there appear to
only be eng ineering challenges remaining. Atomic and ion traps require very substantial
cryogenic and EM shielding systems and are not practical for space travel.
Pure photonic technologies available today have difficulty with both miniaturization and
scalability. However, the amount of active work in the field makes a disruptive advance likely
in the 10-year t imeframe . Optical computers will likely be rea li zed in the 20-year horizon;
however, the very powerful promise of quantum computing will still have issues with photon
loss in any solid state device. The 40 -year horizon will see photon technologies play an
essential but supporting role in distributed quantum computing. Realized all-optical non­
quantum systems will have radiation tolerance advantages over current semiconductor
technology and are likely to augment or even replace general - purpose computing devices for
space travel.
Hybrid designs uti lizing arrays of quantum dots and photon communication channels will be
an option for space travel supercomputing on the 40-year timescale. These systems operate
at attainable temperatures without cryonics, and require no more shield ing than humans. It
is likely that spintronics will be an essential ingredient.
Simple organic computing based on DNA tiles will be realized in the next 20 years. On the
40-year time horizon, useful DNA-based devices will be essential space exploration tools.
These could take the form of orbital-del ivered wireless sensors searching planetary/asteroid
features or for essential compounds such as high concentrations of water. DNA computers
will also be realized on the 40-year timeline . Their advantage over solid state devices will be
the ability to repair nanoscale elements damaged in normal use or by cosmic radiation.

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INTRODUCTION
Computers today are not what they used to be. In the 17 th century, a computer was merely a
person who performs computations. In this sense, the first computers were universally
programmable and were ultimately utilizing organic (DNA) hardware architecture. The
modern sense of a computer as a machine that manipulates input to produce deterministic
output emerged from the work of Turing in the 1930s. A Turing machine consists of four
parts: tape containing cells of symbols, read head, action table, and state register. In
operation, the state register is initialized, the first cell of the tape is read by the head, the
table translates the symbol into an action in the state register, and the tape is advanced to
read the next symbol. The read, action, advance tape loop is repeated until the program
ends.(1) Any calculation a modern digital computer can perform can be accomplished using a
Turing machine .a
Modern digital processing hardware, first used in the ENIAC in the 1950s, is based on logic
gates. All functions of a computer consist of the basic logic elements AND, OR, NOT, etc.
These are accomplished electronically by producing logic gates, combinations of transistors
that perform the logic function on input data. A common exercise in didactic digital logic
pedagogy is to design all of the basic logic gates using only NANO or NOR gates; thus, any
hardware element that can execute the NAND function can build a complete computer.b
Optimum designs are regularly more elegant than combining a single two-input gate, but it is
sufficient as proof of principle for any architecture to be able to produce an inverter and a
simple logic gate (AND/OR).
The quest for faster computing can be accomplished by making current hardware
architecture faster, or by designing new hardware based on different architecture that solves
the calculation in fewer steps. The current treatise concentrates on the latter, dramatically
changing the architecture of modern computers to perform calculations in a different manner.
Two methods are explored: that of creating logic gates, and that of creating a general Turing
machine. The second of these is explored in the context of quantum computing with an
emphasis on organ ic molecules as a core technology. Designs of logic gates utilizing DNA are
covered. Background on all these areas of research is included first. Finally, DNA machines
that can assemble and repair DNA technology are outlined.

ULTRAFAST COMPUTING POWER IN AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS
The history of manned spaceflight does not include powerful computers as integrated
companions; space-borne supercomputers have so far been reserved to the world of science
fiction. The main issue on space stations has been radiation hardness, while the main issue
on vehicles such as the space shuttle has been safety. The amount of testing required for a
microprocessor to be certified for space precludes the most current technology from
becoming astro-worthy. Indeed, the most powerful general purpose computers riding in the
shuttle are the laptops the astronauts bring with them.
• The complete history of computers up until the 1950s is a fascinating story. A good summary of this history is ava ilable
in the Wikipedia entries for "computer" and " Turing machine" among other places. The model of a Turing machine
presented is simplified .
b The didactic exercise is usual ly followed by a laboratory exercise on breadboards and measurement of the truth table .
NAND gates are popular because they are particularly simple to manufacture with current technology.

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The first challenge to overcome in supercomputing in space is radiation causing temporary
and permanent errors in calculation. The current approach is to make the solid state
components radiation-hard, a time-consuming and costly process. An alternate approach is
to use multiple commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components in parallel architecture.
George's group at the University of Florida pursued this approach with earthbound success. (2,
3) A good question arises that if 50 years of space travel hasn't required one onboard
supercomputer, why start now? It seems NASA asked this question as well and, after years
of preparation, cancelled the space test of the technology in late 2009.
Regardless of the need for current missions, one can imagine many future applications where
it would be more convenient to data process on long space missions without downloading
data to Earth-based system and uploading the results. This is especially true for long­
duration spaceflight where communication delays could be minutes to hours (Mars ~13
minutes, Jupiter ~45 minutes, and Neptune ~4 hours). Spacecraft active in the 40-year
horizon will require supercomputing technology on-board to process all of the data to be
acquired during flight. This includes astronomical data as well as ship and crew data. c
Example missions include Mars with a goal to analyze the planet using thousands of semi­
autonomous sensors or millions of independent, wirelessly communicating nanomachines
("magic dust"). In such scenarios, it is not necessarily numbers that need lots of crunching,
but algorithms that need to be run on powerful systems that could be non -traditional in their
design; for example, massively parallel.

MAKING DIGITAL CIRCUITS FASTER
In consideration of the underlying physics in the electrodynamics of transistor operation, the
scale of the constituent elements dominates the type of analyses required. In the
macroscopic regime, constituents are measured in microns or larger, properties are
dominated by well-defined statistical averages in bulk matter, and non-classical effects due
to the underlying fact that all particles involved in the interactions are really fluctuations
within a relativistic quantum field can safely be ignored. For 40 years making a fast transistor
was primarily accomplished by avoiding saturation between states in an arrangement known
as emitter coupled logic (ECL, pronounced "ek-el"). The ECL family of logic circuits could
achieve sub-nanosecond switching times and dominated the leading-edge of high-speed
computing up until the early 1990s. The drawback of ECL was that without reaching
saturation, no depletion zone existed within the individual transistors and thus current flowed
through much of the device hardware instead of the usual small leakage current associated
with gates in a defined state. ECL's large current flow makes cooling and power requirements
challenging, especially for space-based platforms where heat dissipation is an issue.
Saturation technologies, primarily MOSFET-based, surpassed the speed of high-current
devices when the footprint of individual elements became small enough that a change
between depletion states could be quickly stabilized, given the comparably slow drift
velocities of primary charge carriers. These CMOS-family technology devices are the current
state-of-the-art in integrated circuits, and device speed increases, until recently, were
dominated by making the circuit elements smaller (see below). Intel produces high volume
!Cs with circuit elements size at 32 nm, and has demonstrated memory elements in 22 nm

c The scenario of several massive data acqu isition channels was presented at the Workshop for Technology Brea kthroughs

fo r Human Space Exploration , June 17 th 2010, NASA Headquarters, Washington DC . Navigation is and will continue to be
handled by traditional computing mach ines - it is only rocket science that needs to be solved for navigation purposes.

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pitch.d By comparison, atomic diameters range from around 0.1 nm to 0.5 nm, with silicon
~0.2 nm, or only a factor of 100 smaller.
As circuit elements decrease in size, the number of atoms making up the bulk materials
decreases and ignoring individual quantum effects becomes problematic. This is the
mesoscopic scale. At this size, quantum effects can introduce noise into the circuit as the
unpredictablee nature of the underlying wave functions. Once the circuit size shrinks to only a
few atoms, quantum effects will emerge from the noise domain to dominate the electrical
behavior. It is thought that exploiting rather than avoiding quantum phenomena may prove
useful in this regime for inorganic technologies.
Following Moore's law, in less than 10 years inorganic circuit elements will be less than 5x5
molecules in 2-D extent. (Molecular machines built of organic components, primarily DNA,
are discussed in a later section.) Shrinking traditional silicon-based general-processing
technology to this microscopic scale is one motivation for developing new types of machines
based on quantum phenomena, but it is not the on ly one. Smaller circuit elements decreased
the settling time of transistors and thus gates on CPUs, allowing increasing clock speed (the
CPU can execute the next instruction with shorter delay from the last instruction). CPUs
today get most of their performance with parallel architecture, executing several instructions
at once in different pipelines. Using smaller circuitry in general consumes less power, and
this allows more parallel elements to be packed into a reasonable wattage package. The
march toward smaller circuitry is continuing unabated so plann ing for the eventual quantum­
dominant characteristics is essential.
It is common to use the analogy of the laser to elucidate the application developments
possible with quantum computing. In one sense, the laser is just another hardware
technology that makes light. Earlier light technologies include organic-fueled fire ( ~50,000
BC), incandescent bulbs (early 19th c.), and fluorescent chambers (mid-19 th c.). The light
source to utilize is not governed by the highness of the technology, but by requirements of
the application. One can read by laser light, but older and cheaper incandescent light will
provide superior perceptible illumination to a page. Traditional semiconductor-based
computing is cheap and plenty powerful for controlling navigation or driving ship status
displays.
The laser analogy is further revealing in that it is quantum effects producing a special kind of
light that is coherent. Coherent light is single wavelength with all photons travelling in the
same direction .f This coherence is a natural consequence of conservation of momentum in
the absorption/emission process. (4) Coherent light is very useful for some applications that
require low dispersion; for example, bouncing a beam off of a mirror on the moon, or the
more pedestrian pinpoint highlight of a projected PowerPoint presentation.
The practical uses of the laser are not universally bigger or smaller, faster or slower, or more
or less energy efficient than the other hardware technologies that produce light, they are just
different. Similarly, when we think of what hardware and applications will arise for quantum
computing, they too are not necessarily bigger, smaller, or faster than traditional methods;
they are just different, and many could not be accomplished with traditional technologies. (5)
d Pitch is the distance between repeat circuit elements.

What is most interesting about the 22 nm technology is that it was
produced with 192 nm lithography.
• At the mesoscopic scale, individua l wave functions are not prepared a priori or controlled in their propagation . Some of
the noise components are correlated .
'Laser light is actually very narrow bandwidth rather than single-valued.

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APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM COMPUTERS
Although smaller circuitry and supercomputing is a motivator, the driving application behind
quantum computing is cryptography. First, there is cracking cipher codes. The vast majority
of secured communications utilize a method known as publ ic-key cryptography . In this
method, the code is based on the prime number factors of a very large integer which is
publically available. The private key is one of the integer factors and this allows the receiver
of information to decipher the code easily. The strength of this technique is that traditional
computer algorithms will take a long time to guess the correct factors of the public key, on
the order of months. 9 Traditional brute force methods require a number of steps that
increase as an exponential function of the size of the public key. However, in 1994 Shor
presented a quantum algorithm that would only require a polynomial number of steps, thus
dramatically decreasing the requ ired time to factor, assuming a quantum computer would
ever be physically realized. (6) This speedup is primarily due to the nature of quantum
waves; specifically, they can follow several parallel paths instead of the usual stepwise
procedural execution of instructions. This acceleration by superposition concept is more
easily understood in a random search of data. Consider an algorithm that has a 50%
probability to locate a specific phone number in a database of N phone numbers by a random
search . The procedural algorithm on average will require O.SN inquiries to locate the correct
number. A quantum algorithm on the other hand can be devised that accumulates
information by examining multiple numbers with each step. Such a scheme has been shown
to reduce the number of examinations required to .JN. (7, 8) The superposition of states
allows examination and processing of several tape cells simultaneously in a Turing-inspired
machine.
Second, there is quantum communication. Once public key encryption is easily broken by the
quantum computer, a new cipher needs to repla ce it. The canonical quantum commun ication
experiment defines a sender, Bob, and a receiver, Alice. In most scenarios, Alice and Bob
communicate over a distance using entangled particles and a trad itional open line. The open
line relays information about measurement settings, but is useless to an observer without
access to the entangled wave function (entanglement is discussed below, and the open line
information is an analogue to the public key of current ciphers). The other advantage of this
setup is that almost any disturbance in the commun ication line between Alice and Bob would
destroy entanglement and thus the information would be lost instead of intercepted.
Additional archetypical participants in a communications experiment/scenario follow the
English alphabet: Charlie (or Chuck if his intent is malicious), Dave, Eve, etc. Quantum
communication is thus an application replacing one performed by a general purpose
computing machine ; the classical and quantum systems do not operate in similar fashion
other than the function of securely transmitting information. Additionally, quantum
communication has been suggested as a method to connect isolated quantum systems
without disturbing closed box requirements like classical interventions would. (9, 10)
Beyond cryptography is a third application, quantum metrology, where time and/or distance
are measured to an extremely high accuracy . A fourth obvious application is simulation of
quantum systems. (11, 12)

9 Or hours if one has farms of supercomputers. The point is that the value of most communication is much smaller than

the cost to decipher by brute force. Th e 128-bit web standard is a compromise between security and speed.

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THE CLOSED BOX AND FAULT TOLERANCE
In traditional silicon transistor circuits, once a bit is set to 1 or O by a gate or other device
locking the output voltage, that value is expected to remain through subsequent clock cycles
until deterministically changed.h Additionally, traditional circuits behave by the same rules for
each clock cycle; that is, as more information is processed, repeated gate operation does not
deteriorate the bit latching mechanism. This behavior is achieved by constantly providing
energy to the circuits. Any interruption in this constant need for power from the outside and
the integrity of the information in the computing circuit is lost. 1
A fundamental principle of quantum mechanics is that any external influence on a system
necessarily disturbs the state of that system. This influence could be external disruption or
internal leakage - either interaction will change the internal quantum state. This destructive
process is known as decoherence. External influences will disturb the system and thus the
circuits need to be isolated from the rest of the universe, also known as the 'closed box'
requirement.
Trial to trial variations in a quantum circuit produce an increasing deviation from an initial
phase as the wave function evolves. This trial-to-trial deviation causes decoherence on a

(Text continues in the original file: 54 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D151 — AAWSAP DIRD, Cognitive Limits on Simultaneous Control of Multiple Unmanned Spacecraft, December 2010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D151
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D151
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 12/15/10
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

December 2010: when “big picture” meant juggling four spacecraft, not Christmas lights.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D151 PDF, Defense Intelligence Agency, December 2010, incident Las Vegas, Nevada
- Reports human operator limits: ~16 simple, ~7 moderate, ~4 complex unmanned spacecraft
- Conclusion: Human cognitive limits cap simultaneous control; automation aids but doesn’t remove constraints

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD examines how many unmanned spacecraft a single human operator could realistically supervise or control at once, using research from air traffic control and multi-vehicle remote piloting as rough analogs. The report argues that the practical limit depends heavily on task complexity: about 16 craft for simple monitoring or destination assignment, about 7 for moderately complex piloting or mission tasks, and about 4 for complex heterogeneous operations. It places particular emphasis on the operator’s ability to maintain a coherent mental “big picture” of multiple vehicles at once, and it suggests that automation and external displays can help by offloading working-memory demands, though not eliminating them. The document also highlights physiological workload measures as a possible way to detect or predict operator overload in real time. Overall, it presents multi-spacecraft control as a human-factors and systems-integration problem in which progress depends on managing cognitive limits through interface design, automation, and workload monitoring.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR-OFI ONLY
Defense
a Intelligence
CEEA
Reference
Document
Defense Futures
15 December 2010
ICOD: 8 September 2010
DIA-08-1101-001
Cognitive Limits on
Simultaneous Control of
Multiple Unmanned Spacecraft
UNCLASSIFIED//FOR-OFF

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Cognitive Lim its on Simultaneous Control of Multiple

Unmanned Spacecraft

The Defense Intelligence Reference Document provides non-substantive but
authoritative reference information related to intelli ence to ics or methodolo ies.

Prepared by:
Technology Warning Division (DW0-4)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
Author:

AAP Person 73

COPYRIGHT WARN ING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.

This product is one of a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2010
under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace
Weapons System Applications (AAWSA) P~ra!i ~m= o:auestions pertaining to
~ AAWSA Program
this document should be addressed to jAAP Person 1
Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, Al
:J A - u
0 - , Bldg 6000,
Washington D.C. 20340-5100

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Contents
Summary................................................................................................................iv
Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2: Measurement of Mental Workload ........................................................ 3
Subjective Measurements .................................................................................. 3
Performance Measures ....................................................................................... 4
Physiological Measures ...................................................................................... 4
Cardiac Function ............................................................................................ 5
CNS Measurements ........................................................................................ 6
Ocular Measurements..................................................................................... 6
Skin Measurements ........................................................................................ 7
Serum Levels of Hormones ............................................................................. 7
Chapter 3: Studies in Cognitive Workload for Air Traffic Controllers ..................... 8
Modeling the Air Traffic Control Task ............................................................... 15
Chapter 4: Studies in Command of Multiple Semi-Automated Vehicles ................ 18
Chapter 5: Discussion .......................................................................................... 22
Chapter 6: Conclusions ........................................................................................ 23
References ........................................................................................................... 24

Figures
Figure 1. One-dimensional Representation of Changes in Performance as Workload
Varies ..................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2. Typical EKG Signal for a Normal Heartbeat .............................................. 5
Figure 3. Air Traffic Control .................................................................................. 10
Figure 4. Representation of Performance Results from Brookings Study.............. 13
Figure 5. Information Processing Model for a Human Operator............................ 16
Figure 6. Examples of Unmanned Military Vehicles .............................................. 19

Tables
Table 1. Variables used in Determining Complexity of the Traffic.................. 11
Table 2. Correlations among Physiological Variables ..................................... 14

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Cognitive Limits on Simultaneous Control of Multiple
Unmanned Spacecraft
Summary
Space exploration 40 years into the future may include manned missions to parts of the
outer solar system. A possible scenario may include sending a small fleet of craft with
different primary missions. For example, a trailing spacecraft of nuclear powered
electromagnets designed to shield the manned part of the fleet from solar radiation;
halo spacecraft with powerful radars to scout for incoming objects; exploration and
mining craft, etc. The fleet could regularly travel out of unaided visual range of each
other, joining up when necessary for maintenance, exchange of materials such as fuel,
or other necessities. Piloting these multiple craft could be economically accomplished if
only one remote pilot on station at a time was necessary.
The cognitive limitation of a human astronaut and his ability to perform the multiple­
vehicle piloting task is the focus of this paper as little work has been done in this
specific area. However, a large body of cognitive research on the limitations of object
supervision and tracking for the task of air traffic control (ATC) exists. Additionally,
there is an emerging body of research concerned with multiple unmanned vehicle
piloting for heterogeneous missions. These are the two areas reviewed in detail as they
relate to possible spacecraft missions.
Pilots develop an internal mental representation of the identity, position, mission, and
current direction of relevant objects. This is referred to colloquially as "the big picture."
The primary research question we seek to answer is whether there is a cognitive limit
to the number of objects that can be monitored and tracked within the big picture.
Secondarily, we seek to find whether this maximum number is limited by the
complexity of interaction; how those limiting factors are described, whether there is a
real-time objective measure that indicates when a pilot is approaching his maximum
capacity, and whether that capacity has been exceeded. The maximum number of
tracked objects is highly dependent on the complexity of the piloting and mission tasks
at hand.
Research is lacking in the area of cognitive limits on the number of spacecraft one pilot
could control given any mission scenario. Currently, two models are being used to
examine similar activities in air traffic control and remote piloting of multiple unmanned
vehicles. In both areas it has been shown the cognitive limits on the number of craft
capable of simultaneous control is 16 for simple destination selection, 7 for moderately
complex piloting and/or mission task completion, and 4 for complex heterogeneous
craft. While additional future research may help to increase the automation component
of aircraft and mission control, no current evidence exists to show that a complete
mental picture can be maintained for more than about 16 objects at one time, even
with external working memory augmentation. However, it has also been demonstrated
that physiological variables can be objectively employed to indicate overload. Nominal
success has been achieved in classifying physiological states near high workload thus
enabling both prediction and possibly prevention of overload.

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Chapter 1: Introduction
Due to the complexity, duration and numerous support requirements of future manned
deep-space missions involving exploration, mineral exploitation, and possible
colonization, a likely scenario will be the inclusion of unmanned fleets of support craft.
Coupled with other requirements, an intensive research program is needed to
investigate the cognitive limits on pilots and other operators responsible for the
simultaneous control of multiple unmanned spacecraft making up the support fleet; a
"fleet' approach is proposed in an effort to optimize safety and exploratory reach. This
research effort would also aim at maximizing the functional efficiency of the mission
and reducing the operation costs of unmanned vehicle fleets.
In this scenario there is much about the ancillary craft that are automated in both
navigation and mission. Many of them will not require full-time piloting but given that
they could be hundreds of miles from each other at any instant of time, they need
monitoring to prevent unseen system failure or collision from letting them just
disappear one day during the mission like a Martian probe. Accomplishing this
monitoring task and the occasional piloting task for multiple craft in the fleet could be
economically accomplished if only one remote pilot on station at a time was necessary.
We will focus here on the cognitive limitation of a human astronaut to perform the
multiple-vehicle piloting task. It is not a surprise that there is little work in this specific
area - in fact there were zero peer-reviewed articles in the major journals concerning
remote piloting of multiple spacecraft (published in the last 30 years). There is
however, a large body of cognitive research on the limitations of object supervision and
tracking for the task of air traffic control (ATC). There is additionally an emerging body
of research concerned with multiple unmanned vehicle piloting for heterogeneous
missions. These are the two areas reviewed in detail as they relate to possible
spacecraft missions.
When a pilot or ATC operator is in control of several craft they have developed an
internal mental representation of the identity, position, mission, and current direction of
each object tracked. This is referred to colloquially as "the big picture." This mental
representation is also called situational awareness. Keeping all of the information about
all of the objects straight as long as they are in scope is the goal.
The primary research question we seek to answer is whether there is a cognitive limit
to the number of moving objects that can be maintained in the big picture. Secondary
questions are whether this maximum number is limited by complexity, how those
limitations might be described, whether there is a real-time objective measure that will
indicate when a pilot is approaching their maximum capacity, and whether that capacity
has been overloaded.
For the current treatise we will consider only traditional humans as pilots. Cyborg­
enhanced astrobots are a topic for another tome.
In discussing cognitive limitations, it is useful to introduce the concepts of task demand,
mental workload, and a simplistic model of multiple resource theory. For a given task,
the gross level of neural activity required is a representation of the mental demands of
the task. Of course, a complex task can demand varied resources such as visual and

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audio processing, and this is where multiple resource theory enters: different resources
can be considered independent if demands on one resource do not tax the availability of
capacity of the other. Performance of a task can be high or low: in general if spare
capacity is available, performance is high, and if capacity is limited or exceeded,
performance is low. Moreover, task demand enforces a fixed theoretical relationship
between mental workload and task performance: this is shown in Figure l.

Relationship between Workload and Task Performance

High

Performance

Workload
Low
D

Al

A2

A3

B

Task Demand
Figure 1. One-dimensional Representation of Changes in Performance
as Workload Varies. Task demand increases to the right. In the three A
regions, performance remains unchanged : A2 is optimal, where a trained
operator exerts minimal effort to maintain a set level of performance. At times
of low demand the operator exerts effort to maintain vigilance (Al) until
demand is so low, the subject disengages from the task (D). The workload curve
is not well defined at very low levels of demand (dotted lines). At the other end,
as demand increases, the subject can exert effort to keep up with demand (A3) .
Additional effort maintains performance until degradation begins (B), and in the
overload condition, region C, performance is degraded beyond acceptable levels.
While effort is maintained in overload, some low level of performance exists.

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Chapter 2: Measurement of Mental Workload
There are three approaches to measuring mental workload in a subject performing a
primary task. The first is subjective evaluation, either post-hoc self-report
questionnaires concentrating on how "busy" one may have felt, or an experimental
observation of activity. The second is performance measures, an objective evaluation of
how well the subject completes the primary task, a secondary task, or an
experimentally inserted reference task. The final approach is to record real-time
physiological measures, with the assumption that increased workload increases anxiety
and this will be exhibited by changes in the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

SUBJECTIVE MEASUREMENTS
Self-report measures are appealing because they get inside the mind that was
performing the task. There is no absolute objective scale to measure one person's "fully
occupied" from another person's view of the same state; however, through rating
scales and self-drawn graphs, one can obtain an accurate picture of how perceived
workload evolved during the experiment. Perceived workload is important because it is
what needs to be maintained between a subjective minimum, where attention may
wander, and a subjective maximum, where increased emotion may decrease
performance capacity.
The most frequently used standardized self-report tools are the NASA Task Load Index
(NASA-TLX or just TLX) and the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique
(SWAT) .1 , 2 , 3 .4 The TLX is a subjective workload assessment based on a multi­
dimensional rating questionnaire. An overall workload score is derived based on a
weighted average of ratings on six subscales: mental demands, physical demands,
temporal demands, own performance, effort, and frustration. SWAT is a two-step
assessment of three workload factors: time load, mental effort load, and psychological
stress load. In t he first step, hypothetica l activities are ra nked according to perceived
workload. In the second step, the experimental task is eva luated post-hoc, using a 1-3
rating scale for each of the three dimensions. An interval scale of workload is derived,
from 0-100, based on the reference data collected for each subject in the first step, and
the evaluation of t he experimental task. A custom self-report can also be designed by
the experimenter to specifically focus on the research questions in a given experiment.
The second type of subjective measure is evaluation by an expert observer. In this type
of measurement, assumptions are made on the mental activity of the subject based on
the activities being performed. The advantage of th is approach is that there is minimal
variance per-to-person if the same evaluator is employed. The disadvantage of this
approach is the outside observer can miss workload mu ltiplyi ng factors such as task
complexity contributing to an overwhelmed feeling by the subject. An example of this
approach is the concept of utilization. In ca lculating utilization it is assumed that the
subject must cognitively address one issue at a time in serial order. The measure of
utilization is percent t ime busy, or addressing any issue, as opposed to waiting or
monitoring for the next event. In general is it observed for control and supervisory
tasks that at around 70% utilization performance begins to degrade. 5 Arguably not a
perfect measure of workload, utilization has the advantage of simplicity, objectivity,
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and a quantitative scale, allowing it to be used in threshold detection and prediction, as
well as in computer-assisted workload balancin g.

PERFORMANCE MEASURES
Laboratory, reaction time to an event stimulus is a typical real-time measure of speed.
Outside the laboratory, in a more natural environment, speed is an indirect measure of
a subject's ability to keep up with a given rate of events. a Accuracy is measured in
both the laboratory and naturalistic environments: for example, in an air-traffic control
task, properly handing off a plane to the next controller, as it leaves the first
controller's monitored airspaceb, is measured as a successful task completion.
Performance, when utilizing a secondary task, is accompl ished following two paradigms.
First, in the dual -task paradigm, performance on the secondary task is required and
primary task performance is thus an indication of workload. For the second paradigm,
instruction is given to maintain the primary task performance, and performance on the
secondary task is thus a measure of "space capacity" for additional workload.
Care is required in selection of secondary tasks in order to ensure they affect the
resources one wishes to probe. For example, in a driving scenario, a minimally
intrusive task is to push a button on the floor or steering wheel when a light flashes in
the field-of-view of the driver. This visual "detect-and-respond" task adds to what is
primarily a complex visual and motor coordination task that probes the capacity of
visual attention. 6 This is different than a seconda ry task utilizing different resources,
such as having a conversation while driving. When planning the paradigm, a model
needs to be developed that treats (or explicitly ignores) individual tasks and
interactions among them.
Reference tasks are executed before and after primary tasks. Typically reference tasks
focus on trending in performance due to effects such as fatigue. One important case of
reference tasks is to normalize an individual's current capacity for mental workload.
Such a pre-performance measure can be used to adjust maximum workload to
compensate for day-to-day variation.

PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES
The human nervous system is anatomically divided into the Central Nervous System
(CNS) - and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and the
spinal cord. The PNS is made up of the somatic division, which innervates the skin,
voluntary muscle, and joints, and the autonomic division, which mediates visceral
sensation as well as executes motor control of smooth muscle, viscera, and endocrine
glands. The autonomic division consists of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric
systems. The sympathetic system mediates response to stress, wh ile the
parasympathetic system works to maintain homeostasis and conserve body resources.
• Reaction time is not typically measured in real-time in the field as events occur at unplanned ti mes. Post-hoc
analysis can resolve reaction times down to a comparable resolution to innate motor reaction variance, on the
order or lO's of msec.
b Contrary to what a layperson may think, the vast majority of errors in air traffic control do not result in coll isions
or even near misses; rathe r they are mistakes In procedure.

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The enteric system executes control of smooth muscle. Although the CNS and PNS are
anatom ically distinct, they are functiona lly intertwined. When discussing the function of
the autonomic division, it is customary to refer to it as the Autonomic Nervous System,
or ANS .7
Changes in global arousal or activation through changing workload can result in
changes in physiological activity. These measures are advantageous as changes are
measurable continuously, in real-time, and usually unobtrusively in a naturalistic
setting. The drawback of using physiology alone is that there is no direct measure of
primary task performance.

Cardiac Function
Normal beating of the human heart produces a distinct and repeating pattern of
electrical activity measurable throughout the body for any two sample points that cross
the chest.c The typical electrocard iogram signal is shown in Figure 2.

R

T

p

Q

s
Figure 2. Typical EKG Signal for a Normal Heartbeat. Portions of the waveform are labeled P, Q,
R, S, and T.
Detection of the R-wave allows measurement of frequency, time,d and amplitude. For
continuous monitoring, heart rate measurements will vary considerably and in a non­
linear fashion; therefore, the measurement of inter-beat-interval (IBI), the time
between R peaks, is more normally distributed in the absence of signal, reducing noise
in the measurement. 8 Averaging the heart rate over minutes of task performance and
comparing to baseline yields a reliable estimate of increased metabolic function. 9 An
additional measure is the heart rate variability (HRV), calculated by dividing the
standard deviation of IBI by an average value of IBI within a sample period. Additional
measurements can be made by decomposin g the spectra of HRV into low, mid, and
c In fact,

a typical introductory physics course for life science students will include a laboratory experiment where
the heart rhythm is measured between electrodes located on the right wrist and left ankle.
d This time measurement is properly a phase measure ment, with the phase relative to some reference event.

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high frequency components which have different noise contributions (for example, core
temperatu re changes, blood pressure or speech, and respiration, respectively) .10
Blood pressure and its variability can also be measured. For continuous monitoring, a
finger cuff filled with water match the inner-arterial pressure and can be used to
monitor variability . 11

CNS Measurements
Measurement of brain activity can be unobtrusively recorded using low -cou nt
electroencephalography (EEG),e or the minimally obtrusive techniques of EEG, near­
infrared spectrometry (NIRS), trans-cranial Doppler sonography (TCDS), or the non­
invasive laboratory techniques of functional MRI (fMRI), magnetoencephalography
(MEG), or positron emission tomography (PET). The latter three techniques are for
brain research only and do not have any current naturalistic research studies (although
see Genik 12 for a prognosis on generation-after-next technologies including NIRS, PET,
fMRI, and MEG).
EEG measurements are typically divided into spectra and the relative power in the
bands 0-4 Hz(!\), 4-8 Hz (0), 8-13 Hz (a ), 13-30 Hz(~), and 30-100 Hz (y). NIRS
measures the BOLD effectt and is related to localized y activity . TCDS measures CO2 as
the byproduct of localized increased metabolism and is also an indirect measure of
neural activity which has been shown to be related to vigilance. 13 For EEG experiments
in mental workload, changes are typically reported in the 0 and a bands, though more
recently ~ and y bands have shown sensitivity .14
Event-related potentials (ERP) are peaks of activity measured at the skin indicative of
several tens of thousands of neurons firing coherently for a short time. For example, a
well-studied cognitive ERP is P300, a lO's-of-msec-wide bump in the EEG signal
occurring 200-400 msec after an event. Some success in utilizing a task-irrelevant
secondary aud io stimulation and NlOO has been shown, 15 but little further development
to this approach has been found in the last 15 years.

Ocular Measurements
Measurements involving eye fixations, dwell t ime (temporal length of a fixation), and
pupillary changes are well established metrics of workload in visual searching tasks. 16
Add itiona l measures of ocular changes include bl ink rate, blink duration, bl ink latency,
and eye movement. These are recorded using one of various types of eye-tracking (ET)
or electrodes to measure an electrooculogram (EOG). ET data will include position of a
fixation and the time of each eye movement (or saccade), whereas an EOG on ly
identifies the time that the muscle controlling eye blinks or eye position activated.

• Low-count EEG is generally less than 10 electrodes, and usually 3 or 5.
r The Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) effect is a local change in the oxygen saturation ratio near neural

activity due to metabolic and vascu lar action . This change is detectlble in the infrared spectra .

6

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Skin Measurements
The ANS controls the opening and closing of sweat glands in response to stress and
anxiety. These changes can be observed by measuring electrodermal activity, typically
skin conductance response (SCR), 17 but also skin potentials (SP) and skin temperature
(ST). A standard score of these measures can be calculated by collecting resting state
data prior to the task interval.

Serum Levels of Hormones
Hormone levels are direct results of activity in the ANS. It is natural to want to
continuously monitor certain stress hormones such as adrenaline or cortisol. The
difficulty lies in measurement time - typical fast assays of salivary cortisol still require
about 15 minutes. 18 Until reliable in-situ monitoring is available, serum levels of
hormones will only play a supporting role in establishing baseline capacities or post­
incident analysis.

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR OFFICIAL OSI! or•tv

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Chapter 3: Studies in Cognitive Workload for Air Traffic
Controllers
There are a few areas of research applicable as analogues to the piloting of several
aircraft. The largest of these areas analyzes the supervisory functions of air traffic
controllers (ATC). In a typical ATC duty environment, a single operator is responsible
for many fully-autonomous aircraft. ATC is either airport- based or en-route. Airport­
based facilities include ground control, local control for active runways (Tower control),
and approach control, which in the US is called Terminal Radar Approach Control, or
TRACON. A zone of air-controlled space assigned to a specific control center is that
center's sector; similarly, a given controller is responsible for a sector of airspace.
Between airport-controlled sectors, aircraft are monitored by an en-route facility.
TRACON is the most cognitively demanding function in this chain. Terminal controllers,
as ATCs are called at TRACON facilities, are responsible for departures after take-off,
and approaches and flyovers within about a SO-m ile radius of the airport.9 Approaching
aircraft need to be vectored by the controller into an appropriate flight path for landing,
avoiding all other aircraft in the air or soon to be in the air, and then handed off to the
Tower controller for landing and ground instruction. Departing flights and flyover traffic
mainly need to be monitored for conflicts. Approaching aircraft are by far the most
cognitively challenging in the ATC task. Images of air traffic controller environment and
displays are shown in Figure 3.h
Errors in flight control are called anomalies in the industry. The most common aircraft
anomaly is deviation from flightpath in en-route sectors. This anomaly is corrected by
pilots themselves or after instruction from the appropriate ATC. The most common ATC
error is miscommunication between controllers in an aircraft handoff between sectors. 19
A study in 1997 by the National Academies showed that ATC errors occurred in both
high and low workload conditions, as predicted by overload and disengagement. 20
In looking at the cognitive limits in ATC, we should seek where typical controllers enter
the B region of workload. Traffic load defined as simply the number of aircraft does not
by itself show the complete picture of ATC workload. In a study of professional
controllers in 2006, Boag recorded subjective measures of workload and reaction time
when static air traffic displays were presented. Displays included air traffic conflicts of
differing complexity that required resolution. Complexity in the display was objectively
ranked using the Method of Analysis of Relational Complexity (MARC). 21 Results showed
that a relatively small number of aircraft can greatly increase the perceived workload.
Boag concludes that perceived complexity is the number one factor in determining
workload, and that although conflicts are the major source of complexity in the ATC
task, and these can be modeled somewhat using a combination of aircraft separation
and trans ition 1 variables, individual differences still have significant impact on when a
controller may reach overload. 22
9 Each

facility will vary in TRACON sector radius. For smaller airports, TRACON functions may be performed by a
nearby en-route fac ility.
h Of historical note in the US Air traffic Control industry was the industry -wide strike begun on August 3, 1981 , by
the nearly 13,000 ATC specialists. Only 1300 obeyed a Presidential order to return to work under the " peril to
national safety" provision of the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act. On August 5, 1981 the remaining 11,345 controllers were
fired and banned for life from federal service. The FAA rebu ilt the force to pre-strike levels during the rest of the
1980s. This event resulted in a dearth of research during the 1980s on air traffic control professionals.
1 An aircraft transition is an event such as landing, hand -off to another controller, or entering/leaving a sector,
where a sector is defined as a controller's airspace of responsibility.

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In a post-hoc examination of sources of human error in taped controller data, Chang
developed a conceptual model of ATC task within a system of human, software,
hardware, and environment using the SHEL23 approach of ergonomics. This study also
examined several aspects of personnel management, but when overload was exam ined

(Text continues in the original file: 31 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D152 — AAWSAP DIRD, Negative Mass Propulsion, January 2011

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D152
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D152
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1/3/11
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even Vegas couldn't gamble away the uncertainty of negative mass.

- DIRD PDF by DoW, dated January 2011, incident noted 1/3/11, Las Vegas, Nevada.
- Analyzes theoretical negative mass concepts for potential propulsion, including self‑accelerating pairs and low‑inertia matter.
- Practical application deemed beyond current reach and highly uncertain.

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD examines whether negative mass could exist in a physically meaningful way and whether it could someday reduce the energy cost of spaceflight. The report reviews the unusual dynamics that would follow if positive and negative mass could interact, including self-accelerating mass pairs and matter with very low or nearly zero effective inertia, and treats such ideas as at least formally compatible with certain extensions of gravitational theory. It then considers two broad paths toward practical use: creating or separating negative mass through extreme fields or particle energies, and locating naturally separated negative matter in deep gravitational wells such as galactic centers or possibly the Moon. However, the document also concludes that the first path is effectively beyond technical reach and treats the second as highly uncertain, resting on a long chain of unverified assumptions about the existence, separability, and macroscopic behavior of negative mass. Overall, this DIRD is a far-reaching theoretical exploration of an exotic propulsion concept whose practical application depends on premises that remain unestablished in consensus physics.

### Full text

#### Page 2

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Negative Mass Propulsion

The Defense Intelligence Reference Document provides non-substantive but
authoritative reference information related to intelligence topics or methodologies.

Prepared by:
Technology Warning Division (DW0-4)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency
A11thnr!

AAP Person 72

Administrative Notes:
(U) COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not
aut horized.
This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2010 under the Defense
Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications
w~~~ pr~0@~ - Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be addressed to 1r--___-___""'JM..E Person
l~ ! - ~~rso~_.2- _JAWSA Program Manager, Defense I ntelligence Agency, ATTN: JUIAF - DI/DWO-3,
1 --•••
g
ll, ashington, DC 20340-5100.

~~~

ii

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UNCLASSIFIED/ FO
Contents
1.Introduction 2
2.The Theory by Bondi. 4
Hund's Nonlinear Newtonian Theory of Gravity 6
The Theory of Bondi Revisited. ..10
5. The Zitterbewegung Phenomenon as a Manifestation of Negative Masses ..10
Planck Aether Hypothesis .14
7.Dynamic Interpretation of Lorentz Invariance .18
8. Negative Mass Interpretation of the Aharonov-Bohm Effect .23
.Negative Masses in Cosmology ..29
10. The Cusp/Core Problem in Galatic Halos ..31
11. Searching for Negative Matter in the Gravitational Potential Well of the Moon.....32
12. Making a Tunnel through the Moon .33
1. Conclusion.. 38
Figures
Figure 1. Forces.. ..2
Figure 2. Translation of Mass Dipole. ..11
Figure 3. Circular Motion of a Pole-Dipole Particle ..12
Tables
Table 1. Interactions.. ..2
iii
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Negative Mass Propulsion
Summary
It is easy to prove that there are negative masses all around us, albeit

hidden behind positive masses. But their use for propulsion by reducing the
inertia of matter, for example in the limit of macroscopic bodies with zero rest
mass, depends on a technical solution to free them from their imprisonment by
positive masses. It appears that there are basically two ways this might be
achieved: 1. By the application of strong electromagnetic or gravitational
fields or by high particle energies; 2. By searching for places in the universe
where nature has already done this separation, and from which the negative
masses can be mined.
The first of these two possibilities is for all practical means excluded,
because if possible at all, it would depend on electromagnetic or gravitational
fields with strengths beyond what is technically attainable, or on extremely
large particle energies likewise not attainable.
With regard to the 2 nd possibility, it has been observed that non­
baryonic cold dark matter tends to accumulate near the center of galaxies, or
places in the universe which have a large gravitational potential well. Because
of the equivalence principle of general relativity, the attraction towards the
center of a gravitational potential well, produced by a positive mass, is for
negative masses the same as for positive masses. Large amounts of negative
masses might have over billions of years been trapped in these gravitational
potential wells.
Now it just happens that the center of the moon is a potential well, not
too deep that it cannot be reached by making a tunnel through the moon, not
possible for the deeper potential well of the earth, where the temperature and
pressure are too high. Making a tunnel through the moon, provided there is a
good supply of negative mass, could revolutionize interstellar space flight. A
sequence of thermonuclear shape charges would be required to make such a
tunnel technically feasible.

1

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1. Introduction
If we extend the law of gravity to negative masses, but hold onto the equivalence of
inertial and gravitational masses, we have to distinguish between the following four
cases, if a test particle is placed near a gravitational field producing mass (Table 1):
Table 1. Interacti on s

Case

Gravitational field
producing mass

Mass of test
particle

Motion of test
particle

1

+

+

attraction

2

+

-

attraction

3

-

+

repu lsion

4

-

-

repu lsion

Under t he principle of equivalence if a negative test mass particle would be placed in
the gravitational field of earth, it wou ld not fall upwards, as happens in science-fiction
antigravity machines. A test particle, regardless of whether it has positive or negative
mass, would there always fall down. It would fall upwards only if placed in the field of a
large negative mass.
A somewhat different situation arises if both masses, the field producing mass and the
mass of the test particle, have the same absolute value but are permitted to have
different signs. There we have to distinguish between the cases shown in Figure 1.
Case

1

2
3

4

-0
-0 -0
0-0 0--

ttnu:tion

l

aellaeceleretlon

repulsion

Figure 1. Forces

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If both masses are positive, we have the usual Newtonian attraction. For negative
masses, the force has the same magnitude but is repulsive. A quite different situation
exists if one mass is positive and the other one is negative. With both forming a mass
dipole, the system becomes self-accelerating, because one mass is repelled and the
other one attracted. With the two masses having opposite sign, the total energy and
momentum of the combined system remains zero for all times, leaving intact the
conservation laws of energy and momentum. Under its self-acceleration, the mass
dipole would eventually reach the velocity of light. It is this property of self-acceleration
without expenditure of energy that has intrigued many researchers and raised the
prospect of a propulsion system without limits. We remark that even without an
appreciable gravitational interaction, a mass dipole with zero, or close to zero inertial
mass, could be accelerated to very high velocities with negligible jet power and energy.
No matter how strange the properties associated with negative masses appear to be,
there can be little doubt that they can be incorporated into Einstein's gravitational field
theory as long as they do not violate the principle of equivalence. In particular, the well
known Schwarzschild solution for a positive mass M

ds 2 =

2

2
2
2
2
dr
2 +r2(d0 +sin 0dqi)-(l-2yM!c r)c dt2
l-2yM le r

(1)

can be extended to a negative mass, simply by replacing M with -M:

(2)

where y is Newton's constant.
One therefore has to raise the question if nature has not made use of negative masses
somewhere. Over and over again we have found that what is possible, within the
framework of the fundamental laws of physics, exists. Only one important physical set
of laws, Einstein's special theory of relativity appears to forbid the existence of negative
masses. This is because in a relativistic quantum field theory the particle number is not
a conserved quantity, and the existence of negative masses would make all matter
unstable against decay into negative masses.

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Apart from Einstein 's purely kinematic interpretation of special relativity, being the
expression of a Minkowskian space-time structure, there is an older alternative dynamic
interpretation by Lorentz and Poinca re. In it space and time are absolute, but it can
explain all relativistic effects as well. It assumes the existence of an aether, with all
objects in absolute motion through the aether suffering a Lorentz contraction and time
dilation. If this aether has a grainy structure, characterized by some sma llest length
(e.g ., the Planck length

~ 10-

33

cm), then according to Heisenberg's uncertainty

principle special relativity would ultimately break down at a high energy . If the length is
very small, this energy can be so high as to be far beyond the capabilities of any
existing particle accelerator or even beyond the high energy of cosmic ray particles,
making both interpretations of special relativity experimentally indistinguishable at the
energies presently available.

2. The Theory of Bondi
The first attempt to introduce negative masses into general relativity to describe a
mass dipole was made by H. Bondi [1]. For a uniformly accelerating mass dipole Bondi
uses the axially symmetric metric by Weyl and Levi-Civita [2]:
(3)
where rp = rp(r , z) and a= a(r, z) satisfy

a +-a rp=O
(-ara +-1faraz
2

2

2

2

)

(4)

(5)

8<:Y = 2r arp arp
az

ar az •

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Inserting (3-6) into Einstein's nonlinear gravitational field equations, one obtains four
nonlinear partial differential equations ( K = S;r y / c 4 ) given by

(7)

(8)

(9)

arp arp
aa
=2-- - r­ .
awoa%
a%

- K T.p

(10)

I n solvi ng these equations Bondi assumes that <p is small, which then also implies t hat
because of (5) and (6) cr is small by the second order, reducing t he solution of the
problem to the linea r Laplace equat ion of the scalar Newtonian potential in empty space.
Making this assumption, Bondi ca n reproduce the uniform acceleration of the mass
dipole, as it is expected from an elementary analysis. It is here that we must disagree
with Bondi 1 , because it can be shown that the nonlinearity of the gravitational field
equation leads to a very different result. The nonlinearity also sheds light on why it is
so difficult to separate negative from positive masses, whereby negative masses are all
around us, but imprisoned by positive masses.

1 The author had the pleasure to meet Prof. Bondi on a common flight from Graz,
Austria in 1993 (we both are members of an academy which had a meeting in that
year in Graz), and ask him how his solution can be correct since it does not include
the field of the pos itive gravitational field mass of a mass dipole. This problem w il l
be analyzed in the next section, and its solution has far reaching consequences.

5

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3 . Hund's Nonlinear Newtonian Theory of Gravity
As explained by Hund [3], already Newton's theory of gravity, in conjunction with the
postulates of special relativity, leads to a nonlinear theory of gravity. With this model
theory of gravity the nonlinearity of the gravitational field can be much better explained
than with Einstein's theory.
Hund begins with the force F acting on a mass m in a "merry-go-round":

mv

F=mg +-x G .

(11)

C

If g is the gravitational acceleration by real masses with the density p, one has in
Newton's theory

divg =--4.nyp .

(12)

In the merry-go-round g has a vertical component from the earth's gravitational field,
but also a radial component by the radial centrifugal acceleration which is not source­
free. With

lgl = alr, where m = 2TC/T, with T the time of revolution, and r t he rad ial

distance from the center of the merry-go-round, one has

divg = 2m2 .

(13)

Comparing (13) with (12) one sees that t he centrifugal force corresponds to a
gravitational repulsion of a homogeneous mass density

(14)

For a typical "merry-go-round" one has T = 10 sec, and hence, w = 0.6s - 1 • For this
example one obtains from (14), µ = -106 glcm3 , taken as an absolute value about
equal to the mass density of a white dwarf.

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The mass density (14) is not fictitious but represents physical reality. According to
Einstein's E = mc2 one obtains for an electric field Ethe mass density

(15)

Replacing Eo with-(1/y), one obtains the energy density of the gravitational field
g2

U=--<0.

(16)

8ny

It possesses the (negative) mass density

g2

µ= - - -, .
8nyc

(17)

Besides the field g, we have on a "merry-go-round" the Coriolis force field

G =2cro.

(18)

By setting G = g and inserting G into (17) with g 2 = G2 , one obtains the mass density
(14). This means the centrifugal force is the gravitational force associated with the
mass density of the Coriolis field.
But where is th is huge negative mass com ing from? The obvious answer is by the very
large vacuum energy, making itself felt by going to an accelerated frame of reference.
In Mach's principle the motion of the distant galaxies as seen in an accelerated frame of
reference is responsible for the inertial forces. But this idea is wrong because if by some
miracle the distant galaxies were to be set into motion, it would take a long time before
their fields propagating with the velocity of light would reach the earth.
Adding the mass of the Coriolis field to the right side of the equation (12), we have by
putting it on the left hand side

div F - - 1?
-G 2 = -41r11
'"IIp .

2c-

(19)

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In one further step one should have

divF-~(F 2 + G 2) = -4,ryp

2c

(20)

or if G = 0 and F = -'v¢, where ¢ is the Newtonian gravitational potential, one obtains
for Poisson's equation:

(21)

According to (21) the positive mass as the source of the Newtonian potential is reduced
by the negative mass of its field. (Einstein's theory leads to almost the same, except
that there the negative gravitational mass density is twice as large.) One can then write

(22)

The earth is therefore embedded in a sea of negative mass. Making the substitution

(23)
transforms (22) into
y7 2

-

1//-

4;ryp
2

(24)

1/f .

C

If pis a delta function at r = 0, where

f

m = 4;rrr\5(r)pdr,

(25)

then one obtains from (24):

(26)

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my
or </J = - ,
r

(27)

the same as in Newton's theory.
For a sphere of constant density p one obtains the solution
If/ = sinh kr

kr

k 2 = 4,ryp
'

c2

(28)

Hence,

<P = c2 ln [ sin:, kr] _

(29)

For small values of r one has
(30)
with the force per unit mass

lgl= -IV </JI= ( 41r/3) ypr,

(31)

as in Newton's theory.
In general one has

(32)

which in the limit r - oo becomes a constant:
(33)
which implies the self-shielding of a large mass by the negative mass of its own
gravitational field surround ing the mass. The shielding becomes important at the
distance

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(34)
Inserting into (34) the average mass density of the universe, R becomes the radius of
the universe. The negative gravitational mass of t he universe there shields its positive
mass.

4. The Theory of Bondi Revisited
We are now in a position to revisit the theory by Bondi. In his treatment of the positive­
negative-mass dipole two body problem, he did not take into account the gravitational
field of this configuration. According to (27) the gravitational potential of a point mass
remains the same as in Newton's theory . This means that the gravitational potential
interaction energy for two positive equal masses,

£

=
pot

-r m X m = _ ym2
r

r

(35)

is changed for a mass dipole into

E

__ mx(-m) _ ym 2
pot -

r

r

-

r

(36)

In the t heory of Bondi this positive field mass must be added to the positive mass,
resulting in a mass pole-dipole, which is a mass pole with a superimposed mass dipole.
As we will see in the next section this fact has very important consequences [4).

5. The Zitterbewegung Phenomenon as a Manifestation of
Negative Masses
There is no fundamental physical principle standing in the way which forbids the
existence of negative masses. If this is true, the question is: Where are these negative
masses? The recently noticed large bubbles or voids observed in intergalactic space
could possibly be explained by the repulsive force of negative masses assumed to
occupy the voids, but alternative, less exotic, explanations have been offered as well.
However, there is at least one fundamental phenomenon which strongly speaks for the
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existence of negative masses. It is the spin of the fermions, like the spin of the electron.
Fermions are described by Dirac's relativistic wave equation. This equation has both
positive and negative energy components and because of the mass-energy relation, it
therefore must have negative mass components. According to Schrodinger [4], it is
these negative mass components which lead to the phenomenon of the spin. Since the
overall mass of the electron is positive, the occurrence of negative masses in the Dirac
equation must mean that the electron is a mass pole with a superimposed mass dipole

[5].
The spin is definitely not an intrinsic rotational motion of a finite size particle, as older
models had suggested it to be. The original model by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit, for
example, cannot possibly be correct because it requires superluminal rotation velocities
for an electron with the classical radius 'o = e2/ mc2 .
If we consider the linear motion of a mass dipole (Figure 2), we immediately see that
its translation generates angular momentum. Construction of a mass pole with a
superimposed mass dipole can simply be done by choosing the positive mass slightly
larger than the magnitude of its negative counterpart. For such a pole-dipole particle
the center of mass S is outside the line connecting both masses (Figure 3) with its
motion taking place on a circle of radius re.

Figure 2. Translation of mass dipole.

11

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s

Figure 3. Circular motion of a pole-dipole particle.

Because it is self-accelerating the circular motion will eventually reach the velocity of
light. The connection with Schrodinger's analysis is reached if one puts in Planck's
constant and m as the electron mass

h

r =-c

(37)

2mc'

whereby the circular motion around S produces just the angular momentum h/2 as in
Dirac's equation.
The velocity-of-light result was first obtained by Breit [6], according to which Dirac's
equation predicts a local electron velocity equal to the velocity of light. Even though its
time-averaged velocity is always less than the velocity of light, this means that the
electron, represented by the pole-dipole configuration, makes a circular luminal motion
onto which a subluminal motion of the center of mass Sis superimposed. The trajectory
of the resulting motion is a screw-line, but it is the motion of Sonly which one identifies
with the (time-averaged) electron velocity. The result derived from this simple pole­
dipole model is in beautiful agreement with Schrodinger's analysis of the Dirac equation,

12

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in which the luminal rotational motion emerges as a fluctuation of the electron
coordinate, called by Schrodinger Zitterbewegung (German for quivering motion).
We may analyze the simple pole-dipole model in more detail as follows. If the positive
and negative masses are m+, m-, with m+

-1m-1<< m+ , and with the mass pole given

by
(38)
the mass dipole is
(39)
where r << re is the distance of separation in between m+ and m-. The center of mass
is determined by
(40)
The angular momentum then becomes (mis the angular velocity of circular motion with
rJJ) ➔ C):

(41)

Comparing (40) with (37) shows that
(42)
and
(43)

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Experimentally, the electron is indistinguishable from a point. This would make r = 0. In
reality its size must be finite but in principle can be very small. This means that m+
(andlm- I) are likely to be very much larger than m.
t has been conjectured by Honl and Papapetrou [SJ that the electron is a pole-dipole
particle where the surplus positive energy comes from the positive gravitational
interaction energy of a very large positive m+ mass with a likewise very large negative
m- = -lm+I mass. According to this hypothesis one would have for the electron rest

mass energy

(44)

r
Combining (44) with (42) one can compute m + . The result is [S]:

1/ ~ 6 X 10- g,

m • = 3t~h

(45)

13

larger by a factor 3.6xl011 t imes the mass of the proton.
We therefore see that there are huge amounts of negative masses bound to positive
masses in Dirac spinors. It shows that it cannot be a simple matter to free the negative
masses from the positive masses. And it explains why the masses of the elementary
particles are so much smaller than the Planck mass, mp ~ 10-5 g.

6. Planck Aether Hypothesis [7,8]
We make here the proposition that the fundamental group is SU2, and that by Planck's
conjecture the fundamental equations of physics contain as free parameters only the
Planck length rp, the Planck mass m p and Planck time

tp

(y Newton's constant, h

Planck's constant, c the velocity of light):

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The assumption that SU2 is the fundamental group means that nature works like a
computer with a binary number system. Since SU2 is isomorphic to 503, the rotation
group in R3, this explains why natural space is three-dimensional.
The Planck's aether conjecture is the assumption that the vacuum of space is densely
filled with an equal number of positive and negative Planck mass particles, with each
Planck length volume on the average occupied by one Planck mass, with the Planck
mass particles interacting with each other by the Planck force over a Planck length, and
with Planck mass particles of equal sign repelling and those of opposite sign attracting
each other. The particular choice made for the sign of the Planck force is the only one
that keeps the Planck aether stable. While Newton's action-reaction remains valid for
the interaction of equal Planck mass particles, it is violated for the interaction of a
positive with a negative Planck mass particle, even though globally the total linear
momentum of the Planck mass plasma is conserved, with the recoil absorbed by the
Planck aether as a whole.
It is the local violation of Newton's action-reaction which leads to quantum mechanics

at the most fundamental level, as can be seen as follows: Under the Planck
force FP = mPc 2 I rP, the velocity fluctuation of a Planck mass particle interacting with a
Planck mass particle of opposite sign is /),,v = (~, /mP)tP = (c 2/rP)(rP/c) = c, and hence
yields the momentum fluctuation 1~.p = mPc. But since !),,q_ = rP and because mPrPc = h,
one obtains Heisenberg's uncertainty relation !),,p!),,q =h for a Planck-mass particle.
Accordingly, the quantum fluctuations are explained by the interaction with hidden
negative masses, with energy borrowed from the sea of hidden negative masses.
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According to Newtonian mechanics and Planck's conjecture, the interaction of a positive
with a negative Planck-mass particle leads to a velocity fluctuation ~ a/JJ = c with a
displacement of the particle equal to 8=(1/2)a/!=rP/2, where aP=FP/mP.
Therefore, a Planck-mass particle immersed in the Planck aether makes a stochastic
quivering motion (Zitterbewegung) with the velocity
(46)

I/

where n = r; is the average number density of positive or negative Planck mass
particles. The kinetic energy of this diffusion process is given by

(47)

Putting

(48)

where S is the Hamilton action function and v is the velocity of the Planck aether, the
Lagrange density for the Planck aether is

(vn) .

as h
h L=n [ h-+-(vs-)+U+2

ot

,

2m"

2

Sm/1

2
]

(49)

n

Variation of (49) with regard to S accord ing to

I(~J+I(~J
-o
ot EJS/ ot
ot EJS/ or

(50)

leads to

on h
- + - V(nVS)=O
ot

mp

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(51)

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or

on

-+V(nv)=O

Ot

(52)
I

which is the continuity equation of the Planck aether. Variation with regard to n
according to

(53)

leads to

(54)

or

h as +U+ h2 (vsz)+ h2 v z ✓
n =0.
ot

2mp

2mp

✓
n

(55)

With the Madelung transformation
(56)
one obtains from (51) and (55) the Schrodinger equation

(57)

In the Planck aether hypothesis all particles, save and except the Planck mass particles,
are quasi-particles of the Planck aether, like the phonons, rotons, excitons, etc., of
condensed matter physics, and by the wave structure of the Planck aether are Lorentz
invariant. In forming quantized vortices, the Planck aether also has vortex waves,
simulating Maxwell's and Einstein's electromagnetic and gravitational waves. Dirac
spinors are made possible by the negative masses of the Planck aether.
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Quantum mechanics predicts for each harmonic oscillator the zero-point energy

(1/2)hm, which has to be multiplied with the volume element in frequency space
41'Ca>2 dm, to obtain the zero-point energy spectrum

f((J))d(J)=Const X (J)3d(J)_

(58)

Now (58) turns out to be just the only spectrum that is Lorentz invariant. But the
spectrum (58) is also the only one which does not lead to a friction force on a charged
particle moving through an electromagnetic spectrum with this frequency dependence.
This means that special relativity is a consequence of quantum mechanics, leading to
the zero point vacuum energy, and can be interpreted by saying that the zero-point
vacuum energy "generates" the Minkowski space-time.

7. Dynamic Interpretation of Lorentz Invariance
A cut-off at the Planck frequency generates a distinguished reference system in which
the zero-point energy spectrum is isotropic and at rest. In this distinguished reference
system, the scalar potential from which the forces are to be derived satisfies the
inhomogeneous wave equation:

1 if <l>

,

- - - - + v-<1> = -47Z'p(r t)
c2

8t2

>

I

(59)

where p(r,t) are the sources of this field. For a body in static equilibrium at rest in the
distinguished reference system for which the sources are those of t he body itself one
has
(60)
If set into absolute motion with the velocity v along x-axis, the coordinates of the
reference system at rest with the moving body are obtained
transformation:

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by the Galilei

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x' = x-vt,
I

y =y,
(61)

z' = z ,
t' = t
transforming (59) into

(62)

After the body has settled into a new equilibrium in which 8/ 8t' = 0, one has instead of
(60)

(63)

Comparison of (63) with (60) shows that the left-hand side of (63) is the same if one
sets <D' = <D and dx' = dx.jI-v 2 / c 2 . This implies a uniform contraction of the body by
the factor .jl - v2 /c 2 because the sources are contracted by the factor .J1 - v2 /c2 as
well, whereby the right-hand side of (63) becomes equal to the right-hand side of (60).
Since the zero-point energy is invariant under a Lorentz transformation, the quantum
potential changes in the same way as <I> . The body therefore sustains its static
equilibrium under a contraction by the factor .J1 - v2 / c 2 if set into absolute motion,
explaining the Lorentz contraction dynamically.
The clock retardation effect can be derived from the contraction effect, and from there
the Lorentz transformation. Following Builder [9] th is original interpretation of Lorentz
invariance by Lorentz and Poincare has been worked out in every detail by Prokhovnik

[10]. To derive the clock retardation effect from the contraction effect one considers a
light clock, which is a rod with mirrors attached to its two ends in between which a light
signal is sent forth and back. If the length of the rod is l, and if the rod rests in the
distinguished reference system, the time needed for the light signal to be sent forth and
back is
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t0 = 2llc.

(64)

If prior to being set into motion the rod is inclined against the x-axis by the ang le <p, it
appears to be inclined against the x-axis by the different angle 'l' after set into motion,
with 'l' expressed through cp by

tan If/ = r tan tp

y = ( 1- v2 I c2 )

(65)
- 1/2
.

The absolute motion then contracts the rod from Lto /':

(66)

Relative to the moving rod the velocity of light is anisotropic, and for the to and fro
directions given by
c+ =
C_

.Jc

2-

v 2 sin 2 If/ - v cos If/

= ,Jc2 -v 2 sin 2 lj/ + VCOSlj/

(67)

with the time t' for a to and fro signal given by

t' = l'I c+ +l'I c_ = yt0 .

(68)

Therefore, as seen from an observer at rest in the distinguished reference system the
clock goes slower by the factory = 1/✓1 - v2 I c 2 , independent of the inclination of the
rod making up the clock. With solid bodies held together by electromagnetic forces,
clocks made from solid matter should behave like light clocks. As it was claimed by
Poincare, it should for this reason be possible to obtain the Lorentz transformations
solely from the contraction effect with a proper convention about the synchronization of
clocks.
According to Einstein, two clocks, A and B, are synchronized if
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(69)

where t~ is the time a light signal is emitted from A to B, reflected at B back to A,
arriving at A at the time t~, and where it is assumed that the time t 8 at which the
reflection at B takes place is equal to the arithmetic average of t~ and t~. Only by
making this assumption does the velocity of light turn out always to be isotropic and
equal to c. From an absolute point of view, the following rather is true. If tR is the

(Text continues in the original file: 43 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D153 — AAWSAP DIRD, Quantum Tomography of Negative Energy States in the Vacuum, January 2011

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D153
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D153
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1/11/11
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Vegas' only negative-energy reading came from the casino's odds, not the vacuum.

- DIRD DOW-UAP-D153, Defense Intelligence Agency, Jan 2011, AAWSAP, Las Vegas, Nevada.
- Reviews lab negative-energy effects, proposes quantum homodyne tomography to map vacuum fluctuations.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed.

This DIRD examines how negative-energy, or “sub-vacuum,” states in quantum fields might be detected and mapped. Its practical scope is limited to the laboratory-scale measurement of minute quantum effects, though it extrapolates from those effects to consider theoretical relevance to concepts such as warp drives, wormholes, or gravitational control. By reviewing previously identified laboratory examples such as the Casimir effect and squeezed light states, the report identifies the core technical challenge as mapping their spatial and temporal structures reliably. To address this, it proposes quantum optical homodyne tomography as a method to reconstruct and quantify the vacuum fluctuations associated with these states. The document acknowledges that only microscopic, transient negative-energy effects have been realized in laboratory settings. It remains unknown whether larger or longer-lived distributions of such effects can be generated or stabilized, particularly given the experimentally unresolved constraints imposed by quantum inequalities. Overall, this DIRD functions as a measurement- and diagnostics-oriented review intended to lay experimental groundwork for a far more ambitious, highly speculative negative-energy research agenda.

### Full text

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Quantum Tomography of Negative Energy States in the
Vacuum

The Defense Intelligence Reference Document provides non-substantive but
authoritative reference information related to intelligence topics or methodologies.

Prepared by:
Technology Warning Division (DW0-4)
Defense Warning Office
Directorate for Analysis
Defense Intelligence Agency

Author:

AAP Person 58

COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized.
This product is one of a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2010 under the Defense
Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapons System Applications
AAWSA Pro ram. Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be addressed to
MP Person 1
AAWSA Program Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: JUIAF ashington D.C. 20340-5100.

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Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
REVIEW OF NEGATIVE (or SUB-VACUUM) ENERGY ................................................. 3

Overview ........................................................................................................ 3
Examples of Negative (Sub-Vacuum) Energy Found in Nature ....................... 4
Basic Notions of the Quantum Field Theory of Light ................................... 5
Basic Notions on the Origin of the Quantum Vacuum Zero-Point

Fluctuations ............................................................................................... 7
Negative (Sub-Vacuum) Energy in Squeezed Light .................................... 8
Negative (Sub-Vacuum) Energy in the Casimir Effect................................ 13
QUANTUM OPTICAL HOMODYNE TOMOGRAPHY .................................................... 15

Observing Negative Energy in the Lab .......................................................... 15
Basic Notions of Quantum Optical Homodyne Tomography .......................... 16
Wigner Functions ..................................................................................... 17
Beam Splitters.......................................................................................... 24
Photodiodes ............................................................................................. 27
Balanced Homodyne Detection ................................................................. 27
Outline of Experimental Procedure ........................................................... 32
BALANCED HOMODYNE SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING NEGATIVE
(SUB-VACUUM) ENERGY ....................................................................................... 33

Time-Domain Balanced Homodyne System .................................................. 33
Balanced Homodyne System for Casimir Cavities ......................................... 36
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 43
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... 45
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 46

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Figures
Figure 1. Illustration of a Squeezed State of Light ............................................... 13
Figure 2. Schematic of the Casimir Effect ............................................................. 14
Figure 3. Illustration of Quantum Optical Homodyne Tomography ....................... 16
Figure 4. Wigner Function for a Vacuum and for a Coherent State ....................... 19
Figure 5. Wigner Function of a Squeezed Vacuum ................................................ 20
Figure 6. Wigner Function of a Single Photon ....................................................... 21
Figure 7. Quantum Tomography of Schrodinger-Cat States .................................. 22
Figure 8. Schematic of an Ideal Lossless Beam Splitter ........................................ 25
Figure 9. Illustration of a Fictitious Beam Splitter ................................................ 26
Figure 10. Schematic of a Balanced Homodyne Detector...................................... 29
Figure 11. Balanced Homodyne Detector Using Fictitious Beam Splitters ............. 31
Figure 12. Balanced Homodyne Detector Using A Single Effective Fictitious Beam
Splitter ................................................................................................................. 32
Figure 13. Time-Domain Balanced Homodyne Detector........................................ 34
Figure 14. Experimentally Measured Squeezed State ........................................... 35
Figure 15. Balanced Homodyne Detector with a Local Oscillator .......................... 38
Figure 16. Diagram of Casimir Cavity with BHD Photodiodes ............................... 40
Figure 17. Experimental Setup of BHD Photodiodes and LO Field ......................... 40
Figure 18. Detailed Schematic of Experimental BHD Apparatus ........................... 41
Figure 19. Predicted Casimir Spectral Density ...................................................... 41
Figure 20. Predicted Suppression of Vacuum Fluctuations in dB.......................... 42

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Quantum Tomography of Negative Energy States in the
Vacuum
Introduction
Future aerospace vehicles could have an advanced propulsion system that uses
negative quantum vacuum energy to modify the spacetime geometry in the immediate
vicin ity surrounding the vehicle in order to induce faster-than -l ight motion via
traversable wormholes or warp drives, or even levitation via antigravity [1, 2]. These
exotic propulsion concepts are well-known in mainstream general relativity and
quantum field theory research. The notion of a physical state with negative energy is
not familiar in the realm of classical physics. However, it is not rare in quantum field
theory to have quantum states with negative energy density or a negative energy flux.
Even for a quantum scalar field in the flat Minkowski spacetime, it can be proved that
the existence of quantum states with negative energy density is inevitable [3].
Although all known forms of classical matter have non-negative energy density, it is not
so in quantum field theory. A general quantum state can be a superposition of particle
number eigenstates and may have a negative expectation value of energy density in
certain spacetime regions due to quantum coherence effects [3]. These considerations
remain true even for quantum fields in a curved spacetime where the effects of
gravitational fields, or equivalently, accelerations, can be observed due to the mass of
astronomical bodies or the motions of astronomical bodies.
There are two key examples of specially prepared quantum vacuum states that are
known to produce small amounts of negative energy density in the laboratory. These
are the well-known Casimir effect and the squeezed vacuum states of the
electromagnetic field. The former is a static quantum vacuum effect wh ile the latter is
a time-domain quantum vacuum effect. There are several other examples of special
quantum vacuum or particle states that produce negative energy density, but they are
beyond the scope of this report because they remain mathematical curiosities or are not
practicable to im plement in the laboratory in the foreseeable future.
We already make small amounts of negative energy in the laboratory via the Casimir
effect and squeezed electromagnetic vacuum states, but we do not yet know if we can
access larger amounts for extended periods of time over extended spatial distributions
for the purpose of modifying spacetime for aerospace propulsion applications. It will be
necessary to first explore the quantum natu re of the Casimir effect and squeezed
electromagnetic vacuum states to determine whether we can measure and spatially
map their negative energy density. This is a necessary first step to take before
beginning any study on producing large quantities of negative energy because we will
first need to know how to measure and spatially map negative energy in order to
properly control it after producing it. This is the motivation for this report.
We need to firm up our understanding of how lab detectors will respond to negative
energy in situ. A first step in this direction was already taken by Hansen et al. [4] in
2001 for the time-domain negative energy pulses in squeezed electromagnetic vacuum
states, and more recently Marecki [5, 6] generalized the analysis of the output of
balanced homodyne detectors (BHDs) for t he case of static negative energy states

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inside Casimir cavities. The most important feature of these devices is their abi lity to
quantify the quantum vacuum fluctuations of the electric field because the output of
BHDs provides information on the one- and two-point functions of arbitrary states of
quantum fields. Marecki computed the two -point function and the associated spectral
density for the ground state of the quantum electric field in Casimir geometries, and
predicts a position- and frequency-dependent pattern of BHD responses if a device of
th is type is placed inside a Casimir cavity. The proposed device allows for the direct
detection of quantum vacuum fluctuations and provides a spatial mapping of the
negative energy contained inside the cavity, wh ich will be summarized in this report.

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REVIEW OF NEGATIVE (or SUB-VACUUM) ENERGY
Overview
The implementation of faster-than-light (FTL) interstellar travel via traversable
wormholes or warp drives or other antigravity forces for propulsion, generally requires
the engineering of spacetime into very specialized local geometries surrounding the
immediate vicinity of the aerospace vehicle undergoing this type of motion. The
analysis of these via the general relativistic field equation plus the resultant source
matter equations of state demonstrates that such geometries require the use of
"exotic" matter in order to produce the requisite FTL or antigravity spacetime
modification . Exotic matter is generally defined by general relativity physics to be
matter that possesses (renormalized) negative energy density (sometimes negative
stress-tension = outward pressure, a.k.a. gravitational repulsion or antigravity), and
this is a very misunderstood and misapplied term by the non-general relativity
community. We clear up this misconception by defining what negative energy is, where
it can be found in nature, and we also review the two primary experimental concepts
that are known to produce negative energy in the laboratory. Also, it has been claimed
that FTL and antigravity spacetimes are not plausible because exotic matter violates the
general relativistic energy conditions. However, it has been shown that this is a
spurious issue. The identification, magnitude, and production of exotic matter is seen
to be a key technical challenge, however. FTL and antigravity spacetimes also possess
features that challenge the notions of causality and there are alleged constraints placed
upon them by quantum effects. Reference [1] reviews and summarizes these issues
with an assessment on the present state of their resolution.
What exactly is "exotic" matter? In classical physics the energy density of all observed
forms of matter (fields) is non-negative. What is exotic about the type of matter that
must be used to produce traversable wormhole, warp drive, or antigravity spacetimes is
that it must have negative energy density and/or negative flux [7]. The energy density
is "negative" in the sense that the configuration of matter fields we must deploy to
produce a traversable wormhole, warp drive, or antigravity effect must have an energy
density, PE (= pc2, where pis the rest-mass density), that is less t han or equal to its
pressures/tensions, pi [8, 9]. * In many cases, these equations of state are also known
to possess an energy density that is algebraically negative, i.e., the energy density and
flux are less than zero. It is on the basis of these conditions that we call this material
property "exotic." The condition for ordinary, classical (non-exotic) forms of matter
that we are all familiar with in nature is that PE> pi and/or PE;:::,: 0. These conditions
represent two examples of what are variously called the "standard" energy conditions
which are computed from the trace of the matter stress-energy tensort : Weak Energy
Condition (WEC: PE;:::,: 0, PE+ Pi;:::,: 0), Null Energy Condition (NEC: PE+ Pi;:::,: 0),
Dominant Energy Condition (DEC), and Strong Energy Condition (SEC). These energy
conditions forbid negative energy density between material objects to occur in nature,
but they are mere hypotheses. Hawking and Ellis [10] formulated the energy conditions
in order to establish a series of mathematical hypotheses governing the behavior of
• From this point forward, all Latin letters (e.g ., i, j, k = 1... 3) that appear as indices on physical quantities denote
the usual 3-dimensional space coordinates, x•...x3 , indicating the spatial components of vector or tensor quantities .
t The stress-energy-momentum tensor is a matrix quantity that encodes the density and fl ux of energy and
momentum for any type of matter under study .

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collapsed-matter singularities in their study of cosmology and black hole physics. More
specifically, classical general relativity allows one to prove lots of general theorems
about the behavior of matter in gravitational fields.
However, real physica l matter is not "reasonable" because the energy conditions are in
general violated by semiclassical quantum effects ( occurring at order Tl) [9]. * More
specifically, quantum effects generically violate the average NEC (ANEC). Furthermore,
it was discovered in 1965 that quantum field theory has the remarkable property of
allowing states of matter containing local regions of negative energy density or negative
fluxes [3]. This violates the WEC, which postulates that the local energy density is non ­
negative for all observers. And there are also general theorems of differential geometry
that guarantee that there must be a violation of one, some, or all of the energy
conditions (meaning exotic matter is present) for all FTL and antigravity spacetimes.
However, all of the energy condition hypotheses have been experimentally tested in the
laboratory and experimentally shown to be false - 25 years before their formulation
[11].
In quantum field theory, negative energy is a manifestation of what is now called the
"sub-vacuum" levels of the quantum zero-point (or vacuum ground state) fluctuations
that correspond to any particular quantum field of matter under study. Hence, the
energy corresponding to sub-vacuum quantum fluctuations is now called "sub-vacuum
energy": sub-vacuum energy= negative energy. Further investigation into this technical
issue showed that violations of the energy conditions are widespread for all forms of
both "reasonable" classical and quantum matter [12-16]. Furthermore, Visser [9)
showed that all (generic) spacetime geometries violate all the energy conditions. So
the condition that PE> Pi and/or PE~ 0 must be obeyed by all forms of matter in nature
is spurious. Negative energy has been produced in the laboratory and th is wil l be
discussed in the follow ing sections.

Examples of Negative (Sub-Vacuum) Energy Found in Nature
The exotic (energy condition- violating) fields that are known to occur in nature are :
1. Static, radially-dependent electric or magnetic fields. These are borderline exotic,
if their tension were infinitesimally larger, for a given energy density [10, 17].
2. Squeezed quantum vacuum states: electromagnetic and other (non - Maxwellian)
quantum fields [8, 18].
3. Gravitationally squeezed electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations [19).
4. Casimir effect, i.e., the Casimir vacuum in flat, curved, and topological spaces
[20 -28).
5. Other quantum fields/states/effects. In general, the local energy density in
quantum field theory can be negative due to quantum coherence effects [3].
Other examples that have been stud ied are Dirac field states: the superposition
of two single particle electron states and the superposition of two multi-electron­
positron states [29, 30]. In the former (latter), the energy densities can be
negative when two single (multi-) particle states have the same number of

* Planck's reduced constant, TJ "' 1.055 x 10-34 J.s.

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electrons (electrons and positrons) or when one state has one more electron
(electron-positron pa ir) than the other.
Cosmological inflation [9], cosmologica l particle production [9], classical scalar fields
[9], the conformal anomaly [9], and gravitational vacuum polarization [12-15] are
among many other examples that also violate the energy conditions. Since the laws of
quantum field theory place no strong restrictions on negative energies and fluxes, then
it might be possible to produce exotic phenomena such as faster-than- light travel [3133], traversable wormholes [8, 9, 34], violations of the second law of thermodynamics
[35, 36], and time machines [9, 34, 37]. There are several other exotic phenomena
made possible by the effects of negative energy, but they lie outside the scope of this
report. In what follows, we consider only items 2 and 4 in the previous list for the
purpose of this report due to their ready applicability and technical maturity. We will
not examine the other items in the list because they are theoretical curiosities that
remain under study by investigators.

Basic Notions of the Quantum Field Theory of Light
Before going further, it will be helpful to briefly outline the basic notions and
terminology of the quantum field theory of light (i.e., quantum optics) because the
content of this report focuses on those aspects.
Classically, light is electromagnetic radiation that can be pictured as waves flowing
through space at the speed of light, c (= 3.0 x 10 8 m/s). The waves are not waves of
anything substantive, but are in fact ripples in the state of a field. These waves carry
energy, and each wave has a specific direction, frequency and polarization state. This
is called a "propagating mode of the electromagnetic field." A simple model for th is is
the electromagnetic oscillator. One complex-valued vector function u(x,t) called a
spatial-temporal mode comprises all classical wave aspects including polarization. The
sim plest example of a spatial-temporal mode is a plane wave
u(x,t) = u0 exp[i(kx-wt)] of polarization vector uo, angular frequency co, and wave
vector k (definition: k 2 =u}/c2 ), where i is the unit complex number, and x is the
space coord inate and tis the time coordinate .
This mode defines a framework in space and time that may be excited by the quantum
field "light." The mode function quantifies the strength of one excitation in space and
time. Also, the mode function obeys the laws of classical waves given by Maxwell's
equations of electrodynamics. The choice of u(x,t) is made by the observer. The
observer singles out one mode, one quantum object from the rest of the world to make
a specific observation or measurement. This object turns out to be a harmonic
oscillator described by the ann ihilation operator a. A useful tool for modeling the
propagating mode of the electromagnetic field in quantum mechanics is the ideal
quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator: a hypothetical charged mass on a perfect
spring oscillating back and forth under the action of the spring's restoring force. The
operator stands for the quantized amplitude with which u(x,t) can be excited. In
classical optics it would be just a complex number a of magnitude lal and phase
arg(a) . The quantized amplitude a is neither predetermined nor given by the observer

a

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#### Page 10

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR 8FFl&IAk le:ISE 8Hk¥
but depends on the state of u(x,t). This state exists even if literally nothing is in the
mode chosen by the observer. In this case, the light is just in the vacuum state. §
However, this "nothing" can indeed cause significant physical effects as will be
discussed in later sections.
To make all this more precise, we postulate that the electric field strength E of the light
field is given by E= u*(x, t)a + u(x, t)a 1 and that the amplitude operator a is a bosonic**
annihilation operator that obeys the quantum mechanical commutation relation

[a, at]=1, where u*(x, t) is the complex conjugate of u(x,t) and at is the adjoint (or
conjugate) of a called the creation operator.t t The hat symbol appearing over
quantities denotes that they are quantum operators (or observables). Another key
element of quantum-oscillator physics is the photon number operator fi, which
accounts for the number of photons (quantized light particles) in the chosen u(x,t) and
is given by the quantum mechanical counterpart of a classical modulus-squared
amplitude: n= a t cz.
Let us now introduce a pair of operators, q and p, called quadratures. They are

a) and jJ = i2- at - a) , which can be inverted to provide the

defined as q = 2- 112 (at+

I12 (

additional useful definitions a= T 112 ( q+ ip) and at =T I12 ( q- ip). In optics q and jJ
correspond to the in -phase and the out-of-phase component of the electric field
amplitude of u(x,t) (with respect to a reference phase). The bosonic commutation
relation demonstrates that q and /J are canonically conjugate observables, [ q,p] = ih.
The quadratures q and p can be regarded as the position and the momentum of the
quantum electromagnetic oscillator. They do not appear in real space but in the phase
space spanned by the complex vibrational amplitude a of the quantum electromagnetic
oscillator, and they have nothing to do with the position and the momentum of a
photon. However, the canon ical commutation relation entitles us to treat q and p as
perfect examples of position- and momentum-like quantities in quantum optics. Finally,
we express the photon number operator
in terms of the quadratures q and p and
obtain, using the bosonic commutation relation, the standard Hamiltonian (or total
energy) of the quantum harmonic ( electromagnetic) oscillator with unit mass and
frequency:

n

"

- "

1

H ose= n+2

(1)

§ Here we always mean by " vacuum" simply "no light" and not an evacuated system.
•· Boson or bosonic refers to quantum particles that have integer quantum spin .
., In quantum mechanics, the vacuum is defined to be a state of no (or zero) particles and is denoted by the

quantum state eigenvector

I0) . By definition a "annihilates" the vacuum state: aI0) = 0 .

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#### Page 11

UNCLASSIFIED/ /POI\ OPPICIAL YSIE 8Htlf
where the first and second terms in the second line are the kinetic and potential
energies of the oscillator, respectively. The additional 1/2 appearing in the first line of
Eq. (1) is called the vacuum zero-point energy for the reason to be explained in the
next section . The first line of Eq. (1) is more common ly expressed in units of energy
(Joules) in quantum mechanics, which is obtained simply by multiplying the right-hand
side by the photon energy nw so that H ose = hw

(ii +½).

It is beyond the scope of this report to elaborate further on the entire subject of the
quantum optics. The reader should consult Reference [38] for more information.

Basic Notions on the Origin of the Quantum Vacuum Zero-Point Fluctuations
Here we discuss the basic notions of the quantum vacuum zero-point fluctuations
(ZPF), which is an important feature in quantum optics. The orig in of the ZPF is
attributed to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. According to this principle, q and
pare any two conjugate observables that we are interested in measuring, and they
obey the commutation relation already shown in the previous section. Their
corresponding uncertainty relation is !1q!1p?:. h/2, where !1q is the variance (a.k.a.
uncertainty) of observable q and !1p is that of the conjugate observable p. This
relation states that if one measures observable q with very high precision (i.e., its
uncertainty !1q is very small), then a simultaneous measurement of observable p will
be less precise (i.e., its uncertainty !1p is very large), and vice versa . In other words,
it is not possible to simultaneously measure two conjugate observable quantities with
infinite precision.
This minimum uncertainty is not due to any correctable flaws in measurement, but
rather reflects the intrinsic fuzziness in the quantum nature of energy and matter.
Substantial theoretical and experimental work has shown that in many quantum
systems the limits to measurement precision is imposed by the quantum vacuum ZPF
embodied within the uncertainty principle. Nowadays we rather see the Heisenberg
Uncertainty Principle as a necessary consequence, and therefore, a derived result of the
wave nature of quantum phenomena. The uncertainties are just a consequence of the
Fourier nature of conjugate pairs of quantities (observables). For example, the two
Fourier-wave-conjugates time and frequency become the pair of quantum-particle
conjugates time and energy and the two Fourier-wave-conjugates displacement and
wave number become the pair of quantum-particle conjugates position and momentum.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle dictates that a quantized electromagnetic
oscillator (a.k.a. a photon state) can never come entirely to rest, since that would be a
state of exactly zero energy, which is forbidden by the commutation relation given in
the previous section. Instead, every mode of the field has liw/2 as its average minimum
energy in the vacuum, and this is called the zero-point energy (ZPE) .** This ZPE term
is added to the classical blackbody spectral radiation energy density p(w)dro [i.e., the
energy per unit volume of radiation in the frequency interval (ro,w + dro)] [25]:

*" hw is the energy of a single mode (or photon).

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#### Page 12

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR OFFICl"L tJ.!l!!! 8HL¥

hro - - + -hco ] dco
p(ro)dro = - oi [ - - rc 2 c3 exp(hco/ k 8 T) - 1 2

J

3
hro
= - hro-2 3 coth ( - dro,
2n c
2k8 T

(2)

where kp, is Boltzmann's constant ( 1. 3807 x 10- 23 J/K) and Tis the absolute
temperature. The factor outside the square brackets in the first line of Eq. (2) is the
density of mode (or photon) states (i.e., the number of states per unit frequency
interval per unit volume); the first term inside the square brackets is the standard
Planck blackbody radi ation energy per mode; and the second term inside the square
brackets is the quantum zero-point energy per mode. Equation (2) is called the Zero­
Point Planck (ZPP) spectral radiation energy density. Planck first added the ZPE term to
the classical blackbody spectral radiation energy density in 1912, although it was
Einstein, Hopf, and Stern who actually recognized the physical significance of th is term
in 1913 [25]. Direct spectroscopic evidence for the reality of ZPE was provided by
Mulliken's boron monoxide spectral band experiments in 1924, several months before
Heisenberg first derived the ZPE for a harmonic oscillator from his new quantum matrix
mechanics theory [39].
Following this line of reasoni ng, quantum physics predicts that all of space must be
filled with quantum electromagnetic ZPF creating a universal sea of zero-point energy.
The other quantum forces of nature also have their own vacuum ZPF which contributes
to the universal sea of zero-point energy. But that is beyond the scope of this report.
Negative (Sub-Vacuum) Energy in Squeezed Light

Substantial theoretical and experimental work has shown that in many quantum
systems the limits to measurement precision imposed by the quantum vacuum ZPF can
be breached by decreasing the noise in one observable (or measurable quantity) at the
expense of increasing the noise in the conjugate observable; at the same time the
variations in the first observable, say the energy, are reduced below the ZPF such that
the energy becomes "negative." "Squeezing" is t hus the control of quantum
fluctuations and corresponding uncertainties, whereby one can squeeze/reduce the
variance of one (physically important) observable quantity provided the variance in the
(physically unimportant) conjugate variab le is stretched/increased. The squeezed
quantity possesses an unusually low variance, meaning less variance than would be
expected on the basis of the equipartition theorem . One can in principle exploit
quantum squeezing to extract energy from one place in the ordinary vacuum at the
expense of accumulating excess energy elsewhere [8].
The squeezed state of the electromagnetic field is a primary example of a quantum fie ld
that has negative energy density and negative energy flux. Such a state became a
physical reality in the laboratory as a result of the nonlinear-optics techn ique of
"squeezing," i.e., of moving some of the quantum-fluctuations of laser light out of the

8

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#### Page 13

UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR 8FFI@IAL 1::191!! 8HLY
cos[w(t- z!c )] part of the beam and into the sin[w(t- z!c)] part [18, 40-44].§§ The
observable that gets squeezed will have its fluctuations reduced below the vacuum ZPF.
The act of squeezing transforms the phase space circular noise profile characteristic of
the vacuum into an ellipse, whose semimajor and semiminor axes are given by unequal

(Text continues in the original file: 51 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-D154 — Transcript of a Presentation by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, 1952

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-D154
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-D154
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 3/26/52
- Location: Boston, Massachusetts
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

1952: faster sightings, slower PowerPoint transitions.

- Transcript of Capt. Edward J. Ruppelt’s March 1952 presentation, Boston, Massachusetts, DoW file DOW‑UAP‑D154.
- Reports ~800 cases, ~20% unexplained; silent high‑speed flights, radar 1,000‑3,500 mph, near nuclear sites.
- Air Force found no conclusive evidence regarding the phenomena’s nature or origin.

### Official summary

This document is a transcript of a March 1952 presentation by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt outlining the U.S. Air Force’s reorganized investigation into unidentified flying objects (UFOs). The presentation previews prospective technical methodologies, such as diffraction-grating photography and radar-scope synchronization, that were subsequently incorporated into Project Blue Book, a U.S. Air Force program active from 1952 to 1969 that investigated the nature and origin of UFOs. Ruppelt explains that out of approximately 800 historical cases reviewed by the Air Force, approximately 20% remained unexplained after technical analysis. These unresolved reports were sourced from credible military personnel, commercial pilots, and other qualified technical observers. He highlights geographic report concentrations around sensitive national security and nuclear weapons installations (including Los Alamos, Albuquerque, and Oak Ridge National Laboratories) and notes recurring anomalous characteristics, including silent high-speed flight and radar detections indicating unconfirmed air speeds between 1,000 and 3,500 miles per hour. Emphasizing that the Air Force found no conclusive evidence regarding the nature or origin of the phenomena, Ruppelt underscores the national security need for a systematic physical data collection effort to better evaluate these sightings.

### AI summary

This document is a transcript of a March 1952 presentation by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, outlining the U.S. Air Force’s reorganized investigation into unidentified flying objects (UFOs). It reports that of approximately 800 cases reviewed, about 20% remained unexplained after technical analysis, with sources including military personnel and pilots. The presentation notes geographic concentrations near sensitive sites and describes anomalous characteristics like silent high-speed flight and radar detections. Ruppelt emphasizes the need for systematic data collection, stating no conclusive evidence was found regarding the phenomena’s nature or origin.

### Full text

#### Page 1

OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY OF WAR
5000 DEFENSE PENTAGON
WASHINGTON, DC 20301 -5000
INTELLIGENCE
AND SECURITY

Transcript of a Presentation by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, 1952
This document is a transcript of a March 1952 presentation by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt
outlining the U.S. Air Force’s reorganized investigation into unidentified flying objects (UFOs).
The presentation previews prospective technical methodologies, such as diffraction-grating
photography and radar-scope synchronization, that were subsequently incorporated into Project
Blue Book, a U.S. Air Force program active from 1952 to 1969 that investigated the nature and
origin of UFOs. Ruppelt explains that out of approximately 800 historical cases reviewed by the
Air Force, approximately 20% remained unexplained after technical analysis. These unresolved
reports were sourced from credible military personnel, commercial pilots, and other qualified
technical observers. He highlights geographic report concentrations around sensitive national
security and nuclear weapons installations (including Los Alamos, Albuquerque, and Oak Ridge
National Laboratories) and notes recurring anomalous characteristics, including silent highspeed flight and radar detections indicating unconfirmed air speeds between 1,000 and 3,500
miles per hour. Emphasizing that the Air Force found no conclusive evidence regarding the
nature or origin of the phenomena, Ruppelt underscores the national security need for a
systematic physical data collection effort to better evaluate these sightings.
Beginning of transcript.
This medium has been declassified in compliance with applicable executive orders, statutes, and
regulations.
(Recording test) ...for all good men to come to the aid of their country. Now is the time for all
good men to come to the aid of their country. Now is the time for all good men...
(Recording test) ...addressing them was by voice straight at the microphone and my mouth
separated from the microphone by a distance of about 15 inches. I expect that the speaker will
put out approximately this volume. And I will now, as before, turn around slowly and address my
words toward the blackboard. This I am now doing, talking straight into the blackboard as if I
were drawing some diagrams. I'm then going to turn around slowly again now to face the
audience. I am separated from the microphone by a somewhat greater distance, as if I were
slightly leaning backwards.
(Recording test) ...play around the zero, that's the desirable level. If, for example, we turn the
gain down... Now, now. So you see it's just about wide open and that'll pick everything in the
room up. See how it jumps and is... Now let's see if we play it back.
(Conversation)
•

"I can't hear you."

•

"Is there anything already on that tape now?"

#### Page 2

•

"Yeah, there are a few things on the tape."

•

"Why don't you say something?"

•

"...begin to appear in about 1947. You're possibly familiar with them to a certain extent
following the newspaper reports. The first ones were sighted by a Kenneth Arnold in June
of 1947 out in Idaho. Now, I'll refer to them as 'these things' because we have no idea
what we're dealing with. The newspapers and radio played them up to a great degree at
that time and consequently introduced a little bit of, probably a little bit of mass hysteria
or something like that into the problem. They flared up for about, oh, spasmodically for
about two years and then the things died down to a certain extent. The Air Force took
over this project soon after the first sighting because the public demanded an explanation
of these objects. In 19... August of 1949, the Air Force came out with a report, supposedly
a final report on this, where they reached a few conclusions. Now they had some
specialists in certain fields working on this problem, and you might be interested in
knowing who they were. There's a Dr. J. A. Hynek, an astronomer at Ohio State, Dr. G.
Valley of the Scientific Advisory Board, a Dr. Fitz of the Aeromedical, I believe he was a
psychologist, the RAND Corporation, Air Weather Service, Cambridge Field Station, and
the U.S. Department of Commerce Weather Bureau. All those people took the reports—
they had about 300 reports at that time—they took the reports, read them over, came up
with their conclusions. Although their conclusions varied to a certain extent, they all
agreed that they didn't know exactly what they were. However, there were obviously no
direct threat to the United States, so they didn't pay too much more attention to them.

The Air Force came up with several conclusions in that report. One of them was it was a mild
case of mass hysteria due to, we might say, war nerves; the war had just been over. Some of them
were due to psychopathological people, or nuts, something like that trying to create an
excitement or get publicity or pure do a pure hoax. And the other one was that they were due to
misinterpretation of conventional objects.
Well, since that time, several years has passed, and we've been able to go back and review these
conclusions a little bit. We've been able to drop out all except the misinterpretation of
conventional objects. Going back, we have approximately 800 cases now on record, and only
about 2% of those are actual hoaxes or psychopathological people who just don't know what they
see. The misinterpretation of known objects is still, of course, a large factor. I mean, that could
possibly account for all of them. However, it's a little bit doubtful. We've gone through these
reports and come up with the fact that about 20% are very good reports offered by very reliable
people and are just absolutely no conclusions can be drawn.
The mass hysteria factor has gone out because the newspapers haven't played this up for the last
approximately three years. There's occasional flurries, but nothing to get excited about at all, and
still the reports continue to come in. We dropped this project in 1949, as I said, as a special
project and have been handling this information as regular intelligence material since that time.
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#### Page 3

We've decided, about last October, we decided there possibly was enough material now to reopen
this case. So we, the center, appointed a permanent project engineer, which I'm the project
engineer, and we reviewed all this stuff. We took all the cases that we had, reworked them, filed
them all in a neat file so we could tell what we had. We went through and cross-indexed all the
material so that we could get an idea of the different factors that were involved in these reports.
We came up with some results. I won't say they're outstanding results, I don't... we don't know
what the results mean.
But, uh, unfortunately, I didn't realize we were going to have such a large audience here, so we
did bring these slides along. I don't know whether you can... any of you in the back room see this
print? I'll pass it around and you can get an idea. This is a plot of the sightings in the United
States. Now, this does not include the... we have sightings outside of the United States, but we're
not too worried about those at the present time. We're more interested in the United States. I'll
explain this a little bit to you since you can't see it. We have certain areas in the United States
where there are concentrations. In Dayton and Columbus, Ohio, there are concentrations. Now,
this is possibly due to two things. One of them is the fact that the people in that area knew that all
the activity in this project was taking place in that area, and consequently, they were doing a little
bit more reporting. Another thing is that all the experimental flying was being done around
Wright Field, and we still have a lot of trouble with that. People call in and say, "I just saw a
great big light go over at 5,000 miles an hour," it turns over... it turns out it's an airplane carrying
a flare or something like that. So we've disregarded that concentration. However, around all the
ports in the United States—San Francisco, Los Angeles, the coastal area around New York City,
and New Orleans—there's concentrations. Around Los Alamos and the Albuquerque area, there's
concentrations. Around White Sands, there's concentrations, and down here at Camp Hood,
Texas. Now, this Camp Hood, Texas concentration was due to an outbreak of odd lights about
two years ago. They never did determine exactly what the lights were. They were a special, we
might say, a special type of report that haven't occurred again, and we haven't paid too much
attention to that. But the ones around Oak Ridge and the ones around Albuquerque may possibly
mean something, we don't know. The rest of the reports are pretty well scattered out around the
United States.
If you plot these reports up by years, they started in the West Coast, up around in the Northwest,
around Washington, Oregon, and Idaho in 1947. The next year, they were... they tended to be on
the East Coast to a certain extent, and from then on, they were just spread out all over the United
States. There was no, no pattern.
We've plotted the frequency of these reports again. You'll see that it doesn't vary too much year
from, uh, from year to year. This large peak down here occurred right after the first sighting by
this Arnold out in Idaho, and it was undoubtedly, a lot of it was due to mass hysteria or people
wanting to get their names in the paper. However, you can see it tapered off, and it reaches a
peak right in, let's see, this is June and July, and every year, almost, it reaches a peak in there. It's
also peaked to a certain extent here in January and then again, there's a peak here in December.
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#### Page 4

Now there's actually no direct pattern to that, but there's enough of a pattern that it plants a seed
of doubt in your mind. You sort of wonder why this thing should run a cycle like that. In these
two years, '47 and '48, there was a lot of newspaper publicity. However, in '49, '50, and '51, there
was very little newspaper publicity, and the reports from '49, '50, and '51 are mostly from
military sources. The civilians have dropped out because possibly they didn't know where to
report this stuff or they weren't interested in it. The Air Force came out and said there was
nothing to it, so they just quit making reports. However, military has continued to make reports. I
should say military and a few airline pilots are covered in these two years.
We've taken the reported shapes. We have a lot of questions. People say, "Well, what are people
reporting?" So we've broken it down into shapes. In this segment here, there were no shapes
reported. Somebody just called in or wrote a letter and said, "I saw something," so we've had to
disregard it. This segment right here represents some type of an astronomical body. I mean, you
could say it was either a bright light in the sky or a streak of light that could have been a meteor.
We've lumped all those together. In this section are disc or spherical shaped objects. We've
lumped those together because it's... we don't believe that people can tell if they're seeing a disc
or a sphere unless they should happen to see it both on the bottom view and edgewise to
determine it's a disc. So we've lumped those all together. Some of these could be balloons. I
mean, there's no doubt about that, that they could be weather balloons. However, due to, or
contrary to popular opinion, these things are not, are definitely not all balloons.
These are shapes that are just reported as oval shapes. It's difficult to tell what they are.
Miscellaneous is almost anything. Vapor trails probably actually were vapor trails of aircraft.
There's one small segment in here, which is only 6/10 of 1% of all 800 reports, and that is reports
of groups of lights going through the sky. Now we've had quite a bit of difficulty with those
because the reports are usually from pretty good sources, and they'll see, oh, anywhere from 6 to
20 lights in a formation going streaking across the sky. Well, it's almost impossible that that
would, that you would find six meteors together. I understand it's possible to see two of them
together that would appear to be in formation, but no more than that. A certain percentage, 1%,
are reported to be balloons. Now, these are balloons that we've not been able to establish the
origin of. In other words, we don't, they're just balloons floating over the United States, and
they're probably meteorological balloons that have gotten loose from some station and haven't
burst when they were supposed to. About two and a half percent resemble actual aircraft. We've
had quite a bit of discussion as to whether or not these objects could possibly be some highly
developed aircraft type that the Soviets have. We've almost been able to throw that out because
of the small percentage of reports that even mention any shape due to aircraft, that would
resemble aircraft. This percentage here are reported to be rockets or cigar-shaped objects. Now,
once again, we've gone into that quite thoroughly and have found that, and it's common
knowledge, that any bright light traveling through the air will burn an image in your eye and
will, you'll have some persistence there, and it will appear to be elongated when actually it's just
a round source of light.
4

#### Page 5

So that's some of the shapes that we've had. Now, getting back to this disc or spherical shaped
objects, these things are always silent. I mean, if we want to assume that this object we're dealing
with is a disc-shaped thing, these are always silent, and they're usually highly maneuverable.
Although lately, the reports that have been coming in have neglected to put this 90-degree turn
business in; they just go over at a great rate of speed. But the fact that they're silent is quite
interesting because we, we have no knowledge of any type of power plant that would be
completely silent.
These are the types of people that send in our reports. This segment here are civilians, and most
of these reports came in when the project was first initiated back in 1947 and '48. This black
segment here are reports from military sources, and they are, we've put them in as just ground
officers, not usually not flying officers, or at least the reports are not made from the air. We have
a small segment here of radar returns that we've been unable to explain. This section right here
are reports from civilian pilots who were airborne at the time of the sighting. This segment in
here especially is the one that we're very interested in. They're reports from airline pilots, from
tower operators, and balloon observers. Now, these balloon observers are normally people like
the General Mills crews that launch these high-altitude balloons. And here we have technically
trained personnel such as scientists, engineers, and so forth.
This segment, as I said, are the ones that we're very much interested in. Now, airline pilots are,
we consider very reliable because they're very, well, they don't like to stick their neck out and
make one of these reports unless they're absolutely sure they saw something. They received some
very unfavorable publicity during this last rash of reports, or the first one, I should say in '47 and
'48, and they absolutely refuse to give us reports unless they're completely sold that they saw
something. I've talked to quite a few of the pilots, and one of them made the statement if he
looked out his window and saw a V-2 rocket or something like that flying wingtip to wingtip
with him over Spokane, he wouldn't tell anybody about it. I mean, he'd never report it to the Air
Force because or to anybody because they just say he was crazy and probably ground him. So
that's the big difficulty we have in getting reports from airline pilots. We do hear through the
grapevine that they see an awful lot of odd things that they don't report, especially over in the
Near East, Iran, and the Middle East, I should say, Iran, Palestine, Egypt, in those runs. Now, we
haven't been able to pin that down as fact. That's just a rumor that we've picked up in talking to
other airline pilots who've heard other airline pilots say that, but we've never been able to pin it
down. However, it would be very interesting to find out, and we're making attempts, although
we've run up against a lot of trouble because, as I said, the pilots just don't want publicity and
they won't make those reports. This segment in here have been reported by Air Force pilots, and
they're aerial sightings. A lot of these have been balloons. We've had a lot of trouble with the
balloons in that a pilot meeting a balloon in the air isn't familiar with what that balloon's going to
do. I mean, he's familiar with meeting another airplane, and he's already made up his mind as to
what the rate of closure should be and different things like that. He'll usually assume that the,
when he meets a balloon, that it's instead of a balloon, it's some object about 30 or 40 feet in
5

#### Page 6

diameter, and judging the rate of closure, he assumes it's going at a very terrific speed. But we've
been able in some cases to actually show how that pilot was misled and that it was actually a
balloon. However, we don't, we don't try to say that everything was a balloon. In other words, if
a balloon was launched in the area, we try to definitely pin that down. We can get the time of
launch of the balloon, the rate of ascent, the winds aloft, we can plot out the path of that balloon
and plot out the pilot's path and show by various lines of sight how he actually did see the
balloon. In the past, it's been a practice to say, "Well, there was a balloon launched within 100
miles, consequently the pilot must have seen the balloon." We don't want to try that because it's,
well, we just want to have more proof before we say that it's a balloon. And the Air Force has
gotten into a lot of trouble in the past by very loosely tying up these balloons with the sightings.
We have some photographs of these objects that, we have quite a few photographs, I should say.
A lot of them are definitely either hoaxes or else they're flaws in the negative and the people that
have found this print have looked at it and said, "Ah, I took a picture of the sky and I didn't see
this flying saucer, although here's a picture of it," and they'll send it into us. It's not too difficult
to examine those under a microscope and find out that the image is due to an imperfection in the
negative. However, we have a few photographs that are very difficult to evaluate. This is one of
them right here. It was taken in Phoenix, Arizona, on the 7th of July, 1947. This has been hashed
around quite a bit, and there's a little bit of doubt as to the, whether or not this was purposely
faked, but we've never been able to prove it.
This picture is probably the most interesting one that we've ever received, mainly because we
went into the background of this thing a lot more. This was taken in Lubbock, Texas last
September. Now, this Lubbock case is probably the most interesting one, the whole case is the
most interesting one we've ever had. These five college professors from Texas Tech were sitting
out in the backyard one evening, in what was it, August, yes, August 25th, and they happened to
be discussing meteors and so they were sitting there looking up in the sky, and all of a sudden
this bunch of lights went over. And so one of them, they looked at each other and said, "What
was that?" Nobody seemed to know. And so, about a half an hour later, why they were still
discussing the lights and they said they wished that something like that would go over again, and
it did. So, for, well, altogether in a period of, I believe it was five or six nights, they observed 12
of these things that went over. Well, they assumed that it was some kind of a missile that the Air
Force had been developing, and being nosy, they thought they'd find out what this, well, they
reached this conclusion after they saw the first two, that they'd find out what these missiles were.
So they set up their own measuring, crude measuring systems. They were able to set up a, or
measure the angles on the houses and things in their backyards so they could tell the angle this
thing went through, and they timed it with a stopwatch. They also set up a baseline 90 degrees to
the path—and incidentally, these things always came over the same path and at roughly the same
time every night, so they knew about what was going on. They set up this baseline and got at
each end with two-way radios and some homemade, well, you might call them theodolites or
measuring, angle measuring devices, and tried to get an altitude. Well, they were unsuccessful on
6

#### Page 7

that. However, they did get their angular measurement across the sky, and it came out to be 30
degrees per second. Now, that's the only measurement we've got on these things. We didn't hear
about it till about a month after it happened, and I went down and spent quite a bit of time with
these people. At first, we thought it was just one big hoax, that they were just out to get some
publicity, but on investigating these people and talking to them, we found out that there was, the
professor of, I believe he's head of the physics department at Texas Tech, a gentleman who was
head of the petroleum engineering department at Texas Tech, a gentleman who'd spent the last
five years in Alaska studying the aurora, and a doctor of mathematics, and they had an
astronomer who actually who didn't see these, although he was in on the investigation. Well,
after they found out the Air Force was interested in it, they took an entirely different view. I
mean, when they found out that it wasn't one of our missiles, then they began to wonder what it
was, but the thing had happened and it was finished and they couldn't get any more information
for us. Now these pictures, well, incidentally, before that, they put a couple of pieces in the local
newspaper to try to determine who else had seen these things, and they put their names in the
paper so that people could write to them and say, "I saw it" or "I didn't see it," and they got a lot
of publicity. Consequently, everybody in Lubbock, Texas was sitting out at night waiting for
these things to go over. And a college freshman at Texas Tech had his camera ready when they
went over one night, and this is the picture that he got. Now these are, this is one formation that
went over and this is another formation. He, his story is that he saw one go over and all of a
sudden it dawned on him, "Well, I might try to get a picture." He was a fairly good amateur
photographer. He took these with a Kodak 35. He shot them at 1/10th of a second at F3.5 on
Plus-X film. He tracked them, and consequently, we don't know whether this blur is due to the
movement of the object or the movement of his camera since he shot them at 1/10th of a second.
This is the first formation that went over, and this is the second formation. Now, we've tried
every way that we know of to prove that these pictures are faked. I've talked to the kid, and in
fact, I talked to him twice. We've had OSI talk to him about three times, and the final, last time,
they got him alone and they said, "Now look, we'll let you back out on this if you want to. We'll
never tell anybody. As far as the newspaper's concerned and everybody you've sold these pictures
to, why they're really good photos, but if you'll just confess to the OSI, why we'll drop it." But he
said, "No," he said, "these are pictures of something that flew over Lubbock, Texas on..." Well,
this was, these happened to be taken on the 31st of August. He said, "I don't know what they are,
but," he said, "I took the pictures and that's all I know," and he signed a sworn statement for us,
so we had to drop it right there. I mean, we've got no way to...
(Question from audience)
•

"Do these pictures check with the observations of those five?"

•

"No, sir. I was going to just mention that. The college professors say that these pictures
are faked. I mean, they won't believe them at all. They say the things that they saw, they
know were too dim to ever take a picture of. Now, we cross-checked with the kid on that,
and he said, he said, 'That's right.' He said, 'After I took these pictures,' he said, 'I didn't
7

#### Page 8

develop them for two days because,' he said, 'I just thought in my own mind that I
wouldn't even have an image because they were, what I saw was, I thought, was too dim
to take a picture of, but I just took a chance.' So he took those pictures. He finally
developed them and that's what he came out with. And he sold those, I believe he got $8
for the original set of prints from a newspaper. We had those prints over to the photo lab
and they checked them out. I mean, they are an actual image, there's no doubt about that.
He could have taken a black sheet of paper and just punched holes in it and faked them
very easily, but he swears up and down he didn't do that. These things under a microscope
show that the relative position of these things vary just a little bit in each picture. Well,
it's doubtful if he took a piece of cardboard and just punched holes in it, if he would be
smart enough to vary the holes, the position of the hole in each exposure. He'd probably
just taken four shots of the same thing and maybe moved his camera to give him a little
appearance of motion there. But the actual exposures or images are moved just a little bit
in each exposure. Now again, that could come from the fact that maybe he tipped his
paper as he took the picture, but we don't know. We've never been able to prove that they
were faked. The density on the negative compares to the density of a bright star. In other
words, we used the same exposure and the same film and went out and took a couple
pictures of some bright planets, and it's, the density of the negative is just a little bit more
than that of a bright planet at night. So, that's all we know about it. We haven't been able
to...
(Question from audience)
•

"Did you get two sets of lights in some cases rather than a smear?"

•

"No, sir, we haven't. I asked him about that and he said when he took the pictures, it
looked like a straight line. He didn't notice two different formations. Now, I always
hesitate to tell this because it could again be one big coincidence, but if you plot those
points on a piece of, on an enlargement on a piece of graph paper and plot them out
exactly, you'll see that as the consecutive, in the consecutive frames, one row of lights,
the back row, will say, moves up to the first row, and then it moves on ahead in the third
picture. Now, that doesn't make sense at all because of the fact that they're two different
formations he took. The only two possibilities that we can think of, one of them is that it's
still one great big hoax that the college professors just decided to see how much they
could fool the people in Lubbock, Texas and they planted these pictures with the kid. The
other thing is that there was, it was known that there was a duck flight on in the area at
the time, that the ducks were flying across Lubbock. We tried, and the people in Lubbock
tried to see whether or not you could take a picture of ducks at night just from the
reflection of the city lights, and that's impossible. So if these pictures aren't true, or are
not fakes, why then these pictures are not of ducks. We'll put it that way. The college
professors won't believe the duck story at all. I mean, they say those were not ducks. We
can, if they were ducks, they'd have to be at such and such an height to give that 30
8

#### Page 9

degrees per second, and if they were that low, why, in fact, I think it comes out to be
about 75 to 80 feet, the ducks would have to be that low to be flying 60 miles an hour and
go through that angle at that certain time. And they say they are not ducks. Now that's the
only possibility we have, or the only idea of what they could be. They might be ducks
reflecting the city lights, although it's still hard to believe that because just of all the
circumstances, it just doesn't sound like ducks. A lot of people in Lubbock who were
looking for these objects on these nights did see ducks. And when we were down there,
they'd call us up and they'd say, 'I know what these lights are, they're ducks because I saw
them and I could see the wings flapping and I could hear them honking and I could see
their necks sticking out, and you're wasting our good taxpayers' money coming down
here talking about it because they were ducks.' Now, but once again, there's about half the
people that saw these objects again said they were not ducks because they said, 'We've
lived in Lubbock all our life and we've seen ducks for the last 30 years and those were
not ducks.' So we're up against a blank wall on this certain, this one case.
Now we, uh, we've reached several general, or I shouldn't say reached any conclusions. There's
two or three general facts about all of the sightings, the overall, uh, collection of sightings we
have. One of them is that on our good sightings, there's absolutely no noise ever reported in
connection with these objects, no matter how low they are. They may be, uh, reported as just
being specks in the sky or down fairly low and there's absolutely no noise reported. And once
again, we, uh, we don't know of any kind of a propulsion system that would, uh, that would do
that. I mean, everything that we know of has some type of noise connected with it. Another thing
is we've had a lot of radar returns, uh, but we have never had a visual sighting linked up with a
radar return. We've had two or three reports of that, but we've never been able to pin them down
enough and get enough facts about them to make sure that they were both looking at the same
thing. Uh, they have had a project on this down at, uh, Holloman. They've been very much
interested in it because they've been seeing, uh, compare on a comparative basis, more of these
things around the Holloman and White Sands area.

(Text continues in the original file: 19 pages.)

## DOW-UAP-PR019 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, May 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR019
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR019
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Declassified on October 7 2025, just in time for the next holiday sale.

- DOW-UAP-PR019, Department of War report, May 2022, Middle East.
- Five‑second infrared video shows contrast moving left‑right; four other objects noted as possible birds.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of five seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D10, described the observation as a “possible missile” moving across the field-of-view. The report also described four other objects not depicted in the video as “possible birds.”

Video Description: At the two second mark, the video depicts an area of contrast moving from left to right across the bottom third of the sensor field-of-view.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI summary

This is a classified UAP report from May 2022, authored by USCENTCOM Chief of Staff MG Richard A. Harrison and declassified on October 7, 2025. It details a mission involving an aircraft (1.4a) conducting SIGINT collection and target development in the Middle East. The document states that at 1514Z, the aircraft observed one UAP, and later, from 1514Z to 1934Z, five UAPs were seen, with four of them appearing similar to birds. The report includes mission timelines, sensor data, and observations but does not identify the nature of the objects.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 7 October 2025

Misrep undefined-7473483
Narrative
(SECRET\\REL TO USA, FVEY) AT 0246Z,
TOOK OFF FROM 1.4a
1.4a
AT 0253Z,
HANDED OVER WITH THE LRE WITH FULLY MISSION CAPABLE SENSORS.
1.4a
AT 0958Z,
BEGAN SIGINT COLLECTION.
FROM 0958Z TO 2036Z, 1.4a CONDUCTED TARGET DEVELOPMENT ON OP
ISO
SEE ISR 1).
1.4a
AT 1514Z, 1.4a OBSERVED 1X UAP (SEE OBSERVATION 1).

1.4a

AT 2036Z,
RETURNED TO BASE.
AT 2036Z, 1.4a STOPPED SIGINT COLLECTION.
AT 2257Z,
HANDED BACK TO THE LRE.
FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY DGS1.
AT 0004Z, 1.4a LANDED AT

1.4a

WITH A LAST ENGINE SHUT-DOWN TIME OF 0014Z.

1.4a
1 IMINT TASKING PROSECUTED,
HOURS, 1 SIGINT TASKING PROSECUTED, 2 TOTAL TASKINGS PROSECUTED; 1
OBSERVATION
1.4a

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: REL TO USA, FVEY
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20470506

OPERATION

(b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0093 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/20/25 001

#### Page 2

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 7 October 2025

• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFCENT
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron):
• Submit Date:

1.4a

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): AB
• Mission Type: XCAS
• ATO Mission Number 1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - United States
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poc

POC
• Rank: SSgt
• Full Name:(b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 1.4a
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone Number: (b)(6)
• Email:
(b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

QC
• Rank: SrA
• Full Name: (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 1.4a
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone Number:
(b)(6)
• Email:
(b)(6)
• Service: Air Force

(b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0093 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/20/25 002

#### Page 3

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 7 October 2025

• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

APPROVER
• Rank: SSgt
• Full Name(b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: ISRD
• Wing: 379 AEW
• Phone Number
(b)(6)
• Email:
(b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:

(b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0093 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/20/25 003

#### Page 4

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 7 October 2025

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:
• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each
1.4a
• TGT Pod Name or Designator:
1.4a
• Additional Avionics:
• Data Link:
• Gentext:

1.4a

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign:
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft): 1.4a, 1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s): 1.4a
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): 1.4a
• Takeoff Time DTG: 060246:00ZMAY22
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes):
• Gentext/Additional Details: • Mission Canceled:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 060958:00ZMAY22
1.4a
• Callsign:
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: REC\XCAS
• JTAC Callsign: • Gentext/Additional Details: • Did not Arrive On Station:

(b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0093 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/20/25 004

#### Page 5

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 7 October 2025

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 062036:00ZMAY22
• Total Time On Station:
1.4a
• Gentext/Additional Details:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): 1.4a
• Last Land Time: 070004:00ZMAY22
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 070014:00ZMAY22
1.4a
• Total Mission Time:
• Gentext/Additional Details: -

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 060958:00ZMAY22
• Time-off Station DTG: 062036:00ZMAY22
• Aircraft Callsign:
1.4a
• Msn Type: REC\XCAS
• Primary Sensor: FMV\SI
• Sensors Available:
1.4a
• Tasking Type: PLANNED
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): • BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 38SMC54 1.4a 96 1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed:
• Number of EEIs:

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
CONDUCTED TARGET
1.4a
DEVELOPMENT ON OP
MISSION INTENT FOR THE TASKING WAS TO
1.4a
REPORT ALL PERSONNEL, VEHICLES, WEAPONS, FOOTPATHS, COMMS EQUIPMENT, AND
OCCUPIED BDLS. AT 1515Z 1.4a OBSERVED A POSSIBLE UAP IN ITS FOV IVO OF
1.4a
38SMC54 1.4a 96 1.4a (SEE OBVS 1). 1.4a CONDUCTED
ACTIVITY UNTIL RTB.

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: MAG
• Supported Operation: OP

1.4a

(b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0093 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/20/25 005

#### Page 6

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 7 October 2025

• Precoord Time: 240 MINUTES
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (SECRET\\REL TO USA, FVEY) DUST HINDERED MOST FMV COLLECTION OF
THE GROUND.

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: -

OBSERVATION
• Observation DTG: 061514:00ZMAY22
• Aircraft Callsign:
1.4a
• Aircraft Location: 38SMC53 1.4a961.4a
• Aircraft Heading: • Aircraft Altitude: 1.4a
• Aircraft Airspeed: • Relative Bearing or Clock Position: • Range: • Killbox & Keypad: • Observed Activity Location: 38SMC53 1.4a96 1.4a
• Observed Activity Description: 1X UAP
• Method of Observation: FMV
• EEIs Observed:
• Number of EEIs:

GENTEXT/OBSERVATION
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY) FROM 1514Z to 1934Z,
1.4a
OBSERVED 5X UAP FLY ACROSS THE SCREEN. AT 1514Z 1.4a OBSERVED A UAP WITH THE
VISRECCE OF A POSSIBLE 1.4a MISSILE FLY ACROSS THE FOV IVO 38SMC531.4a 96 1.4a
1.4a PROCEEDED TO SEE 4X OTHER UAPS IN THEIR FOV UNTIL 1934Z. ALL 4X REMAINING
UAP FIT CLOSER TO THE PROFILE OF POSSIBLE BIRDS.

WEATHER
• Weather: (SECRET\\REL TO USA, FVEY) DUST HINDERED MOST FMV COLLECTION OF
THE GROUND.

(b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0093 / JS-250710-TM8S

Approved for Release to AARO

10/20/25 006

## DOW-UAP-PR020 — Unresolved UAP Report, Kuwait, May 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR020
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR020
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

May 2022: the only thing brighter than the contrast was the red circle around it.

- DOW-UAP-PR020, Unresolved UAP Report, Kuwait, May 2022; Department of War; located in Iraq
- Report includes a still U.S. military image, red line encircles contrast; UAP moved north‑to‑northeast; operator could not identify
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2022. The original reporter digitally altered the imagery by adding a red line encircling an area of interest before submitting it to AARO. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D12, described the UAP as moving from north to northeast. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP.

Image Description: The image contains an encircled, elongated area of contrast in the top left quarter. The area of contrast increases in intensity along its length from top left to bottom right.

This image description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI summary

This document is an Unresolved UAP Report from Kuwait dated May 2022. It was written by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff, and recommended on October 8, 2025. The document was cleared for open publication on March 10, 2026, by the Department of Defense. It includes a reference to USCENTCOM MDR 25-0094 through MDR 25-0099 and JS-250710-TM8S, and it presents a recommendation to AARO.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Recommendation by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Recommended on: 8 Oct 25

CLEARED
For Open Publication
Mar 10, 2026
Department of Defense

OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW

IF

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S

USCENTCOM Recommendation to AARO

10/17/25 001

## DOW-UAP-PR021 — Unresolved UAP Report, Iraq, May 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR021
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR021
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The video’s ten seconds—just enough time to miss the landing gear.

- DOW-UAP-PR021, Department of War report, May 2022, Iraq location.
- Ten‑second infrared video shows two contrasting blobs; possible Su‑27/35 during Sigonella surveillance.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of ten seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D14, described the UAP as a “probable SU-27/35." 

Video Description: The video depicts two areas of contrast moving together near the center of the field-of-view throughout the runtime.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

AARO Comment: SU-27 and SU-35 are designations for military aircraft operated by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

### AI summary

This is a classified UAP report from May 2022, declassified in 2025 by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff. It details an aircraft mission from Sigonella Airbase, conducting surveillance in the Eastern Mediterranean. The report notes an observed possible small UAP and a probable Su-27/35 landing. It also mentions a reaction to 1-3 aircraft, including a possible Russian Su-30, which approached within 5 nautical miles but did not impact the mission. The document includes flight details, locations, and timestamps but does not confirm the nature of the UAP.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

Misrep undefined-7561279
Narrative
(S//REL) AT 13552,~TOOK OFF FROM SIGONELLA AIRBASE (LIC2).
AT 14242,~HANDED OVER FROM THE LRE.
FROM 15072 TO 09062, ~ COLLECTED SIGINT VIA AIRHANDLER.
AT 15512,~WAS ON STATION IN SRO TRACK (41EMD).
FROM 19382 TO 02302,~ CONDUCTED IMINT ISO 603 AOC\OP HUMMER SICKLE IYO
41EMD IYO EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN. SEE ISR LINE 1.
AT 21472,~WAS REACTED TO BY 1-3 ACFT, INCLUDING lX POSS RFAF SU-30. SEE
REACTION LINE 1.
AT 01172, ONE POSSIBLE SMALL UAP WAS OBSERVED. SEE UAP LINE 1.
AT 00112,! 1.4a !OBSERVED ONE PROBABLE SU-27/35 LANDING IYO AL ASSAD AFLD. SEE
OBS LINE 1.
AT02302,

WAS CLEARED TO RTB.

AT 06162,

WAS OFF STATION.
1.4a

AT09342,

HANDED BACK TO THE LRE.

AT 10252,

LANDED AT LRCT. FMV WAS EXPLOITED BY DGS-IN AND DGS4

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b}(6}

iililQUI.JIUiliE. 'J.ilO WA,~~¥
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 001

#### Page 2

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: REL TO USA, FVEY
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20470529

OPERATION
• Operation:!
1.4a
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 603rd
• Major Command (MAJCOM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USEUCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 50ATKS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): E149
• Mission Type: ISR
• ATO Mission Number:~
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poe

POC
• Rank: AlC
• Fulib,Namel,...em-p-ti-on_s_(b-)(-,ll, 130b, (b)(6)

• Unit: 50 ATKS
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone N umller,:l=...O-IA-Ex_e_m_pt-io...,n!<b )(6)

I

• Email~ 3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

QC

3 §c EO!A Exempti 0oCb}(§l
SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 002

#### Page 3

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Rank: Ctr
• Full Nam~-~c, F0IA Exemption (b)~)
• Unit: 12 AF PAROC
• Wing: Other
• Phone Numller;FOIA Exemption ~b}(6)
• EmaiU
3.5c, F0IA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: Other

APPROVER
• Rank: SSgt
• Full Nan,.~Q,...IA-Ex_e_m-pt-io-ns-(b-)(-3)-,1-3-.d:i, (b}(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: Other
• Phone Nudl.b:ffilA Exemptibn (b)(6)
• Email:!
3.5c, F0IA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 603 AOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign:I
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination: • Radar Software Load or Mission Data: • Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: • RWR Software Load or Mission Data: • MWS Name or Designator: • MWS Software Load or Mission Data: -

3.5c, F0IA Exemption (b)(6)
SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 003

#### Page 4

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• IRCM Name or Designator: • IRCM Software Load or Mission Data: • ECM Name or Designator: • ECM Software Load or Mission Data: • CMD Name or Designator: • Chaff Designator: • Num Chaff or Cartridges: • Flare Designator: • Num Flares: • Towed Decoy Name or Designator: • Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: • Num Towed Decoys: • Type of Radar-Guided AAM: • Num Radar-Guided AAM: • Type of IR-Guided AAM: • Num IR-Guided AAM: • Gun Name or Designator: • Num Gun Rounds: • Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: • TGT Pod Name or Designator: ANDAS4
• Additional Avionics: AH\SAR
• Data Link: • Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff

• Callsign:I
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
---• Asset Type (Aircraft) 1.4a, 1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s): 1.4a
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): LICZ
• TakeoffTimeDTG: 291355:00ZMAY22
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes):
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): LICZ
• Last Land Time: 301025:00ZMAY22

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

6B@BMWMl:i 1)10 @l!lfg P.iii\11
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 004

#### Page 5

Mfflffl'f/l:RB 'fO tiM, f¥I))¥

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 301035:00ZMAY22
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 30 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 291551:00ZMAY22
• Callsign:I
1.4a
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: XREC
• JTAC Callsign: • Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

I

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 300616:00ZMAY22
• Total Time On Station: 14 hours 25 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

JSR
• Time-on Station DTG: 291938:00ZMAY22
• Time-off Station DTG: 300230:00ZMAY22
• Aircraft Callsign~
1.4a
• Msn Type: TARGET DEV

I

1.4c

• Tasking Type: PLANNED
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): • BE Number (ifNTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 36SXD7<m]1.4a!
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (ifNTISR): • EEis Observed: Yes
• Number of EEis: 10

GENTEXTIISR
• Gentext: tSfltiL}AT 1551Z, ~ENTERED THEIR SRO TRACK INTO OP AREA 41EMD. AT
1551Z,~CONDUCTED TARGET DEVELOPMENT ON OP!
1.4a
!ISO 603 AOC
IVO 41EMD. FROM 1938Z TO 0230Z,~COLLECTED ON 39X TGTS: SYRIAN NAVY OPS

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 005

#### Page 6

8tefflffllf"1'1(1tf 'ft) UM, M7i!Y

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

AREA (36SXD7(1Tial;~, SYRIAN NAVY OPS AREA (36SYD3~5~, SYRIAN NAVY OPS
AREA (36SYE3711M:l U1 .4aD, SYRIAN NAVY OPS AREA (36SXE6~~, SYRIAN NAVY OPS
AREA (36SXD7~~. OPIR ISRAEL-LEBANON-SYRIA REGION DSA 2 E4YY
(36SYD4(@4~, OPIR ISRAEL-LEBANON-SYRIA REGION DSA 2 E4YY
(36SXD33m:i~, OPIR ISRAEL-LEBANON-SYRIA REGION DSA 2 E4YY
(36SXA3<m~, OPIR ISRAEL-LEBANON-SYRIA REGION DSA 2 E4YY (36SYA5rn]1.4a!,
OPIR ISRAEL-LEBANON-SYRIA REGION DSA 2 E4YY (36SYD46~~. OSIC LATAK.IA
NAVAL MON DSA (36SYE21~:fiAal, OSIC LATAKIA NAVAL MON DSA (36SYD24G:ial5~,
OSIC LATAKIA NAVAL MON DSA (36SYD6~~. OSIC LATAKIA NAVAL MON DSA
(36SYE6~~. OSIC LATAKIA NAVAL MON DSA (36SYE21~51iial), BASSEL AL ASSAD
INTL AFLD (36SYE6~1~, 0426WR0135 (37SBT4~~. TARTUS NAVAL BASE
(36SYD6~~. BEIRUT ARMY BKS FAKRIDINE (36SYC29~1W, JUNIYAH ARMY
BKS SARBA (36SYC4~~, RUMYAH PRISON (36SYC3~~. BEIRUT MILITARY
FACILITY KARANTINA (36SYC3~~. BAMLKAH SIGINT FACILITY (36SYD7~~.
BEIRUT POSSIBLE TERRORIST CNO FACILITY (36SYC3~~. IBN HANI COASTAL
DEFENSE SITE (36SYE4~1W, BATRAH CD SITE (36SYE6~3~, TARTUS NAVAL
MSL SPT FAC (36SYD6~~. AL LADHIQIYAH ARMY BKS SE STAMO (36S YE 651w
30!1.4a!. 0426CA1058 (37S BV 2 ~ 0 ~ , AYN ASH SHARIQIYAH CD BDE HQ (37S BV 3 ~
1 ~ , ADIMAH COASTAL DEFENSE SITE SOUTHWEST (36SYD6~~. AR RAWDAH
COASTAL OBSERVATION POST (36SYD63[4al8~, ASH SHAMIYAH CD SITE
(36SYE53!1.4al4~, ABU AFSAH CD SITE (36SYD6~~. AL LADHIQIYAH SYRIAN
NAVAL HEADQUARTER (36SYE5~~. TALL SUKAS CD SITE (36SYE6~1ctiAaJ),
LATAKIA SCHOOL 81 (36SYE5~~. AND JABLAH NAVAL ACADEMY
(36SYE6~~, LOOKING FOR RFN SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE ROUTES, MUNITION
HANDLING, AND PERSONNEL MOVEMENT. AT 1745Z, ~ OBSERVED IX SLAVA HEADING
EAST IVO 35SPU3~~WHILE TRANSITING TO SP. AT 1808Z, IX PROBABLE GORSHKOV
FFG HEADING EAST IVO 36STD2~7lua!WHILE TRANSITING TO SP. AT 2104Z,~
OBSERVED A GENERATOR OR POSS RADAR DISH IVO 36SYE6~~ AT 2120Z, IX A-50U
MAINSTAY D AND 2X IL-38 OBSERVED PARKED IVO 36SYE6~~ AT 0006Z, ONE
PROBABLE IL-76 OBSERVED ACTIVE IVO 36SYE6~~ AT 00llZ, ONE PROBABLE
SU-27/35 OBSERVED LANDING IVO 36SYE6~~ AT 0029Z, ONE PROBABLE SU-27/35
WAS OBSERVED TAKING OFF TO THE SOUTH. AT 0344Z, ONE PROBABLE GORSHKOV FFG,
HULL 461 HEADED EAST IVO 36SUD74wl~ AT 0405Z ONE PROBABLE UDALOY I DD,
HULL 626 HEADED EAST IVO 36STC8~4luiii] AT 041 lZ ONE PROBABLE SLAVA CG, HULL
055 HEADED EAST IVO 36STD7~~ AT 0530Z, IX PROBABLE UDALOY 1 DD, HULL 564
HEADED WEST IVO 35SMU2~1~ AT 0230Z,~WAS CLEARED OFF TASKING AND
RETURNED TO BASE (RTB).

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: 603 AOC
• Supported Operation: OPj.----1.4_a_ __,,
• Precoord Time: -

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

8fl&Rllil//illlih w I&\:; - -

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 006

#### Page 7

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Precoord Effectiveness: -

WEATHER
• Weather: (S//REL) WAS NOT A FACTOR

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: No
• Gentext:

REACTION
• Initial Contact DTG: 292147:00ZMAY22
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 37S BV 3 ~ 1 ~
• Friendly Aircraft Heading: 300
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude: FL243
• Friendly Aircraft Airspeed: 148KIAS
• # of Enemy Aircraft: 2
• Enemy Aircraft Type: SU-30
• Enemy Aircraft Nationality: RUSSIAN

• Source of ID: NTIG
• Enemy Aircraft Location:_!___1_.4_a_ _~
• Enemy Aircraft Heading: 270
• Enemy Aircraft Altitude: FL 190
• Enemy Aircraft Airspeed: • Description of Enemy Formation: • ESM (Yes, No): No
• Countermeasures Employed: NONE

RSLTREACTION
• REACTION DTG:
• Num AA Weapons Employed:
• Num Enemy Aircraft Engaged:
• Friendly Weapons Employed:
• Num Enemy Aircraft Damaged:
• Num Enemy Aircraft Destroyed:
• Enemy Weapons Employed:
• Results Observed:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 007

#### Page 8

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

GENTEXTIREACTION
• Gentext: (S//NF) AT 2147Z,~WAS REACTED TO BY 1-3 ACFT, INCLUDING IX POSS
RFAF SU-30, THAT GOT APPROXIMATELY 5NM FROM~ THE ACFT APPROACHED
WESTWARD FROM THE SYRIAN COAST, FLEW DIRECTLY UNDER! 1.4a !ORBIT (FL190, VS
~ FL243) FOR APPROXIMATELY 2 MIN, FLEW SOUTH FOR ABOUT 10NM, AND THEN
RETURNED WEST. THERE WAS NO IMPACT TO THE MISSION.~ THEN CONTINUED
MISSION AS PLANNED.~DID NOT VISUALLY ACQUIRE THE REPORTED ACFT.

WEATHER
• Weather: (U) WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR.

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 300117:00ZMAY22
• MDS Type/ Asset Type:!1.4a, 1.49!
• Tail Number:!1.4a, 1.49!
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 36SXD9~~
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: FL240
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 142 K.IAS
• Friendly Aircraft State: • Training Range (If applicable): • Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: • Number of UAP Sighted: 1
• UAP Signatures: No
• UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Effects on Persons:
• Full Name:
• Email:
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
• UAP First Seen Location: 37SBV28!1.4a[~
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured): -

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): (S//REL)!
1.4a
1.4a !OBSERVED A UAP AT 0117Z FLY NORTH TO NORTH EAST AND FOLLOWED AS LONG
AS POSSIBLE.~SCREENER COULD NOT GET A POSITIVE ID ON THE UAP.

I

OBSERVATION

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b}(6)
SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 008

#### Page 9

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Observation DTG: 300011 :00ZMAY22
• Aircraft Callsign: I 1.4a I
• Aircraft Location: 36SYE6ffiAal2~
• Aircraft Heading: • Aircraft Altitude: • Aircraft Airspeed: • Relative Bearing or Clock Position: • Range: • Killbox & Keypad: • Observed Activity Location: 36SYE6~21I:4al
• Observed Activity Description: ONE PROBABLE SU-27/35 OBSERVED LANDING
• Method of Observation: FMV
• EEis Observed: No
• Number of EEis:

GENTEXT/OBSERVATION
• Gentext: (S//REL) AT 001 lZ, ~ OBSERVED ONE PROBABLE SU-27/35 LANDING IVO
36SYE681ual2~

WEATHER
• Weather: (S//REL) WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR.

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 009

## DOW-UAP-PR022 — Unresolved UAP Report, Syria, July 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR022
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR022
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Released October 8 2025, just in time for the holiday season.

- DOW-UAP-PR022, Department of War report, Syria, July 2022, 14‑second infrared/electro‑optical video.
- Video shows object crossing top‑right quadrant at five‑second mark, moving north‑to‑south per mission report.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 14 seconds of video footage from an infrared (left) and electro-optical (right) sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D16, described the UAP as “moving from north to south.”

Video Description: At the five second mark, the video depicts an object moving from right to left across the top right quarter of the sensor field-of-view.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI summary

This document is a declassified UAP report from July 2022, authored by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff, and released on October 8, 2025. It details a mission involving an aircraft designated 1.4a, which conducted surveillance in Syria. The report notes an observed unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) at 310239ZJUL22, located in area 37SFU2~~, moving from north to south in less than a minute. The mission included intelligence gathering and coordination with TF Chosin, with no reported effects on personnel. The document includes mission timelines, aircraft details, and operational data.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Bf!Jltl!l't'if!C'Mfflffli

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

Misrep undefined-7816710
Narrative
eSECR-JS'f//ftffl.:; 'fBtfflff; P"Ylf'f) AT 301639ZJUL22, TF CHOSIN TASKED!
1.4a
!
WITH IMINT VIA 7 LINE. AT 301822ZJUL22, [:ii]DEPARTED MUWAFFAQ SALTI AB (OJMS).
AT 301829ZJUL22,~HANDED OVER FROM THE LRE. AT 301925ZJUL22, I 1.4a !BEGAN
SIGINT COLLECT. AT 302028ZJUL22~VED ON STATION AND CHECKED IN WITH
TF CHOSIN STA TO PERFORM IMINT IVO 37SFU3~1~ (SEE ISR 1). AT 310239ZJUL22,
~OBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED AERIAL PHENOMENON IVO 37SFU271w'7~(SEE UAP
1). AT 311343ZJUL22,~RETURNED TO BASE. AT 311409ZJUL22J 1.4a [ERMINATED
SIGINT COLLECT. AT 311458ZJUL22,~HANDED BACK TO THE LRE. AT 311519ZJUL22,
~LANDED AT OJMS. FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY DGSl. 20.9 MISSION
HOURS, 17 .2 IMINT HOURS, 1 IMINT TA SKINGS PROSECUTED, 18. 7 SIGINT HOURS, 1 SIGINT
TASKINGSPROSECUTED,2TOTALTASKINGSPROSECUTED

(SJRELIBO, l\Iission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classificatiom f!ffle'IHH'
• Associated Caveats3 l'i0P0Rli
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20470731

OPERATION
• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFCENT
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID

asc f 918 Exemptjgn (b)(§l
Sli@:lfMlil/JffiHiOM
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 001

#### Page 2

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 89 ATKS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): DI
• Mission Type: ARMED RECCE
• ATO Mission Number b .4a, 1.4gl
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poe

POC
• Rank: Arnn
• Full JS.3~....IA_E_x_em-p-ti-on_s_(b_)_(3-),-13....,4b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 89 ATKS
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone Num1'.m:;f=....o-1A-Ex_e_m-pt-io....,nkb)(6)
• Email:I
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 603 AOC

QC
• Rank: 2dLt
• F e l l ~ 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 89 ATKS
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone Num1'.ere;t....O-IA-Ex_e_m_pt-io....,n!(b)(6)

I

• Email
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

APPROVER
• Rank: SrA
• Full.Nill~ Exemptions (b)(3), j30b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 609th AOC
• Wing: Other

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 002

#### Page 3

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Phone Number:►.sc, FOIA Exemption (b}(6I
• Email:!
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: I
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:
• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:
• Type of IR-Guided AAM:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

81ll811BrtWlii&POM
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 003

#### Page 4

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

tfflf!ltl'PifN81'8Nf

• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each~

1.4a

1.4c
• DataLink:
• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign:I
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft):l....1-.4a-,-1-.4g...,I
• Aircraft Tail Number(s):! 1.4a, 1.4g!
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Takeoff Time DTG: 301822:00ZJUL22
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes):
• Gentext/Additional Details: • Mission Canceled:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 301925:00ZJUL22
• Callsign:!
1.4a
I
• JTAR Number:
• Killbox (Location):
• Mission Type: AREC
• JTAC Callsign:
• Gentext/Additional Details: • Did not Arrive On Station:

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 311409:00ZJUL22
• Total Time On Station: 18 hours 44 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

Landing

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 004

#### Page 5

ftlelffl'l'h!(MONlf

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Last Land Time: 311519:00ZJUL22
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 311529:00ZJUL22
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 57 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details: -

JSR
• Time-on Station DTG: 302028:00ZJUL22
• Time-off Station DTG: 310000 :00ZJUL22
• Aircraft Callsign:I
1.4a
I
• Msn Type: AREC

• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): • BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37SFU3~1[4iil
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (ifNTISR):
• EEis Observed:
• Number of EEis:

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: ~~:rHIUil W 'G]jit, JZW3.~!
1.4a
I COORDINATED WITH TF
CHOSIN 103 MINUTES PRIOR TO TAKE OFF. COORDINATION WAS SATISFACTORY DUE TO
QUALITY OF PRODUCTS. PLEASE SEE ATTACHED 7-LINE FOR MISSION ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION (EEIS). AT 2028Z,~ARRIVED ON OP SPECTRE DAGGER,
FORCE PRO ISO TF CHOSIN AND TF CHOSIN SENSOR TASKING AUTHORITY (STA)
DIRECTED~TO PROVIDE !MINT IVO 37SFU3~1~. FROM 2028Z TO 2100Z,~
SCANNED IVO SP (37SFU3~1~) FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY. AT 2029Z,~
OBSERVED lX ADM SITTING ON TOP OF CARGO TRUCK PARKED BEHIND TREE IVO
37SFU3~81~ FROM 210oz TO 2136Z,~SCANNED COI 1 AND RUNWAY IVO
37SFU2~3!1.4a!FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY, NSTR. FROM 2136Z TO 2210Z, ~
CONDUCTED RUNAWAY SCANS IVO 37SFU2~31:ualFOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY. AT
2210Z lX POSS TECHINCAL OBS IVO 37SFU2!uial73[w FROM 2210Z TO 0037Z, ~
SCANNED IVO COI 1 (37SFU2~~ FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY. AT 2252Z, ~
SCANNED IVO 37SFU3.fia76Q1FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY, NSTR. AT 0023Z, ~ OBS lX
ADM ON A MOTO AND CONDUCTED A FOLLOW. FROM 0023Z TO 0030Z, THE ADM MADE 1
STOP IVO 37SFU3~~ FROM 0037Z TO 0315Z,~SCANNED IVO 37SFU3~~
37SFU3lw,~ 37SFU33~91ud, 37SFU3 l~~ 37SFU3~4~ 37SFU2'71w7lual,
AND 37SFU3~~FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY, NSTR. AT 0245Z,~OBSERVED lX

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

illHilIUii:Fi!~ORJI

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 005

#### Page 6

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

ADM IVO 37SFU2~~ AT 02562, ~BSERVED lX REINFORCED STRUCTURE IVO
37SFU3~<iLiil FROM 03152 TO 05212,~SCANNED IVO 37SFU3~~
37SFU2~~ FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY, NSTR. AT 05212,~OBSERVED lX WHITE
PUT, lX BLACK PUT, AND 2X WHITE BONGOS CARRYING APPROX 30 ADMS, WHICH THEN
~CONDUCTED A FOLLOW. FROM 05212 TO 07152,~FOLLOWED THE VEHICLES
AND OBSERVED 2X STOPS IVO 37SFU2a::ua:17]1.4a! 37SFU 2 ~ 7 ~ AT 05232,~
OBSERVED lX PROB TECHNICAL IVO 37SFU2~lua] AT 05282, THE CONVOY STOPPED N
OF AN OVERHANG AND ALL ADMS EXITED THE VEHICLES, WALKING UNDER THE
OVERHAND. lX ADM SLUNG A RILE OVER HIS RIGHT SHOULDER. AREA ASSESSED TO BE
A POSS SHOOTING RANGE. AT 06332, THE ADMS REENTERED THE VEHICLES CONSISTING
OF lX WHITE JEEP, lX BLACK PUT, 2X WHITE BONGOS AND DEPARTED. AT 06482, THE
CONVOY STOPPED IVO 37SFU3 ~(@APPROX 5X ADMS DISMOUNTED AND THE lX
WHITE JEEP LEFT THE CONVOY BEFORE THE CONVOY DEPARTED AGAIN. AT 06552 lX
WHITE BONGO LEFT THE CONVOY AND FOV IVO 37SFU3rn~1.4a! AT 07102, THE CONVOY
STOPPED IVO 37SFU4(~?a1.4a!AND THE ADMS DISMOUNTED AND LOITERED AND lX
TECHNICAL WAS OBSERVED. AT 07152 THE FOLLOW WAS ENDED AT A COMPOUND IVO
37SFU4~~ FROM 07152 TO 08182, ~SCANNED AROUND THE COMPOUND IVO
37SFU40~~FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY. AT 07212, lX TECHNICAL AND lX QUAD
CAB PUT WERE OBSERVED. AT 07252, 2X ADM DEPARTED THE COMPOUND ON A MOTO.
FROM 07552 TO 08182, ~SCANNED COI 1 IVO 37SFU2~liia]FOR EEI RELATED
ACTIVITY. AT 07532, lX WHITE PUT WITH UI OBJECT, POSS ARTILLERY SYSTEM, IN THE
BED AND lX ADM WERE OBSERVED. FROM 08182 TO 08542,~ERFORMED A FOLLOW
ON THE PUT WITH THE UI OBJECT IN THE BED, SLANT 2/0/0. AT 08232, THE 2X ADMS AND
lX ADDITIONAL ADM ENTERED THE TRUCK AND DEPARTED. SLANT 3/0/0. AT 08322, A
SECOND TRUCK WITH POSS MOUNTED AAA WAS OBSERVED IVO 37SFU2~~ FROM
08542 TO 09422 ~PERFORMED A FOLLOW ON lX BONGO WITH 2X POSS BARRELS IN
THE BACK FOR 6 STOPS, SLANT 2/0/0. AT 09062, THE BONGO STOPPED IVO
37SFU271w7~WHERE 2X ADDITIONAL ADMS CAME FROM A COMPOUND AND
INTERACTED WITH THE BONGO BEFORE 2X ADM LEFT IN THE BONGO. AT 091 lZ, THE
BONGO STOPPED IVO 37SFU27liAal]~WHERE A PREVIOUSLY ONOBSERVED ADM
EXITED THE BACK OF THE BONGO AND INTERACTED WITH A PASSENGER BEFORE THE
BONGO DEPARTED. AT 09212, THE BONGO STOPPED AT A RESIDENCE IVO
37SFU2~~ THE 2X ADMS FROM THE BONGO AND 3X ADMS FROM THE RESIDENCE
INTERACTED WITH THE 2X BARRELS IN THE BACK AND THE BONGO DEPARTED AT 09232.
FROM 09422 TO 10072, ~TRANSITED TO NEXT POINT. FROM 10072 TO 11222,~
SCANNED IVO COI 2 (37SEV98~~ FOR EEI RELATED ACTIVITY, NSTR. FROM 11222 TO
11372, ~SCANNED IVO DAYR AZ ZAR PARKING AFLD (37SFV0~~ FOR EEI
RELATED ACTIVITY. AT 11342, 2X TELARS WITH 3 ROCKETS LOADED WERE INACTIVE.
FROM 11372 TO 12432, ~SCANNED IVO COI 2 (37SEV9aiial151Tia] FOR EEI RELATED
ACTIVITY, NSTR. AT 12432, TF CHOSIN STA CLEARED ~OFF TASKING AND~
RETURNED TO BASE

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
3.5c. FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

• Sll!E!Hrt.¥f:Neli6M

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 006

#### Page 7

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Supported Unit: TF CHOSIN
• Supported Operation~----1.-4a_ _ __
• Precoord Time: 103 MINUTES
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather. (:fflCM'f;'J'J.tBt: 'P0 M&li:, Fl/~7I) WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?:
• Gentext: -

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 310239:00ZJUL22
• MDS Type/ Asset Type: • Tail Number~ 1.4a, 1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 37SFU4~81ua
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: 19,359 FT
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 116 KTS
• Friendly Aircraft State: • Training Range (If applicable): • Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: • Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Signatures: No
• UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Effects on Persons:
• Full Name:
• Email:
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
• UAP First Seen Location: 37SFU2~~
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured): -

I

GENTEXTIUAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): fMlE!ft:B51'/lN0F8ftili'
AT 310239Z,!
1.4a
IOBSERVED AN UAP EVENT IYO 37SFU2~~IN KP 9.
THE UAP OCCURED IN LESS THAN A MINUTE, WITH THE UAP MOVING FROM N TO S.

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 007

## DOW-UAP-PR023 — Unresolved UAP Report, Iraq, December 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR023
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR023
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Ten seconds of footage—just long enough to miss the ending credits.

- DOW-UAP-PR023, Department of War report authored by MG Richard A. Harrison, Dec 2022, Iraq, released Oct 8 2025.
- Ten‑second infrared video shows contrast moving bottom‑left to top‑right, described flying west‑to‑east, not tracked.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of ten seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D18, described the UAP as "flying west to east."

Video Description: The video depicts an area of contrast moving from the bottom left to the top right of the sensor field-of-view. At approximately six seconds, the area of contrast leaves the sensor field-of-view near the top right corner of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### Full text

#### Page 1

8Befi'fi'fN8'0!\U

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

Misrep undefined-8216304
Narrative
EBr,'lW~ AT 1206Z,!
1.4a
!TOOK OFF FROM OKAS. AT 1220Z,~HANDED
OVER FROM THE LRE. FROM 1323Z TO 0626Z,! 1.4a !COLLECTED SIGINT VIA AIRHANDLER.
FROM 1518Z TO 0426Z,! 1.4a !SUPPORTED Tiliii)TO OH
1.4a
!(OBJ! 1.4a !
!
1.4a
! IVO BAGHDAD, IRAQ. SEE ISR LINE 1. AT 1620Z,! 1.4a !OBSERVED POSSIBLE UAP.
SEE UAP LINE l.AT 0426Z,~WAS CLEARED TO RTB. AT 0655Z,~HANDED BACK TO
THE LRE. AT 0723Z,~LANDED AT OKAS. FMV WAS EXPLOITED BY DGS-AR

fii'R.ELIIJO, Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classificatiom Effleft'ffl:'
• Associated Caveats: !if8f'8It1il:
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20471202

OPERATION
• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 482ATKS
• Submit Date:

MSNID

3.5c. FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 001

#### Page 2

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025
Tasking Order (ATO): ID
•Mission Type: ISR
ATO Mission Number: 1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE
Poc
POC
Rank: A1C
FuH5NaAnerExemptions (b)(3).30b, (b)(6)
Unit: 482ATKS
Wing: 20 FW
Phone NumberFOIA Exemptionb)(6)
Email: 3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
•Operations Center: 603 AOC
QC
Rank: Ctr
Full Name:$c, FOIA Exemption (b)6)
Unit: 12 AF PAROC
Wing: Other
Phone Numboc; EOIA Exemption(b)(6)
Email: 3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: Other
APPROVER
Rank: SrA
FudbNamexemptions (b)(3)130b, (b)(6)
Unit: 609 AOC
Wing: Other
Phone Numb6r;EOIA Exemption(b)(6)
Email: 3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
•Operations Center: 609 CAOC
INGEST
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S 10/17/25 002
Approved for Release to AARO

#### Page 3

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:

• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign:I
1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination: • Radar Software Load or Mission Data: • Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: • RWR Software Load or Mission Data: • MWS Name or Designator: • MWS Software Load or Mission Data: • IRCM Name or Designator: • IRCM Software Load or Mission Data: • ECM Name or Designator: • ECM Software Load or Mission Data: • CMD Name or Designator: • Chaff Designator: • Num Chaff or Cartridges: • Flare Designator: • Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator: • Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: • Num Towed Decoys: • Type of Radar-Guided AAM: • Num Radar-Guided AAM: • Type of IR-Guided AAM: • Num IR-Guided AAM: • Gun Name or Designator: • Num Gun Rounds: • Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: 1.4c

• Data Link: -

I
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

Sll8M1¥i'Jf81il0Rfii
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 003

#### Page 4

fteMTff!fM8Ni

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

• Gentext: -

Timeline
Takeoff
• Callsign:I
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
.-------,
• Asset Type (Aircraft) 1.4a, 1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s) 1.4a, 1.4g
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
• Takeoff Time DTG: 011206:00ZDEC22
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): • Gentext/Additional Details: • Mission Canceled:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OKAS
• Last Land Time: 020723:00ZDEC22
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 020733:00ZDEC22
• Total Mission Time: 19 hours 17 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details: -

JSR
• Time-on Station DTG: 011518:00ZDEC22
• Time-off Station DTG: 020426:00ZDEC22
• Aircraft Callsign~
1.4a
I
• Msn Type: TARGET DEV
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: AH/BLASPHEMY
• Tasking Type: PLANNED
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): • BE Number (ifNTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 38SMB4~83~
• Activity Description: ISR
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEis Observed: No
• Number of EEis:

GENTEXTIISR
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

Elll8MIW.H8li8Mf
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 004

#### Page 5

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

SEat&iifWl'11om,

• GentextJ tS:VtW,! •
1.4a
!COORDINATED WITH T~236 MINUTES PRIOR TO
TAKE OFF. PRECOORD WAS SATISFACTORY. AT 1220Z,~ARRIVED ON STATION ISO
T~FOR OP!
1.4a
1.4a, 1.4c
TO CONDUCT POL SCANS AND ID
HVI/POI SIGNATURES. FROM 151 SZ TO 0426Z, ~ONDUCTED SCANS FOR HVI/POI, POL,
ADMS IN SUITS, WEAPONS, CONVOYS/SENTRY, AND PERSONNEL!
1.4c
!
1.4c
!FROM 1921Z TO 0428ZJ
1.4a, 1.4c
_AT
0426Z,~WAS CLEARED OFF TASKING AND RETURNED TO BASE (RTB)

I

Id

I

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: TF!1.4a!
• Supported Operation: OP!.....---1.-4a-------.l (OBJ._!_ ___,:.:1-=4aa. .,..:.:.1.4=c'---__.
• Precoord Time: 236 MINUTES
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (U) WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: No
• Gentext: -

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 011220:00ZDEC22
• Callsign: I
1.4a
I
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: ISR
• JTAC Callsign: • Gentext/Additional Details: • Did not Arrive On Station:

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 020655:00ZDEC22
• Total Time On Station: 18 hours 35 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

•lJiiQJlil:{;lt.i'.Qi:ORN
MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 005

#### Page 6

!f:!emffl'11N'M6lt!f

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 8 October 2025

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 011620:00ZDEC22
• MDS Type I Asset Type~ .4a, 1.4•
• Tail Number: !1 .4a, 1.49!
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 38S MB 4 ~ 8 ~
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: FLl 80
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: • Friendly Aircraft State: • Training Range (If applicable): • Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: • Number of UAP Sighted: 1
• UAP Signatures: No
• UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Effects on Persons: (U) NONE REPORTED
• Full Name: • Email: • Phone Number (VOSIP/STE): • UAP First Seen Location: 38S MB 4~83!1.4a!
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured): -

GENTEXTIUAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features). tB,11'i'ifF➔ AT 16202,
1.4a
!OBSERVED lX POSSIBLE UAP/UAV FLYING WEST TO EAST IVO
38SMB4~831I:4al ~DID NOT FOLLOW UAP. ~CONTINUED THE MISSION AS
TASKED, NO FURTHER EVENTS WERE OBSERVED.

I

1.4a
81l!EIMMf 8PEHlfi

MDR 25-0094 thru MDR 25-0099 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/17/25 006

## DOW-UAP-PR024 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR024
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR024
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Exactly 18 seconds—just enough time for the sensor to get bored.

- DOW-UAP-PR024 video, DoW, 2023, Middle East, 0:18 duration
- Shows infrared sensor tracking dark area and two bright contrasts, then flashing white
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 18 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023.

Video Description: 
00:01: The sensor focuses on a dark area of contrast, narrowing the field of view to zoom in.
00:02: Two bright areas of contrast transit the frame from left to right.
00:03: The sensor zooms out, keeping the bright areas of contrast within the frame.
00:05: The bright areas of contrast exit the right side of the frame.
00:07: The sensor refocuses on the dark area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame. 
00:10: A reticle surrounds the dark area of contrast, which continues to remain generally within the center of the frame.
00:17: The sensor changes contrast and zoom settings, causing the frame to flash white.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR026 — Unresolved UAP Report, United Arab Emirates, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR026
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR026
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: United Arab Emirates
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only surprise in the file is its September 12 2025 declassification date.

- DOW-UAP-PR026, Department of War, October 2023, United Arab Emirates.
- 43‑second infrared video shows moving contrast; mission report notes UAP during Operation Spartan Shield.
- UAP assessed as benign, with no evidence of intelligent control.

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 43 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D23, mentions a UAP was observed during the mission.

Video Description:
00:00-00:17: An area of contrast remains generally within the top left quarter of the display.
00:17-00:18: The sensor pans from right to left, causing the area of contrast to pass through the center of the display. The sensor then pans from left to right, causing the area of contrast to return to its approximate initial position within the sensor field-of-view.
00:29: The sensor stops tracking the area of contrast, causing it to leave the sensor field-of-view on the left side of the screen.
00:30-00:43: The sensor resumes its motion relative to the background but does not reacquire the area of contrast.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 12 September 2025
Misrep undefined-9319618
Narrative
AT 0015Z, 1.4a TOOK OfF FROM AL DhAFRA
(OMAM).
AT 0030Z, 1.4aHANDED OVER FROM THE LRE.
VET) AT 0145Z,1.48RECEIVED A PROFESSIONAL GUARD CALL.
SEE GUARD CALL LINE 1.
FROM 0150Z TO 2019Z,1.4aCOLLECTED SIGINT VIA
AIRHANDLER.
AT 0155Z,1.4aWAS ON STATION IN SRO TRACK IRISH
SICKLE.
FROM 0155Z TO 1837Z,1.4aCONDUCTED IMINT ISO OP
SPARTAN SHIELD (OP[ 1.4a SEE ISR LINE 1.
)AT 0241Z,1.4aOBSERVED 1X UAP. SEE UAP LINE 1.
AT 0322Z, 1.4aOBSERVED 1X UAP. SEE UAP LINE 2.
AT 1837Z, 1.4aWAS CLEARED TO RTB.
AT 1912Z, 1.4aWAS OFF STATION.
AT 2019Z,1.4aHANDED BACK TO THE LRE.
AT 2058Z,1.4aLANDED AT OMAM. FMV WAS EXPLOITED
BY DGS-2.
Mission Narrative
3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0104 Approved for Release to AARO 09/12/25 000001

#### Page 2

Ill I MT IIH I N T

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declass fled on: 12 Septel"lber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification. 8001112Clf
• Associated Caveats: l JOFORJ f
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20481025

OPERATION
• Operation: OP SPARTAN SHIELD
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSG!D
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 50ATKS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): UR
• Mission Type: JSR
• ATO Mission Number:! 1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A • AIR FORCE

Poe

POC
• Rank: AlC
• Full Nameilsc,(b)(3J, 130b, (bl(+>

• Unit: 50TH ATKS
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone Number: -3-.5-c-,lb-}l-6)---.
• Email:
3.5c,(b)(6)
,...I

I

3.5c, (b)(6)

HOMY 11 1,1ml
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

Approved for Release to M RO - FOUO / PA applies

09/12/25 000002

#### Page 3

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 12 September 2025
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: 609 CAOC
Qc
Rank: Ctr
Full Name: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Unit: PAROC
Wing: Other
Phone Number: 3.5c,(b)(6)
Email: 3.5c. (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: Other
APPROVER
Rank: SrA
Full Namesc, (b)(3), 130b, (bk(6)
Unit: ISRD/ACF/UnitSupport
Wing: Other
Phone Number: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Email: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
Operations Center: 609 CAOC
INGEST
Rank:
Full Name:
Unit:
Wing:
Phone Number:
Email:
Service:
Operations Center:
ACEQUIP
ACEQUIP
Aircraft Callsign: 1.4a
Radar Name or Destination: -
3.5c,(b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 25-0104 Approved for Release to AARO 09/12/25 000003

#### Page 4

l■ IMS UHIIIIII

• Radar Software Load or Mission Data: • Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: • RWR Software Load or Mission Data: • MWS Name or Designator: • MWS Software Load or Mission Data: • IRCM Name or Designator: • TRCM Software Load or Mission Data: • ECM Name or Designator: • ECM Software Load or Mission Data: • CMD Name or Designator: • Chaff Designator: • Num Chaff or Cartridges: • Flare Designator: • Num Flares: 0
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator: • Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: • Num Towed Decoys: • Type of Radar-Guided AAM: • Num Radar-Guided AAM: • Type of m-Guided AAM: • Num TR-Guided AAM: • Gun Name or Designator: • Num Gun Rounds: • Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: • TGT Pod Name or Designator: ANDASl
• Additional Avionics: AH\GMESH
• Data Link: • Gentext:

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 12 September 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

Timeline
Takeoff

• Callsign:I
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
.--a,-1-.4g....J
• Asset Type (Aircraft): !1 .4• Aircraft Tail Number(s):! 1.4a, 1.4g j
• Takeoff Location (JCAO Code): OMAM
• Takeoff Time DTG: 240015:00ZOCT23
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes):
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

3.5c, {b)(6}

H OAll• t ll OIiillil f
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

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09/12/25 000004

#### Page 5

ill■ .IINIW :UUIIUNI

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 12 September 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OMAM
• Last Land Time: 242058:00ZOCT23
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 242108:00ZOCT23
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 43 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 240l55:00ZOCT23
1.4a
• Callsign:
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: JSR
• JTAC Callsign: • Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

I

I

OffStation
• Time Off Station DTG: 241912:00ZOCT23
• Total Time On Station: 17 hours 17 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

JSR

1.4a, 1.4c

3.5c, (b)(6)
lilll URIIW 111 HIN I
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

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#### Page 6

i!IIU!IMIIIIISI 9181

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declass fled on: 12 Septel"lber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

GENTEXTIISR

!

• Gentext: (SI/REL) FROM 01552 TO 18372,
1.4a
!CONDUCTED IMINT
SUPPORTING NAVCENT ISO OP SPARTAN SHIELD IVO 40RBP5filir>~h4a!
PLEASE REFERENCE THE FOLLOWING LINK FOR POST MISSION ISR PRODUCTS~.sc, (b)(!l

~~

I

I

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: NAVCENT
• Supported Operation: OP SPARTAN SHIELD (OP._!____1___
.4a
_ ___.
• Precoord Time: 154 MINUTES
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: ti:!1Mh' WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: No
• Gentext:

GUARDCALL
• GUARDCALL DTG: 240145:00ZOCT23
• Aircraft Callsign: I
1.4a
I
• Ground Station CaUsign: lRANIAN_AlR_DEFENSE
• Aircraft Location: 40RBP0~11Ai!
• Aircraft Heading: 03 lM
• Aircraft Altitude: FL230
• Aircraft Airspeed: I 58KIAS
• Number of Calls Noted from the Same Agency: I
• GuardcaU Tone: Professional

GENTEXTIGUARDCALL
• Gentext: (S//REL) AT 01452, !
1.4a
IRECEIVED IX GUARD CALL FROM
IRANIAN AIR DEFENSE STATING "MAINTAIN SAFE DISTANCE FROM BORDER". CALL WAS
PROFESSIONAL. ~RESPONDED "THIS IS A COALITION AIRCRAFT CONDUCTING
ROUTINE OPERATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL AIRSPACE". AT 0l45Z, THE CALLS FROM

3.5c, (b)(6)

HI llllillW 1111 HI 111111
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

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09/12/25 000006

#### Page 7

IIIMT UHINI

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chref of Staff
Declass fled on· 12 Septer,ber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

IRANIAN AIR DEFENSE CEASED.

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 240241 :00ZOCT23
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: NONE
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: UNK
e: UNK
• MDS Type/ Asset
• Tail Number: 1.4a. 1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 39RYJ9C6M4~1.4al
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: FL243
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: 280 DEGREES
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 162 KTAS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: UNK
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: UNK
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): UNK
• Operational Range: UNK.
• UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNK
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures: THERMAL SHOWED COLD
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP RF Frequency: UNK
• UAP RF Duration: UNK
• UAP Event Serial Number: UNK
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP Effects on Equipment: UNK.
• Full Name:
• Rank/Grade:
• Email:
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 39RYJ7~J1.4a)
• First Seen Radius: S
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 39RYJ741ill7~
• Last Seen Radius: 5

3 Sc fbl/6)
H OMl• t JI OIiiN f
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

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09/12/25 000007

#### Page 8

IIIMT UHINI

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chref of Staff
Declass fled on· 12 Septer,ber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: UNK.
• Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: UNK.
• Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: 320 MPH
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: UNK.
• UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 240241 :00ZOCT23
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK.
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: UNK.
• First Accurac : Estimated
1.4a
• Call Sign:
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

GENTEX.TIUAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): UNK.
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (S/NF)AT 02412,~OBSERVED IX UAP IYO
39RXK6~~1.4al

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 240322:00ZOCT23
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: NONE
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: UNK
• MDS Type / Asset Type: UNK.
• Tail Number:j1.4a, 1.4g!
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 39RXK6~~1.4a!
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: FL243
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: 280 DEGREES
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 162 KTAS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: UNK.
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: UNK.
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): UNK.
• Operational Range: UNK.
• UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:

3.5c.(b)(6)

11111 DAIi• I1111 Ii 58 DII
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

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IIIMT UHINf

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chref of Staff
Declass fled on· 12 Septer,ber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

• UAP Propulsion Means: UNK
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures: UNK
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP RF Frequency: UNK
• UAP RF Duration: UNK
• UAP Event Serial Number: UNK
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP Effects on Equipment: UNK
• FullName:
• Rank/Grade:
• Email:
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 39RXL6~J1.4al
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 39RXL6~l1.4al
• Last Seen Radius: 5
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: UNK
• Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: UNK
• Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: 440 MPH
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: UNK
• UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 240322:00ZOCT23
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: UNK
• First Accuracy: Estimated
1.4a
I
• Call Sign I
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

GENTEXTIUAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): UNK
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (S//NF)AT 03222,~0BSERVED lX UAP IVO
39RXK6~~1.4a!

3.Sc, {bl(6)

9E?RFT'.?JS1iUUI
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

Approved for Release to M RO - FOUO / PA applies

09/12/25 000009

## DOW-UAP-PR027 — Unresolved UAP Report, United Arab Emirates, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR027
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR027
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: United Arab Emirates
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

It took until September 12 2025 to declassify a video that barely left the screen.

- DOW-UAP-PR027, Unresolved UAP Report, Department of War, October 2023, United Arab Emirates.
- Four‑minute‑57‑second infrared video shows a contrast area moving erratically on sensor display.
- Assessed benign; no evidence of intelligent control or effects on personnel or equipment.

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of four minutes and 57 seconds of video footage from an infrared (IR) sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D23, mentions a UAP was observed during the mission.

Video Description:
00:00-01:55: No content.
01:56: An area of contrast becomes distinguishable against the background in the center of the right side of the display.
02:04: The IR sensor pans to center on the area of contrast.
02:14: The sensor field-of-view narrows to zoom in on the area of contrast.
02:15-03:26: The area of contrast remains generally in the center of the sensor field-of-view. 
03:27-04:57: The sensor motion causes the area of contrast to move erratically across the display. Due to this motion, the sensor system repeatedly loses and reacquires the area of contrast within the center area of the display.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI summary

This is a classified UAP report from the United States Central Command (USCENTCOM) titled "DOW-UAP-PR027," dated October 2023, and declassified on September 12, 2025, by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff. The document details an unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) event during a mission under Operation Spartan Shield. It includes flight data, radar and sensor information, and a description of a UAP observed by a friendly aircraft. The UAP was assessed as benign, with no evidence of intelligent control or effects on personnel or equipment. The report was approved for release to MRO with FOUO/Privacy Act restrictions.

### Full text

#### Page 2

Ill I MT IIH I N T

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declass fled on: 12 Septel"lber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification. 8001112Clf
• Associated Caveats: l JOFORJ f
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MULTIPLE SOURCES
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20481025

OPERATION
• Operation: OP SPARTAN SHIELD
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): ACC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSG!D
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 50ATKS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): UR
• Mission Type: JSR
• ATO Mission Number:! 1.4a
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A • AIR FORCE

Poe

POC
• Rank: AlC
• Full Nameilsc,(b)(3J, 130b, (bl(+>

• Unit: 50TH ATKS
• Wing: 432 AEW
• Phone Number: -3-.5-c-,lb-}l-6)---.
• Email:
3.5c,(b)(6)
,...I

I

3.5c, (b)(6)

HOMY 11 1,1ml
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

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09/12/25 000002

#### Page 4

l■ IMS UHIIIIII

• Radar Software Load or Mission Data: • Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator: • RWR Software Load or Mission Data: • MWS Name or Designator: • MWS Software Load or Mission Data: • IRCM Name or Designator: • TRCM Software Load or Mission Data: • ECM Name or Designator: • ECM Software Load or Mission Data: • CMD Name or Designator: • Chaff Designator: • Num Chaff or Cartridges: • Flare Designator: • Num Flares: 0
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator: • Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data: • Num Towed Decoys: • Type of Radar-Guided AAM: • Num Radar-Guided AAM: • Type of m-Guided AAM: • Num TR-Guided AAM: • Gun Name or Designator: • Num Gun Rounds: • Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: • TGT Pod Name or Designator: ANDASl
• Additional Avionics: AH\GMESH
• Data Link: • Gentext:

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 12 September 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

Timeline
Takeoff

• Callsign:I
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
.--a,-1-.4g....J
• Asset Type (Aircraft): !1 .4• Aircraft Tail Number(s):! 1.4a, 1.4g j
• Takeoff Location (JCAO Code): OMAM
• Takeoff Time DTG: 240015:00ZOCT23
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes):
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

3.5c, {b)(6}

H OAll• t ll OIiillil f
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

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09/12/25 000004

#### Page 5

ill■ .IINIW :UUIIUNI

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 12 September 2025
FOUO / Privacy Act applies

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OMAM
• Last Land Time: 242058:00ZOCT23
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 242108:00ZOCT23
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 43 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 240l55:00ZOCT23
1.4a
• Callsign:
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: JSR
• JTAC Callsign: • Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

I

I

OffStation
• Time Off Station DTG: 241912:00ZOCT23
• Total Time On Station: 17 hours 17 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

JSR

1.4a, 1.4c

3.5c, (b)(6)
lilll URIIW 111 HIN I
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

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09/12/25 000005

#### Page 6

i!IIU!IMIIIIISI 9181

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declass fled on: 12 Septel"lber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

GENTEXTIISR

!

• Gentext: (SI/REL) FROM 01552 TO 18372,
1.4a
!CONDUCTED IMINT
SUPPORTING NAVCENT ISO OP SPARTAN SHIELD IVO 40RBP5filir>~h4a!
PLEASE REFERENCE THE FOLLOWING LINK FOR POST MISSION ISR PRODUCTS~.sc, (b)(!l

~~

I

I

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: NAVCENT
• Supported Operation: OP SPARTAN SHIELD (OP._!____1___
.4a
_ ___.
• Precoord Time: 154 MINUTES
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: ti:!1Mh' WEATHER WAS NOT A FACTOR

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: No
• Gentext:

GUARDCALL
• GUARDCALL DTG: 240145:00ZOCT23
• Aircraft Callsign: I
1.4a
I
• Ground Station CaUsign: lRANIAN_AlR_DEFENSE
• Aircraft Location: 40RBP0~11Ai!
• Aircraft Heading: 03 lM
• Aircraft Altitude: FL230
• Aircraft Airspeed: I 58KIAS
• Number of Calls Noted from the Same Agency: I
• GuardcaU Tone: Professional

GENTEXTIGUARDCALL
• Gentext: (S//REL) AT 01452, !
1.4a
IRECEIVED IX GUARD CALL FROM
IRANIAN AIR DEFENSE STATING "MAINTAIN SAFE DISTANCE FROM BORDER". CALL WAS
PROFESSIONAL. ~RESPONDED "THIS IS A COALITION AIRCRAFT CONDUCTING
ROUTINE OPERATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL AIRSPACE". AT 0l45Z, THE CALLS FROM

3.5c, (b)(6)

HI llllillW 1111 HI 111111
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

Approved for Release to AARO - FOUO / PA applies

09/12/25 000006

#### Page 7

IIIMT UHINI

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chref of Staff
Declass fled on· 12 Septer,ber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

IRANIAN AIR DEFENSE CEASED.

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 240241 :00ZOCT23
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: NONE
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: UNK
e: UNK
• MDS Type/ Asset
• Tail Number: 1.4a. 1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 39RYJ9C6M4~1.4al
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: FL243
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: 280 DEGREES
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 162 KTAS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: UNK
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: UNK
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): UNK
• Operational Range: UNK.
• UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNK
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures: THERMAL SHOWED COLD
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP RF Frequency: UNK
• UAP RF Duration: UNK
• UAP Event Serial Number: UNK
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP Effects on Equipment: UNK.
• Full Name:
• Rank/Grade:
• Email:
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 39RYJ7~J1.4a)
• First Seen Radius: S
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 39RYJ741ill7~
• Last Seen Radius: 5

3 Sc fbl/6)
H OMl• t JI OIiiN f
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

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09/12/25 000007

#### Page 8

IIIMT UHINI

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chref of Staff
Declass fled on· 12 Septer,ber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: UNK.
• Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: UNK.
• Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: 320 MPH
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: UNK.
• UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 240241 :00ZOCT23
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK.
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: UNK.
• First Accurac : Estimated
1.4a
• Call Sign:
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

GENTEX.TIUAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): UNK.
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (S/NF)AT 02412,~OBSERVED IX UAP IYO
39RXK6~~1.4al

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 240322:00ZOCT23
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: NONE
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: UNK
• MDS Type / Asset Type: UNK.
• Tail Number:j1.4a, 1.4g!
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 39RXK6~~1.4a!
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: FL243
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: 280 DEGREES
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 162 KTAS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: UNK.
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: UNK.
• Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): UNK.
• Operational Range: UNK.
• UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:

3.5c.(b)(6)

11111 DAIi• I1111 Ii 58 DII
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

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09/12/25 000008

#### Page 9

IIIMT UHINf

Declassified by MG Richard A Harrison
USCENTCOM Chref of Staff
Declass fled on· 12 Septer,ber 2025
FOUO Privacy Act applies

• UAP Propulsion Means: UNK
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures: UNK
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP RF Frequency: UNK
• UAP RF Duration: UNK
• UAP Event Serial Number: UNK
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP Effects on Equipment: UNK
• FullName:
• Rank/Grade:
• Email:
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 39RXL6~J1.4al
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 39RXL6~l1.4al
• Last Seen Radius: 5
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: UNK
• Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: UNK
• Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: 440 MPH
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: UNK
• UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 240322:00ZOCT23
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: UNK
• First Accuracy: Estimated
1.4a
I
• Call Sign I
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

GENTEXTIUAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): UNK
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (S//NF)AT 03222,~0BSERVED lX UAP IVO
39RXK6~~1.4a!

3.Sc, {bl(6)

9E?RFT'.?JS1iUUI
USCENTCOM MOR 25-0104

Approved for Release to M RO - FOUO / PA applies

09/12/25 000009

## DOW-UAP-PR028 — Unresolved UAP Report, Greece, January 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR028
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR028
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Greece
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 1 minute 6 seconds, even the video ran out of breath.

- DOW-UAP-PR028 video, DoW, submitted Jan 2024, recorded over Greece
- Reports diamond‑shaped UAP, ~434 knots, visible only via SWIR sensor
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of one minute and five seconds of video footage captured via multiple sensor modalities aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D7, described the UAP as “diamond-shaped” and moving at approximately 434 knots. The observer also reported that the UAP was only detectable via short-wave infrared (SWIR) sensor.

Video Description: The screen is split into two viewing areas for the first ten seconds of the video, with the right side displaying electro-optical footage and the left side displaying SWIR footage.
00:04: An area of contrast becomes distinguishable against the background in the center of the right frame.
00:10: The display shifts to a full-screen view of the SWIR feed to better focus on the area of contrast.
00:55: The area of contrast remains generally within the center of the sensor field-of-view. The area of contrast visually resembles an inverted teardrop with a vertically linear trailing mass suspended below.
00:56: The operator switches the sensor modality to visible spectrum, losing the subject against the background.
00:57-01:05: The operator switches the sensor modality to SWIR (Black-Hot) but does not reacquire the area of contrast.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR029 — Unresolved UAP Report, United Arab Emirates, June 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR029
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR029
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Gulf of Oman
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 21 seconds, the UFO got more screen time than my entire budget briefing.

- DOW-UAP-PR029 video, DoW, June 2024, Gulf of Oman.
- 21‑second infrared footage shows inverted teardrop with vertical trailing mass; reflection possible.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Northern Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 21 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D8, described the UAP as consisting of an object with a vertical pole or bar attached to the bottom of the object. The observer also reported that the UAP may instead be a reflection from an object in the water.

Video Description:
00:00-00:21: An area of contrast visually resembling an inverted teardrop with a vertically linear trailing mass suspended below remains generally within the center of the sensor field-of-view throughout the video.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR030 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR030
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR030
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Ten seconds of mystery, and the cursor still hasn't blinked.

- DoW video file DOW‑UAP‑PR030, 10‑second infrared clip, submitted 2023, Middle East.
- Shows two contrast areas transiting opposite directions across sensor field‑of‑view.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 10 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023.

Video Description: 
00:01-00:05: No content.
00:06-00:07: Two areas of contrast transit the sensor field-of-view. The first enters the field-of-view from the bottom right and exits from the top edge of the frame. The second, relatively smaller area of contrast enters from the top and exits the bottom of the frame.
00:08-00:10: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR031 — Unresolved UAP Report, Syria, October 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR031
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR031
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

October 2024: the report’s only misshapen element was its wording.

- DOW-UAP-PR031, Department of War, October 2024, Syria.
- Five‑second FMV shows misshapen white light ball with halo effect.
- Crew deemed phenomenon benign; no mission impact reported.

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of five seconds of video footage from a full-motion video (FMV) camera aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D32, described the UAP as consisting of a “misshapen and uneven ball of white light,” and reported that a “light/glare halo effect” occurred at the top of the FMV feed.

Video Description:
00:00-00:01: An indistinctly shaped multi-colored area moves from right to left across the top edge of the sensor display within the first second of the video.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI summary

This is a classified UAP report from October 2024, declassified in October 2025 by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff. It details a mission involving an aircraft (b)(1)1.4a operating in Syria under Operation Inherent Resolve. The report notes that at 1559Z, the aircraft observed an unidentified aerial phenomenon, described as a misshapen and uneven ball of white light, with light/glare from an unknown origin flashing across the FMV camera feed. The crew assessed the object as benign and determined it had no mission impact. The document includes details about flight times, sensor data, and mission parameters.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

Misrep undefined-10541508
Narrative
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
AT 0823Z, (b)(1)1.4a
TOOK OFF FROM OJMS VIA SLR. (b)(1)1.4a PROCEEDED TO FRAGGED
TASKING.
AT 0649Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. (b)(1)1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT 1102Z AND PERFORMED
FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT 37S FV 85
81
(SEE ISR 1).
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
AT 1158Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. (b)(1)1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT 1230Z AND PERFORMED
FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT 37S FU 36
79
(SEE ISR 2).
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
AT 1559Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED ARRIEAL PHENOMENON (SEE UAP 1).
AT 2252Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. (b)(1)1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT 2318Z AND PERFORMED
81
(SEE ISR 3).
FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT 37S FU 85
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
AT 0124Z, (b)(1)1.4a RETURNED TO BASE. AT 0447Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED SLR AND LANDED AT
OJMS. FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY GET. 20:24 MISSION HOURS, 14:22 FMV
HOURS, 3X FMV TASKINGS PROSECUTED, 13:02 SIGINT HOURS, 3X SIGINT TASKINGS.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: REL TO USA, FVEY
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20491020

OPERATION

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 001

#### Page 2

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFSOC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 12 SOS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): IP
• Mission Type: ISR
• ATO Mission Number:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poc

POC
• Rank: A1C
• Full 3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: 27 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

QC
• Rank: 1LT
• Full3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 56 SOIS
• Wing: 27 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 002

#### Page 3

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Operations Center: Other

APPROVER
• Rank: SSgt
• Full
Name:
3.5c,
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: Other
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 003

#### Page 4

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:
• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: 1.4(a)
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: AN/DAS-4
• Additional Avionics: AH/GMESH/SANTA FE
• Data Link: LINK 16
• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Takeoff Time DTG: 200823:00ZOCT24
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): 33300
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 201102:00ZOCT24
• Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• JTAR Number:
• Killbox (Location):
• Mission Type: ISR
• JTAC Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 004

#### Page 5

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 210124:00ZOCT24
• Total Time On Station: 14 hours 22 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Last Land Time: 210447:00ZOCT24
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 210457:00ZOCT24
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 24 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 201102:00ZOCT24
• Time-off Station DTG: 201200:00ZOCT24
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type: AREC
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: SANTA FE
• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37S FV 85
81
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: No
• Number of EEIs:
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 1102Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 3X ADMS AND ONE MOTO IVO SP. FROM
1102Z TO 1200Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED POL AT THE SP AND OBSERVED NSTR. AT 1158Z, (b)(1)1.4a
RECIEVED NEW 7L.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 005

#### Page 6

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: 1HR 26MIN
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 201230:00ZOCT24
• Time-off Station DTG: 202318:00ZOCT24
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type: TARGET DEV
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: SANTA FE
• Tasking Type: Dynamic
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37S FU 36
79
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: Yes
• Number of EEIs: 1
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 1230Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 1X VEH NO FURTHER EEI RELATED
ACTIVITY. FROM 1230Z-1313Z, (b)(1)1.4a WENT EYES FREE PENDING SI CONDCUTING SF
PASSES. FROM 1313Z-1410Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED A 3X STOP FOLLOW ON 1X ADM MOUNTED
MOTO. FROM 1559Z-1644Z, OBSERVED UAP ACTIVITY (SEE UAP 1). FROM 1447Z-1518Z, 3X

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 006

#### Page 7

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

STOP FOLLOW ON 1X ADM IN TRAD WEAR ON MOTO AND DEP W. NO FURTHER EEI
RELATED ACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED UNTIL RETASKING AT 2252Z.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED
• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: • Precoord Effectiveness: -

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 201559:00ZOCT24
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: LIGHT/GLARE FLASHED OF UNK ORIGIN FLASHED
ACCROSS FMV CAMERA FEED
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: NO CHANGE
• MDS Type / Asset Type:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Tail Number:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 37SFU44
7
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: 20,088FT
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: ORBIT
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 144 KNOTS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: NO
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: • Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): N/A

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 007

#### Page 8

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: Plasma
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNKNOWN
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures: LIGHT
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Event Serial Number: 201559ZOCT2024
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Effects on Equipment: • Full Name:
3.5c, FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Rank/Grade: E-4
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 37SFU36
9
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 37SFU36
9
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Last Seen Radius: 15
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: • Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: • Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: • Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: • UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 201559:00ZOCT24
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: LIGHT/GLARE FROM UNKNOWN ORIGIN
FLASHED ACCROSS FMV CAMERA FEED. AIRCREW ASSESSED THIS NOT TO BE A LASING
EVENT.
• First Accuracy: Estimated
• Call Sign: (b)(1)1.4a
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 008

#### Page 9

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): MISHAPEN AND
UNEVEN BALL OF WHITE LIGHT.
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
FROM 1559Z-1644Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED MULTIPLE GLARES OR LIGHT FROM UNKNOWN
ORIGIN AT DIFFERENT ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS. AT 1559Z, 1602Z AND AT 1644Z, (b)(1)1.4a
OBSERVED 1X LIGHT/GLARE CROSSED DIRECTLY ON THE FMV CAMERA. AT 1609Z AND
1620Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED A LIGHT/GLARE HALO EFFECT AT THE TOP OF (b)(1)1.4a FMV FEED.
AIRCREW CONSIDERED THIS NO MISSION IMPACT OR CHANGE AND UAP WAS BENIGN.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 202318:00ZOCT24
• Time-off Station DTG: 210124:00ZOCT24
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type: TARGET DEV
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: SANTA FE
• Tasking Type: Dynamic
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37S FU 85
81
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: No
• Number of EEIs:
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 2318Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 1X MOTO PARKED ON S SIDE OF BLDG
SLANT 0/0/0. FROM 2318Z-0124Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED POL PENDING ADM ACTIVITY. NO
FURTHER EEI RELATED ACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED UNTIL RTB AT 0124Z.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED
• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: -

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 009

#### Page 10

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Precoord Effectiveness: -

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 010

## DOW-UAP-PR032 — Unresolved UAP Report, Syria, October 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR032
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR032
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Harrison declassified it in 2025, apparently even generals need bedtime cartoons.

- DOW-UAP-PR032, Department of War, October 2024, Syria
- Six‑second FMV shows misshapen white‑light ball, halo glare, crew reports benign, no impact
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of six seconds of video footage from a full-motion video (FMV) camera aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D32, described the UAP as consisting of a “misshapen and uneven ball of white light,” and reported that a “light/glare halo effect” occurred at the top of the FMV feed.

Video Description:
00:02-00:04: An area of irregular color and brightness, mainly consisting of white and red highlights, appears near the center of the top edge of the sensor display. The area extends to a width of approximately one-third of the horizontal frame, with a vertical area comprising approximately one-sixth of the viewing area. Overall, its shape is best described as a horizontally-oriented half-oval bisected along its major axis.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI summary

This is a classified UAP report from October 2024, declassified in 2025 by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff. It details a mission involving an aircraft (b)(1)1.4a operating in Syria under Operation Inherent Resolve. The report notes that at 1559Z, the aircraft observed an unidentified aerial phenomenon, described as a misshapen and uneven ball of white light, with light/glare from an unknown origin flashing across the FMV camera feed. The crew assessed the event as benign with no mission impact. The document includes mission timelines, sensor data, and operational details.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

Misrep undefined-10541508
Narrative
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
AT 0823Z, (b)(1)1.4a
TOOK OFF FROM OJMS VIA SLR. (b)(1)1.4a PROCEEDED TO FRAGGED
TASKING.
AT 0649Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. (b)(1)1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT 1102Z AND PERFORMED
FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT 37S FV 85
81
(SEE ISR 1).
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
AT 1158Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. (b)(1)1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT 1230Z AND PERFORMED
FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT 37S FU 36
79
(SEE ISR 2).
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
AT 1559Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED ARRIEAL PHENOMENON (SEE UAP 1).
AT 2252Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. (b)(1)1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT 2318Z AND PERFORMED
81
(SEE ISR 3).
FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT 37S FU 85
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
AT 0124Z, (b)(1)1.4a RETURNED TO BASE. AT 0447Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED SLR AND LANDED AT
OJMS. FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY GET. 20:24 MISSION HOURS, 14:22 FMV
HOURS, 3X FMV TASKINGS PROSECUTED, 13:02 SIGINT HOURS, 3X SIGINT TASKINGS.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: REL TO USA, FVEY
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20491020

OPERATION

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 001

#### Page 2

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFSOC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 12 SOS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): IP
• Mission Type: ISR
• ATO Mission Number:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poc

POC
• Rank: A1C
• Full 3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: 27 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

QC
• Rank: 1LT
• Full3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 56 SOIS
• Wing: 27 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 002

#### Page 3

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Operations Center: Other

APPROVER
• Rank: SSgt
• Full
Name:
3.5c,
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: Other
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 003

#### Page 4

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:
• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: 1.4(a)
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: AN/DAS-4
• Additional Avionics: AH/GMESH/SANTA FE
• Data Link: LINK 16
• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Takeoff Time DTG: 200823:00ZOCT24
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): 33300
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 201102:00ZOCT24
• Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• JTAR Number:
• Killbox (Location):
• Mission Type: ISR
• JTAC Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 004

#### Page 5

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 210124:00ZOCT24
• Total Time On Station: 14 hours 22 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Last Land Time: 210447:00ZOCT24
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 210457:00ZOCT24
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 24 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 201102:00ZOCT24
• Time-off Station DTG: 201200:00ZOCT24
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type: AREC
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: SANTA FE
• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37S FV 85
81
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: No
• Number of EEIs:
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 1102Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 3X ADMS AND ONE MOTO IVO SP. FROM
1102Z TO 1200Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED POL AT THE SP AND OBSERVED NSTR. AT 1158Z, (b)(1)1.4a
RECIEVED NEW 7L.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 005

#### Page 6

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: 1HR 26MIN
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 201230:00ZOCT24
• Time-off Station DTG: 202318:00ZOCT24
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type: TARGET DEV
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: SANTA FE
• Tasking Type: Dynamic
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37S FU 36
79
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: Yes
• Number of EEIs: 1
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 1230Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 1X VEH NO FURTHER EEI RELATED
ACTIVITY. FROM 1230Z-1313Z, (b)(1)1.4a WENT EYES FREE PENDING SI CONDCUTING SF
PASSES. FROM 1313Z-1410Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED A 3X STOP FOLLOW ON 1X ADM MOUNTED
MOTO. FROM 1559Z-1644Z, OBSERVED UAP ACTIVITY (SEE UAP 1). FROM 1447Z-1518Z, 3X

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 006

#### Page 7

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

STOP FOLLOW ON 1X ADM IN TRAD WEAR ON MOTO AND DEP W. NO FURTHER EEI
RELATED ACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED UNTIL RETASKING AT 2252Z.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED
• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: • Precoord Effectiveness: -

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 201559:00ZOCT24
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: LIGHT/GLARE FLASHED OF UNK ORIGIN FLASHED
ACCROSS FMV CAMERA FEED
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: NO CHANGE
• MDS Type / Asset Type:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Tail Number:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 37SFU44
7
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: 20,088FT
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: ORBIT
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 144 KNOTS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: NO
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: • Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): N/A

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 007

#### Page 8

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: Plasma
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNKNOWN
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures: LIGHT
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Event Serial Number: 201559ZOCT2024
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Effects on Equipment: • Full Name:
3.5c, FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Rank/Grade: E-4
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 37SFU36
9
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 37SFU36
9
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Last Seen Radius: 15
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: • Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: • Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: • Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: • UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 201559:00ZOCT24
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: LIGHT/GLARE FROM UNKNOWN ORIGIN
FLASHED ACCROSS FMV CAMERA FEED. AIRCREW ASSESSED THIS NOT TO BE A LASING
EVENT.
• First Accuracy: Estimated
• Call Sign: (b)(1)1.4a
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 008

#### Page 9

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): MISHAPEN AND
UNEVEN BALL OF WHITE LIGHT.
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
FROM 1559Z-1644Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED MULTIPLE GLARES OR LIGHT FROM UNKNOWN
ORIGIN AT DIFFERENT ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS. AT 1559Z, 1602Z AND AT 1644Z, (b)(1)1.4a
OBSERVED 1X LIGHT/GLARE CROSSED DIRECTLY ON THE FMV CAMERA. AT 1609Z AND
1620Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED A LIGHT/GLARE HALO EFFECT AT THE TOP OF (b)(1)1.4a FMV FEED.
AIRCREW CONSIDERED THIS NO MISSION IMPACT OR CHANGE AND UAP WAS BENIGN.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 202318:00ZOCT24
• Time-off Station DTG: 210124:00ZOCT24
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type: TARGET DEV
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: SANTA FE
• Tasking Type: Dynamic
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37S FU 85
81
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: No
• Number of EEIs:
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 2318Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 1X MOTO PARKED ON S SIDE OF BLDG
SLANT 0/0/0. FROM 2318Z-0124Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED POL PENDING ADM ACTIVITY. NO
FURTHER EEI RELATED ACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED UNTIL RTB AT 0124Z.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED
• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: -

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 009

#### Page 10

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Precoord Effectiveness: -

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 010

## DOW-UAP-PR033 — Unresolved UAP Report, Syria, October 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR033
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR033
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The white ball’s uneven glow makes October 2024 look like a bad selfie filter.

- DOW-UAP-PR033, Department of War, October 2024, Syria report submitted to AARO
- Five‑second FMV shows misshapen white‑light ball, orange overlays, halo glare; crew called it benign
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of five seconds of video footage from a full-motion video (FMV) camera aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D32, described the UAP as consisting of a “misshapen and uneven ball of white light,” and reported that a “light/glare halo effect” occurred at the top of the FMV feed.

Video Description:
00:01-00:03: Two semi-transparent, irregularly shaped orange areas overlay the background imagery, persisting for less than two seconds each.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI summary

This is a classified UAP report from October 2024, declassified in 2025 by MG Richard A. Harrison, USCENTCOM Chief of Staff. It details a mission involving an aircraft (b)(1)1.4a that conducted surveillance in Syria. The report states that at 1559Z, the aircraft observed an unidentified aerial phenomenon, described as a misshapen and uneven ball of white light that flashed across the FMV camera feed. The crew assessed the object as benign and noted no impact on the mission. The document includes operational details, sensor data, and timelines of the flight.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

Misrep undefined-10541508
Narrative
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
AT 0823Z, (b)(1)1.4a
TOOK OFF FROM OJMS VIA SLR. (b)(1)1.4a PROCEEDED TO FRAGGED
TASKING.
AT 0649Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. (b)(1)1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT 1102Z AND PERFORMED
FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT 37S FV 85
81
(SEE ISR 1).
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
AT 1158Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. (b)(1)1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT 1230Z AND PERFORMED
FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT 37S FU 36
79
(SEE ISR 2).
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
AT 1559Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED AN UNIDENTIFIED ARRIEAL PHENOMENON (SEE UAP 1).
AT 2252Z, (b)(1)1.4a WAS 7-LINED. (b)(1)1.4a ARRIVED ON-STATION AT 2318Z AND PERFORMED
81
(SEE ISR 3).
FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT 37S FU 85
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
AT 0124Z, (b)(1)1.4a RETURNED TO BASE. AT 0447Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED SLR AND LANDED AT
OJMS. FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY GET. 20:24 MISSION HOURS, 14:22 FMV
HOURS, 3X FMV TASKINGS PROSECUTED, 13:02 SIGINT HOURS, 3X SIGINT TASKINGS.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

(S/RELIDO) Mission Narrative

Admin

CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: SECRET
• Associated Caveats: REL TO USA, FVEY
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20491020

OPERATION

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 001

#### Page 2

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 609th
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFSOC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

MSGID
• Report Type: MISREP
• Originator (Unit or Squadron): 12 SOS
• Submit Date:

MSNID
• Tasking Order (ATO): IP
• Mission Type: ISR
• ATO Mission Number:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
• Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE

Poc

POC
• Rank: A1C
• Full 3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: 27 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

QC
• Rank: 1LT
• Full3.5c,
Name:
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: 56 SOIS
• Wing: 27 SOW
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 002

#### Page 3

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Operations Center: Other

APPROVER
• Rank: SSgt
• Full
Name:
3.5c,
FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Unit: Unavailable
• Wing: Other
• Phone Number:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC

INGEST
• Rank:
• Full Name:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP

ACEQUIP
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 003

#### Page 4

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:
• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: 1.4(a)
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: AN/DAS-4
• Additional Avionics: AH/GMESH/SANTA FE
• Data Link: LINK 16
• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Aircraft Tail Number(s):
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Takeoff Time DTG: 200823:00ZOCT24
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): 33300
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 201102:00ZOCT24
• Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• JTAR Number:
• Killbox (Location):
• Mission Type: ISR
• JTAC Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Gentext/Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station:

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 004

#### Page 5

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

Off Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 210124:00ZOCT24
• Total Time On Station: 14 hours 22 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): OJMS
• Last Land Time: 210447:00ZOCT24
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 210457:00ZOCT24
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 24 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 201102:00ZOCT24
• Time-off Station DTG: 201200:00ZOCT24
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type: AREC
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: SANTA FE
• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37S FV 85
81
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: No
• Number of EEIs:
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 1102Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 3X ADMS AND ONE MOTO IVO SP. FROM
1102Z TO 1200Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED POL AT THE SP AND OBSERVED NSTR. AT 1158Z, (b)(1)1.4a
RECIEVED NEW 7L.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 005

#### Page 6

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: 1HR 26MIN
• Precoord Effectiveness: SATISFACTORY

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 201230:00ZOCT24
• Time-off Station DTG: 202318:00ZOCT24
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type: TARGET DEV
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: SANTA FE
• Tasking Type: Dynamic
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37S FU 36
79
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: Yes
• Number of EEIs: 1
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 1230Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 1X VEH NO FURTHER EEI RELATED
ACTIVITY. FROM 1230Z-1313Z, (b)(1)1.4a WENT EYES FREE PENDING SI CONDCUTING SF
PASSES. FROM 1313Z-1410Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED A 3X STOP FOLLOW ON 1X ADM MOUNTED
MOTO. FROM 1559Z-1644Z, OBSERVED UAP ACTIVITY (SEE UAP 1). FROM 1447Z-1518Z, 3X

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 006

#### Page 7

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

STOP FOLLOW ON 1X ADM IN TRAD WEAR ON MOTO AND DEP W. NO FURTHER EEI
RELATED ACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED UNTIL RETASKING AT 2252Z.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED
• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: • Precoord Effectiveness: -

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 201559:00ZOCT24
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: LIGHT/GLARE FLASHED OF UNK ORIGIN FLASHED
ACCROSS FMV CAMERA FEED
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: NO CHANGE
• MDS Type / Asset Type:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Tail Number:
(b)(1)1.4a, (b)(1)1.4g
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 37SFU44
7
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: 20,088FT
• Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: ORBIT
• Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: 144 KNOTS
• Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: NO
• Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: • Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): N/A

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 007

#### Page 8

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Operational Range: • UAP Physical State: Plasma
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNKNOWN
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures: LIGHT
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP RF Frequency: • UAP RF Duration: • UAP Event Serial Number: 201559ZOCT2024
• UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Effects on Equipment: • Full Name:
3.5c, FOIA Exemptions (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
• Rank/Grade: E-4
• Email:
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Phone Number (VOSIP/STE):
3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)
• Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 37SFU36
9
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 37SFU36
9
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Last Seen Radius: 15
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: • Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: • Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: • Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: • UAP Date of DoD Acquisition: 201559:00ZOCT24
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: LIGHT/GLARE FROM UNKNOWN ORIGIN
FLASHED ACCROSS FMV CAMERA FEED. AIRCREW ASSESSED THIS NOT TO BE A LASING
EVENT.
• First Accuracy: Estimated
• Call Sign: (b)(1)1.4a
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate estimated or measured):

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 008

#### Page 9

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recognizable features): MISHAPEN AND
UNEVEN BALL OF WHITE LIGHT.
• Gentext (UAP Event Description): (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
FROM 1559Z-1644Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED MULTIPLE GLARES OR LIGHT FROM UNKNOWN
ORIGIN AT DIFFERENT ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS. AT 1559Z, 1602Z AND AT 1644Z, (b)(1)1.4a
OBSERVED 1X LIGHT/GLARE CROSSED DIRECTLY ON THE FMV CAMERA. AT 1609Z AND
1620Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED A LIGHT/GLARE HALO EFFECT AT THE TOP OF (b)(1)1.4a FMV FEED.
AIRCREW CONSIDERED THIS NO MISSION IMPACT OR CHANGE AND UAP WAS BENIGN.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR
• Time-on Station DTG: 202318:00ZOCT24
• Time-off Station DTG: 210124:00ZOCT24
• Aircraft Callsign: (b)(1)1.4a
• Msn Type: TARGET DEV
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: SANTA FE
• Tasking Type: Dynamic
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRI#, or TIC#): DATA MASKED
• BE Number (if NTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 37S FU 85
81
(b)(1)1.4a
(b)(1)1.4a
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (if NTISR): • EEIs Observed: No
• Number of EEIs:
• Global Campaign Plan: GCP - VEO (violent extremist group)

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext: (SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)
UPON ARRIVAL TO SP AT 2318Z, (b)(1)1.4a OBSERVED 1X MOTO PARKED ON S SIDE OF BLDG
SLANT 0/0/0. FROM 2318Z-0124Z, (b)(1)1.4a CONDUCTED POL PENDING ADM ACTIVITY. NO
FURTHER EEI RELATED ACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED UNTIL RTB AT 0124Z.
(SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY)

ISR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED
• Supported Operation: INHERENT RESOLVE
• Precoord Time: -

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 009

#### Page 10

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 24 October 2025

• Precoord Effectiveness: -

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)
CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

3.5c, FOIA Exemption (b)(6)

SECRET//REL TO USA, FVEY

USCENTCOM MDR 25-0100 thru 25-0103 / JS-250710-TM8S
Approved for Release to AARO

10/28/25 010

## DOW-UAP-PR034 — Unresolved UAP Report, Greece, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR034
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR034
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Greece
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the 2026 declassifiers thought the UFO was just politely waving goodbye.

- DOW-UAP-PR034, Department of War, October 2023, Greece.
- Infrared video shows ocean‑level object making 90° turns around 80 mph.
- Report concludes the UAP was assessed as benign.

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of two minutes and 57 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D33, described the UAP as flying near the surface of the ocean and making multiple “90-degree turns” at approximately 80 miles per hour.

Video Description:
00:04: An area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the bottom left quarter of the screen.
00:07-00:19: The area of contrast moves back and forth horizontally across the field-of-view as the sensor pans to track it.
00:20-01:00: The area of contrast remains generally centered within the sensor field-of-view.
01:00-02:01: The sensor designates the area of contrast with a blue reticle, synchronizing its motion with the area of contrast’s relative position.
02:02-02:21: The sensor engages a contrast filter to better differentiate the area of contrast from the background.
02:22: The area of contrast becomes indistinguishable against the background, and the reticle drops its lock.
02:27-02:57: After losing lock, the sensor rapidly cycles zoom levels and contrast thresholds.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR035 — Unresolved UAP Report, Greece, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR035
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR035
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Greece
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Released in 2026, still no sequel for the Greek mystery.

- DOW-UAP-PR035, unresolved UAP report, Department of War, October 2023, Greece
- 24‑second infrared video shows small circular object moving from ocean toward land, 0811Z Oct 29 2023
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 24 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D35, described the UAP as small and circular, flying near the surface of the ocean toward land.

Video Description:
00:02: The sensor narrows its field-of-view to zoom in on an area of contrast near the center of the screen.
00:03-00:19: The sensor tracks the area of contrast as it moves against the ocean background.
00:20: As the background scene transitions from being predominantly water to land, the area of contrast becomes indistinguishable.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Hamson
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on : 22 January 2026

Misrep 9337873
Narrative
AT 15042,I
1.4a
ITOOK OFF FROM LGLR. AT 151$2,~HANDED OVER FROM
THE LRE.(l;:]PROCEEDED TO FRAGGED TASKING TO SUPPORT DATA MASKED.
AT 16182,~WAS 7-LINED TO SUPPORT DATA MASKEI),.~ARRIVED <?N-STATION AT
20182, CHECKED IN WITH DATA MASKED, AND PERFO
D FMV/SIGINT COLLECTION AT
36S YC 401.4a!5~ (SEE ISR 1).
AT 081 lZ,~BSERVED IX POSS UAP (SEE UAP 1).
AT 0542Z~RETURNED TO BASE. AT 10352,~
ED BACK TO THE LRE. AT 11052,
~LANDED AT LGLR. FULL MOTION VIDEO WAS EXPLOITED BY GET. 20:01 MISSION
HOURS, 09:24 FMV HOURS, IX FMV TASKING$ PROSECU D.

Mission Narrative

Admin
CLASSIFICATION
• Classification:
• Associated Caveats:
• Classification Source (MS or Classification Guide ID): MS
• Declassification Date (YYYYMMDD): 20481028

OPERATION
• Operation1
1.4a
• Domain: AIR
• Operations Center: 603rd
• Major Command (MAJCOM): AFSOC
• Combatant Command (COCOM): USCENTCOM

3.5c, (b )(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

Approved for Release to AARO

01/26/26 001

#### Page 2

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 22 January 2026
MSGID
Report Type: MISREP
Originator (Unit or Squadron): 33 SOS
Submit Date:
MSNID
Tasking Order (ATO) 1.4a
Mission Type: ISR
ATO Mission Number 1.4a
Country Tasked: US - UNITED STATES
Service Tasked: A - AIR FORCE
Poc
POC
Rank: AIC
• Full Name3.5c, (b)(3), 130b, (b)(e)
Unit: 56 SOIS
•Wing: 27 SOW
Phone Number: 3.5c. (b)(6)
Email: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 AOC Det 1
QC
Rank: SrA
• Full Name.5c, (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
Unit: Unavailable
Wing: 27 SOW
Phone Number:3.5c, (b)(6)
Email: 3.5c, (b)(6)
Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 609 CAOC
APPROVER
Rank: AIC
• Full Name:3.5c, (b)(3), 130b, (b)(6)
Unit: Unavailable
3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019 Approved for Release to AARO 01/26/26 002

#### Page 3

Declassified by MG Richard A. Hamson
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on: 22 January 2026

• Wing: Other
• Phone Number:!J.5c, (b)(6)!'...._
_,
• Email:!
3.5c, .1.::Cb:.Ll)(.::.,6)~------l
• Service: Air Force
• Operations Center: 603 AOC

____

INGEST
• Rank:
• FuUName:
• Unit:
• Wing:
• Phone Number:
• Email:
• Service:
• Operations Center:

ACEQUIP
ACEQVJP
• Aircraft Callsign:! 1.4a__,
• Radar Name or Destination:
• Radar Software Load or Mission Data:
• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Name or Designator:
• RWR Software Load or Mission Data:
• MWS Name or Designator:
• MWS Software Load or Mission Data:
• IRCM Name or Designator:
• IRCM Software Load or Mission Data:
• ECM Name or Designator:
• ECM Software Load or Mission Data:
• CMD Name or Designator:
• Chaff Designator:
• Num Chaff or Cartridges:
• Flare Designator:
• Num Flares:
• Towed Decoy Name or Designator:
• Towed Decoy Software Load or Mission Data:
• Num Towed Decoys:
• Type of Radar-Guided AAM:
• Num Radar-Guided AAM:

3.5c fb)f6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

Approved for Release to AARO

I
01/26/26 003

#### Page 4

Declassified by MG R chard A Ha•rison
USCE=NTCOM Chief of Staff

Declassified o'l· 22 January 2026

• Type of IR-Guided AAM:
• Num IR-Guided AAM:
• Gun Name or Designator:
• Num Gun Rounds:
• Air-to-Ground Wpn to Include Num of Each: 2XAGM-l 14R9E 2XAGM-l 14R2
• TGT Pod Name or Designator: AN/DAS-4
• Additional Avionics: AH/GMESH
• Data Link: LINK 16
• Gentext:

Timeline

Takeoff
• Callsign:I
1.4a
• Number of Aircraft: 1
• Asset Type (Aircraft): .4a, 1.4
• Aircraft Tail Number(s) 1.4a
• Takeoff Location (ICAO Code): LGLR
• Takeoff Time DTG: 281504:00ZOCT23
• Mode 3 (IFF Codes): 34055
• Gentext/ Additional Details:
• Mission Canceled:

Landing
• Last Land Location (ICAO Code): LGLR
• Last Land Time: 291105:00ZOCT23
• Last Engine Shutdown Time: 291115:00ZOCT23
• Total Mission Time: 20 hours 1 minute
• Gen text/ Additional Details:

On Station
• Time On Station DTG: 282018:00ZOCT23
• Callsign:I
1.4a
I
• JTAR Number: • Killbox (Location): • Mission Type: ISR
• JTAC Callsign:l~-1-.4-a~
• Gen text/ Additional Details:
• Did not Arrive On Station: On

3.5c, (b )(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

Approved for Release to AARO

01/26/26 004

#### Page 5

Declassified by MG Richard A. He rison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff
Declassified on 22 January 2026

Of/Station
• Time Off Station DTG: 290542:00ZOCT23
• Total Time On Station: 9 hours 24 minutes
• Gentext/Additional Details:

JSR
• Time-on Station DTG: 282018:00ZOCT23
• Time-off Station DTG: 290542:00ZOCT23
• Aircraft Callsign:! 1.4a
• Msn Type: AREC
• Primary Sensor: FMV
• Sensors Available: G-MESH
• Tasking Type: Planned
• Tasking or Request Number (JTAR#, AEM#, PRJ#, or TIC# : DATA MASKED
• BE Number (ifNTISR): • Tasked Start Point: 36S YC 4~511.4a!
• Activity Description: TARGET DEVELOPMENT
• FMV or Image File Name (ifNTISR): • EEis Observed: No
• Number of EEis:
• Global Campaign Plan:

I

GENTEXT/ISR
• Gentext:
UPON ARRIVAL TO THE SP AT 2018Z,~OBSERVED N EEi RELATED ACTVITY. FROM
2019Z TO 2243Z,~CONDUCTED POL ON SEVERAL AS~OCIATED COIS, NO EEi RELATED
ACTIVITY OBSERVED. AT 2244Zf':"7OBSERVED 6X VE«ICLES ON PARKING GARAGE
ROOFTOP AND NO PERSONNEL.~CONDUCTED POL I N COi UNTIL RTB AT 0542Z.

JSR ASSET UTILIZATION
• Supported Unit: DATA MASKED
• Supported Operation~
1.4a
• Precoord Time: • Precoord Effectiveness: -

WEATHER
• Weather: (UNCLASSIFIED)

3.5c b 6
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

Approved for Release to AARO

01/26/26 005

#### Page 6

Declassified by MG Richard A. Ha•rison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staf'
Declassified O"l . 22 January 2026

CLEAR WX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

EFFECTIVENESS
• Tasker:
• Intel Gap Filled?: Yes
• Gentext: (UNCLASSIFIED)
SATISFACTORY
(UNCLASSIFIED)

UAP
• Initial Contact DTG: 290811 :00ZOCT23
• UAP Event Type: UAP Incident
• UAP Maneuverability Observations: NONE
• UAP Response to Observer Actions: NONE
• MDS Type / Asset Type~ 1.4a, 1.4g
• Tail Number~
• Friendly Aircraft Location: 35SMV3~~1.4a!
• Friendly Aircraft Altitude/Depth: • Friendly Aircraft Trajectory: • Observer Assessment of UAP: Benign
• Friendly Aircraft Speed: • Observation Interrogation of UAP (yes/no; if yes list sensor(s) and returns):: • Third-party Observers and/or Reporters: • Friendly Aircraft State:
• Training Range (If applicable): • Operational Range:
• UAP Physical State: Solid
• Number of UAP Sighted:
• UAP Propulsion Means: UNK
• UAP Payload:
• UAP Under Intelligent Control (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Signatures: NONE
• UAP Advanced Capabilities And/Or Materials (yes/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP RF Frequency: UNK
• UAP RF Duration: UNK
• UAP Event Serial Number: • UAP Effects on Persons: NO
• UAP Objects/Material Recovered (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• UAP Effects on Equipment: NONE
• Full Name: -

I

3.5c, (b)(6)
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

Approved for Release to AARO

01/26/26 006

#### Page 7

Declass,fed by MG Ricrard A. Har•1sor
USCE:N-rCOM Cti ef of Staff

Declass-fied on 22 Jant.ary 2026

• Rank/Grade: • Email: • Phone Number (VOSIP/STE): • Observer Engagement of UAP (yes/no; if yes, describe): NO
• First Coordinate: 35SMV3~~
• First Seen Radius: 5
• Last Accuracy: Estimated
• Last Coordinate: 35SMV3~41.4a!
• Last Seen Radius: 5
• Kinetic Altitude Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Altitude: • Kinetic Depth Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Depth: • Kinetic Velocity Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Velocity: 30 MPH
• Kinetic Trajectory Accuracy: Estimated
• Kinetic Trajectory: • UAP Date ofDoD Acquisition: 290811:00ZOCT23
• UAP Reaction to Observation, Interrogation, Engagement (y s/no; if yes, describe): UNK
• UAP Anomalous Characteristics/ Behaviors: • First Accuracy: Estimated
• Call Sign:!
1.4a I
• UAP First Seen Location:
• UAP Last Seen Location:
• UAP Altitude, Depth, Velocity, and Trajectory (indicate esti ated or measured):

GENTEXT/UAP
• UAP Description (e.g., size, shape, color, markings, recogniz le features): SEEMINGLY
CIRCULAR, TOO SMALL TO MAKE OUT DETAILS
• Gentext (UAP Event Description):
AT 081 IZ,!
1.4a
!WAS RIB WHEN THEY SPOTTE A UAP FLYING JUST ABOVE
IGHT ABOVE THE OCEAN
THE SURFACE OF THE OCEAN WATER. THE UAP FLEWS
TOWARDS LANDS. AT 081 IZ,~LOST THE UAP FROM HEIR FEED.

3.Sc b 6
USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

Approved for Release to AARO

01/26/26 007

## DOW-UAP-PR036 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, May 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR036
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR036
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

That 2 min 17 sec clip proves even UAPs respect a strict runtime.

- DOW-UAP-PR036, an unresolved UAP report by Department of War, USCENTCOM, May 2020, Middle East.
- Two-minute-seventeen-second infrared video shows a solid white object making erratic movements above water.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of two minutes and 17 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020. An accompanying Range Fouler report, DoW-UAP-D38, described the UAP as a solid white object making erratic movements above the water.

Video Description:
00:05: An area of contrast briefly enters the sensor field-of-view from the left side of the screen.
00:06-00:18: The sensor pans away from the scene’s initial subject matter while cycling contrast settings and zoom levels.
00:19: The area of contrast re-enters the sensor field-of-view from near the center of the top edge of the screen.
00:20-01:15: The area of contrast remains generally within the sensor field-of-view.
01:16: The sensor narrows its field-of-view to zoom in on the area of contrast.
01:56: The sensor further narrows its field-of-view to zoom in on the area of contrast.
02:10: A blue reticle briefly appears on screen but does not acquire a lock on the area of contrast.
02:15-02:17: The sensor switches to a different modality and loses track of the area of contrast.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI summary

This is a UAP report from May 2020, prepared by USCENTCOM Chief of Staff MG Richard A. Harrison. It details an encounter during an ISR mission in the Middle East where a white object was observed flying through the field of view. The object was temporarily lost but reacquired and followed, showing erratic movements above water. The crew used sensors to track it but lost contact due to poor tracking. The report includes location data, time, and details about the object's appearance and movement. It was declassified and approved for release to AARO.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified by MG Richard A. Harrison
USCENTCOM Chief of Staff

Range Fouler Debrie Form

Plea
, o , us.~,;t
, 13- 02
"submit" button above. Save and
email the complete file manually
(see below).

Please complete this form to the best of your ability. If you do ot have the requested information,
please leave the field blank. If there was more than one "group " please report each on a separate
form for data collection purposes. You should receive a respons within 5 business days.
Rank

Last Name, First Name

Squadron

SIPR Email Address

Crew Position

This information is for contact only. SPEAR sanitizes all r ports of identifying information.
Absolutely no identifying information for aircrew or squadmn will be recorded for analysis.

05/14/20

20:40:00

Date (mmldd/yy)

Time of detection
(hh:mm:ss Z)

Night

ISR
Side No.

Day I Night

28314

28314

N

Contact Working Area
(Ex: W-72 1A)

Contact Latitute
(DD:MM:SS)

NIS

Buno

49524
Contact Longitude
(DD:MM:SS)

Mission Description (GAS, BFM, etc)

20000

E
EM'
(

' ontact Altitude
: 22000)

Please attempt to determine a Lat I Long for the contact at initial detection. We recommend
using JMPS to reference the sensor-derived bearing and range relative to the bullseye you had
in use. If that method is not available, any reasonable derivation of location will worl<, but please
be as specific as possible and make a note in the comments section. These locations may be
used to cue other means of tracking.

Radar Equipped:

AIM-9x Self-Track:

Stable Trackfile?: Intermittent

ATFLIR Autotrack:

# of Contacts in "Group": 1

Tally Achieved:

□
□
□

EA Indications (Check all that apply):

□
ECM
Arc

□

Letter
Identifier

□

False
Trackfi/es

Yes
Altitude
Constant?

Wind Dir at
Contact Alt
(From)

Was the contact moving?

□

Wind
Speed

Yes

Direction/Speed
(Ex. 090/15)

Please check all that apply:
Round:

D
Metallic: D
Markings: D

[Z]

Moving Parts:

D

Translucent:

D
Balloon-shaped: D
Square:

Wings/Airframe :

D

D
Reflective: D
Opaque:

Other Shape:O
Apparent Propulsion:□

Other/
Ambiguous

LFE?

Please use the field below to describe the contact and any interiaction in your own words with as much
detail as possible. Please be sure to include any detail not incl ded in questions above.
While preforming an ISR tasking (UL TN/Black Hot/Lin), a solid w ite 1object flew through the FOV. There
was a temporarily lose of the object but re-acquired shortly there after. The crew was able to follow the
object as it appeared to make erratic moments above the water. During the follow, crew was able to obtain
4x zoom on the object but lost the object due to poor track place ent. While following, the sensor operator
was continuously manipulating the sensor to maintain eyes on th1e object. This is apparent by the waves of
the water in the background being visible and not being visible.

Don't use the purple "submit" button! Save this form with filenam "Date_Squadron_RF.pdr' and email
it toj
3.sc, (b)(S)
(Also in the global) For troubleshooting, cal/I
3.Sc, (b)(B)

I

Thank you for your time. Please ensure all display tapes are rip11ed for the entire time of interaction and
saved as a .wmv (Example: 4 May VFA-106 HUD.wmv). Squa 1ron lintel personnel shall upload those files
to the repository located at this link.

I

3.5c, (b)(B)

USCENTCOM MDR 26-0019

I

Approved for Release to AARO

01/26/26 001

## DOW-UAP-PR037 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR037
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR037
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Arabian Gulf
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Nine seconds of mystery—just long enough to miss the ending credits.

- DOW-UAP-PR037 video, DoW, 2020, Arabian Gulf, 0:09 length
- Reports nine‑second infrared footage of a linear contrast moving upward on screen
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of nine seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020. The reporter did not provide any oral or written description of the observation.

Video Description:
00:06-00:08: An area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the bottom left quarter of the screen, follows a generally linear path from the bottom of the screen to the top, and exits from the top left quarter.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR038 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2013

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR038
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR038
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 1:46 star could've set a world record for longest zoom‑in.

- DOW-UAP-PR038, DoW video, Middle East, 2013, 1:46 length
- Shows infrared sensor footage of an eight‑pointed star‑like contrast moving and leaving frame
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of one minute and 46 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2013. The reporter did not provide any oral or written description of the observation.

Video Description: This video depicts an area of contrast resembling an eight-pointed star with arms of alternating length.
00:10: The sensor field-of-view narrows to zoom in on the area of contrast.
00:11-00:29: The area of contrast moves within the sensor field-of-view, followed by a visible trail.
00:30: The area of contrast leaves the sensor field-of-view at the bottom right of the screen.
00:35-01:44: Following an apparent cut, the area of contrast generally remains within the sensor field-of-view before exiting the frame from the top left quarter of the screen.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR039 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR039
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR039
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Arabian Gulf
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Five seconds isn’t long enough to binge‑watch the mystery.

- DOW-UAP-PR039, DoW report, 2020, Arabian Gulf video submission
- Five‑second infrared clip shows faint contrast moving right‑to‑left across frame
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of five seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020. The reporter did not provide any oral or written description of the observation.

Video Description:
00:03-00:05: A faint area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the bottom half of the right edge of the screen, proceeds from right to left across the corner of the frame, and exits the scene from near the center of the bottom edge of the screen.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR040 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR040
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR040
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Arabian Gulf
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The pause at 00:10 is the only still frame the file ever shows.

- DOW-UAP-PR040, an infrared video submitted by US Central Command, 2020, Arabian Gulf.
- Shows a small thermal signature highlighted at 00:10, tracked for the remaining minute.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of one minute and three seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020. The original reporter digitally altered the imagery by pausing the video playback and adding a white line encircling an area of interest at timestamp 00:10, annotated with the phrase “U/I SMALL THERMAL SIGNATURE.” AARO did not edit the originally reported material, and this media is presented as received.

Video Description:
00:00-00:09: An area of contrast brightens within the sensor field-of-view, becoming increasingly distinct against the background.
00:10-00:14: Playback pauses to display a white line encircling an area of interest, annotated with the phrase “U/I SMALL THERMAL SIGNATURE.”
00:15-01:03: Playback resumes, with the sensor panning to track the area of contrast against the background, generally maintaining the area of contrast’s position within the top third of the display area. During this period, the sensor cycles through several contrast and zoom settings.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR041 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR041
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR041
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Arabian Gulf
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 1‑minute‑34‑second video really stretched the Gulf’s attention span.

- DOW-UAP-PR041 video, DoW, 2020, Arabian Gulf
- Shows infrared sensor tracking a contrast area across the screen for 1:34
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of one minute and 34 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020. The reporter did not provide any oral or written description of the observation.

Video Description:
00:01: An area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the bottom third of the left side of the screen.
00:02-01:34: The sensor pans from left to right, tracking the area of contrast and keeping it generally centered within the field-of-view.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR042 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR042
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR042
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Arabian Gulf
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

2020 infrared footage: the only thing that zoomed in was the sensor’s patience.

- DOW-UAP-PR042 video, DoW, 2020, Arabian Gulf, 4:53 length.
- Shows infrared sensor tracking intermittent contrast, multiple modality switches, erratic pans.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of four minutes and 53 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020. The reporter did not provide any oral or written description of the observation.

Video Description:
00:00-00:12: An area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the bottom left corner of the frame. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the lower left quadrant of the frame.
00:13-00:40: The area of contrast intermittently loses distinctiveness against the background, seeming to disappear and reappear irregularly.
00:41: The sensor narrows its field-of-view to zoom in on the area of contrast.
00:42-00:52: An area of contrast exits the sensor field-of-view from the left half of the top of the frame, after which the sensor pans up and to the left.
00:53-02:09: The sensor pans erratically, with an area of contrast appearing in a relatively fixed position to the left and slightly below the center of the frame.
02:09-02:29: The sensor switches imaging modalities, and the area of contrast appears to the right and slightly above the center of the frame.
02:30-04:53: The sensor switches imaging modalities again, and the area of contrast returns to its previous position to the left and slightly below the center of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR043 — Unresolved UAP Report, Africa, 2025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR043
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR043
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Djibouti
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Eleven seconds of footage, and the mystery still hasn't hit fast‑forward.

- DOW-UAP-PR043, DoW video from Djibouti, 2025, 0:11 length
- Shows a faint infrared contrast moving left‑to‑right, exiting bottom‑right quarter
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Africa Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of two seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2025. The reporter did not provide any oral or written description of the observation.

Video Description:
00:00-00:02: A small, barely distinguishable area of contrast moves from the left side of the sensor field-of-view to the right side, exiting the scene from the bottom right quarter of the screen.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance. The video is looped for viewing purposes.

## DOW-UAP-PR044 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR044
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR044
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Arabian Gulf
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Turns out the Gulf's most dramatic scene lasted five minutes, twelve seconds—beat most sitcoms.

- DOW-UAP-PR044 video, DoW, 2020, Arabian Gulf, 5:12 length
- Shows infrared sensor tracking a contrasting area with flashes, reticles, zooms and brief exits
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of five minutes and 11 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020. The reporter did not provide any oral or written description of the observation.

Video Description: This video features incidentally recorded audio, which does not relate to the visual content described below.
00:00-00:30: No content.
00:31-03:24: The sensor pans down and to the right to focus on an area of contrast. The sensor tracks the area of contrast against the background for approximately three minutes, panning to maintain its position generally within the center of the frame. The sensor cycles contrast and zoom levels several times throughout, appearing as brief, bright white flashes across the frame.
03:25-04:23: The sensor cycles through reticles of various sizes while continuing to track the area of contrast. Between 04:20 and 04:23, the area of contrast briefly leaves the center of the sensor field-of-view.
04:24-04:50: The sensor field-of-view widens to zoom out from the scene, continuing to track the area of contrast.
04:50-04:54: The sensor stops tracking the area of contrast, at which point it exits the frame from the top left quadrant of the screen.
04:55-05:11: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR045 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR045
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR045
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Southern United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

2020 video lasted 58 seconds; the mystery lasted longer.

- DOW‑UAP‑PR045 video, DoW, 2020, recorded in Southern United States.
- 58‑second infrared video shows contrast area growing, zooming, and exiting bottom‑right of frame.
- AARO notes size change likely due to platform closing distance; no official conclusion.

### Official summary

The Department of the Air Force submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 58 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020. The reporter did not provide any oral or written description of the observation.

Video Description:
00:00-00:03: The sensor tracks an area of contrast acquiring a reticle lock.
00:04-00:30: The area of contrast gradually increases in distinctiveness against the background.
00:31: The sensor narrows its field-of-view to zoom in on the area of contrast.
00:32-00:56: The area of contrast increases in apparent size and distinctiveness.
00:57-00:58: The area of contrast leaves the center of the frame and passes out of the sensor field-of-view, exiting the scene in the bottom right corner of the screen.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

AARO Comment: The area of contrast’s apparent increase in size is likely to be at least partially attributable to the U.S. platform closing the distance between itself and the source of the detection.

## DOW-UAP-PR046 — Unresolved UAP Report, INDOPACOM, 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR046
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR046
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: East China Sea
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Nine seconds of infrared, still not enough to spell out the mystery.

- DOW-UAP-PR046 video, DoW, 2024, East China Sea
- Nine‑second infrared footage shows football‑shaped body with three radial projections
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of nine seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024. The reporter did not provide any oral or written description of the observation.

Video Description:
00:00-00:09: The sensor focuses on an area of contrast that resembles a football-shaped body with three radial projections: one oriented vertically, and two oriented downward at a 45-degree angle relative to the major axis of the main mass.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR047 — Unresolved UAP Report, INDOPACOM, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR047
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR047
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Japan
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At exactly 1:59, even the footage ran out of time to explain itself.

- DOW-UAP-PR047 video, DoW, 2023, Japan infrared sensor
- Shows three contrast areas, multiple moving objects over 1:59 duration
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of one minute and 59 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023. The reporter did not provide any oral or written description of the observation.

Video Description:
00:00-01:59: The sensor tracks three distinct areas of contrast, maintaining their positions generally within the center of the frame. The areas of contrast appear to maintain a fixed position and orientation relative to one another.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR048 — Unresolved UAP Report, INDOPACOM, 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR048
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR048
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Indo-PACOM
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Turns out the most exciting part was the 1‑minute‑39‑second commercial break.

- DOW-UAP-PR048 video report, Department of Defense, submitted 2024, recorded over Indo‑Pacific Command area, 1 min 39 sec.
- Infrared sensor footage shows a static scene with no visible objects, lights, or motion throughout the 1:39 duration.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of one minute and 39 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024. The reporter did not provide any oral or written description of the observation.

Video Description:
00:00-01:39: The sensor tracks an area of contrast, maintaining its position generally within the center of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR049 — Unresolved UAP Report, Department of the Army, 2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR049
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR049
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: North America
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The clip runs 1:49, perfect for a quick bathroom pause.

- DOW-UAP-PR049 video report, Department of the Army, 2026, North America, 1 minute 49 seconds.
- Shows infrared sensor tracking multiple contrasting light sources with zoom and pan maneuvers, without observer description.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Department of the Army submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of one minute and 49 seconds of video from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2026. The reporter did not provide any oral or written description of the observation.

Video Description:
00:00-00:08: The sensor tracks an initial area of interest.
00:09-00:16: The sensor disengages from its previous area of focus and pans from right to left to track two areas of contrast, narrowing the field-of-view to zoom in while panning to maintain the objects' positions generally within the center of the frame.
00:17-01:03: The sensor widens its field-of-view to zoom out, keeping the areas of contrast generally centered within the display.
01:04-01:08: The sensor field-of-view rapidly cycles between levels of zoom, causing the areas of contrast to appear to rapidly increase and decrease in size.
01:09-01:48: The sensor tracks the areas of contrast while maintaining a generally centered position, intermittently cycling between contrast settings.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR050 — "4 UAP Formation Iran 26 Aug 2022 over water [CALLSIGN]"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR050
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR050
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Nine seconds of infrared dance over water on 26 August 2022—still no curtain call.

- DOW-UAP-PR050 video, Department of War, 2022, CENTCOM, 0:09 duration.
- Shows four infrared contrast objects moving, plus an additional contrast entering from top left.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “4 UAP Formation Iran 26 Aug 2022 over water [CALLSIGN],” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2022. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 00:00:20
Video Description:
00:01-00:04: Four areas of contrast transit the sensor field-of-view, entering from the lower third of the left side of the screen and exiting near the center of the bottom of the frame.
00:05-00:06: An area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the top left corner of the screen.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR051 — "Syrian UAP instant acceleration"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR051
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR051
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2021
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Uploaded June 2024, so the video’s edits are older than its paperwork.

- DOW-UAP-PR051 video, Department of War, recorded 2021, CENTCOM AOR, 5:02 length.
- Shows infrared sensor tracking contrast, then losing track causing rapid exit, with multiple speed‑altered replays.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “Syrian UAP instant acceleration,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2021. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 00:05:02
Video Description: This media was digitally altered prior to its upload to a classified network, and is presented as received.
00:01-00:19: The sensor pans to maintain the position of an area of contrast within the center of the frame.
00:20-00:21: The sensor stops tracking the area of contrast, causing it to rapidly exit the right side of the frame.
00:22-00:27: No content.
00:27-00:29 A black screen appears featuring the phrase “white edge threshold enhancement in attempt to highlight UAP shape. Original clip excerpt at 100% speed.” 
00:30-00:50: The video replays with digital alterations applied.
00:51-00:53: A black screen appears featuring the phrase “50% speed.”
00:54-01:05: The video replays with digital alterations applied.
01:06-01:08: A black screen appears featuring the phrase “25% speed.”
01:09-01:35: The video replays with digital alterations applied.
01:36-01:41: A black screen appears featuring the phrase “B/W values inverted, picture zoomed”
01:42-02:03: The video replays with digital alterations applied.
02:04-02:09: A black screen appears featuring the phrase “full original clip TRT: 2:52”
02:10-03:49: The video replays, showing additional footage of the area of contrast at its original resolution on a far zoom.
03:50-04:02: The sensor rapidly zooms in and out.
04:03-04:28: The sensor focuses and zooms in, locking a reticle around the area of contrast.
04:29-5:01: The video replays 00:20-00:21, the period in which the sensor stops tracking the area of contrast, causing it to rapidly exit the right side of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR052 — "UAP USO Formation [CALLSIGN] (Mission)"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR052
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR052
- Agency: Department of War
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The only thing clearer than the video is the mysterious ‘92M N’ watermark.

- DOW-UAP-PR052 video, DoW, 8:15 length, uploaded June 2024; requested March 6 2026 by House members.
- Infrared sensor footage over water, digitally altered, shows shifting contrast zones, cut segments, overlays, letters ‘N’, ‘92M N’.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “UAP USO Formation [CALLSIGN] (Mission),” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 00:08:16
Video Description: This media was digitally altered prior to its upload to a classified network, and is presented as received.

00:00-00:05: Four areas of contrast transit the frame from the bottom third of the left side to the bottom third of the right side of the frame.
00:06-00:38: The video appears to cut, refocusing on four areas of contrast. Visual elements of the sensor display enter and exit the frame.
00:39-06:08: The video seems to cut multiple times, applying various contrast filters and zoom levels. Visual elements of the sensor display enter and exit the frame.
06:09-06:50: The sensor zooms in on four areas of contrast.
06:51-08:10: The areas of contrast become increasingly indistinct over time as the video quality degrades.
08:11-08:15: Video appears to cut, or zoom out, likely cutting to an earlier portion of the video, with the areas of contrast more visible.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR053 — "Cigar Shaped or Fast Spherical UAP clip 15 OCT 22"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR053
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR053
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The 21‑second clip needed extra time to rehearse its slow‑motion.

- DOW-UAP-PR053 video, DoW, recorded Oct 2022, CENTCOM, 0:21 long
- Shows infrared contrast moving, replayed at slowed speeds; uploader notes digital alteration
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “Cigar Shaped or Fast Spherical UAP clip 15 OCT 22,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in October 2022. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 00:00:21
Video Description: This media was digitally altered prior to its upload to a classified network, and is presented as received.

00:01-00:04: An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view from left to right. 
00:06-00:14: The video replays at a slower speed.
00:15-00:21: The video replays again at an even slower speed.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR054 — "Spherical UAP Erratic movement [CALLSIGN] (Mission) 2022"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR054
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR054
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: EUCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Even the June 2024 uploader couldn’t edit the file’s mysterious title away.

- DOW-UAP-PR054 video, Department of War, recorded August 2022, EUCOM, 3 min 57 sec
- Describes infrared‑sensor footage of a moving light/contrast, digitally altered, uploaded June 2024
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is “Spherical UAP Erratic movement [CALLSIGN] (Mission) 2022,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating in the United States European Command area of responsibility in August 2022. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 00:03:57
Video Description: This media was digitally altered prior to its upload to a classified network, and is presented as received. 

00:00-00:45: The video features an area of contrast generally within the center the frame. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast. Digital alterations to the video footage significantly influence the area of contrast’s apparent performance characteristics.
00:46-03:57: The video appears to cut, refocusing on an area of contrast generally within the center of the frame. The area of contrast intermittently passes in and out of frame as the sensor pans to track it.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR055 — "Spherical UAP over AFG in and out of clouds 23 Nov 2020"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR055
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR055
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That green crosshair’s the only thing staying still in a moving video.

- DOW-UAP-PR055 video, DoW, recorded November 2020, CENTCOM area
- Infrared footage shows a spherical contrast moving through clouds, digitally altered, 47 seconds
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “Spherical UAP over AFG in and out of clouds 23 Nov 2020,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating in the United States Central Command area of responsibility in November 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 00:00:47
Video Description: This media was digitally altered prior to its upload to a classified network, and is presented as received.

00:00-00:02: A black screen appears featuring the phrase “zoomed in.”
00:03-00:10: An area of contrast becomes visible near the top left corner of the screen, transiting from left to right before losing distinctiveness against the background.
00:11-00:12: A black screen appears featuring the phrase “sharpened, zoomed motion tracked contrast enhanced slow to 60% speed.”
00:12-00:28: The video replays at reduced speed and increased zoom level.
00:28-00:29: A black screen appears featuring the phrase, “original video.”
00:30-00:47: An area of contrast appears near the center of the top of the frame, transits downward to the left, before moving to the right and losing distinctiveness against the background.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR056 — "Spherical UAP pulsing over water [CALLSIGN]"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR056
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR056
- Agency: Department of War
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video’s only secret was its June 2024 upload date, not the lights.

- DOW-UAP-PR056 video, Department of War, 3 min 32 sec, uploaded June 2024 to a classified network.
- Infrared sensor footage shows a central contrast area with multiple moving bright spots and light sources over water.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “Spherical UAP pulsing over water [CALLSIGN],” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 00:03:32
Video Description: This media was digitally altered prior to its upload to a classified network, and is presented as received.

00:01-0:47: The video features an area of contrast generally within the center of the frame.
00:48-00:52: The sensor briefly switches contrast modes, with the area of contrast remaining generally within the center of the frame.
00:53-03:32: The sensor returns to its original contrast mode, with the area of contrast remaining generally within the center of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR057a — "Spherical UAP in clouds"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR057a
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR057a
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Yellow Sea
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The crosshair stayed longer than the 1‑minute‑10‑second video.

- DOW-UAP-PR057a video from DoW, recorded January 2023 over Yellow Sea.
- Infrared sensor shows moving contrast patches and occasional small white object amid clouds, with pans and zooms.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody. 
AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “Spherical UAP in clouds,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating above the Yellow Sea in January 2023. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 1:10
Video Description: 
00:00-00:06: No content.
00:07-00:08: An area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from left and exits near the center of the right side of the frame.
00:09-00:20: The sensor pans and cycles zoom levels multiple times.
00:21-00:31: An area of contrast enters the frame from the left side of the screen. The area of contrast becomes indistinguishable against the background.
00:32-00:34: The sensor zooms in. An area of contrast becomes distinguishable against the background near the center of the frame.
00:35-00:52: The sensor pans to track the area of contrast from left to right.
00:53-00:56: The sensor zooms in. An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view from left to right in the bottom third of the frame. 
00:57-01:10: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

AARO Comment: This media is a duplicate of DOW-UAP-PR57b, alternately titled, “[Platform] observes UAP in East China Sea 05 JAN 2023 INDOPACOM.” This discrepancy exists because two uploaders titled the underlying material differently on a classified network.

## DOW-UAP-PR058 — "[CALLSIGN] (Mission) UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR058
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR058
- Agency: Department of War
- Location: INDOPACOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

After 10:48, even the video gives up on staying clear.

- DOW-UAP-PR058 video, Department of War, uploaded June 2024, Indo‑Pacific Command area
- Infrared sensor footage shows multiple light objects moving across crosshairs, with digital enhancements and degradation
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “[CALLSIGN] (Mission) UAP,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Indo-Pacific Command area of responsibility. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024. 

Video Duration: 00:10:48
Video Description: This media was digitally altered prior to its upload to a classified network, and is presented as received.

00:01-00:04: A black screen appears featuring the phrase, “[CALLSIGN] recording - 8x speed possible changes of shape stabilized and enhanced 38 secs.”
00:05-00:41: An area of contrast remains centered within the frame. Visual elements of the sensor display enter and exit the frame intermittently throughout.
00:42-00:45: A black screen appears featuring the phrase, “UAP recording original speed stabilized, sharpened, contrast enhanced 5 min.”
00:46-05:45: An area of contrast remains generally within the center of the frame. The sensor cycles contrast modes multiple times.
05:46-05:48: A black screen appears featuring the phrase, “UAP recording original clip 5 minutes.” 
05:49-10:48: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast keeping it generally within the center of the frame. The overall quality of the footage progressively degrades throughout.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR059 — "NAG UAP 1 Jun 20"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR059
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR059
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Four years after filming, the video finally got a classified upload date.

- DOW-UAP-PR059 video, Department of War, 2020, Central Command, 4:51 length
- Infrared sensor tracks a persistent contrast area, zooming and panning across frames
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “NAG UAP 1 Jun 20,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 00:04:51
Video Description:
00:02-00:36: An area of contrast appears in the sensor field-of-view. The sensor zooms and pans to keep the area of contrast in the field-of-view. 
00:37-03:37: The sensor continues to pan to track the area of contrast, highlighting it with a reticle.
03:38: The area of contrast exits the sensor field-of-view, leaving the frame in the bottom left quarter of the screen. 
03:39-04:35: The sensor zooms out, pans to track the area of contrast, and zooms in to keep the area of contrast in the field-of-view.
04:36-04:51: The sensor cycles zoom levels to keep the area of contrast within the sensor field-of-view.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR060 — "Spherical UAP [CALLSIGN] 2021/04/12 obj 2"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR060
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR060
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2021
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video was uploaded June 2024—perfect timing for a summer watch party.

- DOW-UAP-PR060 video by DoW, recorded 2021 in CENTCOM area.
- Shows sensor panning, zooming, and largely static frames with no visible changes.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “Spherical UAP [CALLSIGN] 2021/04/12 obj 2,” is likely derived from a full-motion video camera and an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2021. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 00:04:50
Video Description:
00:00-00:26: An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view from right to left. The sensor pans and zooms in and out to track the area of contrast.
00:27-02:04: The area of contrast re-enters the sensor field-of-view. The sensor pans to the left and up to track it.
02:05-04:50: The sensor refocuses on the original subject matter of the video.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR061 — "Spherical UAP [CALLSIGN] 2021/04/12 vid 0"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR061
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR061
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2021
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 2021 video finally debuted in June 2024—fashionably late.

- DOW-UAP-PR061 video, DoW, recorded 2021, CENTCOM, 4:46 length
- Shows contrast area entering frame, sensor tracks, then becomes indistinct; AI notes minor light spots
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is “Spherical UAP [CALLSIGN] 2021/04/12 vid 0,” is likely derived from a full-motion video camera and an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2021. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 00:04:46
Video Description:
03:02-04:00: An area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the upper right corner of the frame, exiting in the bottom right corner of the screen. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast, centering it within the sensor field-of-view.
04:01-04:46: The sensor changes modes as the area of contrast becomes indistinct against the background.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR062 — "Spherical UAP [CALLSIGN] 2021/04/12 vid 1"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR062
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR062
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2021
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Uploaded May 2024, yet the video still can't find its own spotlight.

- DOW-UAP-PR062 video, Department of War, 2021, CENTCOM, 4:49 length
- Sensor pans, zooms, tracks contrast; occasional fleeting light spots and dark blobs, no stable objects
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “Spherical UAP [CALLSIGN] 2021/04/12 vid 1,” is likely derived from a full-motion video camera and an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2021. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in May 2024.

Video Duration: 00:04:49
Video Description:
00:00-04:49: The sensor pans and cycles zoom levels to track an area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the sensor field-of-view.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR063 — "Spherical UAP [CALLSIGN] 2021/04/12 vid 2"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR063
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR063
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2021
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 4:49 the video quits before the mystery does.

- DOW-UAP-PR063 video, DoW, 2021, CENTCOM, 4:49 length
- Shows sensor pans tracking contrast, then pans away; AI notes light sources and scene shifts
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “Spherical UAP [CALLSIGN] 2021/04/12 vid 2,” is likely derived from a full-motion video camera and an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2021. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in May 2024.

Video Duration: 00:04:49
Video Description:
00:00-00:49: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the sensor field-of-view.
00:50: The sensor pans away from the area of contrast.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR064 — "AFSOC Kabul UAP Jul 2017"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR064
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR064
- Agency: Department of War
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Seventeen seconds of footage, yet the upload waited until June 2024 to appear.

- DOW-UAP-PR064 video, DoW, uploaded June 2024, sensor in CENTCOM, 0:17 length.
- Shows infrared contrast moving left‑to‑right, 14‑15 seconds; first 13 seconds empty.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “AFSOC Kabul UAP Jul 2017,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 00:00:17
Video Description:
00:00-00:13: No content.
00:14-00:15: An area of contrast moves into the sensor field-of-view from the left edge and moves to the right edge out of the field-of-view.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR065 — "USCG C-144 Tyndall UAP 2 TIC TAC IR hot 24 April 2024"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR065
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR065
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2024
- Location: Southeastern United States
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Looks like the video was ‘hot’ enough to get uploaded before it cooled off.

- File DOW-UAP-PR065, a DoW video from 2024, recorded Southeast US, 0:39 long.
- Infrared sensor aboard a USCG platform pans, maintaining contrast then loses it as area exits view.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “USCG C-144 Tyndall UAP 2 TIC TAC IR hot 24 April 2024,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. Coast Guard platform operating in the Southeastern United States in 2024. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 00:00:38
Video Description:
00:00-00:32: A sensor pans to keep an area of contrast in its field-of-view.
00:33: The sensor pans to the left causing the area of contrast to leave the field-of-view on the right side of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR066 — "USCG C-144 Tyndall UAP 1 TIC TAC IR hot 24 April 2024"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR066
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR066
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2024
- Location: Southeastern United States
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

April 24 2024: the only thing hotter than the IR sensor was the file’s title.

- DoW video DOW-UAP-PR066, 48‑second infrared clip, uploaded June 2024, recorded April 24, 2024, SE United States.
- Shows contrast patches and moving objects; sensor fails to track them, leaving frame on both sides.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “USCG C-144 Tyndall UAP 1 TIC TAC IR hot 24 April 2024,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. Coast Guard platform operating in the Southeastern United States in 2024. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2024.

Video Duration: 00:00:48
Video Description:
00:09-00:15: An area of contrast appears from the upper right side of the screen. The sensor does not pan to track the area of contrast, causing it to leave the field-of-view on the left side of the frame. 
00:33-00:48: An area of contrast enters the field-of-view from the lower right side of the screen and leaves the field-of-view on the lower left side of the screen. The sensor pans to the left, but is unable to track the area of contrast.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR067 — "Multiple Spherical UAP USO near Sub. [CALLSIGN] 2022/03/25 in and out of water"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR067
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR067
- Agency: Department of War
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video was uploaded in May 2024, just in time for spring cleaning.

- DOW-UAP-PR067 video, Department of War, 4:50, uploaded May 2024
- Shows multiple spherical infrared contrasts moving across water, tracked by a panning sensor
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “Multiple Spherical UAP USO near Sub. [CALLSIGN] 2022/03/25 in and out of water,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in May 2024.

Video Duration: 00:04:50
Video Description:
00:45-00:56: An area of contrast enters the field-of-view from the bottom left side of the screen and moves to the bottom right of the screen. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast. 
00:57-01:10: A second area of contrast enters the field-of-view from the bottom right side of the screen. The sensor pans to keep both objects in its field-of-view, but the second object briefly leaves the field of view off the right side of the screen. The first area of contrast leaves the field-of-view off the right side of the frame, and the sensor pans to continue tracking the second object, which then appears from the middle of the left side of the frame.
01:11-01:35: The sensor continues to pan to track the second area of contrast.
01:36: The sensor zooms out, losing view of the second area of contrast.
02:11-03:05: An area of contrast enters the field-of-view from the lower right side of the screen, moves off the left side of the screen, and the sensor pans to track it. The area of contrast reenters the field-of-view from the lower right side of the screen and the sensor continues to pan to track it.
04:09-04:37: An area of contrast enters the field-of-view from the right side of the screen, crosses the field-of-view, and the sensor pans to track it.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR068 — "IIR 1 666 S0151 23/Video Footage of Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon (UAP) captured by fifth generation aircraft on 20 Jan 23"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR068
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR068
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: NORTHCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video’s 1‑minute‑3‑second runtime beats most congressional hearings.

- DOW-UAP-PR068 video, Department of War, uploaded July 2023, captured in NORTHCOM
- Infrared sensor tracks multiple high‑contrast objects over 1:03, with crosshair colour change
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “IIR 1 666 S0151 23/Video Footage of Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon (UAP) captured by fifth generation aircraft on 20 Jan 23,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Northern Command area of responsibility in 2023. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in July 2023.

Video Duration: 00:01:03
Video Description:
00:00-00:31: A sensor tracks an area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the field-of-view.
00:32-01:03: The area of contrast briefly moves in and out of the field-of-view from the top of the frame as the sensor pans to track it.
00:48: A second area of contrast becomes visible in the upper right quarter of the screen.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR069 — "F/A-18 FLIR UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR069
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR069
- Agency: Department of War
- Location: NORTHCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 29‑second clip was uploaded before the House even finished their request.

- DOW-UAP-PR069 video, DoW, July 2023 upload, Northern Command, 0:29 length
- Shows infrared sensor crosshair tracking contrast; object appears, moves, then disappears
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “F/A-18 FLIR UAP,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Northern Command area of responsibility in 2022. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in July 2023.

Video Duration: 00:00:29
Video Description: A sensor pans to track an area of contrast. At the 14 second mark, a reticle surrounds the area of contrast. At the 27 second mark, the reticle loses its track on the area of contrast.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR070 — "IIR 1 655 S0301 23/Eglin AFB Aircrew Observed Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) on 13 Feb 23"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR070
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR070
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Southeastern United States
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Thirty seconds of mystery, and the only thing that vanished was the metadata.

- DOW-UAP-PR070 video, DoW, uploaded March 2023, recorded 13 Feb 2023 near Eglin AFB, SE USA.
- Infrared sensor shows moving object crossing crosshairs, contrast loss at 22 s, 30‑second duration.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “IIR 1 655 S0301 23/Eglin AFB Aircrew Observed Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) on 13 Feb 23,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Northern Command area of responsibility in 2023. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in March 2023.

Video Duration: 00:00:30
Video Description: A sensor pans to keep an area of contrast in the center of its field-of-view, cycling contrast modes multiple times. At the 22 second mark, the area of contrast loses distinctiveness against the background.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR071 — "USAF ANG F-16C (callsign [CALLSIGN]) Shoots Down UAP over Lake Huron with [Weapon System], 12 Feb 2023"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR071
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR071
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: NORTHCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video lasts 46 seconds—just enough time to miss the ending.

- Video DOW-UAP-PR071, USAF ANG F-16C, uploaded Feb 2023, recorded over Lake Huron, NORTHCOM.
- Infrared sensor shows light source moving, brightness drop, then apparent kinetic interaction and fragmentation.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “USAF ANG F-16C (callsign [CALLSIGN]) Shoots Down UAP over Lake Huron with [Weapon System], 12 Feb 2023,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Northern Command area of responsibility in 2023. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in February 2023.

Video Duration: 00:00:46
Video Description: At the 11 second mark, the sensor focuses on an area of contrast in the center of its field-of-view. At the 20 second mark, the footage appears to depict a kinetic interaction between two distinct areas of contrast, with the initial subject of the footage fragmenting in a radial displacement pattern that suggests a high-energy event.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR072 — "ADMINISTRATIVE REVISION: IIR 1777 J0032 22 Kazakhstan - UAP in the vicinity of Karaganda International Airport"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR072
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR072
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Kazakhstan
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “ADMINISTRATIVE REVISION: IIR 1777 J0032 22 Kazakhstan - UAP in the vicinity of Karaganda International Airport,” is likely derived from a commercially available cellular device’s rear-facing camera in February 2022. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in April 2023. 

Video Duration: 00:00:17
Video Description: This media was digitally altered prior to its upload to a classified network, and is presented as received.

00:00-00:03: No Content.
00:04-00:12: The video fades in from black to show a luminous phenomenon with trails of diminishing brightness extending from the center. The camera pans left and right, and zooms in on the phenomenon.
00:13: Video fades to black.
00:14-00:17: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR073 — IIR 1 655 S0053 23/Several Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Encountered In The Vicinity of Columbus OH"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR073
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR073
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Midwestern United States
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Uploaded in March 2023, just when the classified network needed a spring tidy.

- DOW-UAP-PR073 is a Department of War infrared video, recorded November 2022 near Columbus, Ohio.
- The video shows rotating sensor views, contrast patches, and transient bright spots across multiple frames.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “IIR 1 655 S0053 23/Several Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Encountered In The Vicinity of Columbus OH,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Northern Command area of responsibility in November 2022. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in March 2023.

Video Duration: 00:01:28
Video Description:
00:00-00:04: No content.
00:05-00:07: The sensor pans to center a small area of contrast within its field-of-view.
00:11-00:37: The sensor cycles contrast modes and zoom levels while the area of contrast remains generally within the sensor field-of-view.
00:38-00:41: The orientation of the sensor relative to the area of contrast causes the area of contrast to appear to rotate.
00:42-01:14: A second area of contrast enters the frame from near the center of the top of the screen. It transits the sensor field-of-view, before becoming obscured by a redacted visual element of the sensor display.
01:17: The initial area of contrast loses distinctiveness against the background.
01:20: The sensor rotates, causing the second area of contrast to re-enter the scene before exiting the frame at the center of the top of the screen.
01:23-01:28: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR074 — "[CALLSIGN] (Mission)HD 20220613"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR074
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR074
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 4‑minute‑45‑second clip waited six months for a June‑2022 upload.

- DOW-UAP-PR074 video, DoW, June 2022, CENTCOM, 4 minutes 45 seconds.
- Describes infrared sensor panning, zooming, and tracking multiple contrast areas throughout the 4:45 clip.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “[CALLSIGN] (Mission) HD_20220613,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating in the United States Central Command area of responsibility in June 2022. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2022.

Video Duration: 00:04:45
Video Description:
00:00-00:10: The sensor pans from right to left tracking an area of contrast moving towards the center of the field-of-view, before losing distinctiveness against the background.
00:11-00:14: The sensor zooms in. An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view, entering from the right and exiting from the left side of the frame.
00:15-00:43: The sensor zooms out to track an area of contrast.  
00:44-00:47: The sensor zooms in. An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view, entering from the right and exiting from the left side of the frame.
00:48-01:05: The sensor cycles its zoom settings multiple times.
01:06-01:13: A small area of contrast transits from the right to the center of the sensor field-of-view.
01:14-01:18: The sensor zooms in on an area of contrast. The area of contrast transits from the right to the center of the frame while the sensor pans up.
01:19-02:05: The sensor zooms and pans to track the area of contrast until it exits the field-of-view at the top of the display.
02:06-03:42: No content.
03:43-03:47: Several areas of contrast become visible near the center of the sensor field-of-view.
03:48-03:50: No content.
03:51-04:00: Four small areas of contrast become visible in the center of the sensor field-of-view. The sensor pans to track the areas of contrast.
04:01-04:21: The sensor cycles its zoom level out and pans to the right to track an area of contrast in the bottom right of the field-of-view.
04:22-04:39: The sensor cycles its zoom level to focus on an area of contrast multiple times.
04:40-04:43: The sensor switches modalities and refocuses on an area of contrast centered in its field-of-view.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR075 — "09JUN2021 [Platform] observed UAP in the ECS"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR075
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR075
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2021
- Location: East China Sea
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That mysterious ‘N’ probably stands for “No data after 18 seconds.

- DOW-UAP-PR075 video, Department of War, June 9 2021, East China Sea platform.
- Infrared sensor tracks moving object, pans, loses sight at 18 seconds; overlay ‘N’ appears.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “09JUN2021 [Platform] observed UAP in the ECS,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating above the East China Sea in 2021. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in June 2021.

Video Duration: 00:00:23
Video Description:
00:01-00:18: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast. At the 18 second mark, the sensor loses sight of the object.
00:19-00:23: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR076 — "03 January 2021 [CALLSIGN] (Mission) observes UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR076
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR076
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2021
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 4 minutes 57 seconds, even the camera got bored and stopped watching.

- Video from DoW, dated 03 January 2021, recorded in CENTCOM AOR.
- Infrared sensor tracks brief contrast area, then zooms out, with minimal movement.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is “03 January 2021 [CALLSIGN] (Mission) observes UAP,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in January 2021. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in January 2021.

Video Duration: 00:04:57
Video Description:
00:00-01:51: No content.
01:52-02:48: An area of contrast becomes visible near the center of the top half of the frame. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the field-of-view.
02:49-02:55: The sensor zooms in. The area of contrast exits the frame in the bottom left of the display.
02:55-04:57: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR077 — "2 November 2020 [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] Observes and tracks UAP 1 of 2"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR077
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR077
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That November 2020 infrared clip is so bright, even the crosshair needed sunglasses.

- File DOW-UAP-PR077, video, 4:58, recorded November 2020, CENTCOM, Department of War
- Infrared sensor shows static scene with a small bright spot moving across a crosshair
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is “2 November 2020 [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] Observes and tracks UAP 1 of 2,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in November 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in November 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:58
Video Description:
00:00-03:21: The sensor pans to keep a low area of contrast within the center of the field-of-view. The relative intensity of the area of contrast increases throughout the video.
03:15-03:17: A second area of contrast transits the top right corner of the sensor field-of-view.
03:22-04:58: The sensor pans from the first area of contrast to the second area of contrast and pans to keep it within the field-of-view.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

AARO Comment: DOW-UAP-PR077 and DOW-UAP-PR078 are not duplicates. Both videos depict highly similar subject matter, but are distinct.

## DOW-UAP-PR078 — "2 November 2020 [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] Observes and tracks UAP 2 of 2"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR078
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR078
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

November 2 2020: when the sensor had more moves than a chess player’s opening.

- DOW-UAP-PR078 video, DoW, November 2 2020, CENTCOM, 4:58 duration
- Infrared sensor tracks multiple low‑contrast objects moving across field‑of‑view
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “2 November 2020 [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] Observes and tracks UAP 2 of 2,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in November 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in November 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:58
Video Description:
00:00-03:21: The sensor pans to keep a low area of contrast within the center of the field-of-view. The relative intensity of the area of contrast increases throughout the video.
03:15-03:17: A second area of contrast transits the top right corner of the sensor field-of-view.
03:22-04:58: The sensor pans from the first area of contrast to the second area of contrast and pans to keep it within the field-of-view.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

AARO Comment: DOW-UAP-PR077 and DOW-UAP-PR078 are not duplicates. Both videos depict highly similar subject matter, but are distinct.

## DOW-UAP-PR079 — "29 October 2020 [CALLSIGN] (Mission) observes 3 fast moving UAP's"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR079
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR079
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Even the 4‑minute video runs slower than the sensor’s crosshair spin.

- DOW video DOW-UAP-PR079, uploaded Oct 2020, recorded by infrared sensor in CENTCOM.
- Shows infrared sensor panning, zooming, tracking multiple contrast areas over a 4‑minute duration.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “29 October 2020 [CALLSIGN] (Mission) observes 3 fast moving UAP’s,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in October 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in October 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:00
Video Description:
00:02-00:22: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast.
00:23-00:28: The sensor zooms in.
00:29-01:01: The sensor zooms out, panning to track an area of contrast.
01:02-01:17: A second area of contrast enters the frame from the top left quarter of the screen. Both remain in the frame for approximately 15 seconds.
01:18-1:41: The sensor pans to track the second area of contrast, causing the first to exit the frame at the bottom of the screen. The area of contrast remains generally within the center of the sensor field-of-view.
01:42-1:58: The sensor pans and cycles its zoom level multiple times. No content.
01:59-02:58: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast. The area of contrast becomes increasingly indistinct against the background.
02:59-04:00: The sensor pans and cycles its zoom level multiple times. No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR080 — "20 October 2020 [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] Observes UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR080
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR080
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video’s 4:54 runtime beats most congressional hearings on it.

- DOW-UAP-PR080 video, Department of War, recorded 20 Oct 2020, CENTCOM AO.
- Infrared sensor shows several contrast areas moving across the field‑of‑view at noted timestamps.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “20 October 2020 [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] Observes UAP,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in October 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:54
Video Description:
01:17-01:21: An area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the top right of the screen. The sensor pans toward the object, then pans away. 
02:45-02:46: An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view across the bottom right quarter to the bottom middle edge of the screen.
03:12-03:13: An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view from the top right quarter to the bottom left quarter, after which the sensor changes modes and attempts to track the area of contrast.
03:20-03:21: An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view from the top right quarter to the bottom left quarter, after which the sensor changes modes and attempts to track the area of contrast.
03:35-03:36: An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view across the bottom right quarter, after which the sensor attempts to track the area of contrast.
03:40-03:41: An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view across the bottom right quarter to the bottom middle edge of the screen, after which the sensor attempts to track the area of contrast.
04:02-04:03: An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view across the bottom right quarter to the bottom middle edge of the screen, after which the sensor attempts to track the area of contrast.
04:22-04:23: An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view across the bottom left quarter.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR081 — "18 Oct 2020 [CALLSIGN] observes UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR081
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR081
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: AFRICOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The only thing moving faster than the contrast was the file’s upload timestamp.

- DOW video DOW-UAP-PR081, uploaded Oct 2020, AFRICOM, 4:59 length, from infrared sensor
- Shows brief contrast transit 00:58‑01:03; later static frames with occasional light changes
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “18 Oct 2020 [CALLSIGN] observes UAP,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Africa Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in October 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:59
Video Description:
00:00-00:57: No content.
00:58-01:03: An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view, entering from near the top left corner of the screen and exiting near the bottom right corner of the screen.
01:04-04:59: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR082 — "16 OCT 2020 [CALLSIGN] views UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR082
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR082
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: AFRICOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 2020 clip outlasted most budget briefings.

- DOW-UAP-PR082 video, Department of War, 16 Oct 2020, AFRICOM area.
- Infrared sensor footage shows multiple moving light contrasts and objects over 4:57 minutes.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “16 OCT 2020 [CALLSIGN] views UAP,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Africa Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in October 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:46
Video Description:
00:28-00:29: An area of contrast transits the frame from the middle left side of the frame to the upper right side of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR083 — "7 October 2020 [CALLSIGN] observes UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR083
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR083
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The footage is 4 minutes 34 seconds—long enough to miss lunch.

- DOW‑UAP‑PR083 video, DoW, uploaded Oct 2020, CENTRAL Command, 4:34 long
- Infrared sensor tracks multiple moving contrast patches across 0‑4:34, with zoom and modality changes
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “7 October 2020 [CALLSIGN] observes UAP,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in October 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in October 2020.
Video Duration: 00:04:34
Video Description:
00:09-00:25: An area of contrast enters the right side of the sensor field-of-view. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.
00:26-03:20: The sensor cycles its zoom level multiple times, panning to track the area of contrast.
03:21-04:08: The sensor cycles modalities and zoom levels multiple times to focus on a faint area of contrast.
04:09: The area of contrast loses distinctiveness against the background.
04:10-04:26: No content.
04:27-04:34: An area of contrast appears on the right side of the sensor field-of-view, and the sensor pans to bring the area of contrast to the center of the display.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR084 — "17 Sept 2020 [CALLSIGN] observes UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR084
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR084
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Four minutes and thirteen seconds of clouds—perfect for a briefing on weather, not mysteries.

- DOW-UAP-PR084 video, DoW, uploaded Sep 2020, CENTCOM area, 4:13 length.
- Shows clouds, contrast areas, city views, occasional light sources, with sensor overlay.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “17 Sept 2020 [CALLSIGN] observes UAP,” is likely derived from a full-motion video camera aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in September 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:13
Video Description:
00:00-00:24: No Content.
00:25-00:27: An area of contrast enters from the lower right-hand side of the screen and exits the screen in the upper left.
00:28-04:13 No Content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR085 — "16 Sept 2020 [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] observes UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR085
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR085
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 4:44 video is longer than most congressional hearings on UAPs.

- DOW-UAP-PR085 video, Department of War, recorded 2020, CENTCOM area
- Shows a contrast area and multiple small bright/dark spots moving across frames
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “16 Sept 2020 [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] observes UAP,” is likely derived from a full-motion video camera aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in September 2020.
Video Duration: 00:04:44
Video Description:
00:00-01:17: No Content.
01:18-02:24: An area of contrast enters the bottom of the screen and moves up the screen as the sensor pans and zooms to hold it in the center of the frame.
02:25-04:29: The sensor zooms in, with the area of contrast remaining generally within the center of the frame.
04:30-04:44: The area of contrast leaves the field-of-view in the lower left-hand quarter of the screen.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR086 — "UAP from Dec 2019 (East Coast)"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR086
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR086
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2019
- Location: NORTHCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Uploaded September 2020, proving the 2019 footage waited a year for its debut.

- DOW-UAP-PR086 video, Department of War, 2019, NORTHCOM area
- Infrared sensor tracks contrast; light source appears, object moves, then black cut
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “UAP from Dec 2019 (East Coast),” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Northern Command area of responsibility in 2019. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in September 2020.
Video Duration: 00:00:34
Video Description:
00:00-00:02: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast.
00:03-00:21: The sensor switches contrast modes while tracking an area of contrast.
00:22-00:23: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast.
00:24-00:34: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR087 — "05 September 2020 [CALLSIGN] UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR087
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR087
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video’s only excitement is a 4‑second contrast streak, not a plot twist.

- Video DOW-UAP-PR087, Department of War, uploaded Sep 2020, CENTCOM, 4:54 length.
- Shows intermittent contrast areas and moving spots on infrared sensor frames.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “05 September 2020 [CALLSIGN] UAP,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in September 2020.
Video Duration: 00:04:54
Video Description:
00:00-01:22: No content.
01:23-01:26: An area of contrast transits the screen, entering from the bottom and exiting the top of the frame.
01:27-02:52: No content.
02:53-02:56: An area of contrast transits the screen, entering from the bottom and exiting the top of the frame.
02:57-04:21: No Content.
04:22-04:26: An area of contrast transits the screen, entering from the bottom and exiting the top of the frame.
04:27-04:54: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR088 — "31 AUG [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] Observes UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR088
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR088
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

2020 video uploaded in August—because even the UAP needed a summer release.

- DOW-UAP-PR088 video, Department of War, infrared, 2020, CENTCOM AOR
- Shows multiple moving contrast spots across 4:58, described with timestamps and sensor overlays
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “31 AUG 2020 [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] Observes UAP,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in August 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:58
Video Description:
00:00-01:21: No content.
01:22-01:55: An area of contrast enters the field-of-view in the upper left corner of the screen, transits the frame, and exits the bottom of the screen.
01:56-02:47: The sensor cycles its zoom level several times. An area of contrast becomes visible in the lower half of the screen.
02:48-03:08: Another area of contrast enters the field-of-view from the left side of the screen.
03:09-03:29: The sensor pans to track the second area of contrast. The first area of contrast exits the field-of-view at the left edge of the screen.
03:30-04:58: Several areas of contrast enter and exit the field-of-view. The sensor remains focused on the second-appearing area of contrast.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR089 — "31 AUG [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] Observes UAP part2"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR089
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR089
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 4:58 video is just a long‑night shift for the sensor operator.

- DOW video DOW-UAP-PR089, infrared sensor, 2020, CENTCOM, 4:58 long
- Describes multiple transient light contrasts tracked across four infrared frames
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “31 AUG 2020 [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] Observes UAP part2,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in August 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:58
Video Description:
00:00-00:45: The sensor tracks an area of contrast near the center of the screen.
00:46-01:09: Another area of contrast enters the field-of-view from the lower right side of the screen. The sensor pans to track both areas, but the second area of contrast exits the field-of-view.
01:10-01:22: The sensor cycles contrast modes, causing the area of contrast to momentarily lose distinctiveness against the background.
01:23-02:35: Several areas of contrast enter and exit the frame.
02:36-02:41: The areas of contrast become indistinct against the background.
02:42-03:22: The areas of contrast become distinguishable again.
03:23-03:43: Several areas of contrast enter and exit the screen.
03:44-03:48: The sensor pans to track the area of contrast.
03:49-04:01: The area of contrast exits the sensor field of view from the right side of the frame.
04:02-04:58: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR090 — "24 AUG 2020 [CALLSIGN] (Mission) Observes UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR090
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR090
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The 4‑minute‑58‑second clip proves even mysteries keep a tight agenda.

- DOW‑UAP‑PR090 video, Department of War, uploaded August 2020, CENTCOM AOR
- Shows infrared sensor tracking contrast, intermittent bright spots, static landscape, no analytical judgment
- AARO assesses likely infrared sensor origin, no anomalous performance determined

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “24 AUG 2020 [CALLSIGN] (Mission) Observes UAP,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in August 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:57
Video Description:
00:00-00:03: The sensor tracks an area of contrast as it moves down the left side of the screen.
00:03-00:21: The sensor pans to track the area of contrast within the center of its field-of-view.
00:22-01:04: The sensor zooms in on the area of contrast.
01:05-01:14: The area of contrast exits and re-enters the field of view several times.
01:15-04:57: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR091 — "21 AUG [CALLSIGN] Observes UAP in Persian Gulf"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR091
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR091
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video’s 2020 timestamp makes it older than most politicians’ term limits.

- DOW-UAP-PR091 video, DoW, 2020, CENTCOM, 4:48 length
- Infrared sensor shows moving contrast and light sources over 4 minutes, with zooms and pans
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “21 AUG 2020 [CALLSIGN] Observes UAP in Persian Gulf,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in August 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:48
Video Description:
00:00-03:07: No content.
03:08-03:10: The sensor zooms out. An area of contrast transits from the top of the screen to the bottom, exiting the frame.
03:11-03:48: The sensor zooms out and back in. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast.
03:49-04:48: The area of contrast becomes indistinguishable from the grain of the video and the sensor zooms out.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR092 — "08 AUG 2020 [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] UAP observation"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR092
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR092
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Four minutes, fifty‑two seconds of pure infrared bookkeeping.

- DOW-UAP-PR092 video, Department of War, 2020, CENTCOM AOR
- Infrared sensor tracks faint contrast, zooms repeatedly, occasional light at 4:13
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “08 AUG 2020 [CALLSIGN] [CALLSIGN] UAP observation,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in August 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:52
Video Description:
00:00-00:47: No content.
00:48-00:51: An area of contrast enters the field-of-view from the lower right side of the screen.
00:52-00:53: The area of contrast exits the field-of-view from the lower left side of the screen.
00:54-01:09: The sensor pans to track the area of contrast and hold it within the center of the screen.
01:10-01:34: The sensor zooms in on the area of contrast.
01:35-01:37: The sensor zooms in further. The area of contrast remains visible at the top of the screen.
01:38-03:45: The sensor zooms out to track the area of contrast.
03:46-03:50: The sensor zooms in. The area of contrast remains visible at the top of the screen.
03:51-04:07: The sensor zooms out to track the area of contrast.
04:08-04:25: The sensor changes visual settings, continuing to track the area of contrast.
04:26-04:52: The sensor zooms out and in several times.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR093 — "May 05 2020 Gulf of Arabia [CALLSIGN] (Platform) Dual UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR093
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR093
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

July 2020 upload: the only thing faster than the video was the paperwork deadline.

- DOW-UAP-PR093 video, Dept. of War, uploaded July 2020, Gulf of Arabia, 2020 incident.
- Infrared sensor tracks contrast; objects appear at crosshair moving slightly left‑down.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “May 05 2020 Gulf of Arabia [CALLSIGN] (Platform) Dual UAP,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in July 2020.

Video Duration: 00:00:30
Video Description:
00:00-00:07: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast.
00:07-00:30: Several areas of contrast enter and exit the field-of-view. The sensor adjusts contrast settings.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

AARO Comment: DOW-UAP-PR093 and DOW-UAP-PR095 are not duplicates. Both videos share an uploader-defined title and depict highly similar subject matter, but are distinct.

## DOW-UAP-PR094 — "[CALLSIGN] (Mission) - HD 2020-02-13"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR094
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR094
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video was uploaded in February 2020, just before everyone started binge‑watching the pandemic.

- DOW-UAP-PR094 video, Department of War, uploaded Feb 2020, recorded within CENTCOM AOR in 2020.
- Shows an electro‑optical/infrared view with moving light contrasts, zooms, and sensor‑mode changes over 4:59.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

46. DOW-UAP-PR094, “[CALLSIGN] (Mission) - HD 2020-02-13”

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “[CALLSIGN] (Mission) - HD 2020-02-13,” is likely derived from an electro-optical and infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in February 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:59
Video Description:
00:00-01:46: No content.
01:47-01:51: An area of contrast enters the frame in the upper right corner and leaves the field-of-view on the left side of the screen.
01:52-02:10: The sensor pans to track the area of contrast.
02:11-02:17: The sensor zooms out. The area of contrast is visible in the lower right quarter of the screen.
02:18-02:28: The sensor zooms in on the area of contrast.
02:29-04:38: The sensor zooms in and out several times.
04:40-04:43: The sensor changes modalities, causing the area of contrast to lose distinctiveness against the background.
04:44-04:53: The sensor changes back to electro-optical collection, again rendering the area of contrast visible near the center of the screen.
04:54-04:59: The sensor zooms in and out. The area of contrast is briefly visible in the upper left of the screen.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR095 — "May 05 2020 Gulf of Arabia [CALLSIGN] (Platform) Dual UAP"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR095
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR095
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Four minutes, forty‑eight seconds of Gulf heat—still cooler than the filing deadline.

- DOW-UAP-PR095 video, DoW, recorded May 05 2020, Gulf of Arabia, CENTCOM, 4:48 length.
- Infrared sensor footage shows multiple contrast areas zooming, panning, and moving light‑like points across frames.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “May 05 2020 Gulf of Arabia [CALLSIGN] (Platform) Dual UAP,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2020. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in May 2020.

Video Duration: 00:04:49
Video Description:
00:00-00:16: The sensor tracks an area of contrast.
00:17-00:20: The sensor zooms in on the area of contrast. At higher magnification, the area appears as multiple distinct areas of contrast.
00:21-00:35: The sensor zooms in further. The areas of contrast move in and out of the field-of-view as the sensor pans to keep them in frame.
00:36-00:54: The sensor zooms out.
00:55-01:46: The sensor zooms in. The areas of contrast again become more distinct at higher magnification. The areas enter and exit the field-of-view as the sensor pans to keep them in frame.
01:47-01:51: The areas of contrast leave the frame at the lower right edge of the screen.
01:52-04:49: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

AARO Comment: DOW-UAP-PR093 and DOW-UAP-PR095 are not duplicates. Both videos share an uploader-defined title and depict highly similar subject matter, but are distinct.

## DOW-UAP-PR096 — "HH11 03 July 2018 UAPs"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR096
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR096
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2018
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 1‑minute‑19‑second clip was uploaded exactly two years after the video’s 2018 date.

- Video DOW-UAP-PR096, Department of War, recorded 2018, CENTCOM area of responsibility
- Shows infrared contrast patches moving, zooming, and an emerging light near crosshair
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “HH11 03 July 2018 UAPs,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2018. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in July 2020.

Video Duration: 00:01:19
Video Description:
00:00-00:12: No Content.
00:13-00:21: Two areas of contrast enter the lower right side of the screen and exit the bottom of the screen.
00:13-00:29: The sensor pans to track the two areas of contrast, centering them generally within the center of the field-of-view.
00:30-00:47: The sensor zooms in. One of the areas of contrast is no longer visible within the frame at this level of magnification. The area of contrast within the sensor field-of-view appears as three distinct areas of contrast in a generally straight line.
00:47-00:58: The distance between the rightmost area of contrast and the center and left areas of contrast appears to increase. The center and left areas of contrast appear to remain at a roughly fixed distance from one another.
00:59-01:19: Other areas of contrast enter the field-of-view from the top of the screen.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR097 — "Hi-Res: [CALLSIGN] Observes UAP on 25SEP19 at 2135Z"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR097
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR097
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2019
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 4:59 video proved the sensor’s patience beats most congressional hearings.

- DOW-UAP-PR097 video, DoW, recorded 25SEP19, CENTCOM area
- Infrared sensor tracks multiple moving contrast spots over 4:59
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “Hi-Res: [CALLSIGN] Observes UAP on 25SEP19 at 2135Z,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2019. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in October 2019.

Video Duration: 00:04:59
Video Description:
00:00-00:33: No Content.
00:34-00:36: An area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view at the bottom of the screen.
00:37-00:44: The sensor rotates clockwise and corrects slightly counterclockwise to center the area of contrast in the frame.
00:37-01:37: The sensor cycles through several contrast and zoom levels while tracking the area of contrast.
01:38-02:10: At a higher magnification level, the area of contrast appears as a several areas grouped together in the center of the field-of-view.
02:11-03:06: The sensor changes contrast settings several times, causing the screen to flash black and white. The sensor continues to track the areas of contrast.
03:07-04:59: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR098 — "UFOs in formation over Persian Gulf?"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR098
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR098
- Agency: Department of War
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Who needed a 17‑minute IR highlight reel? The Gulf’s own Netflix.

- DOW-UAP-PR098 video, Department of War, uploaded Oct 2019, CENTCOM, 17:36 length.
- Infrared sensor tracks multiple bright spots and moving contrasts over Persian Gulf, described frame‑by‑frame.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “UFOs in formation over Persian Gulf?” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in October 2019.

Video Duration: 00:17:36
Video Description:
00:00-00:02: No Content.
00:02-00:21: An area of contrast becomes visible. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast within the center of the field-of-view.
00:22-01:59: The sensor zooms in on the area of contrast. At a higher level of magnification, the area appears as multiple distinct areas of contrast.
02:00-02:02: The areas of contrast briefly leave the field-of-view.
02:03-04:00: The sensor zooms in and out multiple times to track the area of contrast.
04:01-04:26: The area of contrast becomes less distinguishable against the background. The sensor zooms in further.
04:27-06:29: The sensor progressively zooms in on the area of contrast.
06:30-13:17: The area of contrast is at times indistinguishable from the grain of the video. The sensor makes several contrast adjustments to compensate.
13:18-16:22: The sensor zooms in and out several times.
16:23-17:23: The area of contrast repeatedly exits and enters the frame.
17:24-17:27: The sensor zooms out to track the area of contrast.
17:27-17:36: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR099 — "Hi-Res: [CALLSIGN] Observes UAP on 25SEP19 at 1715Z"

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR099
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR099
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: CENTCOM
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Title says 25 Sep 19, yet AARO insists it happened on 23 Sep 19.

- DOW-UAP-PR099 video, Department of War, incident 2023, CENTCOM area
- Infrared sensor tracks multiple contrasting spots moving across field, with occasional black flashes
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

On March 6, 2026, eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives requested access to 51 potentially UAP-related records allegedly held by the Department of War and the Intelligence Community. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) identified a collection of responsive materials held on a classified network. Many of these materials lack a substantiated chain-of-custody.

AARO assesses that this video, whose uploader-defined title is, “Hi-Res: [CALLSIGN] Observes UAPs on 23SEP19 at 1715Z,” is likely derived from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform operating within the United States Central Command area of responsibility in 2019. A user uploaded this video to a classified network in November 2019.

Video Duration: 00:04:51
Video Description:
00:00-00:44: No Content.
00:45-00:46: An area of contrast enters the field-of-view on the left side of the frame and exits the bottom of the frame in the lower left corner.
00:47-01:07: No Content.
01:08-01:25: An area of contrast appears from the left side of the frame. The sensor pans to hold the object in the center of its field-of-view.
01:26-01:45: The sensor changes visual settings and continues to track the area of contrast.
01:46-01:47: Another area of contrast enters the scene from the bottom of the frame.
01:47-01:55: The screen flashes black before the sensor continues tracking the areas of contrast. Multiple areas of contrast enter and exit the field-of-view during this period. The sensor pans to track them.
04:00-04:51: The screen flashes black for before continuing to track an area of contrast.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR100 — Unresolved UAP Report, Yellow Sea, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR100
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR100
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Yellow Sea
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The footage lasts just long enough to miss commercial break.

- DOW-UAP-PR100 video, DoW, 2023, Yellow Sea, 4:45 length
- EO/IR sensor tracks variable contrast area, multiple zooms and mode switches across 4m57s
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 4 minutes and 57 seconds of video footage from an electro-optical and infrared sensor system aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023.

Video Description: The overall quality of this video footage progressively degrades over its runtime.
00:01-00:08: In infrared mode, the sensor tracks an area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.
00:09-01:03: The sensor zooms in and tracks the area of contrast, holding it generally within the center of the frame.
01:04-01:10: The sensor display switches modes to an electro-optical day time television camera feed (a collection mode that displays visible and near infrared signatures). The video features a dark object superimposed against a blue background.
01:11-01:13: The sensor display changes modes to infrared. The area of contrast is no longer visible within the frame.
01:14-02:16: The sensor zooms in and changes contrast settings. An area of contrast is visible near the center of the frame.
02:17-02:22: The area of contrast repeatedly leaves and enters the sensor field-of-view.
02:23-02:46: The sensor reacquires and tracks the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.
02:47-03:27: The sensor zooms in, tracking the area of contrast.
03:28-03:32: The footage appears to “skip,” or lose coherence.
03:33-03:46: The footage returns to its previous state, and the sensor continues to track the area of contrast generally within the center of the frame.
03:47-04:32: The sensor zooms out.
04:33-04:40: The area of contrast repeatedly leaves and enters the sensor field-of-view.
04:41-04:45: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR101 — Unresolved UAP Report, South China Sea, 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR101
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR101
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2024
- Location: South China Sea
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 1‑minute‑44‑second clip feels longer than the briefing.

- DOW-UAP-PR101 video, DoW, 2024, South China Sea, 1:44 length
- Infrared sensor tracks multiple moving contrast areas across frame for ~1 minute
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 1 minute and 46 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024.

Video Description: 
00:01-00:12: The sensor tracks an area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.
00:13-00:28: The sensor zooms in and tracks an elongated area of contrast, keeping it generally to the left of the center of the frame.
00:29-00:33: The sensor zooms in again. The area of contrast appears as a “line” of several areas of contrast moving across the sensor field-of-view from the bottom right to the top left.
00:34-01:44: The sensor pans to track the areas of contrast for approximately 1 minute. They become less distinct over time as their distance from the sensor increases. 

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR102 — Unresolved UAP Report, East China Sea, 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR102
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR102
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2024
- Location: East China Sea
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The 0:36 footage proves the sensor can zoom, not fast‑forward time.

- DOW-UAP-PR102 video, DoD, 2024, East China Sea.
- 36‑second infrared clip shows bright spot, contrast shifts, zooms out/in.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 36 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024.

Video Description: 
00:01-00:20: The sensor tracks an area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.
00:21-00:29: The area of contrast exits the sensor field-of-view at the top of the frame.
00:30-00:36: The sensor zooms out and in several times. No content

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR103 — Unresolved UAP Report, East China Sea, 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR103
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR103
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2024
- Location: East China Sea
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 1:16, even the video’s runtime needs a debrief.

- Unresolved UAP Report video DOW-UAP-PR103, DoD, 2024, East China Sea
- Infrared sensor captures 1:16 footage of tracked contrast area with moving bright spot and brightness changes
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 1 minute and 16 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024.

Video Description: 
00:01-01:16: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.
00:12-01:16: An auto-tracking reticle surrounds the area of contrast. The sensor tracks the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR104 — Unresolved UAP Report, Yellow Sea, 2025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR104
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR104
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2025
- Location: Yellow Sea
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Six‑pointed star lasted 15 seconds—long enough for someone to draw a quick diagram.

- DOW-UAP-PR104 video, DoW, 2025, Yellow Sea
- Shows 0:15 infrared footage of a six‑pointed star‑like contrast centered on screen
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 18 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2025.

Video Description: 
00:01-00:15: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast resembling a six-pointed star, keeping it generally centered within the center of the screen.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR105 — Unresolved UAP Report, East China Sea, 2025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR105
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR105
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2025
- Location: East China Sea
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 4‑minute‑59‑second clip almost made the sensor run out of battery.

- DOW-UAP-PR105 video, DoW, 2025, East China Sea incident.
- 5‑minute infrared footage shows contrast areas, bright spots, sensor pans/zooms, later no visible objects.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 5 minutes of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2025.

Video Description: 
00:01-00:14: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast, keeping it generally centered within the center of the frame.
00:15-00:19: The sensor adjusts, and the image is momentarily overlaid with black rectangular areas.
00:20-1:34: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast, keeping it generally centered within the center of the frame. Portions of the area of contrast intermittently lose distinctiveness against the background throughout this segment.
01:35-02:05: The sensor zooms in, panning from right to left to track the area of contrast. The area of contrast exits the scene from the right edge of the frame several times. 
02:06-04:59: The sensor zooms out and in several times, and pans the field-of-view against the background. No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR106 — Unresolved UAP Report, Eastern United States, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR106
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR106
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: Eastern United States
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Turns out the ‘11‑second’ clip was trimmed to a punctual five‑second cameo.

- DOW-UAP-PR106 video, DoD, 2020, Eastern United States
- Shows 5‑second infrared clip of small, metallic‑appearing anomaly moving constantly, sensor mode change observed
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Northern Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 11 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020. An accompanying Range Fouler Debrief, DOW-UAP-D089, describes the phenomenon as “quite small” and as “continu[ing] in a constant direction.” The report characterizes the shape of the phenomenon as “indistinguishable,” with a metallic appearance and reflective underside.

Video Description: This media was digitally altered before being reported to AARO, and is presented as received.
00:01-00:01: An area of contrast is visible above the center of the frame. 
00:02-00:04: The sensor switches modes, causing the area of contrast to rapidly move about within the field-of-view. The area of contrast leaves the sensor field-of-view from the top of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR107 — Unresolved UAP Report, Eastern United States, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR107
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR107
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: Eastern United States
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 0:23, even the footage ran out of time to explain itself.

- DOW-UAP-PR107, DoD video, 2020, Eastern United States, 0:23 length
- Infrared sensor footage shows contrast area entering, exiting, and being tracked repeatedly
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Northern Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 28 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020.

Video Description:
00:01-00:02: No content.
00:03-00:11: An area on contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the top right of the frame. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast, which repeatedly leaves and re-enters the sensor field-of-view.
00:12-00:16: The sensor zooms out and in.
00:17-00:23: The sensor pans to track the area of contrast, which repeatedly leaves and re-enters the sensor field-of-view.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR108 — Unresolved UAP Report, Western United States, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR108
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR108
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The file’s title says 1:34, but the summary hints it’s actually a director’s cut.

- DOW-UAP-PR108, DoW video, 2020, Western United States, 1:34 length
- Reports 2 min 16 sec infrared sensor footage showing auto‑tracking contrast and light spots
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Northern Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 2 minutes and 16 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020.

Video Description: 
00:01-00:15: No content.
00:16-00:19: The footage flashes between normal operation and a black screen several times as the sensor changes display modes.
00:20-00:27: No content.
00:28-00:33: The sensor zooms in and pans to track an area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.
00:34-00:57: An auto-tracking reticle surrounds the area of contrast as the sensor continues to track it against the background.
00:58-01:10: The sensor adjusts its zoom level and contrast settings several times.
01:11-01:34: The area of contrast leaves the sensor field-of-view to the left of the frame. The sensor adjusts its zoom level and contrast settings several times. No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR109 — Unresolved UAP Report, Eastern United States, 2015

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR109
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR109
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2015
- Location: Eastern United States
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Only 21 seconds—just enough time to skip the uninteresting part.

- DOW-UAP-PR109 video, DoW, captured 2015, Eastern United States, 0:21 length
- Shows infrared sensor view with brief bright spot moving left‑down, then repeats slower
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Navy Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF) transferred this media to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) in 2022. The video contains 21 seconds of footage likely captured by an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2015.

Video Description: No formal data handling practices for UAP-related records existed at the time this media was reported to the UAPTF. This media was digitally altered before being reported to the UAPTF, and is presented as it was received by AARO.
00:01-00:08: No content.
00:09-00:11: An area of contrast becomes visible near the center of the screen, The area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view, moving from right to left before exiting from upper left corner of the frame.
00:12-00:21: The footage repeats at a slower playback speed.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR110 — Unresolved UAP Report, Eastern United States, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR110
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR110
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: Eastern United States
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

22 seconds of footage—just long enough to miss the ending.

- DOW-UAP-PR110 video, DoW, 2020, Eastern United States
- Infrared footage shows tracked contrast area expanding then exiting frame
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Northern Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 27 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020.

Video Description:
00:01-00:02: No content.
00:03-00:10: An area of contrast become visible to the right of the center of the frame. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast, causing it to appear to move about the field-of-view.
00:11-00:19: An auto-tracking reticle surrounds the area of contrast. The area of contrast gradually increases in angular size.
00:20-00:22: The area of contrast exits the sensor field-of-view to the right side of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR111 — Unresolved UAP Report, Eastern United States, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR111
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR111
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: Eastern United States
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 2020 minute was so brief, even the sensor couldn't stick around.

- DOW-UAP-PR111 video, DoW, 2020, Eastern United States
- Shows infrared sensor contrast spots, auto‑tracking reticle, angle changes, flickering display
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Northern Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 1 minute of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020.

Video Description:
00:01-00:21: Several small areas of contrast enter and leave the sensor field-of-view as the sensor pans across the background scene.
00:22-00:41: An auto-tracking reticle surrounds an area of contrast, and the sensor pans to keep it generally within the center of the frame. Several other areas of contrast periodically enter and exit the frame.
00:42-00:49: The sensor zooms out.
00:50-01:00: The area of contrast is no longer visible within the frame. The sensor display flickers between a black screen and normal function as it cycles contrast modes. No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR112 — Unresolved UAP Report, Eastern United States, 2019

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR112
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR112
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2019
- Location: Eastern United States
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 20‑second clip proved even UFOs respect the Navy’s 20‑second timeline.

- DOW-UAP-PR112: DoW video, 2019, Eastern United States, 20‑second infrared clip.
- Reports a small, high‑speed object moving straight opposite direction, noted as unprecedented in 28‑year career.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Navy submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 20 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a civilian aircraft in 2019. An accompanying Range Fouler Debrief, DOW-UAP-D090, describes the phenomenon as exhibiting “flight characteristics unlike anything [the observer] had seen in 28 years [of service] for the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy. The report characterizes the phenomenon as “small” and “travelling in a straight line [in the] opposite direction at high speed.”

Video Description: 
00:01-00:011: An area of contrast is visible near the center of the screen.
00:12-00:014: The sensor changes its level of zoom and display mode, flashing white before returning to normal function. The area of contrast exits the sensor field-of-view to the left side of the frame.
00:15-00:20: The sensor changes settings, causing the screen to flash white. No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR113 — Unresolved UAP Report, Western United States, 1996

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR113
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR113
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 1996
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

1996’s 2:56 looping light show beats most Netflix specials.

- DOW-UAP-PR113 video, DoW, 1996, Western United States, 2:56 length
- Shows infrared sensor footage with repeated, slowed, and held frames of moving light spots
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Navy Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF) transferred this media to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) in 2022. The video contains 2 minutes and 57 seconds of footage likely captured by an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 1996.

Video Description: No formal data handling practices for UAP-related records existed at the time this media was reported to the UAPTF. This media was digitally altered before being reported to the UAPTF, and is presented as it was received by AARO.
00:01-00:13: No content.
00:14-00:17: An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view, entering near the upper right corner and exiting near the lower left corner of the frame.
00:18-01:21: The footage repeats frame-by-frame.
01:22-02:13: The footage repeats at a slower playback speed.
02:14-02:56: The footage holds on a frame extracted from the first 17 seconds of the video.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR114 — Unresolved UAP Report, Atlantic Ocean, 2016

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR114
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR114
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2016
- Location: Atlantic Ocean
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 0:39, it’s shorter than a sitcom ad break—still harder to explain.

- DOW-UAP-PR114 video, DoW, 2016, Atlantic Ocean location.
- Contains 39‑second infrared sensor footage of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

The United States Northern Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 39 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2016.

Video Description: 
00:01-00:11: The sensor zooms in and out to track on an area of contrast, panning to keep it generally within the center of the frame.
00:12-00:29: The sensor switches modes. A white reticle surrounds the area of contrast.
00:30-00:36: The sensor stops tracking the object, causing it to exit the right side of the frame.
00:37-00:38: An area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the right side of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR115 — Unresolved UAP Report, Gulf of America, 2019

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR115
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR115
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2019
- Location: Gulf of America
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Eight seconds proved longer than most briefings.

- DOW-UAP-PR115, DoW video report, 2019, Gulf of America, 0:08 duration.
- Shows infrared contrast area flickering, sensor zooms and pans to track it, then ends.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Air Force submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 8 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2019.

00:01-00:02: An area of contrast is visible near the center of the sensor field-of-view, partially obscured by visual elements of the heads-up display.
00:03-00:06: The sensor zooms and pans to track the area of contrast, which visually flickers in the display.
00:07-00:08: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

AARO Comment: Infrared sensor systems capture information within a specific range of electromagnetic wavelengths. When a tracked source’s temperature is similar to that of the surrounding environment, it can visually blend into the background or appear to flicker due to dynamic contrast adjustments applied by the system’s auto-gain control filters.

## DOW-UAP-PR116 — Unresolved UAP Report, Atlantic Ocean, 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR116
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR116
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2020
- Location: Atlantic Ocean
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Just 32 seconds, but the sensor got a full cardio workout.

- DOW-UAP-PR116 is a DoD video file from 2020, recorded over the Atlantic Ocean.
- It shows a 12‑15 ft dark maroonish object moving with the wind, no maneuvering noted.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Northern Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 32 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020. An accompanying Range Fouler Debrief, DOW-UAP-D091, describes the phenomenon as “darker, maroonish color, approximately 12-15 feet in height.” The report describes the phenomenon “travel[ing] with the wind” and noted that it did not “maneuver or change direction.” It also describes the phenomenon as appearing similar to a “large, somewhat deformed balloon.”

Video Description:
00:01-00:32: The sensor zooms and pans to keep an area of contrast generally within the center of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR117 — Unresolved UAP Report, Gulf of Oman, 2021

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR117
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR117
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/8/21
- Location: Gulf of Oman
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The whole mystery fits into a 16‑second TikTok.

- DOW-UAP-PR117 video report, DoW, 9/8/21, Gulf of Oman
- Shows 16‑second infrared screen capture of small dark object, described as ~4‑ft cold orb
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 16 seconds of video footage. This footage is a secondary capture, recorded via a cellular device, of an infrared sensor display aboard a U.S. Special Operations Forces AC-130J Gunship. This footage does not represent native primary sensor data, and the secondary recording method introduces limitations in fidelity, resolution, and overall visual quality. Artifacts inherent to filming a screen, such as blurring or flickering, may be present. The footage contained within DOW-UAP-PR117 through DOW-UAP-PR122 was captured contemporaneously. An accompanying Intelligence Information Report, DOW-UAP-D101, describes the phenomena as “cold orbs” approximately four feet in diameter. 

Video description:

00:00-00:16: An area of contrast remains generally within the center of the sensor field-of-view. 

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR118 — Unresolved UAP Report, Gulf of Oman, 2021

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR118
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR118
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/8/21
- Location: Gulf of Oman
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The only thing longer than the clip is the paperwork backlog.

- DOW-UAP-PR118 video, DoD, recorded 9/8/21, Gulf of Oman, 30‑second clip.
- Shows a faint infrared contrast centrally, with a bright spot moving right‑upward then exiting the frame.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 30 seconds of video footage. This footage is a secondary capture, recorded via a cellular device, of an infrared sensor display aboard a U.S. Special Operations Forces AC-130J Gunship. This footage does not represent native primary sensor data, and the secondary recording method introduces limitations in fidelity, resolution, and overall visual quality. Artifacts inherent to filming a screen, such as blurring or flickering, may be present. The footage contained within DOW-UAP-PR117 through DOW-UAP-PR122 was captured contemporaneously. An accompanying Intelligence Information Report, DOW-UAP-D101, describes the phenomena as “cold orbs” approximately four feet in diameter.

Video description: 

00:00-00:30: An area of contrast remains generally within the center of the sensor field-of-view, momentarily exiting the bottom of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR119 — Unresolved UAP Report, Gulf of Oman, 2021

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR119
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR119
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/8/21
- Location: Gulf of Oman
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of two seconds of video footage. This footage is a secondary capture, recorded via a cellular device, of an infrared sensor display aboard a U.S. Special Operations Forces AC-130J Gunship. This footage does not represent native primary sensor data, and the secondary recording method introduces limitations in fidelity, resolution, and overall visual quality. Artifacts inherent to filming a screen, such as blurring or flickering, may be present. The footage contained within DOW-UAP-PR117 through DOW-UAP-PR122 was captured contemporaneously. An accompanying Intelligence Information Report, DOW-UAP-D101, describes the phenomena as “cold orbs” approximately four feet in diameter.

Video description: 

00:00-00:02: An area of contrast remains generally within the center of the sensor field-of-view. 

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR120 — Unresolved UAP Report, Gulf of Oman, 2021

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR120
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR120
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/8/21
- Location: Gulf of Oman
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The only thing longer than the 13‑second clip is the paperwork dated 9/8/21.

- DOW-UAP-PR120 video, DoW, 9/8/21, Gulf of Oman
- Shows secondary screen capture of AC‑130J infrared sensor, describing ~four‑foot “cold orbs
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 13 seconds of video footage. This footage is a secondary capture, recorded via a cellular device, of an infrared sensor display aboard a U.S. Special Operations Forces AC-130J Gunship. This footage does not represent native primary sensor data, and the secondary recording method introduces limitations in fidelity, resolution, and overall visual quality. Artifacts inherent to filming a screen, such as blurring or flickering, may be present. The footage contained within DOW-UAP-PR117 through DOW-UAP-PR122 was captured contemporaneously. An accompanying Intelligence Information Report, DOW-UAP-D101, describes the phenomena as “cold orbs” approximately four feet in diameter.

Video description: 

00:00-00:08: An area of contrast remains generally within the center of the sensor field-of-view. Visual elements of the sensor display enter and exit the frame throughout the duration of the video.

00:08-00:13: The sensor changes modalities twice and the area of contrast loses distinctiveness against the background. 

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR121 — Unresolved UAP Report, Gulf of Oman, 2021

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR121
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR121
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/8/21
- Location: Gulf of Oman
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

34 seconds of blurry screen—hardly a Hollywood blockbuster.

- DOW-UAP-PR121 video, DoW, 9/8/21, Gulf of Oman
- 34‑second secondary cell‑phone capture of infrared display showing ~four‑foot “cold orbs
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 34 seconds of video footage. This footage is a secondary capture, recorded via a cellular device, of an infrared sensor display aboard a U.S. Special Operations Forces AC-130J Gunship. This footage does not represent native primary sensor data, and the secondary recording method introduces limitations in fidelity, resolution, and overall visual quality. Artifacts inherent to filming a screen, such as blurring or flickering, may be present. The footage contained within DOW-UAP-PR117 through DOW-UAP-PR122 was captured contemporaneously. An accompanying Intelligence Information Report, DOW-UAP-D101, describes the phenomena as “cold orbs” approximately four feet in diameter.

Video description:

00:00-00:12: An area of contrast remains generally within the center of the sensor field-of-view. Visual elements of the sensor display enter and exit the frame throughout the duration of the video.

00:13-00:18: A relatively larger area of contrast transits from the bottom of the frame to the top of the sensor’s field-of-view, then re-enters from the top left to the bottom left of the frame. The relatively smaller area of contrast exits the bottom of the frame, and re-enters from the upper-right quarter of the frame.

00:19-00:34: The sensor adjusts, and an area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the top of the frame, and remains generally within the center of the frame.

AARO Comment: This video footage significantly overlaps in content with DOW-UAP-PR122. 

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR122 — Unresolved UAP Report, Gulf of Oman, 2021

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR122
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR122
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 9/8/21
- Location: Gulf of Oman
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The whole mystery fits in a 26‑second selfie video.

- DOW-UAP-PR122 video, DoW, 9/8/21, Gulf of Oman, 0:26 duration.
- Shows infrared sensor display on AC‑130J, captured via cellular phone, describing moving contrast areas resembling four‑foot “cold orbs”.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 26 seconds of video footage. This footage is a secondary capture, recorded via a cellular device, of an infrared sensor display aboard a U.S. Special Operations Forces AC-130J Gunship. This footage does not represent native primary sensor data, and the secondary recording method introduces limitations in fidelity, resolution, and overall visual quality. Artifacts inherent to filming a screen, such as blurring or flickering, may be present. The footage contained within DOW-UAP-PR117 through DOW-UAP-PR122 was captured contemporaneously. An accompanying Intelligence Information Report, DOW-UAP-D101, describes the phenomena as “cold orbs” approximately four feet in diameter.

Video description: 

00:00-00:05: An area of contrast remains generally within the center of the sensor field-of-view. Visual elements of the sensor display enter and exit the frame throughout the duration of the video.

00:06-00:07: A relatively larger area of contrast transits from the bottom of the frame to the top of the sensor’s field-of-view, then re-enters from the top left to the bottom left of the frame. The relatively smaller area of contrast exits the bottom of the frame, and re-enters from the upper-right quarter of the frame.

00:08-00:26: The sensor adjusts, and an area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the top of the frame, and remains generally within the center of the frame.

AARO Comment: This video footage significantly overlaps in content with DOW-UAP-PR121. 

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR123 — Unresolved UAP Report, Pacific Ocean, 2019

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR123
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR123
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2019
- Location: Pacific Ocean
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video’s 1:04 runtime beats most Navy training videos.

- DOW-UAP-PR123 video, DoW, 2019, Pacific Ocean, 1 min 4 sec.
- Shows hand‑recorded infrared sensor screen with moving contrast spots, limited fidelity.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Navy Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF) transferred this media to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) in 2022. The video contains 1 minute and 4 seconds of footage. This footage is a secondary capture, recorded via a hand-held recording device, of an infrared sensor display aboard a U.S. military platform. This footage does not represent native primary sensor data, and the secondary recording method introduces limitations in fidelity, resolution, and overall visual quality. Artifacts inherent to filming a screen, such as blurring or flickering, may be present. The footage contained within DOW-UAP-PR123 through DOW-UAP-PR127 was captured contemporaneously. This media was digitally altered before being reported to AARO, and is presented as it was received.

Video description: 

00:00-00:03: An area of contrast is visible near the center of the frame. 

00:04-00:07: The area of contrast loses distinctiveness against the background.

00:08-00:25: An area of contrast becomes visible near the center of the frame. The sensor pans and zooms in to focus on the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.  

00:25-01:04: The area of contrast remains generally centered within the sensor field-of-view. 

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR124 — Unresolved UAP Report, Pacific Ocean, 2019

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR124
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR124
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2019
- Location: Pacific Ocean
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Only thing steady was the 53‑second hand‑held screen recording.

- DOW-UAP-PR124 video, DoW, 2019, Pacific Ocean.
- Secondary capture of an infrared sensor display showing moving contrast area.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Navy Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF) transferred this media to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) in 2022. The video contains 53 seconds of footage. This footage is a secondary capture, recorded via a hand-held recording device, of an infrared sensor display aboard a U.S. military platform. This footage does not represent native primary sensor data, and the secondary recording method introduces limitations in fidelity, resolution, and overall visual quality. Artifacts inherent to filming a screen, such as blurring or flickering, may be present. The footage contained within DOW-UAP-PR123 through DOW-UAP-PR127 was captured contemporaneously. This media was digitally altered before being reported to AARO, and is presented as it was received.

Video description: 

00:00-00:01: An area of contrast remains generally centered within the sensor field-of-view. 

00:02-00:29: The sensor zooms in on the area of contrast.

00:30-00:53: The area of contrast loses distinctiveness against the background.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR125 — Unresolved UAP Report, Pacific Ocean, 2019

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR125
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR125
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2019
- Location: Pacific Ocean
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video’s 28 seconds are the only thing that stays longer than the mystery.

- DOW-UAP-PR125 video, DoW, 2019, Pacific Ocean
- 28‑second hand‑held capture of infrared sensor screen showing moving contrast area
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Navy Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF) transferred this media to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) in 2022. The video contains 28 seconds of footage. This footage is a secondary capture, recorded via a hand-held recording device, of an infrared sensor display aboard a U.S. military platform. This footage does not represent native primary sensor data, and the secondary recording method introduces limitations in fidelity, resolution, and overall visual quality. Artifacts inherent to filming a screen, such as blurring or flickering, may be present. The footage contained within DOW-UAP-PR123 through DOW-UAP-PR127 was captured contemporaneously. This media was digitally altered before being reported to AARO, and is presented as it was received.

Video description: 

00:00-00:05: An area of contrast remains generally centered within the sensor field-of-view. 

00:06-00:09: The area of contrast tracks left within the sensor field-of-view. 

00:10-00:15: The area of contrast loses distinctiveness against the background.

00:16-00:22: An area of contrast appears in the sensor field-of-view. The sensor pans to track it, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.  

00:23-00:28: The area of contrast remains generally centered within the sensor field-of-view.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR126 — Unresolved UAP Report, Pacific Ocean, 2019

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR126
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR126
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2019
- Location: Pacific Ocean
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

They edited the video before AARO saw it—so the lights got a makeover.

- DOW-UAP-PR126, DoW, 2019, Pacific Ocean video file
- 2 min 32 sec handheld footage of multiple moving light sources, low‑light, digitally altered before AARO receipt
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Navy Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF) transferred this media to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) in 2022. The video contains 2 minutes and 32 seconds of footage captured via hand-held recording device by a U.S. military service member in 2019. Low-light conditions at the time of capture influence the overall visual quality of the footage. The footage contained within DOW-UAP-PR123 through DOW-UAP-PR127 was captured contemporaneously. This media was digitally altered before being reported to AARO, and is presented as it was received.

Video description: 

00:00-00:08: The camera pans against the background, bringing two apparent light sources into frame from the top left corner. The recording device focuses on the light sources, keeping them generally within the center of the frame.

00:09-00:53: The camera pans against the background. As the camera pans, it repeatedly brings several apparent light sources into and out of the frame. 

00:54-01:23: The sensor zooms in on the light source in the lower left quarter of the frame, focusing to bring it into the center of the field-of-view. 

01:24-02:32: The sensor zooms out and continues to pan to track apparent light sources. As the camera pans, it repeatedly brings several apparent light sources into and out of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR127 — Unresolved UAP Report, Pacific Ocean, 2019

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR127
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR127
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2019
- Location: Pacific Ocean
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video’s 2‑minute‑29‑second runtime suggests even the lights needed a snack break.

- DOW-UAP-PR127 video, DoW, 2019, Pacific Ocean
- Hand‑held recording shows intermittent light sources moving across frames in low‑light
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Navy Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF) transferred this media to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) in 2022. The video contains 2 minutes and 29 seconds of footage captured via a hand-held recording device by a U.S. military service member in 2019. Low-light conditions at the time of capture influence the overall visual quality of the footage. The footage contained within DOW-UAP-PR123 through DOW-UAP-PR127 was captured contemporaneously. This media was digitally altered before being reported to AARO, and is presented as it was received. 

Video description: 

00:00-00:17: The camera pans to track an apparent light source.

00:18-00:26: No content.

00:27-00:43: The camera pans to track an apparent light source.

00:44-00:47: No content.

00:47-00:49: The camera pans to track an apparent light source.

00:50-00:52: No content.

00:53-00:57: The camera pans to track an apparent light source.

00:57-01:02: No content.

01:02-02:28: The camera pans to track an apparent light source.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR130 — Unresolved UAP Report, Iraq, 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR130
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR130
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The UAP’s speed range reads like a GPS error: 80 to 180 mph.

- DOW-UAP-PR130 report by DoW, 2022, Iraq.
- Infrared still shows object sporadically flying 80‑180 mph.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from an infrared system aboard a U.S. military system in 2022. An accompanying mission report, DOW-UAP-D106, described the UAP as “flying sporadically… at various speeds between 80-180 miles per hour.”

Image Description:

This image features two areas of contrast. One appears near the center of the sensor display,
bounded by a reticle. Another appears in the lower third of the frame. The area of contrast in the lower third of the frame appears elongated and is followed by a visible trail. These features suggest motion across the focal plane from the top right to the bottom left of the sensor field-of-view. The apparent trail is consistent with known image-compression and processing effects and does not necessarily represent a physical feature.

This image description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR131 — Unresolved UAP Report, Iraq, 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR131
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR131
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2022 infrared snapshot proves Iraq's sunsets are faster than 180 mph.

- DOW-UAP-PR131, DoW PDF, 2022 Iraq report submitted to AARO.
- Infrared still shows sporadic object moving 80‑180 mph, with contrast trails.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from an infrared system aboard a U.S. military system in 2022. An accompanying mission report, DOW-UAP-D106, described the UAP as “flying sporadically… at various speeds between 80-180 miles per hour.”

Image Description:

This image features two areas of contrast. One appears near the center of the sensor display. Another appears in the top third of the frame. The area of contrast in the top third of the frame appears elongated and is followed by a visible trail. These features suggest motion across the focal plane from the top right to the bottom left of the sensor field-of-view. The apparent trail is consistent with known image-compression and processing effects and does not necessarily represent a physical feature.

This image description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR133 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR133
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR133
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2025
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The UAP’s runway‑style exit at 4:58 beats most flight delays.

- DOW-UAP-PR133 video, DoW, 2025, Middle East, 4:58 length
- Infrared sensor footage shows white round orbit moving up to 500 mph, tracked with zoom and auto‑track attempts
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 4 minutes and 58 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024. An accompanying mission report, DOW-UAP-D107, described the UAP as “look[ing] like a white round orbit… moving as fast as 500 miles per hour.”

Video Description:
00:00-00:04: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast, keeping it generally centered within the frame.
00:05-00:50: The sensor decreases its level of magnification and continues to track the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.
00:51-01:21: The sensor decreases its level of magnification and adjusts its panning speed to track the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.
01:22-01:41: The sensor increases its level of magnification and adjusts its panning speed to track the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.
01:43-2:05: A rectangular digital overlay, or “focus box,” appears near the center of the frame. This display element is a graphical component of the sensor system and does indicate a physical change in the environment. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame before exiting the sensor field-of-view from the bottom edge.
02:06-02:21: The sensor pans across the scene and decreases its level of magnification. The area of contrast intermittently re-appears from the left edge of the frame.
02:22-02:28: The sensor pans across the scene, reacquiring the area of contrast. After the area of contrast re-enters the scene, the sensor continues to pan to track it, keeping it generally within the center of the frame. The sensor engages briefly stops panning and the area of contrast exits on the right side once again.
02:29-02:36: The sensor activates an auto-tracking reticle, which does not establish a lock on the area of contrast. After the auto-track reticle disengages, the sensor stops panning, causing the area of contrast to exit the frame from the right edge.
02:37-3:22: The sensor pans and requires the area of contrast, keeping it within its field-of-view before it exits the bottom edge of the frame.
3:23-4:29: The sensor continues to pan then zooms out and reacquires the area of contrast, now significantly smaller in the sensor’s field of view. The sensor continuously pans to keep the area of contrast in the field of view.
4:30-4:58: The sensor zooms in, and the area of contrast transits the field-of-view, exiting the top of the frame. The sensor cycles magnification levels multiple times.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR134 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR134
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR134
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2025
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 1:39, the sensor finally decides to change colors.

- DOW-UAP-PR134 video report, DoW, 2025, Middle East, 1:39 length
- Shows sensor panning left‑right, adjusting mode, tracking contrast; occasional color shifts, moving light
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 1 minute and 39 seconds of video footage from an electro-optical and infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2025.

Video description: 

00:00-01:39: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast from left to right across the background, keeping it generally centered within the frame. The sensor adjusts collection mode and level of magnification several times.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR135 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR135
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR135
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2025
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 480 mph, even the infrared sensor needed a speed limit sign.

- DOW-UAP-PR135 video, DoW, 2025, Middle East
- Six small spherical objects, agile, changing direction, estimated 480 mph speed
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 1 minute of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2025. An accompanying mission report, DOW-UAP-D108, described the UAP as “six small spherical objects grouped together, and characterized their behavior as “seem[ingly] agile,” and “frequently changing direction.” The reporter estimated the speed of the UAP to have been 480 miles per hour.

Video Description:
00:00-00:04: No content.
00:05-00:10: Several areas of contrast transit the sensor field-of-view, entering from the top of the frame and exiting from the bottom.
00:11-00:47: The sensor pans to track the areas of contrast, keeping them generally within the center of the frame.
00:48-1:00: The sensor changes its level of magnification. No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR136 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR136
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR136
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Only 33 seconds, but the mystery hung longer than the footage.

- DOW-UAP-PR136 video, DoW, 2023, Middle East, 33‑second infrared footage.
- Infrared sensor tracks contrast, shows occlusions, a tiny purple square and a dark spot brightening while moving.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 30 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023.

Video description: 

00:00-00:08: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast, keeping it generally centered within the frame. The sensor is partially occluded by a component of the platform passing in front of it, obscuring the background.

00:09-00:33: The sensor zooms in on the area of contrast. A reticle briefly surrounds the area of contrast. The sensor is occluded by a component of the platform, obscuring the display.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR140 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR140
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR140
- Agency: Department of War
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The UAP got more screen time than my lunch break—exactly 1 minute 47 seconds.

- DOW-UAP-PR140 video, DoW, 2022, Middle East, 1:47 length
- Report describes object moving 80‑180 mph, tracked in EO/IR modes across frame
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 1 minute and 47 seconds of video footage from an electro-optical and infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022. An accompanying mission report, DOW-UAP-D109, described the UAP as “traveling at various speeds between 80-180 miles per hour.”

Video Description:
00:00-00:05: No content.
00:06-00:08: An area of contrast transits the sensor field-of-view, entering from the top of the frame and exiting from the bottom.
00:09-00:15: No content.
00:16-00:26: The sensor pans to track the area of contrast, keeping it generally centered within the frame.
00:27-00:31: The sensor switches to electro-optical mode, and the object moves out of the sensor field-of-view from the left edge of the frame.
00:32-00:45: The sensor switches to infrared mode and pans to track the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.
00:46-01:10: The sensor switches to electro-optical mode and pans to track the area of contrast. 01:11-01:12: No content.
01:13-01:42: The sensor switches to infrared mode and pans to track the area of contrast.
01:43-01:47: The sensor switches to electro-optical mode and pans to track the area of contrast.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR141 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR141
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR141
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 2 minutes 36 seconds, the video is perfect for a quick power nap.

- DOW-UAP-PR141 video filed by DoW, 2022, Middle East location.
- Shows 2:36 EO/IR footage of object traveling 80‑180 mph with multiple sensor mode switches.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 2 minutes and 36 seconds of video footage from an electro-optical (right) and infrared (left) sensor aboard a
U.S. military platform in 2022. An accompanying mission report, DOW-UAP-D109, described the UAP as “traveling at various speeds between 80-180 miles per hour.”

Video Description:
00:00-00:12: An area of contract enters the sensor field-of-view from the lower right of the frame. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.
00:13-00:14: The sensor switches modes to display an infrared (left) and electro-optical (right) feed.
00:15-00:18: The object enters the frame from the lower right, transiting the sensor field-of-view and exiting from the upper left.
00:19-00:20: The sensor switches to infrared mode, panning to track an area of contrast.
00:21-00:27: The sensor switches modes to display an infrared (left) and electro-optical (right) feed.
00:28-00:52: The sensor switches to infrared mode, panning to track an area of contrast. 00:52-00:57: A second area of contrast briefly enters the sensor field-of-view.
00:58-01:16: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast.
01:17-01:21: The sensor switches modes to display an infrared (left) and electro-optical (right) feed. The sensor pans to track the object. The object leaves the sensor field-of-view from the left edge of the frame.
01:22-01:27: No content.
01:28-01:31: The sensor switches to infrared mode. No content.
01:32-02:36: The area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the lower left of the frame. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast, intermittently losing contact with it.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR142 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR142
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR142
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2025
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 0:11, even the video clock gave up.

- DoW video report, DOW-UAP-PR142, 2025, Middle East, 0:11 length
- Shows 14‑second infrared clip; contrast area enters left, crosses, exits right
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 14 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2025.

Video description: 

00:00-00:04: No content.

00:05-00:08: An area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the left edge, transits from left to right, and exits the right edge of the frame. 

00:09-00:14: No content.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR143 — Unresolved UAP Report, Yellow Sea, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR143
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR143
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Yellow Sea
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The sensor’s 19‑second cameo outlasts most movie opening credits.

- DOW-UAP-PR143 video, DoD, 2023, Yellow Sea
- 19‑second infrared clip shows object moving right, slightly upward
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 19 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023.

Video Description:
00:00-00:19: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR144 — Unresolved UAP Report, Yellow Sea, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR144
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR144
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Yellow Sea
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The whole mystery fits in a 27‑second commercial break.

- DOW-UAP-PR144 video, DoW, 2023, Yellow Sea, 0:27 length
- Shows infrared sensor tracking moving contrast area for 27 seconds
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 27 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023.

Video Description:
00:00-00:02: An area of contrast is visible above and to the left of the center of the frame.
00:03-00:27: The sensor increases its level of magnification and pans to track the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR148 — Unresolved UAP Report, East China Sea, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR148
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR148
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: East China Sea
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 59 seconds, the footage is just shy of a full minute of mystery.

- DOW-UAP-PR148 video report, DoD, 2023, East China Sea
- 59‑second infrared footage shows moving objects and tracked contrast, with AI‑identified moments
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 59 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023.

Video Description:
00:00-00:03: No content.
00:04-00:46: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.
00:47-00:59: The sensor increases its level of magnification while panning to track the area of contrast.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR149 — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR149
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR149
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Sensor took a 51‑second sightseeing tour.

- DOW-UAP-PR149 video, DoW, 2023, Middle East
- Shows infrared sensor tracking a moving contrasting area for 51 seconds
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 51 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023.

Video description: 

00:00-00:04: An area of contrast transits the frame from the bottom right edge to the lower left edge of the sensor field-of-view.

00:05-00:51: The sensor pans to track the area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR150 — Unresolved UAP Report, Yellow Sea, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR150
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR150
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Yellow Sea
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The focus box stayed longer than the whole video’s plot twist.

- DOW-UAP-PR150 video, DoW, 2023, Yellow Sea, 57‑second infrared clip
- Shows contrast entering view, focus box overlay, sensor pans, brightness shifts, occlusion
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 57 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023.

Video Description:
00:00-00:05: No content.
00:06-00:07: An area of contrast enters the sensor field-of view from the bottom edge.
00:08-00:51: A rectangular digital overlay, or “focus box,” appears near the center of the frame. This display element is a graphical component of the sensor system and does indicate a physical change in the environment. The sensor pans to track the area of contrast.
00:52-00:57: The collection platform geometry occludes the sensor, blurring the display and blocking the right side of the screen.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR151 — Unresolved UAP Report, Yellow Sea, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR151
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR151
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Yellow Sea
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video’s 49 seconds are longer than a typical tuna patrol.

- DOW-UAP-PR151 video, DoD, 2023, Yellow Sea, 49‑second infrared footage.
- Shows infrared sensor tracking a central bright spot moving slightly, with repeated appearances.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 49 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023.

Video Description:
00:00-00:15: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast.
00:16-00:18: The sensor increases its level of magnification and pans to track the area of contrast.
00:19-00:49: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR152 — Unresolved UAP Report, Yellow Sea, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR152
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR152
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Yellow Sea
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 1 minute 38 seconds, even the video ran out of patience.

- DOW-UAP-PR152 video from DoW, 2023, Yellow Sea.
- Infrared sensor footage shows moving contrast spots, crosshairs, and a dark spot evolving.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Indo-Pacific Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 1 minute and 38 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023.

Video Description:
00:00-01:38: The sensor pans to track an area of contrast, keeping it generally within the center of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR159 — Historical Film of Reported UFOs, Utah, 1952

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/DOW-UAP-PR159
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/DOW-UAP-PR159
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 7/2/52
- Location: Tremonton, Utah
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Turns out the UFOs were just showcasing the latest stitch at 0:44.

- Historical film, DoW, filmed July 2 1952 near Tremonton, Utah, length 1:10.
- Shows bright airborne objects, then abruptly switches to sewing‑machine demonstration; detail insufficient for resolution.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This archival footage is a digitization of a 16mm print of Kodachrome color motion-picture film shot on a handheld Bell & Howell Auto Master camera near Tremonton, Utah, on July 2, 1952. U.S. Navy Chief Warrant Officer Delbert C. Newhouse reported observing and filming a group of bright airborne objects and shortly thereafter submitted the footage to the U.S. Air Force. The film later became one of the visual cases reviewed by Project Blue Book, the 1952–1969 U.S. Air Force program that investigated the nature and origin of unidentified flying objects (UFOs). The film’s limited detail and lack of fixed reference points prevented a conclusive resolution. From the 55-second mark onward, the film transitions to unrelated footage appearing to show a demonstration of sewing equipment. The presence of unrelated sewing-equipment footage suggests that the surviving footage may be a composite or reused print, though the available record does not establish how or when the materials came to be combined. As documented in records submitted with the film, contained in this collection under the title DOW-UAP-D102, the footage originally was paired with mountain scenery from Idaho, which is not preserved in this digitization.

## EOP-UAP-D001 — NASC Inquiry into Bahia, Brazil Incident, November 13, 1963

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/EOP-UAP-D001
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/EOP-UAP-D001
- Agency: Executive Office of the President
- Incident date: 11/13/63
- Location: Bahia, Brazil
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

1963’s hottest news: a metal beach ball with a sweater.

- EOP-UAP-D001, CIA FBIS report, NASC, November 13 1963, concerning Bahia, Brazil incident.
- Reports a large metal sphere crashing in Conde, leaving a four‑meter hole and a dead, clothed occupant.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) wire report dated November 9, 1963, tracking a local Portuguese-language radio broadcast from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, regarding an alleged crash of a “large metal sphere” containing a deceased occupant in Conde, Bahia, Brazil. This FBIS report is excerpted from the files of Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of the National Aeronautics and Space Council (NASC). NASC was a cabinet-level advisory body within the Executive Office of the President responsible for coordinating U.S. space policy from 1958 to 1973.

Handwritten annotations dated November 13, 1963, document a communication between officials at NASC and the U.S. Department of State. The note records a NASC request to a State Department official to query the U.S. Embassy in Rio de Janeiro for local verification of the reporting. This inter-agency request precedes a subsequent diplomatic cable sent by the Embassy the following day, cataloged in this collection under the title “DOS-UAP-D001.”

### AI summary

Document is a report from an inquiry into an unidentified aerial phenomenon in Conde, Bahia, Brazil, dated November 13, 1963. It was compiled by an unknown author and references a radio report from Rio de Janeiro's Tupi station. The document describes a large metal sphere that fell in the center of the city, creating a four-meter-deep hole, with window-shaped openings covered in thick glass and containing a human body dressed in heavy clothing with indecipherable inscriptions. The local population is described as intrigued, and authorities have been informed.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Authority

NNO968063

p/
FBIS 03

RIO DE JANEIRO RADIO TUPI IN PORTUGUESE 2330 8 NOV 63 W

(TEXT) REPORTS FROM THE MUNICIPALITY OF CONDE, IN' BAIA, SAY A
LARGE METAL SPHERE FELL IN THE CENTER OF THE CITY, GOUGING A HOLE
FOUR METERS DEEP. THE MYSTERIOUS SPHERE HAS WINDOW SHAPED OPENINGS
COVERED WITH THICK GLASS. INSIDE IS A HUMAN BODY DRESSED IN HEAVY
CLQTHING BEARING INSCRIPTIONS WHICH CANNOT BE DECIPHERED. THE
PO~ULATION
INf ORN ED. OF CONDE IS INTRIGUED, AND THE AUTHORITIES HAVE BEEN
9 NOV 111A RWS/GY

'

r .

. ',

7

## FBI-UAP-D001 — FD-302, Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado Springs, 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D001
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D001
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: February, 2022
- Location: Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing moving faster than the object was the interview date.

- FBI-UAP-D001 FD‑302, FBI, incident Feb 2022, Colorado Springs
- Interview Mar 2025 recounts matte‑white bean‑shaped, motionless object with intersecting lines
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) FD-302, a form the FBI uses to record interviews. This FD-302 contains a summary of an interview with a U.S. military service member in March 2025 regarding a February 2022 incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP). The individual described the phenomenon as being “bean shaped,” “matte white” or “off-white” in color, with a surface covered in “intersecting lines or ridges which formed an abstract polygon pattern.” The individual described the phenomenon as “motionless” and that “no sound could be heard coming from it.” FBI Note: AARO has since been in contact with the interviewee to conduct subsequent interviews to inform its analysis of this incident.

### AI summary

This is an FBI FD-302 report from April 2025, documenting an interview about an unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) sighting. The report was prepared by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and details an account from a soldier who observed a strange object over Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado Springs in early February 2022. The object was described as matte white, oval-shaped, and motionless, with an abstract polygon pattern. Five soldiers saw the object, which disappeared when they looked away, and they later compared sketches of the object. The report states the FBI has no conclusions or recommendations.

### Full text

#### Page 1

FD-302 (Rev. 5-8-10)

- 1 of 2 -

0flfllCIAL Rl!COIID
~~,_.dlgW/f...,,.
,., . ,..... t.w, _ , Nlil9dl7y •
~

PBI ~ .....,_

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

Date of entry

04 .

/2025

■ On March ■ 2025, was interviewed via Microsoft Teams by
Spec i al Agen t (SA)
, and Supervisory Special Agen t (SSA)
present for the intervi ew was
After being advised of the identity of the
interviewing agents and the nature of the interview , provided the
following information :

■ The UAP s i ght ing occurred on a workday i n ea r ly Feb ruar y 202 2 , at

approximately 1:00 or 2:00PM in the
Fort Carson . He and four other persons from his unit, i ncluding his drove the short distance over to the
That day it
was pleasant wi th clear blue ski es. After they parked, they were walking
west towards the entrance of the building. It was natural to look west
because of the beautiful view of Cheyanne Mountain.
■ At that time, and the fou r other soldiers wi th him al l noticed a
very strange object that appeared to be hovering just over Cheyanne
mountain, in a low point or "saddle" in the mountain. described the
object as being ma t te wh it e, or off-wh i te i n color and appearing non­
meta lli c . The object was oval shaped and i n a hori zonta l pos i t i on, wi th a
curved indentation on the bottom. descr i bed the object as being "bean­
shaped". The object was complet ely motion less and no sound could be heard
comi ng from i t. All f i ve of the men saw the object and were poi nt ing i t out

Meeting))

" - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Date drafted

04 -

/2025

by

This document contains neither recommendations nor conclusions ofthe FBI. It is the property ofthe FBI and is loaned to your agency; it and its contents are not
to be distributed outside your agency.

#### Page 2

FD-302a (Rev. 5-8-1O)

Inter vi ew of

'------_,On

03 .

/2025

,Page

2

of 2

to each other.

-

■
did not believe the object was drifting in the wind because they
observed the object for approximate ly 3-5 minutes, and it did not change its
position re l ative to the saddl e of the mountain during that time. The object
was covered in intersect i ng lines or ridges which formed an abstract polygon
pattern which covered the entire object. stated the object was about
the size of 10% of the saddl e of the mountains, or about the size of a poo l
cue at arms-length .

None of the five men had a phone on them
They all simultaneously looked away
momentarily to decide to have one of them go back to the vehicle to get a
phone to take a video. When they loo ked back the obj ect had vanished. They
searched the western skyline but we r e not able find the object again.
■ They were all confused what they shou l d do next,

They got together afterwards to di scuss what
they had seen. They wonde red if they had seen a UAP, and went through the
alternatives it could have been, such as a b limp or a weather balloon . Each
of them independently drew what they remembered the object to look like, and
then t hey compared their drawings afterwards. All of the drawings were
consistent i n showing a ho rizontal , wh ite, "bean-shaped" object with
abstract lines crossing on it. believed that
made an
official report to the army about their observation. stated he was
contacted by AARO in early 2024 about their observation. He stated he
provided a response, but that he was never interviewed by AARO or anyone
e l se.

## FBI-UAP-D002 — FD-1057, Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado Springs, 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D002
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D002
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The sketch took longer than the UFO vanished.

- FBI FD-1057 report, incident 2022, Colorado Springs, Colorado
- Former Army intel officer and four saw potato‑shaped, opalescent object over Cheyenne Mountains, vanished
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-1057, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record investigative activity. This FD-1057 contains a first-hand narrative description of unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) reported near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The interviewee provided this statement to FBI special agents to aid in producing a digital artistic interpretation of the incident.

### AI summary

The document is an FBI forensic sketch interview report, dated July 2024 (day redacted), from Colorado Springs. It details an interview with a former U.S. Army intelligence officer who, along with four unit members, observed a UAP over the Cheyenne Mountains. The object was described as potato-shaped, with distinct edges, a creamy/whitish opalescent color, and non-symmetrical, irregular panels that shifted in slow waves. The object vanished suddenly without a shadow. The report includes a sketch draft and notes that additional drafts will be provided.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Of'FIQl4L RECORD

FD-1057 (Rev. 5-8-10)

~flllp.illl~if.,;il\lll!»-.v~y"'Gr'....c!..

All ~h.1~ ""'" '

~

nu ~

b9i:;n ~ b~ "

'llil~ ,

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
Electronlc CommunlcaUon

Forensic sketch interview of
on 7-ll -24

Title:

From:

-

Date:

07. /2024

-

C ontact :

Approved By : A/SSA
Drafted By:
Case ID#:

Synopsis :

-

Forensic sketch intervi ew of

Reference :
Enclosure(s): Enclosed are the following items:
1.

-

2.

-

Sketch draft

Details:

On June

-

date of birth: _
_ _ _ , work

,

email address:
cellular te l ephone number _
, was
interviewed at 26 Federa l Plaza, New York, NY 10278 by Special Agent (SA)
and Operational Project s Unit (OPU} forensic art i st
. After being advised of the identities of the
interviewing individuals, ~
provided the following i nformat i on to aid
in the forensic recreation of the Unidentif i ed Aerial Phenomenon (UAP )
and i ts act i vity observed over Cheyenne Mountain

-=

,rt1»m

#### Page 2

Titl e:
Re :

-

Forensic sketch interview of
, 07 .

/2024

11:25 am,
a former U. S . Army intel ligence
officer, a l ong wi th four other members of his un i t, observed a UAP over
the Cheyenne Mountains as they exited their office buil ding . 11111
described the day as the perfect •bl ue bird" sky as there were no c l ouds,
l ittl e humidity, with a temperature of approximatel y 50 degrees
Fahrenhei t.
The object was •potato" shaped wi th di stinct edges and appeared to
l ook painted in a creamy/whitish opa l escent col or. It was somewhat
translucent with a slight shimmer . The object was made up of what can
best be described as articulating fish scales or panel s that were non­
syrnrnetri cal , non-overlappi ng , and irregu l ar shaped. The object itself was
perfectl y stil l but each panel on the object shifted i n s l ow waves
starting at different points of origin but at the same time .
After approximately two minutes , the object vanished . 11111
specificall y stated that the object "cl oaked" in the space of time it
took to turn a head and there was no shadow.
and initial sketch draft are attached. Forensic artist
will re l ay additional sketch drafts through SA to
11111 in order to complete the final sketch product .

♦♦

2

## FBI-UAP-D003 — Digital Rendering, Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado Springs, 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D003
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D003
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only mystery solved was the artist’s brushstroke choice in 2022.

- FBI-UAP-D003 PDF, FBI, 2022, Colorado Springs, Colorado
- Artistic rendering of a 2022 UAP incident based on narrative report D002
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a 2022 incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) reported near Colorado Springs, Colorado. This image is derived from the first-hand narrative description contained in “FBI-UAP-D002, FD-1057, Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado Springs, 2022”.

## FBI-UAP-D004 — FD-1057-02, Northeastern United States, 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D004
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D004
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2024
- Location: Northeastern United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

October 2024 orbs outshone my office lights—finally something brighter than the paperwork.

- FBI FD-1057‑02 report, FBI, October 2024, Northeastern United States.
- Documents repeated sightings of plasma‑like orbs near a residence, video evidence, electronic/GPS anomalies since November 2021.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-1057, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record investigative activity. This FD-1057 documents the FBI’s contact with a U.S. person in October 2024, during which FBI special agents collected video footage and gathered information regarding the circumstances surrounding its capture. The U.S. person captured the video footage in the same general location as the incidents described in documents. 

The subject matter described in files FBI-UAP-D004 through FBI-UAP-D008 and depicted in the video footage FBI-UAP-PR001 through FBI-UAP-PR003 corresponds to reports originating from the same general area in the northeastern United States.

### AI summary

This document is an FBI investigative report dated October 2024, originating from the Northeastern United States. It details a case involving repeated observations of unidentified aerial phenomena near a residence. The report includes video evidence provided by the individual, who described seeing plasma-like orbs and other anomalous lights since November 2021. The individual reported unusual effects on electronics and GPS data and had consulted with others about the sightings. The report notes the individual's desire to keep the information private and mentions planned travel that may have affected in-person meetings.

### Full text

#### Page 1

-----­
.......
0,,1c1AL RIICOIID

FD-10S7 (Rev. S-8-10)

F■D ■RAL BUREAU OF INVIISTIGATION

...,,..�

"' tiia--- hr-.-. WIM"1•

l!leotl"Olllo co111111unloatlon

Title:

From:

-

• Contact with - -

Contact:

Approved By:

Drafted By:
Case ID#:

-

- Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon
(UAP) -Unidentified Anomalous
Phenomenon (UAP)
Division;

Synopsis: • Documenting contact with - - and information
provided regardin.Lrepeated observations of UxS or UAP appearing as
plasma orbs near - residence.

■

Enclosure(s): Enclosed are the following items:
1. - Videoa provided by
2. - Videos provided by
3. - Videos provided by
• Videos provided by

11111 11111 11111 11111 -

Details:

�n October

■ 2024, - -

provided multiple video clips showing
objects appearing to be unknown UxS or UAP near
residence. - had
liaison contact
previously been referred to the FBI by a FBI

.i

#### Page 2

Title:
Re:

•

Contact with 10/-

2024

in August 2024. •
detailed his observations, .
attempts to
collect data, and work to de-conflict possible prosaic explanations
for observations . •
documented observations and efforts in
which •
shared with SSA

■

-

a

noted renewed activity on the evening of October
2024
which .
captured on video. provided .FBI
with clips of
the video which showed the activity. captured additional activity
on video on the evening of October

•
had privately documented observations of anomalous
lights appearing to be orbs dating back to llll first observation in the
early morning hours of November ■ 2021 . •
has observed these objects
in the vicinity of
and sometimes as close as 200 yards from
residence. These objects have been observed hovering in a static
position, and moving. They are sometimes observed above the horizon, as
well as close to the ground, within the trees, and in or near the water.

i.

has privately consulted with multiple people regarding observations, and has set up trail cameras and other sensors to collect
data from llll property. reported - - seen spikes in Gamma
radiation that correlate with times .
has observed the objects, and
additional unusual effects on electronics and GPS data from devices.
-

stated .
was never interested in the UAP topic prior to
initial observations in November 2021, and stated • would have
described as a skeptic. Since that time, ■ has made repeated
observations behind l l l l residence, and would like to understand what ■
is observing. has lived at residence since 2006 and had not
seen any anomalous lights or activity behind property prior to first observation in November 2021. ■ had not made attempts to discuss

1111

2

#### Page 3

Title:
Re:

■ Contact with -

-

10/-2024

what ■ was seeing with -

neighbors due to not wanting to alarm them or
give them the wrong impression. However -had one conversation with neighbor to the south who stated that they had also seen strange lights
in the tree line behind their house. also stated that ■ rarely
witnessed any human activity in the nature area, and no activity that
would explain what. is seeing. stated• wants to protect
family's privacy, as well as being courteous to .ineighbors, so ■ does
not want this information regarding -observations to become public.

1111

had personal travel planned to
Ill_
and ■ had proposed an in-person meeting in
1kely not occur. This information was relayed to FBI to establish local contact, and any potential ongoing contact
w i t h - in

♦♦

3

## FBI-UAP-D005 — FD-1057-04, Northeastern United States, 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D005
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D005
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2024
- Location: Northeastern United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

October 2024 interview—nothing says spooky like a fall foliage backdrop.

- FBI FD-1057 interview report, FBI, October 2024, Northeastern United States.
- Interview details 1996 vehicle light, 2021 triangular lights, 2022 sighting, hundreds of lights since 2021.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-1057, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record investigative activity. This FD-1057 documents an October 2024 interview with a US person regarding several incidents potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena in the northeastern United States over the previous three years. 

The subject matter described in files FBI-UAP-D004 through FBI-UAP-D008 and depicted in the video footage FBI-UAP-PR001 through FBI-UAP-PR003 corresponds to reports originating from the same general area in the northeastern United States.

### AI summary

This is an FBI interview report dated October 2024, documenting a conversation with an individual who reported multiple UAP sightings. The person, employed at a facility in the Northeastern United States, described a 2021 sighting of lights that formed a triangular pattern and disappeared after a flash photo was taken. They also mentioned a 2022 sighting and a 1996 incident involving a vehicle shutting down and a large light. The individual stated they have seen hundreds of lights from their property since 2021 and have videos and photos to share. They noted increased activity since September and mentioned corrupted video recordings.

### Full text

#### Page 1

0flfllCIAL Rl!COIID

FD-1057 (Rev. 5-8-10)

~~,_.dlgW/f...,,.
,., . , . . . . . t.w, _ , Nlil9dl7y•
~

PBI ~ .....,_

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
l!leotronlo communication

Title:

I nterview of -

•

Date :

-

10/.

/2024

From : Contact:
Approved By :
Drafted By :
Case ID#:

Synopsis :

Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon
(UAP) Unidentified Anomalous
Phenomenon (UAP)

■ Interview of -

-

Details:

■ On 10, . ,2024, -

-

•

(-

was interviewed at the FBI

and works primarily in
is currently emp l oyed by
the
■ facility. spoke to a presentation and videos that
has spoken with fellow and
were previously provided to the FBI. former
employees,
about the sightings observed from property in
•

-

■

-

1111

stated that
first UAP sighting was on 111 111111! 2021 . was e xercising in house around 5am when ■ noticed some lights

#### Page 2

outside of
back window. Initially, believed someone was in yard with a f ashlight bobbing around. When went outside, .
observed a singular light that eventual l y split into two or three lights.
This formed a triangular pattern with a light in the center and remained
for approximate l y ten minutes. got • • • • to see what ■ was
seeing as well. while filming on .
smartphone, accidently took a
flash photo and the lights immediately disappeared.
Speaking to a sighting on 03/a '2022 , played a video that
was previously provided to the FBI and explained that the location of
this sighting was not in the same location . stated that the UAP
sightings that observes are typica ll y at dusk or at night and the
light observed appears to morph and move laterally.

■

-

first reached out to
, formerly of •
through Linkedin to speak about what •
had observed from - ­
■ home. In conversat ions with was told that what
■ was observing was legitimate and that "people have been hurt by these
things " and to be careful. asked if had a UFO e xperience
before in life. At this point , explained an incident that
occurred i n 1996 . stated that • was driving wi th Army
officer from Fort Bliss, TX to Fort Carson, CO . While in New Mexico ,
cla i med that the vehicl e ■ was driving shut down and a large light
shined on and passenger. After about two minutes the light went
away and the vehicle ' s electronics turned back on .

1111

-

has lived at 1111 current property ,
in ■ s ince 2021 but previ ously l i ved about five miles from
1111 current home from
stated that has seen hundreds
of these l ights from property and has numerous videos and photos that
was wi l ling to share. also stated that has seen these
lights as well and others who have visited his property as well .

-

•

-

stated that ■ has seen more activity since September . The
•
sightings have not always been as long as initial sighting in 2021 .
There have been shorter bursts and it is common to have corrupted video
when trying to record these sightings.

2

#### Page 3

■ Interview of -

Title:
Re:

10-

2024

explained how ■ used ADSB data to try a disprove what was seeing as aircraft flying overhead. e xp l ained that ■ cross
referenced date and time stamps with ADSB records to determine what
sightings may be aircraft. would then determine the azimuth of the
lights and check the ADSB data.
-

■

-

acknowl edged throughout the interview that ■ never had an
interest in UAPs and that a lot of what said may seem weird or crazy .

♦♦

3

## FBI-UAP-D006 — FD-1057-05, Northeastern United States, 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D006
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D006
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: November, 2024
- Location: Northeastern United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out the only thing the agents caught on camera was a squirrel’s calendar.

- FBI FD-1057 form, filed November 1 2024, Northeastern U.S., documenting a site survey.
- Agents reviewed trail‑camera footage of reported aerial phenomena spanning three years.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-1057, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record investigative activity. This FD-1057 documents a November 2024 site survey of a location where a U.S. person reported observing unidentified anomalous phenomena multiple times over the previous three years. 

The subject matter described in files FBI-UAP-D004 through FBI-UAP-D008 and depicted in the video footage FBI-UAP-PR001 through FBI-UAP-PR003 corresponds to reports originating from the same general area in the northeastern United States.

### AI summary

This document is an FBI internal record from November 1, 2024, detailing a site survey of a location in the Northeastern United States. It was drafted by an FBI agent and approved by a supervisor. The report describes a property where an individual reported observing unidentified aerial phenomena over the past three years. Agents visited the site, reviewed trail camera footage, and noted signs indicating the area was restricted from hunting or fishing. The property owner showed agents the location and expressed willingness to allow equipment setup for further observation.

### Full text

#### Page 1

OFFICIAL RECORD

FD-1057(.Rev. S-8-10)

D0tuin•rl a'li&fJll"I ■ 11...1 llgllnl ( •lg"ed
Al' llgr,IIIJrs hlll't! bee,,,

or.lled ro

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
Electronlc Co111111unlcatlon

Title:

CC:
From:

Approved By:
Drafted By:
Case ID#:

Synopsis:

Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon
(UAP) -

-

Site survey of

Enclosure(s): Enc l osed are the fol l owing items :
1.
2.

3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.
11.

12.
13.

14.

Tree line photos located west of • home
Tree l ine photos l ocated west of • home
Tree line photos located west of • home
Treeline photos l ocated west of • home
Treeline photos located west of • home
Tree line photos located west of • home
Treeline photos loca ted west of • home
Treeline photos located west of • home
Treeline photos l ocated west of • home
Treeline photos located west of home
Photos from t rail camera on - • p r ope r ty
Pho to s from tra il camera on • property
Photos from trail camera on • property
Photos from tr a il camera on proper ty

l'l!rifilKI

~ ~

b,- •

#### Page 2

Title :
Re :

■

Site surv ey of
11 / 1 /2 02 4

15 .
1 6.
1 7.
18 .
19 .
20 .
21.
22 .
23.
24 .

Photos from trail camera on Photos of
Photos o f
Photos o f
Photos of
Photos from back deck
Photos fr om back de ck
Photos fr om back d eck
back deck
Photos f rom Photo Log

propert y

Details:

survey a r eas where h as
seen Un identifi ed Ae ri al Phenome non (UAP) over the l ast t h ree years .
•
provided a t our o f p r opert y wh ich gav e p ro spec tive to
previou s ly provided r ecording s. took agen ts down into a wooded a r ea
approximately 200 yards from home , where h as has a trai l
camera af f i xed . Thi s camera has captured UAP activi ty fac i ng West of
h ome. With in t h e wooded a r ea , the r e were s igns to indicate t h e
are a was r estric t ed fr om hunting or fi shing as we ll as a stone wa l l
r unning south to n orth .
home a nd i ndi c ated a r eas whe re .
stated that the r e i s a
trail that goes around
b ut the trai l does no t run through
the area where h as s een UAP activity . Upon obs ervat ion, it appea red
that mu l t i p le homes along
, which is to the east of would have l i ne of sight to the area whe re has observed UAP
activity .
•

-

s howed agent s a r ound -

2

#### Page 3

Title :
Re :

■

Site survey of
11 / . 2024

1111

no r th s i de of
vicinity of where ■ observed UAP activity .

showed a video of
In the video, wal ks in the

- - gave age nts a copy of
and to l d agents that
. - =1d be open to equipment being set up on
roperty in order to
or time lapse video . also stated that .
would
coordinate with agents to h ave them come out to property duri ng an
eveni ng, when the UAP act i vity i s often observed.

♦♦

3

## FBI-UAP-D007 — FD-1057-06, Northeastern United States, 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D007
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D007
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: November, 2024
- Location: Northeastern United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Agents wrapped up at 6:15 pm, just in time for the nightly news commercial.

- FBI FD-1057 form, FBI, November 2024, Northeastern United States.
- Agents observed white and red lights erratically near pond, tree line; photos blurry, observation ended 6:15 pm.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-1057, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record investigative activity. This FBI FD-1057 documents first-hand observations made by two FBI special agents’ during the course of an ongoing investigation in November 2024. 

The subject matter described in files FBI-UAP-D004 through FBI-UAP-D008 and depicted in the video footage FBI-UAP-PR001 through FBI-UAP-PR003 corresponds to reports originating from the same general area in the northeastern United States.

### Full text

#### Page 1

OIIPICIAL RIICOIID

FD-1057 (Rev. 5-8-10)

Daa.:nef!t~--clgbty-.......

Al tlg,,...._ -~ _ , ..-..,bJ•

~,m~.,.....

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
l!leotronlo communication

Observations at

Title:

■
From : Contact :

- -

Approved By :
Drafted By :

Case ID# :

Synopsis :

Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon
(UAP) -

UAP Observations at

Enclosure(s): Enclosed are the following items :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Photos taken by SA Photos taken by SA Photos taken
SA SA SA -

on 11
on
on
on

■

#### Page 3

Title :

Re :

■

Observations
11 .
2024

On 11 a,, 2024, Special Agents (SA) and SA 11111111111" visited the home of (at
•
The purpose of the visit was confirm reports and video that
had previous ly provided of Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon (UAP)
over the l ast three years. At the time of the surveillance, the weather
was approx imately 48 degrees , with overcast conditions and no
precipitation . The official sunset time was -

■ At approximately 4:45pm, Agents and went out to patio
on the north side of his home . initially pointed out li ghts in the
distance whichbelieved to be homes and other permanent structures.
also pointed to lights t(jpich ■ claimoo to be eight miles away and
could not be certain what tho~ light sources were.

■ Approximately twenty minutes later, SA observed what believed to be a UAP. In the direction of
SA saw a
white pulsation of l ight appear. The :~~ht appeared to be at the northern
edge of
and began to move l&i rizontally with somewhat erratic
movements. The light did not appear to reflect off the water of giving the possibility that the light source was over the wooded
a rea to the north s i de of
The light source d i d not appear to
illuminate the area below it or the surface of
The light
appeared to an altitude at or below the tree line. The white light danced
around less than ten seconds, moving side to side, and then disappeared .
•
Within the tree line to the west of home , there were other
lights observed by Agents. On multiple occasions , SA observed
wh i te lights appear at the top of the tree line . These lights would pul se
and flash it white/blue hue and then disappear. These lights did not
appear to move as erratically and seemed to be more stationary. SA also observed plumes of broad light appearing for several seconds before
a flash of light, either red or white appeared, and moved erratically
before disappearing .
•
SA attempted to capture observed UAP activity and these
photos are attached to this communication . Five photos were taken,
however the photos were mostly blurry and do not provide much context. It

3

#### Page 4

■

Observations
11/2024

was later determined that a tripod or other stable platform would be
required as the long e xposu re of the camera aperture would not yield
clear images.
IIII At approximately 5: 15pm, -

Agents and patio .

and arr i ved home,
went inside b ri efly to meet them before returning to the

At approx imately 5:30pm, SA and SA observed what they
•
believed to be a UAP in the same location of
that SA had seen the possible UAP. The UAP appeared as a bright white light above
a bright red light at the far end of the pond hovered at a approximately
tree- top height , moved quickly from right to left , d isappeared, then re ­
appeared simultaneously where it had first appeared, moved quickly from
right to l eft and disappeared again. Both Agents observed this activity .
•
Agents and remained on the patio and backyard, observing
activity until approx imately 6:10pm before going back inside home
to download the most recent photos and videos had taken of activity
behind 1111 residence

■ Agents discontinued surveillance and departed approx imately 6 : 15pm .

♦♦

4

home at

## FBI-UAP-D008 — FD-1057-07, Northeastern United States, 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D008
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D008
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: December, 2024
- Location: Northeastern United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Two miles of forest, and the only thing they captured was a lack of findings.

- FBI-UAP-D008, FBI FD-1057-07, December 2024, Northeastern United States site survey
- Agents walked two‑mile trail, photographed, found no unusual objects or treetop signs
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-1057, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record investigative activity. This FBI FD-1057 documents a December 2024 site survey of a location where two FBI special agents had previously observed unidentified anomalous phenomena. 

 The subject matter described in files FBI-UAP-D004 through FBI-UAP-D008 and depicted in the video footage FBI-UAP-PR001 through FBI-UAP-PR003 corresponds to reports originating from the same general area in the northeastern United States.

### AI summary

This document is an FBI site survey report dated December 1, 2024, regarding an unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) sighting. It was drafted by Special Agents (SA) and approved by an official. The report details a surveillance operation conducted around a location in the Northeastern United States, where agents walked a two-mile trail to photograph and examine areas where UAP activity was previously observed. No unusual objects or signs were found on the ground or at treetop level, and the area had dense tree cover, making nighttime drone flights risky.

### Full text

#### Page 1

FD-1057 (Rev. 5-8-10)

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

-

0flfllCIAL Rl!COIID
��,_.dlgW/f...,,.
,., .,..... t.w, _, Nlil9dl7y•
� PBI � .....,_

l!leotronlo communication

Site survey of

Title:

Date:

12/1/2024

From:

Approved By:
Drafted By:
Case ID#:

Synopsis:

(UAP) -

nidentified Aerial Phenomenon

Enclosure(s): Enclosed are the following items:

1.

■

- Site survey of

Photos around
FBI issued phone.
Photos around
FBI issued phone.
Photos around
FBI issued phone.
Photos around
FBI issued phone.
Photos around
FBI issued phone.
Photos around
FBI issued phone.

•
•
•
•
•
•

Photos taken on SA
Photos taken on SA
Photos taken on SA
Photos taken on SA
Photos taken on SA
Photos taken on SA

Detai ls:
SA

12.2024, Special Agents (SA)

surveilled the area around

in

, and

#### Page 2

■

Site survey of
Re :

12 .

-

2024

The purpose of the surveillance was to take photographs and survey the

locations where SA (UAP) activity on 11-

and SA 2024 .

observed Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon

■ Agents wal ked the perimeter of

in a c l ockwise direction at

approxi mate l y 1 0:30am . Agents f o llowed a marked trail whi ch was approxi mate l y a
two mile loop

and departed from the trail in areas to the West

and North of
•

On the Northwest s i de of

at approximatel y 11:00am, Agents

departed from the marked trai l and descended to the water's edge. Facing South,
Agents were able to see

' property at

without any

obstruction and full line of sight. In the vicinity where Agents viewed UAP
activity on 11.

/2024, there did not appear to be anything unusual present on

the ground or at treetop level .

■ Agents continued toward the North side of
vicinity of UAP activity observed on 11/.

a l so in the

2024, there did not appear to be

a nything unus ua l present o n the ground or at treetop l eve l . There was a n area
that appeared to be a once used as a fire p i t, but there d i d not appear to be any
evidence of recent burns as the g round was blanketed with leaves. As Agents
departed the marked trail and descended to the water's edge, Agents had line of
s ight to multiple homes on
-

to the East of -

ree cover throughout the area around

was moderate and Agents

assessed that it would be unrealistic for someone to fly a drone or other craft
at night without the risk of crashing into tree limbs .

♦♦

2

## FBI-UAP-D009 — FD-302-67, “Northeastern Orb Sighting,” 2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D009
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D009
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2026
- Location: Northeastern United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing hotter than the red orbs was the FBI’s paperwork deadline.

- FBI FD-302 interview form, FBI, February 2026, Northeastern United States.
- Witness described red spherical objects with white centers hovering, merging, then vanishing.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-302, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation uses to record interviews. This FD-302 records a February 2026 interview with a U.S. person, in which they described incidents potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena. The subject matter described in files FBI-UAP-D009 and FBI-UAP-D010 and depicted in the video footage FBI-UAP-PR004 corresponds to reports originating from the same general area in the northeastern United States.

### AI summary

This document is an FBI FD-302 form, dated February 2026, reporting an eyewitness account of a UAP sighting. The document was prepared by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. A person described seeing a red spherical object with a white center hovering in their backyard, followed by a second identical object. The orbs moved silently and in formation, then merged and disappeared. The witness recorded a video of the event, which is attached. The document contains no conclusions or recommendations from the FBI.

### Full text

#### Page 1

- 1 u[ ;: -

FD-302 (Rev 5-8-101

0PFICIAL RllCORO

�·�•>1\110/o,,,.�lr. ­
&Jo� t•,•ill,i,,f.. ,,.,.""""lt,
t.-ili,d ,-i
'l�Wf/' �i.lJMt

FEDERAL BUREAU Of INVESTIGATIO�

•
- ---

Date of �ntr)'

---

- -- ••

, email address:
interviewed
by
was
.,
,·md
via
,
vidooconfcrence on Micros of:: Teams. Also presen:: for the interview was
On February ., 2026,

After being advised of the identity of the interviewing agents
and the nature of the interview,
I provided the following information:

■■■

-

received a Bachelor's Jegree in E:conomics & finance from
• previously worked as I
then became an
- • I -- -• currently is the

■ ■

■•■ -

···••s

•

was at - residence at
returned home that night at approximately 9:L5�M
EST. As - wa� pulling into their driveway, whicn slopes downhill towards
their residence, - �oticed an intense cright light hovering below the tree
line in the middle of their bac�yard. - got out of - vehicle and stared
at the strange light for a few moments before reaching back i�to - vehicle
to retrieve - phone so - could take a video of what - was seeing.

At the same �ime,
was si:ting inside expecting - - to arrive
home. • checked - security camera and saw - standing next to vehicle looking into the backyard.
I then went m1tside to join - and
I doscribed the light as a red sphere
soo wh�t - was looking �t.
that wa� about one meter in diaraete� . • de�cribed the �ed color a� being
brilliant and bea.ullful, and lhdL • had neveL· .seen dnyU1lng LhdL color of
red before.
I stated that inside the red sphere, at the center, there
appeared to be what• described as a "white plasma sun" about the size of a
basketball.

■■■

■■■

■■■

As
and - - watched, the orb UAP moved up and to their left.
They then noticed there was a second, identical orb, hovering above the

ln1cstiga1ion on

b,·

-

: Mlc.i:o�uf L Tedll\S) )

This document coniain, Mithcr recoinmcndatiuns nor conclusions of the FBI. It is the propeny of the l'BI and is loaned to your ag.cri,y: it and its coll\cnts are not
\o b, Jimibulcd ou1�i1k your -1�c:rn;)'.

#### Page 2

FD-302a (Rev. 5-&- \O}

Continuation offiD-302 of _

_ I:n~t~
- e:_::r:::v~
i ~e~w~o~fJ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~L _

_ _ _ _ ___ , On

, Page

2 of 2

first one. The orbs then moved together towards the west above the tree
line, ■•• stated that from the start of the observation to when the orbs
traveled out of sight, they exhibited both a change in altitude and a change
in direction. The orbs were silent and moved in a smooth motion.
They
moved in tandem as if they were flying in formation or were tethered
together. As they moved out of sight, ■•• saw the orbs merge together
into one orb, or were so close together that
could only see one orb.

a

and captured a video of the orbs beginning at the point when
they were above the t rees and moving away from their backyard. The video is
contained as an attachment to this interview document.
A few weeks later,
stated that •
saw several white orbs travel over
house from the west to the east. These white orbs were traveling much
higher in altitude than the prior red orbs. ■•• described them as
appearing the size of a dime held at arm's length.

## FBI-UAP-D010 — FD-302-71, “Northeastern Orb Sighting,” 2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D010
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D010
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2026
- Location: Northeastern United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The UFO clearly aimed for the NBA, given its basketball‑sized glow.

- FBI FD‑302 (pdf) report, 2026, FBI, Northeastern United States.
- Witness saw a yellow ball basketball‑sized, then larger bright light behind trees, moving laterally; later white orbs.
- No FBI conclusions in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-302, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation uses to record interviews. This FD-302 records an interview with a U.S. person regarding their first-hand account of an incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena. The subject matter described in files FBI-UAP-D009 and FBI-UAP-D010 and depicted in the video footage FBI-UAP-PR004 corresponds to reports originating from the same general area in the northeastern United States.

### AI summary

This is an FBI FD-302 report from 2026, documenting an eyewitness account of unidentified aerial phenomena. The document was created by FBI agents after interviewing a person who saw two lights in the evening. The first was a yellow ball about the size of a basketball, and the second was a larger, brighter light. The objects were behind trees near the witness's home and moved laterally. The witness reported no health issues and mentioned seeing white orbs weeks later. The document states it contains no FBI conclusions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

- 1 uf 2 •

1'0-302 (Rtv. 5-8-10)

FEDERAL BUREAll OF' INVESTIGATION

Date of entry

was interviewed along with

---■ -

,
at • of
••
• After being advised of the
identity
the
interviewing agents and the
provided the following
nature of the interview,
information:

On _ _ _ , ■■■■ arrived home in the evening around 9:15pm.
Once parking in the driveway, ■■■■ noticed a ball of ligh: -:hrough winds~ield which was yellow and about the size of a basketball. Upon exiting
the vehicle, ■••■ saw a second ball of ligjt which was larger and about
the size of a beach ball. rhe ocjects were be~ind a row of trees, which have
since been taken down but in front of a section of trees between prope=ty and neighbor's property behind the home. ■••■ was able to
look at the lights without stre.1in or discomfort on eyes.
stated that h~s not h~d ~ny health issues or concerns since seeing these
objects.
[Agent Note; Based on where
was standing, the objects were
approximately 30 yards away and 20-30 feet above the ground].
■:

Upon seeir.g the lights, came outside to views the objects as
well. Both ■••■ and observed tte objects move laterally to their
left, passing behind a tree approximately 36 yards away, at the same height,
continuing behind a neighbor's house and beyond a tree that was
approximately 75 away. It was at this point where ■--■ stated that i::;:;iw

nnA

()l"h

()()-inCJ

-

-int-() t-h,:,

()t:h<>Y

()l"h

hAforA rlii::::ipp..,.~rir.o ~hn1ptly.

■
stated that a few weeks after this event, ■ saw several ~hite
orbs travel over
house from the west to the east. These whi-:e orbs were
traveling much higher in ~ltit~dc than the prior red orbs.

1111

■ In 1987, -

stated that ■ had witnessed something strange off of
in ■■■■■■• near power lines. saw a red light
circling around itself at night described lt like the front end or Kit frurn

lnvestii.;ation on

Cniced Scaces (In Person)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l>atcdralicd - -

by

This document contains neither ii-commendations nor i:onclusions of the fBI. It is thc properly of th.: FBI and 1s looncd 10 your agency: it and its rnntcnts arc not
to be distributed outside your agency.

#### Page 2

F0--3013 (R!V. S-8-10)

~

ervi ew of

ContinuatiQ-i cf f'D.302 of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ , On

, Page

2 of 2

t he TV s how n i g h trider. saw t he ob ject ho ve r and then land neai:- the
power station. Since t h en s tated t ha t •
has a lways bee n i nterest ed in
t he topi c o f OAP.
■ Attached t o th i s i nter view were phot os taken by Age nts at t he
per mi ss ion of -

## FBI-UAP-D011 — D/FBI Correspondence Referral, 1949

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D011
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D011
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 1949
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Four beams in 1949—clearly the mountains wanted a light show, not a meeting.

- FBI-UAP-D011, 1949 FBI correspondence between Director Hoover and Rev. Charles Barnes
- Barnes reported four light beams converging over Cascade Mountains at 10,000 ft, with ten‑minute explosion
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This collection of documents contains correspondence between the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), J. Edgar Hoover, and Rev. Charles Barnes concerning Barnes’ account of an incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP). Rev. Barnes described observing four beams of light “converging in the Cascade Mountains,” at an altitude of approximately 10,000 feet, with a “great explosion” visible at the convergence point of those beams for at least ten minutes. Director Hoover replied to Rev. Barnes thanking him for his letter and informing him that he had forwarded it to the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). Director Hoover conveyed to the AEC that Rev. Barnes believed that the event may relate to a military or scientific experiment within the commission’s purview.

### AI summary

This document is a correspondence referral from the FBI, dated January 31, 1949, addressed to J. Edgar Hoover. It includes a letter from Reverend Charles C. Barnes, who reported observing four beams of light in the sky moving from northwest to southeast, converging over the Cascade Mountains, with visible cloud formations and an explosion effect. The letter was acknowledged by Hoover, who thanked Barnes for the information. The document was declassified and is part of an FBI file.

### Full text

#### Page 1

4-596 (3-31.36)
11. S. Brparimrnt of Justire
o THIS 447
Declassification 17-HQ-0-2* 71-145
Buthority derived
from FBI REQUESTED BY OUAL
Automatic
Declassification FEB 7 1980 JTIED BY
Guide, issued
May 24. 2007 FEDERAL BUREAU
ENTIRE FILE REVIEWED
FORHISTORICAL
DECLASSIFICATION SECTION
: s) ,
s
CLASSIFIED MR i? O
i:
J13 345TY0 INVESTIGATION
serial: 109
COPIED FOR
MAR 1 1978 BY 47
USE CARE IN HANDLING THIS FILE
NW 91173
Docld:34743666, Page 1 --18-1520A

#### Page 2

/

'

•

I
!

REV. CHARLES C. BARNES, PASTOR
Box 391
---

·-

'

January 31, 1949

·"'

Mre J. Edgar Hoover
Washington D.C .

6189!)

i

Dear Mr. Hoover:
Here is a bit of information which may be of great signi­
ficance, or may be merely an observation of a sientific experi­
ment. It may be known by military authorities and the AoEoC. or
only a few may have seen it and none reported it to the right
place. Here it is. Can you pass it to the rig~t persons?
Last May one afternoon I saw four beam~ in the sky passing
from the northwest to the southeast and converging in the
Cascade mountains. In those four narrow beams small slou.d§ vvere
forming. And where the beams met apparently against the mountains
a great explosion effect was to be seen. I wou~d say that· they
were visible for at least 10 minutes or longer.
D

The sight brought to mind an article read before the war
about experiments carried on in Europe with various types of
radio beams to effect rainfall. I would guess that I had seen
the article. in the Science Digest.

:I

I

!I

.·-·

~~

iil ctf
~/
I

I1

.

The Columbia River flood of last summer and the unusual
precipitation this winter have forced me to_feel that this
observation of mine should be sent somewhere in the interest
of national security.
I have one son in the Air Cor~and anothercwbtkg with the
A.E.C. at Hanford which causes me to ptay for peace,· as weli
as the fact that as a minister I deplore.the waste and tragedy,
of war. That is one reason that I have fefrained from passing
on information and id~as that might incite warlike attitudes.
May I add these words to paragraph two. The explosion effect
seemed to rise to a height of about ten thousand feet.
Sincerely,

_,,.

#### Page 3

RECORDED - 119
February 9, 1949
EX-22 19-0-/09
Reverend Charles C. Barnes
First Presbyterian Church
Boz 391
NcMinnville, Oregon
Dear Mr, Barnes:
I have received your lebter of Jonuary 3l, l949,
and want to thank you for sending the information with
rejerence to the matter you mentioned, Io was indced
thoughtful of you to connunicote with me in this connection.
Sincerely yours,
John Edgar Hoover
Director
.
=
$E
7
.o*
WNadmh
*
, 745 St 3 on bW ald
• ;
DON
Mr. Tolson COMMUNICATIONS SECTION LE8 10 11 SO 0N.18
Mr Clegg 2
Mr. Glavin
Mr. Ladd MAILED 15
Mr.Nicholss
Mr. Rosen
Mr Tracy
Mr. Egan FEB 10 1949
Mr. Gurnea P.M. WOOU ON
Mr. Harbo
Mr. Mohr
Mr. PennIngton
Mr. Quinn Tamm ESPSRAL SUREAU OF INVESTICATION
Tele. Room
Mr. Nease / S. DE7ARTATENI OF MS'E
Mise Gandy m
83
NW 91173
Docld:34743666 Page 3

#### Page 4

, 25
EX-22 INDEXED - 119 RECORDED - 119
1300109 Er SPOCIAL AESHIOs
Dates Garch 3, 1969
M Mrcctos" of Opocia) Inwvostigetdons
The Mgpoctor Oamoral
Dogortmmnt of the Air Forco
The Pomagea
Inahingbon 25, D. Gr
Johm Bdgor Noomer on Mrootor, Pedarol Durosga or Imvooblgobion
A lotter bas boan roceived Dro Beverond Gitea eArarnan of.
Beinorillo, Orogen, cdviolng thnt Dant My ho dboerved four baoe of
liglt in the sly paccdng Sron the nortimwst to the couthoaot and onrorging
over the Cononde Countedns, Jn thngo boourg amoll, glonds crere Fommdng,
Aocarding to hovacnd Bawnno, whnre Chode beane mob on egloaivo orroot
tas to bo goon, Thio toe viaiblo for opprodinntely ton cmtos, The
molosive offoct ocomed to rise to a botght of about lo,coo foote
Bovorend Baxmns reguooted thet this inrouartien Do paoned on
as be felt it wght bo merely on oboervetsan of 6 sclentiste exoporrent
Incen to the pdlitary authordwoo or the Abomde Energy Condisedon:
Pado is Suaished Bor your infemmatione
oo " Mondo Dongy Ceadagion
Noom 30
Pablio Fonith Gullding
astington, D. G.
attamtions Rone Adrdral dote B, Oingrich
Mrector dl Beousity cnd Bntslisgence
: B
CWB:arm 549 VECEIAEYA: VOUN
08 3 30TBW
COMMUNICATIONS SECTION x
Mr. Tolson BY
Mr. Clegg. SPECIAL MESSENGER
Mr. Glavin
Mr. Ladd
Mr. Nichols
Mr. Rosen MAR3 1949
Mr. Tracy
mr. Egan
Mr. Gurnea
Mr. Harbo FEREDAL QUAEAU OF JNVESTIOATION
Mr. Mohr
Mr. PennIngton
Mr. Quinn Tamm
Tele. Room
Mr. Nease
Mise Gandy
NW 91173
Docld:34743666 Page 4

## FBI-UAP-D012 — Newark Field Office, 1952-1967

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D012
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D012
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: August 1952-1967
- Location: New Jersey, United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the 1957 ‘underwater demolition boat’ needed a pilot’s license.

- FBI-UAP-D012, Newark Field Office, 1952‑1967, New Jersey sightings
- Contains letters, photos and reports of cylinders, boat‑like and bright twinkling objects
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This file details a special inquiry by the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Newark Field Office of various reported sightings of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) in and near New Jersey between August 1952 and January 1967. These files include memoranda and correspondence between the FBI and the U.S. Air Force regarding UFO sightings, as well as public correspondence concerning various UFO-focused groups.

### AI summary

This document is a report from the FBI's Newark Field Office, dated between 1952 and 1967, detailing sightings of unidentified aerial phenomena. It includes a letter from the Air Force Technical Intelligence Center requesting an investigation into photographs of an unidentified object taken by John H. Rilby in Passaic, New Jersey, and a report from November 5, 1957, describing a cylindrical object observed by a woman in Glen Ridge, New Jersey. Additional entries include a report from August 27, 1957, about a shape resembling an underwater demolition boat seen by a US Air Force Reserve captain and a series of calls received on October 28, 1959, regarding a bright object with twinkling lights and a vapor trail.

### Full text

#### Page 5

•
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
•.WASHINGTON
THE tNSPECTOR GENERAL USAF
20 DISTRICT OFFICE OF SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS

67 BROAD STREET
NEW YORK 4, NEW YORK

IN REPLY
REFER

T0:24-.300

Mr. S. I. McKee

Special Agent-in-Charge

Federal :eureau o t Investigation
18 , R~a:vmoncl-0:>uierc,e Bldg. ,
Newark 2, Hew Jersq

REt

, H.J.
IIQtrmY
Dear Kr. McKee,

Transitted herewith are copies of a restricted memorani'aa data4
12 .luguat 1952, ad.dressed to the .Sth OSI District by' the Chief, T•chJd.cal
Atl&l.7eis Di'rleion, .lir Technical Intelligence Center, Wrl.ght-Patteraen

lir :rorce Base, Ohio; a letter, with incloaure., dated 2 .&.ugu.at l
addressed to A.TIC, W'right Patterson Jll'B, ~ n , Ohio, ·b7 Mr. CHARIBS
GREGG, St&tt w.riter, "The Berald-llevs, Passaic, B. J.•; a.rd. S8TO
photographs allegedly ot wti.dentified aerial objecte. The J.:ti- Technical
Intelligence center has requested that the background o~ abject ciT.l.llaa
photographer, JOHN H. RILBY, 28, 571 Main Street., P&terson, •• J. and of
known vitneaa GIORGI J. STOCK, 221 Brooks Ave., Passaic, If. J., be in­

Teatigated in an attempt to determine their reliabilii:ty; that the pho­
tographer be questioned. u to the cirCU111stances under lihich he took the
pictures; that an atteapt be ll&de to locate other sources in the areaJ

and that an:r,other data pertinent to determining the authenticity- ot the

photos be obtained.

This office will apprecia't·'iN~~ceiving copies or your reports o:t
investigation or this ma-ttaii,::--·,
eerely' yours,

10 Incle,
A.a 1ndicated abo
CCI. Hq OSI

L. 111 COY

or, USD
ing District

#### Page 13

ce
TO

: SAC, NEWARK

FROM

• UNITED ST

S GOVERNMENT
DATE:

l

15/57

SA JOHN T. MURPHY

N.J., te
that in the middle of t

hersel:f and 2 children were

8 Douglas Road, Glen Ridge,
y advised on the above date
ternoon of November 5, 1957, her husband,
n the lawn of their prop er ty •

From a southwesterly
rection they observed a long,
cylindrical, dark silver object
th no wings but fins on the rear,
moving along toward the n.ortheas ,i There were no marki.rtgs on the
object, it was not flying high nor aet and they could not tell 1.f
it made any noise since there was a plane flying nearby at the same
time.

She recalled there were no other neighbors out at the 'time
and they apparently were the only ones who saw it.
She stated that the object returned from the dire~tion
it had gone about dusk and it seemed as though there was some
motor noise from it. It flew into the southwest at a higher altitude
but at about the same speed. .tt.!,t !Nf'ORMA,T'COH f;()NTA!NJ.cr>
"-'•·
HERE!
h,;Jfl
Advise OSI.
OATE
B

#### Page 15

ffANOAftD l"'IMM NO. &l

t/'

ce

• UNITED STAT S GOVERNMENT

..

TO

DATE:

FROM

BEBTS
l"

SUBJECT:

8/28/57

UHIDENT

,

. "'"''"''~

8/27

US Air Force Reserve Captain, 24 Day
Street, Cli
telephonically contacted this office
at 8:46 p.
to advise that he had seen an unidentified flying object
) at 8:30 p.a., 8/27/57. SCHEY state4
that he observed
a object in the sky due west of Clifton,·
N. J. According
SCHEY, the object had a shape reaeabliag
that of an underwater deaolition boab and light, in the shape
of a croas, waa colling fro• within this UFO. SCHEY stated
that he, with the use of hia field glasses, was able to see
what looked like diaaond-ahaped holes in the u:ro froa which
the ligat eaitted.
Agent GEORGE WEBTZ, 081 Duty Officer, was telephonically
contacted at his hoae at 8:51 p.a., 8/27/57, and advised of
the above.

DBR:IICR
(

#### Page 17

'
...

..

Indice• Search Slip
f'D-160 (Rev. 6-11-58}

Date
TO:

CHIEF CLERK

Subje

Birth Date

Addre-lla

Birthplace

Restrict to Locality of

Exact SpelUnc;r

c:JMain Criminal Caae File• Only

All Referencea

Crimina! References Only

Main SubTerehe Ca•• File• Only

Main SubveraiTe (If no Main, Hat all Subversive Referencea)

Subvaraive References Only

Main Criminal (If no Main, Hat all Criminal References)
File & Serial Number

File & Serial Number

quad

Searched by

(date)
Conaolidated by

{dale)

ile R ••iew
I - ldentlcal
NI - Not identical

ymbola
? - Not identifiable
U - UnOTailable reference

xtenaion

Remark•

File No.

#### Page 19

-

~ .._ M

• UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
SAC, RI: (62-0)

TO

DATIi:

SA DOllALD B •• BOBBRTS

L---· ~,,,-••'

'\

l'LYIHG OBJECT ,

SUBJBCT:

1111--------··

At 7: 15 p .. a .. ,

5/

I c1<::.

r J./)
':-;,.."'1. , l, • ,

Glen Ri
. .
telepho ically
4:
p.a., this date, hi• wife o'baerved a

t-· i.-

29 Windsor Place,

ce
·~
dent1fied low

flyiae o·bject over Glen Biclge, N'. J. IIARI
ated hi• wife
deacrib•d this object a.a being a brilliant white, cigar •baped

witb delta wines toward the tail and wa.a unable to hear any
aoi■• COiline froa thia object.
According to Jira. IUltIIO,
thia object waa flyiq froa tb.e aouth to the aorth.

VAN LIBRE, OSI, waa telephoaically

#### Page 21

•

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
DATE:

TO

FROM

4/ /S8

: SA BILL WILLIA!e

SUBJECT:

rNI
NEA
AT A

PM.

NG OBJECT SIGHTED
BRIDOB OW 4 2/$8 Alit INFOP.MATICN CON1'AINED

3ERE1
OAT

B

232 Dwight St., Jeraey City, phone HEJ ad iaed on thia date that ahe and her-hu■ band
ect object lltlich appeared aa a flaming rocket

S-0.33
observed th• eu
coming down :rrom the 1k7. They were in their_ car at the tilft• coming
home("1orth) tram the aho:ee on RT. JS aTid were passing over a small
bridge just before going on to the lai-~e bridge at Pe:rtJ Amboy. •

#### Page 23

-

The writer telephonioally contacted SA John Murphy, who
ia in charge ot 11UJon with other go-vernm.ent agencies in the
Newark office,at 1:10 AM. The writer viahed to know whether h•
should 1mmediatfly conatact OSI or it SA Murphy ahould do ao.
SA Murphy tqld the nt1Jer that the procedure aa he underatooad1t
was to aend a letter to the interested agency and not make an
immediate ooal*" 1th the agency at night. SA. Murphy did suggest
that the writer 1
rm the Sunday morning duty agent of the
contents or thia meao and leave it to hia dlac9etion aa to whether
OSI ahould be co
cted at that time.
M'rra. A.G.DDower telephonically contacted the Newark ottice

at 1:35 AM on this date. She informed the writer that ah• and
her husband had seen a UFO that had paaaed over her reaidenc• in
a South to North d1reot18nJ that it had laated tor only two or
three aeoondaJ that to her it appeared to be a white hot point ot
l.lght. with a tail or predomiantly orange coloringJ that this tail
waa at least ten time ■ aa large aa the objeotJ that the tail waa
fan ahapedJ that it was a& an altitude of greater than 3,000 feet;
that it was unli~e a talling atarJ and that when they tirat aav
the object t• appeared to th•m thaJ it had burst into flam.•••
Mra. Dower advised \hat she resides at 8 arYard Terrace, Weat
Orange, N.J.

RA -t t,l

~~'·"·~~

-----·~•"'"""

.

#### Page 26

S'TAHOARO FORM NO, 64

•
TO

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

: SAC

FROM

DATE:

4-22-59

CLERK WILLIDI P • lfUGEM'l'
._,,/

~-SUBJECT:

.~--:....----··

UNIDElrl'IFIED PLDlfG OBJECT

O

Tbe writer waa telephonioally oontaoted by Mr.
GRAHAM, WHO RESIDES .A'l' 266 lfOR'l'H AVE., l'AlfWOOD, lf.J., at
15' PM
thia date. MR. GRAHAM atated that he vas Tieving a aeried t lighta
in the air that oame out o:t the Southern Horizon and traveled aa taat
aa the satellite ■ sent up by thia country. He ■ tated th•ae 1ighta··
changed oolor. and alao diTided 1n the air and oame together again.
Be stated he had oalled the local polioe and there waa a leoal
1ioem.an in h1a hoae at the time or hi• call. '!'he wr6te~.adT1a•d
. • John■ on that he would .tu.i-niah hi• 1nto:raation te tb.e OSI and 11.pon
the termination or Hr. Jobnaon'• oall, the wz-1ter telephon1ttllf oontacted Agent BLALOCK or the OSI and in.toraaed him ot
• Johnaon •
•
Cl\lll. A.gent BLALOCK told the writer that he would b.andl• the matter.

MR. JOIOOION'S '!ELEPHONE NUMBER IS FANWOOD 2-67

•

ALL INFORMATIOM CONTAINED
C".S.,. 11 1

..." . i i '

D..\ T

E
!

APH2 J 1959

II
!

i,,,.------

#### Page 28

-

STANDA"D FOl'lM HO. 94
¾,

,..

ce
TO

FROM

• UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
DATE: 10/28 /59

SAC
:

Clerk William P. Nugent

UFO SIGHTED ON 10/28/59
AT APPROXIMA '!ELY .5 :40 PM

SUBJBCT:

Between 5:40 and 6:45 PM on th:ts date, this office was
in recelpt of some seven calls in regard to captioned matter. The
object sighted was generally described as a very bright object with
a number of twinkling lights around 1 t; wAsseurro1.1nded by a haze or
, cloud llke mist; had a vapor trail whi.ch disapated very qui.okly and
which was of great area in the vicinity of the object. It is to be
noted that the indivlduals calli.ng claimed to have numerous w1 tnesses
to this phenomena. The following is a 11st of those who contacted
the offtoe and the ti.me which they called is noted abev~ the name,
address, and telephone nu~ber:

5:55 P

er Ecker, -=t

Mr. Wa

P.O. Bo
Bedm:tni
Tel.#

327,

er, N. J.,
8-1106

6:01 P

Mr. Leo ard Connors,
Street,
210 19t
Surf Ci
N .J •,
Tel.# HY -9333

6:05

M

Mr. M tin Arman,

25 Val y St.,

East Or ge 1 N.J. (Business Address)
Tel.# S 2-8460
6:10 P
Coll. Ve
V1. llage

Greeww:Joh

Tel.# FR

4.5

Mr. Ri

130 Ver
Harn:tlton

on A Peterson;
ad,
N. rJ. ( PH6fietio)

5826

rd Stoner

n Rd.,

are, N.J. (near Trenton

)

#### Page 30

• UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO

FROM

DATE:

:SAC

1/16

0

SA WILLIAM H. ROCKET'!'

suBJBCT: Unidentified Plying Object
OltaerTecl 5:
J>M

January 16, 1960

~~}J.~!N.FORi-!~TION c9trrA!rm)
i •• tt..,...
u
!F
I

UAIE

B

A.t approxtaptely $:50 PJII this date, STEP

KLYCE,

541 W 113 St, W.Y.C., telephonioally ed
d thet he ia
the org~niet e.t the Pirst Presbyterien Ch.uroh, Broed
st., Bloomtield., W.J. PI 3-1796. While et the cauroh
et ebout 5:
PM this d.-te, he Pnd others heard what
seunded 11~• e reer or e jet.

On

going out Pnd loeking·

at the aky they srw P bright object in the aky vita a
hasy eutline around it. It appea~ed to be atetionpry
and waa east in the direction ot W.Y.C. A plane wes
paaaing overhead at the aame time an4 the UFO wea abe11t
5,000 teet up in the aky. The UPO diaap~••red atter about

5 minutes.

At 6100 PM, RALP

LA.VELLA, 10 Hilloreat Avema.e,

Weat Pateraen, •.J., telep
cally adT1ae4 that at aaeut
5i4.$ PM•• aad aeen a jet pl • .tlyj.mg SB, heard. an ex­
plosion, aaw an object lea••
e plane and move in an
eeate:rly 41:reotion.
A 'brigllt light e11&.nated. :rre• the e'b­
Jeot and atter sever.al Jlinutes it app••~ed to drop tre•
the alcy in the vicinity or W.Y.C.
◊

At 6t03 PR, Agent M.A. SRODA, OSI, Camp Kil.Jller,
B.J., XI 5-8286 waa tele~henioBlly adTised or the above
1 ntorlllli' ti on.
An anenyaous o~ll
furnished aillilar inferEtion
et 5:47 PM end at 6t27 PM A.
T DOUGLAS, 202 Morris ATea11e,
Springtield, W.J., DR 6-3997, dTised that at 5145 PK,
while sitting in his opr in e aupe?'ll8X-ket at Springtield, 1'.J., helled observed e TPpor trril •i.tJDIXIIJUhl• in
the Southern aky. At the end or it there WPS P bright
object trevelling Pt jet speed, then it aeemed to step,
end PemPin atrtioaPry for 5 minn.tes end
then 41seppeered.

il•--•••"•

#### Page 31

• UNITED.
TO

: SAC (100-36998)

F'llOM

:

sUBJBCr:

ATES GOVERNMENT
DATB: 2/27/60

Clerk William P. Nugent
UFO SIGHTED ON 2/27

0

by S.M. KAPLAN OVER
BLOOMFIELD, B • J.

The writer received a telephonic contact trom
MR. S. M. .

PLAN, 19 Al:fred Lane, Bloomfield, I.J.1. . . .,

at 6:35 PM his date. He advised a group or aeighbQrs
and himsel had seen an UFO and reported the details
concerning
•

'l'h.e writer telephonically contacted OSI agent
La Belle, the duty man tor this date, and advised him
o.f the incident. He stated that he did not want the
details as he would get them .first hand .from Kaplan,.
thanked the writer, and terminated the convers•t1on.

#### Page 33

Ol"TIONAL fOltM NO.

l0

5010-104

UNITED STATES

0
TO

SAC, NEWARK (62-0)

FROM

SA WILLIAM E. GAGNON

SUBJECT:

DATE:

2/8/61

JOHN

Infer
Sew~,g__lJ:i~n~\La~-

d,

ephonically contacted

which time he furnished the

ted that while driving home in his ce.r le.st
Sunde.y, 2
, around 7:00 p •. m., he noticed e.n extremely
bright obje t in the sky. He sta.ted the.t this object,which
is not a s~e.r, appeared to be round in shape a.nd much larger
than a sts:r. He sts.ted that this object, which he could not
further describe, s.ppeared to the Northwest of his residence.

He stated that he saw this same object on Monday
and Tuesday evenings, e.nd that tonight there were three similar
type objects in the sky. He stated that one object e.ppesred
to be Northwest of his residence; one to the West and the
other to the North of his res:tdance. He ste.ted thet these
objects, however, had changed from a round shape to leterel
shape and appeered to be much likes spectrum..
He stated thet his wife told him he had been drink­
ing and imegining things. He stated tb.et he had hi.s daughter
who is a school teecher, his son, his wife end a neighbor out
looking et these objects and they hed ver5.fied his findings.
He stated th1=1t he didn't understand these objects and for this

reason wanted to report this matter to this office. He stated
he had reported this matter to the Westfield, N.Ji!I Pol:lce De­
partment but they were too busy to check on this because they
were shoveling snow. He stated he tried to report the matter
to Civilian Defense but there was no answer.
He stated that since he did not understand these

objects e.nd ha did not know 'Whether they wet•e weather balloons

or foreign objects, he wanted to report this matter to the FBI
for whateYer action deemed appropriate.
No action reoommende .,.,,
( 1)

WEG

d

#### Page 35

•OPTION... 1'01t¥ NO. 10
5010-104 •

•

UNITED STATES

ti

TO

SAC NEWARK

FROM

IC D. LOUIS BARRA

SUBJECT:

UNIDENTIFIED

llFURMlTION

DATE:

G OBJECTS

CERNING

16/61

ALL !NFO
H.E.fiE!
·D'A.

haa aeen objeota in the sky oa
ich ahe was unable to identify.

Complainant related that ahe haa other information
ahe·would like to furnish to a FBI agent, but was unable
to explain any further on the phone.
Doarcke was very vague oonoerning her oomplainau
and would :mot diacuas the information aha desired to furnish
the FBI, while she was on the phone.
The aboTe data 1a recorded tor information and
is &Qggeated that a agent contact complainant to determine
if ahe baa any 1:lorm.at1on or any value to the FBI.

I

#### Page 36

L.~.______.._

..

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OPTIONAL POIIM MO.
5010-104

lO

UNITED STATES

TO

DATE:

: SAC, NEl~AftK' { 62-0-15013)

2/

/61

4,

,,......___..,_.~••,;"''·•

FROM

: SA

,,.

RICHA P!:> C. LEE

SUBJECT: '(Jl'.JIDElTTIFIED

FLYING OBJECTS
Il>JFORMA TI(Y~T CC1'TCEF 11JING

1/16/61 at Newark.

Re memo of JC. D.
On 2/13/61 Mrs.

&rcke, 122 Ma.in St. Franklin,

one month ago seen an article in

advised that she had
the Newark News concernigg

N. J.

identified r1,1ng objects thaj were a

matter of concern to the U.S. She stated that as a result of this ar.•

,,r

ticle she recal 1 ed that in either 1938 or 1939 she
Art Schoel and had a teacher by the name

ded the Newark
,,.,.,"'

who resi.ded

at 915 Sanford Ave. Irvington, N. .J. Mrs.

stated that on one

o,~casion in 1939 Grabach had requested her t

a drawing of Boulder

Dam which was to be used for purposes of reprinting. She stated that
she had never been paid for this drawing and that she has had no contact
with Grabach since that time.
Mrs. Goarcke also stated the t she be l:!.eved that these uniden­
ti f1ed flying objec~s could be used to obtain pictu~es of SU(h install­
ations as Boulder Da.m whlch idea occured to her as a. result of the above
mentioned article in the Newark News. Mrs. Goarcke alio stated that in
1939 Gr. -1bach was in sympathy with communism and dammed tbe American Way

of life@
Mrs. Goarcke was during trn course of
to wander in her thought process and apoeared
daze. She could not furrish any informatlon other
tha.t unidentified fl,-ing objects ccDld be used to

Boulder Dam.

ALL INFORMATION CONTAINED
HERE!
IF
DA

B

interview

#### Page 41

OPTIONAL l"OftM NO. 10
MAY 1111 EDITION
GSA GEN. 111:Q. NO. 1:1

sno-101

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

or
TO

SAC, HEWAIUC (61-0)

S/8/83

DATE:

1
(.,,..

'

FROM

SUBJECT:

/·~,.;:

,'

t,.,

' ······(,,.
/)

..,,.
,

...

'

'

-~

"

'¥-

''

-~
;~

t

I "' " ·(

ALL INFOR ATION CONTAINED
HEREIN
)!FI
DATE
B
On 3/1

, the aubJeot telepbonioal
ooatacted the
Baakenaaak, Hew
y Re■ident Agency and •••1•ed that he i■
eaployecl •• a
for a deteotlve ageaoy alld. laet nlcht, be
obaened flying
eota ia the air OYer Lodi, Rew Jene,.
STOCEB belieyea tbat tbe11e flying object■ were tlyia1 ■aaoen
and be would like to furniah thla infonaation to the appropriate
federal agency.
STOCKS advi11ed tbat be ob■ened flying saucen ewer
Lodi, Hew Jereey, on 9/lG/11 and notified the looal police
departaent of tbia eTent. BTOCES atated tbat on this date,
wo patrol oan frOII the Lodi, !few Jersey Police Depart11ent
arriTed at the scene. but they did nothing about this occurrence.
STOCl:8 atatecl that be haa deouaenta and atfidarita that he aeat
to the United State■ Air Poree in Wa■hincton, ».c., regarding
thi• eyent.
At the oonolueion of the interview, STOCKS adviaed
that be would contact the United States Air •oroe in Newark,
Hew Jeney, ancl advise tbea of these flying object• he obaened
for their inforaation and any action they dee• appropriate.
Ho action 1• deelled warranted in thi ■ utter, and it
1• suggested that the ■ubject'• na11e be indexed inasauoh a•
be aay oentaot the l'BI in the future regardiac flying aauoera.

LPB:lljf /;
(1)

/

#### Page 42

•
•
, lndic;s Search Slip
FD-160 (Rev. 10-1-59)

Date
CHIEF CLERK
ct

I

Restrict to Locality of

~==!Main Criminal Case Files Only

==:::;:' Exact Spelling

Criminal References Only

IA11 References

c=JMain Subversive Case Files Only

Subversive (If no Main, list all Subversive References)

Cubversive References Only

Criminal (If no Main, list all Criminal References)
Remarks

File & Serial Number

Remarks

l

Requested by

quad

Searched by

(date)
Consolidated by

(date)
Reviewed by

date)
File Review Symbols
I - Identical
NI - Not identical

? U -

Not identifiable
Unavailable reference

Extension

File No.

#### Page 43

'

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

,

WASHINc.TON

Ol'P'ICE OF THE Sa:RETAJff

20 February

3

...........

Dear Mr. Hoover:
It has been some length of time since I've written you on a
subject o'f' mutual interest---Unidentified Flying Objects. When I
last contacted you, I we.a then Department of Defense spokesman for
Project Blue Book, the 6rganization responsible tor investigation
\.
of UFO s10htings, a part ot our Foreign TechnoloSY Division located •
at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. I turned over my respon­
sibilities a.a spokesnan to Ma.Jor Carl Bart of our Division a year
ego last month, 'When I was moved up to Deputy Chief' of the Op~ra.tions Branch, Public Information Di Vision.
•
'\\
'-,

,,

'

\\

I thought the Bureau mign be interested in the inclosed "b
copy of a letter whiob was prin:
in the Marc11 l 3 issue of n
News" ( now in 1ts te
lica
• This Publi
pri
qtJ&rterly by
lestia
of- ..
Res
of non-b,l1evers, believers~
"f'lyins saucer" subject. •

Major, USAF
Deputy Chief, Operations Br&Qell
Public Information Division
Ottice ot Intonation
Mr. J. Edgar Hoover

Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
9th & Pennsylvania Ave., R. w.
'Washington,:_ :Q. C•

. re ~ ·Inc1-· -; \ .
,,

}

\

'

\o•

• 4

"Saucer Keva"
~

'

.

I

.1: .
y' ; ;~ ..,
.!

*

*" : 1,

,.

.,

..,,. ,.... ·--'"·

""" tJ
- - - - - . . ! , , • ,,,_ .,,.,,,. .,_,

#### Page 44

.

MA.itC.d

VOLUME 10, NUMBER l
•.•... (l'bolo Numbor .51)

l96J

EDITOR:
JAMES W. MOSELEY

LING ADDRESS: P. 0. BOX 163, FORT LEE, N. J.

<>; ,·tee: ROOM 1009, 303 flFTH AVE.,.NEW YORK, N. Y.
:?l~!ONE: MURRAY ~ILL 6-3743

'I

There has been a delay in the publication or 'f4'J" !orthcoming book,
"Tho Second Ccaing or Christ and Flying Saucers2 I had plans to have it print­
od 1n3toad or mizneogr&phod. I took it to a printer a.nd he obta.1.ned legal &d­
vioe th.at didn't recommend it.a publication. I w.as told by tho attorno;y t.h.a.t

tho book was too harsbl)" critical o! the U. s. Govern.-nent, particularly the
FBI, and tha.t this llight bring legal trouble; ./Uld that othor parts of the man­
uscript are 10 oontrover:s1al that th<ty ntight ;:a.use libel suits. He felt that.
you might sue••• I tried other,, but attor roading tht na.nu$cript, tho1 would

not, pr·1nt it,
Thia meant I had to aend out.notices to purchaser, ot· tho book
that I would have to put, out a mimeographed edition, and this would not co:no
out be.tore March. •F171n,g Saucor Roview• turned down rq ad, btlt so !'ar, other
magar.inea plan to publish it in January and Februaey. All will be given a
chance to order it, and
all orders will be 1hlp..

pod the samo day. Tho
book will mean my arrost
and so I plan to releaso
all copies 1n one day.
Ir I were to till· orders
aa

,
I

• I

t

\ I •

!

1
I

I

I

f

I

I

t,,

.

the7 came in,

then

someone on the li.at
might be a secret Gov­
ern:n.ont agent, or would
turn it \'.>Vur to the au­
thorities as ·a book that
threatens the national
security or the u.s.,
a.nd the rest or the cop..

too would b,:. con.ti,cat.d. Thia is based on the advice of tho attorney who reo.d
tho ;r,c:,.nu:script. Arter getting that advice, I am keeping the contents or the
b,;>,: • . ocret until ita relea.so 1n March. Thus, the Gove1'"r. ::-:~ont has no idea just
" i intend to relu.so, until too latel After the ordo:·s aro shippod in that
. i ., .!,J •• ..i.Uing, they c..n co~i:..& a.nd arro:;t me tor all I ea.r•e .. My life's mission for
Jo~us Christ will hAve been 1'ul.tilled, and my goal acco:npl:.:,}:t>d. Tho truth,
even it it should vi.olato t<::.!'l-mado law, will 't>. sent out to .;sek~rs ot tru.th•
• • • • So ·I risk personal ruin to get this thing out; but one .:-:~:..t:., t make sacri­
fices in the name of Christ 1.! ono is worthy to ez1trr the k·;..r\-:ciom or Bea.von.
the eyes of th• Govem,."n,.:,nt, the book will be conuidered d:1ngorou.a, bu.t 1n
:i •J"OS ot God, it will b.:, considnrod Truth.
•

Rl~aAiU) OG:0~:N-

P.O. Box 9005, Seattle. Washington
( ~ !i!>.t:!& W'a v1l.l 1- looking torvard to 1-'.r. Ogden•• book with intereat.
a.nd avid curiosity, though .troa the ton• ot thi~ ~.t.,.i. other lett.ra be baa aont
us on~ subject, ve doubt 1t it v1l.l enr 'tM. publ.ish.d.)
.•
•

#### Page 51

Ol'TlONAl POIM MO, 10
MAY lt'2 IDITIOH
GIA PPMlt t,1 Cfll 101-11,6

I

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

TO

: SAC, NEWARK ( 62-

FROM

:

)

DATE:7/11/66

SA JOHN J. CREAMER, JR.

SUBJECT: UIIIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS

Westl:i)ra;nge. N.J., 7/11/66.
At 10:18pm, 7/11/66,

OAT

UCH
l Old Short Hille Rd.,
, advised that she and. her
in the sky a,t about 10:00PM.
ote from two opposite directions
the planes drew near them, the

West Orange, NJ., telephone
girl friend saw three white
Two planes ca.me towards the ob
•• it they were chasing them.
objects disappeared.
SHAW, 18 Maplewood Dr., Livingston,
RAUCH 1 S friend is SUS
N.J.

Officer Murphy, w.
that there has been no re

ange N.J. P.D. was contacted and h• advised
of unidentified objects in the are~.

SEARCHED.....

SERtAUZEO....

.... fllt1..i ......"""'""''

l l lqtiC
,e, -NIWAftft

JU

JJC/jjc
(lt

.Buy U.S. Savings Bonds l(eRru./arly on the Payroll Savings Plan

#### Page 56

AFSCA
,,I, h~a.nity. ,
, .
, • .·, .'··
•,, . •
M.ab, no n1fa1take.. Your ·gocV~l'Jlzfient ia .not in: the .,
'White l~uae or th~ Cong:reae. IT IS IN THE PENTA-

BRIGHT WORLD 1N HANDS

e
GON, :A.ND :rn THE HEADQUARTP1RS OF THE VAST
planet Korendor, about 400 light years distant) on
,1·
May 4. 1966 via special directional short-wave radio
by Bob Rena.ud, the young elect:ronic-tecfmician whose
United States. The facade governrnent ia merely to
remarkable story we printed in if!usues il8, 19, Z0,21 1
allay un.4u.e ala1p:i Q:!!1:
cio,n oft.he }?eople~ ,· ....
and 2.2, and which will be continued in ou:r next isa u:e.
, E~amine a.nofheit
i;::t '9f ~e ~•iat,. '"'far~ tp.e ,
Since Bob's initial radio contact in 1961, he has
ECONOMIC eidet. L.')o,ydu: ·\!:"call th,at/ in tfie stock ..
talked with the crew of a. spacecra.ft as he watched
reports just ?'.4\C
Dow..;J9nee
•
them on. hb special TV sere.en in his home - and
dropped eha11plyR
eventually n1et his con:t
visited the.ir
NORTH VIE
undersea anit untfeF'groun
on our planet; was
.. e stagger
. . .. .
news.. .
ut
taken a.board many of their spaceshipe; and wa.s
Stock prices &u;lle'ring lleavy: loas because of a·
actually allowed to pilot two of their small scout
ruinor that peace might c<i:ttte to pa,s! . . . .. . . . .
craft - one on a short solo flight.)
~ i s thoug};lt is .JQ<,lirt distres ■ ing. Yow: econo~y
relies so heavily upou war. and 4,,estruc
if- it ,
were
to
stop,
T
.
.
.
STATES
E
.
~y
· . ·
nKalo (Hello)t friends. We will get directly to
WOULDSUI-"'FER
A
MASSIVE
DEPRESSION!
Your;.,·
the :point of our rnesa age to yott. Frankly·, we are
money systen1 wow. .co ap•e
a
ue:e b • ca.!'dS, . •
i
appalled at the state of Earth at present. Despite our
!
Million&
would
be
unemployed;
sick.
h
rt
~iQ•·
•
...
constant warnings and even our actnal intervention in
1
homeleea. • Tre:rnendous industrial com
a. would'
some instances, the condition up:ort your planet grows
i
close their doors.
•· •·. • •.. ·•
steadily wor~e.
The utterly appalling !ac:t is this: WJul XS
One subject on everyone's lips theae days is
PROFITABLE. Highly sot ;Every major C.Q~ic
Vie.tna.m. F:rom a little civil war. it ha1 grown
Keen
acc'otnpa'Iii:ed by a strong peak in your •
steadily and inexorably into a full scale conflict
proa~rity.
• Peac.e has usually been ecort.om.ic!Yly ••
between the world' 111 three
~,:!¾,""'
painful!
. ..
• .
States. the Soviet Union,
.
After
World
War
l,
the
nation
coasted·
for
awtiil~
•••• •
•~'i)'e'opfe"li'ave'""'ueea £ti~ approach
upon
the
fat
put
on
during
the
boom
ol
tli~
war
of patriotism and love of God a.nd Country tQ twi'et •
.fu 1929, the bottom !ell out. After the R~1t~,an
. decent human feelings into dangerous channels of
in the l950ts came another recession.. What . ..
..
thought a.nd action.. With their charges .of treason and
·after.
Vietnam?
No
one
know•,
and
no
one:wante
1:<J
&ym,pathy with the ~nemy, they have a.roused a good
find out. The wa.r in Vietnam is bringing a.n·
.. ·.
portion of the populace to a state of fear, distrust.
of degree of affluence in the Unite.cl Stat~•;
i
and hatred of those who seek peace and love. Un.for~
a
good
thing
by
en.ding
the
war
?
The
phil~sopy,
in
•
•
•
'duals
t1~nately, because so:me
eesen<;,e, is thi«:. It.is ~contimieally expe'!U,~ to send
have been a.ssociateti Vf'i
:µt, that
rnilita.l'y forces to V::ietna:rn a.nd elaew •
•~~a Jn
. entire operation has been serious y .
d. • ·
.
order
to
.wage
war,:
teca.uee
in
doing.
\Jf:l.i.t.e~
Your government is a rniUtary puppet, a mere
State,•~·
•
•
•
••
i&
bolstered
.
gh
parrot of the monstrosity that is the' Milita.ry-Indud­
level
of
pros
;
hum.an
life
is.
s~
trial coniplex. Your senators,. except for a few.. are
preservation of e~onomic· weu..b-,ingt .
robot•~. 1peaking what they are told to say.
•
It is ..t hus &'Vi.dent that,·. tmi.l.e11 s a d~
made
in the •trueture of
t e1r needs and deman
e have contac
never end bee.a.us~ the.· M
deveral times concerning the state of affairs. and he
WONiT LET ITt
has said that he could do nothing to change them, for
i£ he were to !peak out against the Asian conflictr he
ved. This is
d to the late
re

m

s

.

:~;~~~!~~~!~~Tf;> d~~g;1;~!!·, ;l~ar~:1!!•

a.

;."['

r~ • •

t

NO.,

• of America,
.

Am

,

Internationaf Headquarters: 2004 N. H
OA!llUBL GRE£N. &dltor
. ~ ORBBN, ASI.C.' Eel,

Th• Phyaicol, Spltitl,al, ond..

•FLYING SAUCERS INTERNATIONAL {6 iasues.'-$1. oe.,

Angeles 11 Calif. 90027,.U~S.A.
&nqnc:lpotioft of Man

. . . ..

•

•

;
•

. •.. A Hon•p,,offt Organization

will be enclosed ia:t.tie la.et iiusue fen: which you

m'ber•hip,-$1. 00} is publil!l.hed quarterly. Copyright have paid. New l!!IUbiietip"e;to'n& will start with the la•t
1965 by Amalgamated Flying Sauee:r C.lubs of ·
issue publi■ hed. unless a specific starting issue nurnAmerica. All rights reserved. The. inf,grma~ion
b~l" is requested. Whitn writing to AFSCA for a reply,
pree,eated in 11 Flying Sa\tcers International II does µot
enclose. a stall'lP,ed eeli-addressed envelope, Not
•
nec~ssarily represent the views of AFSCA. The nun1~ responsible for magazines loat in the mail du.a to .sub..
ber after your name on the addrelis label indicates the scribe rs I failure to info:rn1 us of their curt'ent addres.s ~
issue with which your subscription expires. Sub11Jcrip~ es. Pricee subj
tp change, Payment must. ac
•
tion :renewals will sta.rt where the tireviou.e one ended; . ny drrd:er :, Send'
:a;; check or money ordesr: to: .
and will be acknowledged only by the new J1umber after 2004
,it,i Los Angeles, California 900:27.
your name on future iasuea. A "Titn.e to Renew" •
•, •
2

The 1viilitary-lnduetrial complex, by
on-control
through the u~e of paycho-politics (br
hing by
controlled news managen1ent).
Con•ider this: In order to eurvive, a con1.:rner­
cial medium. such as a new•paper or magazine,
requires a vast amo\lllt of advertising revenue. The
mere subscription fees will. not cover the coste,
Thus. they depend.fol'. their continu.ed e~istence upon
•money paid by advertiaers. Suppose, then. that the
editor of a certain newspaper decides that he i•
opposed to the Vietnam policy, and s aye so in his
paper. The advertisers sin1ply say to the editor,
"Either you toe the mark and print what we wa.nt. or
we'll withdraw our advertising, 11
Such pressures a.re a fact of life. The newsmen
a.re torn between their higher devotion to Truth, and
also to the lower level of their physical needs.
Rather than jeopardize their security and their
futures they, of course$ submit meekly to power.
Their action.a are fully understandable, and we do not
hold them responsible.
We throw the blame direc
on the Militar
Industrial. cor lex which
ing,
, and economic pressure and retali­
ation, has crushed the spirit of Alnerican journalism

(Text continues in the original file: 66 pages.)

## FBI-UAP-D013 — Washington State ‘UFO’ Investigation, 1952-1960

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D013
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D013
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: July 1952-1960
- Location: Washington State, United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The file was finally reviewed in April 1984—just in time for the disco era.

- FBI-UAP-D013 pdf, FBI investigation, July 1952‑1960, Washington State
- Reports “flying saucers” over Pasco and Seattle; witnesses include children, pilots; no scheduled flights
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This file details an investigation of various sightings of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) in Washington state between July 1952 and August 1960. This file includes memoranda and correspondence between the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the U.S. Air Force regarding UFO sightings.

### AI summary

This document is an FBI investigative file from 1952, detailing reports of unidentified aerial phenomena in Washington State. It includes witness accounts of objects described as "flying saucers" seen over Pasco and Seattle, with descriptions of their appearance and movement. The file notes that multiple individuals, including children and experienced flyers, reported sightings, and that no scheduled flights were in the area. The document also mentions internal FBI discussions on handling UAP reports and coordination with other agencies. The file was reviewed in April 1984 and is part of a larger series. The text includes dates such as July 30, 1952, and August 12, 1952.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassification authority derived
from FBI Automatic Declassification
Guide, issued May 24, 2007.
Form No. 1-D. of I.
H. S. Department of Juskice
(MATERIAL MUST NOT BE REMOVED FROM OR ADDED TO THIS FILE)
Sub. File No.
FEDERAL BUREAU 0-18945
of
INVESTIGATION
whale 7ile
O NOT DESTROY WITHOUT
CONSULTING FOLPA COORDINATOR
190-87 vol.1
SEATTLE FILE NO.100-18945
REVIEWED ON 4/84
FOR FO1/PA 190-306
See also Nos.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 16-52991-1
NW 90291
Docld:34714596 Page 1

#### Page 2

'Saucer'
Like Giant
"It seemed to be traveling at
Pinwheel' terrific speed," she said. "I blink-
ed my eyes once after I first saw
it and it appeared to have gone
A brilliant and high speed miles during the fraction of a
second my eyes were closed.
object that flashed through Mrs. Jorgenson's husband also
witnessed the strange sight.
the sky over Pasco was re- Three boys who were playing
ported by five persons living in a field back of the Navy
Homes' registration office, also
in the Navy Homes Project. reported seeing the strange sight.
Presence of the objects arous- "It was just like a giant pin-
ed much speculation as result wheel," said Timothy Hogland,
of the final admission by the 9-B Navy Homes. "It seemed to
Army Air Force that such objects spin but it went so fast you hard-
have been sighted on radar ly could follow it.
screens and have been chased by Robert Greeno, 53-B Navy
fast jet a airplanes. Homes, said:
The object reported over "It came out of the west and
Pasco last night was describ- streaked across the sky. It disap-
ed in almost identical detail peared in the east."
by all persons who reported Thomas Thompson, 10-D Navy
they had seen it. The time of Homes, had anothe: comment. It
the objeci's appearance also was: It couldn't have been an
coincided.
Mrs. Fern Jorgenson, 10-B airplane with running lights.
Navy Homes, said the "saucer" I've seen too many of them.
was round and seemed ringed This was round and it was
with flashing lights, mostly ringed with lights. If traveled
green. too fast for an airplane.
The closest check possible last
night disclosed that there were
All INPORI no scheduled flights of airplanes
ONTAINED over this area at the time.
AEREIN IS Another party aiso said he saw
the object but refused to be nam-
ed in the matter. He is an experi-
enced flyer and said it definite-
ly was not an airplane.
"I can only describe it by say-
ing it was something out of this
world. I never have seen the like.
of it before SEARCHED. INDEXED
"Columbia Basin Nows" SERIALIZEDFILED.
July 29, 1952 JUL 3 0 1952
Pasco, Washington FBI - SEATTLE
NW 90291 100-18945-35
Docld:34714596 Page 2

#### Page 3

More Saucer
Witnesses
Further reports of "flying
saucers" over the Kennewick-
Pasco area continued to pour in
last night.
Thomas Richardson, who op-
erates the drive-in theater at
the Richland "Y" reported yes-
terday he observed a circular
or disc-like object that seemed
to have lights all around its peri-
meter, on Monday night.
A new flying saucer report
was given to the Kennewick po-
lice by William J. Luedke, 1614
West Fifth, Kennewick. He said
he saw an "eerie object" in the "appeared round at
times and triangular at times. sky that
A whole cluster of flying
saucers was reported to The
News last night by five persons,
four of them youths who live in
the Navy Homes area.
The youngsters who reported
seeing the "saucers" were Timo-
thy Hogland, 14; Bobby Greno,
13; Larry Luci, 11 and Mike
May, 7. E. C. Keller of 520 South
Rainier also said he saw the
"tandem-saucers," at 10:15 last
night.
HEREIN IB UNOLABSITTED ALL INFORMATION CONTAINED
B.CAPT WHERT SHOWN OTHERWISE
$\ra}$ 18945-36
10014550
SEARCHED INDEXED.
Columbia Basin Nows SERIALIZED NAFILED
Pasco, Washington JUL 3 1 1952
vw 9639 Z^ 7052 FBI.SEATTLY
Docld:34714596 Page 3

#### Page 4

SAC, SEATTLE August 12, 1952
LLOYD A. DUCOMMUN
SEMI-MONTHLY INTELLIGENCE CONFERENCE
DIO,13ND, OSI, RO NO. 3,
FBI-8/7/52
The semi-monthly intelligence conference was held at the
offices of Col. SPENcER RAYNOR, Commanding Officer, 2Oth Distriet,
Office of Special Investigations, McChord Field, Washington,
The following individuals were present:
SA Paul Blair
Major Robert Lea Ager
D0 1, Faae Commander R. A. Kotrla
Robert King
Ro No Ldvard v, Bose Capt. MeClennan
Capt. Joseph M. Nowicki, 3lst AAA, Ft. Lewis, Wn.
SA Charles H. DeFord
SA Lloyd A. Dueommun
MATTERS DISCUSSED
Impersonation case - SYLVIA MARGaRET PLESKAC, Was., SE
File 47-206l. Col. Raynor stated that Subjeet in this case has been
in Portland, Oregon. He said recently she had been back to the
Seattle area and had called the Commanding Offieer of MeChord
Field and claimed that an officer of the Air Force was blackmailing
her. Col. Raynor said that he had ealled the Commanding Officer
of the CId in Fort Lewis and had learned that the Sub ject had
been in San Franeisco and that the CID at Fort Lewis was checking
to see if she had applied for, or received, medical aid alleging
to be a dependent of a man in the military service. He said that
she has been barred from MeChord Base. Col. Raynor requested that
100-18945-37
94-207 LAD:eon SEARCHEDINDEXED.
ALL INFORMATION CONTAINED SERIALIZEDPILE.
ce: 47-2061 HEREIN IS UESKASSIFIED AUG 1 4 1952
ENCEPT WHERE SHOWN OTHERWISE FBI - SEATTLE
84
NW 90291
Docld:34714596 Page 4

#### Page 5

Semi-Monthly Intelligence Conference
August 7, 1952 August 12, 1952
he be furnished with any additional information on her subsequent
to the report of SA JANEs R. HEALY, dated 1-18-52. Copies of
subsequent reports are being furnished to Col. Raynor by separate
letter.
ESTIMATE OF SUBVERSIVE SITUATION BY OSI_
Col, Raynor stated that he had sent back to OSI Headquarters
at Washington, D.C, his report prepared on the estimate of the sub-
versive situation in this ares. He said that recently when he
had an inspeetion of his office it was suggested to him that the
report be approved at Washington before it was disseminated
locally,
COMIC BOOKS UNDERMINING MORALE OF ARMED FORCES
There was diseussion concerning the distribution of
comie book type booklets to members of the armed services which
undermined their morale. These books would emphasize the
horrors of war. All of the armed forces are very much interested
in these books and it has been reported that outdated copies
have been distributed without charge to members of the services.
Capt. FAHLE,of DIo 13ND, advised that instruetions have been issued
to all naval commands that servicemen were prohibited from having
them, It was noted that this type of comie book has been
received by the FBI office and has been forwarded to the
New York Office, the office of origin of the publishing company.
Apparently they have not .come within the sedition statute.
REPORTING AND EXCHANGING OF INFORMATION CONCERNING
PLYING SAUCERS
Extended discussion was had concerning the reporting of
information concerning flying saucers and the following understand-
ings were reached,
1.I Flying saucer reports received by the FBI from the
USco would be disseminated to (a) Regional Office
No. 3, 115th CIC; (b) Security Office, AEC (this
request for dissemination to the AEc was received
from Mr, McHale at the last AEc conference). Both
the DIo 13ND and OsI stated that the information con-
cerning flying saucers would be received by them from
the Coast Guard and therefore it would not be necessary
to report to them direetly unless some additional
information was received from other sources.
-2-
NW 90291
Docld:34714596 Page 5

#### Page 6

Semi-Monthly Intelligence Conference
August 7, 1952
2. Any report of a flying saucer or similar matter received
from a complainant by the FBI would be disseminated
to all intelligence agencies if the report was an imme-
diate one, that is the sighting had just been received
and it appeared to be a matter that the other ageneies
would not kmow about, It was agreed, however, that if
it was sighting that had oecurred some time before,
that all that was necessary was for a letter to be
written to the OsI for their referral to Air Force
Intelligence.
PARACHUTE_LANDINGS
There was a general discussion concerning parachute landings
and it appeared to be the concensus of those present that the
most important thing to determine on a parachute landing was if
it came from an unidentified plane. This can only be determined
through a check with Air Force Intelligence through OSI, It was
suggested, therefore, that OsI maintain a liaison with Air Force
Intelligence at MeChord Field, who received reports of incidents
such as unidentified planes, parschutes, ete. from the Civil Air
Patrol, Civilian Defense Air Watchers, ete. so thet if parachute
report was received from Air Force Intelligence as coming from an
identiried plane that the information could be immediately
disseminated to all intelligence agencies, There was some dis-
cussion about the recent ineident of a parachute landing which
occurred in the vieinity of Walla Walla, Washington, where there
was approximately a ten-hour delay before the information was
received from OSI, MeChord,
As concerns submarine sightings, it appeared that all
ageneies desired to be notified immediately of sightings of sub-
marines that were not identified as friendly. It also appeared
that Major Bosse, Regional Office No, 3, was most anxious to
receive any kind of report, whether it be flashing lights, flying
discs, ete. immediately for referral to his headquarters.
-3-
NW 90291
Docld:34714596 Page 6

#### Page 7

(C) FLYING DIScS -- Reference is made to Bureau Bulletin #57,
Paragraph D, dated October 1, 1947, and SAC Letter #38, dated
March 25, 1949, in the captioned matter.
It is noted that some Bureau field offices are not fur-
nishing to osI locally complaints regarding flying dises, pursuant
to existing Bureau instructions.
Upon receipt of information by your office relating to
the sighting of a flying disc, you should endeavor to determine
from the complainant details of the type referred to in the Air
Force memorandum, which was furnished to your office as an enclosure
to SAC Letter #38. The information should then be promptly fur-
nished to OSI locally by your office. As you are aware, the in-
vestigation of so-called flying discs is the responsibiiity of the
Department of the Air Force.
SoDer#83
8729/52
CONTAHNED
TTED
SHOWN OTHERWISE
Nem
100-18945-38
SEARCHED.
SERIALIZE
1952
NW 90291
Docld:34714596 Page 7

#### Page 8

"FLYING SAUGER
SEEN OVER CITY
A "flying saucer" that hung
motionless for nearly five min-
utes, then streaked away, was ob-
served Sunday over South Seat-
tle by several persons.
Arthur Owley, 4430-49th Ave.
S., who was a major in an anti.
aircraft artillery unit during
World War II, said the object
appeared to have four sources of
light. Owley and two friends ob-
served it through binoculars.
Owley said the saucer moved
extremely fast after hovering for
a while and it disappeared in a
matter of seconds.
ATION CONTAINED
SUED
RWISE
100-18945-39
SEARCHEDINDEXED
SEATTLE POST INTELLIGENCER SERIALIZED.ED.
PAGE 3COL OCT 0 1952
FBI - SEATTLE
1C
8 1952
NW 90291
Docld:34714596 Page 8

#### Page 9

FD-71
(7-80-45) VICTORY
Hederal Bureau of Inuestigation
Anited States Department of Justice
In RePLy, PLEasE SPER TO
FILE NO.
COMPLAINT FORM
wV
UNKNOIWN OBJECT - POSSIBIE FLYING SAUCER. MRS. NELVAR SPURGEON
Subject's Name and Aliases Name of Complainant
DOUGLAS HOTEL
Address of Complainant
UPPER STRATOSPHERE OF THE UNIVERSE.
ALAUCER.
Character of Case Date and Time Complaint Received
DESCRIPTIoN oF suBJEcT: Object resembled a falling star, with one exception; as object
was falling, it seemed to suddenly change course. Object was a round difused light.
FACTS oF coMPLAINT: Complainant stated that she first observed the object around l0:3OP.M.
this date. At the time she was standing in front of the above named hotel and observed the
object moving from overhead to an easterly position.
This is all the information that the complainant could offer. She
stated that she would immediately call the Bureau in the event she re could furnish any
more information.
The above is submitted for record purposes and what ever action
you deem necessary.
ACTION RECOMMENDED BY AGENT:
100-18945- 40
FORMATION CONTAINED SEARCHED INDEXED
HEREIN IS UMG SERIAPAOial/ABRES.
OCT2 4 1952 rhdy
FBI·SEATTLE
NW 90291
Docld:34714596 Page 9

#### Page 10

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
TO SAC, SEATTLE (65-new) DATE: 2-13-53
FROM SA W. MARK FELT
SUBJECT: SIGHTING OF UNUSUAL OBJECTS
At 10:30 A.M., 2/10/53 Miss DELMA J. SEGRAM, Seattle
Civil Defense, telephonically contacted the office to advise that
a Mrs wISKERKEN (first name not obtained), 7355 -33rd N. E.,
informed by telephone at lO:l0 A.M. the same date that she, Mrs.
WISKERKEN, had observed a very large object "quite high" directly
above and somewhat West of Sand Point Naval Air Station. Mrs.
WISKERKEN described the object as very like a large parachute and
stated that it was "so silver" that she could hardly look at it.
After approximately two minutes the object appeared to fade away
to the North.
The above information was furnished to Colonel SPENCER
RAYNOR, OSI; to SA SULLIVAN of IFO #3, and to Lt. Commander ROBERT
KING, DI0, 13th ND, at 10:45 and 10:50 A.M. respectively.
On 2/12/53 Mr. BRANDES, IFO #3 furnished SA DUCOMMUN the
following information:
BRANDES stated that other Intelligence agencies had been
notified. According to BRANDES, Mrs. KATHLEEN CARTER, 4499 Union
Bridge Lane, Seattle, an employee of the Signal Division, Seattle
Port of Embarkation, informed IF0 #3 at 1627 hours on 2/i0 last
that at approximately 1508 hours on 2/9/53 while passing over the
University Bridge in a bus she observed a bright object in the sky
high over Sand Point Naval Air Station, but a little to the south.
She said the sky was fairly clear at the time and it was the extreme
brightness of the object which called her attention to it. She
could furnish no description and no information as to the speed of
the object. No one else on the bus observed the object.
WMF:EP 18 CONT
FTED 100-18945-41
ATTSH INDEXED
SERIALIZEDFILED SEARCHED.
EB27 1953
FBI-SEATILs
NW 90291
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#### Page 11

COPY
1405 Haupt Ave
Richland, Washington
16 July 1953
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Building 762
Handford Works
Richland, Washington
Gentlemen:
On the afternoon of July 15th, 1953, I had taken off
the afternoon to entertain guests from Portland and was engaged
in small talk about the various target shooting equipment I
have accumulated. My guest and I spotted an object in the sky
which appeared to be a large kite. We turned my 30 power
Bausch and Lomb observation telescope on the object and it
turned out to be a large sheet of brown paper at about l0,O00
feet elevation. Having been impressed with the tremendous
resolving power of the instrument we scanned the skies with our
naked eye for other objects such as birds at high altitude.
Our reward for this observation was most remarkable.
At about 14:30 hours we sighted a bright shimmering speck
at very extreme altitude, perhaps 30,O0o feet perhaps much
lower. This speck hovered at a north azimuth to Richland of
about 8o degrees. I tried to pick up the object in the telescope
and while trying to locate it in the very small field, about
15 minutes angle, my friend located another similar speck a
short distance away. At this time we were convinced that they
were birds, but had not yet sighted one in the glass because
of the small field. Suddenly one of the specks ceased hovering
and darted off to the west and disappeared. Still not giving
this much thought I continued to search for the original object.
After about three minutes searching I was able to bring it under
observation and held it continuously for a period of two minutes
unti1 14:44 hours.
100-18945-42
At first I thought I had found a large bird, but closer
examination proved to be an unusual object. The first glances
gave an impression of a heliocopter with the rotor stationary,
but I was soon convinced I had never seen anything like this
before. No heliocopter has wings too, nor hovers with a
stationary rotor. I shouted to my guests and all four held the
bright speck under observation until it eventually disappeared.
As I examined the object in the glass very carefully it seemed
as though the white parts were surface featureseothn.transparent
A) MATION CONTAINED SERIALIZED.....FILED
SSITIED AUG4 153
ERE SHOWN OTHERWISE FBI - SEATTLE
NW 90291
Docld:34714596Page 11

#### Page 12

disc-like body. I cannot be sure as the object only covered
about one fortieth of the diameter of the field, which would
make it about 20 seconds of arc; it was either very small or
very high. At no time did any part appear to rotate, but the
heliocopter like arms, four in number, appeared to be surrounded
by a thin vaporous ring about witish blue in color. The
attached sketch, showing the object as it appeared from the
bottom will give you my last impression. Just as I had become
convinced this was a radar target balloon made of transparent
plastic, the object began to move. It moved at incredible
speed toward the east disappearing on the eastern horizon in
about l0 seconds. The latter motion could only be observed
with the naked eye due to the tremendous speed.
I spend about 4 hours a week looking through this glass
while target shooting and am confident that I observed a
factual object of very unusual nature. As you will find l upon
examination I am a design supervisor in charge of the CA 5i2 R
design encompassing some rather important aspects of the present
expansion program, being designed by the Engineering Department
of the General Electric Company. I deal strictly in facts,
and hope you will treat this report factually. I am willing
to enlarge upon this matter if called on to do so; no short
discription being adequate.
Sincerely yours,
ROBERT T. JASKE /s/
NW 90291
Docld:34714596Page 12

#### Page 14

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
TO SAC( 100-18945 ) DATE: 8-3-53
FROM SA D. J. KRAUTER
SUBJECT: UNUSUAL OBJECT SIGHTED IN
SKY OVER HOO, AEC.
The attached letter is self-explanatory.
Immediately on receipt of the letter, the matter was taken up with the
Security Division of AEC, inasmuch as the object was sighted in area over the AEC
reservation space.
O. R. STMraON, Asst. Chief, checkdd with the 5th AAA group onascertain-
ing that their airport records indicating tracking over the reservation on July 15.
The AAA group reported that they had released a meteorlogical balloon, equipped
with radio and other metereological equipment at 2:05 PM on July 15th. The radar
had tracked it at 25,ooo feet, losing it at that height going in the same area
as that described by the complainant.
Even though the object was over the AEC reservation and the AEC and 5th
Group Radar believe they have explained it, it is felt desirable to refer the
report to the attention of the Air Force as they may wish to discuss it with the
two other interested services.
ATION CONTAINED 10018945-43
SEARCHED INDEXED..
STED
WHERE SHOWN OTHERWISI -41953
FBI·SEATTLE
R
NW 90291
Docld:34714596 Page 14

#### Page 15

1015 Second Avenue
100-18945 Seattle 4, Washington
August 10, 1953
Colonel Spencer Raynor
Commanding Officer
2Oth District
Office of Special Investigations
McChord Air Force Base. Washington
Dear Sir:
I am enclosing for your information and any action you
deem appropriate a letter dated July 16, l953, received from
Robert T. Jaske, l4o5 Haupt Avenue, Richland, Washington, con-
cerning an unusual object he sighted in the sky over Richland
Washington, on July 15, 1953.
Immediately upon receipt of this letter the matter was
taken up with the Security Division of the Atomic Energy Com
mission at Richland, Washington, inasmuch as the object was
sighted in an area over the AEC reservation space.
Mr. O. R. Simpson, Assistant Chief, Security Division,
AEC, checked with the Firth AAA Group and determined that they
had released a meteorological balloon equipped with radio and
other meteorological equipment at 2:05 p.m. on July 15, 1953.
The Fifth AAA Group radar had tracked it at 25,Ooo feet and then
lost it at that height going in the same area as described by
Mr. Jaske.
No further inquiry will be made by this office.
Sincerely,
R.D. AUERBACH
Special Agent in Charge
ENCLOSURE
LAD:hz
100-18945 VTAINED
1L
$4/8
100-18945-44
NW 90291
Docld:34714596 Page 15

#### Page 16

SAC, SEATTLE (100-19550) 8/4/53
SA DOUGLAS J. KRAUTER
UNUSUAL OBJECT IN AIR
HOO, AEC
8/2/53
ATTENTION: SA DUCOMMUN
On this date Mr. ALLEN EDDY, in charge of CIC Resident Agency,
Richland, Washington, contacted the writer and requested that he meet with
Mr. EDDY at the office of Mr. J. F. McHALE of the AEC Security Division.
The reason was to relate a report which he had received concerning some
unusual objects seen over the Hanford Reservation area at 9:20 p.m. on
August 2, 1953.
Mr. EDDY advised that he had been contacted by Mr. A. I. MOORE,
2433 Clearwater Avenue, Kennewick, Washington. The objects were also
seen by Mrs. MARY ELEANOR HODSON, 25O4 Clearwater, Kennewick, who is
employed as a nurse at Kadlec Hospital, Richland.
Mr. EDDY advised that they had related to him that on the evening
of August 2 while finishing an outdoor supper in Mr. MOORe's yard in
Kennewick, they had noticed two reddish-orange balls of fire going at a
speed estimated by Mr. MoOrE as very fast and actually stated by him to
be about three times as fast as a B-47 flies. He stated that these
objects were traveling south by west, almost due west, were very brilliant,
and disappeared when dropping over the horizon over Rattlesnake Mountain
which borders the southwest edge of the Hanford Reservation.
Mr. EDDY advised that Mr. MOORE appeared to be a very substantial
individual who was very sincere in this story.
At the meeting, Mr. McHALE contacted his airport and ascertained
that there had been no reports of any radar testing or any planes over the
area at the particular time involved. Mr. MchALE himself landed in the
AEC plane at 9:l5 p.m. and stated that neither he nor the two pilots had
noticed anything unusual while they were coming in for the landing.
It was Mr. McHALE's feeling that very possibly the objects seen were some
slight fog banks which he had noticed forming, showing up in the Pasco
airport beacon. 100-18945-45
Mr. EDDy advised that he would like for the Bureau to pass the
information on to the Air Force immediately
100-18945-22,23 SEARCHED.INDERED
DJK:hz SERIALIZEDFILED.
cex Flying Saucer file ON CONTAINED AUG4 1953
ED FBI.SEATTLEO
SHOWN
FOIA(b)(3) - 50 USC 3024(i)(1) - Intelligence Sources and
NW 90291
Docld:34714596 Page 16

#### Page 17

SE 100-19550 8/4/53
FOIA(b)(3) - 50 USC 3024(i)(1) - Intelligence Sources ar
It is suggested that the information be passed on immediately to
the Air Force who will probably want to discuss it with Mr. McHALE and
Mr. EDDY's office.
2
NW 90291
Docld:34714596Page 17

#### Page 18

1015 Second Avenue
Seattle 4, Washington
August 5, 1953
Mr. Robert T. Jaske
1405 Haupt Avenue
Richland, Washington
Dear Sir:
This will acknowledge your recent letter concerning the unusual
object signted by you in the vicinity of Richland, Washington. On
the day the letter was received the matter was referred to the Secur-
ity Division of the Atomic Energy Commission since it appeared that
such information would be of primary interest to that organization
and to the Army and Air Force.
You may be assured that your report will be treated factually.
In the event any of the interested services desire to contact you
further, they will probably do so directly.
I appreciate your interest in referring this to our attention,
and hope that anything else which comes to your attention which you
think might be of interest to this office will be referred to us.
Very truly yours,
R.b. AUERBACH
Special Agent in Charge
100-44945
DJK ALL INFORMATION CONTAINED
HEREIN IS UI TED
RE SHOWN OTHER WISE
100-18945-46
NW 90291
Docld:34714596 Page 18

#### Page 19

FD-71
(7-80-45) RYICTORY
Hederal Rureau of Inuestigation
Hnited States Department of Justice
IN REPLy, PLEAsE REFER TO
FILE NO.
COMPLAINT FORM
FYYING SAUCER ROBERT LEE
Subject's Name and Aliases Name of Complainant
1207 SW 152nd St. Seatt1e
Address of Complainant
CH 6325
Address of Subject Telephone Number of Complainant
7-14-53 7:25 PM
Character of Case Date and Time Complaint Received
DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECT:
FACTs oF coMPLAINT: Lee called this date advising he had just seena an object in
the sky which ne belleved to be a Flying Saucer. He stated this object was at
an altitude of about 5oooo ft. and was located over the channel between Vashon
Island and the Mainland. Lee described the Saucer as large, about lo0 to 2oo Ft.
across and he believed it had lights on. Lee states he and his wife had been
watching the ooject Ior about 5 woxwneks minutes and that his wire was still
watching it while he called. Lee states he had been in the Air orce and he has
never seen any thing like this beiore.
rar. Charles CRutchiield, OS1 was contacted at 7:40 PM and
given the aboue information.
ACTION RECOMMENDED BY AGENT:
No additional action
100-18945-47
SEARCHED. UNDEXED
REIN IS BERIALIZEDL BHILED.
SHOWN OTHERV ED AU Special5Bgent
FBI · SEATTLE
NW 90291
Docld:34714596 Page 19

#### Page 20

FD-71
(7-80-45) PORYICTORY
Hederal Bureau of Inuestigation
Hnited States Department of Justice A
in reply, please reper to
File no. 88-634-8
COMPLAINT FORM
ELYING SAMCERS HILTON BROWN
Subject's Name and Aliases Name of Complainant
3245 47 SW
Address of Complainant
HO_0661
Address of Subject Telephone Number of Complainant
10:40Pm 619/54
Character of Case Date and Time Complaint Received
DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECT:
FACTS OF COMPLAINT: Complaiannh stated he had seen two metallic objects in the sky
moving westerly taking about l hours to travel from above him to the horizen. He stated
_he could not say they were metal bub they had a metallic lustre. He stated they kere
about p to l0 degrees apabt and he guessed they were about 3o miles up and about looo
feet in diameter. He stated he and his neighbors saw them aad he watched them through
binoculars. He stated that he saw little pips of white smoke eject from them every
15 minutes. Complainant stated this occurred about 6:30 PM last night 6/8/54 and was
viewed from the rear pdf his home. He stated he watched the objects continuously for
lhrs. until it became too dark. He stated there were jets in the sky at the time and
he assumed they had se n the objects. He aios stated he assumed Jhere was a gondola type
object hanging from the under side of the objects
ACTION RECOMMENDED BY AGENT:
ROUTE TO AGENT DUCOMMUN
1001894
SERIALIZEED SEARCHED INDEXED
J. FRANCIS SULLIVAN
Special Agent
Shuich! 1 FBI- SEATTIL
Homell-05 ATION CONTAINED 4
ECEFT WHERE SHOWN OTHERWISE SSIFIED
NW 90291
Docld:34714596Page 20

#### Page 21

STANDARD FORM NO, 64 65 32n$
TO : SAC DATE:6-4-54
FROM : SA Joseph P. Mac Farland 8.03 AM
FLYING SAUCERS 100-18945x
SUBJECT:
1901323
Colonel Raymer, Mc Chord Field by telephone advised that in last nigts edition
of the Tacoma News Tribune an artice appears about the observatioh of
three policemen of Tacoma of flying saucers. The article stated that
Oliver Tiedeman stated to the paper that he was much impressed about the
closeness of the saucers. I His observation apparently was made while en
route from Doty--Mc Chord Field to Chehalis. These saucers, five or six
having been obs erved by other persons, travelled at a terrific speed in
northerly direction.
The Colonel stated that he would have the news article typed and forwarded to this
office
No report of the incidence was made to the Air Corp and no action is going to be
taken by the said Corp.
100-18945- 49
SHLIZALED
JUN 3 1954
ALL INFORMATION-CONTAINED
HEREIN IS UNC KTED
e
NW 90291
Docld:34714596 Page 21

#### Page 22

• g 'J

- 1I _ J % "

illjiffjr

i

,J

)4 I

C ~Gl

·,·
';.::

STANDARD F ORM 'NO. 6'

Offiae

<"~

(

Memorran'aum • uN1Tm, sTATEs GovERNMENT

TO

SAC

FROM

Al •rau - Night· Cl:ekk

SUBJECT:

SIGHTING OF UNIDENTIFIED
OBJECTS OVER PASCO, WASH.
6/6/54, 11 :35 Fil

DATE:

6/7/54
7:40 AM

P. V. HOVIELL, Chief, Counter Intelligence, 20th OSI, advised as follows,

GAIL PJOClK, Pas.c o, W~sh., Ph.one Pasco 6054, supervisor of a local ground
observer group at pasco, reported sighting two half-l!loon shaped objects· about
six t,imes as large as a hall' moon. One obj.ect f'.Qrmed: into a large ftuf-e.-balJ, the
original color of· both objects was whi·t e, and tbe ' other formed into two fireballs.
Both objects were estimated to be. at about 1000 feet altitu.de. T.he distance
could not be estimated. The objtfcts •~u~e bath at. a f'i:v-e degree ~ngle l>rom Tihe
line of sight of the observer. •The location was · slightly north of Paacoo
The location has been pinpointed ·on the Aeronical, planning m.e.p at grid coordinate
AB 5517. They were obsei'ved for ·a period df . ten·- : minut-eer. .
The Intelligenee Office:r, 25~1.l- Air Divis,ion is not going to subnr~t a
written report, however he will .tollow· this ·ve-r bal report up with a letter t -o
this office. He has not made a report to the press and it i's assumed that they
received their information from 1·ocal sources•

U'L/1

Sf.Ai-CHE

S~HlALIZE.D
: j

N '?

1954,'

Ft.i i. SEA11Lt.

1• NW.90291

Docld:34714596 Paqe 22

#### Page 23

THURSDAY, JUNE 3, 1954
Policeman Sees
Flying Saucer
Three Tacoma policemen have
now seen flying saucers, so they
must be "real." they say.
Latest to witness the myster-
ious phenomena is Oliver Tiede-
man who said he was much im-
pressed Monday night in a close
view of one of the saucers while
driving from Doty toward Che-
halis.
Tiedeman said he and his pas-
senger, Phil Raboin, Olympia or-
ganist, saw the whatsit at the
same moment while in a dark
wooded area.
"I stopped the car and we both
jumped out to watch it," said
Tiedeman. "It seemed to be
traveling northward at a terrific
speed and then was suddenly
slowed to a stop. It seemed en-
tirely motionless for a few sec-
onds and then sped suddenly east-
ward, disappearing over the foot-
hills." While other reports from
the Puget Sound district told of
some persons seeing as many as
five or six of the objects, Tiede-
man said the one he saw wa s
traveling alone.
On July 7, 1947, at 2:30 a. m.,
Prowl Car Officers Stan Johnson

(Text continues in the original file: 55 pages.)

## FBI-UAP-D014 — Correspondence Relating to UFO Sightings, 1967, 1974

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D014-2
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D014-2
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 10/10/74
- Location: Various
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing the FBI filed was a missing‑child report, not a missing craft.

- FBI-UAP-D014 PDF, FBI, 1967‑1974, various locations
- Contains 1967 child sighting description and 1974 letters about a 1954 alleged UFO
- FBI stated no records and does not collect UFO information

### Official summary

This file contains two pieces of correspondence. The first, dated 9/22/1967, relays a description of an incident provided by an eleven-year-old child in which they heard a “weird” noise and saw a “flash of light.” The second, dated 9/30/1974 and 10/10/1974, is an exchange of letters between the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Mr. Larry Bryant regarding an “alleged April 8, 1954 sighting of an occupied unidentified flying object (UFO).” The FBI’s response to Mr. Bryant’s inquiry indicated that it maintained no record of such an event, and that, circa 1974, the Bureau does not collect information regarding UFO sightings.

### Full text

#### Page 1

H. S. Aepariment nf Iustire.
(MATERIAL MUST NOT BE REMOVED FROM OR ADDED TO THIS FILE)
FEDERAL BUREAU CLASSIFICATION NO.
144301
INVESTIGATION
Bureau File Number
Declassification
puthority derived
from FBI Automatic].
Declassification
Guide, issued
IOT DESTROY FOR 5 YEARS May 24.2007 Serials Volume Number
A REQUESL 3/89
also Nos.
NW 90692
Docld:34728149_Page-1.

#### Page 2

5010-107-02

OPTIONAL FORM NO, 10
MAY 1882 EDITION

GSA GEN. REG. NO. 27

UNITED STATES GO ,•.,.,_.~_NMEN;r <·
-

j

, ._,

Memorandum
~CHICAGO(~

TO

DATE:

9/22/67

SA Co LEONARD TREVIRANUS

FROM

-

U O-~~G
- MISCELLANEOUS
''-..
-

SUBJECT:

'!'OM MITCu(LL, 7825 South Colfax, Chicago (375-9258)
telephonically ad/i;~d the writer at 9:110 PM on September 16,
1_967, as follows:

He is eleven years of age. Al approximately 8:30
PM he heard a "weird" noise and looked out the window of
his resid,ence and saw a "flash of light going north in the
skyo" He could furnish no additional information but claimed
this to be a UFO.
The ab~ve information was furnished to Sergeant
EUGENE RIPKA, Army-Air Force 755th Radar Squadron, Arlington,
Heights, Illinois, telephone 763-8638.

CLT/cah
(l)~_

Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
-----------Page2

#### Page 3

Docld:34728149Page 3 NW 90692
2904 South 13th Road - Apt 2 We hold these Iruths..
Arlington, Virginia 22204 AM 1924-74 WILDERI
200 GOLDEN ANNIVERE
2 OCT FOREST SERVICE
1974 UNITED STATES 10
12. x
Special Agent in Charge
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Chicago, Illinois
FIRST CLASS U. S. MAIL

#### Page 4

C

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.
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/

2904 South 13th "Road!- Apt 2
Arlington,• Virginia/ 22204
~nft:fflr"':,er,s-1o//t(rljM1-fffil"""' ie•D
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I

Special Agent in Charge
.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Chicago, Illinois

/

I

I

I

I

I

!

i'

I
i

Dear Sir:

I

!'

j

Through inquiry of the Department of the Air Fore~, I 1 ve obta· ed a copy
I
J
of a U.S. Army report of an alleged April 8, 1954 sighting of an : cupied Un1

I

identified Flying Object (UFO) which was pursued by W- S. Coast Gu
,- ·::
I
• '
t
landed briefly on the ground (discharging the occup1nt, who stroll

d personnel,
about and

returned to the object), and which was seen by at /east three civi ian observers
before it departed.

The report's distribution no/ation cites you
I

office as

I

receiw~ng a copy.

I

So that I might complete my research into ubis case, will

u please send

mea copy of any documentation of all FBI follr-up actions th

may have been

I

taken on the matter?

Also, does your office possess any other. UFO-sighting case
I

.

-I
I

files covering the period January 1, 1954 through December 3, 1954; and, if so,
I

.

I

will you please send me a copy of your recor1s of

ally, will you please

tell,me the current mailing address and/or tk:

of the principal
forementioned sighting

observer, Chicago resident Mrs. Lelah H.
of April 8, 1954?

;oo-1/t-JS-Cl I - ;;;)-. •
i ours si

erely,

~v

I{.
10~ -ry, - _,___, ., o

u.-~--r

/ Larr W. Bryant
i•

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SERIALIZED~FILED---· ---.

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#### Page 5

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219 Soutb Dearborn Street:

Chicago, Illinois
60604
·October 10, 1974

, Mr,. Larry W. Bryant

2904 South Thirteenth Road

\..,
I

.J

Apartment 2

.Ar~ington, Virginia

22204

i

·nealr Mr. Bryant:
i

..

I have received your letter dated Septe~ber 30·,.

1914, regar.ding UFO .sightings.
I am sorry to advise you
·\th~t the Federal Bureau. of Investigation (FBI) has ·no
.information regarding the UFO sighting you describe in

yo"r letter, and, in fact, the FBI does. not collect informa­
t1Qn regarding UFO sightings in general. As you are
prdbably aware, the FBI is the investigative arm of the
U'ni\:ted States Department of Justice, and is authorized to
.ilnvestigate only those matters .specifically delegated to

tt.~y Congress.

UFO sightings are not such matters.

In a.ddition, our files contai.o no information

regii.rding the current residence or telepho~e number of
'Mrs·...Lelah H.. Stoker, mentioned in your letter .
..

Very

'

RICHA· D G. HELD
Special Agent in Charge

~j,, . ~ . ~
Addressee

, c ~ .~:::•· ~--~:.,.,'"~

Chicago (100-44501)
1 - 100-36363

!JMF:nss
1(3) .

Page 5

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I

## FBI-UAP-D015 — Digital Rendering, Narrative Statement 1-2, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D015
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D015
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

The orange‑red circle is brighter than the 2026 budget cut lights.

- FBI digital rendering, prepared 2026, depicts October 2023 incident, Western United States.
- Artistic interpretation of two‑day UAP event near sensitive site, based on special agent description.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by a federal law enforcement special agent, as described in DOW-UAP-D079. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering at the request of the Department of War in 2026.

### AI visual description

This is a digital rendering of a nighttime scene. A straight road stretches from the bottom center of the frame into the distance, flanked by dark mountains on either side and sparse vegetation in the foreground. The sky is dark with a few stars visible, and a large orange-red circle is centered near the top, accompanied by three smaller orange-red dots to its left. The road has a lighter-colored line down its center and fades into the distance. The overall scene is dimly lit, suggesting either dawn, dusk, or nighttime.

## FBI-UAP-D016 — Digital Rendering, Narrative Statement 2-1, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D016
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D016
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

2026 rendering of 2023 sighting—art takes longer than the UFO.

- FBI digital rendering, titled D016, created 2026, depicts October 2023 Western US event.
- Shows two silhouetted figures on a rocky outcrop watching a bright yellowish‑white orb at night.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by a federal law enforcement special agent, as described in DOW-UAP-D080. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering at the request of the Department of War in 2026.

### AI visual description

This is a digital rendering image. Two silhouetted figures stand side-by-side on a rocky outcropping, looking out at a starry night sky. The figures are in dark clothing and appear to be male. They are positioned on the left side of the frame. In the background, a rocky hill or mountain range stretches across the frame, with a bright yellowish-white orb visible in the sky to the right. The sky is dark blue and densely speckled with small white stars.

## FBI-UAP-D017 — Digital Rendering, Narrative Statement 2-2, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D017
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D017
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

The Department of War wanted a rendering in 2026, not a tourist postcard.

- FBI digital rendering, created 2026, depicts Oct 2023 incident, Western United States.
- Shows artist’s view of two figures watching UAP near sensitive site over two days.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by a federal law enforcement special agent, as described in DOW-UAP-D080. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering at the request of the Department of War in 2026.

### AI visual description

This is a digital rendering image. Two silhouetted figures stand side-by-side on a rocky outcropping, looking away from the viewer towards a desert mountain range under a starry night sky. The figures are in dark clothing and appear to be male. The sky is dark blue with many small white stars and a large yellow moon on the right side. The mountain range is dark brown with lighter patches. The image has no visible text, markings, timestamps or sensor overlays.

## FBI-UAP-D018 — Digital Rendering, Narrative Statement 2-3, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D018
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D018
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

The 2026 request added a yellow orb—because every rendering needs a spotlight.

- FBI digital rendering, titled D018, from October 2023, Western United States.
- Depicts a two‑day UAP incident near a sensitive site, based on an agent’s description.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by a federal law enforcement special agent, as described in DOW-UAP-D080. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering at the request of the Department of War in 2026.

### AI visual description

This is a digital rendering image. Two silhouetted figures stand side-by-side on a rocky outcropping, looking away from the viewer towards a starry night sky. The figures are in dark clothing and appear to be male. In the distance, a dark mountain range spans the frame. A bright yellow orb with a red centre is visible in the upper right of the sky. The sky is dark blue with many small white dots representing stars.

## FBI-UAP-D019 — Digital Rendering, Narrative Statement 2-4, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D019
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D019
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

The Department of War asked for art in 2026, not a briefing.

- FBI digital rendering, titled D019, created 2026, depicts October 2023 Western US event.
- Shows two silhouetted figures on rocks, yellow orb, five red dots, night sky.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by a federal law enforcement special agent, as described in DOW-UAP-D080. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering at the request of the Department of War in 2026.

### AI visual description

This is a digital rendering image. Two silhouetted human figures stand side-by-side on a dark, rocky outcropping, facing away from the viewer towards a desert mountain range under a starry night sky. The figures are in dark clothing and appear to be of different heights. In the distance to the right, a bright yellow orb is visible, accompanied by five smaller, evenly spaced red dots in a horizontal line to its left. The sky is dark blue with numerous small white stars scattered throughout.

## FBI-UAP-D020 — Digital Rendering, Narrative Statement 2-5, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D020
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D020
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

The 2026 request proved the only thing clear was the rendering deadline.

- FBI‑UAP‑D020, an FBI digital rendering, created 2026, depicting October 2023 incident in Western United States region.
- Shows two silhouetted figures on rocky outcrop, red lights and yellow orb over desert mountains, per agent description.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by a federal law enforcement special agent, as described in DOW-UAP-D080. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering at the request of the Department of War in 2026.

### AI visual description

This is a digital rendering image. Two silhouetted human figures stand side-by-side on a dark, rocky outcropping, facing away from the viewer towards a desert mountain range under a starry night sky. The figures are in dark clothing and appear larger than the mountains in the distance. Above the mountains, five small, evenly-spaced red lights are visible, and to the right of these, a larger, bright yellow orb is visible. The sky is dark blue with many small white stars.

## FBI-UAP-D021 — Digital Rendering, Narrative Statement 1-3, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D021
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D021
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Three years later the FBI still draws the mystery instead of filing it away.

- FBI-UAP-D021 image, FBI, produced 2026, depicts Oct 2023 incident, Western United States.
- Artistic rendering of two‑day UAP event near a sensitive national security site, based on agent description.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by a federal law enforcement special agent, as described in DOW-UAP-D079. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering at the request of the Department of War in 2026.

### AI visual description

This is a digital rendering of a nighttime scene. A two-lane asphalt road with a broken white line and double yellow lines curves from the bottom right corner towards the bottom center. The road is surrounded by desert vegetation and sand. In the background, there is a rocky hill or mountain with a rough, layered texture. To the left of the hill, there is a larger, darker mountain range. On the right side of the hill, a large, bright orange-red circular object is visible in the sky, possibly a moon or sun.

## FBI-UAP-D022 — Digital Rendering, Narrative Statement 2-6, Western United States Event, 2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D022
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D022
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

2026 artists got paid to picture 2023 night‑drive, not a moon landing.

- FBI digital rendering file D022, created 2026, depicting October 2023 Western U.S. incident.
- Illustrates vehicle interior at night, occupants, and distant bright and green lights.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by a federal law enforcement special agent, as described in DOW-UAP-D080. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering at the request of the Department of War in 2026.

### AI visual description

This is a digital rendering of the interior of a vehicle at night. Two people are visible from behind, sitting in the front seats. The person on the left has short hair and wears glasses, their right hand is on the steering wheel. The person on the right has long hair. Outside the vehicle, a dark landscape is visible through the windshield, with a bright light and several smaller green lights in the distance. The interior of the vehicle is dimly lit, with a yellowish glow on the dashboard and faces of the individuals.

## FBI-UAP-D023 — Digital Rendering, Narrative Statement 2-7, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D023
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D023
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

2026 artists finally drew the lights—still no caption needed.

- FBI digital rendering created 2026, depicting October 2023 Western U.S. incident.
- Shows two silhouetted figures on desert road, seven red lights overhead, white lights near ground.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by a federal law enforcement special agent, as described in DOW-UAP-D080. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering at the request of the Department of War in 2026.

### AI visual description

This is a digital rendering image. Two silhouetted figures stand on a desert dirt road at night, facing away from the viewer, with a car partially visible in the bottom left corner. In the distance, there are mountains and a dark sky with seven red lights in a line above the horizon and two sets of white lights on either side, closer to the ground.

## FBI-UAP-D024 — FD-302, “Airborne Lights and Triangle,” 2002, 2023-2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D024
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D024
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2002, 2023-2024
- Location: Northeastern U.S.; Afghanistan
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The FBI even gave the lights a sequel: rendering D025, because PDFs need drama.

- FBI FD‑302 interview, FBI, March 2024, covering Northeastern U.S. and Afghanistan incidents.
- Pilot described white lights 2023‑24 and a silent triangular object June 2002, both unidentified.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-302, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record interviews. This FD-302 records a March 2024 interview with a former U.S. military pilot, in which the interviewee describes several incidents potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in 2023 and 2024. The interviewee also recalls a 2002 incident potentially involving UAP, while deployed as a military reservist in Afghanistan. An FBI digital rendering based upon the observer’s description accompanies this document, under the title FBI-UAP-D025.

### AI summary

This is an FBI FD-302 report from April 2024, summarizing an interview with a pilot who reported seeing white lights in the sky starting in October 2023. The pilot described the lights as white, dim at first, then brightening before fading, and observed them between midnight and 3 AM. He saw them from 37,000 feet and believed they were higher, possibly at 50,000 feet. The lights sometimes moved in straight lines and were not identified as aircraft, Starlink, satellites, or meteors. The pilot also mentioned a separate sighting in June 2002 of a silent triangular object over Afghanistan. The document states it contains no FBI conclusions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

-

- 1 of 3 -

FD-302 (Rev. 5-8-10)

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

Date of entry

-

04 .

/2024

in
.
Agent

, was intervi ewe
, s

· was referred to the FBI by ~ After being advised
of the identity of the interviewing Agents and the nature of the interview,
provided the following information :

stated that starting in October 2023, a l ot of pilots have been
seeing the same event occurring, namely seeing lights in the sky. Pilots
have been discussing the events over
Pi l ots
typical l y saw them between midnight and 3 AM. did not know i f the
events occurred at that time because that was when it was dark enough or i f
it was because that was when the l i ghts were present.
first observation of the lights occurred in October 2023. was flying from Boston, MA to Dublin, Ireland where he saw the l ights in the
northeast towards Gander, Canada. was at an elevation of 37,000 feet
and believed the lights were h i gher than him, probably at 50,000 feet or
higher . The lights were white in color, would start out as dim, and get
br i ghter before they eventua l ly faded out . The fu l l cycle of the lights
would range from 10 seconds to one minute. The l ights looked like airp l ane
landing lights, but knew that it was not them, nor did he think it was

Investigation on

-

by
This document contains neither recommendatiollll nor conclusions of the FBI. It is the property of the FBI and is loaned to your agency; it and its contents are not
to be distributed outside your agency.

#### Page 2

FD-302a (Rev. 5-8-10)

ContinuationofFD-302of ■

-

Interview of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,On

03 .

/2024

,Page

2 of 3

Starlink, Starlink flares, satell i tes, or meteors. I t ranged between one to
four lights at a time in the sky . Some lights did not move , while others
moved in straight lines, somet i mes changing d irection, and typically did not
move in a coordinated fashion.
Since spotting the lights the first time, has seen them
approximately ten times . At times the lights would disappear for mi nutes
before returning. has seen the lights for 45 minutes up to two
hours . has seen the lights in all directions except for towards the
south. saw the lights three times in the direction of North Dakota
while flying to either Seattle or Phoenix. He has also seen them off the
west coast and mid-Atlantic coast. d i d not know how far away they
were but ventured the y were between 200-500 miles away. never saw the
lights below the horizon a nd had not heard about them prior to October 2023 .
During a trip on February _
, 2024, was able to capture video on
his Samsung Galaxy S22 phone an event involving white lights. stated
the lights were brighter in-person than on the camera, and the lights were
similar in elevation to him or were slightly higher . The video is filmed
from the cockpit of his aircraft with the lights turned off . was
located approximately 150 miles northwest of Minneapoli s, Minnesota and was
flying towards the east. The lights were seen towards the north in the
North Dakota region at around 4:36 AM Eastern Standard Time on a clear
ni ght .

-

As captured on the video, white lights were seen , sometimes ten or more
present at once, moving around in straight lines a nd getting
bri ghter/dimmer. At the 3:27 mark i n the v ideo, was not sure if two
of the lights were really close together or if it was a single light with a
tail. At the 3 : 47 mark, did not know if it was three separate
lights . At the 5 :22 mark you can see the flight panel, showing that the
airplane was traveling at approximately .80 Mach, and that the airplane was
40 - 50 miles northeast of Sioux Fal l s and coul d see the KFSD airport on the
radar. never felt unsafe from the white lights, and did not believe
the lights were within 100 miles of him .
witnessed occurred back i n June 2002. While
A thi rd event that as a reservist , got activated to go to Afghanistan. One

-

#### Page 3

FD-302a (Rev. 5-8-10)

ContinuationofFD-302of ■

-

Inter view of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,On

03 .

/2024

,Page

3 of 3

night he was outside looking at the stars with another pilot. At
approx imately 4:30 AM local time, noticed that the stars were getting
blacked out over Bagram . It appeared as if something huge went overhead,
from west to east, and was an equilateral triangle shape. The object was
moving silently, at a consistent speed and altitude , possibly 150 knots ,
with no lights visible. estimated it was 500 feet in size, but he
could not fully see the shape of the object. The other pilot with also observed the triangle, and when it passed over stated, "did you see
that?" stated he did not further discuss the sighting with anyone
else nor did he hear anyone else discussing the sighting .

Looking through the data, never found information that could explain what he saw in Afghan istan in

not aware of anything that would explain what he had seen.
Overall, believed that not a lot of discussions were happening
openly about the events with the lights . did not think there was as
much st i gma surrounding these events, but people were just not used to
talking about it.

-

## FBI-UAP-D025 — Digital Rendering, “Airborne Triangle,” 2002

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D025
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D025
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2002
- Location: Afghanistan
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

In 2026 they finally gave the triangle a digital makeover—still no CAD files.

- FBI-UAP-D025, FBI, created 2026, depicts 2002 incident near Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan.
- Shows artistic interpretation of a black triangular object reported above the base in June 2002.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident above Bagram Air Force Base, Afghanistan, potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in June 2002. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by a former military service member, as described in FBI-UAP-D024. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering as a visual aid in 2026 in support of the PURSUE initiative.

### AI visual description

The image is a digital rendering showing a black triangular object against a starry night sky. The object has a flat top and two sloping sides, with its base pointing downwards. It appears to be centered in the frame. The background is a dark, speckled sky with numerous small white dots representing stars. The object has a slight grey gradient at the top. There are no visible text, markings, timestamps, or sensor overlays.

## FBI-UAP-D026 — FD-302, “Dark Translucent Triangle,” 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D026
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D026
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Colorado Springs, Colorado
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Interview recorded in 2026 about a 2023 triangle—time travel's just missing paperwork.

- FBI FD‑302 PDF titled “Dark Translucent Triangle,” filed Jan 2026, about Oct 2023 incident in Colorado Springs.
- Witness described a silent, low‑flying triangular object with silver‑blue edge band, dark translucent hull, quick disappearance.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-302, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record interviews. This FD-302 records a January 2026 interview with a former employee of the Department of War, in which the interviewee describes an incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in October 2023. An FBI digital rendering based upon the observer’s description accompanies this document, under the title FBI-UAP-D027.

### AI summary

This is an FBI FD-302 report from January 2026, documenting an eyewitness account of an unidentified aerial phenomenon. The report was prepared by Special Agent and Supervisory Special Agent after interviewing a man who, on October 2023, saw a dark, translucent triangular object flying low over his home in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The object moved quickly, appeared to have a band of silverish blue light along its back edge, and was silent. The witness described it as a perfect triangle with rounded edges, possibly dark gray or silver, and noted it disappeared quickly, leaving no sound or disturbance. The report contains no conclusions or recommendations from the FBI.

### Full text

#### Page 1

O,r101AL Raooep

- 1 of 3 -

FD-302 (Rev. 5-8-10)

DooumQl'tlp;irtl,:1{.,Qflbl h!Wtltdig,l.lly~.

AH t,,q'lilh.118' n,,lve Ml;'ln vq~ by $
ccrii(d F81 ~ tytlWn

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

Date of enlly

01 -

/2026

On January ■ , 2026
Special Agent

by

, and Supervisory Special Agent · After being advised of the identity of the interviewing agents and
the nature of the interview, provided the fo llowing information :

On October ■ , 2023 at approximately 1 0 : 50 PM, and his wife were
sitting on the back porch of their r esidence l ocated at
Colorado Spr i ngs, Colorado . The porch faces toward the southwest ,
and he and h i s wi fe were sitting with their backs t owards the house .
did not remember seeing many stars in the sky that night even though
the sky was clear . As was looking up, he suddenl y noticed that

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date drafted

01 -

/2 0 26

by
This document contains neither recommendations nor conclusions of the FBI. It is the property ofthe FBI and is loaned to your agency; it and its contents are not
to be distributed outside your agency.

#### Page 2

FD-302a(Rev. 5-8-10)

' - - - - - - - - 'On

01 .

/2026

,Page

2 of 3

something had flown over his house from behind him, coming from the
northeast, and was moving away from him towards the southwest.
The UAP appeared low in elevation, possibly as low as 300 feet . He
est i mated it was roughly the s i ze of a large SUV based on h i s elevat i on
estimation. From vie wing perspective, at arm's length, the UAP
appeared to be the size of the space between his thumb and pointer finger,
which he approximated as 5 inches. did not thi nk he would have
noticed the UAP if it was a cloudy night. first noticed the
object's movement before actually seeing its silhouette .
When first spotted the UAP he thought it appeared almost see-through, and it had
what appeared to be a haze or distortion around it. He further described it
appearing as if you were looking at it through mist; and that there were
ripples like you were looking at an object that is underwater.
The UAP looked like a perfect triangle, however because of his viewing
angle, he couldn't definitively say whether it was isosce les or equilateral
in shape. stated the UAP could have been either dark gray or silver
in color which would have blended into the night sky, and with the
surrounding distortion, it may have caused it to have the appearance of
being translucent. thought the triangle had rounded edges and
corners, but stated the distortion around the UAP may have made the edges
less sharp in appearance. The UAP trave led away from him and his wife with
a point forward- facing. As it traveled away from them, along the trailing,
flat , back edge, it had what appeared to be a band of silverish blue light.
hypothesized that the light could have been caused by the mode of
propulsion for the UAP.
The UAP moved in a straight path at a consistent elevation. It moved
very quickly and covered a large distance in the short time they observed
the UAP. Just before they lost sight of the UAP, the left side of the
triangle banked up quickly to an almost vertical orientation, but it did not
change path or elevation. The UAP was completely silent, and did
not feel any rumble , static , or any other effects from the object as it
passed over him. residence was near an airport and he frequently
observed aircraft, including private planes and helicopters, flying over his
house. He was very familiar with how a normal aircraft should appear and
sound flying over his house. witnessed the UAP for a total of four
seconds from when he initially saw it to when he lost sight of it to the
southwest , potentially over
The UAP
disappeared from his visua l sight sooner than expected it should
have . stated the entirety of the observation was so quick he did
not have a chance to get his phone out to take a photo or video.

#### Page 3

FD-302a(Rev. 5-8-10)

~ - - - - - •On

01 .

/2026

,Page

3 of 3

was very familiar with a ll USAF aircraft, including the l atest
unmanned drones. The UAP he and his wife observed did not match anything he
encountered before. The UAP was on l y a triangl e without any extra wings,
fins, or any bubbl e for the engine housing .

Immediately fo llowing the event, both and h i s wi fe, who also
witnessed the UAP, went i nside to separate rooms and
wife remembered seeing a dark seem running
around the edge of the UAP,

## FBI-UAP-D027 — Digital Rendering, “Dark Translucent Triangle,” 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D027
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D027
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Colorado Springs, Colorado
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2026 artists finally visualized 2023’s “dark translucent triangle”—still no captions needed.

- FBI-UAP-D027, digital rendering, created 2026, depicting 2023 Colorado Springs incident.
- Artistic interpretation of a first‑hand description from a former Department of War employee.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near Colorado Springs, Colorado, potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in October 2023. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by a former Department of War employee, as described in FBI-UAP-D026. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering in 2026 as a visual aid in support of the PURSUE initiative.

## FBI-UAP-D028 — FD-302, “Dark Triangle with Lights,” 2011

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D028
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D028
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2011
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The interview was in 2025, but the triangle still won’t show up for a sequel.

- FBI FD-302 form, titled “Dark Triangle with Lights,” recorded April 2025 interview about 2011 incident.
- Witness described low black isosceles triangle, three white corner lights, pulsing hum, lasted 10‑15 seconds, vanished behind trees.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-302, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record interviews. This FD-302 records an April 2025 interview with two former U.S. military service members, in which the interviewees describe an incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in June or July of 2011. An FBI digital rendering based upon the observers’ descriptions accompanies this document, under the title FBI-UAP-D029.

### Full text

#### Page 1

FD-302 (Rev. 5-8-10)

- 1 of 3 -

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

Date of enfiy

On April ■ ,

05 .

/2025

and
were interviewed Special Agent (SSA)
, Special

- After being advised of the identity of the interviewing
agents and the nature of the interview, and provided the
fo ll owing information:

On an evening in June or Ju l y 2011, it was dark outside when
was leaving his driveway l ocated
at
about 8 or 9 PM. was with
who was driving the
vehicle, and
,
, who was in the front passenger
seat. The vehic l e was about fifty feet from the driveway and preparing to
make a l eft turn onto
When they reached the intersection,
was looking out window and saw three l ights in the sky. got out
of the vehic l e, and when he l ooked up, he saw a massive b l ack isosceles

File#

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date drafted

04 -

/2025

by
This document contains neither recommendations nor conclusions of the FBI. It is the property of the FBI and is loaned to your agency; it and its contents are not
to be distributed outside your agency.

#### Page 2

FD-302a (Rev. 5-8-10)

and . .
Continuation of FD-302 of

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,On

04/l l/2025

,Page

2 of 3

triangle shaped object flying North. The object had a car- sized white l ight
in each of its three corners that emitted a diffuse gl ow and were recessed
back a bit from the corners . The object was l ow to the ground , and creating
a l ow humming noise that made a pu l sing sound.
told him to
take a video , but by the time got his phone out, the object had flown
over the tree line behind the houses to the north , and out of s i ght . He had
seen the object for approximate l y 10- 15 seconds . There were no contrai l s
left behind the object. fe l t dumbfounded and awestruck during the
experience .
When 111111 observed the object , he was overwhelmed by the size of it and
how low it was to the ground. 111111 thought the object may have been 800
feet above the ground , and based on the dimensions of their environment, he
estimated the object was 200 feet long and 1 00 feet wide . 111111 believed the
object had more of an equilateral triangle shape , but based on the
cal cul ated dimensions , it could have been more of an isosceles triangle.
The object was moving slowly and steadily, and he also heard the pulsing
sound . 111111 saw the three lights in t he corners , but also remembered seeing
something in the middle of the triangle that was grayi sh or graphite
colored.
Neither 111111 nor had a clear memory of the thickness or any other
description of the vertical profile of the triangle. They opined that they
were in i tially underneath the triangle and didn ' t really have a view of its
side or vertical profile . They were then temporarily distracted by their
unsucces s ful attempt to get a phone out to video record the UAP, at the
moment when they likely would have had a better view of the back profile .

111111 believed a couple of people in the neighborhood also saw

would also would try to see if
as wel l as their neighbors
who witnessed the UAP , would be willing to writ e a statement about their
observation, or speak to the FBI about it .

## FBI-UAP-D029 — Digital Rendering, “Dark Triangle with Lights,” 2011

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D029
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D029
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2011
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

2026 artists finally upgraded the 2011 triangle’s lighting design.

- FBI digital rendering titled “Dark Triangle with Lights”, created 2026, depicting a 2011 incident.
- Image artistically illustrates a June/July 2011 sighting described by two former service members.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in June or July of 2011. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by two former U.S. military service members, as described in FBI-UAP-D028. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering in 2026 as a visual aid in support of the PURSUE initiative.

### AI visual description

This is a digital rendering depicting a nighttime scene. A dark silhouette of a man faces away from the viewer, toward a dark triangular object in the sky with three white lights. The man stands beside a partially visible vehicle on the left, and there are silhouetted trees and rooftops in the background. The sky is dark blue with visible stars.

## FBI-UAP-D030 — FD-302, “Large Triangle with Red Lights,” 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D030
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D030
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Colorado Springs, Colorado
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The triangle’s red lights outshone the filing timestamp.

- FBI FD‑302 interview form, dated October 2025, documenting a Colorado Springs, Colorado incident in October 2023.
- Witness describes a large dark‑gray triangle with red corner lights, rapid southward acceleration, sudden banking, silent flight.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-302, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record interviews. This FD-302 records an October 2025 interview with a U.S. Person, in which the interviewee describes an incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in October 2023. An FBI digital rendering based upon the observer’s description accompanies this document, under the title FBI-UAP-D031.

### Full text

#### Page 1

FD-302 (Rev. 5-8-10)

- 1 of 3 -

OPrt01AL Al,O0RP
OOOi.itNl'tll),lrtlt:/f.,Qflblh!Wtltdig,I. ., . ~ .

N I t,,q'lilh.118' f\lYO M(ln vq~ !}y $
~

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

Date of entzy

10 -

F81 ~ tytlWn

/2025

by
On October ■, 2025
Supervisory Special Agent
Agent (SA) _
, and Task Force
After being advised
of the ident ity of the interv iewing agents and the nature of the interview ,
provided the fo llowing information :
-

frequen tl y watches aircraft , mi l itary, commercia l a nd c i v ilian
fly in the airspace above and around Colorado Spri ngs.
On October .

-

, 2023 between 8-9:30PM , -

was

wal ked over to his co- worker named
and began l ooking up , admi ring the stars on a clear n i ght.

As l ooked up , he not i ced a very bright star in the sky , which
initia ll y drew his a ttention. was observ i ng the star for about 5- 10
seconds when he noticed movement in his l eft peripheral vision. looked further up and to his left and saw what appeared to be a dark- gray

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date drafted

10 -

/2 0 25

by
This document contains neither recommendations nor conclusions of the FBI. It is the property ofthe FBI and is loaned to your agency; it and its contents are not
to be distributed outside your agency.

#### Page 2

FD-302a(Rev. 5-8-10)

ContinuationofFD-302of ■

In ter view of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,On

10.

/2025

,Page

2 of 3

col ored cloud phasing into his sight. The c l oud was stationary in the sky ,
and stated it looked very strange , as if it was pixe l ated or distorted
in some other manner . As he watched the cloud, he saw a constant, diffuse
red light on the bottom front point of a so lid b l ack triangular shaped
object corning out of the c l oud towards the south, southeast. The object
behind the point became wider and l arger as it exited the c l oud until saw the entire equilateral triangular object with a red light in each of the
three corners.
estimated the triangle UAP was very l arge and coul d
have been as large as the parking l ot in wh i ch he was standin g. He estimated
the UAP was the equivalent of 3 - 5 stories in thickness. Based upon memory, at arm's l ength, each of the three lights on the triangle UAP was
the size of a fingernail .
Initially the UAP was moving south and s lightl y east at a steady speed
comparabl e to a hel icopter . believed the UAP was at an altitude of
3000-5000 feet, comparable to small civi lian aircraft in training f l ights.
It then almost instantaneously acce l erated to possibl y Mach 1 or 2 and
turned s l ightly, heading directl y south or sight l y southwest. noticed
there appeared to be waves surrou nding and radiating from the object . He
compared the waves to the mirage effect that can be observed when you look
down a hot road into the d i stance . d i d not hear the object make any
noise, could not see any form of propulsion, and d i d not smell anything out
of the ordinary. be l ieved the object was a l most directl y over his
position , possibly over the
As the object moved, it abr uptly banked 90 degrees on its l eft
side with its three lights still visible whi le veering towards the right ,
and then it quickl y banked back down to l evel flight . The banking motion
was opposite of a conventional aircraft would bank in the direction it was
turning.
lost sight of the object as it went over the
from his perspective, towards the south. looked back to
where it original l y came into view and noticed that the dark- gray c l oud had
disappeared . He called his wi fe about 60 seconds later to te ll her about
the event, and she said that his voice sounded robotic, as if there was
electronic i nterference occurri ng with the ca ll . cel l phone service
provider was -

-

## FBI-UAP-D031 — Digital Rendering, “Large Triangle with Red Lights,” 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D031
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D031
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Colorado Springs, Colorado
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

The FBI waited three years to draw the triangle, not to solve it.

- FBI digital rendering “Large Triangle with Red Lights,” created 2026, depicts 2023 incident near Colorado Springs, Colorado.
- Illustrates a large dark triangular object with three red corner lights over a parking‑lot night scene.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) near Colorado Springs, Colorado in 2023. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by a U.S. Person, as described in FBI-UAP-D030. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering in 2026 as a visual aid in support of the PURSUE initiative.

### AI visual description

This is a digital rendering of a nighttime scene. A large, dark, triangular object with three red lights, one at each corner, is in the top centre of the frame. Below, a parking lot with several cars is visible, with a streetlight in the foreground casting a beam of light upwards. The background shows a starry night sky, with hills and more streetlights in the distance. The image is highly detailed and realistic, suggesting a computer-generated representation of a reported incident.

## FBI-UAP-D032 — FD-302, “Slow-moving Objects,” 2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D032
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D032
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2026
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

At 4 PM the objects moved slower than rush‑hour traffic, oddly punctual.

- FBI FD-302 “Slow-moving Objects,” 2026; interview by FBI special agent; Western United States, 2026.
- Observer saw two black, hot, slow‑moving objects southeast for five‑to‑ten minutes via thermal optical device.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-302, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record interviews. This FD-302 records a 2026 interview with a U.S. Government Special Agent, in which the interviewee describes an incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in the western United States, at approximately 4:00 PM local time, in 2026. This FD-302 is accompanied by video footage captured during the incident, under the title FBI-UAP-PR007.

### Full text

#### Page 1

- 1 of

FD-302 (Re,-. 5-8-1 0)

2-

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATIO

Dateof entry

~

emai l a dd ress
partic i pated in the
Afte r bei ng a dv i sed o f t h e i den t it i es o f t he i nterviewers and nat u re o f the
i nterv iew , pr ovide d t he f o ll owing i n f o r mat i o n :

h as h el d t h is p o sitio n s i n c e n o avi ati o n e xpertise . He has On

d ay o f 2026 , wi th h i m in cl ud e -

--

•
•
He
He has been wi t since - · He ha s
o f pr i vate pi lo t time .
wa s
SA

At appr ox imate l y time 1 604 he was alerted t o an RF detecti o n at
at l 0K MSL f o r 5 - l 0s at 90 burst wit h an u n kn own bearing .
Furt h e r c ommunicati o n c l arified a request t o observ e at bear i ng 58 d egrees .
With i n a few mi nutes , u sed a
Th erma l opt i ca l device t o
l oo k i n t he d irecti o n o f 5 8 de g r ees . He saw a black object in t h e sky . It
was n o t mo ving f ast . He t oo k p i c tures us i ng t h e optica l dev i ce . Wh i l e
o bserv ing h e s aw a sec o nd ob j ec t t o the right o f t h e fir s t and t oo k
add i ti o nal pho t o s / v i de o s . The o b j ec t s were moving t oget h e r a t the same
speed . Bo t h we r e b l ack h o t . He lo st vi e w o f t h e objects when they t rave l e d a
distance ou t o f view. To ta l observ a t i o n time was approx i mate l y 5 - 1 0
minutes . i s u nab l e t o estimate a n a l t i tu d e o r speed . The o b j ects
were ab ove t he mo untain l i ne . They were moving i n t he d i re c t i o n o f SE ,
approx imate l y 5 8 degrees t o 62 degrees . Given t he distance o f the ob j ects it
was d i ffic ul t f o r t o determi ne d i rect i o n o f trave l .
was the onl y o ne at his lo ca t i o n t o see t he objects . He was t he o n l y
o ne who used t h e opt i c . Th e
agen t loo ke d a t the pho t o s -

I nv esti gation on

~ at

On i ted St a tes .

File #
by -

----------------------------------------

This document contains neither r ecommendations nor conclusions of the FBI. It is the property of the FBI and is loaned to y our agency; it and it s contents are not
to be distributed outsi de y our agency.

## FBI-UAP-D033 — FD-302, “Thermally Elevated Aerial Object,” 2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D033
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D033
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2026
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The form’s only heat signature was the redacted date.

- FBI FD‑302 interview, Special Agent, 2026, western United States
- Agent observed thermally elevated aerial object, southbound, ~½ Black Hawk size, unidentified
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-302, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record interviews. This FD-302 records a 2026 interview with a U.S. Government Special Agent, in which the interviewee describes an incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in the western United States, at approximately 9:00 PM local time, in 2026.

### AI summary

The document is an FBI FD-302 form from 2026, written by a Special Agent. It reports an observation of a thermally elevated aerial object on an evening in 2026 (the exact date is redacted). The agent noted the object was in the western sector, flying southbound, and appeared to be about half the size of a Black Hawk helicopter. The agent could not identify its make, model, or propulsion type due to distance and limited detail. The document states it contains no FBI conclusions or recommendations.

### Full text

#### Page 1

FD-302 (Rev. 5-8-10)

- 1 of 2 -

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

Date of entry

-----

On or about /2026 ,
received from
a written
Special Agent
statement signed by l l l lspecial Agent
statement will
be attached t o this FD- 3 02 and is provided verbatim below for ease o f
reading :
" Unidentified Aerial Object Obs ervati on Report evening of 1111126
" On _

, 2026 , at approximately 2 1 00 ho urs, I,
Special Agent
posit i oned in the same general observation area referenced in my prior
statement fr om
. While conducting observat i on i n the area, I
observed a therma lly e l evated aerial ob ject in the same genera l western
sector and along a s i milar heading as t he ob ject obs erved t he previous
night .
The object appeared approxima te ly two ridge lines f arther west t h an the
l oca ti on where the
ob ject was observed. Due t o the increased
distance and terrain separation , I was unabl e t o i dentify specific physical
characteristics of t h e o bject or determine its exact c onfiguration . However,
the ob ject presented as a hot aerial object t h rough therma l observation and
appeared t o be f lying southbound , consistent with the general direction of
travel o bserved during t h e prio r n i ght 's sighting _
During this same operationa l perio d, I als o recorded video o f a u _s . Army
Black Hawk he l icopter o perating in the same general area . The purpose of
recording the h e licopter was t o estab li s h a v i sual and therma l reference
point for sca l e, flight characteristics, and comparative size assessment .
Based on my observati on and compari son t o the Black Hawk he li copter , t h e
u nidentified aeria l obj ect appeared t o be approximately ha l f the size of t h e
Bl ack Hawk . This size comparison is an estimate onl y , based on obs erved
appearance, di stance, and availabl e reference footage .
I was unable to determine the object ' s make , mode l, propulsion type, or

Investigation on

by
This document contains neither recommendations nor conclusions ofthe FBI. It is the property ofthe FBI and is loaned to your agency; it and its contents are not
to be distributed outside your agency.

#### Page 2

FD-302a (Rev. 5-8-10)

Statement of Continuation ofFD-302 of

SA -

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,On

_ _ ,Page

2 of 2

whet her it was a f i xed- wi ng , rotar y- wing, o r o ther unmanned aer i al sys tem
due t o the distance and limited observable detai l - The object cont inued
southbound and was eventu a lly l ost fr om obse rvat ion d ue t o terrai n and
distance .

## FBI-UAP-D037 — FD-302, “Multiple Red Lights,” 2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D037
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D037
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2026
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Six‑foot red light, yet still not bright enough for a traffic citation.

- FBI FD‑302 interview, FBI, 2026, Western United States
- Witness described multiple red lights, dash‑shaped then orb, moving, one as low as 6 ft, silent
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-302, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record interviews. This FD-302 records a 2026 interview with a U.S. person, in which the interviewee describes three incidents potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in the western United States occurring within a 5-hour period in 2026. A second individual who was present at the time also provided an interview, recorded in this collection as “FBI-UAP-D040.” Two FBI digital renderings based upon the observer’s descriptions accompany this document, under the titles FBI-UAP-D038 and FBI-UAP-D039.

### AI summary

The document is an FBI FD-302 form from 2026, reporting an account of multiple red lights observed in the sky. It was written by an FBI Special Agent after interviewing a person who previously worked for the government. The interviewee described seeing several red lights, some appearing dash-shaped to the naked eye and orb-like through night optical devices. The lights moved along a ridgeline, changed direction, and one appeared as low as 6 feet above the ground. The observer noted no sound or exhaust, and the lights disappeared after a period. The account includes a time discrepancy between a mechanical watch and digital devices. The document states no conclusions or recommendations from the FBI.

### Full text

#### Page 1

- 1 of 3 -

FD-302 (Rev. 5-8-10)

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

Date of entry

~

was
inte rviewed by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Special Agent (SA)
SA
and
After being advised on
the identities of the inte rviewing agents, provided the following
information :
Prior t o h is cur rent r ole
previously worked for

had

le ft the
On 2026 , and
at
at approximately 7 : 45pm and were headed to a
l ocat i on on the central/northern portion of Weather condition at the
time was rainy with significant cloud cover. Approximately 30 minutes after
passing through the
(approximately
8 : 00pm- 8 : 30pm),
saw two unidentif ied lights in the sky,
pulled over to the side o f the r oad and ex ited the vehicle to investigate .
described the lights as "dash" shaped and dul l red in color t o t he
naked eye . The l ights moved along the ridgeline o f the mountains t o his
west . was equipped with Night Opt ica l Devices (NODs) and observed the
lights through said optics as well . relayed that, despite being "dash­
shaped" to the naked eye, the lights appeared "orb- like " or circular t h r ough
the NODs, with the characteristic "NOD halo " around them, which is typical
when l ooking at a l i ght source through NODs . stated that he is very
fami liar with using NODs, as he has been using them for 25+ yea rs and has
many hou rs of experience . stated that he has astigmatism and while the
objects appeared "dash- shaped" t o h im,
stated they appeared
tr iangular or diamond - shaped, which could possibly be attributed t o astigmatism .
Afte r approximately 20 minutes, both of the aforementioned unidentif ied
lights disappeared . Shortly thereafter observed , another, similar

Un ited States .
Investigation on

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date drafted

~

by
This document contains neither recommendations nor conclusions ofthe FBI. It is the property ofthe FBI and is loaned to your agency; it and its contents are not
to be distributed outside your agency.

#### Page 2

FD-302a (Rev. 5-8-10)

Continuation ofFD-302 of

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ , On ~ ,Page

2 of 3

unidentified l i ght appear directly above their locat ion and was v i sible for
approximately 10 minutes , before i t, t oo , dis appeared .
Somet i me be t ween 1 0 : 00pm and 11 : 00pm , observed another, simi la r
unidentified l i ght appear approximately 600 meters (est i mated) t o the east
of their posit i on and appeared t o be approximately 500 fee t above their
vehicl e . Th e uni dent i fied lig h t appeared t o move t owa rd them and stopped
approximately 400 me ters away . A second unident if ied l i g ht appeared and
moved t oward, and then stopped in proximity o f, t h e first . Th e second l ight
appeared t o be approximat e ly 6 feet off the ground .
wat ched the two unident if ie d l i ghts t o t h e east , he not i ced light
As
i n h i s peri pheral v i sion descend from a lt itude and stop in a dry wash
approximate ly 100 me ter s behind them . Although could not d i rect l y see
the li ght source , he observe d the g l ow emanating f rom t he wash .
watche d the glow move through the wash .
entered their vehic le and drove up t o t he next
i ntersect i on in attempt to get a better view of t h e unidentified l ights to
t heir east . Upon arri val , the l ights were no l onger observed . - ­
returned to the ir ori gina l pos it ion, but were unable t o re - acqui r e
the unidentif i ed lights .
walked 1 0- 20 meters away from the vehicle to
l ook around the area ; remained near the vehicle.
At t h i s t i me , ad justed t h e fi lter on h i s NODs t o l ook at h i s watch ,
which displ ayed approximately 1 : 00am (estimated based on memory) . s
watch was a
Men's Au t oma tic Analog Watch . wa l ked back
t o t he vehi cle t o check h i s phone , which displayed 12 : 40am . noted the
discrepancy , compared the time displ ayed on h i s watch to the time displ ayed
o n h is phone and obse rved that the t ime o n h is watch was 25 minutes ahead o f
the time on his phone and the vehicl e ' s digital c l ock . re l ayed t h e
discrepancy t o ■■■■■, whose digital watch displayed the same t ime as the
phones and vehi cle c l ock .
stated that he had owned t hat watch for approximate ly 5 years , and i t
had never been off by more than 60 - 90 seconds . had la st checked the
t ime o n his watch at approximate ly 10 : 00pm, and i t was accurate at that
t ime . stated that h i s watch was the on l y mechanical/analog/non - d ig ital
clock in t h e v i cinity at that time and it was the o n ly clock that displ ayed
a di ffere nt time . d i d not adjust h i s wa t ch or reset t he time for 2 4
hours to see i f it continued to malfuncti on ; the wat ch cont i nued t o keep
accurate time bu t rema ined ~5 minutes fast .

#### Page 3

FD-302a (Rev. 5-8-10)

t old agents t h at he had spent a c onsiderabl e amount o f time at a facility looking up at t h e night sky, and was fami l iar with how
stars / satel li tes / mete o rs l ook t o bo th t h e naked eye and with NODs ­
stated that the lig h ts he observed and described were u n like anything h e had
seen before . stated that the l ights he observed o n did not
behave like sate lli tes, as sate lli tes track linea r acro ss the sky, whereas
these did no t . stated t he unidentified l ights moved a round and changed
direction , and a l s o appeared to be as low as 6 feet o ff the g r o und .

The low- e l evation lig h ts described
would have been backdro pped by the mountains and be low the r e l ative hori z o n
l ine

I

h e o bserved was no t a UAS that he famil iar with . noted no exhaust o r
ta il when these ob j ects moved , and they exhibited no a udibl e sound
signature . attempted to observed t h e o bjects through t h ermal o ptics,
but was unsuccessful .
no ted no phys i ologica l effects from the events . stated that the
ob se rvations d id not induce a fe ar or agitati o n respon se - j us t c u r ios ity .
conversed abo ut thi s afterward, and g iven their
backgro unds , f ound it strange that they di d not fee l fear or threatened
during the ir o bservation s .
provided his contact in f o rmati on and was open t o furt h er contact from
agents .

## FBI-UAP-D038 — Digital Rendering 1, “Multiple Red Lights,” 2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D038
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D038
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2026
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing more rendered than the lights is the file’s lack of conclusions.

- FBI-UAP-D038, FBI digital rendering, 2026, Western United States.
- Artistic interpretation of a 2026 UAP incident from two U.S. persons’ description.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in the western United States in 2026. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by two U.S. persons, as described in FBI-UAP-D037. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering in 2026 as a visual aid in support of the PURSUE initiative.

## FBI-UAP-D039 — Digital Rendering 2, “Multiple Red Lights,” 2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D039
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D039
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2026
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the 2026 rendering needed more pixels than the sighting description.

- FBI-UAP-D039, digital rendering, created by FBI, 2026, western United States.
- Artistic interpretation of a reported incident based on two eyewitness descriptions.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in the western United States in 2026. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by two U.S. persons, as described in FBI-UAP-D037. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering in 2026 as a visual aid in support of the PURSUE initiative.

## FBI-UAP-D040 — FD-302, “Multiple Red Lights,” 2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D040
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D040
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2026
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even in 2026 the FBI still can't decide if traffic signals need a sky permit.

- FBI FD‑302 report titled “Multiple Red Lights,” 2026, Western United States, filed by FBI special agent.
- Witness described a red light on a mountain, joined by six‑ten red lights, moving east‑southeast, one descending rapidly.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is an FBI FD-302, a form the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses to record interviews. This FD-302 records a 2026 telephonic interview with a U.S. person, in which the interviewee describes two incidents potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in the western United States in 2026. A second individual who was present during the incidents at the time also provided an interview, recorded in this collection as “FBI-UAP-D037.” Two FBI digital renderings based upon the observers’ descriptions accompany this document, under the titles FBI-UAP-D041 and FBI-UAP-D042.

### Full text

#### Page 1

FD-302 (Re,-. 5-8-1 0)

- 1 of 2 FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATIO

~

D ate of entry

interviewed telephon ica l ly by Fed era l Bur eau of I nvestigati on (FBI} Special
Agent (SA)
After be i ng advi s ed of the iden tity o f the
inte rvi ewing agent , provided t h e f o l low ing in formati on :

on _

, 2026 t o

-

2026 ,
at

a ppr oximate l y 210 clllllllllwi th the i n tenti on o f
f o r area reconnaissance . When they arrived at the gate t o
was raining heavily , so t h ey waited f o r the rain t o subside , which it
shortly t hereafter .
then u nlock e d t h e gate and began
driving north on
. At a pp r ox imately 2200 .
, after t h e y had
gone appr oxima te ly 25 miles , no t iced a red l i ght at t he crest o f
t h e mountain ra nge t o the i r west and pulled over t o investigate . Initia lly ,
though t the ligh t was something o n the mounta i n , but it began t o
move t o the east . Due to the mountain range being approximately 5000 feet
an d t h e c l oud cover being at a pprox i mately 7000 feet ,
s tated he
believed t h e l ight was t rave l ing somewhere between 5000 and 7000 feet above
g r ound l eve l (AGL} . After approximately 15 minute s , as watched
this light , multip l e more (appr oximate ly 6 t o 10 ) lights appeared directly
over thei r position . These ligh ts , along with t h e first - obs erved light ,
appeared t o "sync up " and trave l e d t o t he east /sou theast . During th is t i me ,
o ne o f the li g h ts d escended rap idl y
estimated appr oximate ly 1000
feet) , then dis appeare d . The o ther l ights continued east/southeast and
disappeared as we ll .
descr i bed the l i ghts as r ed in color and stated t hat a first
glance , as well as wh en obs erved t h r ough Night Opt ica l Devices (NODs ) , the
lights appeared as a single point o f ligh t , howeve r upon closer obs erv ati on ,

United States _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date drafted

- -

by
This document contains neither recommendations nor conclusions of the FBI. It is the property of the FBI and is loaned to your agency; it and its contents are not
to be distributed outside your agency.

#### Page 2

FD-302a (Rev. 5-8-10)
Continuation of FD-302 of V2026 _,Page 2 of 2
or while "squinting," the lights appeared to each be three separate lights
in a triangular or diamond-shaped pattern. stated that each
"cluster" of the three lights moved in tandem and never separated, as if all
three lights were attached to the same object. also noted that the
cloud cover was heavy at this time, to the point that no stars were visible.
At approximately 2350 witnessed two lights on or close to the
ground to their east, which were only visible using NoDs. One of lights
moved west toward their position and the second, which was south of the
first, moved north and stopped in the vicinity of the first light. Both
lights appeared to stop approximately 200-300 meters from their position. As
watched these lights to his east, he saw a rapidly moving streak
of light on the periphery of his vision. described it as analogous
to how a sparkler or flashlight looks at night if someone moves it quickly,
where the "light tail" is visible behind the light source. turned
to look at the source, but was only able to see a bright hue of light
emitting from the vicinity, as the source was in a defilade. The hue moved
north, following the defilade until it faded out or disappeared. The lights
to their east also disappeared.
then got into their vehicle and attempted to drive east
to the vicinity of their observations but were unsuccessful. They then
returned to their original position, parked and exited the vehicle. After
some time, walked back to the truck to check his phone and give his
eyes a break. then asked what time he had and relayed that
his watch was 25 minutes fast. was wearing a digital
watch, which displayed the same time as their cell phones and the vehicle
clock. Is watch was the only analog/non-digital clock and was the only
clock that was different.
relayed that he had known for years and described him as
"squared away." Having an inaccurate watch or faulty gear was not something
he would let happen. Moreover, had been looking at his watch
throughout that day/night and it had been accurate up to that point.
stated he did not have any physiological reactions/effects during
or after the above-described events.

## FBI-UAP-D041 — Digital Rendering 1, “Multiple Red Lights,” 2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D041
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D041
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2026
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing clearer than the rendering is the FBI’s 2026 art budget.

- Digital rendering of UAP incident, FBI, created 2026, Western United States.
- Artistic interpretation of two witnesses' description, supporting PURSUE initiative.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in the western United States in 2026. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by two U.S. persons, as described in FBI-UAP-D040. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) prepared this digital rendering in 2026 as a visual aid in support of the PURSUE initiative.

## FBI-UAP-D042 — Digital Rendering 2, “Multiple Red Lights,” 2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-D042
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-D042
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2026
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns 2026 sightings into a poster, because the UFO missed the PowerPoint deadline.

- FBI digital rendering PDF (FBI-UAP-D042) created 2026, depicting a Western U.S. incident.
- Illustrates multiple red lights described by two U.S. persons, based on testimony in FBI-UAP-D040.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident potentially involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) in the western United States in 2026. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by two U.S. persons, as described in FBI-UAP-D040. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering in 2026 as a visual aid in support of the PURSUE initiative.

## FBI-UAP-PR001 — “Triangle Orbs,” Northeastern United States, 2021

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-PR001
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-PR001
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: November, 2021
- Location: Northeastern United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

iPhone 12 Pro recorded a turntable‑like spin in exactly 2:42.

- FBI video FBI-UAP-PR001 “Triangle Orbs,” November 2021, northeastern US, 2:42, FBI
- Eyewitness saw bright light 2,000 ft away, splitting into rotating multiple lights moving laterally
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

In November 2021, at approximately 0500 local time in the northeastern United States, an  eyewitness observed a bright light source near the horizon at an estimated distance of  2,000 feet. The light source initially appeared as a single intense luminous object before resolving into multiple lights exhibiting erratic rotational motion relative to one another. The object slowly moved laterally from left to right during the encounter. The eyewitness captured the video with a hand-held iPhone 12 Pro, resulting in unintended camera movement. The location was well known to the eyewitness and is sparsely populated.  
 
The description above is derived from statements provided to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) by the eyewitness to the event. The FBI assesses the individual who reported this event as highly credible. The subject matter described in files FBI-UAP-D004 through FBI-UAP-D008 and depicted in the video footage FBI-UAP-PR001 through FBI-UAP-PR003 corresponds to reports originating from the same general area in the northeastern United States.

## FBI-UAP-PR002 — “Red Orb Rotation,” Northeastern United States, 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-PR002
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-PR002
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: March, 2022
- Location: Northeastern United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The iPhone 12 Pro filmed longer than the lights stayed motionless.

- FBI‑UAP‑PR002 video, FBI, March 2022, Northeastern United States, 2:42 length
- Eyewitness saw two bright red lights ~2,500 ft away, lower one rotated from 6 to 9 o’clock, silent
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

In March 2022, at approximately 1920 local time in the northeastern United States, an eyewitness observed two bright red luminous light sources hovering near the horizon at an estimated distance of 2,500 feet. Both luminous objects maintained generally stationary positions throughout the encounter. The lower light source appeared to rotate slowly relative to the upper light source, moving from an apparent 6 o’clock position to slightly beyond the apparent 9 o’clock position. The eyewitness did not hear any sounds from the light sources. The eyewitness captured this video using an iPhone 12 Pro at a location well known to them, which is sparsely populated.  

 The description above is derived from statements provided to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) by an eyewitness to the event. The FBI assesses the individual who reported this event as highly credible. The subject matter described in files FBI-UAP-D004 through FBI-UAP-D008 and depicted in the video footage FBI-UAP-PR001 through FBI-UAP-PR003 corresponds to reports originating from the same general area in the northeastern United States.

## FBI-UAP-PR003 — “Orbs Over the Pond,” 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-PR003
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-PR003
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2024
- Location: Northeastern United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

At 4 minutes 25 seconds, the pond got more screen time than any wildlife documentary.

- FBI-UAP-PR003 video, FBI, October 2024, Northeastern United States
- Eyewitness saw plasma‑like sphere 2,700 ft away, hovering ~45 min, with changing lights
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

In October 2024, at approximately 1851 local time in the northeastern United States, an eyewitness observed a light source below the horizon, hovering above a pond at an estimated distance of 2,700 feet. The luminous object resembled a “plasma-like sphere” intermittently changing shape and luminosity. At times, the primary light source appeared to separate into smaller luminous points. A luminous point below the primary source hovered just above the water and did not appear consistent with a surface reflection. The object remained generally stationary for approximately 45 minutes before disappearing. The eyewitness did not hear any sound from the objects. This video was captured by a private citizen on an iPhone and subsequently analyzed and authenticated by the U.S. Government. To protect the individual’s privacy, the footage has been cropped. Apart from this privacy-protective measure, no edits, enhancements, or alterations have been made to the visual content.  

 The description above is derived from statements provided to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) by an eyewitness to the event. The FBI assesses the individual who reported this event as highly credible. The subject matter described in files FBI-UAP-D004 through FBI-UAP-D008 and depicted in the video footage FBI-UAP-PR001 through FBI-UAP-PR003 corresponds to reports originating from the same general area in the northeastern United States.

## FBI-UAP-PR004 — “Northeastern Orb Sighting,” 2025

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-PR004
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-PR004
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: July, 2025
- Location: Northeastern United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Even the video goes dark before the orbs decide on their wardrobe.

- FBI video FBI-UAP-PR004, July 2025, Northeastern United States, 0:49 length.
- Eyewitnesses saw two red spheres, 1 m diameter, hovering 25 ft, moving silently, merging ~75 yards away.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

In July 2025, at approximately 2100 local time in the northeastern United States, an eyewitness observed an intense bright light in their backyard as they parked their car upon returning home from work. The light was hovering approximately 25 feet off the ground, below a tree line near the center of their backyard, at an estimated distance of 90 feet. The eyewitness exited their vehicle briefly before retrieving their phone to record the event. The spouse of the eyewitness came outside to assess the situation. The spouse also witnessed the light, describing it as a “brilliant red sphere” about one meter in diameter. The center of the red sphere appeared to be a white plasma “sun” about the size of a basketball. The orb slowly rose and moved to the left, and both eyewitnesses observed a second, identical orb, hovering above the other orb.  

The eyewitness then began recording the event using an iPhone 14 Pro Max, capturing the footage depicted in this video. As the eyewitness began recording, the orbs moved westward together above a nearby tree line. The witnesses described the orbs’ motion as silent and smooth, and as moving in tandem as though they were flying in formation or tethered together. As the orbs moved out of sight, both eyewitnesses saw them appear to merge. The eyewitnesses estimated that the orbs moved from their initial position before disappearing from view at an estimated distance of 75 yards. This observation occurred within 25 miles of the “Triangle Orbs,” “Red Orb Rotation,” and “Orbs Over the Pond,” sightings at a location well known to them, which is sparsely populated. 

 The description above is derived from statements provided to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) by eyewitnesses to the event. The FBI assesses the individuals who reported this event as credible. The subject matter described in files FBI-UAP-D009 through FBI-UAP-D010 and depicted in the video footage FBI-UAP-PR004 corresponds to reports originating from the same general area in the northeastern United States.

## FBI-UAP-PR005 — Digital Recreation, Narrative Statement 3-1, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-PR005
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-PR005
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

2026 recreation of 2023 lights—because the past needed a digital filter.

- FBI-UAP-PR005 video, FBI, created 2026, depicts October 2023 Western US event
- Shows light sources moving across sky, orange and red lights, over two‑day period
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This video is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023. This digital recreation is based upon a first-hand description provided by a federal law enforcement special agent, as described in DOW-UAP-D081. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital recreation at the request of the Department of War in 2026

## FBI-UAP-PR006 — Digital Recreation, Narrative Statement 3-2, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-PR006
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-PR006
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The 2026 remake arrived before the 2023 original was even filmed.

- FBI-UAP-PR006: digital recreation video by FBI, prepared 2026, depicting October 2023 incident Western U.S.
- Artistic interpretation of a near‑sensitive site sighting, based on a special agent’s description from DOW-UAP-D081.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This video is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023. This digital recreation is based upon a first-hand description provided by a federal law enforcement special agent, as described in DOW-UAP-D081. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital recreation at the request of the Department of War in 2026

## FBI-UAP-PR007 — “Slow-moving Objects,” 2026

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/FBI-UAP-PR007
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/FBI-UAP-PR007
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 2026
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-08-07
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Ten seconds of thermal footage and the FBI still can’t feel the heat.

- FBI-UAP-PR007 video, FBI, 2026 incident, Western United States
- Shows two slow‑moving black‑hot infrared objects over ten seconds
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

A U.S. Government Special Agent captured this video footage via hand-held optical thermal imaging device during a 2026 incident in the western United States, as described in FBI-UAP-D032. The footage features two, slow-moving “black-hot” areas of contrast, visible in infrared imaging.

## ICA-UAP-D001 — Analysis: Colorado Springs UAP Incident, 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/ICA-UAP-D001
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/ICA-UAP-D001
- Agency: Intelligence Community Agency
- Incident date: 2022
- Location: Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the snow’s trying to mash that 2022 ‘potato’ sighting.

- ICA-UAP-D001 analysis, AARO IC partner, 2022 incident, Colorado Springs, Colorado.
- Five Army members saw stationary, angular “potato” object; analysis attributes it to sunlight backscatter off snow.
- No official conclusion; incident remains unresolved as of June 2026.

### Official summary

This document contains analysis by an All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) Intelligence Community (IC) partner to account for a 2022 incident involving an airborne object near Colorado Springs, Colorado. U.S. military service members reported the incident to AARO in 2023. AARO’s IC partner assessed, with low confidence, that the reported phenomenon, which observers characterized as resembling an “angular, non-symmetrical potato,” was attributable to sunlight backscattering, where sunlight reflecting from mountain snow cover illuminated the underside of low-altitude clouds. This low-confidence assessment contributes to AARO’s consideration of the incident, which remains unresolved as of June 2026.

### Full text

#### Page 3

page 3

An airborne object over Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado
/was observed by five U.S. Army service members at Fort Carson,
/Colorado at 0935 MNT on 15 February 2022, was possibly
/backscattering of sunlight.
has low confidence in this
/assessment based on uncertainty in the field of view of each
/witness, amount of snow cover, and exact elevation and amount of
/cloud cover. No anomalous data or characteristics were recorded or
/assessed, and the event did not represent an unknown adversarial
/capability.
/
/
According to the accounts of five U.S. Army service
/members On 15 February 2022, an airborne object was observed
/approximately 6 miles to the west over and slightly behind the
/Cheyenne Mountain silhouette for approximately 30 - 180 seconds.
/The witnesses describe the object as roughly the size of a large
/jet and resembling an angular, non-symmetrical potato made of
/uneven panels, which was completely stationary about 300-500 feet
/above Cheyanne Mountain while slowly changing shape. It had a
/slightly translucent, shimmering white appearance, with defined
/edges and a milky shimmer that reflected sunlight. The witnesses
/noted that the sky was clear, and despite keeping their eyes on the
/object, it suddenly disappeared.
/
/
At 0945 MST on February 15, 2022, in Colorado Springs,
/the sun was positioned at an altitude of about 27.5 over the
/horizon in the southeast sky and roughly at an azimuth of 125,
/casting shadows toward the northwest and providing soft, angled
/light. According historical the National Water and Climate Center
/reporting, snow depth on Cheyenne Mountain likely ranged from 6 to
/12 inches. Although witnesses reported clear, blue skies, multiple
/weather reports, including those from AFWA and Weather Underground,
/indicated the presence of clouds, suggesting that the skies were
/partly to mostly cloudy that morning.
/
/
Analysis possibly indicates that the positioning of the
/sun in relation to Cheyenne Mountain would allow for backscattering
/of sunlight reflecting off snow-covered ground. This reflection
/could illuminate low-level clouds in the vicinity, which might
/account for the visibility of the object followed by its sudden
/disappearance. It is possible that either the clouds or the sun
/shifted slightly, causing the reflection to vanish.
has low
/confidence in this assessment based on uncertainty in the field of
/view of each witness, and exact level of cloud cover.
/
/
Analyst Note: Altostratus clouds are a kind of mid-level cloud
/known for their consistent gray or blue-gray appearance. These
/clouds usually develop at altitudes ranging from 6,500 to 23,000

-

-

-

page 3 of 4

#### Page 4

page 4
/feet (about 2,000 to 7,000 meters) and can create a dense, uniform
/layer across the sky or thin and wispy. While they often appear
/opaque, altostratus clouds can permit some sunlight to pass
/through, resulting in a luminous effect. Typically, the presence of
/altostratus clouds suggests that precipitation is imminent, as they
/may bring light rain or snow.
/
/
Analyst Note: Backscattering is the phenomenon where sunlight
/reflects off the snow-covered ground and reflects upwards,
/scattering through the atmosphere and illuminate low-level clouds.
/This is especially noticeable when the sun is low over the horizon.
/
No aircraft or balloons were noted active in or around
/Cheyenne Mountain during the time the witnesses saw the airborne
/object.
/

-

I
■
■

page 4 of 4

## LLE-UAP-D001 — Transcript of an Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/LLE-UAP-D001
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/LLE-UAP-D001
- Agency: Local Law Enforcement
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Colorado
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Colorado October 2023: even the elk got front‑row seats.

- Transcript of unresolved UAP report, Local Law Enforcement, October 2023, Colorado
- Officer narrates sighting; video captures UAP; transcript redacted to protect identities
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a transcript from a UAP sighting by local law enforcement in Colorado.  The law enforcement officer narrates what is seen as the UAP is recorded on video.  To protect the identity of the source, as well as law enforcement activities, the transcript has been edited to remove potentially identifying information.

### Full text

#### Page 1

OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY OF WAR
5000 DEFENSE PENTAGON
WASHINGTON, DC 20301-5000
INTELLIGENCE
AND SECURITY
Transcript of an Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado, October 2023
This document is a transcript from a UAP sighting by local law enforcement in Colorado. The
law enforcement officer narrates what is seen as the UAP is recorded on video. To protect the
identity of the source, as well as law enforcement activities, the transcript has been edited to
remove potentially identifying information.
Beginning of transcript.
[00:00]
Speaker: Okay, it is (b) (7)(A), (b) (7)C) approximately (b) (7)(A), (b) (7)(C) hours. I am at mile marker
(b) (7)(A), (b) (7)(C) I (b) (7)(A), (b) (7)(C) westbound direction. I am watching another orb that is flying
approximately..
[00:15]
Speaker: ..300 feet up off the ground. I did check radar, there is no aircraft flying in the area.
(Background Radio): .. (b) (7)(A)
[00:30]
(Background Radio): ...clearance...
Speaker: This has been flying stationary for about 15 minutes.
(Background Radio): ...copy (b) (7)(A)
[00:45]
(Sound of vehicles passing)
[01:00]
(Sound of a large truck passing)
Speaker: Okay, the craft is flying closer to me now. I can see it.

## LLE-UAP-D002 — Transcript of an Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/LLE-UAP-D002
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/LLE-UAP-D002
- Agency: Local Law Enforcement
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Colorado
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing missing is the soundtrack to those flashing lights.

- LLE-UAP-D002 transcript, Local Law Enforcement, October 2023, Colorado.
- Officer describes altitude changes, triangular motion, bright lights; subjective interpretation.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a transcript of a 15-minute video recording contained in this collection under the title LLE-UAP-PR002, captured by a law enforcement officer in Colorado in October 2023. AARO removed the audio from the original recording to protect information whose release could reasonably be expected to affect the privacy or other protected interests of a U.S. person or commercial entity. This transcript is also redacted to protect the identity of the reporter and sensitive law enforcement information.

All descriptive and estimative language in this transcript reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This is a transcript of a video recording from October 2023, created by a law enforcement officer in Colorado. The document was produced by the Office of the Under Secretary of War and includes redactions to protect identities and sensitive information. The speaker describes observing an unidentified aerial phenomenon that changes altitude, moves in triangular patterns, and emits bright lights. The speaker expresses uncertainty about the object's nature and mentions previous encounters with similar objects. The transcript ends without a clear conclusion.

### Full text

#### Page 1

OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY OF WAR
5000 DEFENSE PENTAGON
WASHINGTON , DC 20301-5000
INTELLIGENCE
AND SECURITY

Transcript of an Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado, October 2023
This document is a transcript ofa 15-minute video recording contained in this collection under
the title LLE-UAP-PR002, captured by a law enforcement officer in Colorado in October 2023.
AARO removed the audio from the original recording to protect information whose release could
reasonably be expected to affect the p rivacy or other p rotected interests ofa US. person or
commercial entity. This transcript is also redacted to protect the identity of the reporter and
sensitive law enforcement information.
All descriptive and estimative language in this transcript reflects the rep orter's subjective
interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interp reted as a
conclusive indication ofthe p resence or absence ofany intrinsic object features or p erformance
characteristics.
Beginning of transcript.

00:10: Speaker: So, I guarantee ifl go and tiy to ti·ack it down again, it's going to tiy to flash lights at
me.
00:20: Speaker: It's the second night in a row.
00:22: Speaker: Yesterday, they were in the
area.

Now they're migrating towards the (b) ("')(A). (b) ("')(C)

00:51: Speaker: It's getting ...
00:55: Speaker: Looks like it's getting ... getting some altitude.
01 :04: Speaker: It's going above that power line.
01 :5 1: Speaker: Yeah, there it goes.
02:00: Speaker: Definitely getting ... going higher.
02:27: Speaker: T1y ing to see if it's gonna... zoom away.
02:38: Speaker: I have seen one that has disappeared in an instant, so I'm cm ious if this one 's
going to do the same thing.
02:48: Speaker: Right now, this one's just gaining altitude.
03:52: Speaker: So, I can definitely tell that it's flying towards me because the light is getting
bigger.

#### Page 2

05:37: Speaker: Weird thing about these things is they stay there for hours, and they will fly in
triangular motions.
06:40: (Faint radio chatter in the background)
06:53: Speaker: Okay, so...
07:40: Speaker: So yesterday, one of these things shined a very, um, bright red and blue beam
into my truck, a patrol vehicle. So, I’m trying to see if it’s going to let off some greater light
tonight or do something that resembles what happened yesterday.
09:03: Speaker: So, it looks like... can’t be for sure, but it looks like there’s... maybe it’s maybe
separating. It’s like two distinct lights in that orb.
10:03: Speaker: Any minute now, it’s going to shoot away. I’m kind of curious to see if I can
catch that on camera. I’ve seen it twice where it’ll just… disappear in an instant at like
supersonic speed.
12:29: Speaker: Just don’t understand what that is.
13:23: Speaker: Okay, now we’re moving.
13:32: Speaker: Okay, it’s moving to the west… at a pretty decent speed.
13:53: Speaker: Looks like it’s got a… pretty good-sized beam coming off of it, too.
14:20: Speaker: Okay, it’s definitely moving towards me.
14:27: Speaker: Which is… very terrifying.
End of transcript; nothing follows.

2

## LLE-UAP-D003 — Transcript of an Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/LLE-UAP-D003
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/LLE-UAP-D003
- Agency: Local Law Enforcement
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Colorado
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

27 seconds wasn’t long enough for the officer to name the craft.

- Transcript of 27‑second video, Local Law Enforcement, October 2023, Colorado
- Redacted transcript reports silent video, audio removed, reporter’s subjective descriptions only
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a transcript of a 27-second video recording contained in this collection under the title LLE-UAP-PR003, captured by a law enforcement officer in Colorado in October 2023. AARO removed the audio from the original recording to protect information whose release could reasonably be expected to affect the privacy or other protected interests of a U.S. person or commercial entity. This transcript is also redacted to protect the identity of the reporter and sensitive law enforcement information.

All descriptive and estimative language in this transcript reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This document is a transcript of an unresolved UAP report from Colorado in October 2023. It was prepared by the Office of the Under Secretary of War at the Defense Pentagon in Washington, D.C. The transcript is based on a 27-second video recording captured by a law enforcement officer. Audio was removed to protect privacy or commercial interests, and the transcript is redacted to hide the reporter's identity and sensitive information. The video contains only background noise and no discernible dialogue.

### Full text

#### Page 1

OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY OF WAR
5000 DEFENSE PENTAGON
WASHINGTON, DC 20301 -5000
INTELLIGENCE
AND SECURITY

Transcript of an Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado, October 2023
This document is a transcript of a 27-second video recording contained in this collection under
the title LLE-UAP-PR003, captured by a law enforcement officer in Colorado in October 2023.
AARO removed the audio from the original recording to protect information whose release could
reasonably be expected to affect the privacy or other protected interests of a U.S. person or
commercial entity. This transcript is also redacted to protect the identity of the reporter and
sensitive law enforcement information.
All descriptive and estimative language in this transcript reflects the reporter’s subjective
interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a
conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance
characteristics.
Beginning of transcript.
This video contains only indistinct background noise and does not feature any discernible
dialogue.
End of transcript; nothing follows.

## LLE-UAP-D004 — Transcript of an Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado, January 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/LLE-UAP-D004
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/LLE-UAP-D004
- Agency: Local Law Enforcement
- Incident date: January, 2024
- Location: Colorado
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

It hovered 15 minutes—longer than most traffic lights stay green.

- Transcript of unresolved UAP report, Local Law Enforcement, January 2024, Colorado.
- Officer notes object ~300 ft altitude, stationary for 15 minutes.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a transcript of a 1-minute, 42-second video recording contained in this collection under the title LLE-UAP-PR004, captured by a law enforcement officer in Colorado in January 2024. AARO removed the audio from the original recording to protect information whose release could reasonably be expected to affect the privacy or other protected interests of a U.S. person or commercial entity. This transcript is also redacted to protect the identity of the reporter and sensitive law enforcement information.

All descriptive and estimative language in this transcript reflects the reporter’s subjective interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interpreted as a conclusive indication of the presence or absence of any intrinsic object features or performance characteristics.

### AI summary

This document is a transcript of a video recording from January 2024, captured by a law enforcement officer in Colorado. It was prepared by the Office of the Under Secretary of War, based in Washington, D.C. The transcript details a report of an unidentified aerial phenomenon observed by the officer, who noted an object flying at about 300 feet and remaining stationary for 15 minutes. The audio was removed to protect privacy, and the transcript is redacted to conceal the reporter's identity and sensitive information. The speaker describes the event but does not confirm the nature of the object.

### Full text

#### Page 1

OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY OF WAR
5000 DEFENSE PENTAGON
WASHINGTON , DC 20301-5000
INTELLIGENCE
AND SECURITY

Transcript of an Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado, January 2024
This document is a transcript ofa I -minute, 42-second video recording contained in this
collection under the title LLE-UAP-PR004, cap tured by a law enforcement officer in Colorado in
January 2024. AARO removed the audio from the original recording to p rotect information
whose release could reasonably be expected to affect the p rivacy or other p rotected interests ofa
US. person or commercial entity. This transcript is also redacted to protect the identity ofthe
rep orter and sensitive law enforcement information.
All descriptive and estimative language in this transcript reflects the rep orter's subjective
interpretation at the time of the event. Such characterizations should not be interp reted as a
conclusive indication ofthe p resence or absence ofany intrinsic object features or p erformance
characteristics.
Beginning of transcript.

00:01: Speaker: Okay, it is Janmuy 2, 2024, approximately
I-llwestbound direction.

(b) (7)(A) (b) (7)(C)

I am at mile marker -

00:13: Speaker: I am watching another orb that is flying approximately ... (indistinct radio
chatter) 300 feet up off the ground.
00:25: Speaker: I did check radar. There is no aircraft flying in the area (unintelligible due to
radio crosstalk).
00:32: Speaker: This has been flying stationaiy for about 15 minutes.
00:53: (Sound of vehicle approaching.)
01 :04: Speaker: Okay, the craft is flying closer to me now. I can see it.
01 :26-01 :42: (Unrelated law enforcement radio chatter.)
End of transcript; nothing follows.

## LLE-UAP-PR001 — Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/LLE-UAP-PR001
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/LLE-UAP-PR001
- Agency: Local Law Enforcement
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Colorado
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The bottom half got more privacy than the lights got attention.

- LLE-UAP-PR001, Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado, 2023; Local Law Enforcement; October 2023; Colorado.
- Video shows flashing red, blue, green lights moving across frame, with zoom and pan.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

A local law enforcement officer submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office consisting of 1 minute and 19 seconds of video footage from a commercially available cellular device’s rear-facing camera in October 2023. The reporting officer described the phenomenon as “silent” and as featuring “red, blue, and green flashing lights.” 

Video Description: AARO digitally altered this footage by blurring the bottom half to obscure information whose release could be reasonably expected to affect the privacy or other protected interest of a U.S. person or commercial entity. 

00:00-00:47: The camera pans to track an apparent light source, keeping it generally centered within the frame. 

00:48-01:19: The camera increases and decreases its level of magnification several times and continues to pan to track the apparent light source.   

AARO Comment: Cellular devices of the type used to capture this footage employ autofocus and other automated image-processing functions that may distort the apparent morphological and kinematic characteristics of distant subjects, particularly at high magnification.

## LLE-UAP-PR002 — Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/LLE-UAP-PR002
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/LLE-UAP-PR002
- Agency: Local Law Enforcement
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Colorado
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The footage is 15 minutes long, but the lights change color faster than the camera.

- LLE-UAP-PR002, a local law enforcement video report from Colorado, October 2023.
- Shows silent red, blue, and green flashing lights moving across a blurred sky.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

A local law enforcement officer submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office consisting of 15 minutes of video footage from a commercially available cellular device’s rear-facing camera in October 2023. The reporting officer described the phenomenon as “silent” and as featuring “red, blue, and green flashing lights.” 

Video Description: AARO digitally altered this footage by blurring the bottom half to obscure information whose release could be reasonably expected to affect the privacy or other protected interest of a U.S. person or commercial entity. 

00:00-15:00: The camera focuses on an apparent light source for the duration of the video, keeping it generally centered within the frame. 

AARO Comment: Cellular devices of the type used to capture this footage employ autofocus and other automated image-processing functions that may distort the apparent morphological and kinematic characteristics of distant subjects, particularly at high magnification.

## LLE-UAP-PR003 — Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/LLE-UAP-PR003
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/LLE-UAP-PR003
- Agency: Local Law Enforcement
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Colorado
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The UFO’s whole performance fit neatly into a 27‑second TikTok.

- LLE-UAP-PR003, Local Law Enforcement, October 2023, Colorado
- 27‑second video shows silent, red/blue/green flashing lights captured on a phone
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

A local law enforcement officer submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office consisting of 27 seconds of video footage from a commercially available cellular device’s rear-facing camera in October 2023. The reporting officer described the phenomenon as “silent” and as featuring “red, blue, and green flashing lights.” 

Video Description: In the first 2 seconds of this video, AARO digitally altered this footage by blurring the bottom half to obscure information whose release could be reasonably expected to affect the privacy or other protected interest of a U.S. person or commercial entity. 

00:00-00:27: The camera increases its level of magnification and focuses on an apparent light source for the duration of the video, keeping it generally centered and within the top third of the frame. 

AARO Comment: Cellular devices of the type used to capture this footage employ autofocus and other automated image-processing functions that may distort the apparent morphological and kinematic characteristics of distant subjects, particularly at high magnification.

## LLE-UAP-PR004 — Unresolved UAP Report, Colorado, January 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/LLE-UAP-PR004
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/LLE-UAP-PR004
- Agency: Local Law Enforcement
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Colorado
- Released: 2026-09-18
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The first two seconds are blurred—apparently even UFOs honor privacy rules.

- LLE-UAP-PR004, Colorado, submitted Jan 2024 by Local Law Enforcement, incident Oct 2023, 1:42 video.
- Officer reports silent, red, blue, green flashing lights captured on a cellular rear‑facing camera.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

A local law enforcement officer submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office consisting of 1 minute and 42 seconds of video footage from a commercially available cellular device’s rear-facing camera in January 2024. The reporting officer described the phenomenon as “silent” and as featuring “red, blue, and green flashing lights.” 

Video Description: In the first 2 seconds of this video, AARO digitally altered this footage by blurring the bottom half to obscure information whose release could be reasonably expected to affect the privacy or other protected interest of a U.S. person or commercial entity. 

00:00-00:35: The camera focuses on an apparent light source, keeping it generally within the center of the frame. 

00:36-01:04: An approaching vehicle influences the camera’s automatic image-processing filters, including autofocus. The camera remains focused on the apparent light source. 

01:05-1:27: The camera remains focused on the apparent light source. 

01:28-01:37: An approaching vehicle influences the camera’s automatic image-processing filters, including autofocus. The camera remains focused on the apparent light source. 

01:38-01:42: The camera pans down. 

AARO Comment: Cellular devices of the type used to capture this footage employ autofocus and other automated image-processing functions that may distort the apparent morphological and kinematic characteristics of distant subjects, particularly at high magnification.

## NARA-2024-NDAA-Public-Law-118-31 — 2024 National Defense Authorization Act — Public Law 118-31

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-2024-NDAA-Public-Law-118-31
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-2024-NDAA-Public-Law-118-31
- Agency: U.S. Congress
- Released: Dec 22, 2023
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Congress finally filed UAP paperwork on December 22 2023.

- 2024 NDAA Public Law 118-31, U.S. Congress, enacted Dec 22 2023.
- Creates Record Group 615 UAP Records Collection; mandates agency transfers, 25‑year sealing review.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The 2024 NDAA established Record Group 615 ('Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Records Collection') at NARA, mandating that federal agencies transfer UAP records and authorising a 25-year sealing review.

### AI summary

This is a U.S. federal law, the 2024 National Defense Authorization Act, passed by Congress in 2023. It outlines funding and policies for the Department of Defense and other agencies. The document includes sections on military procurement, research, operations, and maintenance. It contains provisions related to various military programs, equipment, and logistical strategies. The text does not mention unidentified aerial phenomena or related investigations.

### Full text

#### Page 1

H. R. 2670

One Hundred Eighteenth Congress
of the
United States of America
AT T H E F I R S T S E S S I O N
Begun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday,
the third day of January, two thousand and twenty-three

An Act
To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2024 for military activities of the Department of Defense and for military construction, and for defense activities of the
Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal
year, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ‘‘National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 2024’’.
SEC. 2. ORGANIZATION OF ACT INTO DIVISIONS; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

(a) DIVISIONS.—This Act is organized into seven divisions as
follows:
(1) Division A—Department of Defense Authorizations.
(2) Division B—Military Construction Authorizations.
(3) Division C—Department of Energy National Security
Authorizations and Other Authorizations.
(4) Division D—Funding Tables.
(5) Division E—Other Matters.
(6) Division F—Department of State Authorization Act of
2023.
(7) Division G—Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 2024.
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for this Act
is as follows:
Sec. 1. Short title.
Sec. 2. Organization of Act into divisions; table of contents.
Sec. 3. Congressional defense committees.
Sec. 4. Budgetary effects of this Act.
DIVISION A—DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AUTHORIZATIONS
TITLE I—PROCUREMENT
Subtitle A—Authorization of Appropriations
Sec. 101. Authorization of appropriations.
Subtitle B—Army Programs
Sec. 111. Limitation on availability of funds pending assessment of Army Trackless
Moving Target systems.
Sec. 112. Strategy for Army tactical wheeled vehicle program.
Sec. 113. Report on acquisition strategies for the logistics augmentation program of
the Army.
Subtitle C—Navy Programs
Sec. 121. Modification of requirements for minimum number of carrier air wings of
the Navy.

#### Page 2

H. R. 2670—2
Sec. 122. Extension of prohibition on availability of funds for Navy port waterborne
security barriers.
Sec. 123. Multiyear procurement authority for Virginia class submarine program.
Sec. 124. Procurement authority for Auxiliary Personnel Lighter program.
Sec. 125. Limitation on reductions to V–22 aircraft nacelle improvement program.
Sec. 126. Limitation on consideration of Government-operated dry docks in certain
contract solicitations.
Sec. 127. Annual reports on use of Government docks for ship repair and maintenance.
Subtitle D—Air Force Programs
Sec. 131. Limitation on retirement of F–15 aircraft and modification of related reporting requirement.
Sec. 132. Limitations and minimum inventory requirement relating to RQ–4 aircraft.
Sec. 133. Temporary exception to minimum inventory requirement for fighter aircraft of the Air Force.
Sec. 134. Modification of minimum inventory requirements for C–130 aircraft.
Sec. 135. Modification of annual reports on T–7A Advanced Pilot Training System.
Sec. 136. Modification to prohibition on certain reductions to B–1 bomber aircraft
squadrons.
Sec. 137. Modification of minimum inventory requirements for A–10 aircraft.
Sec. 138. Procurement authority for over-the-horizon radar systems.
Sec. 139. Prohibition on availability of funds for retirement of KC–135 aircraft.
Sec. 140. Prohibition on reduction of KC–135 aircraft in PMAI of the reserve components.
Sec. 141. Limitation on issuance of acquisition strategy for the KC–135 recapitalization program.
Sec. 142. Prohibition on certain reductions to inventory of E–3 airborne warning
and control system aircraft.
Sec. 143. Prohibition on availability of funds for termination of production lines for
the HH–60W aircraft.
Sec. 144. Limitation on retirement of F–16C/D aircraft.
Sec. 145. Limitation on procurement of KC–46A aircraft.
Sec. 146. Limitation on actions relating to remote vision systems of KC–46A aircraft.
Sec. 147. Limitation on retirement of T–1A training aircraft.
Sec. 148. Plan for long-term Air Force fighter force structure.
Subtitle E—Defense-wide, Joint, and Multiservice Matters
Sec. 151. Annual report on force structure changes exhibit for the defense budget.
Sec. 152. Multiyear procurement authority for domestically processed critical minerals.
Sec. 153. Prohibition on solicitation of proprietary armor for certain tactical vehicles.
Sec. 154. Prohibition on availability of funds for procurement of certain batteries.
TITLE II—RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TEST, AND EVALUATION
Subtitle A—Authorization of Appropriations
Sec. 201. Authorization of appropriations.
Subtitle B—Program Requirements, Restrictions, and Limitations
Sec. 211. Annual report on unfunded priorities of the Under Secretary of Defense
for Research and Engineering.
Sec. 212. Delegation of responsibility for certain research programs.
Sec. 213. Modification to personnel management authority to attract experts in
science and engineering.
Sec. 214. Clarifying role of partnership intermediaries to promote defense research
and education.
Sec. 215. Naval Air Warfare Rapid Capabilities Office.
Sec. 216. Modification of support for research and development of bioindustrial
manufacturing processes.
Sec. 217. Modification to administration of the Advanced Sensors Application Program.
Sec. 218. Matters pertaining to hypersonic capabilities and testing strategies.
Sec. 219. Improvements to defense quantum information science and technology research and development program.
Sec. 220. Application of public-private talent exchange programs in the Department
of Defense to quantum information sciences and technology research.
Sec. 221. Support for protection of sensitive research performed on behalf of the
Department of Defense.

#### Page 3

H. R. 2670—3
Sec. 222. Support to the Defence Innovation Accelerator for the North Atlantic.
Sec. 223. Consortium on use of additive manufacturing for defense capability development.
Sec. 224. Next Generation Air Dominance family of systems development program
accountability matrices.
Sec. 225. Continuous capability development and delivery program for F–35 aircraft.
Sec. 226. F–35 propulsion and thermal management modernization program.
Sec. 227. Establishment or expansion of University Affiliated Research Centers for
critical materials.
Sec. 228. Policies for management and certification of Link 16 military tactical data
link network.
Sec. 229. Rapid response to emergent technology advancements or threats.
Sec. 230. Pilot program to commercialize prototypes of the Department of the Air
Force.
Sec. 231. Pilot program on near-term quantum computing applications.
Sec. 232. Pilot program to facilitate access to advanced technology developed by
small businesses for ground vehicle systems of the Army.
Sec. 233. Limitation on availability of funds pending documentation on Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft program.
Subtitle C—Energetics and Other Munitions Matters
Sec. 241. Joint Energetics Transition Office.
Sec. 242. Consideration of lethality in the analysis of alternatives for munitions.
Sec. 243. Pilot program on incorporation of the CL20 compound in certain weapon
systems.
Sec. 244. Limitation on sourcing chemical materials for munitions from certain
countries.
Sec. 245. Defense industrial base munition surge capacity critical reserve.
Subtitle D—Plans, Reports, and Other Matters
Sec. 251. Congressional notification of changes to Department of Defense policy on
autonomy in weapon systems.
Sec. 252. Audit to identify diversion of Department of Defense funding to China’s
research labs.
Sec. 253. Annual review of status of implementation plan for digital engineering career tracks.
TITLE III—OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Subtitle A—Authorization of Appropriations
Sec. 301. Authorization of appropriations.
Subtitle B—Energy and Environment
Sec. 311. Improvement and codification of Sentinel Landscapes Partnership program authority.
Sec. 312. Modification of authority for environmental restoration projects at National Guard facilities.
Sec. 313. Modification to technical assistance authority for environmental restoration activities.
Sec. 314. Coordination on agreements to limit encroachments and other constraints
on military training, testing, and operations.
Sec. 315. Requirement for approval by Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition
and Sustainment of waiver for systems not meeting fuel efficiency key
performance parameter.
Sec. 316. Modification to prototype and demonstration projects for energy resilience
at certain military installations.
Sec. 317. Authority to transfer certain funds as payment relating to Naval Air Station, Moffett Field, California.
Sec. 318. Prohibition on required disclosure by Department of Defense contractors
of information relating to greenhouse gas emissions.
Sec. 319. Required infrastructure plan prior to deployment of certain non-tactical
vehicles at military installations.
Sec. 320. Prohibition and report requirement relating to certain energy programs
of Department of Defense.
Sec. 321. Report on schedule and cost estimates for completion of testing and remediation of contaminated sites; publication of cleanup information.
Subtitle C—Treatment of Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
Sec. 331. Modification of timing of report on activities of PFAS Task Force.
Sec. 332. Budget justification document for funding relating to perfluoroalkyl substances and polyfluoroalkyl substances.

#### Page 4

H. R. 2670—4
Sec. 333. Increase of transfer authority for funding of study and assessment on
health implications of perfluoroalkyl substances and polyfluoroalkyl substances contamination in drinking water by Agency for Toxic Substances
and Disease Registry.
Sec. 334. Prizes for development of technology for thermal destruction of
perfluoroalkyl substances or polyfluoroalkyl substances.
Sec. 335. Treatment of certain materials contaminated with perfluoroalkyl substances or polyfluoroalkyl substances.
Sec. 336. Government Accountability Office reports on testing and remediation of
perfluoroalkyl substances and polyfluoroalkyl substances.
Subtitle D—Logistics and Sustainment
Modification of rule of construction regarding provision of support and
services to non-Department of Defense organizations and activities.
Sec. 342. Repeal of Comptroller General review requirement relating to core logistics capabilities.
Sec. 343. Modifications to Contested Logistics Working Group of Department of Defense.
Sec. 344. Matters relating to briefings on Shipyard Infrastructure Optimization
Program of the Navy.
Sec. 345. Foreign military sales exclusion in calculation for certain workload carryover of Department of the Army.
Sec. 346. Pilot program on optimization of aerial refueling and fuel management in
contested logistics environments through use of artificial intelligence.
Sec. 347. Limitation on availability of funds to expand leased facilities for Joint
Military Information Support Operations Web Operations Center.
Sec. 348. Limitation on availability of funds pending submission of certain 30-year
shipbuilding plan by the Secretary of the Navy.
Sec. 349. Plan regarding condition and maintenance of prepositioned stockpiles of
the Army.
Sec. 350. Strategy and assessment on use of automation and artificial intelligence
for shipyard optimization.
Sec. 351. Assessment and strategy relating to hardening of certain military installations against attack by Iran and Iranian-associated groups.
Sec. 352. Semiannual briefings on operational status of amphibious warship fleet.
Sec. 341.

Subtitle E—Other Matters
Sec. 361. Review of notice of presumed risk issued by Military Aviation and Installation Assurance Clearinghouse.
Sec. 362. Modifications to military aviation and installation assurance clearinghouse for review of mission obstructions.
Sec. 363. Modification to Joint Safety Council.
Sec. 364. Designation of official responsible for coordination of renegotiation of certain land leases owned by Department of Defense in Hawaii.
Sec. 365. Continued designation of Secretary of the Navy as executive agent for
Naval Small Craft Instruction and Technical Training School.
Sec. 366. Establishment of Caisson Platoon and support for military and State funeral services at Arlington National Cemetery.
Sec. 367. Recovery of rare earth elements and other strategic and critical materials
through end-of-life equipment recycling.
TITLE IV—MILITARY PERSONNEL AUTHORIZATIONS
Subtitle A—Active Forces
Sec. 401. End strengths for active forces.
Sec. 402. End strength level matters.
Subtitle B—Reserve Forces
Sec. 411. End strengths for Selected Reserve.
Sec. 412. End strengths for Reserves on active duty in support of the Reserves.
Sec. 413. End strengths for military technicians (dual status).
Sec. 414. Maximum number of reserve personnel authorized to be on active duty
for operational support.
Subtitle C—Authorization of Appropriations
Sec. 421. Military personnel.
TITLE V—MILITARY PERSONNEL POLICY
Subtitle A—Officer Policy
Sec. 501. Authorized strength: general and flag officers on active duty.

#### Page 5

H. R. 2670—5
Sec. 502. Extension of active duty term for Attending Physician at United States
Capitol.
Sec. 503. Updating authority to authorize promotion transfers between components
of the same Armed Force or a different Armed Force.
Sec. 504. Flexibility in determining terms of appointment for certain senior officer
positions.
Sec. 505. Realignment of Navy spot-promotion quotas.
Sec. 506. Authority to increase the number of medical and dental officers recommended for promotion to certain grades.
Sec. 507. Prohibition on appointment or nomination of certain officers who are subject to special selection review boards.
Sec. 508. Effect of failure of selection for promotion.
Sec. 509. Improvements relating to service obligation for Marine Corps cyberspace
operations officers.
Sec. 509A. Time in grade requirements.
Sec. 509B. Establishment of Legislative Liaison of the Space Force.
Sec. 509C. Extension of authority to vary number of Space Force officers considered
for promotion to major general.
Sec. 509D. Briefing on number of general officers of the Space Force on active duty.
Subtitle B—Reserve Component Management
Sec. 511. Removal of active duty prohibition for members of the Air Force Reserve
Policy Committee.
Sec. 512. Grade of Vice Chief of the National Guard Bureau.
Sec. 513. Mobilization of Selected Reserve for preplanned missions in support of the
combatant commands.
Sec. 514. Alternative promotion authority for reserve officers in designated competitive categories.
Sec. 515. Authorization for FireGuard Program.
Sec. 516. Designation of at least one general officer of the Marine Corps Reserve
as a joint qualified officer.
Subtitle C—General Service Authorities and Prohibitions
Sec. 521. Permanent authority to order retired members to active duty in high-demand, low-density appointments.
Sec. 522. Prohibition on policy of the Department of Defense regarding identification of gender or personal pronouns in official correspondence.
Sec. 523. Prohibition on former members of the Armed Forces accepting post-service employment with certain foreign governments.
Sec. 524. Verification of the financial independence of financial services counselors
in the Department of Defense.
Sec. 525. Modification of requirements for approval of foreign employment by retired and reserve members of uniformed services.
Sec. 526. Consideration of reinstatement of a member of the Armed Forces involuntarily separated on the basis of refusal to receive a vaccination against
COVID-19.
Sec. 527. Reviews of characterization of administrative discharges of certain members on the basis of failure to receive COVID-19 vaccine.
Sec. 528. Certain members discharged or dismissed on the sole basis of failure to
obey a lawful order to receive a vaccine for COVID-19: communication
strategy regarding reinstatement process.
Sec. 529. Continuing military service for certain members eligible for chapter 61 retirement.
Sec. 529A. Threat-based security services and equipment for certain former or retired Department of Defense personnel.
Sec. 529B. Limitation on establishment of new diversity, equity, and inclusion positions; hiring freeze.
Sec. 529C. Requirement to base military accessions and promotions on merit and
performance.
Subtitle D—Military Justice and Other Legal Matters
Sec. 531. Technical and conforming amendments to the Uniform Code of Military
Justice.
Sec. 532. Establishment of staggered terms for members of the Military Justice Review Panel.
Sec. 533. Supreme Court review of certain actions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.
Sec. 534. Additional requirements for initiative to enhance the capability of military criminal investigative organizations to prevent and combat child
sexual exploitation.
Sec. 535. Limitation on availability of funds for relocation of Army CID special
agent training course.

#### Page 6

H. R. 2670—6
Sec. 536. Study on requirement for unanimous votes for findings in general and
special courts-martial and related milestones for implementation.
Sec. 537. Study on removal of Sexual Assault Victim Advocates from the chain of
command of victims.
Subtitle E—Accession Standards and Recruitment
Sec. 541. Increased access to potential recruits at secondary schools.
Sec. 542. Modification of limitation on enlistment and induction of persons whose
score on the Armed Forces Qualification Test is below a prescribed level.
Sec. 543. Increased access to potential recruits at institutions of higher education.
Sec. 544. Increase in accession bonus for nurse officer candidates.
Sec. 545. Improvements to medical standards for accession to certain Armed
Forces.
Sec. 546. Future servicemember preparatory course.
Sec. 547. Pilot program on cardiac screenings for military accessions.
Sec. 548. Community college Enlisted Training Corps demonstration program.
Sec. 549. Annual briefings on military recruitment practices in public secondary
schools and community colleges.
Subtitle F—Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps
Sec. 551. Expansion of Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps.
Sec. 552. Requirement for memoranda of understanding addressing certain matters
pertaining to units of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps.
Sec. 553. Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps administrator and instructor
compensation.
Sec. 554. Prohibition of establishment or maintenance of a unit of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps at an educational institution owned, operated, or controlled by the Chinese Communist Party.
Sec. 555. Enforcement of program requirements for the Junior Reserve Officers’
Training Corps.
Sec. 556. Annual report on allegations of sexual misconduct in Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs.
Subtitle G—Member Education
Sec. 561. Service Academies: numbers of nominations by Members of Congress and
appointments by the Secretaries of the military departments.
Sec. 562. Increase in the number of nominees from Guam to the Service Academies.
Sec. 563. Consideration of standardized test scores in military service academy application process.
Sec. 564. Service Academy professional sports pathway report and legislative proposal required.
Sec. 565. Briefing on inclusion of advanced research programs at certain institutions of professional military education.
Subtitle H—Member Training and Transition
Sec. 571. Amendments to pathways for counseling in the Transition Assistance Program.
Sec. 572. Skillbridge: staffing; budgeting; outreach; report.
Sec. 573. Extension of Troops-to-Teachers program to the Job Corps.
Sec. 574. Troops-to-Teachers Program: expansion; extension.
Sec. 575. Language training centers for members of the Armed Forces and civilian
employees of the Department of Defense.
Sec. 576. Prohibition on use of Federal funds to endorse critical race theory.
Sec. 577. Increased fitness standards for Army close combat force military occupational specialties.
Sec. 578. Publication of training materials of the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute.
Sec. 579. Prohibition on Federal funds for the Department of Defense Countering
Extremism Work Group.
Subtitle I—Family Programs, Child Care, and Dependent Education
Sec. 581. Non-medical counseling services for military families.
Sec. 582. Increase in the target funding level for military child care.
Sec. 583. Modifications to assistance to local educational agencies that benefit dependents of members of the Armed Forces with enrollment changes due
to base closures, force structure changes, or force relocations.
Sec. 584. Certain assistance to local educational agencies that benefit dependents
of military and civilian personnel.
Sec. 585. Outreach campaign relating to waiting lists for military child development centers; annual briefing.

#### Page 7

H. R. 2670—7
Sec. 586. Briefings on pilot program on hiring of special needs inclusion coordinators for Department of Defense child development centers.
Sec. 587. Briefings on implementation of universal pre-kindergarten programs in
schools operated by the Department of Defense Education Activity.
Sec. 588. Report on mental health and wellness support for students enrolled in
schools operated by the Department of Defense Education Activity.
Sec. 589. Rights of parents of children attending schools operated by the Department of Defense Education Activity.
Subtitle J—Decorations and Awards and Other Personnel Matters, Reports, and
Briefings
Sec. 591. Armed Forces workplace surveys.
Sec. 592. Due date for report on efforts to prevent and respond to deaths by suicide
in the Navy.
Sec. 593. Extension of deadline for review of World War I valor medals.
Sec. 594. Digital ambassador program of the Navy: cessation; report; restart.
TITLE VI—COMPENSATION AND OTHER PERSONNEL BENEFITS
Subtitle A—Basic Pay, Retired Pay, and Leave
Sec. 601. Parental leave parity for members of certain reserve components of the
Armed Forces.
Sec. 602. Pay of members of reserve components for inactive-duty training to obtain
or maintain an aeronautical rating or designation.
Sec. 603. Expansion of authority to pay a member of the Armed Forces who is absent without leave or over leave for such absence.
Subtitle B—Bonus and Incentive Pays
Sec. 611. Expansion of continuation pay eligibility.
Sec. 612. Modification of special and incentive pay authorities for members of reserve components.
Sec. 613. One-year extension of certain expiring bonus and special pay authorities.
Sec. 614. Authorization of monthly bonus pay for a junior member of the uniformed
services during calendar year 2024.
Sec. 615. Determination of cold weather location for purposes of special duty pay.
Sec. 616. Feasibility study regarding assignment incentive pay for members of the
Air Force assigned to remotely piloted aircraft.
Subtitle C—Allowances
Sec. 621. Modification of calculation of gross household income for basic needs allowance to address areas of demonstrated need.
Sec. 622. Improved calculation of basic allowance for housing for junior enlisted
members.
Sec. 623. Basic allowance for housing for members assigned to vessels undergoing
maintenance.
Sec. 624. Dual basic allowance for housing for training.
Sec. 625. Cost-of-living allowance in the continental United States: high cost areas.
Sec. 626. Family separation allowance: increase; review.
Sec. 627. OCONUS cost-of-living allowance: adjustments.
Sec. 628. Extension of one-time uniform allowance for officers who transfer to the
Space Force.
Subtitle D—Family and Survivor Benefits
Sec. 631. Modifications to transitional compensation for dependents of members
separated for dependent abuse.
Sec. 632. Lodging expenses for dependents of members separated for dependent
abuse.
Sec. 633. Access to commissary and exchange privileges for remarried surviving
spouses.
Sec. 634. Assistance for military spouses to obtain certifications as doulas and
International Board Certified Lactation Consultants.
Sec. 635. Expansion of qualifying events for which a member of the uniformed services may be reimbursed for spousal relicensing or business costs due to
the member’s relocation.
TITLE VII—HEALTH CARE PROVISIONS
Subtitle A—TRICARE and Other Health Care Benefits
Sec. 701. Waiver of cost-sharing for three mental health outpatient visits for certain beneficiaries under the TRICARE program.

#### Page 8

H. R. 2670—8
Sec. 702. Extension of period of eligibility for health benefits under TRICARE Reserve Select for survivors of a member of the Selected Reserve.
Sec. 703. Expansion of eligibility for hearing aids to include children of certain retired members of the uniformed services.
Sec. 704. Authority to provide dental care for dependents located at certain remote
or isolated locations.
Sec. 705. Clarification of applicability of required mental health self-initiated referral process for members of the Selected Reserve.
Sec. 706. Naloxone and fentanyl: regulations; briefing.
Sec. 707. Authority to expand the TRICARE Competitive Plans Demonstration
Project.
Subtitle B—Health Care Administration
Sec. 711. Modification of requirement to transfer research and development and
public health functions to the Defense Health Agency.
Sec. 712. Increase in stipend for participants in health professions scholarship and
financial assistance programs.
Sec. 713. Modification of administration of medical malpractice claims by members
of the uniformed services.
Sec. 714. Networks of the Defense Health Agency: delayed implementation; GAO
study.
Sec. 715. Real-time data sharing agreement regarding medical care provided to
members of the Coast Guard.
Sec. 716. Establishment of military pharmaceutical and medical device vulnerability working group.
Subtitle C—Studies, Briefings, Reports, and Other Matters
Sec. 721. Modification of partnership program for military trauma care and research.
Sec. 722. Study on opioid alternatives.
Sec. 723. Program of the Department of Defense to study treatment of certain conditions using certain psychedelic substances.
Sec. 724. Annual report regarding overdoses by certain members of the Armed
Forces.
Sec. 725. Study and report on health conditions of members of the Armed Forces
on active duty developed after administration of COVID–19 vaccine.
Sec. 726. GAO study on health care available to certain individuals supporting the
missions of United States Forces Japan and Joint Region Marianas.
TITLE VIII—ACQUISITION POLICY, ACQUISITION MANAGEMENT, AND
RELATED MATTERS
Subtitle A—Acquisition Policy and Management
Sec. 801. Commercial nature determination memo available to contractor.
Sec. 802. Modification of truthful cost or pricing data submissions and report.
Sec. 803. Prohibition on the transfer of certain data on employees of the Department of Defense to third parties.
Sec. 804. Prohibition on contracting with persons that have fossil fuel operations
with the Government of the Russian Federation or the Russian energy
sector.
Sec. 805. Prohibition of the Department of Defense procurement related to entities
identified as Chinese military companies operating in the United States.
Sec. 806. Principal Technology Transition Advisor.
Sec. 807. Senior contracting official for Strategic Capabilities Office.
Sec. 808. Pilot program for the use of innovative intellectual property strategies.
Sec. 809. Pilot program for anything-as-a-service.
Sec. 810. Updated guidance on planning for exportability features for future programs.
Sec. 811. Modernizing the Department of Defense requirements process.
Sec. 812. Preventing conflicts of interest for entities that provide certain consulting
services to the Department of Defense.
Sec. 813. Focused commercial solutions openings opportunities.
Subtitle B—Amendments to General Contracting Authorities, Procedures, and
Limitations
Sec. 820. Amendments to multiyear procurement authority.
Sec. 821. Modification of approval authority for certain follow-on production contracts or transactions.
Sec. 822. Clarification of other transaction authority for installation or facility
prototyping.

#### Page 9

H. R. 2670—9
Sec. 823. Extension and revisions to never contract with the enemy.
Sec. 824. Modification and extension of temporary authority to modify certain contracts and options based on the impacts of inflation.
Sec. 825. Countering adversary logistics information technologies.
Sec. 826. Modification of contracts and options to provide economic price adjustments.
Sec. 827. Modifications to earned value management system requirements.
Subtitle C—Domestic Sourcing Requirements
Sec. 831. Emergency acquisition authority for purposes of replenishing United
States stockpiles.
Sec. 832. Requirement for full domestic production of flags of the United States acquired by the Department of Defense.
Sec. 833. Amendment to requirement to buy certain metals from American sources.
Sec. 834. Acquisition of sensitive material prohibition exception amendment.
Sec. 835. Enhanced domestic content requirement for major defense acquisition
programs.
Subtitle D—Provisions Relating to Programs for Accelerating Acquisition
Sec. 841. Pilot program to accelerate contracting and pricing processes.
Sec. 842. Demonstration and prototyping program to advance international product
support capabilities in a contested logistics environment.
Sec. 843. Special authority for rapid contracting for commanders of combatant commands.
Subtitle E—Industrial Base Matters
Sec. 851. Additional national security objectives for the national technology and industrial base.
Sec. 852. Department of Defense Mentor-Protege Program.
Sec. 853. Modifications to the Procurement Technical Assistance Program.
Sec. 854. Modification of effective date for expansion on the prohibition on acquiring certain metal products.
Sec. 855. Extension of pilot program for distribution support and services for weapons systems contractors.
Sec. 856. Pilot program to analyze and monitor certain supply chains.
Sec. 857.

(Text continues in the original file: 973 pages.)

## NARA-Blue-Book-Socorro-1964 — Project Blue Book case file: Socorro, New Mexico, April 1964

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Blue-Book-Socorro-1964
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Blue-Book-Socorro-1964
- Agency: U.S. Air Force (Project Blue Book)
- Incident date: 24 Apr 1964
- Location: Socorro, New Mexico
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

168 pages later, the mystery still needs a table of contents.

- Project Blue Book case file, U.S. Air Force, 24 Apr 1964, Socorro NM
- Officer Zamora reports landed object, moving light, possible balloon/aircraft/astronomical; data insufficient
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Air Force's Project Blue Book case file on police officer Lonnie Zamora's report of a landed object at Socorro on 24 April 1964; the record card carries the case as UNIDENTIFIED. 168 pages from the National Archives' sanitized Blue Book case files (RG 341, NAID 302532129; images provided by Fold3).

### AI summary

A Project Blue Book case file from April 1964 details a sighting in Socorro, New Mexico, reported by policeman Lonnie Zamora. The document includes a record card with conclusions that the object was possibly a balloon, aircraft, or astronomical. It notes insufficient data for evaluation and mentions a brief summary of the sighting, including a light moving back and forth and clouds in the area. The file also contains investigative data, messages, and a summary of the incident. The Air Force investigated but found no evidence of extraterrestrial origin or security threat. The case was classified as unidentified pending additional data.

### Full text

#### Page 1

PROJECT 10073 RECORD CARD
1. DATE LOCATION . CONCLUSIONS
25 Apr 64 Socorro, New Mexico 0 Was Balloon
0 Probably Balloon
3. DATE-TIME GROUP 4. TYPE OF OBSERVATION 0 Possibly Balloon
Local night Ground-Visual Ground-Rador 0 Was Aircraft
Probably Aircraft
GMT AirVisual Air-Intercept Radar Possibly Aircraft
5. PHOTOS 6. SOURCE
Yes 0 Was Astronomical
D Probably Astronomical
No civilian 0 Possibly Astronomical
7. LENGTH OF OBSERVATION B. NUMBER OF OBJECTS | 9. COURSE Other_.. Ground light
2 Insufficient Data for Evaluation
pot reprtd one back and forth Unknown
10. BRIEF SUMMARY OF SIGHTING 11. COMMENTS
Witness reported a light going back and forth Clouds in area. Navigation beacon at
pver a mountah of Socorro while he was location. Probable reflection from
iriving North. rotating beacon o n clouds.
ATIC FORM 329 (REV 26 SEP 52)

#### Page 4

PROJECT 10073 RECORD CARD
1. DATE LOCATION .. CONCLUSIONS
24 April 1964 Was Balloon
Socorro, New Mexico - Probably Balloon
3. DATE-TIME GROUP 4. TYPE OF OBSERVATION Possibly Balloon
Local 1745 Ground-Visual Ground-Radar a Was Aircraft
25/0045Z Probably Aircroft
GMT AirVisual Air-Intercept Radar Possibly Aircraft
5. PHOTOS 6. SOURCE D Was Astronomical
Yes Physical Spec Probably Astronomical
No Civilian Possibly Astronomical
7.LENGTH OF OBSERVATION 8. NUMBER OF OBJECTS 9. COURSE 0 Other UNIDENTIFIED
Insufficient Data for Evaluation
0 xUnknown
Less than lo minutes one Stationary,SW or West
10. BRIEF SUMMARY OF SIGHTING 11. COMMENTS
Sighting of landing by Lonnie Zamora. Initially believed to be observation
of Lunar module type cafiguration.
SEE CASE FILE. Effort to date cannot place vehicle
at site. Case carried as UNIDENTIFIED
pending additional data.
I
ATIC FORM 329 (REV 26 SEP 52)

#### Page 5

Tab A TWX and Messages
1. TWX regarding Capt Quintanilla's visit to Socorro dtd 30 Jun
2. TWX from SAFOI dtd 13 May
3. Surmary
4. Letter to SAFOI dtd 28 May
n6 Memo from Capt Quintanilla to Col de Jonckheere, dtd 27 Apr
Initial report received at FTD
Tab B Investigative Data
1. 14 May letter to Cloud Gap
2. : Opal Grinder
3. Maj Mitchell
Ltr to FAA, 27 May
5. Miscellaneous Data
Tab C Lunar Module Information
l. Basic List
2. Douglas A/C, dtd 20 May 64
3. Hughes A/C, dtd 20 May & 26 May 64
4. Cleveland Pneumatics, dtd 20 May 64
5. Goodyear, DTD 19 May 64
Menasco, dtd 20 May 64
7. Unanswered letters seven)
Tab D Miscellaneous Notes

#### Page 6

ICLA
JOINT MESS FORM UNCLASSIFTED
SPACB BELOW RESERVED FOR COMMUNICATION CENTER
ZNR 30JuN64 15 33z
TOT-30/16408
PRECEDENCE TYPE MSG (Check) ACCOUNTING ORIG. OR REFERS TO CLASSIFICATION
ACTION ROUTINE SYMBOL OF REFERENCK
BOOK MULTI SINGLE
INFO ROUTTIE
F.ROM:
FTD, WRIGET-PATTERSON AFB, OHIO
TO: ARMDS, HOLLOMAN-AFD,NEW-MEXIEO.
INFO+-AFMDC, HOLLOMAN AFB, NEW MEXICO RUWGBA
UNCLAS/TDEW(UFO)
FOR MDG, INIFO MDFC. REFERENCE TELECONS MR SEYEN, CAPT WEIMER
AND CAPT CULTTANILLA, 24 JUN 64.C CAPTAIN HECTOR QUINTANILLA,
AO 2231554, WILL ARRIVE ON OR ABOUT 6 JUL 64 FOR MEETING WITH
MDC COMMANDER. CAPT QUINTANILLA IS CLEARED UP TO AND
INCLUDING TOP SECRET
COORDINATION: TDXS J0Gim (YDATE
3015262
30
MONTH YEAR
JUN 64
SYMBOL BIGNATURI
TDEW/UFO 04
TYPED (OT STaMpOd) NAME AND TITLE
3Q-W ERIC T de JONCKHEERE
PHONE 69216/66378 RA.K NA.o ASWA COLONEL, USAF
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION DEPUTY FOR TECHNOLOGY AND SUBSYSTEMS
UNCLASSIFIED
DD FORM 173 REPLACES DD FORM I73. 1 OCT, 49, WHICH WILL BE USED UNTIL EXHAUST

#### Page 7

FTD 1 -
•
WPA044CZCSQD996ZCJYB301 ⑥
ER RUCDSQ •
ZNR
R 132130Z
FM/CSAF
Td RUCDSQ/AFSC FTD WPAFB OHIQ •
RUWGKD/AFSWC KIRTLAND AFB NMEX
INFO RUEAGL/AFSC Cu
•
BT
INCLAS FM MSAF-0IPB 78007.
NUMEROUS INQUIRES CONCERNING AIR FORCE INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION
OF THE RECENT UFO SIGHTING AT SOCORRO, NEW MEXICP, 24 APRIL, CONTINUE
TO BE RECEIVED FRON NEWS MEDIA, FROM THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, AND
MEMBERS OF CONGRESS. THIS HQ IS UNABLE TO RESPOND PROPERLY PENDING
•
RECIEPT OF YOUR CONCLUSIONS. REQUEST APPROPRIATE ACTION BE
TAKEN TO INSURE THAT REPORTS OF PERSONNEL ASSIGNED TO INVESTIGATE
AND EVALUATE THE SIGHTING BE COMPLETED AND FORWARDED IMMEDIATELY.
BT
C

#### Page 8

accident.- which waa orange sighted Wash 25 TDEW
be normal in shape. was located toward the C. b. automobile a. The Hq USAF SAFOI PB
the idea of helping them. him and seamed startled. in color. Mr Zamora one half mile away. DC UFO Sighting, Socorro,
out of his car, checking the object. stopped, probably two seconds or so. object which was off the road. object. slowly descending.
He informed the Socorro orfice that he wculd object and radiced the sheriff's office at Socorro of a possible that Mr Zamora saw the two pecple in white coveralls was when. be. appeared to look like an overturned white automobile. . but not Like chrome. Objeet was oval ahape and at first glance objecte One of these persons seemed to stoy and look straight. at. this point be saw two people in whito coveralls, quite close to the v upside down. He thought some kids might have turned it over. He suddenly noted to the south of his position a shiny looking for the shack; he could not recall exactly where the shack. Zanora traveled slowly on the gravel road still driving his car and did not pay too much attention. streamed down into sort of a funnel shepe. - At this time he was However, he claims that the flame was bluish and sort of blown up and decided to go to the shack and not puraue the speading Police Department, believed that a dynamite shack in the area had roar and saw a flame in the sky to the southwest, approximately car in Socorro, Mr Lonnie Zamora heard what he believed to be a At approximately 1745, 24 Apr 64, while giving chase to a. a by Mr Lonnie Zamora, of Socorro, following is a resume on the unidentified flying object (Mrs Gaiser) New Mexico, 24 Apr 64
At this point Mr Zamora proceeded towards the The two persons appeared to The object was like alumimum-white, smooth, At this point Mr Zamora was traveling with At first glance it appeared as He noted nothing for a while and be went slowly The flame was of a narrow could not tell the size of the flame HE Mr Zamora, whe-is a policeman for the Socorro New Mexico.
I be busy and The only time westward type and
acar 13 May 644

#### Page 9

was under the object. was
- object had first been seen. at leaat another 50 feet.
saw came from cuter space, nov or ever. Mr Zamora claims thot 1 Object traveled six miles in three mimrtes. the object going avay.from hin. there vas dust in the immediate area. was of low frequency and then rose
217 services. There is no indication that this vehicle which Mr Zamora. did in fact see a man made object which probably belongs to one of the 2, It is my belier that Me Zamora is telling the truth. and that hee three loud thamps, like someone possibly ahutting or opening a door, was facing Farth and could not see the object frou this angle. object. The radio operator failed to spot the object because he at the station to look out the window and see if be could spot the T )r Zamora vent back to hie car and asked the radio operator shack where it cleared the shack by what appeared to be When there was couplete silence, he Lifted his head and sav like an ostrich, expecging the object to blow up. fell to the ground, got up and proceeded avay from the object for He bumped his leg on the back fender of his murto, lost his glasses, the flame and heard the roar be turned and ran avay from the object was light blue and sort of orange, but he saw no amoke. Object rose slowly and flame was coming from the bottom. Object started to go straight up, At the same time that the roar was heard he saw a flame. He then hearda roar, a very loud roar but not like a jet, which with the sheriff's office and proceeded towards where the object the radio and started to get out. He finished his convernation d. Mr Zamora stopped his car while he was still talking on
Sgt Chaves of the Hen object had no flame whatscever as. three.feet The ob ject appeared to go straight The roar lasted He fell to the ground and covered himgelf As Boon as Mr Zamora aak. However, The color Blowly. The flame in frequency and very very loud.
-

#### Page 11

There was no evidence of markings of any sort in the area other than the
shallow depressions at the location where Mr Zamora reported sighting the
object.
Laboratory analysis of soil samples disclosed no foreign material or radiation
above normal for the surrounding area.
Laboratory analysis of the burned brush showed no chemicals which would
indicate a type of propellant.
There was no evidence presented that the object was extraterrestrial in origin
or represented a threat to the security of the United States.
The Air Force is contimuing its investigation and the case is still open.
For several days following this report, other sightings were reported in the New
Mexico area. In each case the sighting was determined to be a known object or
natural phenomena. Two of the reports were determined to be hoaxes.
2

#### Page 12

UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECT REPORT
SOCORRO, NEW MEXICO, 24 APRIL 1964
On April 24, 1964, a Socorro, New Mexico policeman, Mr Lonnie Zamora, reported
sighting an object about a mile south of the town at approximately 5:45 pm, in an
unpopulated area full of hills and gullies and covered with sagebrush. Following
is a summary of his report to Air Force investigators:
Mr Zamora reported that while chasing a speeding car north on US 85, he heard a roar
and saw flames in an area where a dynamite shack was known to be located. He aban-
doned chase of the auto and proceeded to where he believed an explosion had occurred.
After traveling a little-used road and experiencing considerable difficulty in trying
to drive his car up a gravel-covered hill, he said he then observed what he thought
was an overturned car standing on end. At this point he was about 8oo ft distant
from the object and his car was at the crest of a hill with the object ahead of him
in a gully. He reported that during this first glance he saw one or two figures in
coveralls whom he assumed to be occupants of the object. This is the only time he
saw these figures; he did not see them again. After radioing to Police Headquarters
at Socorro that he was proceeding to investigate what he believed to be an auto
accident, he drove to a point about l5o ft from the gully where the objeot rested
and stopped the car to proceed on foot. He said the object was white, egg or oval-
shaped and apparently supported i on girderlike legs. I He said he heard a roar and saw
smoke and flame coming from the bottom of the object. At this point, Mr Zamora be-
lieved that the object was about to explode and he became frightened, turned, and
ran to shield himself behind the police car, bumping his 1 leg and losing his glasses
on the way. He said that he crouched down, shielding his eyes with his arm while the
noise stopped and he glanced i up. He reported that the object had risen to a point
about 15-20 ft above the ground and the flame and smoke had ceased. At this point, he
reported, he noted a design on the object which he described as markings in red about
1 to l it in height, shaped like a crescent with a vertical arrow and horizontal line
underneath. He stated that the object remained stationary for several seconds and
then flew off in a southerly direction following the contour of the gully.
Within moments afterward, Sgt Chavez of the New Mexico State Police arrived on the
scene in response to Mr Zamora's earlier radio call. He observed no object, but he
reported i that there were some slight depressions in the ground and apparently burned
brush in the area where Mr Zamora had reported seeing the object. The brush was
cold to the touch. Sgt Chavez reported the incident to local military autborities
who conducted the initial investigation.
The Air Force sent investigators from their project office at Wright-Patterson AFB,
Ohio. The investigation disclosed the following facts:
No other witnesses to the object reported by Mr Zamora could be located.
There were no unidentified helicopters or aircraft in the area.
Observers at radar installations had observed no unusual or unidentified blips.
,
There was no unusual meteorólogical activity; no thunderstorms. The weather
was windy but clear.
JN

#### Page 13

TLEW
UFO Sighting, Socorro, New Mexico, 24 Apr 64 28 Mmy Q4
Hq USAF SAFOI PB (Mrs Gaiser)
Waah D C. 20330
l. The following is a resume on. the unidentified flying object
sighted by Mr Lonnie Zamora, of Socorro, New Mexico on 24. Apr 6h
results of the.investigation so far, conclusione reached by FID
and courses of action in contimuing the investigation.
Background Information;
(i)At.approximately 1745, , 24 Apr 64 an unidentified
flying object wag observed by Mr Lonnie Zamors in Socorro, Nev
Mexico. The sighting was reported to Sgt Chavez of the New
Mexico State Police. The object sighted by Mr Zamora had left
markings in the ground as vell as several burned spots in the
officer Capt Holder of the Stallicn Site at Waitc Sands noti
ricdr Capt Holder conducted an initial investigation of the
sighting and obtained samples of the charred areas and dirt
surrounding the markings left by the-UFO.
organizations such as.APRo and NIcAP received vord of the sight.
Newspaper accounts of
he ighting had become much distorted vith reports of little
en running around and a rocket ship blasting off into space.
The account of the sighting carried in the El Defensor & Chieftain
dated Tuesday, 28 April 1964 and the, account. by UPI representative
Charles Richard, carried inthe Albuquerque Journal, 27-April 1964
are essentially correct. As result of vide nevs coverage and
publio interest in the sighting, Captain Hector Quintanilla, Project
Ofricer, directed TSgt Davdd Moody to assist in' the investigation
for the Air Force: Sgt Moody contacted Major Conner, the Officer
at Kirtland ArB responsible-for unidentified flying object inveati
gations, and acccmpanied him-to Socorro. Information obtained
during this investigation revealed that the sighting vas Iegitimate
and there was no indication that a hoax vas being perpetrated. The
results of Capt Holder's investigation were received, interviews
with Sgt Chavez and Lonnie Zamora were conducted. A geiger counter
was used to determine if radiation was present in the area of the

#### Page 14

U7o sighting. The data waa collected and no poaitive conclusion
reached. On Tuesday, 28 April 196k, Capt quintanilla directed
Doctor J Allen Hynek to Socorro to obtain additional dats. Com.
posite results or the investigation by Capt Holder, Sgt Moody,
Dr Hynek and Major Canner indicated that the attached narrative
depicts the true circumstances of the sighting-
b. Specifie Findings from Errorts to Datet
(1) On the evening of 2k April 1964 Sgt Chavex of the
New Mexico State Police acccupanied by Ageut Burns of the FBI and
Capt Richard Holder condueted s search of the area surrounding the
sighting. There. were no autcmobile tire markings or markings of
any sort in the area other than those Iocated at the site of the
alleged landing and so noted in Capt Bolder's report.
(2) Radioactivity:: Major Conner and Sgt Moody checked
aree for radiation. here vas no redioactivity in the ares
of the aighting.
my belicopter activity vas in the area at the ayproxinate tine
of the sighting. This check vas conducted at Mhite Sands by.
Capt Holder who talked vith the pilots and operational personel.
All helicopters at Mhite Sands vere in the hangars at the time ei
the sighting- Sgt Moody checked all ARs helicopters at Kirtland
ArB and the landing gear did not coincide with the marks on the
ground. Helo aetivity vas checked within radius of 300 miles
including Biggs ArB at El Paso vith negative results. All military
helos including those associated with Project Cloud Gap have been
elininated as a possible cause of the sighting. However, civilian
helicopter activity.vas not ccapletely determined.
(4). Radar Survellance of the Areai Capt Holder contacted
sites at White Sanda and Almagordo. He vas.informed that
as no unidentiried ectirity in the area during the- tine of
sightingoszs
(5) s the sighting
2
over. to Captain Quintanilla who in turn submitted them to AsD for
analyais. Laboratory analysis of the soil was completed on 19 May 64.
It included spectrographic analyais which revealed that there was no.
foreign material in the soil samples. Also, no chemicals were
detected in the charred or burned soil which would indicate a type
of propellant. There was no significant difference in elemental
composition betveen the different samples.
2
TO

#### Page 15

(a) Personnel vorking on the development of
VTOL type aircraft and lunar modules were consulted. vrOL.
type a/e vere not eliminated as possible cause due to the
absence of a blast effect in the ares. There xre several
types of dueted blast devices which would divert the force of ths
blast cutward. Hovever, they were not eware of an eperational
craft of this nature.
(b) Lumar Nodulercontigurations confora not.only
to the description of the object but alao have girder like lege
or pods which would produce markings such as thoae found at
Socorroe One knom experimental model, constructed by Bell Air
craft Corporation, is located at Edvards ArB.
of Tuesday 28 Apr 64 carried an article indieating that ap
unidentified tourist traveling North an U 8 85 baw the UFo jua
before it landed He also observed the police car heading up.
the hill toward the spot where the Uro landed. If this is true,
the Uro not cnly dissppeared in the direotion of White Sand's but
also came from that same direction. A telepbone coll to Mr Opa)
Grinder of Whiting Brothera Service Station indicated that he was
the source for reporting that an unidentified tourist had observed
the unidentified flying object. He veriried that the inforuaticn
in the news artiele was correet.
C Genaral Conclusions to Date:
(1) Evalnation of the data contained in the various
tigative reports *confirne that a sighting definitely did
occur The-description of the objeet' and rlight characteristics
are coincident vi th that erpected of a beLicopter, VToL or Lunar
Module configuration Current investigative efforts are being
to estabLish br identiry the specific vehicle which caused
Hghting phe following statenent by Captain Hector Quintanilla
t a strtenent which eay be released to the press;
Conclnsiont The investigators at Mright-Patterson have
not been able to identify or deteraine what type of vehicle or object
Mr Lounie Zamora observed on 24 April at Sbcorro,lNex Mexico. The
object or vebicle displayed flight characteristics vell vithin the
State-of-the-Art and the sighting cannot be attributed to atmospheric
or astronomical phenomena. In this respect, I can categorically
state that the vebicle or object observed by Mr Lonnie Zamora was
not an inter-planetary space vehicle visiting the planet Earth.
This case is still cpen and the investigation is atill in progress.
3

#### Page 17

NARRATIVE OF SOCORRO, NEW MEXICO SIGHTING, 24 APRIL 1964
Shortly after 5:30 pm on Friday, 24 April 196l Bgt Lonnie Zauora
of the Socorro Police Department was chasing a speeding auto
North on U s 85 in the line of duty. While in pursuit he heard
a roar and saw flames in an area where a dynamite ahack was known
to be located. He abandoned chase of the auto and proceeded to
where he thought an explosion had occurred. In order to reach
this spot he had to travel a little-used road cver several hills
and gullies. After two or three efforts to drive his car up a
graveL-covered incline he reached a crest where the object was
visible. At this point, 8oo ft frou the objeci, be observed
what he thought to be a car overturned and standing on its endi.
There were one or two objeets described as coveralls which hs
ssvmed to be cecupants of the vehicle. He radioed in to po)ice
heedquartera that he was proceeding to investigate a lo-7h (auto
aceident). Proceeding up the road to a point.about 15o ft. frem.
the gully where the object vas, he stopped the car, got out, and
headed toward the object. The object vaa on girderlike legs, white
(not chrcme) and egg shaped or oval. As he approached the objeot
thare vern some noises and flame and amoke began to come from the:
botton of the vehiole. The noise increased from low pitch to high
pitch, vas different from that of a jet or helo and not like any-
thing Bgt Zamors had ever beard. The flame was blue like a wolders
torehs turning to orange or yellow at the ends. Thinking that the
object yas geing to explode he became frightened. The time was
approximately 17h5 (1 1/2 bours before sunset), the sun was to his
back, alightly to the right. He turned, ran beck to get behind the
police car, buping his leg and losing his glasses on the vay. He
crouched dowm, shielding his eyes vith his arm while the noise con.
The object had risen to a point about 15-20 ft.
groumd and the flame and gmoke had'ceased to come from
the'ObjectaiTher objeet:had ar red narking about 1 ft or maybe 18
inches in height ahaped like crescent vith a vertical arrow
foreseveraL seconds and then Plev off in a SW direction following
the contour of the gully. It cleared the dynamite shack by not
more than 3 it. Be watched the object disappear in the distance ov
a point on Highvay 85 about 6 miles frcm where he was standing. The
object took about 3 mirates to travel that far. Disappearance vas
by fading in the dirtance and at no time did he observe the object
to rise more than 20 ft off the ground. 1a
While proceeding to the locaticn when the object was assuned to be
an arto Sgt Zamora was in radio contact vith police headquarters.
The State Police use the same network and his call vas monitored
by Sgt Chavez of the New Nexico State Police.. Sgt Zamora attempted
13

#### Page 19

Memo, from Capt Quintanilla, 27 April 1964
a
TO: Colonel de Jonckheere
At O715, 26 April, when I reported for duty as OD, I was informed by
Major Sameshims, 25 April OD, that he had received a UFo report via-
telephome at 2l30 EST, 25 April; from the l0o5th Special Irvestigation
Group, Washington, D C. The UFO report had been received by the loo5th
from Lt Col King, CID, of Albuquerque, New Mexico.+ Lt Col King had read
about the sighting in the local nevspaper and had also been provided
data- by the FBI. The FBI was informed of the sighting by the New Mexico
State Police. The New, Mexico State Police arrived at the-scene, at A
approximately 1728 MsT and three mirmtes after the object took off vith- if
a roar and disappeared to the West The witness claims that he say a
ball shaped object approrimately l5 feet long and two. white objecis which
resembled white coveralls. i Wben the Army at White Sands heard of the
incident they roped off. the area and the FBr in Albuquerque proceded to
thevara. They confirmed that something" had been there and the arny took
soil samples of 4 x 5" impressions vhich were found where the alleged
vehiele: had Ianded.The impressions appeared to be burmed and the
surround area was clean.
E
At.O330, 26 Apriry Col Cole from the Air Force Command Post called
see if any follow up action had been taken. At Ok30 26 April, Col
Harris from the, Emergency Action Group, JCS comnications Centor
called and vanted additional details, especially names. At 0539 26
April, Col Perkins frcm the Air Force Cormand Post called and suggested
ve get in touch with Capt Holden from White. Sands, at o728 26 April,
I placed a call to the OD at. Kirkland and asked bin to locate, Sgt Moody
for me. Sgt Moody is presentIy on TDy at Kirkland on Project Cloud Gap
At. Ogh5 Sgt Moody. caIled and I asked him to get together with the Uro.
reporting officer at Kirkland and investigate the sighting : At il25
Major Connor, Kirland Uro reporting officer, and Bgt Moody called and
I suggested the marner in which they should conduct the investigaticnr and
the people whom they should contact. Ma jor Connor and Sgt Noody left
for Mhite Bands after my pbone, caiL equipped vith a Geiger Counter
At 2l35 I received telephone call rrom.Sgt Moody who was mov back at
Kirkland Major Connor and Sgt Moody had talked vith the vitnesa-
LounieZamora..) Mr Zamora is the Soccorro, Ney Mexico Deputy Marahall.
He uses the same radio frequency as the Nev Mexico State Police and
that is the reason the New Merico State PoLice arrived at the scene
as fast as they did Mr Zamora called the, New Mexico State Police
over his radio when he was scared by the vehicle. At his closest obser-
vation, be was lo3 feet from the object. Major Connor and Sgt Moody
measured the ares of alleged landing for radiation - no radiation was
present. Photos of the area werer taken and will be on the-way 27 April.

#### Page 21

Summary of UFO Raport received by phone on 25 April 196l:
Caller: Captain Theodbre W. Cuny, loo5th Special Investigation Group, Wash.
Called at 2130 EST, 25 April
Call received by OD (Maj K S Sameshima
UFO data was received by Capt Cuny from a Lt Col King, Counter Intelligence
Division, Albuquerque, New Mexico, who in turn read about it in the
lodal newspaper and also was provided data by the FBI.
The alleged UFO sighting took place at a bout l8oo MST on 24 April.
The object allagedly was witnassed in a rural area on the Stallion
Range Center, Cocorro, New Mexico.
The alleged witness was a reputable local police officer by the name
of Lonnie Damora.- Damora was chasing a-speeding motorist when he
saw the bbject from the road at a distance of about 2oo feet.
Heclaims to have seen_two_men in white_overalls get into the silver
colored foot-ball shaped object about 15 fest long. The vehicle
allegedly took off with a roar, rose to an altitude of feet and
disappeared rapidly to the west.
Upon being informad of this, the Army (a Captain R T Holder of White
Sands) ropsd off the area. Also the FBI at Albuburque proceeded to
the area, and allegedly confirmed that "something" had been there.
They reportedly found L"x5" impressions in the ground somewhat like
stand lags; the impressions appeared burned--noms of the other area
appe aed to be burned.m The newspaper stated that the Army took soil
samples.
The above is all Capt Cuny could report.
It is sugested that Lt Col King, Albuquerque 268-2l07 be contacted
for-proper questioning of Lonnie Damora.
6apnil
0330 Coe Cole, AF Corn. Post caeled - wanter to bnow
if There frllor-p cetin bein txken
on ea riG to L'r. Caataal.
0430 Cot itarris Ernerg. Aetion Gp, ses com etr called .
053.
se torch bese with Caft Hoidew
835-1385
thru SCAN White.Sards
Darnore instar Dieued
by chare3, New Marico
Polire 17

#### Page 23

M/R: On 18 May 1964 TSgt Moody called Mr Opal Grinder at 835-9916 in Socorro
New Mexico regarding the article appearing in the Socorro ElDefansor &
Chieftan concerning an additional witness to the Zamora sighting.
Mr Grinder manages the Whting Brothers Service Station. He could give
no information other than that appearing inthe newspaper article.
He did not remember the type of car or license. I He assumed that the
occupant was going or returning from vacation, due to luggage and clothing
in the car. The car xxebad a single occupant. He stated that the
witness said the object came from the East over the highway and had remarked
about the low altitude and odd appearance of the craft.
He will be on the look out in case the witness returns to Socorro.
19

#### Page 24

M/R: Capt Quintanilla contacted the FID liaison office at
Holloman AFB regarding the Socorro sighting and requested
that he, Maj Mitchell make discreet inquiry as to a possible
vehicle which may bave caused the sighting.
During the latter part of May Lt Col Conkey visited W-P AFB,
and at this time informed Capt Quintanilla that he had no
knowledge of a vehicle at White Sands capable of causing
the sighting as described by Lonnie Zamora.

#### Page 25

TDEW/Capt H Quintanilla/69216
Request for Identification of Markings 21 May 64
FAA Control Systems-Division
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Dear Sir,
The attached marking has been observed and reported to the
USAr in commection vith an unidentified flying object sigbting
at Socorro, Nev Mexico. The Air Force is investigating the
case-and identification of this marking would sssist in de-
teraining the cause of the sighting. The marks were estimated
to be about one foot to eighteen inches in height, colored
red Any assiatance which you may offer will de greatly.
ppreciated. Ihe attached TWx indicates the high level of in-
terest in this sighting,j.
FOR THE COMOMANDER
ERIC:T de JONCKHEKRE 2 Atchs
Colonel, USAF 1. Marking
Deputy for Technology 2TWX
and Subsystems
Excerpt from letter J Douglas Stewart
"With reference to the marking of U.S. X
A/C, the Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 14, Pars l-l9, has some very
specific things to say about how
our A/C must be marked, experimental
and otherwise. Also, a civilian
firm must apply for an Experimental
Certificate on Form ACA-305
(Para. 1.74-1) ........…...
and 3-D drawings of the A/C.
As I'm sure you know ........
........n FAA's Control Systems
Division in Oklahoma City. "

#### Page 27

ÉDERAL AVIATION AGENCY
5300 South Portland Avenue
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73119
JUN 2 1 1964
STATES OF
IN REPLY FS-970
REFER TO:
AIR MAIL
Eric T. de Jonckheere
Colonel, USAF
Deputy for Technology and Subsystems
Air Force Systems Command
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
Dear Sir:
In reply to your inquiry of May 27, 1964, we are unable to
furnish any information as to the type markings you submitted
for our examination.
United States registration markings for civil aircraft are
preceded by the alpha 'N" followed by one-to-five digits,
one-to-four digits followed by one letter, or one-to-three
digits followed by two letters, displayed in twelve-inch
characters. We have no knowledge of any particular country
using symbols as reference to their registration.
If we may be of further assistance, please let us know.
Sincerely yours,
b.dickey
H. Moody, Manager
Control Systems
Data Establishment
2 2

#### Page 28

PROJECT CLOUD GAP
TEST HEADQUARTERS
U.S. NAVAL AIR STATION IN REPLY REFER TO:
Los Alamitos, California
CG-12/ojk
20 May 1964
Captain Hector Quintanilla Jr.
Chief, Aerial Phenomena Branch
Headquarters Forei_n Technology Division
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
Dear Captain Quintanilla,

(Text continues in the original file: 168 pages.)

## NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-007 — JAL 1628: written statement by Capt. Terauchi (English translation by Sakoyo Mimoto)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-007
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-007
- Agency: Federal Aviation Administration
- Incident date: Nov 1986
- Location: Alaska
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

He may have seen the airline’s lost layover—50 min too long.

- FAA pdf of Capt. Terauchi’s statement, 17 Nov 1986, Alaska flight JAL 1628.
- He described two crafts and a mother ship, formation, lights, no immediate danger.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

Captain Kenju Terauchi's written statement on the 17 November 1986 sighting, in an English translation by Sakoyo Mimoto. From the FAA series "Information Releases Relating to Unidentified Flying Object" (National Archives, NAID 40586988).

### AI summary

A personal statement by Captain Kenju Terauchi of Japan Airlines describing his encounter with unidentified aerial phenomena during flight JAL 1628 on November 17, 1986. The document was translated by Sayoko Mimoto of the FAA Alaskan Region, Airway Facilities Division, and received by the FAA on January 2, 1987. Terauchi reported seeing two spaceships and a mother ship about 50 minutes above Alaska while flying from Iceland to Anchorage. He described the objects as moving in formation, emitting lights, and not posing an immediate danger. The encounter left many unanswered questions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

-

Meeting the Future by Kenju Terauchi

Jt(~ fV' J.."'" i'eb

l!.7

5 . ,'11 , "' 0 l'"O
Page 1.

6t- F ~A

In{ ll..~&.)

Once upon a time if a hunter saw a t.v., how did he describe it
to other people? My experience was similar to this. The north
of Alaska in mid-November you cannot even see the sun; the
darkness continues until the middle of March. Flight JL 1628,
B747 jumbo cargo encountered two spaceships and a Mother ship
about SO minutes above Alaska.
There was no danger but it
created many questions that a human being cannot answer.
Page 2.
So I am writing that experience down here. In mid-October, I was
excited to hear the special flight. This special flight was to
import special French wine from Iceland to Anchorage for
approximately a 6 hour and 20 minute flight. It is an extremely
short flight compared to most flights. It takes about two-thirds
normal flight hours. There are only two landings at Kefurabik
(sp.?) International Airport.
Page 3.
This particular flight was planned to stop at Iceland and increase
cargo items rather than flying direct · from Paris to Anchorage.
However, since being wintertime if the condition of the runway
was poor, we may have to reduce the cargo, therefore, everyone
was paying special attention to the amount of cargo. The
temperature of Kefurabik Airport in November is approximately
maximum of 3 degrees C. and the lowest was minus 3 degree C.
Page 4.
Six of us Japan Airline employees arrived at Kefurabik Airport at
midnight and three people welcomed us as usual. We headed on to
a new hotel. The bed was extremely small. I understood why
the down blanket was only 135 centimeters. We stayed only about
17 hours. The weather became good and the runway was not frozen
and we left the Kefurabik at 2042.
Page 16.
Co-employees are married, have children and are young. I am
pleased that nothing happened. The ending of this encounter was
very well. We worried because we do not know the purpose of the
spaceship, but there is no immediate danger. What do you think
about our experience? I hope we humans will meet them in the near
future and confirm my experience.
[Per s ona l s t a t ement c once rning JAL Flight 1628 sighting of
unidentified air traffic , Nov. 17, 1986 . Writt en by Capt.
Kenj u Terauchi; t rans l ated by Sayoko Mimoto , FAA Alas kan Region,
Air way Faci l i t ies Div i sion. Received by FAA 1/2 / 87 ]

#### Page 2

MEETING THE FUTURE

~Page

5~

We

took

a

f liaht

Chule(sp?) where a U.S.

course Southeast of Greenland direct to
military base

is by

crossing the great

icy highland midwest of Greenland.
The flight

above Greenland,

under a nearly full moon which

was raising on

the

side

visibility for

the niaht flight.

riaht

the unstable air current
hours, but

front

that

of

our

aircraft helped

The fliaht was smooth despite

shook

the

plane

for

about two

was still a rather stressless flight as compared to a

passenger flight.
We aimed towards Single Point, on the north coast of Canada,
by

passing

through

the

Canadian

north polar regions and down

southwest along an Arctic flight course.
time when

It was 4:25 p.m. Alaska

we reported our location to Edmonton Center from above

Single Point, Canada (68 degrees 55
137 degrees

15 minutes

.sliu:k perhaps

because the

minutes the

West Longitude) .
moon was

It

North Latitude,
had become pitch-

directly behind

us near the

horizon. We received an order from Edmonton Center that we should
contact the

[Personal statement concerning JAL Flight 1628 sighting of
unidentified air traffic, Nov. 17, 1986. Written by Capt.
Kenju Terauchi; translated by Sayoko Mimoto, FAA Alaskan
Region, Airway Facilities Division. Received by FAA 1/2/87]

#### Page 3

~Page

6~

Anchorage

Center

when

we

Territorial Air begins.
approximately

890

reach above Pottat(sp?) where Alaska

Pottat locates approximately 480 miles,

kilometers,

North-northeast of Anchorage, 67

degrees 56 minutes North Latitude, 141 degrees West Longitude.
We began the communication
5:05 p.m.

The

flight course

with the
we had

direct to Ft. Yukon and Jet 125
(sp?), and

to Anchorage.

Anchorage Center about

acknowledged was Jet 529,

via Nenana,

Talkeetna, Chaiger

The Anchorage Center ordered us to fly

direct to Talkeetna,

provided us transponder codes and placed us

on

at

a

radar

scope

the

same

time.

The strange phenomenon

happened immediately 'after we began left rotation, following the
order of taking the direct flight course.
There was an unidentifiable light ahead of the
set the

rotation. We

course toward Talkeetna and began level flight.

saw lights that looked

like

front, 2,000

meters) below

feet (600

aircraft

lights,

of 35,000

feet (10,600

degrees left

us, moving exactly in the

same direction and with the same speed as
the altitude

30

Then we

we were.

We

were at

meters), flying speed

900 kilometer per hour to 910 kilometer per hour.

[Personal statement concerning JAL Flight 1628 sighting of
unidentified air traffic, Nov. 17, 1986. Written by Capt.
Kenju Terauchi; translated by Sayoko Mimoto, FAA Alaskan
Region, Airway Facilities Division. Received by FAA 1/2/87]

was

#### Page 4

We ignored the lights,

thinking probably

they were special

missioned aircrafts or two f i&hters because we did not notice the
lights while communication (with

the

Anchorage

Center?)

or on

prior visual inspection.

However, the position of the lights had

not

a

changed

even

attention.

after

The First

few

minutes

and

Officer, Ta.rneto(?),

that

called our

called the Anchorage

Center and asked to report to us if there were any aircraft other
than ours
were no

in the
other

reported back

area.

The Anchorage Center told us that there

aircraft
that we

in

the

North

were seeing

area.

We immediately

aircraft li&hts.

They again

reported that there was no military aircraft and the ground radar
did not

show any

aircraft but

us.

They also asked us several

times if there were clouds near our altitudes.
spotty clouds
upper air,

near the

and the

quite pleasant.

mountain below

air current

Perhaps

We

saw thin and

us, no clouds in mid-to-

was steady

and conditions were

the controllers were concerned that an

increased use of improved lazer beams

using clouds

was creating

moving images.

[Personal statement concerning JAL Flight 1628 sighting of
unidentified air traffic, Nov. 17, 1986. Written by Capt.
Kenju Terauchi; translated by Sayoko Mimoto, ~AA Alaskan
Region, Airway Facilities Division. Received by FAA 1/2/87]

#### Page 5

We kept

observing the lighte below us in left front, thinking it

was ridiculous to have lazer beam teeting at the end
area.

Then the

two lights

of a

tundr~

began to move in a manner different

from ordinary aircraft maneuvers, like two bear cubs playing with
each

other.

We

continued

the

flight South along a straight

course since the distance from the lights was far enough
and

their

danger.

movement

was

not

extreme

I thought perhaps it is one

and taking

a photo

might help

and we felt no immediate

of those

things called UFO

to identify the object later.

asked to bring forward my camera bag that was placed
of the

cockpit and

began to

the plane was flying
moving etrangely.

was
I

take a picture.

unchanged but

had ASA

100 film

not close.

and I gave up taking a

Then

photo.

in the rear

were etill

in my camera, mainly to
the object

lens kept adjusting and never could set a focus.
focus to manual-focus and pressed the

I

The area in which

the lights

take scenery and had auto-focus on, aimed at

shutter would

from us

but the

I changed auto-

shutter but

this time the

our aircraft started to vibrate
I placed

my camera

back in the

camera bag and concentrated on observing the lights.

[Personal statement concerning JAL Flight 1628 sighting of
unidentified air traffic, Nov. 17, 1986. Written by Capt.
Kenju Terauchi; translated by Sayoko Mimoto, FAA Alaskan
Region, Airway Facilities Division. Received TIY FAA 1/2/87]

#### Page 6

It

was

about

seven

or

so

minutes since we began paying

attention to the lights, most unexpectedly two spaceships stopped
in front

of our

face, shooting

off liahts.

shined brightly and I felt warm in the
jets was

the result

to kill

face.

inertia of

front of

us.

Perhaps firing of

their quick high speed

maneuver, but the ships appeared as if they
place in

The inside cockpit

were stopped

in one

Then three to seven seconds later a fire

like from jet engines stopped and became a small circle of lights
as they

began to

fly in

level flight

were, showin& numerous numbers
center

area

invisible.

of
The

of exhaust

the

ship

where

middle

of

the

occasionally stream

of lights,

to left and from left to riaht.
500 feet

to 1000

feet in

at the

below

body

same speed as we

pipes.

However, the

an engine might be was

of

the

ship

sparked an

like a charcoal fire, from right
Its shape

front of

was a

square, flying

us, very slightly higher in

altitude than us, its size was about the same size as the body of
a DC-8

jet, and

with numerous exhaust pipes.

The firing of the

exhaust jets varied, perhaps

to

maintain

stronger

some

became weaker than others, but

than

others

and

balance,

some became

seemed controlled automatically.
We

did

not

feel

threatened

or

in

danger

because

spaceship

[Personal statement concerning JAL Flight 1628 sighting of
unidentified air traffic, Nov. 17, 1986. Written by Capt.
Kenju Terauchi; translated by Sayoko Mimoto, F(\A Alaskan
Region, Airway Facilities Division. Received by FAA 1/2/87]

the

#### Page 7

~Page

10~

moved ao

euddenly.

We probably

would have felt more in dangez

and would

have been

prepared to

escape if

ehaking

unsteadily

or

were

unable

to atop themselves.

impossible for any man-made machine to
in front

of a

jumbo jet

make a

It ia

sudden appearance

that is flying 810 kilometers per hour

and to move along in a formation paralleling
ships moved

the spaceehips were

in formation

for about

our aircraft.

The

three to five minutes, then
'

two ehips moved forward
altitude as

we were,

this action to the
breathtaken.
receivi~g

The

in

a

line,

again

slightly

40 degrees to our left.

Anchorage Center.
VHF

higher i~

We did not report

Honestly,

we were simply

communication, both in transmitting and

were extremely difficult

for

ten

or

fifteen minutes

I

while the little ships came close to us and often interfered with
communication from the Anchorage Center; however,
conditions

became

just

as

good

communication

as soon as the ships left us.

There were no abnormalities in the equipment or the aircraft.

I

have no idea why they came so close to us.
Then

again,

there

was

a

pale

white

flat

light on the

along with
!
us, in the same direction and same speed and in the same altitude
direction where the ships flew away, moving in a line

as we were.

[Personal statement concerning JAL Flight 1628 sighting of
unidentified air traffic, Nov. 17, 1986. Written by Capt.
Kenju Terauchi; translated by Sayoko Mimoto, FAA Alaskan
Region, Airway Facilities Division. Received by FAA 1/2/87]

#### Page 8

Again, we be&an communicating with the Anchorage Center.
that we

could see a light in the 10 o'clock position at the same

altitude and wondered if they could see anything
The

Anchorage

radar.

Center

replied

that

they

I thought it would be impossible

aircraft radar

in their radar.

see nothing in their

to find

anything on an

if a large ground radar did not show anything but

I judged the distance of the object visually and it
far. I

was not very

set the digital weather radar distance in 20 miles, radar

angle to horizon.
and a

We said

There it was, on

round object

had

the screen,

appeared in

kilometers to 15 kilometers) away,

seven or

where

the

a large, green,
eight miles (13
direction

of the

object was. We reported to the Anchorage Center that our aircraft
radar caught the object within seven or eight miles in 10 o'clock
position.

We asked

if they

could catch it on the ground radar

but did not seem they could at all.
when an

Normally

it appears

in red

aircraft radar catches another aircraft. I wonder if the
spaceship is

were communicating

with the Anchorage Center, the two pale white

lights gradually moved to
back 30

degrees as

different from

the left

side and

ours.

While we

metal used in the

to left diagonally

if they understood our conversation and then

when they were beside our aircraft they totally

disappeared from

our radar.

[Personal statement concerning JAL Flight 1628 sighting of
unidentified air traffic, Nov. 17, 1986. Written by Capt.
Kenju Terauchi; translated by Sayoko Mimoto, FAA Alaskan
Region, Airway Facilities Division. Received ~y FAA 1/2/87]

#### Page 9

~Page

12~

When they

were in

slightly higher

front of

in altitude

us, the

than we

ehips were positioned

were, but

now they placed

themselves eliahtly below the horizon where it was moet difficult
for us to eee.

The

distance between

miles to eight miles visually.

ue was

still about seven

When we started to see Ft. Yukon

diagonally below us at the right, the sun was setting down in the
painting

Southwest,

sky

the

approximately two to three

in

a

slightly

millimeters and

but the east side was still pitch dark.

gave a

red

bit of light

Far in front of us there

were lights increasing from the U.S.

Military Eielson

Base

were

and

Fairbanks.

The

lights

was too

by

they

the

liahts

whether

or

spaceships that appeared in front of
eeemed that

us a

dark to identify
were

the same two

few minutes

ago.

It

we were flying in the liahter side and eave them the

advantage of being on the dark side.
began to

not

Air Force

still following us at

exactly the same distance; however, it
only

stripe,

We had no fears

worry since we had no idea for their purpose.

so far but
When the

lights from the Eielson Air Force Base and Fairbanks became clear
and

bright,

two

very

bright lights appeared suddenly from the

North from a belt of lights, perhaps four or five mountains away.

[Personal statement concerning JAL Flight 1628 sighting of
unidentified air traffic, Nov. 17, 1986. Written by Capt.
Kenju Terauchi; translated by Sayoko Mimoto, FAA Alaskan
Region, Airway Facilities Division. Received by FAA 1/2/87)

#### Page 10

'"'Page 13 ...
The extremely bright liahts reflected on snow on the side of
We wondered if they were

the mountains and seemed even briehter.
searching something
something.

on the

around surface

or to (attract?)lead

The flight above Alaska territory is eenerally in the

daytime and it is confusing to identify the
cannot be

a base

something.

for the

spaceship.

We arrived

at the

lights.

Is it a movie?

Oh, yes, it is the Alaska pipeline.

be a pump station for the pipeline.
j

kind of

It

There was

The lights must

I got it.

sky above the Eielson Air Force Base and

Fairbanks.

It was a clear

bright to

eyes that

night.

were used

The

lights

to the dark.

were extremely

How bright it was!

We were just above the bright city lights and we checked the pale
white

light

behind

us.

Alas!

We

gigantic spaceship.

must

there

run

I

was

away

a silhouette of a '

quickly!

"Anchorage :
I

I

I

1628, requesting a change of course to right!

Center. This

is JL

45 degrees"

It

permission.

When we

felt

like

long

a

checked our

time

before

we received

I

rear there was still the ship~

l
I

following us.
course 45
object.

"This is JL 1628.

degrees to

the right."

Again requesting for change the ;
We had to get away from that

"JL 1628. This is the Anchorage Center.

We advise you,

continue and take 360 degree turn." "JL 1628, thank you.
continue 360 degree turn."

[Personal statement concerning JAL Flight 1628 sighting of
unidentified air traffic, Nov. 17, 1986. Written by Capt.
Kenju Terauchi; translated by Sayoko Mimoto, F.AA Alaskan
Region, Airway Facilities Division. Received by FAA 1/2/87]

we will

#### Page 11

"Page 14"
It was too slow to circle in the auto-pilot mode; therefore,
we switched

to the

de1rees bank.
light.

manual mode

and set

right on a 30

to turn

We looked to our right forward but did not see any

We were

relieved, thinking

the object may have left us

and returned to the level flight but when we checked

to our rear

the object was still there in exactly the same place.

"Anchorage

Center, This is JL 1628.
request

a

change

in

The object follows us in formation.

3,100

altitude,

We

feet, yes, 3,100 feet."

"This is the Anchorage Center, JL 1628, ascend to 3,100 feet.
The consumption of fuel during

this

flight

was

almost as

expected but there was only 3,800 pounds left and as such was not
enough for extra flying for
arrive at

Anchorage.

running

around.

"Anchorage Center,

We

this is

have

JL 1628.

request permission for the direct fliaht to Talkeetna."
this is

the Anchorage

Talkeetna. ··

We

got to
We

"JL1628,

Center, we authorize the direct flight to

checked

behind

us

again.

The

ship

was in

We wondered and feared as to

formation and

ascending with

their purpose.

"JL 1628, this is the Anchorage Center. Would you

like

to

request

Center, this is JL

us.

scramble

for

confirmation?"

1628.

We would

not request

"The Anchorage
scramble."

turned the offer down quickly.

[Personal statement concerning JAL Flight 1628 sighting of
unidentified air traffic, Nov. 17, 1986. Written by Capt.
Kenju Terauchi; translated by Sayoko Mimoto, F,AA Alaskan
Region, Airway Facilities Division. Received by FAA 1/2/87]

We

#### Page 12

... Page 15 ...
I knew

that in

the past

there was a U.S. military fighter

called the mustang that had flown up high for a

confirmation and

a tragedy

the F-15

with the newest

against the

creature with

had happened

to it.

Even

technology had no guarantee of safety
an

unknown

degree

of

scientific

Talkeetna at an altitude of 3,100

technology.

feet. The

We flew

toward

spaceship was still

following us, not leaving us at all.
About

the

same

time

a

United Airline passenger aircraft

which left Anchorage to Fairbanks flew into the same air zone and
began

communicating

with

the

Anchorage Center.

We heard them

transmitting that there was an object near JL 1628 and requesting
for confirmation.

We heard that the Anchorage Center was saying

to the United Airline aircraft
of

3,100

feet,

therefore,

altitude of 3,300 feet.

that JL
United

1628 was

Airline

at an altitude

should maintain an

It

sounded as

if Anchorage

the United

Airline aircraft

fly above

the spaceship.

flying the

East

side

of

aircraft came close to us.
us to flash landing
confirmed our
was coming

Mt.

McKinley.

lights for

us.

We were

United Airline

The United Airline aircraft requested
visual confirmation

positions visually.

close to

The

Center had

We knew

The

and we both

United Airline aircraft

that they

were watching us.

When the United plane came by our side, the spaceship disappeared
suddenly and there was nothing but the light of moon.

[Personal statement concerning JAL Flight 1628 sighting of
unidentified air traffic, Nov. 17, 1986. Written by Capt.
Kenju Terauchi; translated by Sayoko Mimoto, FAA Alaskan
Region, Airway Facilitie s Division. Received 'by FAA 1 /2/87]

#### Page 13

The strange encounter ended at 75
miles

(Approximately

276

miles North

kilometers)

away

of Talkeetna, 150
from Anchorage. It

comprised approximately 50 minutes of flight time.

(line 6)

[Personal statement concerning JAL Flight 1628 sighting of
unidentified air traffic, Nov. 17, 1986. Written by Capt.
Kenju Terauchi; translated by Sayoko Mimoto, FAA Alaskan
Region, Airway Facilities Division. Received by FAA 1/2/87]

## NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-008 — JAL 1628: transcript of FAA interview with Capt. Terauchi by Dick Gordon (2 Jan 1987)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-008
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-008
- Agency: Federal Aviation Administration
- Incident date: Nov 1986
- Location: Alaska
- Released: Jan 1987
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out the mothership's favorite color was neon green.

- FAA interview PDF, Capt. Terauchi, 2 Jan 1987, Alaska.
- Describes 17 Nov 1986 UFO, large mothership, lights, radar green target.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

Transcript of the FAA's 2 January 1987 interview of Captain Kenju Terauchi by Dick Gordon about the 17 November 1986 sighting over Alaska. From the FAA series "Information Releases Relating to Unidentified Flying Object" (National Archives, NAID 40587003).

### AI summary

A transcript of an interview conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with Japanese Airlines (JAL) Captain Kenju Terauchi on January 2, 1987, in Anchorage, Alaska. The interview was led by Richard Gordon, a manager with the FAA's Flight Standards Office, and included an interpreter, Frank Fujii, and FAA representative Sayoko Mimoto. The purpose was to gather testimony about an unidentified flying object sighting by Terauchi and his crew on November 17, 1986. Terauchi described three previous sightings, including one near mainland China in 1981, and detailed the appearance and behavior of the object, which he described as a large mothership with multiple lights. He noted the object was visible to the entire crew and appeared on radar as a green, clear target.

### Full text

#### Page 1

RECORD OF INTERVIEW WITH JAL CAPTAIN
Richard Gordon, Manager, FSD0-63
Kenju Terauchi, Captain, JAL
Frank Fujii, Interpretor, JAL
Sayoko Mimoto, FAA Airways Facilities
Mr . Shinbashi, Station Manager
On January 2, 1987, Inspector Richard 0. Gordon, FSD0-63, and Japanese
Interpertor Sayoko Mimoto, FAA Airways Facilities, interviewed JAL
Captain Kenju Terauchi at JAL Operations, Anchorage, Alaska. The interview
was conducted for the purpose of gathering first-hand witness testimony with
regard to a sighting on November 17, 1986, by Captain Terauchi and his crew of
an unidentified flying object. The following text is a record of t he
interview :
R. Gordon

Think what I'm going to . . •

Garbled
R. Gordon

I have a, oh, a few questions here, and I'll be glad to let you
read them and it's just some clarification because I didn't do
it, but one of the people that work for me, I'm the office
manager over here at the FSDO, the Flight Standards Office. And
Jack Wright, one of my people came over and met with the Captain
the first night • • .

K. Terauchi

Oh yeah.

R~

Gordon

Jack Wright gave you his card . • •

K. Terauchi

Yeah.

R. Gordon

Well then that's what Jack wrote down here. Well when they came
I was out of town, I was in Washington DC, but when I came back,
then I asked a couple questions and then the Administrator is
asking some questions and I said, well we don't know we didn't
ask that, so they gave me that list of questions right there, and
we'll just address them along the way and then talk about them.

K. Terauchi

Okay.

R. Gordon

And it's almost reiterating what we've been through already on
this thing.

K. Terauchi

Sometimes, sometimes.

F . Fujii

Reiterating questions, but, was this the first experience,
Captain?

K. Terauchi

No, third time .

R. Gordon

This is the third time that ah that you've seen, where, in the
same area or . • •
1

#### Page 2

K. Terauchi

No, no, no . • . um, ah I saw, um, mothership.
Formosa, south of Formosa.

Taipai, Kushung,

R. Gordon

Around, near Formosa.

K. Terauchi

Yeah ah no

F. Fujii

This Tiapai mainland China

R. Gordon

Uh uh

K. Terauchi

And Taipai, Kushung is here, so ah this cargo flight ah I took
off ah 2 am midnight, after midnight, after takeoff. When we
start climb we saw left-hand side big mothership, but ah • . • it
was so wierd, I ignored it (did not look).

F. Fujii

Cause he wasn't feeling well • . .

R. Gordon

No I can understand that, but that was the first time?

K. Terauchi

Big Ship - yes and the second time ah, the, in my home I saw a
sky clear daytime; ah, we can, we saw bright lights, I guess
maybe ah 10,000 feet so ah . • . the light continued for about
ten minutes.

F. Fujii

The light continued for about ten minut~s, so ah disappeared
suddenly.

K. Terauchi

It's ah I guess this one.

R. Gordon

Okay now this one you saw off mainland China what timeframe did
that happen, when did that happen?

F. Fujii

What - time was it?

K. Terauchi

2 am

R. Gordon

When last month
Interruption

R. Gordon

Okay, excuse me one moment, but ah • • • Okay Frank I was trying
to figure out that first sighting last year or this year

K. Terauchi

Five years ago

R. Gordon

Oh five years ago, just trying to get the timeframe that we
sighted these things ah, the next one was that we wanted to talk
about •

F. Fujii

Was it the first experience for the crew members?

2

#### Page 3

R. Gordon

First time for t he other crew me mbers, okay that's fine.

K. Terauchi

I think it was the first time.

F . Fujii

Who was the first person who saw it?

K. Terauchi

It was me.

F. Fujii

What did you notice at first?

K. Te rauchi

During first time we saw light, I think a navigation light.

R. Gordon

Ah ha, but you saw it visually first you didn't pick it up on
r a dar or anything you just saw some light out there, okay and
that really coinsides with the air traffic statement, you called
and said do you have any traffic in my area

K. Terauchi

Yeah, yeah before, before, about six minutes before I saw this
one so ah • . •

R. Gordon

You were watching him for about five or six minutes before you
called •

K. Terauchi

Before I contact Anchorage Center

R. Gordon

Ah ah, okay

F . Fujii

Okay fourth question, what did you see exactly shape, light, and
all, the shape, lighting, etc.

R. Gordon

Well if you can just explain these to me cause it looks like
you've done alot of drawing here so it's not necessary for you to
redraw all this stuff

K. Terauchi

This light was amber and whitish, but, when it came to here it
wa s only amber •
white light. Why don't I understand.
(Japanese) right

F . Fujii

First of all it's like amber and whitish color, came closely it
seems like all the output exhaust position of the jets, all these
Challenger

R. Gordon

Look like something like after burners • • • okay okay, like each
one of these was an individual exhaust

?

Yes

R. Gordon

Okay

K. Terauchi

So this light is special like (Japanese) when ah Challenger, yes
like Challenger took off amount of flame going on, we can't see
Challenger by this flame

& F . Fujii

I

saw it in

- inside.

3

#### Page 4

R. Gordon

Okay, yes

K. Terauchi

But this one is nozzle direction (Japanese)(garbled) we couldn't
see this light this direction we could see big flame

R. Gordon

Maybe we're saying then if you're looking at the back of it and
then when it turns sideways this doesn't show. Okay I
understand.

F. Fujii

From the forward you could see the flame and the exhaust and
flame were surrounding it.

R. Gordon

Okay

F. Fujii

So maybe ah, I - I think ah, um exhaust started (garbled)

R. Gordon

Being okay these things here, maybe being each one of these
things here, so these were maybe stacked, in otherwards if you
were looking at the top view down, you would just see one if you
come around here you would see all of those lights. Okay yeah

K. Terauchi

So if they moved up or I guess this ah exhaust moved to ah, this
way down so finally five years ago I saw the rocket.

R. Gordon

Maybe that would account for that bright light he saw five years
ago. In otherwords if these turned down you couldn't see them
and then when it looked like it moved over here some over here
turned up and then you could see them where it looked like it
moved over there? So you're saying •

K. Terauchi

Anyway a h (Japanese) right (Japanese) • • • Talk to me • . •
Could not see but only here and here • • • and this, here, dark
area, I saw sparks, like fire. When using gasoline or carbon
fuel. You can see a great big flame, but I could not see (flame)
a t all in this angle, although there was a big blast.

F. Fujii

Seems like it's really high technology because you can't see
anything over here unless it's spinning rotation.

R. Gordon

Yeah, okay, yeah, somebody said sometimes the sparks kick over
into that and you could see the exhaust, now with ah that in mind
this other picture you have here, where would this be on this
thing captain?

F. Fujii

Wha t you're asking hi m where this (garbled) • • •

K. Terauchi

Quite different, this is just small space ship, this one size of
carrier, two times carrier so mothership, so ah after they flew
with us three ah five minutes like home mission, then move to a
mothership. So t hen I found mothership light, but this is not
llght, al l engine, because ah we have contact seven or e ight mile
here, so we saw this first lights, s o um after light contact a h
they move behind so we saw this pairs of light, so we saw this
light same size, this one, same size.

4

#### Page 5

R. Gordon

Same distance apart
Now do you think that was just the
mothership and then these little things were • • •

K. Terauchi

But, yes, that right

R. Gordon

I mean they were moving along, at that time where were these
lights, captain?

F. Fujii

(Japanese) disappear

R. Gordon

Okay, okay

K. Terauchi

Then we find this light, so I think this one is light, but I
think now this is engine, so ah, same type of engine, the same
logic • • • the same type of engine. This one and this one, the
same logic, this point and this point are the same just bigger i n
size. This is the small one so it looked like this, but the
bigger one, I could not see but only here, small size, big size,
same technology. Yeah

R. Gordon

Oh, oh

F. Fujii

The mothership seems like it, he said that, this, this, same
technology, type of engine

R. Gordon

Well they're alot, much larger.

K. Terauchi

Yes, much larger •

R. Gordon

So this right here would be ah, sit ting . • .

S. Mimoto

No, this light is sitting here

K. Terauchi

Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah • • •

R. Gordon

Only much larger (garbled)

K. Te r auchi

Yeah much larger, much power. But, this color is whi te uh • • •
it's ah um dark white pole • • • weak light . • •
(unintelligible)

R. Gordon

Maybe because it's so much bigger.

K. Terauc hi

Yea h

R. Gordon

Now this distance, now you were speaking of these were fairly
close uh?

K. Te r auchi

Hum uh, ah distances is ah, ah, not this, this one a h, 500, a h
betwe en 500 and 1,000 f ee t.

R. Gordon

Oka y , out from you, and then i t took off and we nt out here and
maybe this is, ah, you said five to seven miles or somethihg on
the r a dar.

5

#### Page 6

K. Terauchi

A no, seven, seven or eight miles.

R. Gordon

Okay seven or eight miles, that's what they were saying on the
radar.

K. Terauchi

Yeah, this later, so we saw about seven or eight miles . . .

R. Gordon

Okay

K. Terauchi

And, 60 degrees left . • .

R. Gordon

Okay

K. Terauchi

So out in here small ship is disappear.

R. Gordon

Okay, I understand, now lets (unintelligible) what else, see if I
forget anything, visual was a first, what, you showed me exactly
what you saw. Visually sighting, you saw it first uh?

K. Terauchi

First

R. Gordon

Okay

F. Fujii

And (unintelligible) probably how long had you contacted the
target.

R. Gordon

No that's what we were saying, five to six minutes before you
called ATC.

K. Terauchi

Ye~h,

R. Gordon

Okay, did the other crew have trouble sighting the object?

F. Fujii

Did the rest of the crew see the lights?

K. Terauchi

(More Japanese) So I tried to fix it, but I ah, failed.

yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, that's right.

Laughter
K. Terauchi

Just, shutter was open, did not close, so • • •

F. Fujii

Yes every crew has seen it.

R. Gordon

Okay all the crew members they did see it. Okay.
Yeah that's what I would do (more laughter)

F. Fujii

What type of onboard radar?

R. Gordon

Yeah, what type of radar was onboard, that ah ?

K. Terauchi

It was the kind, ditigal, but I don not know.

6

Laughter • . .

#### Page 7

R. Gordon

Digital color?

K. Terauchi

Yes colored, digital

R. Gordon

Okay, fine, yeah, that's all we need! I don't need to know
numbers. Ah did the target appear on the radar as unusual or; or
solid target or intermitt . • •

F. Fujii

Was it clear?

K. Terauchi

Clearly, clearly

R. Gordon

Very clearly

K. Terauchi

But, ah, ah, strong, ah return signal is strong in case of a
storm, show ah red, and next yellow.

R. Gordon

Okay

?

The, but weak is green

R. Gordon

Right.

K. Terauchi

So ah is green light.

R. Gordon

It showed green

K. Terauchi

Green

R. Gordon

Okay, yeah, that's, that's where even some of the stuff could get
through it, like when you take a picture of a cloud on the
radar •

K. Terauchi

Oh yeah •

R. Gordon

If it's green, but if it's got heavy rain in it or thunderstorm
in it then it shows red • • •

K. Terauchi

Yes, yes

R. Gordon

So it's light green, maybe the waves can go through this thing.
Okay so it showed green on the radar, on the color radar.

F. Fujii

When did you pick it up, the radar?

K. Terauchi

Time?

F. Fujii

Time, is it by time, when?

R. Gordon

Oh after, how long after you saw it with your eyes did you pick
it up on the radar?

K. Tera uchi

Okay ah, um seven minutes , five minute, makes it twelve minutes,
so, ah, fifteen minutes after contact.

...

...

Time?

7

#### Page 8

R. Gordon

Fifteen minutes after you visually contacted it, okay, okay.

K. Terauchi

Yeah, fifteen minutes

R. Gordon

See, it just says did you paint anything that's did you see
anything else on the radar, weather or anything else • • •

K. Terauchi

No, no, nothing.

R. Gordon

Just that target

K. Terauchi

Yeah, yes, yes.

R. Gordon

Okay, okay
target

F. Fujii

How about the aircraft, any turbulence?

K. Terauchi

No, ah, no

R. Gordon

No, no turbulence, no turbulence at all, okay.
on all the time.

K. Terauchi

Yeah •

R. Gordon

Okay

K. Terauchi

Working good

R. Gordon

Good, (laughter)

F. Fujii

Now how about communications, naviagion, or interferring of any
sort • • • ?

K. Terauchi

This ah small aircraft near the here, so ah all the way VHF
transmit on (unintelligible) with ah some we got a like some kind
of . • • like ah, jamming.

R. Gordon

Some kind of interference?

K. Terauchi

Interference.

R. Gordon

On the VHF?

K. Terauchi

Yes then this one leave for rnothership

R. Gordon

Ah ha

K. Terauchi

Back to normal(?)

R. Gordon

Okay, did you say it's like German talking uh?

• when ah • • •

The only thing we saw on the radar then was that

8

...

Autopilot stayed

#### Page 9

K. Terauchi

Yeah, yeah, yeah.

R. Gordon

Okay

S. Mimoto

Was it's sound like speaking in German, or just jamming noise?

K. Terauchi

It was just noise, sounded zaa, zaa

R. Gordon

Oh just noise • • . Okay, okay I misunderstood you, I'm glad you
brought that out.

K. Terauchi

Normally when you can hear clearly it is digital 5.
1 - but it was about 2.

F. Fujii

You know five by five radio communication

R. Gordon

Oh yeah uh hu, okay sure

F. Fujii

It was like two

R. Gordon

Okay okay, like two

K. Terauchi

Sometimes missing, sometimes missing.

R. Gordon

Like, almost like, ah, ba ckground noise?

K. Terauchi

Yes, yes.

R. Gordon

Okay, and then when it, when the little small lights departed the
noise went away, then back to real clear communications?

K. Te r auchi

Yes, that's right.

R. Gordon

Okay, fine, ah, lets see, I'm going to come back to thirteen,
because ah • • •

F. Fujii

Oka y

R. Gordon

What was there any question?

F. Fujii

Did you see any reflection on the glass (window)?

R. Gordon

Inside the cockpit, was it dark, all the light off inside the
cockpit?

K. Te r auchi

Oh a h, dark yeah, yeah, yeah.

K. Terauchi

Therefore, there was not reflection of inside. No reflection
from inside. So when I took the camera bag, finding t he object,
a ll the light s were turned off, made room dark - cargo room and
passenge r r oom, the re was nothing to reflect.

F. Fuj ii

We ha ve ah , on a cargo plane we ha ve a ba ck lounge .

9

5, 4, 3, 2 ,

#### Page 10

R. Gordon

Yeah, I'm familiar with it, yeah I've been on there.

F. Fujii

So he turned the light off on that, because they were trying to
take a photo.

R. Gordon

Okay, okay

F. Fujii

So the (unintelligible) was dark.

R. Gordon

Okay, that's good, I just wanted to make sure that everything in
the cockpit you know, you see something and then you turn the
light cause, me being a pilot, normally when I see something out
there I'll turn the lights off and get everything dark inside.

K. Terauchi

Yes that's right.

F. Fujii

When you changed you aircraft position, did they make any special
moves?

K. Terauchi

No, they didn't. See here, I began to circle 360 degrees, they
stayed at the same position with us.

F. Fujii

Uh uh, same position

K. Terauchi

Same position, same position, same position all the way
(unintelligible)

R. Gordon

Okay following you right around uh?

K. Terauchi

Yes

R. Gordon

And it was here, and then here, and here, and here, and then you
rolled out and it was right there, okay.

K. Terauchi

So ah, ah, I tried next, ah, descent, 3, 5,

R. Gordon

Ah ah, okay,

uh?

o, 3, 1 ' o.

3, 1 ' O, when you descended to 3, 1 ' O, still there

K. Terauchi

Yeah, same formation, uh formation descent • • • formation
descent. It was impressive, the same formation, smooth!

R. Gordon

Okay

K. Terauchi

We, we used autopilot when descending, so (unintelligible).

R. Gordon

Okay, yeah, yeah went right down with him, okay uh • • •

F. Fujii

Can we go to the next one?

R. Gordon

Sure, yeah, I was just was ah • • •

10

#### Page 11

F . Fujii

Size, estimate, ah, size

K. Terauchi

(More Japanese) Two times, or ah, I guess ah

F. Fujii

(unintelligible) seven four seven

R. Gordon

Okay

K. Terauchi

So ah, size is ah, carrier

R. Gor don

Ah uh, in other words this being the jumbo jet was about as big
ss just the light • . • ?

K. Terauchi

See this is the jumbo jet.

R. Gordon

Okay, okay, I have • . • so the side light on this thing was
sbout, the jumbo is about two to two-and-a-half time the size of
this light, so when you stack 'em up, you • . •

K. Terauchi

Yeah, yeah, yeah • • •

R. Gordon

...

1.5, two times this light.

were saying about two times as big as an aircraft carrier.

K. Terauchi

Yeah, yeah, yeah.

R. Gordon

Okay

K. Terauchi

It felt like this big - (he made a circle by using his fingers);
seven to eight miles away and it was this big. Normally, an air
carrier is seven - eight miles away, it looks like this.

F. Fujii

Seven or eight miles away, usually the aircrafts are like
this •

R. Gordon

Ah uh, okay

F. Fujii

About this big so

R. Gordon

Okay

F. Fujii

...

with his estimate.

R. Gordon

So he's kinda comparing it to another jumbo jet?

F. Fujii

Yeah, yeah

R. Gordon

Okay

s . Mimoto

(More Japanese) Tremendous

R. Gordon

Oh yeah (laughter) , boy, okay

F . Fujii

Go for this size here, this one.

...

11

#### Page 12

R. Gordon

Yeah, let's see what would you estimate the size of the small
ships to be?

K. Terauchi

Ah • • • (unintelligible), up here equal to (unintelligible) we
saw, ah, second (unintelligible), square, but I saw this on here,
ah here, for so I guess this one is maybe separate, separate,
then move to here. So ah, ah, (Japanese).

R. Gordon

Right, yeah, ah uh.

S. Mimoto

if this one was two stacked together, how large was one?

K. Terauchi

This here ah fuselage, fuselage of DC-8, DC-8 fuselage.

R. Gordon

DC-8, okay • • • yeah ah uh, in other words this part right here
would be like fuselage of a DC-8.

K. Terauchi

Oh yes •

R. Gordon

Like this .

K. Terauchi

Yeah, yeah, yeah

R. Gordon

Okay

K. Terauchi

Maybe, maybe about like this

R. Gordon

Uh ah, yeah I understand, okay, I got it.

F. Fujii

Any other lighted or unlight objects, any other lights?

K. Terauchi

Yeah, we saw ah, some unusual light from ah, top of mothership.

R. Gordon

Uh ah

K. Terauchi

Ah, it was not regular, but - not regularly, but white silverish lights, not in equal span of time, but occasionally
flashed, irregularly lighted at all times.

S. Mimoto

Occasional flash

K. Terauchi

Flash, flash

R. Gordon

And since I've got this on tape, if you will help me later, you
know when we write this down, because I can't remember all this
stuff. Thank you.

K. Terauchi

(Japanese) First time we cannot see ah, this (unintelligible) so
ah, ah, we saw this light, this light, and •

R. Gordon

Ah uh, okay, thank you very much.

12

That's good.

#### Page 13

F. Fujii

(Japanese) No ah magnetic

K. Terauchi

No ah no •

R. Gordon

No gages, or the instruments or the RMI on everything stayed
okay, no magnetic disturbances? Okay. Ah, did the intensity of
the objects lights change? I think he just explained that didn't
he on that ah • • •

S. Mimoto

(unintelligible) you mean intensity of light?

R. Gordon

No on this object here, did the, did the intensity of these
lights change, and I think he just explained that, ah

F. Fujii

You mean by distance, right?

R. Gordon

No the intensity, the brightness of the, ah

s. Mimoto

(unintelligible)

F. Fujii

Did the intensity of lights change?

K. Terauchi

No, it did not change.

R. Gordon

They didn't change, huh?

K. Terauchi

Steady, steady.

R. Gordon

Okay, the intensity was steady?

K. Terauchi

Yes

K. Terauchi

Visibility ah, more clear, all the way clear, clear sky.

R. Gordon

Okay • • •

K. Terauchi

Clear sky

R. Gordon

How about visibilty? What would you estimate, you know when
you're coming down from up there where we enter over Alaska where
you come off the sea and hit Alaska, you come up a ways and then
you can see Fairbanks out here, no problems seeing Fairbanks?

K. Terauchi

When flying over Fort Yukon • • •

R. Gordon

Fort Yukon, yeah.

K. Terauchi

We can see ah Fairbanks and Eilsen Air Base.

R. Gordon

Okay, yes, good, that's real clear, that's that's fine.

Shinbashi

It was near full moon wasn't it?

13

...

#### Page 14

K. Terauchi

But we came this way. Full moon (unintelligible) Greenland,
after we, we cross ah Greenland we saw moon right side
(unintelligible) • • • but moon move to ah behind us so when
crossing the Canadian, Canadian, ah, FLR (unintelligible) so
maybe ah moon, ah stay near the horizon, so we couldn't use the
moon light.

R. Gordon

Ah uh, I understand.

K. Terauchi

(Japanese)

R. Gordon

So the moon was very low?

K. Terauchi

Very low, very low, okay.

R. Gordon

That's good, I appreciate you bringing that up, I didn't think
about the moon, but that's good.

K. Terauchi

Full moon, full moon, was very low, full moon.

R. Gordon

Well that's good, I'm glad you folks did that, uh • • •

K. Terauchi

So ah,

R. Gordon

There's one last question • • •

?

Yes

R. Gordon

This, and it's just threw it in here, is there anything else that
I didn't ask you that you could help us sort this thing out?

K. Terauchi

Ah, yes, they

R. Gordon

Frank, see how that tapes doing.

F. Fujii

Yes, ah uh.

R. Gordon

That's good, because the mike is right there that's super.

K. Terauchi

See it is recoil blasting, just a little bit high here, it is
blasting jets, then if it was at the same altitude as we were, I
assume they are using an atomic energy, there will be some
radiation left on our aircraft. Also the other is, that air
turbulance be created. So they did not want to leave any
evidence of their existance. Also the reason, why they were
there (position) is that they wanted to leave no evidence. See
it is round, the air current goes this way (he is drawing a
picture), see if they were at the same altitude, they would
create air turbulance, but they never positioned when the air
turbulance would disturb us.

R. Gordon

Those are the small one now?

14

We still got plenty?

#### Page 15

r

K. Terauchi

Yeah. • •

R. Gordon

The little one huh?

K. Terauchi

(Japanese)

F. Fujii

That flight level right there does not leave any evidence, also
if it on the same level, it would give this aircraft a little
turbulence cause of this air.

R. Gordon

You got no turbulence?

K. Terauchi

No turbulence.

R. Gordon

So it's just suspended there, really.

K. Terauchi

(Japanese) Right

F. Fujii

(unintelligible) leave the evidence • • •

R. Gordon

Yeah, well that's what I'm saying, it's so moving, it's either so
areodynamic that it's not causing, so you're saying when he was
right in front of you there was not turbulence and if you had
been that close to another object that large you should have got
some buffetting?

K. Terauchi

Yeah

R. Gordon

Okay, I understand

K. Terauchi

The turbulance would assure their existance, therefore, they
positioned themselves to here from the beginning.

R. Gordon

Yes

K. Terauchi

Certainly, ah approaching Fort Yukon, west side, this side east
side, so ah (unintelligible)(Japanese) big mothership (Japanese),
horizon, sunset, we caught up the sunset, two - three millimeters
strip of it. Then there was the mothership. They never came to
this side. Because of the sunset (if they came to the other
side) they would be seen, their shape by us. They positioned
themselves at the darkest side, difficult place for us to see.
But see, our aircraft was in front of the sunset and visible for
any movement we make. They took the trouble to position
themselves to be in the darkest place. I think they did not want
to be seen.

F. Fujii

He thinks that they don't want, of course they don't want the
ship to see it, so they go to the place where it's dark •

R. Gordon

Yeah

F. Fujii

and because there's a sunset over here, and about one

15

#### Page 16

K. Terauchi

(Japane se) 0.1 ah, inch

F. Fujii

About 0.1 • • •

R. Gordon

Just right on the horizon, the sun was setting?

F. Fujii

Yeah, yes. So they don't want to go toward the ship side, they
stayed away from it.

R. Gordon

Toward the dark side.

F. Fujii

Yes

R. Gordon

So that would have put them to the east like on the Canadian side
you're coming down on your side (unintelligible) captain's side?

K. Terauchi

Yes

R. Gordon

Okay I understand.

K. Terauchi

I think, perhaps, they have regulations like they must not be
seen by humans. But it was a surprise to see the sudden
appearance in front of us. If the machine was set automatically
for the distance of eight miles away from us, the machine will
not come closer than eight miles (but they jumped in front of
us), so I felt there was a living creature in it. It jumped in
front of us, very unusual. They took such unexpected action.
Try the other one(?)

F. Fujii

Seems like they're trying to stay away, I guess there's some kind
of regulation for them to not be seen by • • •

R. Gordon

Ah uh, I understand. I have one more question that came up that
I was thinking; now when he departed, departed east? Is that
what someone told me; which direction did, when he departed, went
away?

F. Fujii

Which direction did it take off to?

K. Terauchi

I don't know.

F. Fujii

He thinks it's east, he's not really sure.
and it just dissappeared, so • • •

R. Gordon

Okay, appeared that it went east, but it went so fast?

K. Terauchi

So fast.

R. Gordon

Okay

F. Fujii

He wa s watching it and it just disappeared • • •

Probably to the east.

16

He was looking at it

#### Page 17

R. Gordon

Okay, fine. Well I can't think of anything else I need to ask
you, ah, I really appreciate you taking time to talk to us,
because it's very, very interesting and we need to see if we can
figure out what is there, you know.

K. Terauchi

So ah, one things, they ah, completely they're controled of
inertial and gravity. Yeah, so their technology was unthinkable.
Unimaginable high technology.

F. Fujii

High tech.

R. Gordon

Oh yeah, it just sounds like it. All I can say is let's hope
they're on our side • • • (laughter)

Shinbashi

This kind of information (unintelligible) before?

R. Gordon

No I can't, I haven't so that's why we're trying to get as much
information as we have; we're going to send it back to
Washington DC, and have them try to marry it up with anything
like this before and then maybe we can say, oh, it happened here,
or it happened here • • •

K. Terauchi

Oh yeah

R. Gordon

• other sightings, we have a lot of stuff where pilots have
had other sightings.

K. Terauchi

Oh yes

R. Gordon

So we don't know if these lights and all these pictures you drew;
maybe they'll be the same and it happened in Arizona or New York
or wherever, so we got a place in Washington DC, we'll put them
all together and say is any two of them alike. But, but as we go
through this thing I would be glad to keep you folks informed
and, -Of what we find out, or if we find out anything, but I'll be
glad to tell you and see how we're doing. Could I get those
drawings, if you don't mind ah? I think that's all we need.

K. Terauchi

(unintelligible)

R. Gordon

Yes, yes, you could probably explain that with the thing you have
drawn here. Now these are the same drawings?

K. Terauchi

Oh no, no, no

R. Gordon

Yeah

K. Terauchi

This one, this one, are the same.

R. Gordon

Same

K. Terauchi

So I like (unintelligible)

17

#### Page 18

R. Gordon

I get a copy of that Frank? Could we take a picture of that, I
would certainly appreciate it. Yes. Alright. I think that's
all, can you think of anything we need.

K. Terauchi

(unintelligible)

R. Gordon

Yes, please if I could have one.

K. Terauchi

Oh yeah. This one is ah (unintelligible) so after this one is ah
(unintelligible) this point ah • • •

R. Gordon

Okay, right about the

K. Terauchi

This point, so we contact Anchorage Center here, so ah two or
three minutes, proceed right direct to Talkeetna, so we flew this
distance • . •

R. Gordon

Okay from that point direct to Talkeetna and ah, and then some so
you went about there you saw this thing.

K. Terauchi

Yes, yes, I saw from here

R. Gordon

Okay, and then maybe five minutes later along here saying
Anchorage do you have anything out there?

K. Terauchi

Oh yeah, yeah, yeah

R. Gordon

Okay I have it.

K. Terauchi

No no, disappear 75 miles north of Talkeetna

R. Gordon

Okay 75 miles north of Talkeetna •

K. Terauchi

Yeah, yeah

R. Gordon

Oh one thing, this track

. . . so ah .

To just about Talkeetna?

• it went away.

S. Mimoto

The small one, not the mothership, were there many light?

K. Terauchi

Oh yes, there were numerous lights. The exhausts on the engine
were lined up all the way, but when they were blasting recoil
jets were so strong I could not see it because it was so bright.
Once the recoil blast stopped, the speed was absolutely steady,
not faster or slower, and I could see them very clearly.

S . Mimoto

Just one group?

K. Terauchi

See there were two, appeared in front of us.
right here
• both exactly the same.

S. Mimoto

Only two?

K. Terauchi

All I saw was two .

18

Right here and

#### Page 19

R. Gordon

Yeah, I got that out of that other one that there was two and
then it went back to the mothership.

K. Terauchi

Yeah

s. Mimoto

I thought maybe there was more then two.

R. Gordon

Oh I see, I'm glad you asked that.

s. Mimoto

Only two.

R. Gordon

But one was larger then the other like there was two of 'em were
stuck together, right?

s. Mimoto

Then both are the same size, possible got (stuck) together later?

K. Terauchi

Yes, possibly. The one I saw first, it was this long. See if
they were stacked together at the beginning, one must have
returned to the mothership soon after the separtation.

S. Mimoto

This (unintelligible)

R. Gordon

Oh you saw that, and then they separated like they were together

(Text continues in the original file: 19 pages.)

## NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-012 — JAL 1628: FAA chronology of events

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-012
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-012
- Agency: Federal Aviation Administration
- Incident date: Nov 1986
- Location: Alaska
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The radar stayed busy, just not with the mystery.

- FAA memo, 18 Oct 1986, JAL 1628, Alaska, 17 Nov sighting.
- Pilot reported unknown traffic; radar showed no return.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

The FAA's chronology of the 17 November 1986 JAL flight 1628 sighting over Alaska and the agency's follow-up. From the FAA series "Information Releases Relating to Unidentified Flying Object" (National Archives, NAID 40587180).

### AI summary

A memorandum from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) dated October 18, 1986, summarizes the chronology of events involving Japan Airlines Flight 1628 on November 18, 1986. It details the pilot's reports of an unidentified traffic object and the FAA's attempts to verify the sightings using radar data. Radar records from Anchorage Center do not confirm the presence of the reported traffic. The document includes a timeline of communications between the flight and air traffic control, as well as interactions with the military ROCC. No further information was received from civil or military sources after the sightings.

### Full text

#### Page 1

,t

l

INDEX

Tab 1

Index

Tab 2

Chronology of Events

Tab 3

Transcription

Tab 4

Flight Path Chart

Tab 5

Personnel Statements

Tab 6

Daily Record of Facility Operations,
FAA Form 7230-4

Tab 7

Position Logs, FAA Form 7230-10

Tab 8

ZAN EARTS Continuous Data Recordings,
(radar tracking data).

Tab 9

Simulated Radar Data - JL1628

#### Page 2

Memorandum
U.S. ~rtrnent

of Transponation
Federal Aviation
Administration

Subject:

INFORMATION: Unidentified Traffic Sighting
by Japan Airlines

From:

Air Traffic Manager, Anchorage ARTCC, ZAN-1

To:

Date :

OE.C 1 8 1986

Reply to
Attn. of:

Manager, Air Traffic Division, AAL-500
ATTN : Evaluation Specialist, AAL-51"4
The attached chronology summarizes the communications and
Japan Airlines Flight 1628 on November 18, 1986.

actions

of

Radar data recorded by Anchorage Center does not confirm the presence of
the traffic reported by Flight 1628. No further information has been
received from civil or military sources since the date of the sightings.
Major Johnson of the ~lmendorf Regional Operations Command Center (ROCC)
is checking their re·c·ords and the operations personnel for further
details. He will forward any additional information to Anchorage Center
as soon as possible.
Should you have any questions or need additional information,
Tony Wylie, Quality Assurance Specialist, 269-1162.

Original sigoeg ~
Quentin J. Gates
Attachment

contact

#### Page 3

DEC l 8 198b
The following is a chronological summary of the alleged aircraft
sightings by Japan Airlines Flight 1628, on November 18, 1986:
All times listed are approximate UTC unless otherwise specified.
0219 - The pilot of JL1628 requested traffic information from the ZAN Sector
15 controller. When the controller advised there was no traffic in
the vicinity, JL1628 responded that they had same direction traffic,
approximately 1 mile in front, and it appeared to be at their
altitude.
When queried about any identifiable markings, the pilot
responded that they could only see white and yellow strobes.
0225 - JL1628 informed ZAN that the traffic was now visible on their radar,
in their 11 o'clock position at 8 miles.
0226 - ZAN contacted the Military Regional Operations Control Center, (ROCC),
and asked if they were receiving any radar returns near the position
of JL1628. The ROCC advised that they were receiving a primary radar
return in JL1628's 10 o'clock position at 8 miles.
0227 - The ROCC contacted ZAN to advise they were no longer receiving any
radar returns in the vicinity of JL1628.
0231 - JL1628 advised that the "plane" was "quite big", at which time the ZAN
controller approve~ any course deviations needed to avoid the traffic.
0232

JL1628 requested and received a descent from FL350 to FL310. When
asked if the traffic was descending also, the pilot stated it was
descending "in formation".

0235 - JL1628 requested and received a heading change to two one zero. The
aircraft was now in the vicinity of Fairbanks and ZAN contacted
Fairbanks Approach Control asking if they had any radar returns near
JL1628's position. The Fairbanks Controller advised they did not.
0236 - JL1628 was issued a 360 degree turn and asked to inform
traffic stayed with them .

ZAN

if the

0238 - The ROCC called ZAN advising they had confirmed a "flight of t-wo" in
JL1628's position .
They advised they had some "other equipment
:·watching this", and one was a primary target only.
0239 - JL16 28 told ZAN they no longer had the traffic in sight.
0242 - The ROCC advised it looked as though the traf fic had dropped back and
to the right of JL1628, however, they were no longer tracking it .
0244 - JL1628 advised the traffic was now at 9 o'clock
0245 -

ZAN issued a 10 degree turn to a northbound Unit ed Airlines flight,
af ter pilot concurrence, in an attempt to confirm the traff ic.

0248 - JL1628 told ZAN the traffic was now at 7 o'clock, 8 miles.

#### Page 4

.. ' .
DEC 18 1986

0250 - The northbound . United Flight advised they had the Japan Airlines
flight in sight, against a light background, and could not see any
other traffic.
0253 - JL1628 advised they no longer had contact with the traffic.

A subsequent review of ANC ARTCC's radar tracking data failed to confirm any
targets in close proximity to JL1628.

## NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-023 — JAL 1628: FAA explanation of the split beacon target

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-023
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-023
- Agency: Federal Aviation Administration
- Incident date: Nov 1986
- Location: Alaska
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out the 'split' was just the radar’s version of a double-take.

- FAA memo by Paul Steucke, 5 Mar 1987, on JAL 1628 (Nov 17 1986) radar over Alaska.
- Describes uncorrelated primary and beacon radar targets, a split-image due to normal electronics.
- No abnormalities found in the radar data.

### Official summary

The FAA's explanation of the split beacon target seen on radar during the 17 November 1986 JAL flight 1628 sighting. From the FAA series "Information Releases Relating to Unidentified Flying Object" (National Archives, NAID 40587480).

### AI summary

This document is a memo from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) explaining the radar data related to Japan Airlines flight 1628 on November 17, 1986. It was written by Paul Steucke of the FAA Public Affairs office in Anchorage, Alaska, on March 5, 1987. The document describes an "uncorrelated primary and beacon target" phenomenon, where radar signals from an aircraft's transponder and the aircraft's surface do not align, creating a split image. The FAA states that this is a normal electronic occurrence and that no abnormalities were found in the radar data from the flight. A second memo dated February 27, 1987, by Dennis R. Simantel, supports this explanation.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Paul Steucke
FAA Public Affairs
701 C Street, Box 14
Anch. AK 99513

March 5, 1987

tlNCORRELATED RADAR SIGNALS

Radar data received by the FAA and used to track Japan Airlines flight 1628
on the night of the November 17, 1986, was retained by FAA. Review of this
radar data by FAA experts using identical equipment at the FAA's research
technical center in Atlantic City, New Jersey, revealed that the radar system
was receiving what is called an "uncorrelated primary and beacon target".
This electronic phenomena is not unusual according to Steucke who said, "It
is unfortunate that the uncorrelated target phenomena occurred just when a
pilot was reporting seeing something outside his aircraft.
The controller's statements, released by the FAA, indicate that they thought
there might be another aircraft or object in the area of the JAL flight.
Steucke said, "The controllers were doing their job right because they have to
work with what is right there in front of them on the screen, especially when
you have a Captain that is reporting "other traffic" in his immediate area.
The radar data they had was one target, moving slowly across the radar screen.
They don't have the benefit of "monday morning quarterbacking" with multiple
radar images as was the case in regenerating the radar data." Review of the
radar data by FAA experts revealed the "uncorrelated target" phenomena.
FAA electronic technicians explained that an "uncorrelated primary and
beacon target" on the radar screen occurs when the radar energy that is sent up
toward the aircraft, (primary signal) returns to the radar receiver along with
the aircraft transponder (beacon) signal and the two do not match up as being
at the same exact location.

II

II

II

J

#### Page 2

UNCORRELATED RADAR SIGNALS
An "uncorrelated primary and beacon(secondary) return on a radar

screen occurs when the radar energy that is sent up toward the aircraft
(primary signal) returns off the surface of the aircraft at a slightly
different moment than tbe beacon (secondary) transponder signal and the
two do not match up as being at the same place or same computer radar
cell.

--//'RADAR CELL

--RADAR COMPUTER CELL, 1/4 MILE-I
I

SAME AIRCRAFT

~

,..J
H
~

'1'

SECONDARY
RADAR
RETURN
(Beacon)
(Transponder)

--1!
(SkinSurf ace)

=PRIMARY RAD~ RETURN
FAA
RADAR
=SECONDARY RADAR RETURN

=CORRELATED RETURN
(Combined Return)

Drawing by Paul Steucke
March 5, 1987

=UNCORRELATED RETURN

#### Page 3

Memorandum
U.S. Department
of Transportation
Federal Aviation
Administration

Subject

From

To

INFORMATION: Description of Radar Split Image;
AAL-5 Meno of 2/5/87
Manager, Aii:way

Facilities Division, AAL-400

Date :

FEB 2 7 1987

Reply to
Attn . o f:

Public Affairs Officer, AAL-5
'!his letter transmits our analysis of the radar targets associated with
JAL flight 1628, on November 17, 1986, and supplements discussions we have

had regarding what has been referred to as "split illlages".
We concur with the interpretation provided to you by the Alaskan Region
Air Traffic Division.
'nle attached Analysis of Uncorrelated Primary an:i Beacon Targets by Dennis
Silllantel covers the subject in roc>re detail, and addresses the questions
raised in your letter.
Paul , I appreciate the team approach you have taken to more fully
urrlerstarrl a complex issue.
'!he issue is an excellent example of how
"interdepen:lent" we are. If we can provide any more information, please

i!iC.
David F. Morse
Attachment

,.......,

__,
::0

rn

CJ

rn
<

fT1
CJ

-..,
.,,
CD

·=

--J

·r -.,_J

._ ..,

I

I

#### Page 4

ANALYsrs OF UNCORRELATED PRIMARY
AND BEACON TARGETS
(JAL-1628, 11/17/86 AKST)
Approximately 61 minutes of data was extracted from the EARTS CDR
printouts relating to the November 18 incident involving JAL-1628
and the alleged UFO sighting.
Review of the data involving this incident did not show any
abnormalities that could be associated with any type of target as
indicated by the pilot · of JAL-1628.
Radar returns from the aircraft and surrounding terrain vary with
the different segments of the flight, but are considered normal
for the area.
Returns relating to the incident can be categorized as three
types: primary radar reinforced by a beacon reply (primary radar
returns and beacon returns are both evident in the same 1/4 mile
range cell), beacon only reply and beacon with an associated
radar reply.
Seventy-two percent of the replies were radar with
beacon reinforcement (same range cell) which is normal for the
Murphy dome radar system.
Approximately 25 percent were beacon only and of those that
registered as beacon only, 90 percent of those had a primary only
reply within 1/8 of a mile, either ahead or behind the beacon
target (..&'behind, M ahead).
~ ~/3/87
~
13
These uncorrelated primary returns are not uncommon, due to the
critic al timing associated with the delay adjustments in the
aircraft transponder for beacon systems and the target
correlation circuitry within the radar equipment.
When an aircraft is being interrogated as it passes through the
beginning of adjacent range cells the intricate timing between
the two systems very often is off just enough to declare both a
beacon and a radar target in different range cells, resulting in
uncorrelated radar replies.
The data derived from the JAL-1628 flight is representative of
the data from another aircraft in the same general area and is
considered normal.

February 25, 1987
~s.
"Dennis R. Simantel
ZAN-AAL-ARTCC

I

## NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-024 — JAL 1628: FAA public affairs news releases

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-024
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-024
- Agency: Federal Aviation Administration
- Incident date: Nov 1986
- Location: Alaska
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The FAA waited March 5 1987 to release news about a December 30 1986 sighting.

- FAA pdf on JAL 1628, Dec 30 1986 release, Alaska region.
- Crew reported unknown object accompanying 747 from Alaska-Canadian border to Anchorage on 17 Nov 1986.
- FAA found radar target was split return, no safety hazard, no further investigation.

### Official summary

News releases issued by FAA public affairs about the 17 November 1986 JAL flight 1628 sighting and the FAA's review. From the FAA series "Information Releases Relating to Unidentified Flying Object" (National Archives, NAID 40587486).

### AI summary

A public affairs news release from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Alaskan Region, dated December 30, 1986, and released on March 5, 1987, details an unidentified aerial sighting reported by the crew of Japan Air Lines flight 1628 on November 17, 1986. The document describes interviews with the flight crew and FAA officials, noting the crew's report of an unknown object accompanying the aircraft from the Alaska-Canadian border to Anchorage. The FAA reviewed radar data and concluded that a second radar target was likely a split return from the JAL Boeing 747, not another aircraft. The FAA stated it found no safety hazards and would not investigate further.

### Full text

#### Page 1

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
ALASKAN REGION
701 C Street, Anchorage, Alaska,

DECEMBER 30, 1986
CONTACT: PAUL STEUCKE,

( 9 0 7)

FAA,

99513

PUBLIC A FF AI RS,

ALASKA

2 7 1 - 5.2 9 6

The fol lowing information constructed from personal handwritten
notes, has been provided to Paul Steucke, FAA Public Affairs
Officer, Alaskan Region, by Jim Derry, Manager, FAA Security
Division, Alaskan Region, and constitutes the information
obtained in personal interviews held the evening of Novmber 17,
1986, at Anchorage Internati anal Airport, with the flight crew of
Japan Air Lines f Ii ght 1628, enroute from Europe and I eel and/ to
Toyko, vi a Anchorage, Alaska.
A t t end i n g t he i n t er v i e w we r e : J i m D·e r r y , Ma n a g er , Sec u r i t y
Di vision, FAA: Ron Mickle, Investigator, FAA Security: Jack
IN r i g ht , I n vest i g at or , FA A F 1 i g ht St and a r d s Di s t ·r i ct 0 f f i c e, t he
Manager of the JAL Anchor age Off i ce: and the f I i ght er ew Captain Kenjyu Terauchi .; First Officer Takonori Tamefuj i; and
Flight Engineer Yoshi o Tsukuda.
The interviews were in response to the sighting of unknown and
uni denti fi ed air traffic which accompanied the flight from the
Al a$ka Canadian border on the north along a flight pl an which
flows approximate! y from Ft. Yukon, Alaska, to Fairbanks, to
Anchorage.

NOTES:

*
*
*
*

FL! GHT NUMBER JAL 1628, Dep. Reykjavik, I eel and.
ADI Z, HL529 ... J529 ••. (Airway numbers) Contact at POTAT()
Visual contact.. can see FA!, over FAI did 360 degrees.
S. MJ-125, Route

cont i nued .•.

J

#### Page 2

Page two,

*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*

JAL #1628,

Notes,

FAA,

Alaska

Used onboard color radar, located aircraft, 7 miles.
Size: "As big as 8747 or larger, erratic movement."
Lights: Yel I ow, Amber, Green, No red.
Rot-at i ng Beacon. Many
small lights.
One object, two sets of Ii ghts.
Speed of JAL B747: . 84 Mach, ( Ap-proxi mate! y 525 knots)
ATC (Air Traffic Control) picked up target.
Target broke off ---40 N of TKA - (Talkeetna)
Radio: Received static only in VHF mode. (Abnormal)
JAL aircraft on instrument navigation.
Flight Crew observation: Normal, professional, ·rational, no
drug or al coho! involvement.
Drawings of situation provided by Captain.
Normal language difficulty between flight crew and
interviewer.
**Note:

Exact conversion to mph or knts is difficult as i t
varies due to eve! ati on (air density), weather, wind,
etc. )

END .

J

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#### Page 3

News:

U.S Department
Of TronsportotiOn

Office of Public Attars
Alaskan Region
701 C Street. Box 14
Anchorage. Alaska 995 13
(907) 271-5296

Federal Aviation
Administration

FOR RELEASE ON
MARCH 5 , 1987

CONTACT: PAUL STEUCKE

1187-09
FM REI .E:A$f$ DOCUl£HIS ON

REPORTED UFO SIGHTING LAST NOYEMBER
The Federal Aviation Administration today released documents relating to the
reported sighting of an unidentified flying object (UFO) over Alaska by a Japan
Air Lines flight crew on November 17, 1986, saying it was unable to confirm the
event.
The material was issued by FAA's Regional Office in Anchorage, Alaska, and
included transcripts of pilot-controller corrmunications, interviews with
controllers and the flight crew, radar plots and other data.
FAA's Regional Public Affairs Officer Paul Steucke pointed out that FAA
normally does not investigate UFO sightings but pursued the JAL incident in its
role as the operator of the air traffic control system. He said the agency's
objective was to determine if there was an unreported aircraft in the vicinity
of the JAL flight that could present a safety hazard.
As part of the inquiry, Steucke said, radar data of the JAL flight track was
reviewed by FAA experts at the agency's Technical Center in Atlantic City,
N.J., using identical equipment. They determined that a second radar target
near the JAL flight at the time of the reported sighting was not another
aircraft but rather a split radar return from the JAL Boeing 747.
Tec hnically, this is known as an "uncorrelated primary and beacon target
return.'' It means that the primary radar signal reflected off the aircraft's
surface did not correlate exactly with the pulse e~itted by the aircraft's
radar beacon transponder. This phenomenon is not unusual and gives the
impression of two separate radar targets.
Steucke also noted that FAA controllers who monitored the JAL aircraft said
in their statements that they thought there might have been another aircraft
because of the dual radar targets. However, a northbound United Air Lines jet
that was diverted by controllers to intercept the JAL flight path did establish
visual contact with that aircraft but the pilots saw nothing else.
The Nov. 17 UFO sighting was reported by JAL Captain Kenjyu Terauchi on a
cargo flight over the polar cap from Iceland to Japan via Anchorage. Captain
Terauchi said he had visual contact from approximately the U.S.-Canadian border
to sout h of Fairbanks. On Jan. 11, 1987, Captain Terauchi also reported
another sighting in the same general area as the first.
Steucke said FAA is satisfied that the safety of the air traffic control
s ystem was not compromised by the Nov. 17 incident and plans no further
investigation of the circumstances.
I

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#### Page 4

Paul Steucke, FAA
Alaskan Region
701 C St. Box 14
Anch. AK 99513

March 5 , 1987

UNIDEHI'IFIEJ> AIR TRAFFIC SIGKl'IMJ.S, ALASKA

(1) An Alaska Airlines flight crew of a Boeing 737 aircraft, flight #53,
enroute from Nome to Anchorage, Alaska, on January 29, 1987, reported to the
FAA Anchorage Air Route Traffic Control Center, the sighting of unidentified
air traffic on their onboard weather radar system. The incident occurred at
about 6:39 pm, 60 miles west of the cormrunity of ~~Grath, which is
approximately 200 miles northwest of Anchorage. The aircraft was flying at
35,000 feet altitude at night, and the weather was clear.

Both pilots noticed the target on their weather radar scope and looked out
the window to see if there was any "traffic" in front of them. At no time did
either crewmember see anything outside the aircraft. The area is not within
radar coverage of the FAA and the military reported they did not have any
aircraft operating in the area at the time.
The flight crew of the Alaska Airlines passenger aircraft reported that the
target on their radar moved at a very high rate of speed, approximately 5 miles
on each sweep of the radar (5 miles per second). As the target moved off their
radar in front of them, they changed the range of their radar from 50 miles to
100 miles and saw the target briefly before it became lost in the ground
clutter created by the Alaska Range of mountains. The flight crew was
interviewed by FAA inspectors when they landed at Anchorage. The FAA has no
opinions or conclusions regarding the sighting.
(2) On January 11, 1987, at approximately 7:30 am (Sunday), Captain Kenjyu
Terauchi, piloting Japan Airlines flight #628, a Boeing 747 aircraft from
Iceland to Japan via Anchorage, Alaska, reported to the FAA Air Route Traffic
Control Center in Anchorage, that he was seeing a group of unusual lights in
front of his aircraft.

more ...

J

#### Page 5

- 2The Captain requested the Center to record l1is description: "Ah, would you
please, ah, record my voice, ah, ah, ah ... this is Japanese. Futeikina raito ga
mieter iru. Choodo ookina kuroi katamari ga mae ni iru. Kyorinishite go r.ia iru.
Dooyara uchuusen no moyoo." English translation: "We see irregular pulsating
lights just there is a large black chunk just in front of us distance is five
miles it seems to be a spaceship. Ah, it likes, ah, UFO, please, ah, check on
your radar. Over."
The cargo aircraft was about 240 nautical miles norti1 of Nenana, Alaska, at
37,000 feet elevation. The weather was clear with a temperature inversion
reported at 23,500 feet.
Captain Terauchi reported the lights appeared in front of the aircraft,
about 2,000 feet below, moved below the aircraft, and then disappeared behind
the aircraft. The phenomenon then occurred again at approximately 151 nautical
miles north of Nenana.
It was noted at the FAA interview of the flight crew, which was conducted
when they landed at Anchorage, tha~ the aircraft flight path was north of and
directly over the town of Arctic Village, Alaska, at the time of the first
sighting and 45 nautical miles northwest and west of the village of Fort Yukon
during the second sighting.
Captain Terauchi said at the FAA interview that he thought the unusual
lights he saw were those village lights that had been obscured or changed by
ice crystals present in the atmosphere (the temperature inversion). The FAA has
concluded its inquiry into this report and agrees with the Captain that the
phenomena was most likely caused by ice crystals created by the reported
temperature inversion.
(3) The crew of a Flying Tigers Flight #73, Boeing 747, cargo aircraft,
flying at 37,000 feet, reported observing a "target" heading 320 degrees as it
approached Anchorage on November 21, 1985. The Air Force was unable to confirm
the sighting. This sighting was not investigated by the FAA and there is no
f ile or retrievable data.

Steucke said, "The FAA is not in the UFO business and is not interested in
reports that do not involve aircraft or the air traffic cont.rel system."

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#### Page 6

March 5, 1987

Paul Steucke
FAA, Public Affairs Officer
Alaskan Region
701 C Street, Box 14
Anchorage, Alaska 99513

LACK CF nscIEHTIFIC" INVESTIGATION

The Federal Aviation Administration has a number of employees who do
scientific research with regard to aircraft, aviation, and related electronic
equipment. The FAA does not have the resources or the Congressional mandate to
investigate sightings of unidentified flying objects.
We have not tried to determine what the crew of Japan Airlines flight 1628
saw based on scientific analysis of the stars, planets, magnetic fields, angle
of view, etc. We have received letters from several persons suggesting that we
ask the crew and others a variety of detailed questions from a scientific
viewpoint. This we have not done and do not intend to do. We reviewed the data
that was created by our systems, the interviews that were done by FAA to
detennine the status of the crew and the aircraft, and have provided that
information to the public.
The FAA has completed its investigation of JAL flight 1628, and does not
intend to pursue it any further."

II

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#### Page 7

l

News:

US. Depa II I 6'1f

a la ISPQ"kJliOi

Office Of Pubic AH1n
Alluan Aeg;on
10 1 C Strut. Box 1'
Anchor1oe. Allua 99513
(907) 271·5298

Federal Aviation
. Admlnlsfrallon

CONTACT: PAUL STEUCKE
FOR DHJ>IATE RfIFASE

February 6, 1987 <REVISE'> f'EB,21,1987)•

186-06 ( 187-09)

umom TRAFFIC smrrm Br ALASKA AIRLUE.S CHEW
Oii 0HEmRD WEADER RADAR

The Alaska Airlines flight crew of a Boeing 737 aircraft, flight 153,
enroute from Nane to Anchorage, Alaska, on January 29, 1987, reported to the
FAA Anchorage Air Route Traffic Control Center, the sighting of unidentified
air traffic on their onboard weather radar system. The incident occured at
about 6:39 pm, 60 miles west of the camllnity of McGrath, which .is
approximately 200 miles northwest of Anchorage. The aircraft was flying at
35,000 feet altitude at night, the weather was clear.
Both pilots noticed the target on their weather radar scope and looked to
see if there was any "traffic" in front of them. At no time did either
creWllleDlber see anything outside the aircraft. The Captain asked .the FAA air
traffic contoller in Anchorage if there was •any traffic in this-ah-area, ·do
you---headed towards Anchorage?".
The FAA controllers at the air route control center in Anchorage reported a
piper navajo at twelve thousand outbound fran Anchorage towards McGrath, and a
Beech estimated to be over McGrath at 4:04 pm, but nothing else.
The Alaska Airlines Captain responded, "Okay, we're just curious. Up at
about our altitude (35,000) ah •• headed that direction-thanks- ••• You haven"t
had any UFO reports lately ••• huh?". The controller responded, "Well I was just
getting ready to Uk you about that ••• ah ••• could you tell me ••• ah ••• the
position of that aircraft.•
The area is not within radar coverage of the FAA air route traftic control
center. Control of aircraft in the area is done by the center with the use of
radio contact. The controller on duty checked with the USAF, Alaskan Air
Ccmnand, and was told that they did not have military aircr:aft operating in
that area at that time.
·

more •••

/

#### Page 8

-2- ALASKA AIRLINES RADAR SIGHTING, JAN.29, 1987.
The flight crew reported that the target on their radar moved at a very high
rate of speed, approximately 5 miles on each sweep or the radar (5 MILES PER
SECOND). As the target moved off their radar they changed the range of their
radar from 50 miles to 100 miles and saw the target briefly before it becal?I!
lost in the ground clutter created by the Alaska Range of mountains.
The flight crew was interviewed by FAA inspectors When they landed at
Anchorage.
Material developed as a result of this investigation will be released on or
about March 5 , 1987 , in Anchorage, Alaska.
I

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• Release updated due to additional available material from inquiry.

/

#### Page 9

News:

U.S. Department

Office of Public Affairs
Alaskan Region
701 C Street, Box 14
Anchorage. Alaska 99513
(907) 271·5296

ot Transportation

Federal Aviation

. Administration

CONTACT: PAUL STEUCKE
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
FEBRUARY 23, 1987
1187-08

FAA PRESS CONFEREM;E
MARCH 5, 1987 ••• lO:QO AM

AI

FM CONFERENCE ROOM, THIRD FLOOR, EAST END, ANCHORAGE, FED. BUILDING

REI.EASE AIL MATERIALS RELATIVE TO THE INQUIRY Of THE

JAL FLIGHf 1628 SIGHI'ING Of
UNIDENTIFIED AIR TRAFFIC
ON N:>YEHBER 17, 1986
Information and materials collected and reviewed by the Federal Aviation
Administration in its inquiry to determine if unauthorized or unidentified air
traffic was using the air travel corridor along with Japan Airlines flight
1628, on November 17, 1986, will be made available to the public and news media
at the above listed location and time.
We would appreciate your RSVP 907/271-5293 so that we can be sure to have a
room large enough to accorrmodate press interest. It is difficult to predict
media interest in this conference.
Materials and briefings by FAA Regional Public Affairs Officer Paul Steucke
will provide the following information.

*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*

Presentation of FAA results/position,
FAA radar system and split beacon/targets,
Photographs, black & white, color of radar images,
Voice recordings on cassette of Pilot & Air Route Traffic Control
Center, FAA interviews of Pilot and Crew, and written transcripts
of same,
Written statement by Captain Terauchi,
Written statements by air traffic controllers,
List/Order Form to obtain all materials,
Response to questions.

A pre-recorded message on this subject, suitable for broadcast, will be
available on the FAA Media Message Recorders, at 10:05 am, March 5, 1987,
Alaska Standard Time; call area code 907/277-7073, or 907/277-7122..
II

II

II

I

I

## NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-025 — JAL 1628: record of communication with the FAA administrator and the U.S. Air Force

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-025
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-JAL1628-733667-001-025
- Agency: Federal Aviation Administration
- Incident date: Nov 1986
- Location: Alaska
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The report was filed Feb 19 1987—because UFOs need paperwork sooner than holidays.

- FAA pdf on JAL 1628, FAA/USAF, incident 17 Nov 1986, Alaska
- Crew saw lighted objects size of Boeing 747; radar logged intermittent “clutter
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

FAA records of communication with the FAA administrator and with the U.S. Air Force about the 17 November 1986 JAL flight 1628 sighting. From the FAA series "Information Releases Relating to Unidentified Flying Object" (National Archives, NAID 40587497).

### AI summary

This document is a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) record of communication regarding an unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) sighting by Japan Airlines Flight 1628 on November 17, 1986. It was created on February 19, 1987, and includes details of the incident, such as the flight's route, the crew's observations, and interactions with the U.S. Air Force. The document reports that the crew observed lighted objects in close proximity, which they estimated to be the size of a Boeing 747, and that military radar detected intermittent targets described as "clutter." The FAA coordinated with the military and provided information to the media. The document includes enclosures and references to other files.

### Full text

#### Page 1

DEP ARTM ENT OF TRANSPORT A TION
FEDERAL A VIATION ADMINISTRATION

DATE

ROUTE SLIP

2-19-87

NA ME

RO UTI NG SYM BOL

TO:

FOIA Coordinator, :J>AL- 5

~

-...lo-

......

PER YOUR REQUEST

FOR YOUR INFORMATION

~ FOR YOUR SIGNATURE
COMMENT

PER OUR CONVERSATION

TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION

NOTE ANO RETURN

PLEASE ANSWER

DISCUSS WITH ME

PREPARE REPLY FOR SIGNATURE

FOR YOUR APPROVAL

Of

REMARKS:

FOIN -- UFO Sighting, JAL FL. #1628, 11-17-86

Regarding your Request for Identifiable Records f ran
the Director's office on the al:x:Jve subject, I believe
I earlier responded, with attachments, as the records
that were in our office associated with this sighting,
other than copies of records that are in AAL-5, -200,
-500 and -700 files (see table of contents also
attached) . This is to confinn that original
correspondence.
3 Enclosures

FROM:

TELEPHONE NO .

ROU TI NG SY MBOl

PAA Per"' 1

*u.s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1983 674-792 / 650

J

#### Page 2

INFORMATION:

ALERT REPORT

Director, AAL-1

Administrator

NOV.17, 1986, •sIGBTING•:
At 6:19 pm AST, JAL #1628 Cargo,
B747, FL350 enroute to Tokyo via Reykjavik, Iceland, and
Anchorage, reported observing lighted air traffic, in close
proximity.
Flight crew unable to determine shape but
est. size, based on flashing yellow, amber, green, lights (no
red 1 ights) to be equal to B7 47. ARTCC controller advised
him that there was no known air traffic, but did report
intermittent radar targets.
(Subsequent regeneration of
radar tapes revealed no valid traffic data.)
Air crew sighting continued for over 350 miles until object
left in eastern direction. Pilot also was able to view object
using onboard color radar.
US Air. Force, Elmendorf AFB, ·
reported having the JAL ·and an occasional primary target on
ADC radar (military informing media that it was
"clutter"). JAL pilot requested and performed 360-degree turn
and object continued with him. UAL #69 and military C-130,
volunteered to be vectored in attempt for visual sighting,
both with negative reports.
JAL flight crew interviewed by FAA upon landing.
Crew
determined to be professional, rational.
We have been
coordinating with the military.
National and international news media inquiries mounting
after inquiry by Kyodo News Service.

Franklin L. Cunningham

)

#### Page 3

1,287
KEIL GEN Mecnoes
11
1. A HEADS up-
(A) R≤v12w=15
(A REVIeW WiTH ConTOLLER (ORAC)
(s) INTERUIEW W.T AR CRW
2.(A) AF INTERREMED AS
Spurious SIGNALS Cn A.F. RADAR
(B) NiCHoLs 13 LOOKIAG MTO WHETNER they
HAE "1 R≤Us≤ 11 t+pE - HE 13 nOT CERTAN
KET 17.
(C) 7F D,D 1OT SCemsLE
3. NICHOLS HAD copy of
9. APPAERIATED CALL STOR. _550-3401-5103
1:30 Pm CoL Lim Wick CneLts As
FoLow on to Aovt.. tapes 4at B
REUSEs - ADVISES We HAD Copy Fon thm
AnD WμED pRoVIDt. WeE 42sO trIs fn
WENt EUEWiNG W40L! 55 MIN of te

#### Page 4

12.87
KEIL CT. JIM CRICKEN BERGER
FTS - 267-9429
HAD Coi FeoM PeNTtR or LINE, WnTES.
ConFEVSACE CALL I 1DICATE I W d
READ Fon ConF HA NOT Y25
to GEn MiCHoLs).
NATURE Theik QUESTWNS WAS
1. D.D AF SCAAMBLE
2. WHAT typ= RADTRs ?
FAA is murpuy Dont Af
"FPS -93A ) Staecy oncy
WITM "MODF C
e An FoRcE SAnk A3 AB00
JAL- typirme √AL 747
Ann Bonre RODAR CeoN)
HeD

#### Page 5

ALASKAN REGION = CHECKLIST ROC AALEE
INCIDENT OTHER AAL NAME/TIME
ACCIDENT 1/2..5645 Cunnng ham
DTG 180221 FM ZAN
IDENT JA-/628 B747 5.5296 STE4CKE 0349
TYPE
6.....
DUTY OFFICER
Pole To BIKF vrepoitel 7..5269
OVER
FYW at 350 10..5471
30 SE 200 .5514 Westall 0255
TFe Imi withi white 300..5431.
+ YellOW STROBE LijhT, 400..5616
Military ADUISED. 500. 5464 LAMKiN ..6233
600..5438
ActL LANDED − 0328 Z 700/.5557kevvy 8256
FSDO
61.FAI.474-0276
No other ActT with 62.JNU.789-0231
hiin. 63.ANC.243-1902 Pouers 0234
NTSB
ANC..5001
SEA..399-3782
WOC.989-5940 Brockman 0414
ATCSCC.426-3636
FBI..276-4441
APD..911/264-4123
AST..269-5711
ARPT SEC.243-5111
SARCC.552-3437
EDF CMD CNTR.552-4410/3013
CG.JNU.586-2680
NWS..5105
Acr cert rgn roc.(see list).
ANM-6.TRANSPORT ACFT.(SEE LIST)
4&4-7912

#### Page 6

11.17.86 SIGHTING √AL/UFO
BACKGAOUND TAUIL! P ME.TS
ITEM
1. ..TABLE ConTEUTS
INSPECTORS 11/17/86 R=orT (200)
3. CHRONOLOGY OF COMMUNICATIONS WITH FLT VLI628
(500)
4. CONTROLERS STATEMENT(1.198)(500)
5 ROUTE STRUCTURE MAP DEPICTION (500)
NEWS DEPICTION OF INCIDENT (ILLUSTRATTONS BY PLO7)
61 JAL's P.LOTS DRAWING (700
7 700'S INVESTICATORS REporeT of
11.17.86 10TEv1EW
5. PILOTS DRAWIAGS PROUIDED 1.2.87
√AL Phcot's REPORT IN JAPANTSE/W.TATRALATION) ENGLISH
AnD
9. MEDIA ITEMS AAL 5
ID. 11.17.86 NOTIFICHTIONS $By ROC (FAA Duty Officer)
1/ 12.31.86 ALERT O MDMIMS TRAIOR
12. R. GORDON FSDO 6S 1NTEVItW WITU ILO7 1.J.87

## Index · Pentagon-Papers-Index

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Index
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Index
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 memo finally promotes the 1969 Vietnam report to unclassified status.

- Declassified 2011 memorandum from Office of the Secretary of Defense, archived NARA pdf.
- Details regrade 1969 OSD Vietnam Task Force final report; mentions 43 study volumes, source types.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 2

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316 . By: NWD Date: 2011

EXECUTIVE SECRETARIAT
TLE

JJ

RMM

KDA

F<HM

AL

LA

NP

RTC

HH8

8F

PW

S/ S-I
S / S-O
S / S-S

JC

TMT

JM

HC8

S I S-EX

[J INFORMATION
[J YOUR FILES
[J PER CONVERSATION
[J

[J ACTION
[J COMMENTS PLEASE
[J FOLLOW UP
3' PLEASE SEE !

ME

REMARKS

I

T. L .

ELIOT , JR.

X22S40

R. H. MILLER

R.T.CURRAN

X23126

X28448

#### Page 3

Declassified per Exec utive Order 13526, Sectio n 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316 , By: NWD Date: 2011

S8c:::Jef /CCS Regr ading Action II 35 -71
O AT E

OF FICE Or: THE SECRETARY OF DEFEt-tSE REGRADING ACTIO~

23 JU~1e 197 1
FROM: Top Secret Control Officer , Se cDefl Classi f i ed Control Secti on , Room 3A948 , The
Pent agon , Washington, D. C. 20301

~ ,~~~~~--~~~-~~~~----~~~~--~~~~~--~~~~--~~~~~---------{

TO:

0tate Department, ATTENTION:
20520

Document Control/SecUr't
'
Was h'l ng t on, D• C•
l Y Off lcer,

DOCUMENT
(TYPe, Ollice oi OrigIn, Date, Su bj fie :)

CONTROL

"nvm a ER

I

CLASSI FICATION

Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense ,
SecDefControl# CONFI DENTIAL
Thru: ASD/I SA and DASD (Policy Planni ng and
1x- 0295/69
Arms Control) , OASD(I Sh ) , From Cha i rman, OSD
.Ta sk Force l si Leslie H. Ge l b, dated 15
J anuar y 1969 , Subject : Fi nal Report, OSD
Viet nam Task Forc e (U) \., / 1 Inclosure :::::::::
I NCLOSURE # 1:
CONFIDENTIAL
Document, Subject : OSD Vi et nam Ta sk
"
Force Outline of St udi es (U), dtd 10 Januar y
1969-----------------------------------------

REGRADED TO

UNCLASS IFIED !
WHEN SEPARATEI'
FROM I NCLOSURl

REMAINS
CONFIDENTIAL

/i/ii//III/NOTHING FOLLowsllllll/IIIIII/I/II/

Document was forwarded to both Mr. Bundy and ~. Katzenback ,' n 1969
If you have any questions concerning this reg ading action p~ease contact
SFC William C. Holzer, US Army, Chief Clerk, : ecDeflC lassifi ~ d Control Sec ·ion, Rm3A948 ,
The Pentagon. Phone : OX- 76131

-:

I

,TATE

JuL 1 b 1871
OFFI f OF - - RITY
The doeument(s) listed sbave has/ have be en regraded and seHan s hould be taken to mark copies iurnish.ed,v~ offi ce. It i s requested that you natiiy all recipients to whom ad dit.ional di s t ribution was furnished.

T. B. EDWARDS , MAJ , USA , Top Secret Contro l Offic er
P r inted 0' t ype d n ame of offi c I a l

SO

FORM

1 I.I A '( 6 0

375-

SI QnLJ ture

G44763

#### Page 4

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011
TOP SECRET - SENSITIVE
UNITED STATES- VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967 t6 Vol.
Received.
June 24,1971
MLenth
VIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET # 13
TOP SECRET - SENSITIVE 0295
Sec Def ConC

#### Page 6

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEfENSE
WASHINGTON; D.C.

20301

15 January 1969

,MEMORANDUM FOR THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
THROUGH:

Mr. Paul C. Warnke, ASD/ISA

.

Dr. Morton R. Halperin, DASD/Policy Planning and Arms Control/ISA
I

SUBJECT:

Final Report, OSD Vietnam Task Force

On June 17, 1967, Secretary Robert S. McNamara directed that a Task Force
be formed to study the history of United States involvement in Vietnam
from World War II to the present. Mr. McNamara's guidance was simply to
do studies that were "encyclopedic and objective." With six full-time
professionals assigned to the Task Force, we vrere to' complete our work in
three months. A year and a half later, and with the involvement of six
times six professionals, we are finally done to the tune of thirty-seven
studies and fifteen collections of documents contained in forty-three volumes.
In the beginning, MY. McNamara gave the Task Force full access to OSD files,
and the Task Force received access to CIA materials, and some use of State
Department cables and memQranda. We had no access to White House files.
Our guidance prohibi~ed personal interviews with any of the prinCipal participants.
.
- The result ioras not so much a documentary history, as a history based solely
on documents -- checked and rechecked with ant-like diligence. Pieces of
paper, formidable and suggestive by th emselves~ could have meant much or ·nothing .
Perhaps this document was never sent anywhere, and perhaps that one, though
commented upon, was irrelevant. Without the memories of people to tell us,
we were certain to make mistakes. Yet, using those memories might have been
misleading as ioTell. This approach to research was bound to lead to distortions,
and distortions we are sure abound in these studies.
To bring the documents to life, to fill in gaps, and just to see what the
"outside world" was thinking, we turned to newspapers, periodicals, and books.
We never used these sources to supplant the classified documents, but only to
supplement them. And because these documents , sometimes ioTTitten by very clever
men who knew so much and .desired to say only a part and sometimes ioTTitten very
openly but alsQ contradictorily, are not immediately self-revealing or selfexplanatory, we tried both to have a number of researchers look at them and
to quote passages liberally. Moreover, when we felt we could be challenged
with taking something out of context, we included the whole paper in the
Documentary Record section of the Task Force studies (Parts V and VI. A and B) •
. Again seeking to fend off inevitable mistakes in interpretation and context,
what seemed to us key documents were reviewed and included in several overlapping in substance, but separate, studies.
If
UNCLASSIfIED '
r.' ~. ~ .. ., ~ "' -~.' .-:~ ~ .:: ~!
WHEN SEPARATED FROM
'L .. ""ltV ~

.. ..i .. ~ . '

'_"".::; 4

J ~j .a.--Io4 •

ENCLOSURE~

#### Page 7

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3,3
NND Project Number: NND 63316 , By: NWD Date: 2011

" "I

r

!
I

I..~

'

"

..

' . . : _ ..... _ ) .1

The people who worked on the Task Force were superb--uniforrnly bright and
interested} although not always versed in the art of research. We had a
sense of doing something important and of t~e need to do it right. Of course,
we all had our prejudices and axes to grind and these shine through clearly
at times, but we tried} we think} to suppress or compensate for them.
These outstanding people came from everywhere--the military services} State}
OSD} and the "think tanks." Some came for a month} for three months} for
six months, and most were unable} given the unhappiness of their superiors}
to finish the studies they began. Almost all the studies had several authors,
each heir dutifully trying to pick up the threads of his predecessor. In all,
we had thirty-six professionals working on these studies, with an average of
four months per man.
The quality, style and interest of the studies varies considerably. The
papers in Parts I, II} III} and IV.A} concerning the years 1945 to 1961 tend
to be generally non-startling--although there are many interesting tidbits.
Because many of the documents in this period were lost or not kept (except
for the Geneva Conference era) we had to rely more on outside resources.
From 1961 onwards (Parts IV.B and C and VI.C)} the records were bountiful,
especially on the first Kennedy year in office} the Diem coup} and on the
' subjects of the deployment of ground forces} the decisions surrounding the
bombing campaign against North Vietnam} US-GVN relations, and attempts at
negotiating a settlement of the conflict.
Almost all the studies contain both a Summary and Analysis and a Chronology.
The chronologies highlight each important event or action in the monograph
by means of date} description} and documentary source. The Summary and
Analysis sections, which I wrote, attempt to capture the main themes and
facts of the monographs --and to make some judgments and speculations which
mayor may not appear in the text itself. The monographs themselves stick,
by and large} to the documents and do not tend to be analytical.
":-.

Writing hist017} especially where it blends into current events, especially
where that current event is Vietnam} is a treacherous exercise. We could
not go into the minds of the decision-makers, we were not present at the
deCisions, and we often could not tell whether something happened because
someone decided it, decided against it, or most likely because it unfolded
from the situation. History, to me, has been expressed by a passage from
Herman Melville's Moby Dick where he writes: "This is a world of chance,
free will, and necessity -- alL interweavingly working together as one;
chance by turn rules either and has the last featuring blow at events."
Our studies have tried to reflect this thought; inevitably in the organizing
. and writing process, they appear to assign more and less to men and free
will than was the case.

~\i ..~
Encl - Outline of Studies

LESLIE H. GELB

Chairman, OSD Task Force
I

C· w~' 1 .~ • ; ._"
2

..

,'lJ1iJCLASSIFIED
I • ~ JWHaEN
SEPARATED FROM
' ENCLO?URE',

#### Page 9

Declassified per Executi ve Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316 . By: NWD Date: 2011

1/10/69

OSD VIETNAM TASK FORCE
OUTLINE OF S':ru1)IES
INDEX (1 Vo 1 • )

I.

Vietnam and the U.S., 1940-1950 (1 Vol.) ~
A.
B.
C.

II.

u.S. Policy, 1940-50
The Character and Power of the Viet Minh
Ho Chi Minh: Asian Tito7

U.S. Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1950-1954 (1
A.
B.

V01.) ~

U.S., France and Vietnamese Nationalism
Toward a Negotiated Settlement

III. The Geneva Accords (1 Vol.) ~
A.
B.
C.
D.

U.S. Military Planning and Diplomatic Maneuver
Role and Obligations of State of Vietnam
Viet Minh Position and Sino-Soviet Strategy
The Intent of the Geneva Accords

rv . Evolution of the War (26; Vols.)
A.

U.S. MAP for Diem:
1.
2.
3.
4•
5•

NA'ID and SEATO: A Comparison j
Aid for France in Indochina, 1950-54 ~
U.S. and France's Withdrawal from "Vietnam, 1954-56 "/
U• S. Training of Vietname se National Army, 1954-59 ./ .
Origins of the Insurgency -/

B., Counterinsurgency:
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
C.

. 2.

. J.

The Kennedy Commitments, 1961-1963 (5 Vols.)

The Kennedy Commitments and Programs, 1961/
Strategic Hamlet Program, 1961-63 "/
The Advisory Build-up, 1961-67 ~
/
Phased Withdrawal of U.S. Forces in Vietnam, 1962-64--"
The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May-Nov. 1963 ~

Direct Action:
1.

The Eisenhower Commitments, 1954-1960 (5 Vols.)

The Johnson Commitments, 1964-1968 (16 Vols.)

U• S. Programs in South Vietnam, November 1963-April 1965: /
NSAM 273 -- NSAM 288 -- Honolulu
Military Pressures Against." NVN (3 Vols.)
a. February - June 1964 ~
b. July - October 1964 ./
c. November - December 1964 V
/
ROLLllfG THUNDER Program Begins: January - June 1965

#### Page 10

Declassified per Exec uti ve Order 13526, Sectio n 3.3
NND P roject Number: NND 633 16 . By: NWD Date: 2011

r", ---, ....

;' "
C
.,\'

4.
5.
6.

7.

8.
9.
10.
V.

Marine Combat Units Go to DaNang, March 1965 /
Phase I in the Build-Up of U.S. Forces: March - July 1965 /
u.s. Ground Strategy and Force Deployments: 1965 - 1967 (3 Vols.)
a. Volun:e I: Phase II, Program 3, Program 4 ./
b. Volume · II: Program 5
/'
c. Volume III: Program 6
../
Air War in the North: 1965 - 1968 (2 Vols)
a. Volume I . /
b. Volun:e 11 . /
Re-emphasis on Pacification: 1965-1967 ./
U.S.-GVN Relat ion s (2 Vols.)
a. Volume 1: December 1963 : June 1965 ../
b. Volume 2: July' 1965 - December 1967 /
Statistical Survey of the War, North and South: 1965 - 1967 ' /

Justifica tion of t he War (11 Vols.)
A.

Public Statements (2 Vols.)
Volume I:

A--The Truman Administra tion
}
B--The Eisenhower Administration
C--The Kennedy Administration
Volume II: D--The Johnson Administration
B.

/.
~

Internal Docun:ents (9 Vols.)
l.

2.

3·

4.

The Roosevelt Administra tion
The Truman Administra tion: (2 Vols.)
a. Volun:e I: 1945-1949
b. Volume II: 1950-1952
The Eisenhower Administration: (4 Vols.)
a. Volume I:
1953
./
... .. .
b. Volume II: 1954-Geneva
vi'
c. Volume III: Geneva Accords
15 March 1956 . /
d. Volume IV: 1956 French Withdrawal - 1960 / '
The Kennedy Administration (2 Vola.)
Book I
Book II

.~

VI .

Settleme nt of the Conflict (6 Vols.)
A.

Negotiations, 1965-67:

The Public Record

B.

Negotiations, 1965-67:

Announced Position Statements .,/

C.

Histories of Contacts (4 Vola.)

1.
2.

3.
4.

1965-1966
Polish Track
Moscow-London Track
1967-1968

'"

LESLIE H. GELB

Chairman, OSD Task Force

## Index · Pentagon-Papers-Part-I

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-I
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-I
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

A 2011 report on 1940s Vietnam—because history needed a fresh set of eyes.

- Pentagon-Papers-Part-I pdf, NARA, declassified 2011, NND 63316 project
- Analyzes U.S. Vietnam policy 1940‑1950, U.S., France, Vietnamese groups, strategic motives
- Concludes policy driven by strategic/diplomatic considerations, not clear anti‑colonial or anti‑communist stance

### Full text

#### Page 2

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011
TOP SECRET - SENSITIVE
UNITED STATES VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET 13
TOP SECRET - SENSITIVE
0295
See Def Cont Nr.

#### Page 4

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011

Sensitive

TOP SECREr
.' PART 1.

VIETNAM AND THE UNITED STATES

1940 - 1950

Foreword
This portion of the study treats U.S. policy towards Vietnam in
the decade of World War II and its aftermath. It is subdivided into
three essays. Section A describes U.S. policy tOvlard Indochina ,and
the developing conflict betloJeen France and the Viet Minh as vievTed
from ~Tashington. Section B analyzes the character and pm'l er of the
Viet Minh and probes the role of Vietnamese communists within the
Viet Minh. Section C discusses Ho Chi Ninh' s political development
to assess his potentiality for adopting neutrality in the East-West
confrontation. Each monograph is supported by the maps and charts
tabulated below.
.
Section A - U.S. Policy, 1940-1950
Section B - The Character and Power of the Viet Minh
Section C - Ho Chi Minh:

Asian Tito?

Maps and Charts
(Blue Tabs)
Cochinchina , Ann am , Tonkin
France-Vietnam Relations
Vietnam Nationalist Party
CommQDist Party, 1921-1931
Communist Party, 1931-1945
Politics in North Vietnam, 1945
Vietn~mese Governments, 1945-1949
Viet Political Movements, 1947-1950
Extent Viet Hinh Control, 1949
Ho Chi Minh Chronology

i

TOP SECREr - Sensitive

#### Page 6

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011

A

THAILAND

SOUTH

GULF OF SIAM

t

VIETNA!v.l
(~

Source:

ii

• $"

PH

nt"

,"',.~.

: -.

;;:0...:'

Cooper,Killigrew,and LaCharite',
Case Studies in Insurgency and
Revolutionary Warfare: Vietnam
1941-1954 (Washington:SORO,1964 )

#### Page 8

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011

TOP SECRET - Sensitive

1. A.

u.S. POLICY, 1940-1950
SUMl'flARY

Significant misunderstanding has developed concerning U.S. policy
towards Indochina in the decade of World War II and its aftermath. A
number of historians have held that anti-colonialism governed U.S. policy
and actions up until 1950, when containment of communism supervened.
For example, Bernard Fall (e.g. in his 1967 post-mortem book, Last
Reflections On a War) categorized American policy toward Indochina in
six periods: "(I) Anti-Vichy, 1940-194 5; (2) Pro-Viet Minh, 1945-1946;
(3) Non-involvement, 19l~6 - June 1950; (4) Pro-French, 1950 - July 1954;
(5) Non-military involvement, 1954 - November 1961; (6) Direct and full
;involvement, 1961 - .11 Commenting that the first four periods are those
1I1east kno,m even to the specialist, II Fall developed the thesis that
President Roosevelt was determined lito eliminate the French from Indochina at all costs, II and had pressured the Allies to establish an international trusteeship to administer Indochina until the nations there
were ready to assume full independence. This obdurate anti-colonialism,
in Fallis view, led to cold refusal of American aid for French resistance
fighters, and to a policy of promoting Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh as
the alternative to restoring the French bonds. But, the argument goes,
Roosevelt died, and principle faded; by l at e 1946, anti-colonialism
mutated into neutrality. According to Fall: IIvlhether this was due to
a deliberate policy in Washington or, conversely, to an absence of policy,
is not quit e clear ...• The United States, preoccupied in Europe, ceased to
be a diplomatic factor in Indochina until the outbreak of the Korean War . II
In 1950, anti-communism asserted its elf, and in a remarkable volte-·face)
the United States thre"l its economj_c and military resources behind France
in its "rar against the Viet Minh. other commentators , c onversely -prominent among them, the historians of the Viet Minh -- have described
U.S. policy as consistently condoning and assisting the reimpOSition of t
French cQlonial power in Indoch~na , with a concomitant disregard for the
nationa lj,st aspirations of the Vietnamese .
Neither int erpretat ion squares with the record; the United States
was less conc erned over Indochina , and less purposeful than either assumes.
Ambivalence characterized U.S. policy during World War II, and was the
root of much subsequent misunderstanding. On the one hand, the U.S.
repeatedly reassured the French that its colonial possessions would be
returned to it after the war . On the other hand, the U.S. broadly committed it self in the Atlantic Charter to support national self-determination,
and President Roosevelt personally and vehemently advocated independence
for Indochina . F.D.R. r egarded Indochina as a flagrant example of onerous
colonialism which should be turned over to a trust eeship rather than
returned to France. The President discussed this proposal ,-lith the Allies
at the Cairo, Teheran, and Yalta Conferences and received the endorsement of Chiang Kai-shek and Stalin; Prime Minister Churchill demurred.

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At one point, Fall reports, the President offered General de Gaulle
Filipino advis ers to help France establish a "more progressive policy
in Indochina " -- which offer the General received in "pensive silence."
Ultimately, U.S. policy was governed neither by the principles of
the Atlantic Charter, nor by the President's anti-colonialism, but by
the dictat es of military strategy, and by British intransigence on the
colonial issue. The Unit ed States, conc entrating its forces against
Japan, accepted British military primacy in Southeast Asia, and divided
Indochina at 16th parallel behreen the British and the Chinese for the
purposes of occupation. U.S. commanders serving .lith the British and
Chinese, while instructed to avoid ostensible alignment with the French,
were permitted to conduct operations in Indochina which did not detract
from the campa ign- against Japan. Consis tent with F.D.R. IS guidance, the
U.S. did provide modest aid to French--and Viet Minh--resistance forces
in Vietnam after March, 1945, but refus ed to provide shipping to move
'Free French troops there. Pressed by both the British and the French
for clarificat ion of U.S. intentions r ega rding the political status of
Indochina, F.D.R. maintained that "it is a matter for postwar."
The President's trusteeship concept founder ed as early as March
1943, when the U.S. discovered that the British, concerned over possible prejudice to Commonwealth policy, proved to be unwilling to join
in any declaration on trusteeships, and indeed any statement endorsing
national independence which went beyond the Atlantic Charter's vague
"respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government
under which they "lvill live ." So sensitive .Tere the British on this
point that the Dumbarton Oaks Conference of 1944, at which the blueprint for the postwar international syst em was negotiated, skirted the
colonial issue , and avoided trusteeships altogether. At each key
decisional point at which the President could have influenced the
cours e of events to.,ard trusteeship -- in relations with the U.K., in
casting the United Nations Charter, in instructions to allied commanders -- he declined to do so; hence, despite his lip service to
trusteeship and anti-colonialism, F.D.R. in fact assigned to Indochina
a status correlative to Burma, Malaya, Singapore and Indonesia: free
territory to be r econ<luered and returned to its former mmers. Nonintervention by the U.S. on behalf of the Vietnamese was tantamount
to acceptance of the French return. On April 3, 1945, .,ith President
Roosevelt's approval, Secretary of State Stettinius issued a statement
that, as a result of the Yalta talks, the U.S. would look to trusteeship as a postwar .arrangement only for "territories taken from the
enemy," and for "territories as might voluntarily be placed under trusteeship." By context, and by the Secretary of State's subse<luent interpretation, Indochina fell into the latter category. Trusteeship status
for Indochina became, then, a matter for French determination.

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Shortly follol,l ing President Truman 1 s entry into office} the U. S.
assured France that it had never questioned} "even by implication}
French sovereignty over Indo-China." The U.S. policy was to press
France for progressive measures in Indochina} but to expect France to
decide when its peoples would be ready for independence; "such decisions would preclude the establishment of a trusteeship in Indochina
except with the consent of the French Government." These guidelines}
established by Jun e} 1945 -- before the end of the war -- remained
fundamental to U.S. policy.
With British cooperation, French military forces were reestablished
in South Vietnam in September, 1945. The U.S. expressed dismay at the
outbreak of guerrilla warfare which followed} and pointed out that while
it had no intention of opposing the reestablishment of French control}
"it is not the policy of this government to assist the French to reestablish their control over Indochina by force} and the vlillingness of the
U.S. to see French control reestablished assumes that /Jh!:7 French claim
to have the support of the population in Indochina is borne out by future
events." Through the fall and winter of .l945-1946} the U.S. received a
series of requests from Ho Chi Minh for intervention in Vietnam; these
were , on the record, unanswered. Hovlever} the U.S. steadfastly refused
to assist the French military effort} e.g.} forbidding American flag
ves sels to carry troops or 'iVar materiel to Vietnam. On March 6, 1946}
the French and Ho signed an Accord in which Ho acceded to French reentry into North Vietnam in return for recognition 9f the DRV as a
"Free State," part of the French Union. As of April 1946, allied occupation of Indochina was officially terminated, and the U. S. acknovlledged
to France that all of -Indochina had reverted to French control. Thereafter, the problems of U.S. policy toward Vietnam were dealt with in the
context of the U. S. relationship "lith France. (Tab 1)
In late 1946, the Franco-Viet Minh War began in earnest. A chart
(pp. A37 ff) sUIrJDlarizes the principal events in the relations b ehreen
Franc e and Vietnam, 1946-1949, describing the milestones along the route
by -,.rhichFrance, on the one hand, failed to reach any lasting accommodation -,.rith Ho Chi Minh, and, on the other hand, erected the "Bao Dai
solution lt in its stead. The U.S. during these years continued to regard '
the conflict as fu..'t1damentally a matter for French resolution. The U.S.
in its representations to France deplored the prospect of protracted war,
and urged meaningful concessions to Vietnamese nationalism. However,
the U.S., deterred by the history of Ho's communist affiliation, always
stopped short of endorsing Ho Chi Minh or the Viet Minh. Accordingly,
U.S. policy gravitated with that of France toward the Bao Dai solution.
At no point was the U.S. prepared to adopt an openly interventionist
cours e. To have done so would have clashed vlith the expressed British
view that Indochina Has an exclusively French concern, and played into
the hands of France's extremist political parties of both the Right and
the Left. The U.S. was particularly apprehensive l est by intervening
it strengthen the political position of French Commun ists. Moreover,

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in 1946 and 1947, France and Britain were moving toward an antiSoviet alliance in Europe, and the U.S. was reluctant to press a
potentially divisive policy. ·The U.S. considered the fate of Vietnamese nationalism relatively insignificant compared with European
economic recovery and collective security from communist domination.
It is not as though the U.S. was not prepared to act in circumstanc es such as these. For example, in the 1945-1946 dispute over
Dutch possessions in Indonesia, the U.S. actively intervened against
its Dutch ally. In this case, however, the int ervent ion was in concert with the U.K. (which steadfastly refused similar action in Indochina ) and against the Netherlands, a much less significant ally in
Europ e than France. In wider company and at projected lower cost, the
U.S. could and did show.a determination to act against colonialism.
The resultant U.S. policy has most often been termed "neutrality.1I
It was, however, also consistent with the policy of deferring to French
volition announced by President Roosevelt's Secretary of State on
3 April 1945. It was a policy characterized by the same indecision
that had marked U.S. wartime policy. Moreover, at the time, Indochina
appeared to many to be one region in the troubled postwar world in
which the U.S. might enjoy the luxury of abstention.
In February, 19~· 7, early in the war, the U.S. Ambassador in Paris
was instructed to reassure Premier Ramadier of the livery friendliest
feelings " of the U.S. toward France and its interest in supporting
France in recovering its economic , political and military strength:
"In spite any misunderstanding which might have arisen
in minds French in regard to our position concerning Indochina
they must appreciate that we have fully recognized France(s
sovereign position in that area and we do not wish to have
it appear that we are in any .ray endeavoring undermine that
position, and French should know it is our desire to be helpful
and we I stand ready assist any appropriate vay we can to find
solution for Indochinese' problem. . At same time ,.Te cannot
shut our eyes to fact that there are two sides this problem
and that our reports indicate both a lack French understanding
of other side (more in Saigon than in Paris) and continued
existence dangerous ly outmoded colonial outlook and methods
in area. Furthermore, there is no escape from fact that trend
of tim~S is to effect that colonial empires in XIX Century
sense ~re rapidly becoming thing of past. Action Brit in India
and Burma and Dutch in Indonesia are outstanding examples this
trend) ~ and French themselves took cognizance of it both in new
Constitution and in their agreements with Vietnam . On other
hand wF. do not lose sight fact that Ho Chi Minh has direct
Communist connections and it should be obvious that we are
not interested in seeing colonial empire administrations supplanted by philosophy and political organizat ions emanating
from and controlled by Kremlin ...•
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ltFrankly we have no solution of problem to suggest. It
is basically matter for two parties to work out themselves
and from your reports and those from Indochina we are led to
feel that both parties have endeavored to keep door open
to some sort of settlement. We appreciate fact that Vietnam
started present fighting in Indochina on December 19 and that
this action has made it more difficult for French to adopt a
position of generosity and conciliation. Nevertheless we
hope that French will find it possible to be more than generous in trying to find a solution."
The U.S. anxiously followed the vacillations of France's policy
toward Bao Dai, exhorting the French to translate the successive "agreements" they contracted ,'lith him into an effective nationalist alternative
to Ho Chi Min~ and the Viet Minh. Increasingly, the U.S. sensed that
French unwillingness to concede political power to Vi etnamese heightened
the possibility of the Franco-Viet Minh conflict being transformed into
a struggle with Soviet linperialism. U.S. diplomats were instructed to
"apply such persuasion and/or pressure as is b est calculated
produce desired result
France'i! unequivocally and promptly approving
the principle of Viet independence ." France was notified that the U.S.
was vTilling to extend financial aid to a Vietnamese government not a
French puppet, "but could not give consideration of altering its present
policy in this regard unless real progress
made in r eaching nonCommunist solution in Indochina based on cooperation of true nationalists
of that country."

IJil

LOf

iii!

As of 1948, however, the U.S. remained uncertain that Ho and the
Viet Minh were in league with the Kremlin. A State Department appraisal
of Ho Chi Minh in July 1948, indicated that:
Depts info indicates that Ho Chi Minh is Communist .
His long and well-knmm record in Comintern during twenties
and thirties , continuous support by French Com~unist newspaper Humani te since 1945, praise given him by Radio Mosco"r
(which for past six months has been devoting increasing attention
to Indochina) and fact h~ has been called "leading communist " by
recent Russian publications as well as Daily Worker makes any
other conclusion appear to be wishful thinking.
"1.

"2.

Dept has no evidence of direct link between Ho and
it exists, nor is it able evaluate am01.mt
pressure or 6~idance Moscow exerting. We have impress ion Ho
must be given or is retaining large degree latitude. Dept
considers that USSR accomplishing its immediate aims in Indochina by (a) pinning down large numbers of French troops, (b)
causing steady drain upon French economy ther eby tending retard
recovery and dissipate ECA assistance to France, and (c) denying
to world generally surpluses which Indochina normally has available thus perpetuating conditions of disorder and shortages

Mosco", but assumes

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which favorable to grmvth communism. Furthermore, Ho seems
quit e capable of retaining and even strengthening his grip
on Indochina with no outside assistance other than continuing
procession of French puppet govts."
In the fall of 19~.s, the Office of Intelligence Research in the Department of State conducted a survey of communist influence in Southeast
Asia. Evidence of Kremlin-directed conspiracy was found in virtually
all countries except Vietnam:
. "Since December 19, 1946, there have been continuous
conflicts between French forces and the nationalist government of Vietnam. This government is a coalition in i-lhich
avovled communists hold influential positions. Although the
French admit the influence of this government, they have
consistently refused to deal with its l eader, Ho Chi Minh,
on t4e grounds that he i s a communist.
"To date the Vietnam press and radio haye not adopted an
anti-American position. It is rather the French colonial
press that has been strongly anti- American and has freely
accused the U.S. of imperialism in Indochina to the point of
approximating the official Moscow position. Although the
Vietnam radio has been closely watched for a new position
toward the U.S., no change has appeared so far. Nor does there
seem to have been any split i-lithin the coalition government of
Vietnam ..•.
"Evaluation. If there is a Moscow-directed conspiracy
in Southeast Asia, Indochina is an anomoly so far. Possible
explanations are:

i.

No rigid directives have been issued by Moscm-l.

2.

The Vietnam government considers that it has no
righte st ele~ents that must be purged.

3.

The Vietnam Communists are not subservient to
the foreign policies pursued by Moscow.

4.

A special dispensation for
h~s

t

the Vietnam government
been arranged in Moscow.

"Of these possibilities, the first and fourth seem most likely."
(Tab 2).
The collapse of the Chines e Nationalist government in 1949 sharpened American apprehensions over communist expansion in the Far East,
and hastened U.S. measures to counter the threat posed by Maols China.

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The U.S. sought to create and employ policy instruments similar to those
it was bringing into play against the Soviets in Europe: collective
security organizations) economic aid) and military assistance. For
example) Congress) in the opening paragraphs of the law it passed in
1949 to establish the first comprehensive military assistance program)
expressed itself "as favoring the creation by the free countries and
the free peoples of the Far East of a joint organization} consistent
with the Charter of the United Nations) to establish a program of selfhelp and mutual cooperation designed to develop their economic and social
well-being) to safeguard basic rights and liberties) and to protect their
security and independence .... " But) the negotiating of such an organization among the disparate pmlers and political entities of the Far East .laS
inherently more complex a matter than the North Atlantic Treaty nations
had successfully faced . . The U.S. decided that the impetus for collective
security in Asia should come from the Asians) but by late 1949) it also
recognized that action l-laS necessary in Indochina. Thus) in the closing
months of 1949) the course of U.S. policy was set to block further communist expansion in Asia: by collective security if the Asians were
forthcoming; by collaboration with major European allies and commonwealth
nations) if possible; but bilaterally if necessary. On that policy course
lay the Korean War of 1950-1953) the forming of the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization of 1954) and the progressively deepening U.S. involvement in
Vietnam.
January and February) 1950) were pivotal months. The French took
the first concrete steps toward transferring public ailininistration to Bao
Da1 1 s State of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh denied the legitimacy of the latter)
proclaiming the DRV as the "only legal government of the Vietnam people} "
and was formally recognized by Peking and Mosco.r. On 29 January 1950)
the French National Assembly approved legislation granting autonomy to
the State of Vietnam. On February .1) 1950) Secretary of state Acheson
made the following public statement:
,

"The recognition by the Kremlin of Ho Chi Minh's communist
. movement in Indochina comes as a surprise. The Soviet acknmlledgment ' of this movement 'should remove any illusions as to the
'nationalist' nature of Ho Chi Minhts aims and reveals Ho in
his true colors as the mortal enemy of native independence in
Indochina.
"Alb hough timed in an effort to cloud the transfer of

soverei~nty by France to the legal Governments of Laos) Cam-

bodia a~d
Vietnam) we have every reason to believe that those
I
legal governments will proceed in their development toward
stable governments representing the true nationalist sentiments df more than 20 million peoples of Indochina.
"F)ench action in transferring sovereignty to Vietnam)
Laos and Cambodia has been in process for same time. FolIm-ringFrench ratification) which is expected within a few
days) ·the way will be open for recognition of these legal
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governments by the countries of the world whose policies
support the development of genuine national independence in
former colonial areas ..•• "
Formal French ratification of Vietnamese independence was announced on
2 February 1950; on the same date) President Truman approved U.S. recognition for Bao Dai. French requests for aid in Indochina followed within
a few weeks . On May 8) 1950) the Secretary of State announced that:
"The United States Government convinced that neither
national independence nor democratic evolution exist in any
area dominated by Soviet imperialism) c onsiders the situation
to b e such as to .Tarrant its according economic aid and military equipment to the Assoc i ated States of Indochina and to
France in order to assist them in restoring stability and permitting these states to pursue their peaceful and democratic
development. "
The U. S. thereafter 'vas deeply involved in the developing war .

' it cannot be said that the extension of aid was a volt e-face of U.S.

But

policy precipitated solely by the events of 1950. It appears rather as
the denouement of a cohesive progression of U. S. policy decisions stemming from the 1945 determination that France should decide the political
future of Vietnamese nationalism. Neither the modest O. S.S . aid to the
Viet Minh in 1945) nor t he U.S. refusal to abet French recourse to arms
the same year) signaled U.S. backing of Ho Chi Minh. ' To the contrary)
the U.S. was wary of Ho) apprehensive ' l est Paris 'imperialism be succeeded by control from Moscow. Uncerta i nty characterized the U.S.
attitude t oward Ho through 1948) but the U.S. incessantly pressured
France to accommodate "genuine " Vietnamese nationalism and independence .
In early 1950) both the apparent fruition of the Bao Da i solution) and
the patent a lignment of the DRV with the USSR and Communist China) Lmpe lled
the U.S. to more direct intervention in Vietnam . (Tab 3)

LA.

DISCUSSION
Tab 1 - Indochina in U.S. Wartime Policy, 1941-1950
2 - U.S. Neutrality i n the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1946-1949

3 - Origins of the U.S. Involvement in Vietnam

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I.A.l

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.

Indochina in U.S. Wartime Policy, 1941-1945 •••••. •• ••••.•••••• A-l0
a.

b.

Roosevelt's Trusteeship Concept •••.•.•.•••.•••.•••.••••..• A-12
(1)

Military Strategy Pre-eminent ••.•••..•.•.•.••••...•.• A-14

(2)

Failure of the Trusteeship Proposal .•••••.•••••.••.•• A-19

(3)

Decision in Indochina Left to France •.••••.••••••..•. A- 20

Truman and the Occupation of Indochina, 1945' •......•..••.• A- 20

t
l

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I. A.

U.S. POLICY, 1940-1950
1.

Indochina in U.S. Wartime Policy, 1941-1945

In the interval between the fall of France in 1940, and the Pearl
Harbor attack in December, 1941, the United States watched with increasing
apprehension the flux of Japanese military power into Indochina. At first
the United States urged Vichy to refuse J apanese requests for authorization to use bases there, but was unable to offer more than vague assurances of assistance, such as a State Department statement to the French
Ambassador on 6 August 1940 that:
"We have been. doing and are doing everything possible 'l-Tithin
the framework of our established policies to keep the situation
in the Far East stab ilized; that we have been progressively
taking various steps, the effect of which ha s been to exert
economic pressure on Japan; that our Fleet is now based on Hawaii,
and that the course which we have been following, as indicated
above, gives a clear indication of our intentions and activities
for the future. II *
The French Ambassador replied that:
"In his opinion the phrase fwithin the framework of our
established policies,\ when associated with'the apparent reluctance of the American Government to consider the use of military force in the Far East at this particular time , to mean
that the Unit ed States would not use military or naval force
in support of any position vlhich might be taken to resist the
J~anese attempted aggression on Indochina.
The Ambassador
Lfeareil that the French Government would, under the indicated
pressure of the Japanese Government, be forced to accede ... II -)(-

!

The fears of t~e French Ambassador \-Tere r ealized . In 1941, however, Japan
went beyond the use of bases to demands for a presence in Indochina t antamount to occupation. President Roosevelt himself expressed the heightening
U.S. alarm to the Japanese Ambassador, in a conversation recorded by Acting
Secretary of State Welles as follows:
I

I

IfF,he President then went on to say that this new move by
Japan I~n Indochina created an exceedingly serious problem for
the Unlted States ... the cost of any military occupation is
treme~dous and the occupation itself is not conducive to the

* U.S. Department of State Memorandum from J. C. Dunn to Under Secretary
of State Welles, 6 August 1940.

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production by civilians in occupied countries of food supplies
and :ra1-7 materials of the character required by Japan. Had Japan
undertaken to obtain the supplies she required from Indochina
in a peaceful ,vay, she not only would have obtained larger quanti ties of such supplies, but would have obtained them with complete
security and without the draining expense of a military occupation. Furthermore, from the military standpoint, the President
said, surely the Japanese Government could not have in r eality
the slightest belief that China, Great Britain, the Netherlands
or the United States had any territorial designs on Indochina
nor were in the slightest degree providing any real threats of
aggression against Japan . This Government, consequently, could
only assume that the occupation of Indochina was being undertaken
by Japan for the purpose of further offense and this created a
situation 1-7hich necessarily must give the Unit ed States the most
serious disquiet .. :
" ... The President stated that if the Japanese Government
would refrain from occupying Indochina 1-lith its military and naval

(Text continues in the original file: 275 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-II — [Part I] Vietnam and the U.S., 1940-1950

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-II
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-II
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 file still wonders why Bao Dai needed a top‑secret memo.

- Declassified PDF “Vietnam and the U.S., 1940‑1950” by NWD, dated 2011, archived at NARA.
- Reports U.S. policy during French‑Viet Minh war, support for Bao Dai, limits on influencing France.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945- 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET # 13
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Sec Det Ceet

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U.9. INVOLVEMENT IN
THE FRANCO-VIET MINH ~IAR

PART II

1950-1954

Foreword
r .

l.

This portion of the study treats U.S. policy towards
the war in Indochina from the U.S. decision to recognize
the Vietnamese Nationalist regime of the Emperor Bao Dai
in February, 1950, through the U.S. deliberations on
military intervention in late 1953 and early 1954.
Section A examines the triangular relationship of
France, the U.S., and the Bao Dai regime. Section B
analyzes the intervention issue, and the antecedents to
the Geneva Conference.

t .

A.

United States, France, and Vietnamese
Nationalism

B.

Toward a Negotiated Settlement

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II. A.

UNITED STATES, FRANCE AND VIETNAMESE NATIONALISM
SUMMARY

It has been argued that even as the U.S. began supporting the
French in Indochina, the U.S. missed opportunities to bring peace,
stability and independence to Vietnam. The issues arise from the
belief on the part of some critics that (a) the U.S. made no attempt
to seek out and support a democratic-nationalist alternative in Vietnamj ana (b) the U.S. co~nanded, but did not use, leverage to move
the French toward granting genuine Vietnamese independence.

r
I

The record shows that through 1953, the French pursued a policy
which was based on military victory and excluded meaningful negotiations with Ho Chi Minh. The French did, however, recognize the requirement for an alternative focus for Vietnamese nationalist aspirations,
and from 1947 fOrl-Tard, advanced the "Bao Dai solution." The record
shows that the U.S. was hesitant through 1949 to endorse the "Bao Dai
solution" until Vietnam was in fact unified and granted autonomy and
did consistently support the creation of a genuinely independent, nonco~unist Vietnamese government to supplant French rule.
Nonetheless,
the fall of China and the deteriorating French military position in
Indochina caused both France and the U.S. to press the "Bao Dai solution." In early 1950, after French ratification of the Elysee Agreement
granting "Vietnam's independence," the U.S. recognized Bao Dai and
initiated military and economic aid, even before transfer of governmental povTer actually occurred. Thereafter, the French yielded control
only pro forme, while the Emperor Bao Dai adopted a retiring, passive
role, and turned his government over to discreditable politicians.
The Bao Dai regjme was neither popular nor efficient, and its army,
dependent on French leadership, was powerless. The llnpotence of the
Bao Dai regime, the lack of any perceptible alternatives (except for
the con~unists), the fact of continued French authority and control
over the GVN, the fact that the French alone seemed able to contain
co~unism in Indochina -- all these constrained U.S. promptings for
a democratic-nationalist government in Vietnam. (Tab 1)
The U.S.-French ties in Europe (NATO, Marshall Plan, Mutual Defense
Assistance Program) only marginally . streng~hened U.S. urgings that
France make concessions to Vietnamese nationalism. Any leverage from
these sources was severely limited by the broader considerations of
U.S. policy for the containment of co~unism in Europe and As ia. NATO
and the Marshall Plan were of themselves judge:l to be essential to our
European interests. To threaten ~rance with economic and military
sanctions in Europe jn order to have it alter its policy in Indochina
was, therefore, not plausible. Similarly, to reduce the level of

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military assistance to the French effort in Indochina would have been
counter-productive, since it would have led to a .further deterioration
in the French military position there. In other words, there was a
basic incompatibility in the two strands of U.S. policy: (1) Washington
wanted France to fight the anti-communist war and win, preferably with
U.S. guidance and advice; and (2) liashington expected the French, when
battlefield victory was assured} to magnanimously withdravl from Indochina. For France, which was probably fighting more a colonial than
an anti-communist war} and which had to consider the effects of withdrawal on colonial holdings in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, magnanimous withdrawal was not too likely.
France, having no such policy incompatibilities, could and did
pursue a consistent course with the stronger bargaining hand. lhus,
the French were able to resist pressures from Washington and through
the ~4G in Saigon to create a truly Vietnamese army, to grant the
Vietnamese more local autonomy and to wage the vlar more effectively.
MAAG was relegated to a supply function and its occasional admonitions .
to the French were interpreted by them as interference in their j.nternal
affairs. Even though by 1954, the U.S. was financing 78% of the costs
of the war} the French retained full control of the dispensation of
military assistance and of the intelligence and planning aspects of
the military struggle. The expectation of French victory over the Viet
Minh encouraged the U.S. to "go along" with Paris until the conclusion
of the war. Moreover, the U.S. was reluctant to antagonize the French
because of the high priority given in \-Jashington' s planning to French
participation in the European Defense Community. Franc e , therefore}
had considerable leverage and, unless the U.So supported Paris on its
own terms} the French could, and indeed did} threaten not to join the
EDC and to stop fighting in Indochina. (Tab 2)
American thinking and policy-making was dominated by the tendency
to viei., communism i n monolithic terms. The Viet Minh was, therefore,
seen as part of the Southeast Asia manifestation of the world-wide
communist expansionary movement. French resistance to Ho Chi Minh} in
turn, was thought to be a crucia.l link in the containment of communism.
This strategic perc eption of the communist threat was supported by the
espousal of the domino principle: the loss of a single nation in
Southeast Asia to communism would inexorably lead to the other nations
of the area falling under communist control. The domino principle,
which probably had its origin at the time of the Nationalist withdravlal
from mainland China, was at the root of U.S. policy. Although elffaents
of a domino-like theory could be found in NSC papers before the start
of the Korean IV-ar, the Chinese intervention in Korea was thought to be
an ominous confirmation of its validity ~ The possibility of a large scale Chinese intervent ion in Indochina, similar to that in Korea, was
.feared, especially after the armistice in Korea.

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The Eisenhower Administration followed the basic policy of its
predecessor, but also deepened the American commitment to containment
in Asia. Secretary Dulles pursued a forthright, anti-communist policy
and made it clear that he would not permit the "loss tI of Indochina,
in the manner the Democrats had allegedly allowed the "loss" of China.
Dulles warned China not to intervene, and urged the French to drive
toward a military victory. Dulles .Tas opposed to a cease-fire and
tried to dissuade the French from negotiations with the Viet Minh until
they had markedly improved their bargaining position through action on
the battlefield. The NSC in early 1954 was persuaded that a noncommunist coalition regime would eventually turn the cOUl1try over to
the Viet Minh. In consequence of this more militant policy, the U.S.
Government tended to focus on the military rather than the political
aspects of the French-Viet Minh struggle. (Tab 3)

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DISCUSSION

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II. A.

Tab 1 - U.S. Policy and the Bao Dai Regime
Tab 2 - Leverage:

Fr'a nce Had More Than the United States

Tab 3 - Perceptions of the Communist Threat to Southeast
Asia and to Basic U.S. Interests

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II. A. 1.
UNITED STATES POLICY AND THE BAO DAI REGIME
[ TABLE OF CONTENTS AND OUTLINE
Page
1. The Bao Dai Solution...... ………… A-5
a. The French Predicament..... ……… A-5
b. The Ha Long Bay Agreement, 1948........... .. A-5
c. Elysee Agreement, 1949............. …….……A-7
d. Bao Dai's Governments......... …….…A-7
e. The Pau Negotiations, 1950........ .…….…. A-9
2. U.S. Policy Towards Bao Dai......... .…..... A-ll
a. Qualified Approval, 1947-1949....... A-11
b. Recognition, 1950....... ....... A-13
c. U.S. Aid to Indochina....... .….... A-17
d. French Intransigence..... .…...…. A-18
(1) .1950-195l: De Lattre and "Dynamisme".
(2) 1951-1953: Letourneau and "Dictatorship".......... A-20
e. Bao Dai Attentiste......... a ...... A-22
f. The American Predicament........ …..…….A-26
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II. A. 1.
1.

U. S. POLICY AND THE BAO DAI REGIME

The Bao Dai Solution
a.

The French Predicament
French perceptions of the conflict which broke out in December,

1946, between their forces in Indochina and the Viet Minh forces of the

[-

Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) began to alternate betvleen boundless
optimism and unbridled gloom. In May, 1947, Minister of War Coste-Floret
announced in Paris that: "There is no military problem any longer in
Indochina ... the success of French arms ·is complete." 1/
Within six
months, though ambitious armored, amphibious, and airborne drives had
plunged into the northern mountains and along the Annam coast, Viet Minh
sabotage and raids along lines of communication had mounted steadily, and
Paris had come to realize that France had lost the military initiative.
In the meantime, the French launched political forays similarly ambitious
and equally unproductive. Leon Pignon, . political adviser to the French
Commander in Indochina, and later High Co~missioner, wrote in January,
1947, that:
.
"Our objective is clear: to transpose to the field
of Vietnamese domestic politics the quarrel we have \vi th
the Viet ~linh, and to involve ourselves as little as
possible in the campaigns and reprisals which ought to
be the vmrk of the native adversaries of that party." ?J
Within a month, an emissary journeyed into' the jungle to deliver to Ho
Chi Minh's government demands tantamount to unconditional surrender.
About the same time, French representatives approached Bao Dai, the
former Emperor of Annam, with proposals that he undertake to form a
Vietnamese government as an alternate to Ho Chi Minh's. Being unable
to force a military resolution, and having foreclosed meaningful negotiations with Ho, the French turned to Bao Dai as their sole prospect
for extrication from the growing dilemma in Vietnam.
b.

The Ha Long Bay Agreement) 194.8

Bao Dai's mandarinal court in Hue, Ann am , had been little
more than an instrument of French coionial policy, and -- after the
occupation by Japan -- of Japanese policy. Bao Dai had become Emperor
at the age of 12, in 1925, but did not actually ascend the throne until
1932, after education in France. In August, 1945, when the Viet Minh
arrived in Hue, he abdicated in favor of Ho's Democratic Republic of
Vietnam, and accepted the post of "Supreme Adviser" to the nevr state.
In 1946, he left Vietnam, and went to Hong Kong. There,he found himself
solicited not only by French representatives, but by the DRV, who sought
him to act on their behalf vrith the French.

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Bao Dai attempted at first to maintain a central position
between the tyro protagonists, but was soon persuaded to decline the
Viet Minh overtures by non-Communist nationalists. A group of these,
including members of the Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, Dong Minh Hoi, Dai Vet, and
the VNQPD formed a National Union, and declared support for Bao Dai.
One authority termed the National Union lIa fragile coalition of dis.credited collaborators, ambitious masters of intrigue, incompetent
sectarians, and a smattering of honest leaders without a followingo ll
Among the latter were Ngo Dinh Diem, who IIfor the first and only time,
joined a party of which he was not the founder," and pledged to back the
Emperor so long as he pursued independence for Vietnam. 3/
Now, having
eliminated the Viet Minh support option, Bao Dai became more compliant
in his discussions i'Tith the French, and the French became correspondingly
stiffer in their attitude tmvard the Viet Minh. Yet, little came of the
talks. On December 7, 1947, aboard a French warship in Ha Long Bay, Bao
Dai signed an accord with the French, committing the French to Vietnamese
political independence so minimally that it was promptly condemned not
only by Diem, but also by more opportunistic colleagues in the National
Union. Bao Dai, in what might have been a political withdrawal, removed
himself from the develoIing intrigue, and fled to European pleasure
centers for a four month jaunt which earned him the sobriquet "night club
emperor. t1
The French, despite lack of cooperation from their elusive
Vietnamese principal, sent diplomats to pursue Bao Dai and publicized
their resolve "to carryon, outside the Ho Chi Minh Government, all
activities and negotiations necessary for the restoration of peace and
freedom in the Vietnamese countries" -- in effect, committing themselves
to military victory and Bao DaL 4/
French persistence eventually persuaded Bao Dai to return to Hong Kong, to endorse the formation ofa
Vietnamese national government prior to independence, and finally, to
return to Vietnam as the Head of State. French negotiating pressures
on him and the National Union included both spurious 1I1e aks" of FrancoViet Minh settlement talks, ~Dd further assurances of intentions to
grant Vietnamese autonomy. On June 5, 1948, Bao Dai witnessed the
signing of another Bay of Ha Long Agreement. Thereby, France publicly
and "solemnlyll recognized the independence of Vietnam -- but specifically
retained control over foreign relations and the Army, and deferred transfer of other governmental functions to future negotiations; no authority
was in fact transferred to the Vietnamese. Again Bao Dai retired to
Europe, while in Hanoi the French assembled a transparently impotent
semblance of native government. A second SWlli~er of war passed in 1948
,vithout dispelling the military miasma over Indochina, and vlithout making the "Bao Dai solution ll any less repugnant among Vietnamese patriots.
Opposition to it began to mount among French Leftistso This disenchantment, combined vTi th a spreading acceptance of the strategic view that the
Franco-Viet Minh i'lar was a key , anti-Communist struggle, influenced French
leaders to liberalize their approach to the "Bao Dai solution. II

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c.

Elysee Agreement, 1949

On March 8, 1949, after months of negotiations, French
President Auriol, in an exchange of letters with Bao Dai, reconfirmed
independence for Vietnam as an Associated State of the French Union
and detailed procedures for unifying Vietnam and placing it under
Vietn~mese administration.
Nonetheless, in the Elysee Agreement, France
yielded control of neither Vietnam's army nor its foreign relations, and
again postponed arrangements for virtually all other aspects of autonomy.
HOI'lever, Bao Dai, apparently convinced that France was now sufficiently
desperate in Indochina that it would have to honor the Agreements,
declared that:
" ••• An era of reconstruction and renovation will
open in Vietnam. The country will be given democratic
institutions that will be called on primarily to
approve the present agreement .... Profound economic and
social reforms will be instituted to raise the general
standard of living and to promote social ju~tice, which
is the condition and guarantee of order ... LI look
the union of all Vietnamese regardless of their political and religious tendencies, and the generous support
of France on which I can count ... "

foil

21

His public stance notvlithstanding, Bao Dai delayed his return to Vietnam
until a Cochinchinese Assembly had been elected (albeit in a farce of an
election), and did not proceed to Saigon until the French Assembly had
approved Cochinchina's joining the rest of Vietnam. In late June, 1949,
Vietnam was legally united under Bao Dai, but the related alteration of
administrative functions vTaS Slovl, and usually only pro forma; no genuine
power or authority 'vas turned over to the Vietnamese. The State of
Vietnam became a camouflage for continued French rule in Indochina. As
Bao Dai himself characterized the situation in 1950, "What they call a
Bao Dai solution turned out to be just a French solution .... The situation
in Indochina is getting vlorse every day ... " §)
d.

Bao Dai's Governments

The unsavory elements of the coalition supporting Bao Dai
dominated his regime. Ngo Dinh Diem and a few other upright nationalists
refused high government posts, and withdrew their support from Bao Dai
when their expectations of autonomy w·ere disappointed . . Diem's public
statement criticized the probity of those who did accept office:
"The national aspirations of the Vietn81nese people
will be satisfied only on the day wIlen our nation obtains
the same political regime which India and Pakistan enjoy ...
I believe it is only just to reserve the best posts in the
new Vietn~m for those who have deserved best of the country;
I speak of those who resist ... " 7..1

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However, far from looking to the "resistance," Bao Dai chose his leaders
from among men I'd th strong identification with France, often men of
great and dubious wealth, or with ties with the Sub-lvorlds of French
neo-mercantilism and Viet vice. None conwanded a popular following.
General Georges Revers, Chief of Staff of the French Army, who was sent
to Vietnam to appraise the situation in May and June, 1949, wrote that:
"If Ho Chi Minh has been able to hold off French
intervention for so long, it is because the Viet Minh
leader has surrounded hi~self with a group of men of
.incontestableworth ... LBao Dai, by contrast, hail a
government composed of twenty representatives of phantom parties, the best organized of which would have
difficulty in rallying twenty-five adherents .•. " §/
Bao Dai himself did next to nothing to make his government either more
representative or more efficient. He divided his time among the pleasures
of the resort towns of Dalat, Nha Trang, and Banmethuout, and' for all
practical purposes, remained outside the process of government.
An American diplomat serving in Vietnam at the time who knew
Bao Dai well, characterized him in these terms:

"Bao Dai, above all, was an intelligent man. Intellectually, he could discuss the complex details of the
various agreements and of the whole involved relationship with France as well as or better than anyone I knew.
But he was a man who was crippled by his French upbringing.
·His manner was too impassive. He allowed himself to be
sold by the French on an erroneous instead of a valid
evolutionary concept, and this suited his mm temperament.
He was too congenial, and he was almost pathologically shy,
which was one reason he always liked to wear dark glasses.
He would go through depressive cycles, and when he was
depressed, he would dress himself in Vietnamese clothes
instead of European ones, and would mince no words about
the French. His policy, he said to me on one of these
dour occasions, was one of 'grignotage,' or 'nibbling,'
and he vlaS painfully aware of it. The French, of course,
were never happy that we Americans had good relations
with Bao Dai, and they told him so. Unfortunately, they
also had some blackmail on him, about his relationship
with gambling enterprises in Saigon and his love of the
fleshpots." 9./
Whatever his virtues, Bao Dai was not a man who could earn the fealty of
the Vietnamese peasants. He could not even hold the loyalty of honest
nationalists, one of whom, for example, was Dr. Phan Quang Dan -- a prominent and able non-Communist leader and early supporter of the "solution,1t

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and a personal friend of Bao Dai -- (Dr. Dan later , ·TaS the opposition
leader of the Diem era). Dr. Dan reported a touching conversation with
Bao Dai I s mother in which she described her son at a loss to know "Thom
to trust, and heartsick at the atmosphere of hostility which surrounded
him.!:9.J
Yet Dr. Dan resigned as Bao Dai IS Mj.nister of Information
over the Elysee Agreement, and, though he remained close to the Emperor,
would not reassume public office for him. Bao Dai himself furnished an
apt description of his political philosophy which may explain I'Thy he
failed to capture the hearts of either beleaguered farmers or serious
political leaders -- neither of whom could stomach "nibbling" when
revolution was required. Said Bao Dai:
_

"To practice politics is like playing a game, and
I have always considered life a game.1! Q/
e.

f

....

The Pau Negotiations, 1950

Yet Bao Dai did w·ork at pressing the French. French officials
in fact complained to an American ~riter that Bao Dai spent too much of his
time on such pursuits:
"He has concentrated too much on getting what he can
from us instead of building up his support among the
people of the country ..• History will judge if he did
right in putting so much stress on that •.. I!

E..i

From late June, 1950, 1l..ntil the end of November, Bao Dai stayed close to
the series of conferences in Pau, France, designed to arrange the transfer
to the Vietnamese of the services of immigration, communications, foreign
trade, customs, and finances. The issue of the finance service vlaS a
particularly thorny one, involving as it did lucrative foreign exchange
controls. While the French did eventually grant significant concessions
to the Vietn amese , Laotians, and Cambodians in each area discussed, they
preserved "rights of observationll and "intervention" in matters that
"concerned the French Union as a whole." Indeed, the French assured
themselves full access to government information , license to participate
in all government decisions, and little reduction in economic benefit.s. 13/
Some French commentators viewed Pau as an unrnitigated disaster
and the assurance of an early French. demise in Indochina. As one writer
put it:
"By accepting the eventual restriction of trade "Ti thin
the French Union, by losing all effective authority over
the issuance of money, by renouncing control over foreign
trade, by permitting a system of controlled prices for exports and imports, vie h ave given the Associated States all
the pOvleT they need if they "Tish to assure the ruin of our
enterprises and compel their withdravlal l-rithout in any vlaY
molesting our compatriots. II

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But a contemporary Vietnamese critic took a quite different view:
"All these conventions conserve in Indochina a privileged
position for French capital, supported by the presence of a
pO'\'lerful fleet and army. Even if no one talks any more of an
Indochinese Federation, it is still a federalism both administrative and economic (Monetary Union, Customs Union, Communications Union, etc.) "Thich co-ordinates the various activities of
the three Associated States. France ahvays exercises control
through the representatives she has in all the organs of planning
or of federal surveillance, and through what is in effect the
right of veto, because the president or the secretary general of
these cormnittees is always elected by joint decision of the four
govermaents and, further, because most of the decisions of the
commi ttees are made by unanimous agreement. If
(Quoted in same reference above)
Bao Dai's delegates 'were, however l generally pleased with the outcome of
Pau. His Prime Minister, Tran Van Huu declared as he signed the conventions that "our independence is now perfect." But to the ordinary
Vietnamese, to honest Frenchmen, and to the Americans, Tran Van Huu was
proved dramatically wrong.

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2.

U. S. Policy To-wards Bao Dai
a.

Qualified Approval, 1947-1950

The "Bao Dai solution" depended on American support~ During
the 1950 negotiations in Pau, France, Bao Dai's Prime Minister Tran Van Huu
was called back to Indochina by a series of French military reverses in
Tonkin. Tran Van Huu seized the occasion to appeal to the United States
"as the leading democratic nation," and hoped that the U.S. would
"••• bring pressure to bear on France in order to achieve
democratic freedom. We want the right to decide our own
af:fairs for ourselves." 121
Tran demanded the Elysee Agreement be superseded by genuine
autonomy for Vietnam: ·
"It is not necessary for young men to die so that a
French engineer can be director of the port of Saigon. Many
people are dying every day because Viet Nam is not given
independence. If we had independence the people would have
no more reason to fight."
Tran's addressing the U.S. thus was realistic, if not judicious, for the U.S. had already become involved in Indochina as one part
of a troubled triangle with France and Bao Dai's regime. Indeed, there
had been an American role in the "Bao Dai solution" from its inception.
Just before the Ha Long Bay Agreements, the French initiative had received
some support from a December, 1947, Life magazine article by William C.
Bullitt, former U.S. Ambassador to France. Bullitt argued for a policy
aimed at ending "the saddest war'l by winning the majority of Vietnamese
nationalists away from Ho Chi Minh and from the Communists through a
Bulli tt 's views "Tere "Tidely accepted
movement built around Bao Dai. W
in France as a statement of U.S. policy, and a direct endorsemen~ and
promise of U.S. aid, for Bao Dai. Bao Dai, whether he accepted the Bullitt
canard or not, seemed to sense that the U.S. ,.,ould inevitably be drawn
into Southeast Asia, and apparently expected American involvement to be
accompanied by U.S. pressure on France on behalf of Vietnamese nationalism.
But the U. So, though it appreciated France's dilerrrrna, vlas reluctant
initially to endorse the Bao Dai so].ution until it became a reality. Tne
following State Department messages lndicate the UoS. position:
July 10, 1948 (Paris 3621 to State):
" ••• France is faced with alternatives of unequivocally and
promptly approving-principle L~i7 Viet independence within
French union and Lthil union
thil three parts of Vietnam
or losing Indochina."

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July 14, 1948 (State 2637 to Paris):
"
On£e-.1Bay of Ha Loni! Agreement together with change
in status Lof!-Cochinchina LT~ approved, Department would be
disposed Lt~7 consider lending its support to extent of publicly
approving French Government's action as forward looking step tOvrard
settlement of troubled situation
Indochina and toward realization of aspirations Vietnamese people. It appears to Department
that above stated U.S. approval would materially assist in
strengthening hands of nationalists as opposed to communists in
Indochina ••• 11

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August 30, 1948 (State 3368 to Paris):
"Department appreciates difficulties facing any French
Government taking decisive action vis-a-vis Indochina,_but
can only see steadily deieriorating situation unless Lthere ii/
more positive approval LBay of Ha Lon£! Agreement, enactment
legislation or action permitting change Cochinchina status,
and immediate commencement formal negotiations envisaged that
Agreement. Department believes {thai! nothing should be left undone
which will strengthen truly_nationalist groups LiQ! Indochiga and
induceyres ent supporters Lof th~ Viet Minh [t07 come to Lthi}
side LofT that group. No such ind£cement Possib!e unless that
gr.0$l can show concrete evidence Lthai! French Lari} prel2.ared
Lt2.1 implement prompt.ly creation Vietnamese free state b'lhich
associated Lwith th~ French Union and with all attributes free
state ••• "

iii

January 17, 1949 (State 145 to Paris):
"While Department desirous French coming to terms with
Bao Dai or any truly nationalist group which has reasonable
chance winning over preponderance of Vietnamese, we cannot at
this time irretrevably
commit U.S. to support of native
government which by failing develop appeal among Vietnamese

(Text continues in the original file: 100 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-III — [Part II] U.S. Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1950-1954

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-III
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-III
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 report still argues flexibility—because 1954 plans were too stiff for a yoga class.

- Declassified PDF titled 'U.S. Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1950-1954', NARA, prepared by NWD, dated 2011.
- Reports U.S. military planning and diplomatic actions Jan‑July 1954 around Geneva Accords, opposing settlement, favoring military victory.
- Concludes U.S. aimed to emphasize military action while preserving flexible options in Indochina.

### Full text

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III The Geneva Accords 1954
A. U.S. Military Planning and Diplomatic
Maneuver, January-July, 1954
B. Role and Obligations of the State of Vietnam
C. The Viet Minh Position and Sino-Soviet
Strategy
D. The Intent of the Geneva Accords

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
VIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET #13
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See Def Cont Nr.X-

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THE GENEVA ACCORDS

PART III

Foreword.

Thi s part of the study examines the Geneva Conference of
Section A d.eals with U.S. positions before and. during
the conference. Section B discusses the role of the Bao Dai
Government of Vietnam during Geneva, and. its consequent obligations. Section C relates the Viet Minh position at Geneva
to overall obj ectives and. strategy of the communist pOl'i'ers.
The fina l portion, Section D, analyzes the outcome of the
conference as viewed first by the communists, then by the
Vlest, and. finally as its spirit and. effects can be seen in
obj ective r etrospect .

1954.

A.

U.S. Military Planning and. Diplomatic
Maneuver, Janua ry-July, 1954

B.

Role and Obligat ions of the State of Vietnam

C.

The Viet Minh Position and. Sino-Soviet Strategy

D.

The Int ent of the Geneva Accords

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III. A.

U.S. MILITARY PLANNING AND DIPLOMATIC MANEUVER, JANUARY-JULY 1954
SUMMARY

It is charged that the U.S. tried to sabotage the Geneva Conference,
first by maneuvering to prevent the conference from taking place, then by
attempting to subvert a settlement, and finally, by refusing to guarantee
the resulting agreements of the conference. The documentation on this
charge is complete, but by no means unambiguous. While "sabotage" may be
a strong word, it is evident that the U.S. by its actions and stat ements
during this period did seek to down-play the conference, disassociate
it self from the results, and thereby did cast doubt on the stability of
the accords.

I

I

After the Big Four Conference at Berlin in February, 1954, U.S . efforts
were directed at preventing a French collapse in Vietnam prior to a settle ment at Geneva. If the conferenc e lv-ere to take place, the U. S. believed
that any settlement likely to result would be contrary to U.S. interests.
The U. S. aim VlaS, therefore, to t ake the emphas is off the conference and
put it back onto the b attlefield. This renel-red emphasis on a military
approach viaS put in the context of I-That ~~ashington referred to as "uni ted
action," of the same character as UN intervention in Korea -- broad, multi lat eral, and milit ary . Even as the French-Vietnamese milit ary position
continued to deteriorate on the b attlefield, the U.S. became more convinced
t.han ever of the need for decisive military victory. The r ecent experience
of Korea only served to convince Washington that meaningful compromise with
the corrununists was impossible. The U. S., however, did have to react to
French proposals for a peace conference, and did so by insisting on a
strong French stand, bolstered by continued fi ghting ·w hile negotiations
were in progress . Moreover, the U.S. threatened to "disassociate" itself
from the conference if the results were not favorable to the West (T ab 1).
As the conference became more of a r eality , the U. S. aim was to keep
the united action option open in the event that France vTould find the
course of negotiations at Geneva unpalatable. ~vashington was convinced
that the conference vTOuld fail because of communist intransigence and that,
therefore, France vTOuld have no choice but to turn to the united action
alternative. France "lanted U.S . military support, but was reluctant to
pay it s price. The price was U.S. insistence on complete independence
for the Associated States of Indochina as soon as possible. The U.S.
wouJ.d make no pledges to France, moreover , without firm and broad allied
support - - support which vlaS never forthcoming on the military side .
France, umvilling to accept the prerequisites for U.S. intervention , and
under domestic pressure , decided to pursue a political settlement at the
conference table r ather thru1 united military action. Nevertheless, France
u sed these U. S. conditions and the united action option as a lever at the
conference . When the French situation in Indochina deteriorated beyond

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the point that U. S. military a.s s istance vlOuld. be profitable , and. after
seeing the futility of organizing united. action, Dulles withdrew the
option (Tab 2 ).
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I

I .

As th e negotiations at the conference progressed., Washington shifted.
its 'veight avray from intervention through united. action and. instead concentrat ed. on unifying the West into a regional military pact and. creating
a unit ed. d.iplomatic front at the conference t o obtain the best possible
settlement for the West. The implied. threat of U.S. int ervention , however, was allowed. to remain. Throughout July of 1954, then, united. action
took on a futuristic bent -- as a Free World Regional Defense Organization
(ultimately to b ecome SEATO) to secure Laos, Cambodia, and. a "retained
Vietnam" -- after the conference completed. its work . Diplomatically, the
U.S. took the initiative in forming a seven-point negotiating position
wi th the British, a position which was , in l arge part, ultimately accepted.
by France. Except for a provision admitting the inescapability of a
parti tioned. Vietnam, the seven-point program ,vas a maximum western position.
Yet, even as we urged. our d.esires on France, we mad.e clear that we would.
not b e able to sign, guarantee, or associate ourselves with any accord..
The U.S. rol e 'vas t o be passive' and. formal and. firmly against co-signing
any d.o cument with the communists. In effect, the U. S. d.elegation attempted.
to forward. its id.eas on a proper settlement to the "active n egotiators"
repr esenting vTestern interests. The U.S. vTould. d.o nothing to impair its
futur e flexibility vTith respect to Indochina. As matters turned. out at
the conference, the final t erms of the settlement came close to meeting
seven Anglo-American cond.itions (Tab 3).

DISCUSSION
III. A.

Tab 1 - U.S. Pre-conference Maneuvers - January-April 1954
2 - U.S. and. French on United. Action, May-Mid. June 1954

3 - U. S . Negotiating Position Durj.ng the Conference

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III. A. 1.
U.S. PRE-CONFERENCE MANEUVERS, JANUARY-APRIL 1954
TABLE OF CONTENTS and OUTLINE
Page
1. U.S. Aims to Keep the Fight on the Battlefield......... A-5
a. U.S. Opposed to Geneva Conference....... ..….. .A-5
b. Alternatives to Military Victory Appear
Infeasible........ A-5
c. Elections Would. Be Subverted...... A-5
d. The U.S. Proposes "United Action".... A-6
e. U.S. Discourages Early Cease-fire........ A-7
2. Events Make the Geneva Conference Inevitable...... .. A-8
a. U.S. Plans Initial Geneva Position....... .. A-8
b. NSC Recommends Strong U.S. Stand........ . A-8
c. Dulles Announces Possibility of U.S.
Disassociation........... A-8
d. Dulles Deprecates Partition....... A-9
3. U.S. Makes Final Preparations for Geneva....... .... A-9
a. French Inform U.S. of Opening Proposals........ ... A-9
b. JCS Study French Proposals...... A-9
c. Eisenhower Suggests Possibility of
United Action......... A-9
d. NSC Recommends Continued Study of
UnitedAction.......... A-10
U.S. to Be an "Interested Nation," Not a
Negotiator....... A-10
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I!

Page

f.

U. S. Takes Hard. Line for Geneva ...•.•.•.....•............

A-II

g.

French Military Situation Deteriorates .•..•. ~ .......•....

A-II

h.

Vi et Minh Successes Merely Confirm

u. S • . Ha,rd. Line ........•.............•......•.............

A-12

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III. A. 1.
1.

u.S. PRE-CONFERENCE MANEUVERS, JANUARY-APRIL 1954

U. S. Aims to Keep the Fight on the Battlefield.
a.

U.S. Oppos ed to Geneva Confer ence

Negotiation of a settlement of the Indochina VIar vTas
never happily accepted. by the United States. Consistently, l'lashington
took the position that France should. negotiate only from a posture of
clear military advantage which, assuming success of the Navarre Plan,
would. not come about until some time in 1955. While recognizing strong
pressures in the French National Assembly and. among the French public
for p eace, the U.S., clearly influenced. by the experience at Panmunjom,
hoped. to convince the Laniel government against making a premature commitment to talks with the Viet Minh. The U.S. could. not prevent Laniel
from expressing publicly his administration's desire for peace, but sought
to persuade him against actually sitting d.own at the bargaining table.
As l ate as December 1953, Laniel agreed. that Washington's approach was
the correct one. l/
Two months later, however, the picture had.
changed . At Berlin, the Big Four decision to convene an international
confer ence on Indochina at Geneva evid.enced the irresistible pressure
in French government circles for talks with the Viet Minh .
(

.

b.

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Alt ernatives to Military Victory Appear Infeasible

Compelled. to go a l ong with Anglo-French preference for
negotiating with the communists, the U.S. nevertheless did. not shake
its pessimism over the probable results. Our position remained. that
nothing short of military victory could settle the Indochina War in
a manner favorable to Free VIorld interests. The rationale behind. this
unequivocal perspective on negotiations was first set out fully by the
JCS in March 1954, when the Chiefs examined. the alternatives to military
victory and. found. them all infeasible or unacceptable to the U.S. A
ceas e-fire prior to a political settlement, the JCS paper stated, probably vlould. "lead. to a political stalemate attended. by a concurrent and.
irretrievable deterioration of the Franco-Vietnamese military position. "
A coalition government vTould. lead. to communist seizure of pOvler from
within, with the U.S. helpless to prevent it. Partition, on the other
hand., WOUld. amount to recognition of communist success by force of arms,
cession to the communists of the key Tonkin Delta, and. unde rcutting of
our containment policy in Asia.
c.

Elections Would. Be Subverted.

'l'he Chi efs also commented. at some l ength on the difficult
ques tion of elections. They took the position that even if elections
in Vietnam could. be carried. out along democratic lines (whi ch they
doubt ed ), a: communist victory would. almost certainly result because
of communist territorial control, popular support , and. superior tactics:

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"Such factors as the prevalence of illiteracy,
the lack of suitable educational media , and. the
abs ence of adequate communications in the outlying
areas would. rend.e r the hold.i ng of a truly representative plebiscite of doubtful feasibility. The Communists, by virtue of their superior capability in
the field. of propaganda, could. readily pervert the
is sue as being a choice between national ind.epend.ence
and. French Colonial rule. Furthermore, it would. be
militarily infeasible to prevent wid.espread. intimi dation of voters by Communist partisans . While it
is obviously impossible to make a d.ependable fore':
cast as to the outcome of a free election, current
int elligence l eads the Joi nt Chiefs to the belief
that a settlement based upon fr ee elections would.
be attend.ed. by almost certain loss of the Associated.
States to Communist control."
The JCS views, together with their recommend.a tion that the U. S. not
associate its elf vlith any settlement that "would. fail to provid.e
reasonably ad.equate assurance of the future political and. territorial
integrity of Indochina .. .,." were approved. by the Secretary of Defense
on 23 March. ?:.!
'
d..

The U. S. Proposes Unit ed. Action

Secretary Dulles on March 29 publicly proposed. collective
military operations as a future course of action f or the "free world"
in Indochina. Dulles suggested. the organization of a ten-nation collective d.efense alliance for Southeast Asia.
Such a coalition vIas
the U.S. Government's preferred. alternative to unilateral U.S. intervention, either at Dien Bien Phu, or subsequently in a more general context. With the climax at Dien Bien Fnu approaching, the inter-agency
d.ebate in '\-lashington had mad.e clear that American intervention there
solely with air and. naval forc es was neither d.esirable nor f eas ible,
and. there was little support for a ground. intervention. United. action
also was the result of the Eisenhower's Administration's inability to
marshal support among Congressional l ead.ers for a unilateral U.S. intervention without participation by the allies. President Eisenhower
himself Clearly preferred. intervention through united. action to a purely
American und.ertaking .

3/

The ·.1ni ted. action proposal, hOI-lever, was not acceptable
either to the British or to the French before the Geneva Conference.
The British thought that any military int ervention und.er united. action
prior to Geneva would. imped.e a political settlement at the Conference
and. most likely lead. to a further expansion of' the war, includ.ing a

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possible Chinese i ntervent ion. London, therefore, was only willing to
consi d.er the establishment of a collective d.efense alliance in Southeast
Asia after the Geneva Conference. France saw Dulles 1 proposal for united.
action as a parry of the urgent French request for i mmediate U.S. intervention at Dien Bien Phu. Initially, the French fear ed. that united. action
would. internationalize the vlar and. thereby place it beyond control of
Paris. Later, the French came to fear that united. action would be used
a s a d.evice to imped.e negotiations. For these r easons , the American
proposal for united. action failed. to gather support either in Paris or
in London before Geneva.
e.

U.S. Discourages Early Cease-fire

In the months before the conference, the U.S. mainta ined.
an adamant opposition to any course other than full prosecution of the
war. Dulles told. French Ambassad.or Henri Bonnet on 3 April, for instance ,
that a negotiat ed settlement would. lead. only to face-saving formulae
for either a French or a Viet Minh surrend.er. The Secretary termed.
a division of Indochina Itimpractical lt and. a coalition government the
"beginning of disaster." Writing to Chruchill on 4 April, EisenhOl"er
echoed. this line, asserting: "There is no negotiated. solution of the
Indochina problem which in essence would. not be either a face-saving
device to cover a French surrender or a face-saving d.evice to cover a
communist retirement." And. it ,·;as precisely t o bring about the latt er
China 1 s "d.iscreet dis engagement It -- that the Presid.ent wanted. British
cooperation in "united. action. It

Y

The U. S. v;as concerned. that a d.isaster at Dien Bien Phu
would. propel the French into acceptance of an immediate cease-fire
even before the conference could. begin. Dulles obtained. assurances
from Bidault that the French would. not ad.opt that approach.
The
Bri tish did. not share U. S. fears. Ed.en doubted. that a cease-fire would.
lead either toa massacre of the French or to large -scale infiltration
of French-held. terrain by Viet Mikn forces. §/

2./

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2.

Events Make the Geneva Conference Inevitable
a.

U.S. Plans Initia l Geneva Position

AssuT.ed that the French would not cease fire prior to the
conference, Washington forged ahead in late April and early May in
search of a policy that would guide the American delegation. The
National Security Council, less than a week before the opening conference session, carefully examined American alternatives.
The
NSC urged the President not to join the Geneva deliberations without
assurance from France that it was not preparing to negotiate the
surrender of Indochina. Aga in, the Korean example was foremost: Communist tactics, the NSC said, will likely resemble those at Panmunjom:
a cease-fire with lack of compliance by the cornnunists because of ineffective supervision, a wilting French position before the cornnunists'
typical dilatory tactics, all resulting in the French accepting almost
any terms.

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[

.

b.

NSC Recommends Strong U.S. Stand

The NSC, therefore, decided that the French had to be
pressured into adopting a strong posture in the face of probable communist intransigence. The NSC urged a policy of informing Paris that
its acquiescence in a conrrnunist takeover of Indochina would bear not
only on France's future position in the Far East, but also on its status
as one of the Big Three; that abandonment of Indochina would grievously
affect both France's position in North Africa and Franco-U.S. relations
in that region; that U.S. aid to France would automatically cease upon
Paris' conclusion of an unsatisfactory settlement; and, finally, that
communist domination of Indochina "lvould be of such serious strategic
harm to U.S. iQterest~ as to produce "consequences in Europe as ,veIl
as elsewhere bvi thouy .•. apparent limi tat i oI}-. II In addition, the NSC .
recommended that the U.S. determine immediately whether the Associated
States should be approached with a view to continuing the anti-Viet
Minh struggle in some other form, including unilateral U.S. involvement
"if necessary."
c.

Dulles Announces Possibility of U.S. Disassociation

.The NSC's adamant attitude was reflected in Dulles' extreme
pesslmlsm over the prospects for any meaningful progress in talks "lith
the communists. At Geneva on April 25, the Secretary said that the
solution of the Indochina problem was the primary responsibility of
France, the non-Communist Vietnamese, and_th!:. Viet Minh. The U.S.
would not normally expect to "interpose Lit!J veto" except "where we
felt that the issues involved had a pretty demonstrable interest to
the United States itself. II And he vrent on to say that if highly disadvantageoussolutions were proposed at the conferenc e which the U.S.
could notyrevent, "we vTOuld probably want to disassociate ourselves
from it Lthe Conferenci!. II ..!lJ
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d.•

Dulles Deprecates Pa rtition

This first official ind.ication for public consumption of
U.S. refusal to join in a settlement contrary to our interests, was
coupled. with a comment by Dulles on the possibility of partition. In
views that would. change later, Dulles said. he d.id. not see how partition
could. be arranged. with the fighting not confined. to any single area.
Although he d.id. not actually rule out partition, he made it clear that
the U.S. would. agree only to a division equivalent to a communist surrender, one that would. place all the communist troops in a small regroupment area out of harm's v-ray. But that arrangement "might not be
acceptable to them, II he said. coyly.

3.

U.S. Makes Final Preparations for Geneva
a.

French Inform U.S. of Opening Proposals

The test of U. S. pollcy carne May 5 \-Then the French informed
Washington of the proposals they intended. to make in the first round. of
talks. The proposals includ.ed. a separation of the Vietnam situation of
"civil \-Tar" from the communist aggressions in Cambodia and. Laos; a ceasefire supervised by international authority, to be followed. by political
discussions aimed. at free elections; the regrouping of regular forces
of the belligerents into defined. zones upon signature of a cease-fire
agreement; the disarming of all irregular forces (i.e., the Viet Minh
guerrillas); and. a guarantee of the agreements by lithe States participating in the Geneva Conference. It
b.

JCS Study French Proposals

Once more, the Chiefs, in revie\-Tingthe proposals, fell
back on the Korean experience, which they said. demonstrated. the certainty
that the communists would. violate any armistice controls, including those
supervised by an international body. An agreement to refrain from new
military activities during armisti6e.. negotiations would. be a strong
obstacle to communist violations; but the communists, the JCS conclud.ed.,
would never agree to such an arrangement. The Chiefs therefore urged.
that the U. S. not get trapped. into backing a French armistice proposal
that then could. be taken up by the communists and exploited. to bind. us
to a cease-fire. The only 'flay to get satisfactory results was through
mili tary success, and. since the Navarre Plan was no longer tenable, the
next best alternative 'lIaS not to associate the U, S. with any cease-fire
in adv8,nce of a satisfactory political settlement. The first step, the
Chiefs believed., should. be the conclusion of a settlement that would.
"reasonably assure the political and. territorial integrity of the
Associated. States ... "; only thereafter should. a cease-fire be entertained..
c.

Eise~ower

Suggests Possibility of United. Action

As previously, the Joint Chiefst position became U,S. policy,
in this case with only minor emendations. The President, reviewing the

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JCS paper, agreed that the U.S. could not back the French proposal with
its call for a supervised cease-fire that the communists would never
respect. EisenhovTer further concurred "ri th the Chiefs' insistence on
priority to a political settlement, >vith the stipulation that French
forces continue fighting while negotiations were in progress. He added
that the U.S. would continue aiding the French during that period and
vTOuld, in addition, work toward a united action coalition 'Ifor the
purpose of preventing further expansion of communist power in Southeast
Asia. II 1S2/
.
d.

NSC Recommends Continued Study of United Action

These statements of position paved the vray for a National
Securi ty Council meeting May 8 which set forth the guidelines of U. S-.
policy on negotiations for the delegation at Geneva. The decision taken
at the meeting siciply underscored what the President and the Chiefs had
already stated:
liThe United States will not associate itself with
any proposal from any source directed toward a ceasefire in advance of an acceptable a.rmistice agreement,
including international controls. The United States
could concur in the initiation of negotiations for such
an armistice agreement. During the course of such
negotiations, the French and the Associated States
should continue to oppose the forces of the Viet Minh
with all the means at their disposal. In the meantime,
as a means of strengthening the hands of the French ruld
the. Associated States during the course of such negotiations, the United States ,·rill continue its program of
aid and its efforts to organize and promptly activate a
Southeast Asian regional grouping for the purpose of
preventing further expansion of Communist pOvler in Southeast Asia."

W

e.

)

U.S. to Be an "Interested Nation,!! Not a Negotiator

Before receiving detailed instructions from Dulles, Smith
spoke twice at the first round of plenary sessions, once on May 10
(the second plenary) and again on May 12 (at the third). At these
sessions, Smith brought home two major points of U.S. policy: first,
he declined to commit the U.S. in advance to a guarantee of the settlement, despite Bidault's call for all the participants to make such a
guarantee; ~
second, he proposed that national elections in Vietnam
be supervised by an international commission "under United Nations
auspices. 'I Smith stressed that the UN should have two separate functions
overseeing not only the cease-fire but the elections as well. Both these
points in Smith's speech were to remain cardinal elements of U.S. policy
throughout the negotiations.
On 12 May Smith received instructions
clearly designed to make the UoS. an influential, but unentangled and

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unobligated, participant. The U. S., Dulles cabled him, was to be If an
interested nati on which, however , is neither a belligerent nor a principal in the negotiation." Its primary aim would be to:
It • • • help the nations
of that area LIndochini! peace-·
fully to enjoy territorial integrity and political
independence under stable and free governments with the
opportunity to expand their economies , to realize their
legitimate national aspirations; and to develop security
through individual and collective defense against aggression, from ''i'ithin and vlithout. This implies that these
people should not be amalgamated into the Communist bloc
of imperi al i stic dictatorship."

Accordingly, Smith was told, the U.S. should not give its approval to
any settlement or cease-fire.
1I • • • which would have the effect of subverting the
existing l avrful governments of the three aforementioned
states or of permanently impairing their territorial
integrity or of placing in jeopardy the forces of the
French Union of Indochina, or which otherwise contravened the principles stated ..• above. II ill

f.

U.S. Takes Hard Line for Geneva

The NSC decision of May 8, Smith's comments at the second
and third plenary sessions, and Dulles' instructions to Smith reveal the
hardness of the U.S. position on a Geneva settlement. The U.S. vTOuld
not associate itself with any arrangement that f a iled to provide adequately for an internationally supervised cease-fire and national
elections that resulted in the partitioning of any of the Associated
States; or that compromised the independence and territorial integrity
of those States in any way. Smith was left free, in fact; to withdraw
from the conference or to restrict the American role to that of
observer.

121

g.

French Military Situation Deteriorates

The pessimistic American vie,v of the conference was founded
also on the deterioration of the Franco-Vietnamese military effort,
particularly in the Tonkin Delta. After the debacle at Dien Bien Phu,
the French gradually shifted their forces from Laos and Cambodia into the
Delta; but the Viet Minh naturally did likewise, moving several battalions
eastward. UoS . Army intelligence reported on May 26, on the basis of
French reports, that the Viet Minh were redeploying much faster than
anticipated, to the point vThere only 2,000 of 35,000 troops originally in
northvTestern Tonkin remained. To thvJart the communist military threat,
General Ely told General Trapnell (on May 30) that French forces were
forming a new defensive perimeter along the Hanoi-Haiphong axis; but Ely

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made no effort to hide the touch-and-go nature of French defensive
capabilities during the rainy season already underway. 1§/
The bleak
picture darkened further after General Valluy reported in early June to
U.S., British, Australian, and New Zealand Chiefs of Staff assembled in
Washington that the Delta was in danger of falJ ,ing to the communists,
that neither Frenchmen nor Vietnamese would fight on in the south in that
eventuality, and that only prompt allied intervention could save the
situation.

ill

h.

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I.

Viet Minh Successes Merely Confirm U.S. Hard Line

Valluy's presentation merely reinforced what the U.S. already
was avrare of, namely, that while the communists put forth unacceptab,le
proposals at Geneva, they were driving for important gains in the Delta
that would thoroughly demoralize French Union soldiers and set the stage
for French withdrawal to the south. Deterioration on the battlefield and
pessimism at the negotiating t able, therefore , l<Torked hand-in-hand tovrard
confirming to vJashington not that its goals for an Indochina settlement
were unrealistic, but rather that the only vray to attain them was through
decisive military victory in conformity with the original "united action"
proposal of March 29.

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III. A. 1.

FOOTNOTES

1.

MemCon behleen Douglas MacArthur II ( State, Europe) and Laniel at
Bermuda, December 4, 1953 (SECRET ).

2.

Radford. memorandum to the Defense Secretary (Wilson), March 12, 1954
(TOP SECRET).

3.

Dept. of State Press Release No. 165, March 29, 1954.

4.

Dulles "EYES ONLY" tel. No. 3476 to American Embassy - Paris (Dillon )

(Text continues in the original file: 143 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-1 — [Part III] The Geneva Accords

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-1
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011: the year they chose treaty comparison over a decent summer read.

- PDF titled “Part III The Geneva Accords”, NARA archive, authored by NWD, dated 2011, U.S. government document.
- Analyzes NATO vs. SEATO treaties, focusing on U.S. Vietnam obligations and presidential statements from Eisenhower to Johnson.
- Conclusion: SEATO was designed for deterrence, not direct military intervention.

### Full text

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945-1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE:
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET#13
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0295
Seo Def Dent Mr. X-

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IV. A. 1.

NATO AND SEATO:

A COMPARISON

SUMMARY
Because the SEATO Treaty has been used by the Eisenhower, Kennedy,
and Johnson Administrations to justify U.S. policy, aid, and presence
in Vietnam , and because many have questioned this justification; the
treaty has become a center of controversy. The issue is whether by
intent of the parties and by treaty terminology the U. S. 'vas obligated
to use force to help defend the territorial independence and int egr ity
of South Vi etnam. No one seriously challenges U.S. military and eco~omic aid provisions under the SEATO Treaty; the thrust of the criticism
is the use of U.S. ground combat forces.
.\

There are plentifu]_ statements over time by the U. S. Government
on the i mport ance of SEATO .

l

President Eisenhower stated: IIWe gave military and economic
assistance to the Republic of Vietnam . We entered into a treaty -- the
Southeast Asia Security Treaty -- which plainly warned that an armed
attack against this area would endanger our own peace and safety and
that we would act accordingly.1I
.'i.

.

President Kennedy stated: II •.• The SRA.TO Pact ... approved by
the Senate with only, I think , tvlO against it, under Article 4, stated
that the United States recognized that aggression by means of armed
attack against Vietnam would threaten our own peace and security. So
since that time the United States has been assisting the gover~~ent
of Vietnam to maintain its independence ••. The attack on the government
by communist forces, with assistance from the north, became of greater
and greater concern to the Government of Vietnam and the Government of
the United States."
Secretary Rusk, speaking for the Johnson Administration, made
the strongest statement of all: "We have sent American forces to fight
in the jungles .•. because South Viet-Nam has, under the language of the
SEATO Treaty, b een the victim of 'aggression by means of armed attack. '
Tho se I.,ho challenge this rationale contend that unlike the NATO Treaty
which specifically included the 'use of armed force' and unambiguously
intended such action, the SRA.TO Treaty vlas not meant by its U. S. framers
as an umbrella for Americ8,n military intervention. II
This is the kind of issue that can readily be argued either vray.
It is obvious the language of the SEATO Treaty allows the signatories
the choice of military means. And, a respectable argument can b e made
for the further step of obligation. For example, the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee Report on the treaty in 1954 stated:
liThe committee is not impervious to the risks which this
treaty entails. It fully appreciates that acceptance of these
additional obligations commits the Unit ed States to a cause of
action over a vast expanse of the Pacific. Yet these risks
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are consistent i-lith our ow11 highest interests. There are
greater hazards in not advising a potential enemy of "That he
can expect of us, and in failing to disabuse - him of assumptions
which might lead to a miscalculation of our intentions. It
To the contrary, a statement before the Fureign Relations Committee by Secretary Dulles himself can be cited to demonstrate more
modest, less obligatory designs:
"I might say in this connection, departing somevhat
from order of my presentation, that it is not the policy of
the United States to attempt to deter attack in this area by
building up a local force capable itself of defense against
an all-out attack by the Chinese Communists if it should occur.
We do not expect to duplicate in this area the pattern of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization and its significant standing
forces. That ivould require a diversion and comi'l1itment of
strength ivhich "Te do not think is either practical or desirable or necessary from the standpoint of the United States.

"We believe that our posture in that area should be one
of having mobile striking pover, and the ability to use that
against the sources of aggression if it occurs . We believe
that is more effective than if 'Vle tried to pin dmm American
forces at the many points around the circumference of the
Communist \-Torld in that area .
"It may very well be that other countries of the area will
want to dedicate particular forces for the protection of the
area under this treaty. But we made clear at Manila that it
was not the intention of the United States to build up a large
local force including, for example, United States ground troops
for that area, but that vre rely upon the deterrent pOvTer of
our mobile striking force."
By looking into the "lOrds of the treaty in the light of its orlglDS
and the interests of the U.S. as perceived in 1954, and by comparing
these vrith NATO language, origins, and development, it is possible to
make a tentative judgment on the issue of obligation. Whereas it is
clear that NATO vas intended for deterrence against aggression and
defense vrith U.S. forces should deterrence fail, SEATO seems to have
been designed vrith a vie'l'T only tm-rard deterrence. Defense, especially
,vith U.S. ground forces, vras not seriously contemplated.

There are t~1ree pieces of evidence in support of this contentious
conclusion: (1) the stringent preconditions i..[hich the U.S. delegation
to the Manila Conference to establish SRATO vrere instructed to insist
upon; (2) the lack of institutional and force structure development in
SEATO as compared to NATO; and ( 3) the fact that SEATO and NATO treaty
terminology differ in respect to the use of force and other matters .

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Unlike the guidance under \-;hich U. S. negotiators helped to frame
NATO, U.S. representatives to the conference establishing SEATO were
given four uncompromisable pre-conditions:
(a) The U.S. would refuse to commit Rny U.S. forces
unilaterally;
(b) Were military action to be required, one or more of the
European signatories \-TOuld have to participate;
(c) The U.S. int ended to contribute only sea and air power,
expecting that other signatories would provide ground forces;
r

.I,

(d)

i

The U.S. \-lOuld act only against communist aggression .

These instructions not only clearly exempt the use of U.S. ground forces,
but presuppose multilateral action before the U. S. ,vould act in any
capacity.

,,

.

With respect to the comparative development of SEATO and NATO, U.S.
behavior also indicates great re straint and avoidance of commitment.
NATO was formed in 1949, and ,vithin t'\vo years it \-las 1tIell institutionalized -- combined command forces in-being and a Standing Group for
policy guidance. The UoS. consistently resisted the efforts of its
SEATO partners for comparab le institutions . Secretary Dulles, in fact,
sought to discourage public identification of SEATO \-lith NATO. Only
in 1959, did the U.S. accede to the formation of a modest SEATO secretariat . Moreover, SEATO had to \-mit until 1960 before the U.S. would
participate in the development of a series of SEATO contingency plans.
Most important, no U.S. troops have ever been designated specifically
for SEATO.
Comparing the specific terminology of the operative sections of the
SEATO and NATO treaties gives additional credence to the non-obligation
argument. The key articles of both treaties are those calling for action
against an enemy threat. Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty declares
that the member nations "agree that an armed attack against one or more
of them in Europe or North America shall be con s idered an attack against
them all," and that in that event each \-Till take "forthivith ... such action
as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force .... " The correlative phraseology in the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty
Article Dr declares that "each Party rec ognizes that aggression by means
of armed attack against any of the Parties, or against any state or
territory vhich the Parties by unanimous agreement may hereafter designate, \-{ould endanger its own peace and safety, and agrees that it vill
in that event act to meet the common danger in accordance \-rith its
constitutional process." The SEATO \-lording is thus i ntent ionally ambiguous on the point of just what response would be made by the members in
the event of an armed attack. Such an attack against one of the SEATO
members would be viewed as a "common danger" rather than as an "attack

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on all." vlhere NATO prescribes action "fort ll1-rit h) " SEATO requires only
that the "common danger" be "met" in accordance with "constitutional
processes." SEATO also forecloses action on the treaty of any threatened state without the consent of that state -- a qualification designed
to reassure memb ers that their independence was not threatened by neocolonialism or other domination in a SEATO guise.

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!

In some respects) hOvTever) the SEATO Pact is broader than its NATO
counterparts. The nature of the threat is loosely defined in Article IV
as "any fact or situation that might endanger the peace of the area"
and provision is made to protect threatened member countries of the
region. The area of applicability is left flexible. Moreover) Article
II of the SEATO Treaty applies the pact against not only "armed attack"
but also "subversive activities directed from without against fjftember,!}.7
territorial integrity and political stability." Also) unlike the North
Atlantic ~reaty) there is no clause in the SEATO Treaty implying a dependence on United Nations intervention to restore peace once the treaty
"lere invoked.

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To
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraph Page
1. Genesis...... A-5
a. Truman Doctrine, 1947......... •• A-5
b. Marshall Plan, 1947........... A-6
c. ERP and NATO, 1948-1949............ .... A-7
d. The China Aid Program...... A-8
e. MDAP, 1949....... • • • • A-8
f. Precursor Pacts in Asia.... ... A-9
g. Indochina and United Action, 1954............ ••••• A-10
h. Manila Conference, 1954........... A-13
(2(2) Force Commitment
Anti-Communism
2. The Treaties Compared....... A-15
a. Introductory Articles Alike......... ... A-16
b. The Key Articles.......... • • • •• A-16
c. Extent of Treaty Areas...... A-19
d. UN and Other Pacts........ A-19
e. Treaty Institutions........ A-19
f. Treaty Longevity.......... A-20
g. The Appended U.s. "Understanding"........ A-20
h. The Vietnam-Laos-Cambodia Protocol....... A-21
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Paragraph Page
3. Evolution of the Treaty Organization....... A-23
a. NATo Develops Rapidly......... A-23
b. SEATO Unstructured by U.S. Preference.... A-23
c. SEATO Contingency Planning...... A-27
Laos Planning
Vietnam Planning
Thailand Planning
The Future
Footnotes... A-32
Appendix A - A Comparison of the Wording of the
NATO and SEATO Treaties....... A-37
Appendix B - Organizational Charts........ A-46
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IV. A. 1.
1.

NATO and. SEATO :

A Comparison

Genesis
a.

Trmnan Doctrine, 1947
In 1946, vlinston Churchill perceived. a postwar threat ina

wartime ally:
"Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and. its communist international organization intends to d.o ... "That are the limits, if any,
to' their expansive and. preselytizing tactics ... From Stettin in
the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has d.e scend.ed.
across the continent ...

"y

And. he also depicted. a counter:
"Neither the sure prevention of war, nor the continuous
rise of werld. organization will be gained. without ... a special
relationship between the British Commonwealth and. Empire and.
the United. States ... I!
.
'
These insights were reinforced. in early 1947 by influential analyses of
George Kennan and. ethers of Soviet motives and. capabilities, which pointed.
out that occasienal and. sporad.ic efforts to feil Soviet pelicy were severely
disadvantaged. . These analysts held. that the West sheuld. seek to oppose
Sovi et expansionism by what the Foreign Affairs "Xl! article of January ,
1947, called. "the adreit and. vigilant application ef counter-ferce."
Such a s.trat egy, it was h eld , would. ferce the Soviet to reassess and. ad.just its policies, and. the U.S. ceuld. expect eventually the llbreak-up
or th e gradual mellewing of Soviet pe'Her. '.' Out of these , and. similar
appreciations of Soviet intent emerged. the conc ept ef a U.S. strategy
of involvement.

'?J

Theory was swiftly abetted. by event. The British netified.
th e U.S. that it 'Hould. b e un.able to extend. its economi c and. military aid.
to Greece and. Turkey beyond. March, 1947. The U.S., rather than accept
the distinct pO'ssibili ty O'f a Seviet intrusiO'n fO'llevdng British 'Hi thdra'Hal,
chO'se to' take up the burd.en the British were l aying down in the eastern
Medi terranean. Congress authO'rized. in May, 1947, some $400 million for
dir ect aid. to' thO'se cO'untries, acting upen the recO'mmendatiO'n ef' President
Truman in the March, 1947, message kne"m since as the "Truman DO'ctrine":
"I believe that it must be the pelicy ef the United. States
to suppO'rt fl'ee peoples who are resisting attempted. subjugation
by armed. minorities or by eutsid.e pressures. I believe 'He must.
assist free peoples to 'Hork out their mm d.e stinies in their
. "3/
own way...
2J
The Presid.ent ",ent en to' und.erscore the U. S. d.etermination to commit its
r eseurces to contain communism,clearly subordinating military aid to

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economic and. political means.

Fina,lly :

liTo insur e the peaceful d.evelopment of nations, free from
coercion, th e United. States has taken a lead.ing part in establishing the Unit ed. Nations. The United. Nations is d.esigned to make
possible frectl.om and. ind.epend.ence for all its members . We shall
not re a lize our objectives, however, unless vle are ,villing to
h elp fr ee peoples to maintain their free institution and. their
national int egrity against aggressive movements that seek to i mpose upon th em totalitarian regimes. 1I
b.

Marshall Plan,

1947

The U.S. Secretary of Stat e on June 5, 1947, proposed. the
cooperative interna tional economic aJd. subsequently entitled. the European
Recovery Program ( ERP ), but knmm wid.ely as the Marshall Plan. ERP was at
first explicitly d.esigned. to permit and. even attract Soviet cooperation :
"Our policy i s d.irected. not against any country or d.octrine
but a,gainst hunger , poverty , d.esparation and. chaos. Its purpose
should. be the revival of a working economy in the world. so as to
permit the emergence of political and. social conditions i n YThich
fr ee institutions can exist . 1I

!!J

But the Sovie t r ebuffed. the Marshall Plan, turned. Bloc propaganda against
i t as an adjunct of the TrUIllan Doctr ine, and. by so d.o ing , bifurcated. Europe .
l'Ioreover, among three top-leve l U. S. cOITlmi ttees examining ways of bring ing
U. S. r esources to b ear on Europea.n recovery , the Committee on Foreign Aid.
(Harriman Committee ) found. that:
liThe int erest of the Unit ed. Sta tes in Europe ..• cannot b e
measured. simply.in economic t erms . It i s also strategic and.
poli tical. We all know that vle are faced. in the world. today
with hlO conflicting i d.eologies ... Our position in th e world. has
b een bas e d. for at l east a century on the existence in Europe of
a number of strong states cornrni tted. by trad.ition and. inclina tion to the d.emocra ti c concept ... II

11

The bipolar world. had. begun t o emerge . In J anuary , 1948 , the Briti sh
For eign Secretary, following talks with the U.S. Se cretary of State , pro p osed. an a lliance among the U.K., France, and. the Benelux nations, r efer ring to lithe conception of the unity of Europe and. the preservation of
Europe as the heart of vlestern civilization." §}
At the end. of February ,
1948 , western Europe was shocked. by the fall of the Czechoslovakian government to a communist coup d.'etat. · In March , the Br iti sh- proposed. a l liance
was contracted. as the Brussels Ba,ct , a fifty-year treaty of collective
d.e fense and. economic collaboration. U.S. approval was immediate; the
Pr esid.ent told Congress that:
lilts significance goes fa.r beyond. the actual terms of the
agreement itself. It i s a notable. ste'p in the d.irection of

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unity in Europe ... This development deserves our full support.
I am confident the United States will , by appropriate means ,
extend to the free nations the support which the situation
r equires ... It 1/
c.

ERP and NATO, 1948-1949

On 1 April, 1948, the Soviets initiated the blockade of Berlin.
In late April, the President called a conference of his senior advisers
to consider the Soviet threat, as well as the possibility of communist
fomented uprisings in France and Italy. John Foster Dulles, then State
Department consultant, later reported that the conferees agreed that:
" ••. Onlya decisive pronouncement by the United States
would check the fear that vlas inspired by Moscow ... Land that
the U.S. shou~ proceed along the lines of a North Atlantic
regional pact ... 1t
Dulles also stated that Senator Vandenberg:

r'

1t • • • Felt that the Senate liked the idea of r egional
associations and vlould be disposed to approve in prinCiple a further
developing of such associations for collective defense. 1t

W

In May, 19Lf8, Senator Vandenbe.rg introduced a resolution adopted by the
Senate on June 11, 1948, by a vote of 64 to 4, advising the Executive to
undertake the:
1t • • • Progressive development of r egional and other collective arrangements for individual and collective self-defense
in accordance with the purposes, principles, and provisions of
the Charter [Of the
association of the United States, by
constitutional process, with such regional and other collective
arrangements as are based on continuous and effective self-help
. and mutual aid, and as affect it s nc:-tional secu.rity. It

uJfl,

2/

The Department of State later explained to Congress that Itthe contents of
this r esolution ... became our guide in the di scuss ion and subsequent negotiations 'Ivhich l ed to the North Atlantic Pact." ~
In June , 1948, Congress also passed the Economic Cooperation
Act, establishing the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) to administer a program of foreign aid . The following month, armed with the Economic
Cooperation Act and the Vandenberg Resolution, the U.S. opened exploratory
talks on an alliance with the Brussels Pact memu ers and Canada . Subsequently, the talks "Jere broadened to include t.v.lelve nations. On April 4,
1949, the North Atlantic Treaty was signed , and in lat e July ratified by
the Senate. It entered into force August 24, 1949.

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d..

".

The China Aid. Program

In the meantime, U.S. policy suffered. a s e tback in Asia.
A China Aid. Program had. been enacted. by Congress in June, 1948, in the
same omnibus forei gn assistance legislation which authorized. ERP and. ECA.
The China Aid. Pro ~ram met almost i mmediate fail~re , for Mao's armies spread
unchecked. over .the China mainland., and. by late 1949, the position of the
Nationalists there was untenable. This "failure" of U.S. aid. -- it was
t ermed. such by Congres s ional critics -- no less than the urgent situation
in Europe figured. in Congressional action on military assistance legislation placed. before it in 1949.

ll/

e.

MDAP)

1949

In September 1949, th e Soviets explod.ed. their first nuclear
device. On October 6, 1949, Congress passed. the Mutual Defense Assistance
Ac.t, designed. as a comprehensive law, provid.ing a Mutual Defense Assistance
Program (MDAP ) through which U,S. arms, military equipment and. training
assistance might be provide d. for collective defense. In the first appropriations under MDAP, NATO tountries received. 76% of the total, and. Greece
and. Turkey (not yet NATO members ), 16%. ~
But Korea and. th e Philippines
received. modest aid, and. the legislators clearly intended. the law to und.er write subsequent appropriations for collective security in Asia . The opening paragraph of the Im'T not only supported. NATO, but foreshadowed. SEATO:
"An Act to Promote the Foreign Policy and. Provide for
the Defense and. General Welfcore of the Unite d. States
by Furnishing Military Assistance to Foreign Nat ions,
Approved. Octobe r 6, 1949.
!lBe it enacted. by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United. States of America in Congress assembled., That this
Act may b e cited. as the 'Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949. '

'1 FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF POLICY
liThe Congress of the United. States reaffirms the policy of
the Unit ed. States to achieve international peace and. security
thr ough the United. Nations so that armed. force shall not be used.
except in the common interest . The Congress hereby find.s that
the efforts of the United. States and. other countries to promote
peace and. security in furth eranc e of the purposes of the Charter
of the United. Nations require additional measures of support
bas ed. upon the principle of continuous and. effective self-help
and. mutual aid. . These measures include th e furnishing of military
assistance essential to enable the United. States and. other nations
dedicated. t o the purposes and. principles of the United. Nations
Charter to participate effectively in arrangements for individual
and. collective self-d.efense in support of those purposes and.
principles . In furnishing such military assistance, it remains

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the policy of the United. States to continue to exert maximrun
efforts to obtain agreements to provid.e the Uni ted. Nations with
armed. forces as contemplated. in the Charter and. agreements to
achieve universal control of "[eapons of mass destruction and.
universal regulation and. reduction of armaments, including armed.
~', forces, under adequate safeguards to protect complying nations
against violation and. evasion.

I
\

"The Congress hereby expresses itself as favoring the creation by the free countries and. the free peoples of the Far East
of a j oint organization, consistent with the Charter of the
Unit ed Nations, to establish a program of self-help and. mutual
cooperation designed. to develop their economic and. social wellbeing, to safeguard basic rights and. liberties and. to protect
their security and. independ.ence .
"The Congress 'recognizes that economic recovery is essential to int ernational peace and. security and must be given clear
priority. The Congress also recognizes that the increased confid.ence of free peoples in their ability to resist d.irect or
ind.i rect aggression and. to maintain internal security vdll ad.vance such recovery and. support political stability."

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f.

Precursor Pacts in Asia

With the Nationalist evacuation to Formosa in November , 1949,
an urgent situation developed. in Asia that in ways paralleled. the cond.itions that prompted. formation of NATO. The rise of Mao's Peoples Republic
of China (PRC ) seemed. to project the monolithic power of Soviet communism
to the eastern shores of Asia, menacing the relatively small nations along
China ' s periphery like the Russians threatened. Western Europe. The Chinese parroted. the Kremlin's aggressive announcements, participated. in the
assault on South Korea, and. provided aid. to Ho Chi Minh in Southeast Asia.

. ,

U.S. counteract ion was forthcoming. By 1951, in an effort
to bolster the defensive capabilities of the area, the U.S. had. become
a partner in five separate defense treaties in the region. Four bilateral
arrangements linked. the U. S. vlith J apan, South Korea, Na.tionalist China,
and. the Philippines, forming an arc around. the periphery of Communist China.
In ad.d.ition, the ANZUS Treaty vIas signed. in 1951, and. the Five-Pm'ler Staff
Agency (composed. of Australia, New Zealand., France, UK, and. US) vIas formed.
in 1953 If to facilitate coord.i nation on problems in Southeast Asia. II In
1954, John Foster Dulles recall ed that:
I1When I went out to the Pacific area in 1950 to b egin the
negotiations which resulted. in the Japane se Peace Treaty and.
a s e ries of secQrity treaties, the original hope had. been that
we could. have a fairly broad. collective security arrangement.
As it happened., it was not possible to d.o at that time, and. we
were content p e rforce vlith a series of treaties ... But those
treaties themselves indicated. that vIe d.id. not regard. them as
an end., but only as a b eginning ... It

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"

,

From 1949 through 1953 the National Security Council maintained. the view
that a broader r egional defense pact or association should. be initiated.
by the countries of the area, gJ
In the follo,ving 1950 exchange with
Congressman Fulton, Secretary of State Acheson expressed. Administration
policy:
.

'

"MR, 'FUI,TON: May I read. to the Secretary from the second ..
paragraph of the Mutual Defense Assistance Act:
(

It "

'The Congress hereby expresses itself as favoring the creation by the free countries and free peoples of the Far East, of
a joint organization consistent with the Charter of the United.
Nations to establish a program of self-help and. mutual cooperation designed. to develop their economic and. social well-being,
to safeguard. the basic rights and. liberties, and. to protect their
security and. independence. '
"Now may I point out that is a bipartisan policy, because
it was two Republicans and. two Democrats on this committee v1ho
put'that amendment in. My ~uestion then is to the Secretary
and. to the State Department , why, when this was passed. clear
back in 1949, October 6, has not the State Department taken
steps to put into effect the d.e clared. bipartisan foreign policy
of the Congress? IT

I.

"SECRETARY ACHESON: Mr. Fulton, I think it is important
for you to really look at your own ''lOrd.s . You said. that the
Congress expresses itself as favoring the creation by the free
countries and. free peoples of the Far East of certain things.
NOvl the President stated. he favors that.
On all occasions he
has stated. i t and. I have stated. that that is the attitud.e of
the Govern.rnent of the United. States. I should. think that the
President and. I and. the Congress are all agreed. that the very
important words are that this organization should. be created. by
the free peoples of the Far East and. not created. by the United.
States. We are not calling these nations together and. you never
. asked. us to call these nations together and. tell them they should.
create something. I knov; that your kno'V11edge of the Far East
is sufficient to lead. you to conclude that if we did. that it "TOuld.
have exactly the opposite effect of the one which you wish to
achieve. The President of the Philippines has been going forward
. to accomplish this. We have stated, to him, and. publicly, that
we are most sympathetic to this activity on his part , but it
is most important that it should. be a spontaneous Asian action .!t }fd
g.

Indochina and. United Action, 1954

In the spring of 1954, however, the d.e terioration of the
French situation in Indochina caused. a re-evaluation of U.S. policy on
collective security in Asia and. pr ecipitated proposals by the U. S. to
the French,'the British and several other countries to establish some
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kind. of Southeast Asian coalition. On 6 April 1954, the NSC, asked. to
consider Ilappropriate action regarding Ind.ochina and. the need. for U. S.
military intervention, Il replied. that the best alternative was a regional
grouping with maximum Asian participation. ~
On 13 May, the NSC looked.
to It avoid. the loss of Indochina and. to resolve the colonial problem by
the creation of a regional grouping.1t ~
Crisis transformed. the U.S.
position on a tvide re gional alliance from that of a potential joiner to
that of an anxious organize r.
When the U.S. position changed., the pendulum swung far, producing not only the general concept of Itunited. action, It but also several
specific plans for U. S. -allied. intervention in Ind.o china in a variety of
circumstance s. Secretary Dulles approached. the British and.

(Text continues in the original file: 59 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-2 — [Part IV. A. 1.] Evolution of the War. NATO and SEATO: A Comparison

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-2
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-2
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 report: the only thing hotter than the war was its classification level.

- Part IV A 1., NARA pdf, titled Evolution of the War…, authored by NWD, dated 2011.
- Reports U.S. military aid to France in Indochina, 1950‑1954, Cold‑War context, mixed outcomes.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 5.1967
VIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
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Seo Def Cent Nr. X-_ 0295

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IV. A. 2.

AID FOR I'RANCE IN INDOCHINA, 1950-1954
SUMMARY

The United States decision to provide military assistance to France
and the Associated States of Indochina ..Tas reached informally in February/
March 1950, funded by the President on May 1, 1950, and ,vas announced on
May 8 of that y ear . The decision was taken in spite of the U.S. desire to
avoid direct involvement in a colonial war, and in spite of a sensing that
France's political-military situation in Indochina was bad and was deteriorating. Moreover, predictions that U.S. aid would achieve a marked difference in the course of the Indochina War were heavily ~ualified.
The situation in which the decision ..ms made was completely domina,ted
by the take-over of and consolidation of power in China by the communists.
Nationalist Chinese forces had been withdrawn from mainland China and Communist Chinese troops had arrived on the border of Indochina in late 1949.
This period was the high water mark of U.S. fears of direct Chines e Commun:i.st int ervention in Indochina. NIE 5 of 29 December 1950 stated:
"Direct intervention by Chinese Communi st troops may occur at any time ...
it is almost certain to occur in strength whenever there is danger either
that the Viet Minh will fail to maintain its military objective of driving
the French out of Indochina, or that the Bao Dai Government is succeeding
in undermining the support of the Viet Minh."
The rationale of the decision was provided by the U.S. vi ev; that the
Soviet-controlled expansion of communism both in Asia and in Europe re~uired,
in the int erests of U.S. national security, a counter in Indochina. The
domino thes is was ~uit e prominent. On 6 March 1950, the Secretary of Defense
wrote the President as follovTs: ItThe choice confronting the United States
is to support the legal government in Indochina or to face the extension
of communism over the remainder of the continental area of Southeast Asia
and possibly wesh;rard .•. It Despite this statement , it was a generally
accepted proposition that Itregardless of current U.S. commitments for certain military assistance to China, the U.S. will not commit any of its
armed forces to the defense of Indochina against overt, for eign aggression,
under present circumstances .1t
The decision to b egin military assistance to France and the Associated
States of Indochina was not made under the illusion of great expectations.
In April 1950, the Joint Chiefs would go no fUrther than to say that prompt
delivery of the aid would do no more than create the Itpossibility of success."
In July 1950, General Erskine, after completing his President ial mission
to Indochina, reported that J1the amount of aid and the scope of the assistance thus far reQuested by the French were inadeQuate to the needs of the
situation. It All U. S. expectations seemed to have been underpinned by the
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Joint Chiefs' belief that "attainment of United States objectives in Asia
can only be achieved by ultimate success in China."
Results of the decision were mixed. Although implementation of the
decision was partially successful in that it enabled the French to continue
the military campaign in Indochina to the time of the Geneva Accords, military assistance vias by and large a failure as an instrument of U. S. policy:
the U.S. neither assured the French a military success, influenced . the
political situation to advantage, nor prevented the loss of North Vietnam
to the communists at Geneva.
The U.S. ~~G Indochina was unable to perform even the limited functions assigned it. The French, never eager for U.S. advice, succeeded
in limiting the function of MAAG to order-taking in the commer cial sense.
Contributing to the initial U.S. decision to aid the French, and to
limiting the effectiveness of the U. S. program of assistance, vlere (1)
setting i mpracticable preconditions for assistance upon the French, (2) the
U.S. proclivity to accept a slender chance of success without weighing alternatives, (3) the suppression of alternatives l eading to decisional circularityand reinforcement of existing policies, (4) repeated failures of
the U.S. to bargain effectively with the French, and (5) the vulnerability
of the U.S. policy-making machinery to spoofing, particularly as regards
U.S. credulity in accepting French information at face value and in being
susceptible to "r ed" scares.
The decision to provide assistance to France and the Associated States
is the focus of this discussion; it was but one issue among hundreds preoccupying the United States Government in the time period under consideration ~- the fall of China and the Korean War -- and it was probably not
regarded by those who made policy as among their critical decisions. There
is no evidence of any high U.S. official arguing that any significant commitment threshold 'vas being crossed. There were, however, those who maintained
that the important anti-colonial stand of the U.S. was being undermined.
These voice s (and they were basically from the public doma.in) were drowned
out by those who advocated immediate security needs. The importance of the
decision vTas that when the U. S. 'vas faced with an unamb i guous choice between
a policy of anti-colonialism and a policy of anti-communism, it chose the
latter. And, although the decision 'vas not perceived as getting the U.S.
more de eply "involved" in Indochina, it did mark a tangible first step in
that direction.

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IV.A.2.
AID FOR FRANCE IN INDOCHINA, 1950-1954
TABLE OF CONTENTS AND OUTLINE
Page
1. The U.S. and the French Colonial War.......... 1
2. The Containment of Communism..... ... 2
3. "The Line of Containment" and "The Domino Theory" ..…... 3
4. U.S. Perception of the Chinese Communist Threat............. 4
5. U.S. Perceptions of the Situation within Vietnam............. 5
a. The Military Situation........ ...... 5
b. The Economic and Political Situation..... . 6
c. French Objectives in Vietnam....... 6
d. French Resolve to Remain in Vietnam...... 6
6. The Decision to Assist France and the Associated States...... 6
-
a. French Request Aid...... 6
b. The Griffin Mission........ ..••
c. JCS Views......... 8
.
d. Presidential Approval....... ... 10
e. Erskine Mission....... 11
f. JCS Reevaluation...... 11
7. MAP for Indochina......... ... 14
a. Magnitude....... 14
b. Effectiveness...... .. 15
8. Critique........ 17
a. French Misestimated.......... 17
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Slim Chance Accepted .

18

c.

Circular Pol icy .

18

d.

Poor "Bar ga i ning ...... . ................................. .

18

e.

Mi s i nforma,t i on .........

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

18

f.

Co s t s Not Weighed ...................................... .

19

0

Footnot e s ....................... e o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•

••••••••

20

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SECRET
DISSIDENT ACTIVITIES IN INDOCHINA
(3 November 1950)
Areas in which Communist-led rebels
are challenging governmant authority.
Areas in which Communist-instigated
guerrilla attacks have recently occurred.
Lai Chuu
8 Moncay
Haiphong Hon Gay Haoi
0
HAINAN
Dong Hoi
THAILAND
Quang Ngai
BANGKOK Dui Nhon
CAMBODIA
Nha Trar
Dalat
PNOMPENH,
e
SAIGON
SOURCE: CIA,NIE-5
Map Supplement
5 January 1951
5D
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MILES A
L
50.
Mekong
B oLocninh
PNOMPENH
ODAISTS
ThuDau Mot
Chowdoc Cholon SAIGON
Plain XBINHA
of Reeds KUYEN Baria
Mythol o
LoHatien Anhoa
Cape
Vinhlong Bentre Binhdai St Jacques
Rachgia HOAHAO
Cantho Caivon
Soctrang o A
L -E
S Baclieu
J S
Camau o
J F
G 0 A
N
1 Poulo
H Condore-
C-
COCHINCHINA IN 1949
Source: L. Bodard,
Vietminh- The Quicksand War
dominated (Boston:Httle,Erown&Co.
Zones, 1949 1967),30.
5B

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H i. N A MILES
5 0 1
NA.M L.Bodard,The Quicksand War
(Boston:Ittle,Brown,&Co.,1967
pp.4-5.
Caobanga .
Lnichau Hiehan
Flang Saly US .KWANGTUNG
SREN
Dinbienghu Langson
Sonl Hanoi ouhy
Nasan
.laiphong- oAong
<
Mckong Ninhdinh -GULFOF-
Louang TONKIN
Prabaing hanhhoa
HAINAN
Khouang
UVientiang -SOUTH-
Donghoi
Thakhek
$2
Quangtri 2
Savannakhet Hue CHINA
s
Tourane
THAILAN'D Altopeu Quangngar
o
Dakto SEA
Kontur
Bangkok..Sisophon Binhdinh Quinhon
Angkor
o Siemreap
Battambang Ban Me Thuot
CA MB 0 D A o
Mekong Kratic Nhatrang
GULF: Dalat
0 Djiring Phanrang
-OF Pnompenh
STAM Kampot INA FPhanthiet
INDOCHINA IN 1949 INDOCHINA IN 1949
Baclieu
Vietminh- o
Cama
dominated
Zones, 1949 vPoulo Condore

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H N
B .
U N HY
3 Caobang
Hoang Su O
Phongtho )o Laokay Nguyenbinh 2
Chapa Thatkhe
Laichau Backan
tano
Black Lanigson
Thainguyen
Dienbienphu Dinhlap
o Vietri Phu LangThuong
Sonl Vinhyen Bacninh
Nasan Sontay, HANOL
G Haidugng
Hadong Kesac o
Haiphong
S
Phuly
MILES Namdinh
755 linhbinh
Vietminh- sphatdiem
dominated TONKIN IN 1949
Zones, 1949
Source: L.Bodard,The
Quicksand War(Boston:Little
Broan &CO.,1967),22
5C

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1.

Introduction:

The U.S. and the French Colonial War

Because the early phase (1946-1949) of the Indochina war 'vas an
overt attempt by the French to reassert authority and control over their
Indochines~ colonies, the United States, although aware that European
Recovery Program (ERP) funds were indirectly used to finance the war,
refused to support that war directly. However, American actions taken
to assure a neutral position -- refusal to sell armaments to the French
for use in Indochina; refusal to transport troops, arms, or ammunition
"to or from Netherlands East Indies or French Indochina" -1.1 -- accompanied by .public and private statements of anti-colonialist sentiments, did
constitute, at least in French eyes, a policy hostile to the French interest
in Indochina. ~
Therefore, early in 1947, the Department of State
attempted to reassure the French Government, and to make U.S. policies and
actions more palatable to them:

"... In spite any misunderstanding which might have arisen
in minds French in regard to our position concerning Indochina
they must appreciate that we have fully recognized France's
sovereign position in that area and we do not ,vish to have it
appear that we are in any way endeavoring undermine that position, and French should knOlv it is our desire to be helpful
and iie stand ready assist any appropriate way we can to find
solution for Indochinese problem. At same time we cannot shut
our eyes to fact that there are two sides this problem and that
our reports indicate both a lack French understanding of other
side (more in Saigon than in Paris) and continued existence
dangerously outmoded colonial outlook and methods in area .... " -.3./
Neither direct nor indirect assistance to the French effort in
Indochina was deemed "appropriate," however, until the French took concrete steps to grant autonomy to Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The U.S.
was prepared to support the "Bao Dai solution" for Vietnam when and if
Bao Dai acquired genuine independence. The U.S. warned France against
settling for a "native government Lheaded by Bao Day i·'hich_b~ failing
to develop appeal among Vietnamese might become virtually La~-pu~et
gover~ent, separated from jJ,hi/ people and existing only by Lth~ presence
French military forces." ..lJj

£Oil

In March, 194,9, in the so-called Elysee Agreement, France contracted with Bao Dai to grant "independence within the French Union" to
Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. -21
Despite U.S. urgings, the Elysee Agreement remained a potentially empty and ill-defined French promise for eleven
months. In that period, ~the Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-shek were
driven from the China mainland, and in November, Mao's legions arrived at
the Indochina. border. In January, 1950, Ho Chi Minh declared that his was
the "only legal government of the Vietnamese people" and indicated his
willingness to cooperate with any nation willing to recognize it on the
basis of "equality and mutual respect of national sovereignty and territory."§)

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The Communist Chinese promptly responded with recognition, followed by
the Soviets. In France, there was a sharp deb ate in the National Assembly
between Leftist advocates of an immediate truce with the Viet Minh, and
Government supporters of ratific ation for the Elysee Agreement. On
2 February 1950, the French Government prevailed, and the Elysee Agreement
was formally ratified. Under the circumstances, the United States determined that this action met its minimum requirements for t angible French
progress towards Vietnamese autonomy. On 3 February, President Truman
approved recognition of the States of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.
Within three months the United States decided to extend economic and
military aid to the new States. On 8 May 1950, the Secretary of State
announced that:

-11

"The United States Government, convinced that neither
national independence nor democratic evolution exist in any
area dominated by Soviet imperialism, considers the situation
to be such as to warrant its ac cording economic aid and military equipment to the Associated States of Indochina and to
France in order to assist them in restoring stability and
pernritting these states to pursue their peaceful illld democratic
development." .!lI
The U.S. involvement in the Vietnam "rar originated with its
decision to provide assistance to France and the Associated States, and
to form ~~G Indochina. Therefore, it is of particular importance to
understand the reasons for the decision, the form of its execution, and
its effects.
2.

The Containment of Communism

U.S. chagrin and increasing concern over the post-World War II
expansion of the Soviet Union in Europe, together with fear of further
gains by communism, set the tone of U.S. policy toward Asian communist
nations in the 19L~8-1950 period. As the Secretary of State I s statement
above indicates, these were the days of the IImonolithic Communist bloc,"
dorllnated by the Soviet Union. A National Security Council policy paper
of 1949 stated that:
"The USSR is now an Asiatic power of the first magnitude
with expanding influence and interest extending throughout
continental Asia and into the Pacific. Since the defeat of
Japan ... the Soviet Union has been able to consolidate its
strategic position until the ba se of Soviet power in Asia
comprises not only the Soviet Far East, but also China north
of the Great Wall, Northern Korea, Sakahalin, and the Kuriles."

21

The question of how best to oppose the expansion of communism
in Asia was raised to crisis proportions by the "loss" of China. An
extensive and acrimonious national debate on foreign policy viaS stirred,
conducted in the midst of grm·ring public apprehension over communist
penetration, espionage , and subversion in Europe and within the United
States its elf. In Congress, a particularly active and vocal group

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advocated increased aid to the Chinese Nationalists, who \-Tere regarded by
many, even at this late date, as the bulwark containing communism in
Asia. lQ/
Although no major emphasis was given Indochina in 1949, NSC
papers did discuss the importance of the Franco-Viet Minh struggle, and
link the future of Indochina ..lith that of the rest of the \-Torld:
"In any event, colonial-nationalist conflict provides a
fertile field for subversive communist activities, and it is
now clear that Southeast Asia is the target of a coordinated
offensive directed by the Kremlin. In seeking to gain control
of Southeast Asia, the Kremlin is motivated in part by a desire
to ac~uire Southeast Asia's resources and communication lines,
and to deny them to us. But the political gains which would
accrue to the USSR from communist capture of Southeast Asia
are e~ually significant. The extension of communist authority
in China represents a grievous political defeat for us: if
Southeast Asia also is swept by communism we shall have suffered
a major political rout the repercussions of which will be felt
throughout the rest of the world, especially in the Middle East
and in a then critically exposed Australia. 1t -QJ
It was precisely the extension of communist authority over China referred to
above that led to increased emphasis in U.S. policy on Indochina in late
1949 and 1950.
Following the Chinese Communist victories of 1949 and the movement
of Chinese Communist troops to the border of Indochina in November of that
year, NSC 64 (February 7, 1950) concluded that Itthe Departments of State
and Defense should prepare, as a matter of priority, a program of all
practicable measures designed to protect U.S. security int erests in Indochina. 1t
On the same day, ~
following the Communist Chinese
(January 18) and the Soviet (January 30) recognition of the Ho Chi Minh
regime, ~
the United States announced its recognition of the Baa Dai
Government. Theretofore, the U.S. had remained neutral, hesitating to
choose between supporting France, a friendly colonial power engaged in
re-e stablishing its authority, or suppor~ing the Viet Minh, a communistdominated independence movement in opposition to that European ally.
This dilemma had been resolved by the victory of the Chinese Communists
over the Nationalists , and by the threat posed to Indochina. The United
States policy of support for the French and the Associated States was
adjudged one befitting an anti-colonial democracy: support of nationalism
and independence; opposition to attempted encroachments thereon by international communism.

W

3.

"The Line of Containment" and "The Domino Theorylt

The logic of this shift in U.S . policy is found not only in the
direct threat to Southeast Asia posed by Communist China (and the Soviet
Union), but also in the broader strategic concept of a line of containment, and in the early articulation of what later became known as the

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IIdomino theory." Discussion of the line of containment centered about .where
that line VlaS to be drawn: Indochina, a..rld, later, -Korea, fell on the free
side of that line. ~
The domino notion had been advanced by General Claire
Chennault, among others , in the reference to Nationalist . China 16/; the domino
theory as applied to Indochina reinforced the decision of vThere to draw the
line of containment. Both ideas were embodied by the Joint Chiefs of Staff
in a 1950 memorandum to the Secretary of Defense evaluating "the strategic
importance, from the military point of view, of Southeast Asia":
"c. Southeast Asia is a vital segment in the line of
cont ainment of Communism stretching from J apan southvTard and
around to the Indian Peninsula .•. The security of the three
major non-Communist base areas in this quarter of the world -Japan, Indi a, and Australia -- depends in a large measure on
. the denial of Southeast Asia to the Communists. If Southeast
Asia is lost , these three base areas will tend to be isolated
from one another;
"d. The fall of Indochina would undoubtedly lead to the
fall of the other mainland states of Southeast Asia •..
lie. The fall of Southeast Asia ,wuld result in the
virtually complete denial to the United States of the Pacific
Littoral of Asia ..•
IIf . •.. Soviet control of all the major components of
Asia's war potential might become a decisive factor affecting
the balance of pmver bet"\veen the United States and the USSR .•.
IIg. A Soviet position of dominance over the Far East
would also thre aten the United States position in Japan ... The
fea s ibility of retention by the United States of its offshore
isla.l1d bases could thus be jeopardized . 11 !11
This th eory , Ivhether more or less completely articulated, appears in the
relevant NSC papers of the Indochina l\Tar period, and underlies all major
U.S. policy decisions taken relevant to the area . l§j

4. u.s. Perception of the Chinese Communist Threat
In the words of NSC 64 (February, 1950), liThe presence of Chinese
Communist troops along the border of Indochina makes it possible for arms,
material and troops to move freely from Communist China to the northern
Tonkin area now controlled by Ho Chi Minh. There is already evidence of
movement of arms. II 19/
NIE 5 maintained somewhat later, as the decision
to help the Fren.ch was being re-examined, that: "The Communist Chinese
regime is already furnishing the Viet Minh materiel, training, and technical
assistance" Official French sources report that Chinese Communist troops .
are already present in Tonkin in some strength ..• 20/
Direct intervention
by Chinese Conrrnunist troops ma,y occur at any tinle.-:: It is almost certain

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to occur in strength vlhenever there is danger either that the Viet Minh
will fail to attain its military objective of driving the French out of
Indochina, or that the Bao Dai Government is succeeding in undermining
the support of the Viet Minh.1t W
NIE 5 appeared on December 29, 1950.
Although the threat of intervention to be expected from COIT@unist
China did not again reach this intensity or certainty during the r emainder
of the war -- the estimated probability of intervention declined consistently
after the pUblication of NIE 5 -- estimates throughout the period indicate
continuing Communist Chinese provision of military arms, materiel, and
training to the Viet Min~, and the existence of Communist Chinese potential
for direct intervention. No direct reference was made to possible Vi et
Minh resentment toward, or resistance to, direct Chinese intervent ion.
In sum, the U.S. perceived a major Chinese threat at the time
the decision to support France and the Associated States was made; a high
probability was assigned direct Chinese Communist intervention at the time
this decision vTaS being confirmed ; this assigned probability declined rapidly,
and it r emained low through the post-Korean war period. It was believed
that the Chinese were providing assistance to the Viet Minh throughout
the period late 1949-1954.

5.

u.s. Percept ions of the Situation within Vietnam

On April 5, 1950, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, referring to intelligence estimates, indicated to the Secretary of Defense their view that
Itthe situation in Southeast Asia has deteriorated,1t and that, further,
"without United States assistance, this deterioration vli11 be accelerated . It
(The implica tion that U.S. assistance would result in improvement over and
above the present situation cannot be detected in this carefully vTorded
statement.) The Joint Chiefs of Staff went on to state that: ItIn general,
the basic conditions of political and economic stability in this area, as
well as the military and internal security conditions, are unsatisfactory .
Thes e factors are clos ely i'n terrela ted, and it is probable that, from the
long-term point of view, political and economic stability is the controlling
factor. On the other hand, the military situation in some areas, particularly Indochina, is of pressing urgency .1t

m

NIE 5 was the over-all U.S. assessment of the situation in Vietnam
closest in time to the U.S. decis ion to support the French and the As sociated
States. It estimated the French position as Itcritically endangere d by the
Viet Minh," and as Itprecarious .II?J.1
Combining the more detailed estimates
of this document w'ith statements and estimates contained in other U. S. documents contemporary with NIE 5, the follm<Ting picture emerges:
a.

The Military Situation
(1)

French-Viet Minh areas of control - see maps

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b.

(2)

Force ratio - French between 1.5 and 1.6 to 1 Viet Minh;
vi s - a-vis regular forces in the Tonkin Delta, the ratio
vlaS reversed - approximately 1.15 Viet Minh to 1 French
(NIE 5).

(3)

Equipment status - French superiority, but Viet Minh
improving due to Chinese aid.

(4)

Mobility - Viet Minh superior; French roadbound.

(5)

Strategy - French strategy lacking in aggress iveness ,
defensive, of doubtful value.

(6)

Status of Vietnamese National Army - essentially none;
lIonly a slight chance that the French can maintain their
military position long enough ll ?l!J to build such an army .

(7)

Relative capabilities - danger of a major military defeat
of the French by the Viet Minh in Tonkin vlithin six to
nine months, \vhich would jeopardize the French position
in the remainder of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

The Economic and Political Situation

French re sources badly strained; little or no re al nationalist
Vietnamese leadership, government; little popular support of Bao Dai regime
~; political and economic situation generally poor.
c.

French Objectives in Vietnam

French slo"mess and obstructionism over the years in creating
a Vietnamese national government and national army (March 8, 1949, agreements vrere not ratified by France until February 2 , 1950), and continued
slovmess in giving control of the bureaucracy to the Vietna.mese , indicate
a reluctant departure, if any departure, from colonial objectives.
d.

French Resolve to Remain in Vietnam

11 • • • there are grounds for questioning the French will to
remain in Indochina. 1I 26/

Thus, the American perception of the situation in Vietnam in 1950 was generally
one of gloom, vlith little light at the end of the tunnel; in retro spect , it
seems reasonably accurate .

6. The Decision to Assist France and the Associated States
a.

French Request Aid

United States involvement in the bleak Indochinese situation
was hastened ,'Then, on February 16, 1950, the French requested U.S. military

6

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and economic assistance for the prosecution of the Indochinese war . The
French fonvarded their r equest after deciding "to set forth to the United
States Government fully and frankly the extreme gravity of the situat ion
in Indochina ..• "

"
the truth of the matter was that the effort in Indochina was such of a dr ain on France that a long-term program
of as s ist ance was necessary and it was only from the United
States that it could come . OtheTITise ••. it viaS very likely
that France might be forced to reconsider her entire poli cy
with the possible vie1" to cutting her losses and withdrawing
from Indochina ... looking i nto the future it \vas obvious ...
that France could not· continue indefinitely to bear this burden alone if the expected developments in regard. to i ncreased
assistance to Ho Chi Minh came about .•• In any event the French
Government was confronted with necessity of reducing the present
French forces in Indochina by at least 25,000 not only for
budgetary reasons, but because additional men were urgently
needed in conn~ct ion 1.-rith French national military program ." 27/
Yet this appeal for aid, its thinly-veiled r einforcing arguments referring
to \vi thdrawal and the defense of Europe ( on the day follovling the severing
of U. S . -Bulgarian relations), IvaS unaccompanied by a \-Tillingness to satisfy
a U. S . request for France to announce the "evolutionary nature ll of the
governments of the Associat ed States , or to clarify otheTITise the French
intentions to\-rard I ndochi na .
On February 27, a Department of state report on the position
of the United States with r espect to I ndochina viaS submitted for the NSC I S
consideration . I ssued on February 27 as NSC 6L~, the report concluded
that :
"10. It i s important to United States security int erests
that all practicabl e measures be t aken to prevent further
Communist expansion in Southeast Asia. Indochina is a key
area of Southeast Asia and is under immedi ate threat .
1111. The neighboring countries of Thailand and Burma
could be expected to fall under Comnunist domination if I ndo china were controlled by a Communist-dominated government .
The bal ance of Southeast Asi a \-loul d then be in grave hazard .
. 1112 . Accordingly , the Departments of State and Defense
should prepare as a matter of priority a program of all prac tic able meaS1ITeS designed to protect Unite1 States security
interests in Indochina. 1I ~

To "facilitate ll Department of Defense consideration of NSC 64 , then Deputy
Under Secretary of State Dean Rusk provided Major General J ames H. Burns

(Text continues in the original file: 36 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-3 — [Part IV. A. 2.] Evolution of the War. Aid for France in Indochina, 1950-54

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-3
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-3
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 2011 declassification finally let historians read a 1950s war memo—fashionably vintage.

- Declassified PDF titled “Evolution of the War…1950‑54,” prepared by NWD 2011, archived at NARA.
- Reports U.S. and French roles, French withdrawal, U.S. influence shift, training challenges, and Diem controversy.
- Conclusion: U.S. backed Diem despite French objections, heightening alliance friction.

### Full text

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UNITED STATES VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945. 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE:
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET#13
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Sec Def Cont Mr. 0295

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THE U. S. AND FRANCE I S 1'iI THDRA WAL FROM VIETNAM ,

1954-l956

Foreword
This section of the study traces chronologically relations among
France, the U.S. and the State of Vietnam in the aftermath of the
Geneva Conference. The following are tabbed:
Summary
Chronology
Table of Contents and Outline
Footnotes

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TV. A. 3.

THE U. S. AND FRANCE r S ~nTHDRAWAL FROM VIETNAM
1954-1956
SUMMARY

Vietnam was the crucible of contemporary France. Military defeat
by the Viet Minh -- unprecedented victory of Asian over European -was but one political reagent: there was also intense frustration and
disappointment among French of Rightist-colon convictions that sneakershod Asian peasants could undo a century of costly labor at France's
II c ivilizing mission,1I and jeopardize the largest investment of French
capital in the Far East. The Tonkin Delta region represented in a
special way all that Vietnam meant to France. Tonkin, of all Vietnam,
was where French economic stakes were highest, where the culture Of.
France most completely overglossed indigenous ways, where stood educational focus of Vietnam -- the University of Hanoi, with its French
faculty -- and where Catholicism flourished among the rural folk.
Thus, evacuation of Tonkin per the dictates of the Geneva Settlement
stung less from a sense of humiliation over Dien Bien Phu than from a
sense of abandonment: an epoch had closed, France was demeaned.
Had the Geneva Settlement been fulfilled, France might have retained
a pre~ence and influence in Vietnam that would have mollified both the
Right and Left. After all, no significant body of opinion in France
held the French should continue to mold Vietnamese politics or that the
French Expeditionary Co~s should remain there undiminished -- the
reality of the DRV and the exigencies of North Africa rendered
.
such !a position Untenable. The Left and the Center were quite. willing for
France to withdraw under the Geneva formula; even the IIIndochinal!
clique within the army recognized the priority of Algeria. But France
in the end, at American instance, had to accept withdrawal without the
cover of general elections, and to accede to a second, further, more
final abandonment.
The supplanting of France by the U.S. in South Vietnam, and the
failure of the Geneva Settlement, both well advanced by mid-1956, denied
the French Left its prospects for cooperation with Ho Chi Minh in a
precedent-setting experiment in coexistence. It disappointed moderates
who had hoped to preserve French cultural influence and salvage French
capital. It enraged Rightists who interpreted American policies in
Vietnam invidiously. None of these factions was prepared to take a
stand for France's stayj.ng, but all attempted to draw political
sustenance from acerbic treatment of the U.S.

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The whole episode of French withdrawal from Vietnam, in fact,
soured the Western alliance. It is possible that France's
rejection of the European Defense Community on August 30, 1954, may
have been in part payment for Soviet good offices on behalf of France
at Geneva. But it is certain that many French were persuaded that
the U.S. and the UK furnished inadequate support to France during
the latter phases of the war, and at the Conference. And it is
equally certain that American policy in the aftermath of Geneva
widely alienated affection for the U.S. in France, and created that
lack of confidence which the Suez crisis of summer, 1956, translated
into outright distrust.
After the Geneva Conference, all the governments involved in
the Accords, with one significant exception, anticipated that France
would remain in Vietnam. The exception was the state of Vietnam,
whose Premier, Ngo Dinh Diem, was determined to uproot French
influence as a concomitant to the establishment of a genuinely
independent nationalist government . The policy of the United States
was initially directed toward a partnership with France, a joint
sponsorship of Diem and the nei-lly independent nation he headed.
ADnost at once, however, U.S. policy began to respond to
military urgency, and this in tUIn caused the U.S. to move beyond
partnership to primacy. In September of 1954, SEATO was brought into
being, its protection extended to Vietnam by a protocol to the Manila
Pact. The U.S. resolved through SEATO to balk further expansion of
communist dominion, and looked to transforming Vietnam into a key
redoubt in the line of containment . The U.S. was determined that
Vietnam .Tould become politically sound, economically self-sufficient,
and militarily capable of providing for its own internal security,
coping i-Tith invasion from North Vietnam, and contributing to the
deterrent strength of the SEATO coalition. France, then beset with
internal political divisions, and plagued. with Algeria, evidenced
doubt, indecision, and occasional reluctance in aiding Vietnam toward
the foregoing objectives. The U.S. was not prepared to wait. In
late September 1954, the U.S. cut out the French as middle-men in
all its assistance for Vietnam, and began to deal directly with Diem,
his government, and his armed forces.
France did not readily accept this enlarged American role, nor
was there complete agreement with the U.S. Government that the

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United States should pursue a further shouldering aside of France.
Through the fall of 1954) France-U.S. relations worsened) and a
policy debate developed in Washington. Once again) military considerations emerged as paramount. The JCS Iorere originally opposed
to the United States assuming responsibility for training the Army of
Vietnam. They took the position) however) that if political considerations dictated such a U.S. involvement "the Joint Chiefs of staff
would agree to the assignment of a training mission to MAAG Saigon)
with safeguards against French interference with the U.S. training
mission." On October 26) 1954) the Secretary of Defense) acting on
behalf of the President) instruct ed the JCS to prepare a "long-range
program for the organization and training of a minimum number of free
Vietnam forces necessary for internal security. "The development of
this plan and an appropriate working relationship with the French con~inued into 1955) and necessitated the dispatch to Vietnam of General
J • . Lawton Collins) with Ambassadorial status) to obtain a tri-partite
agreement acceptable in Saigon) in Paris) and in Washington. During
November 1954) the JCS expressed serious reservations about the success
of such a combined undertaking. Nevertheless) the NSC considered the
policy sound) and this judgment was confirmed from the field by
General Collins. Collins reported that:
It would be disastrous if the French Expeditionary
Corps would be withdralom prematurely since otherwise
Vietnam would be overrun by an enemy attack before the
Manila Pact Pmrers could be enacted ..
Collins recommended that the United States continue mili~ary aid to
France to "encourage the French to retain sufficient forces." In the
meantime) events in Vietnam seemed to support those who) like the JCS)
continued to entertain strong reservations about the future of Ngo
Dinh Diem and his government. Diem managed to survive attempted coups
by army leaders) and succeeded in maintaining an unhappy p eace with the
several armed factions of Cochinchina. But his political future
remained questionable at best. At the same time) the French mission
in Hanoi pressed hard to preserve French economic and cultural prerogatives in North Vietnam) and certain French political leaders in
Paris spoke grandiloquently of a cooperative modus vivendi with the
DRV becoming a model for east-west relations ::-a-disquieting message
for the U.S. Secretary of State and those who shared his convictions
within the Administration. Finally) parallel to these developments)
the Emperor Ba o Dai) retaliating for Diem's vituperative political
campaign against him) actively sought to supplant Diem.
All the foregoing tension resolved to two central issues between
the Unit ed States and Franc e . The first was the question of how and
by whom Vietnam's armed forces were to be trained. The second) and
more far-reaching) was whether Ngo Dinh Diem was to remain at the head
of Vietnam's government) or whether he was to be replaced by another

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nationalist leader more sympathetic to Bao Dai and France. The first
issue was resolved relatively quickly. General Collins struck an
agreement ",ith General Ely in Vietnam by which, despite serious misgivings in Paris, France agreed to turn over the training of the Vietnamese army to the U.S. and to withdraw French cadres. On February 12,
1955, the U.S. assumed responsibility for training Vietnamese forces,
and the French disassociation began.
But the political controversy over Diem was less easily resolved.
Diem exacerbated matters with increasingly vehement stricture against
the French and Bao Dai. The United States on its part was insensitive
to the impact within France of Diem's militant anti-communism -frequently directed at the French Left -- and of the rancor aroused
by U.S. statements portraying America as the only friend of Vietnamese
nationalism. The U.S. did alert, however, to French statements that
Diem was categorically incapable of unifying Vietnamese nationalists.
French advice to the U.S. that Diem should, therefore, be replaced
was seconded by Ambassador Collins from Vietnam. Throughout the winter
and spring, Secretary Dulles and the Department of State in general
seemed. disposed to consider favorably suggestions that an alternative
leader for the Vietnamese be placed in power. However, despite an
ost ensibly thorough search, no nationalist leader with qualities
competitive with Diem's was identified.
Both the U.S. and France were then caught up in the sweep of
events. The armed sects directly challenged Diem's authority, and he
responded with force. An uneasy truce ended the first clash in March,
and amid the mounting tension in April 1955, the U.S., France, and
Bao Dai all sought actively to bring about a change in the GVN. On
28 April, Diem, against U.S. advice, against French advice, and against
the advice of his. cabinet, moved again against the sects. When Binh
Xuyen resisted in Saigon, he committed the Vietnamese army to battle.
Diem's forces won an immediate military victory, and simultaneously
Diem's brother, Nhu, co-opted a committee of nationalist figures
who called for Bao Dai's removal, and transfer of civil and military
power to Diem.
Encouraged by Diem's success, the U.S. declared its unequivocal
support for him as opposed to Bao Dai. The U.S. choic e presented acute
difficulties for France. The French Government was convinced that
Nhu's "Revolutionary Committee " Has under Viet Minh influence , and
was strongly resentful of a reneHed GVN campaign against French presence.
In May 1955, France, the U.S., and Britain met in Paris to discuss
European defenLe, but France promptly made Vietnam the principal agenda
it em . France maintained that the U.S., in backing Diem, forced upon
Franc e the necessity for withdraHing altogether from Vietnam. The
French Foreign Minister Faure held that Diem was "not only incapable but
mad • . . France can no longer take risks with him." Secretary Dulles in
reply indicated that the U. S. Has alfare of Diem's weaknesses, but stressed

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Diem's recent successes as indicating redeeming Clualities. But,
Dulles pointed out IIVietnam is not worth a Cluarrel with France,lI and
offered U. S. wi thdrawaJ_ in preference to allied disunity. No decision
was taken immediately, and during a recess Secretary Dulles received
advice from the JCS that Diem seemed the most promising avenue to
achievement of U.S. objectives, and that while i-rithdrawal of the
French Expeditionary Corps is lIultimately to be desired,lI a precipitate
withdra\val was to be prevented since it would IIresult · in an increasingly
unstable and precarious situation ll and the eventual loss of South Vietnam
to communism . Secretary Dulles then proposed to the French that they
continue to support Diem until a national assembly were elected.
British support for Diem seems to have swayed Faure, and he accepted
Dulles' proposal. The tri-partite meeting ended on a note of harmony,
but the undertones were distinct: the days of joint U.S.-French policy
were overj thereafter, the U.S. would act independently of France in
Vietnam.
Backed by the United States, Diem refused to open consultation .
with the North Vietnamese concerning general elections when the date
for these fell due in July 1955. Pressing his military advantage
against the sects, he moved to consolidate his position politically
within South Vietnam. In October, he won a resounding victory in a
popular referendum in which voters were given a choice between Diem and
Bao Dai. As Diem's political strength grew, his relations with Paris
det eriorated. In December 1955, Diem suddenly terminated the existing
economic and financial agreements with France, and called upon France
to denounce the Geneva agreements and break relations with Hanoi. Soon
thereafter, he withdrew South Vietnamese representatives from the French
Union Assembly.
On January 2, 1956, general elections in France produced a government under Socialist Guy Mollet, a third of the members of which were
communists or avowed neutralists. In early March, Mollet's Foreign
Minister, Pineau, declared in a speech to the AnglO-American Press
Association in Paris that France would actively seek policy position
bridging East and West, and that there was no unanimity of policy among
the U.S., UK, and France. He cited UK Middle East policy and U.S. support for Diem as contrary to French interests, and condemned both powers
for stirring up the Moslem world to France's distinct disadvantage in
North Africa. A few days later, at a SEATO Council meeting in Karachi,
Pineau proclaimed the end of the lIera of aggression, II and called for a
"policy of coexistence . 1I
Action fol10lved Pineau's line. On March 22, 1956, France agreed
with Diem to withdravr the FEC altogether. On April 26, 1956, the
French High Command in Saigon Has disestablished. On the due date for
the general elections agreed to at Geneva, France possessed no military
forc es in Vietnam. And the date for the fulfillment of the political
portions of the Settlement, July 1956, coincided with the inception of
the Suez crisis.

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IV. A. 3.
THE U. S. AND FRANCE'S WITHDRAWAL
FROM VIETNAM , 1954-1956

CHRONOLOGY
DATE

EVENT OR DOCUMENT

7 Jul 54

Diem appointed
Premier of South
Vietnam

Urged by America and France,
Emperor Bao Dai named Ngo Dinh
Diem premier of South (Free)
Vietnam. Bao Dai remained legal,
constitutionally recognized
Chief of State.

21 Jul 54

Geneva Accords
signed

France became guarantor of Vietnamese sovereignty, unity, territorial integrity (Conference
Final Declaration, Article 7);
with the PAVN, guarantor of armistice agreements (Geneva Agreements ,
Articles 22, 23), and all-Vietnam
elections (Conference Final Declaration, Article 7)
France agreed
to withdraw the French Expeditionary
Corps at the request of local
governments (Conference Final
Declaration, Article 10, Unilateral
Declaration, France)

8, 12 Aug 54;
20 Aug 54

National Security
Council meetings;
NSC 5429/2

US poliCies toward post-Geneva
Vietnam.
Economic: disassociate France from
levers of command, integrate land
reform with refugee resettlement,
work with the French but "encourage"
. them to turn over financial, adminis~
trative, economic controls to the
Vietnamese . Give aid directly
to the Vietn&mese
not through
France.
Military: work with France on~y
insofar as necessary to build up
indigenous military forces able to
provide interna l security .
Political: France must grant total
independence (including right to

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withdraw from French Union) to
South Vietnam and support a
strong indigenous government.
Diem must broaden the governmental
base, elect an assembly, draft a
constitution and legally dethrone
Bao Dai. French support and cooperation for these policies was
necessary; retention of the FEC
was essential to South Vietnamese
security.
Aug 54

Sainteny Mission

Jean Sainteny was sent to Hanoi
to find vlaYs to protect French
economic and cultural intersts in
the DRV. Political overtones of
the mission annoyed the US and
General Paul Ely, High Commissioner
in the South. Ely received firm
assurance from Mendes-France that
France was not playing a "double
game", has not sent Sainteny for
political bridge-building purposes.
Mendes-France reaffirmed French
support for an independent, strong
South Vietnam.

8 Sep 54

Manila Pact Signed

Dulles' anti-communist military
alliance was realized in SEATO.
The Associated States 9f Indochina
were covered by separate protocol
ensuring collective defense by
SEATO nations in case of subversion
or aggression.

27-29 Sep 54

Washington Conference

France agreed to support Diem
(against the French belief that
Diem would prove unable to unify
or stabilize the country); agreed
to keep the FEC in South Vietnam
but received no indication of
possible US financial aid for the
French forces. France knew
economic and military aid would
be given directly to Vietnam but
was led to believe she would have
a hand in it s distribution by
ambiguous US-drafted statements.
The US military role in Vietnmn was
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not discussed because of a StateJCS split (Dulles wanted to
assume training responsibilities;
JCS did not because of political
instability, presence of· French
troops and Geneva restrictions).

22 Oct 54

NSC Action Program

The US decided to take firmer
steps to strengthen Diem, to tell
Paris that French support had
been inadequate. An earlier JCS
concession to consider a.training
program for the NVA open ed the way
for the decision to inaugurate a
"limited" US role in military
affairs.

24 Oct 54

Eisenhower letter
to Diem

Announced direct economic aid and
military assistance from the US;
demanded no Vietnamese moves as
reciprocation for aid. France
called ita carte americaine,
said it violated the principle of
joint action adopted in September.

8 Nov 54

Collins Mission

General J. Lawton Collins, given
broad authority to coordinate all
US programs and -- with French
support -- get things moving,
arrived in Vietnam.

13 Dec 54

Collins-Ely
Minute of Understanding

France will grant full autonomy
to the VNA by July 1955, the US
will assume training responsibilities, the US ~ffiAG, Indochina, will
direct the training program -under General Ely's overall authority. French and US instructors
will be phased out as VNA efficiency
increases. Washington approved the
Minute; Paris objected, particul~rly
to the phase-out of French trainers.
France did not relent and consent
until 11 February 1955.

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16 Dec 54

Collins recommends
Diem be replaced

Diem's failure to include Dr.
Quat in the cabinet as Defense
Minister confirmed Collins'
doubts about Diem's capacity
to stabilize the government, or
rally support for his regime.
He re commended Bao Dai' s return
be considered , but if this were
unacceptable, recommended the
US withdraw from Vietnam.

19 Dec 54

Trilateral Meetings,
Paris (U.K., U.S.,
France )

Mendes-France insisted the time
had come to consider an alternative
to Diem. Recommended Collins and
Ely study the problem and come
up with suggestions for a change
by mid-January. France felt
Bao Dai should be involved in
an alternative plan. Dulles:
Diem is the only suitable leader
but we "Till consider alternatives
and will allow Collins and Ely to
consider the matter. But Dulles
made it clear that Congress
would probably not appropriate
funds to a Vietnam without Diem .
U.S. study of alternatives vlas
cursory, however; Dulles was sure
Diem could succeed, with proper
direction; he was more sure that
no other poss ible l eader existed.

20 Jan 55

COllins'report to
NSC

Decembe r's despair over Diem
had di ss ipated ; Diem had acted
well on a fe"T matters. Collins
recommended continued support for
Diem because without it South
Vietnam will surely fall to communism and the rest of other
Southeast As ia ivill soon follow.
The NSC approved Collins' report.

12 Feb 55

Training Relations
and Instruction
Mission (TRTIvI)
opens

GeneTal O'Daniel, under Ely's
general supervision, took charge
of programs to tra in and reorganize
the VNA along American lines. Despite friction between French and
Americans in Saigon and despite
Paris-Washington disputes, officers
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in TRIM seemed able to rise
above differences and initiate
sound programs for the VNA.
22 Feb 55

United Front
announced

French subsidies to the Cao Dai
and Hoa Hao sect armies -- about
40,000 men -- ended in February.
When Diem refused to meet sect
requests for financial aid, integration of forces into the V}~
and recognition of spheres of
influence , previous sect c?operation with Diem ceased. Representatives of the Cao Dai, Hoa
Hao, Dan Xa (Ba Cut), Lien Minh
(Thinh Minh Th e) and Binh Xuyen
(BayVien ) forces met at Tay Ninh,
agre ed to work together against
Diem. Cao Dai Pope Tac headed
the group.

21 Mar 55

United Front
"Ultimatum"

Claiming to speak for the popular
will, the United Front asked that
Diem form a government of national
union and make other political,
economic, military re forms . Diem
called this an ultimatum and
refused to consider the request .
The Front then sent an emissary
to Bao Dai asking him to intervene
on its behalf. Bao Dai refused .

29-30 Mar 55

Diem attacks
central police
headquarters

Brewing for months, the fight
finally broke between Diem and
the Binh Xuyen (a coalition of
gangsters and river pirates which
ran gambling and prostitution in
Cholon, and the Saigon-Cholon
police,paid Bao Dai for his protection and enjoyed some French
support). A company of paratroopers
took over the central police station,
drivjng the Binh Xuyen back into
Cholon. Diem then wanted to go
after Police Cow~issioner Sang and
end Binh Xuyen control. Defense
Minister Minh resigned 1-,hen Diem
refused to consult the cabinet over
this. However, French representations
x

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-

dissuaded Diem from taking on
Bay Vien's 6000-man force at
this time, and the French then
negotiated a truce between Diem
and the Binh Xuyen.
7 Apr 55

Collins and Ely
agree Diem must go

Collins says Diem has proved
himself incapable of inspiring
unity, and must be replaced.
Dulles demurs, then agrees to
consider a change if Collins
will fly to Washington for
consultations.

23 Apr 55

Diem proposes to
broaden the government

Diem calls for a national
referendum and elections for a
national assembly within six
months. The Front scores the
proposal.

26 Apr 55

Diem fires Sang

(Collins had left Saigon for
Washington.) Diem replaces Sang
with a man loyal to his regime
but Sang re~lses to resign saying
only Bao Dai had the legal authority to remove him.

27 Apr 55

Dulles agrees to
a change in Saigon

Collins met vli th Dulle s in
Washington. Dulles agreed to
consider an alternate to Diem
but was determined to keep this
from the French until their purposes were clear and their promise
to une~uivocally support a new
regime firm. Saigon was informed
of this new policy.

Diem hits the
Binh Xuyen

Diem struck at the Surete--and
Sang- -after fighting erupted
between the VNA and Binh Xuyen
forces in Cholon. The French
said Diem instigated the fight;
Americans supported Diem's version
that the Binh Xuyen began firing
first. Whatever its origin, the
fi ght ended with a VNA victory.
The Binh Xuyen were driven out of
Cholon into the Rung Sat svramps.

:-, ~

28 Apr 55

,

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30 Apr 55

Revolutionary
Congress
Announced

Diem's brother Nhu had a hand
in organizing this broad amalgam
of political interests behind a
program calling for support of
Diem against the Binh Xuyen, sects
and Bao Dai, in favor of broad
representation in the govermnent.
Generals Th~ and Phuong, tired of
the "weak" Revolutioeary Congress,
formed a Revolutionary Committee
whose outlook was more anti-Bao
Dai and anti-French than the
Congress. Present and former
Vietminh supporters were members
of the Congress and Committee.

1 May 55

Bao Dai's
ultimatum

Bao Dai summoned Diem to replace
the Army Chief of Staff with his
own man. Diem ignored the summons and orders.

1 May 55

The US: back on the
track behind
Diem

Because of Diem's victory -superficial though it may have
been -- over the Binh Xuyen,
because of VNA support for Diem,
Dulles canceled the cable of 28
April: again, the US will support
Diem.

8 May 55

A National
. Campaign
launched

Diem announced a national campaign to regai n. ''''rayward''
provinces and unify the country.
Or: he declared war on the sects.
The VNA fought over a year against
Hoa Hao and Binh Xuyen forces, but
finally established control over
them, over areas of sect influence
and control.

8-11 May 55

Tripartite Talks,
Paris

Faure: We cannot support Diem -but Vietnam is not worth a split
in Franco-American relations.
Therefore, France offers to withdraw from Vietnam.
Dulles: We
must support Diem. But if a US
withdra,val would prevent discord,
the US will consider it. Then,
after hearing JCS and Collins'
arguments against either precipite.te French withdrawal or a US
withdrawal, Dulles urged Faure to
accept a new proposal: support

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Diem a while longer on the
grounds that he will broaden the
government and call for elections.
Faure agreed -- against his own
wishes and against strong popular
pressure and on several conditions
(most of which required action
from Diem and which Dulles could
not guarantee). Dulles then
suggested France and the US
apprise each other of policy and
actions but pursue them more
independently than in the past.
The days of joint policy -: of
togetherness in Vietnam . -- were
over.
July 1955

Diem refuses to
meet with the DRV
about elections

France and Britain urged Diem to
hold consultations with Hanoi for
all-Vietnam elections, as stipulated
in the Geneva Accords. The US suggested consultations but also
suggested Diem request firm guarantees (for secret ballot, UN or
international supervision) vlhich
the DRV was expected to reject.
But Diem refused to meet with the
North Vietnamese. He had not
signed the Geneva accords and
denied being bound by them in any
way.

24 Oct 55

National
Referendum

With 98 percent of the vote, Diem
became President of the Republic
of Vietnam--and Bao Dai was dethroned.

Aug-Dec 1955

Franco-Vietnamese
Conferences

Diem wanted renegotiation of
economic and financial accords
reached in 1954; transfer of Vietnamese affairs from the ministry
of the associated states to the
Foreign Office; abolition of
Ely's former post of High Commissioner; termination of the
military High Command and Vietnamese authority over remaining
French troops in Vietnam. (The
FEC now numbered about 35,000 -vice the 150,000-man force which
France spoke of retaining in Viet·-

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nam during the September 1954
Washington Conference). France
could not accept Diem's last
demand; had difficulty satisfying
the others, but finally made
major concessions. Diem's response
was to withdraw Vietnamese representatives from the French Union
Assembly.

26 Apr 56 .

French High
Command abolished

Only about 5,000 French troops
remained in Vietnam; most French
instructors had left TRIM. A
French liaison mission with the
ICC still functioned, hovlever, and
France still served on the Joint
Armistice Commission with DRV
military representatives.

July, 1956

All-Vietnam
elections

Diem had refused to consult with

(Text continues in the original file: 77 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-4 — [Part IV. A. 3.] Evolution of the War. U.S. and France's Withdrawal from Vietnam, 1954-56

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-4
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-4
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### Full text

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UNITED STATES VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 -1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET #13
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0295
See Det

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../...,

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IV. A. h

U.S. 'l'R4INING OF THE VIETH..A..NiE..SE NATIONAL APJ'-'iY) 1951f-1959

Forel-Tord

This monograph treats U.S. provisions for the
security of Vl.etnam in the p er iod jnmediately follOlTing
the Geneva Conference.
The follovTing are tabbed:
Su.rmnary
Chronology
Table of Contents ·and Outline
Footnotes
Bibliograph.y

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IV; A. 4.
U.S. TRAINING OF THE VIErN..4IiJESE NATIONAL AF0-IY, 1954-1959

SUMMA..-RY

"Hanoi W-as evacuat e d on 9 Octob er jJ95ljJ. The /u.S. liaiso~7
team left 'vith the la st French troops, disturb ed by vhat they
had seen of the grim efficiency of the Vi et Minh in their
takeover, the contra.st bet1-reen the silent march of the
victorious Viet Minh troops in their t enn is shoes and the
clanking armor of the vell-equipped }Tench "Those 1-Testern
tactics and equipment had failed against the cOlillnu..Y1ist
military-political-economic campaign. II ~/
Up to 1960, Vietnam 'vas one of the largest recipients of U. S.
economic and military assistance in the llOrld: the third ranking
non-NATO recipient of aid, the seventh r anking i·rorld1-ride. The U.S.
Military Assistance Advisor y Group, Vietnam (f/lAAG ), vas the only
military mission commanded by a lieutenant general; the U.S. economic
aid mission in Vietnam Has the largest any\vhere . In the years 1955
through 1960, more than $2 billion in aid flo,led into Vietnam, and
more than 80% of that assistance ioTent tmra~d providing security for
the Govermllerit of Vietnam . Nonetheless, in 1960 the Joint Chiefs
of Staff detennined that the anned forc es of th e Republic of
Vietnam ( RVNAF ) ioTere inadequa tely trained apd O1'ganized, and directed
urge nt action by MAAG to improve their anti-guerrilla capabilities . ?:../

Thus ) despite the massive U.S. investment in ' aid to Vietnam in
the period 1954-1960) very little had b een accomplished in the l-ray of
fashioning South Vietnamese forces into a suitable instnmient for
countering the IIcoramunist military-political-economic c 8l.'1pa ign II
aimed at overturning the Government of Vie tnam.
The princip-al issue eXillllined here is that of the role and
effect:Lveness of U. S . advice and assistance pr,ovided the armed forces
of the GVN prior to 1960.
The princi.pal focus is on American assista nce to the Vietnamese
National Army -- subsequently the Ac-qVN -- although pla ns and support
for the Civil Gua:cd -and Self-Defense Corps are also cons idered .
Subsidiary questions include:
\'fuy did .the U. S. u..Y1dertake the training of ARVI-J?
Hov \-Tas this decision taken?

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Hhat 'Has the threat to South Vietnam ?
}lliat \-las the mission of the South Vietnamese army?
}lliat ' \'laS the state of the South Vietnamese anny?
HO\-l

did the U.S. go about :a ltering this condition?

Did U.S. assistance through 1960 result in creation of
South Vietnamese army in the image of the U. S. anny?
The principal conclusion is that U. S. ' efforts in the period 195!~1959 failed to produce an effective Vietnalnes'e counterinsurgent force
due to contemporary perceptions of and reactions to the threat) to
exaggerated estimates of the value and relevance of American militarJ
standards in responding to that threat) to lack of effective bargainfng
t echniques vis-a-vis the Government of Vietnam) and to fragmentation
and other ' inadequacies in the American system of determining and
adniinistering the overall program of assistance to Vietnam.'
U.S. efforts in the period 1954-1960 to creai:c an effective South
Vietnamese mj,litary -establishment -- and particularly an effective
National Amry -- 'Here criU,'c ally affected by the follO'l-ling considerations:
-- The reasons the U.S. v~dertook the training of the
Vietnamese armed forces had their roots not only in the
desire to ,c ontain commu.l1ism and preserve the freedom of
South Vietnam) but also in U.S. discontent and frustration
with French military polj,cy during the Indochina Har.
A strong desire to correct French mistakes generated conside,r able bureaucratic'momentu.mj preoccupation \,rith the
perceived inadequacies of French practices led to underestimation of the problems the French had to overcome -including that of i nternal division and governmental
reluctance-- in developing an effective Vietnamese anny)
ru1d to overcorrect ion of French mistake s by the creation of
a conventional military force. , That Vietnamese army came
to be organized in divisions -- as the U.S. had so often
and so unsuccessfully urged the French to do -- that \-lould
have the capability to perfonn \-lell against the Viet Minh
divisions in the Red River Delta in 1954) or pre s u.lllably
against their post -19 51~ equivalent ) commu.l1 ist divisions
crossing the 17th parallel~ But the French Indochina Har
was over; circumstances had radically changed .
-- The decision to train the South Vietnamese military
vas based on a comp romise betueen the Departments of State and
Defense :1.n "'hich' "political considerations " \,rhic h had nothing
to do \-Tith the military obj ections to an affirmative deciSion)

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,

and did not in any way affect the probability of success of the
undertaldng) were allmred to govern rather than considerations
of limitations in U.S. resources and capabilities, and the basic
difficulty of the task at hand. Increasj.ngly a characteristic
of U.S. decision making) such compromise maxlinized the probability
of consistently selecting tJ.1e least desirable course of action.

,

-- The threat to Vietnam ",as perceived as constituted of the
sects and the Viet Minh residue in the South, and the regular forces
of the DRV in the North ; although it vTaS consistently estimated
that the' DRV had the capability to overrun. South Vietnam, it vras
just as consistently estimated that the DRV neither needed nor
int ended to do so . Nonetheless) U.S. doctrine regarding estunates
of capability as opposed to estimates of i ntention vrith its .
characteristic emphasis. on Order of Battle data (s o s:n.all a part
of the real int elligence probJem in counterinsurgency) led to
fixation upon the more massive, but less likely, threat of
overt invasion.
_.. The duai mission expected of the Vietnamese army of '
internal and external defense ",as, given resource and traine.d
manpO\'7er limitations , internally inconsistent. Given the state
of U. S. strategic thinking in the 1950 I s, the nature of S£tl.TO, the
withdrawal of the FF~, the pressures exerted by Diem, and .the
backgroUnd of the U.S. l~G, rooted in the recent Korean experience,
it "7as virtually certain to lead to a c onventional mj.litary
establishment designed to counter a conventional threat. It did.
In fact, given the strength of these influences and the l ack ' of
U.S. familiarity vrith effective counterinsurgehttechniques, it
is questionable Y7hether assigrmlent of a single mission related
exclusively to int ernal security would have made any difference
in the type of military establishment that resulted.
-- The South Vietnamese arrny was in extremely poor condition
in 1954; its prospects were worse, in vie"7 of the lunited
resources ) particularly in terms of personnel, the U.S. was
able to devote tQ its reorganization and training. In addition)
as the JCS statec~ "Unless the Vietnamese themselves shoi-T an
inclination to make individual and collective sacrifices required
to r esist C o~muDism , which they have not done to date) no amount
of external pressure and assistance can long delay complete
Communist victory in South Vietnam. II -1:- There vras no overvrhelming change in the vil1ingnes5 to sacrj.fice during the late
1950 I S , Vlhich added to the a1read.y fOInidable task of creat ing
an effective military establisPlllent .
-- The "ray in "ihich the U. S. IIjj\.AG "7ent about creating an
effective military establishment had four principal characteristics:
-x-

f!,emorandLLl1l for SecDef from JCS,

3.1

II

Indochina, II 17 Novembe r 1954 (TS).

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concentration on the mission of resistance to overt aggression;
training from the top dOl-Tn; employment of U. S. standards and
techniques ; and optimistic assessment of the future capabilities
of paramilitary organizations outside the purvie d of MAAG .
1

-- The result of U.S. efforts \Tas more a reflection of the
U. S. military establishment than pf the type of threat or
terrain. With regard to the overall effectiveness of U.S.
aid) it seems to have had) unfortQDately) all the depth the
tenn "mirror imagel! implies. Furthennore) U. S. perfonnance in
creating an efTective Vietnamese military establis0.l..Tlent ioTas
adversely affected by the lack of well-founded bargaining
techniques vis-a-vis the Government of Vietnam) and by fra@uentation and other inadequacies in the American system of determinj,;1g
and administering the overall progrmil of assistance.

r

I

-- The U.S. quickly became so deeply and so overtly committed to the Diem government that a:ny leverage inherent in
the assistance program rapidly ,approached zero. Perhaps the
best illustration of the lack of leverage concerning the
defense establishment is the case of the Civil Guard) in which
the principal effects of the U.S. bargaining were negative and
most directly affected the very organi zat ion the U. S. 'I-Tas
trying 'to i..mprove.
-- The ca se of the Civil Guard) a primary internal' security
force) also affords excellent exaJnples of t\-TO sorts of frag- .
mentation affectj.ng the U.S. effort: U.S. interagency com;petitj,on (the CG Has ultimately transferred to the HOD on the
advice of MAAG) but against not only the prior advice of the
MSU advisory team but also against the wishes of the Enbassy )* ;
and lack of coordination at Embassy level by ,,,hich the entire
military assistance effort could be evaluated and :resources
more rationally allocated (the Civil Guard i.,raS evaluated
completely differently by MAI\G and by the Embassy ).
-- A third variety of fragmentation is revea1ed i n the
relations beti·reen Hashington and i ts various representatives
in the field. Both the GVN and the several U.S. agencies
relied heavily on \'Tashing'con for arbitration of disputes

Fragmentation in the U. S. corrrrnunity had an obvious and adverse
eff ect on the U.. S. capability to bargain IoTith the GVN . By devoting
minimal care to the selection of .the U. S. official he i'Tould talk to
fir st ) Diem could often become the arbiter of) rather tl1an a participant
in) the bargaining process . Thus General IHlli2.J!lS: "I can It rerilerrrber one
t:iJne that Presj.dent Diem ever did anything of importance concerni.ng the
military that I recorm:nended against ." II vfny U. S . Is Los ing in Vietnam) 11
U. S. NeloTS and Horlcl Report) Nove.-nber' 9) 1964.
~,

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.

---

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generat ed in Saigon) Diem carrying his position to the highest
levels of the agency of. his choice) while U. S. representatives
had to seek protagonists at various levels vrithin their mrn
agencies . The implications :['01' U.S. policy in the field are
obvious.

. l

Because of the divisions and diversions inherent j.n the above)
U.S. aid in the period up to 1960 fai:Led to produce an effective
counterinsurgent forc e either within the National Army) or in the
paramilitary organizaU .ons . This is not to imply that had resources
been diverted from the creation of a conventional army to that of an
effective counterinsurgent force the problem of Vietnam "l-TOuld. have be en
solve d) for the enemy has der.1onstrated both versatility and flexibility
that iwuld render such a statement vacuous. It. is to suggest) hm-rever)
that given the world situation in the period of r elevance and the
situation in Southeast Asia) it seems Iikely that theDRV) "l-rhateve r
. strategic alternaU:ve it might have elected to follmr) ,·rould not have
been deterred from overt aggression by any army of Vietnrun it was
wi.thin U. S. -GVN c apab ility to cr eate. An effective c01.mt erinsurgent
force)' on the other hand) might have Iimit ed its. choices: might \-rell
have prevent ed effective pros ecution of the guerriI1a alternative
the Viet Cong and the DRV did elect to follmr.

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--

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' L)

I

PRINCIPAL PERSOrto.T,ITIES , 1951., -1960
UNITED STATES
TERI,1 OF OFFICE

OFFICE
Pre sident

20 Jan 1953 - 20 Jan 1961

Dwight D.

Secretary of State

21 Jan 1953 - 1 5 Apr 195.9

J ohn Foster Dulles

20 Jan 1961

Christian A. Herter

"

16 Apr 1959

Ambassador to GVN

"
Secretary of Defense

"
Chairman', JCS

"
Chi ef of Staff, Army

Chief of Naval Operations

Chief of Staff , Air Force

Commandant , I·larine Corps

"
Chief, Ko.AG

"

,

Eisenh~wer

25 Jun 1952 - 20 Apr 1955

Donald R. Heath

20 Apr 1955 - 14 Hal' 1957

G. Frederick Reir,:,art

14 ~[ar 1957 - 14 Hal' 1961

Elbridge D~rbrow

28 Jan 1953 -

8 Oct 1957

Charles E. Hilson

9 Oct 1957

2 Dec 1959

Neil H. McElroy

3 Dec 1959 -

8 Jan 1961

Thomas S. Gates, Jr.

14 Aug 1953

15 Aug 1957

Admiral PJthur W. Radford, USN

15 Aug 1957 - 30 Sep. 1960

General Nathan F. Twining, USAF

1 Oct 1960

General Lyman L. Lemnitzer , USA

30 Sep 1962
-

15 Aug 1953 - 30 Jun 1965

General /.latthew B. Ridg',;ey

30 Jun 1955 - 30 Jun 1959

General 1,laY.',rell D. Taylor

1 Jul 1959

30 Sep 1960

General Lyman L. Lemnitzer

1 Oct 1960

30 Sep 1962

General George H. Decker

16 Aug 1953 - 17 Aug 1955

Admiral Robert B. Carney

17 Aug 1955 - 31 Jul 1961

Admiral Arleigh A. Burke

30 Jun 19~3 - 30 Jun 1957

General Nathan F. Twining

1 Jul 1957 - 30 Jun 1961

General Tho:nas D. I-Ihite

28 Sun 1952 - 31 Dec 1955

General Ler:;uel C. S!1epherd, Jr.

1 J an 1956

31 Dec 1959

General Randol ph l·:eC . Pate

1 J an 1960

31 Dec 1963

General David H. Shoup

24 Oct 1955 - 31 Aug 1960

Lt. Gen. Sa!l!uel T. Hil1iams , USA

1 Sep 1960

Lt. Gen. Lionel C. /;leGarr , USA

5 ~!ar 1962

GOVERI1>!ENT OF VIETIi.~_\1

Head of State/President

Y~ r

1949 - 26 Oct 1955

26 Oct 1955
Prime Hinister

Hinister of ForeiGl'l Affairs/
Secretary of State for
Foreien Affairs

1 Nov 1963

Ngo Dinh Diem

12 J a.n 1954 - 16 Juri 1954

Prince Buu loc

? Jul' 1954

Ngo Dinh Diem

II

1 Nov 1963

17 Dec 1953 - 16 Jun 195 11

Nguyen Quoe Dip_~

5 Jul-1954

Tran Vs.n Do

Jul 1955 -

Hini ster of Defer:se/:-:1nister
of National Defense

Emperor Bao Dai

1 110'1 1963
195 4 (1)

25 JW1 1952 5 SuI 195 /1 -

l 'Uov 1963

~.l

Vu Ve.n !·!au
llgico Van Tri
Ngo Dinh Die:m

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II

1948--VIETNAIYlESE NATIONAL .ARMY WAS CREATED BY FRA1'-TCE .

(FALL-RASKIN P . 82 . )

010849 THE TERMS OF THE ELYSEE AGREEt-1ENT CONCEDED IN PRINCIPLE THE CREATION
OF A VIETNAi"iESE ARMY .
011049 BAO DAI HOPE FOR U.S • .ARMS AID INDICATED .
060249 DAI WAS PROCLAn-1ED VIETNAMESE 'Et,PEROR .
/

062149 U.S. BACKED THE BAO DAI REGIME .

101749 JCS SUBMITTED A PLAN FOR USING MOll. SECTION 303 FUNDS IN .AREAS O'l'HER
THAN CHINA , NAMELY SOUTHEl\.ST ASIA .
011650 PEKING RECOGNIZED THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM HEADED BY HO CHI
MINH
MOSCOW FOLLOWED SUIT ON JAN 31, 1950 . /J . B.
0

020250 FIRST REPORTS ISSUED OF THE ARRIVAlJ OF CHINESE EQUIPMENT FOR THE
VIETMINH. THEY STARTED A GENERAL OFFENSIVE . /J . B.
0 20750 u. S . AND GREAT BRITAIN RECOGNIZED VIETNAM, LAOS, AND CAMBODIA AS
ASSOCIATED STATES WITHIN THE FRENCH UNION AFTER THE FRENCH RATIFICA TION OF THE 1949 ELYSEE AGREEMENT .
021650 FRENCH REQUESTED U. S . MILITARY AND ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE FOR 'rHE INDOCHINA
WAR .
0 21950 U.S. CONSULATE GENERAL IN SAIGON HAS RAISED TO LEGATION, AND A MINISTER
"TAS ACCREDITED TO VIETNAM , CAMBODIA , .AND LAOS. /J.B.
030650 RUSK REQUESTED THAT MILITARY ATTACn~S BE ASSIGNED TO SAIGON LEGATION.
/IST 288.
032550 DEFENSE MINISTER ,PRAN HUY QUAT OUTLINED A PLAN TO EQUIP THE VIETNAVlESE
ARMY WITHOUTI' FRENCH PARTICIPATION . ( IvlESSAGE 20Lf GUJ.JLION TO ACHESON)
040550 JCS RECOMl,1ENDED TO SEC • DEl" • DIRECT MILITARY AID BE PROVIDED 'TO THE
FRENCH IN nmOCHINA. THE RATIONALE HAS BASED ON THE DOMINO THEORY
RE THE FALL OF SOUTW.....AST ASIA COUNTRIES.
042450 TBE UoS. ASKED FRANCE WHAT IT HOPED TO ACHIEVE WITH U. S . MILITARY AID.
TIVELVE NATIVE BATTALIONS ~lERE TO BE READY FOR MILITARY SERVICE BY 1951.
0 50850 AT' THE FOREIGN rr~NIS'IERS CONFERENCE IN PARIS, MINISTER SCHUNA.N MlNOUNCED
THAT A VILTNAt.ffiSE NATIONAL ARHY vTOULD BE ESTABLISHED , AIITD SEC . OF
STATE ACHESO:N ATIllWUJ:I1CED THAT THE U. S. vTOULD SEND ECONOltlIC AND MILITARY
AID TO THE ASSOCIATED STATES OF HIDOCHTNA MID FRANCE.
052550 THE U. s. FORrV!.A.LLY AI,lI'TOUNCED THE INTENT TO ESTABLISH AN ECONOi'HC AID
MISSION TO THE ASSOCIATED STATES OF INDOCHIl'lA . R. BLlJl,1 HAS TO BE
MISSIOW CHIm".

A

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053050 A U . S . ECONOMIC MISSION ARRIVED IN SAIGON .

/J . B .

060650 THE VIETNAMESE GOVERmfENT TRIED '1'0 OFFSET ITS FAILURE TO \-lIN Ov'ER THE
NATIONALISTS BY CRACKING DOI'lN ON THE GUERRILLAS AND STRESSING THE
FORMATION OF A VIETNA~1ESE ARMY .
BAO DAI HAS CRITICIZED FOR NOT
ASSUMI NG AC'rIVE MILITARY COUiN.A.ND OF THE VIETNAMESE ARI-IY .
0 62950 Iv1AJ. GEN . ERSKINE WAS DESIGNATED CHIEF OF THE MILITARY GROUP OF MDAP
SURVIVAL MISSION TO VIETDffiM.
Jill-AUG 1950 THE KOREAN WAR AND U. S . FEAR OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF A VIEnUNH
VICTORY FOR SOUTHEAST ASIS LED TO A READINESS I N WASHINGTON TO
INCREASE AMERICAN AID TO THE FRENCH IN INDOCHINA . U . S . AID HO~'lEVER.,
DID NOT CHANGE l<'RENCH POLICY IN VIETNAM. U . S . OFFICIALS IN SAIGON
WHO DISAGREED HITH FRENCH POLICY IN H.TDOCHlNA WK-qE TRANSFERRED AT
THE INSISTENCE OF THE FRENCH .
/J.B.
0715 50 THE U . S . MISSION HEADED BY IvlAJ. GEN . ERSKINE A.RRIVED IN VIETNAM TO
PAVE THE WAY FOR MAAG .
THIS MISSION HAS TO COMPLETE MAP PLANNING
AND COm'ER HITH THE FRENCH.
NO U. S. COMBAT MEN \<1ERE TO GO TO
INDOCHINA, ONLY MILITARY SUPPLIES WOUI']) BE SENT TO AID THE FRENCH.
073150 FIRST ELEMENTS OF "MAAG ARRIVED IN INDOCHINA .
080250 TEN OFFICERS, PERMANENT MEMBERS OF THE U.S. MILITARY ADVISORY GROUP,
ARRIVED I N SAIGON .
SHORTLY THEREAFTER AN AGREEMENT WAS REACHED WITH
THE FRENCH ON OPERATIONS OF THE U.S . MISSION.
0 80550 THE REPORT OF MAJ . GEN. ERSKINE WAS FILED ( NSC 64) .
IN IT HE SPOKE
OF THE FEC STALEMATE, POLITICAL PROBLEM RE FRENCH- VIETNAMESE, LACK
OF I NTERNAL SECURITY, INCREASED VuLITARY ASSISTANCE REQUIREMENT FOR
THE U . S. , THE COMMUNIST CHINA THREAT. FRANCE t S INABILITY TO COPE
WITH VIETMINH THREAT.
080650 THE $100 - MILLION WORTH OF U.S. MILITARY SUPPLIES , HHICH ARRIVED BY
AUGUST 9 , vlERE TO BE USED TO EQUIP THE NEVI VIETNAM NATIONAL ARMY.
THE FRENC}I HOPF.J) THAT THIS NATIONAL ARMY "\'IOULD ASSUI,fE A MAJOR PART
OF FIGHTING THE VIETMINH.
VIETNAM TROOPS AT THAT TIME WERE
DISORGANIZED.
081050 THE FIRS'l' SHIPMEDIT OF MILITARY SUPPLIES ARRIVED IN INDOCHINA FROM THE
U. S .
081450 THE FRENCH CABINE'r DECIDED TO REDUCE THE S~I'RENGTH OF THE EXPEDITIONARY
CORPS BY 9,090 JvlEN . THE REDUCTION , wlIICH HAS t.1ADE AGAINST MILITARY
ADVICE, vTAS DUE TO TjIE REFUSAL OF THE ASSEr,lBLY TO CONSIDER Tl-':E
EMPLOYlIJENT OF NATIONAL SERVICE RECRUITS Hi INDOCHINA .
081550 BILATERAL AGR.EE?·1ENT BEI'HEEH U . S . - FRANCE COVERING rlIDA FOR INDOCHINA HAS
SIGNED IN DJAKARTA. /217155 .

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082450 VIETNAMESE TROOPS WERE REPORTED TO BE SLCWLY RELIEVING FRENCH TROOPS .
082840 THE VIETNAM ARlvrY I S 2ND ANNlVERSA.,.qy i-'TAS OBSRRVED IN ANNA..tV1. THE lACK
OF OFFICERS AND NON-COMS, Tli""E PRESENCE OF FACTIONS AND HIGH COSTS
HINDER THE DEVELOPi'·lENT OF THE VIETNAMESE ARtvrY.
091450 THE ~·TH SESSION TRIPARTITE MEETINGS DISCLOSED 77,000 IN ARlvilES OF THE
ASSOCIATED STATES, ~4 , 000 NATIONALS IN FEC .
(

092450 THE FRENCH PROMISED THAN VAN HUU AID TO INCREASE THE VIETNAM ARMY .
10

50 t-IDAP MONTHLY REPORT FROM SAIGON DISCLOSED POOR RELATIONS BETIVID,J'{
FRENCH AND MAAG.
(GULLION TO SECoSTATE)

1 00450 BRIG . GEN. BRINK BECAME HEAD OF T}ill U.S. ~rrLITARY AID GROUP IN VIETNAM .
101050 U.S. ESTABLISHED A MILITARY MISSION IN SAIGON.
101350 THE FRENCH PLANNED TO ENLARGE THE VIETNAM ARMY .
MOULIN WAS APPOIl\TTED ITS MILITARY ADVISOR.

GENERAlJ DE LA TOUR DU

102450 DIFFICULTIES WITH RESPECT TO ESTABLISHMEII!~ OF VIET FORCE 'VERE IN RECRUITMENT, ORGANIZATION OF CADRES, FINANCING, CONSCRIPI'ION.
/SAIGON
MSG STATE 1ST NOTES
1105 50 AN INTER-SERVICE TRAINING COLLEGE i-'TAS OPENED AT DALAT.

/LANCASTER .

110750 FRENCH AND VIETNAM LEADERS AGREED ON A RAPID BUILDUP OF THE VIETNAN
ARMY.
110850 VIETNAM WAS EXPECrrED TO SPEND 35 - 40 PERCENT OF ITS 1951 BUDGET ON ITS
THREE-DIVISION ARMY .
112250 MINISTER LETOURNEAU TOLD THE FRENCH ASSEtiffilJY THAT BOTH FRENCH AND
NATIONAL FORCES IN INDOCHINA liTERE 'I'O BE STRENGTHE]\lliD .
12

50 WITH THE CREATION OF THE ~rrNISTRY FOR THE ASSOCIATED S'I'ATES, NIl\lli
SEPARATE MINISTRIES I<lERE DIRECTLY CONCER]\lliD liHTH AND RESPONSIBLE
FOR SOME ASPECT OF FRENCH ACTIVITIES IN rNDOCHINA.
/NAVARRE.

120450 IT WAS ANNOUNCED T:R.AT GElifERI\L DE LATTRE DE TASSIG]\fY i-'TOULD REPLACE
GENERAL CARPENTIER AND HIGH COI'fJ)\rr SSIONER PIGNON AS THE SUPERIOR
MILITARY AND CI VILIAN COlvjJvIAl\1])ER . HE TOOK OFFICE TWO DAYS LATER .
120850 AND 122350 COl-1PI~MENTARY AGREEr,1ENTS TO THE 19~9 ELYSEE AGREEI',jEIIIT
PROVIDED FOR THE FORr1ATION OF FOUR DIVISIONS BY THE END OF 1951.
/LANCASTER.
120850 A NATIONAL VIETNAM ARl'fY HAS FORj\I~LLY SET UP WITH NATIONAL STATUS FOR
TROOPS BY ORDER OF BAO DAI.

C

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II

1215 50 GENERAL ERSKINE FINISHED HIS MISSION .
122350 THE U . S . SIGNED A IvrlJTUAL DEFENSE ASSISTANCE PENTALATERAL AGREEMENT
vlITH FRANCE, VIETl\W.l, CMlBODIA , Alii,}) LAOS FOR INDIRECT U . S . fI.tILITARY
AID TO FRENCH ®.-:ION FORCES IN INDOCHINA. THE AGREEfliEI'lT ON DEFENSE
AND )VIlJ'TUAL ASSISTANCE LAID DOHN THE CONDITIONS UNDER HHICH U . S . AID
WOULD BE APPORTIONED AND ESTABLIS}lliD THE PRINCIPLE TR4T ALL )V~TERIALS
PROVIDED \WULD BE HANDED OVER TO THE FRENCH COW/JAND , \-THILE DIRECT
RELATIONS BETldEEN THE ASSOCIATED 'STATES AND fllAAG WERE TO BE EXPRESSLY
/LANCASTER .
PRECLlIDED .
122350 MAAG INDOCHINA WAS AUTHORIZED.

/217155.

1951 HO CHI MINH I S ARMY WAS THOUGHT TO CONTAIN 70,000 LIGHTLY ARl'lIED MEN .
2
PERC ElIlT COMMUNISTS AND THE REST WERE STRONG NATIONALISTS . /NYT
1951 THE ARJv1ED FORCES ON THE FRENCH SIDE = 150,000. ABOUT HALF WERE NATIVES
OF UNCERTAIN LOYALTY AND EFFECTIVENESS. FLEM-CWOo
JAN-MAR 51 DE LATTRE ~UCCEEDED IN HALTING COMMUNIST ADVANCES . THE VIETMINH
WAS FORCED TO RETURN TO GUERILlA TACTICS. THE TROOPS AT Th'E
DISPOSAL OF THE F'RENCH NOvJ NUMBERED 391 , 000 .
01

51 THE FRENCH AND VIETMIl\JlI BOTH REORGANIZED THEIR FORCES INTO DIVISIONS ,
SINCE THE TYPE OF COMBAT HAD ESCALATED FROM Gu~RRILLA WARFARE.

010851 MMG I l\IDOCHlNA WAS OFFICIALLY ESTABLISHED WITH A STRENGTH OF 128 .
/217154-5.
0110 51 GENERAL DE LATTRE 'S LEADERSHIP I NCREASED THE MORALE OF BOTH THE FRENCH
AND THE VIETNfu~SE FORCES .
03

51 DE LATTRE LEFT FOR PARIS TO ASK F OR REI1WORC n~l\ITS IN OFFICERS, N. e . O' S
AND TECHNICIANS vlHOSE SERVICES "HOULD BE REQ,UIRED T O TRAIN THE
NATIONAL ARMIES .

042551 THE FRENCH TESTED THE ABILITY OF THE VIETKAl'iJESE POLICE TO JvlAINTAIN
ORDER AND TO CBECK THE VIEI'MINH I NFIl,TRATION IN THE VIl\lliBAO AREA
SOUTH OF HAIPHONG.
05

51 THE ADVENT OF THE MONSOON GAVE DE LATTRE THE OPPORTUNITY TO DEVOTE MORE
OF HIS TIME AND ATTENTION TO THE FORfllATION OF THE NATIONAL ARMIES
AND HIS RESPONSIBILITIES AS HIGH COlvJ'IlISSIO:[\)ER .

050151 VIETNAJv1ESE ARMY HAD 38 , 500 ~iJEN .
0 52651 GENERAl; COLLINS STATED THAT $5~ - }'lIl,LION HORTH OF SUPPLIES HAD BEEN
SHIPPED SINCE JUNE 1949.
061451 1'HE CAO DAI SECT MILITARY CHIEF COLONEL TRINH MIIfrI 1'AY DEFECTED FROB
FRENCH- VIEl'NAI.mSl~ FORCES AND LED 2, 500 JviEN IJIYfO CAIvffiODIA.

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071551 BAO DAI ORDERED TarAlJ VIET]\IAM MOBILIZATION TO MEET A POSSIBLE THREAT
BY CHINA IF A KOREA TRUCE ~TERE REACHED .
08

51 THE FRENCH COMMISSIONER FOR SOUTH VIETNAM, GENERAlJ CHANSON, HAS ASSASSINATED.
/ LANCASTER • .

080751 PROGRESS IN THE J?ORMATION OF A· N..A.TIONAL VIETNAMESE ARMY "TAS REPORTED.
VIEI'NAMESE UNITS HAD PERFORMED ADEQUATELY IN ENGAGEMENTS. lACK OF
LEADERSHIP, FRENCH- VIETNAMESE QUARRELS, hA.CK OF EQUIPIvLE:NT A1I1D AN
APATHETIC POPUL.A.CE PhA.GUED THE EFFORT. /NIE 35 REPORT .
09

51 DE UTTRE WENT TO HASHINGTON TO ALhA.Y AMERICAN SUSPICIONS CONCERNING
FRENCH INTENTIONS IN INDOCHINA AND TO ASK FOR INCREASED MILITARY
SUPPLIES FOR THE NATIONAL ARMIES .
HE RErURNED TO SAIGON OCT 19.
/UNCASTER.
0

0902 51 BRIG. GEN. BRINK REPORTED T}IAT THE FRENCH-VIETNA~lESE FORCES WERE GAINING .
090751 U. S. SIGNED AND AGREEMENT WITH VIETlIIAM FOR DIRECT ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE.

/J.B.
092051 DE UT'rRE WENT TO vlASHINGTON TO PLEAD FOR MORE AMERICAN AID, IN PARTICUL.A.R
FOR NB-J PIJ\.NES AND arHER MODERN EQUIPMEl\j'l', OF WHICH MORE AND MORE
BEGAN TO ARRIVE IN VIETNAM.
092351 THE U. S. PROMISED TO ACCELERATE MILITARY Al\)l) ECONOMIC AID TO INDOCHINA .
10

51 CAO DAI COLONEL TRINH MINH TAY BUILT A REBEL REGIME.
BOTH FRENCH AND VIEntlINH.

HE DENOUNCED

100151 A SHIPMENT OF RIFLES ENOUGH FOR 4 DIVISIONS ARRIVED IN VIErNAlvl FRmiJ
THE U .S.
101651 60,000 VIETNAM DRAFTEES REPORTED FOR MILITARY TRAINING AS PART OF
MOBILIZATION ORDER OF BAO DAI .
110651 PROGRESS REPORT ON NSC 5612/1 (OCB) CUlt~D T}IAT PERSONNEL STRENGTH OF
CIVIL POLICE BOARD v'JAS REDUCED BY 20 PERC ENT BECAUSE OF MODERNIZATION
EQUI Pl..fENT , COMMUNICATIONS, AND TRANSPORTATION .
/159-1 .
12

51 A SPEECH BY THE RADICAL SOCIALIST DEPUTY DALADIER REVEALED A GROHING
FRENCH OPPOSITION TO THE INDOCHINA WAR. DALADIER DU'LA.NDED T}IAT
FRANCE SEEK PEACE THROUGH THE UNITED NATIONS.

121851 THE U . S. PROPOSED AN AGREEMENT BE MADE BETVTEEN FRANCE AND THE U. S . TO
I NSURE THE COTITlNUATION OF T}m ELIGIBILITY OF THE STATE OF VIETNAM
AND THE PRCGRAl'-1S OF MILITARY A]\lD ECONOHIC ASSISTA]\;CE NOH BEING EXTEIlDED.
AN AGREEjvLENT WAS RATIFIED IN JANUARY 3, 1952 .

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1951

PROFITING FROM THE CHANGED CHARACTER OF THE HA.R, DE LATTRE HAS ABLE
DURING HIS BRIEF PROCONSULATE TO GIVE DECISIVE I MPETUS TO THE TARDY
F ORMATION OF A VIETNAMESE AR/:.i¥, FIRST BY PERSUADING THE VIETNAMESE
ACCEPI' THE PRINCIPLE OF NATIONAL CONSCRIPI'ION, AND SECO"IDLY BY
SUCCESSFULLY NEGOTIATING IN WASHINGTON FOR MILIT.A.RY AID TO EQUIP THE
NATIONAL DIVISIONS THAT IT WAS NOvl PROPOSING TO RAISE AND TRAIN .
/ LANCASTER .
(

EARLY 1952 A TRAINING SCHOOL FOR AIR FORCE PERSON1ffiL WAS OPENED AT NHA TRAN

010752 GENERAL DE LATTRE \vAS ILL , GENERAL SALAN COMVillNDED THE FRENCH FORCES IN
HIS ABSENCE .
011152 DE LATTRE DIED . THE COlvlMUNISTS STARTED A NENI OFFENS IVE. WITH CHHlESE
EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING ARTILLERY, THEY WERE NCM ABLE TO REDUCE
DE LATTRE ' S GAINS A i\T]) TO ELIMINATE MANY SMAI,LER POSITIONS BETWEEN
THE CITIES HELD BY THE FRENCH.
0 11152 VIETNAMESE ARMY STRENGTH WAS AT 65,000 .
0 11152 TRIPARTITE CHIEFS OF STAFF CONFERENCE IN WASHINGTON.
0 12852 BAO DAI PLEDGED--TO ES'I'ABLISH A 120,000 - VAN VIETNAM ARMY.
020452 MINISTER LETOURNEAU COl'jFERRED WITH BAO DAI ON THE BUILDUP OF , AND U. S.
FOR THE :NATIONAL ARMY .
LACK OF TOP OFFICERS SLOWED TRAINING. AGREEMENT WAS REACHED ON
APPOINTING A VIETNAMESE CHIEF OF S'I'AFF AND FULLTIME DEFENSE 11INISTF.B.
0 21152 VIETNAMESE PARATROOPERS w"ERE USED IN AN ATTACK ON THE TQJ\TGKIN .A.REA .
0 22252 DISSIDENT CAODAIST FORCES CLASHED WITH THE FRENCH .
TRINH MINH TAY, WAS DENOUNCED AS A TRAITOR .

THEIR LKIillER , COLONEL

022352 FRENCH ASKED FOR MORE U. S. AID IN ARMING THE NEVI DIVISIONS .
0 22452 GENERAL SAIAN EVACUATED FRENCH AND VIETNAMESE TROOPS FROM HOA BINl-I ArID
THE i--TESTERN END OF THE HOA BINH.,.HANOI ROAD IN ORDER TO PROVIDE MORE
TROOPS FOR THE TONGKnJ DELTA OPERATIONS.
030852 BAO DAI APPOINTED GEATERAL NGUYEN VAN HINH AS CHIEF OF STAFF .
031852 ACHESON TOLD A SEl'IATE COIlIHTTEE TRA'.r THE INDOCHINA SITUATION HAS VERY
SERIOUS. HE STRESSED THE l'lEED FOR A LARGE AI!Ju EFFEC'I'IVE NATIVE
FORCE. LETOURNEAU FELT ACHESON I S ALARlJl VIAS UNJUSTIFIED .
04 THRU END OF 1952

NATIVE FORCES ~'TERE I NCREASINGLY USED IN THE FIGHTING .

040152 J.'1INISTER LETOURNEAU WAS NAlv;ED HIGH COr.:r.uSSIQJ\:ER , Mill REI'lAINED IN THE
FRENCH CABHTET AS THE ASSOCIl\.TJ<.:J) STATES I 11INISTER. GENERAL SALAN
RU1AIlmD AS THE NILITARY CO~i£.1ANDER.. •

F

(Text continues in the original file: 115 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-5 — [Part IV. A. 4.] Evolution of the War. U.S. Training of Vietnamese National Army, 1954-59

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-5
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-5
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Part IV. A. 4—apparently the war needed its own table of contents.

- Declassified 2011 NWD report, archived by NARA, on U.S. training of Vietnamese National Army 1954‑59.
- Analyzes insurgency origins, reviewing intelligence and sources, concluding it stemmed mainly from indigenous factors, not solely Hanoi.
- U.S. recognized growing threat by 1960 but had not yet devised a comprehensive counterinsurgency plan.

### Full text

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UNITED STATES. VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 -1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCEE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET # 13
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Sec Def Cont Nr. X-

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ORIGINS OF TEE INSURGENCY IN SOUTH VIEI'NA..lI.1) 1954-1960
SUMMARY

From the perspective of the United States) the origins of the
insurgency in South Vietnam raise four principal questions:

1. Was the breakdown of the peace of 1954 the fault
of the U.S,) or of the ambiguities and loopholes of the
Geneva Accords?
2. Was the i nsurgency in essence an indigenous
reb ellion agaj.nst Ngo Dinh Diem's oppressive government) transformed by the i ntervention of first the
U.S,) and then the DRV?

3. Or was it) rather, instigated) controlled) and
supported from its i nception by Hanoi?

4. When did the U.S. become aware of the Viet Cong
threat to South Vietnam's internal securi ty, and did it
attempt to counter it with its aid?
The analysis which follo ..rs rests on study of three corpora of
evidence:
( a ) Intelligence reports and analyses ) including the most
carefully guarded finished intelligence ) and pertinent National Intelligence Estimates .
(b) Unfinished governmental i ntelligence) fi eld reports ) and
memoranda such as i nterrogat i ons of prisoners and translated captured
documents ) as ..lell as contract studies based on similar evidence .
(c) Open sources ) including the works of former U.S. officinls,
Vietnam correspondents) and the like .
The U.S. has attempted to amplify ( c ) by publishing White Pap ers in

1961 and 1965) in whj.ch substantial citations were made from (b) and
i nterpretations offered consistent with (a ). This study has benefited
from further ~ffort during 1961 and early 1968 to i dent ify in (b )
evidence which could be publicly released . But) bas ed on the survey
of ( a ») (b ), and ( c ) reported on b elo'i) the U.S. can now present no
c onclusi ve anSl-lers to the questions advanced above .

1

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Tentative answerS are possible, and form a continuum: By 1956,
peace in Vietnam was plainly les s dependent upon the Geneva Settlement
than upon pOl{er r elat ionships in Southeast Asia -- principally upon the
role the U.S. elected to play in unfolding events. In 1957 and 1958,
a structured reb ellion against the government of Ngo Dinh Diem began.
While the North Vietnamese played an ill-defined part, most of those
who took up arms were South Vietnamese, and the causes for which they
fought were by no means contrived in North Vietnam. In 1959 and 1960,
Hanoi's involvement in the developing strife became evident. Not until
1960, however, did the U.S. perceive that Diem was in serious danger
of being overthrown and devise a Counterinsurgency Plan.
It can be established that there was endemic insurgency in South
Vietnam throughout the period 1954-1960. It can also be established -but less surely -- that the Diem regime alienated itself from one after
another of those elements within Vietnam which might have offered it
political support, and was grievously at fault in its rural programs.
That these conditions engendered animosity toward the GVN seems almost
certain, and they could have underwritt en a major resistance movement
even without North Vietnamese help.
It is equally clear that North Vietnamese communists operat ed some
form of subordinate apparatus in the South in the years 1954-1960.
Nonethel ess , the Viet Minh "stay-behinds" were not directed originally
to structure an insurgency, and there i s no coherent picture o~ the
extent or effectiveness of comnm1ist activities in the period 1956-1959.
From all indications , this was a period of reorganization and r ecruiting
by the communist party. No direct links have been established between
Hanoi and perpetrators of rural violence. Statements have b een found
in captured party histories that the communists plotted and controlled
the entire insurgency, but these are difficult to take at face value .
Bernard Fall ingeniously correlat ed DRV complaints to the ICC of
incidents in South Vietnam in 1957 with GVN reports of the same incidents,
and found Hanoi suspiciously \{ell informed . He also perceived a pattern
in the t errori sm of 1957-1959, deducing that a broad, centrally directed
strategy was being implemented. However, there is little other corroborative evidence that Hanoi instigated the incidents, much less orchestrated
them .
Three interpretations of the available evidence are possible:
Option A -- That the DRV intervened in the South in reaction
to UoS. escalation, particularly that of President Kennedy in early
1961. Those \{ho advanc e this argument rest their case principally on
open sources to establish the reprehensible character of the Diem regllle, on
examples of forceful resistance to Diem independent of Hanoi, and upon
the formation of the National Liberation Front ( NLF ) alleged to have
come i nto b e ing in South Vietnam in early 1960. These also rely heavily
upon DRV official statements of 1960-1961 indicat ing that the DRV only
then proposed to support the NLF.

2

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Option B -- The DRV manipulated the entire war . This is the
official U.S. position, and can be supported. Nonetheless, the case
is not wholly compelling, especially for the years 1955-1959·
Option C -- The DRV seized an opportunity to enter an ongoing
internal war i n 1959 prior to, and independent of, U.S. escalation.
This i nterpretat i on is more tenable than the previous; still, much of
the evidence is circumstantial .
The judgment offered here is that the truth lies somewhere between
Option Band C. That is, there was some f orm of DRV apparatus functioning
in the South throughout the years, but it can only be infe r red that this
apparatus originated and controlled the insurgency which by 1959 posed
a serious challenge to the Diem government . Moreover, up until 1958,
ne ither the DRV domestic s ituation nor its internat ional support vlaS
conducive to foreign adventure ; by 1959, its prospects were bright in
both respects, and i t is possibl e to demonstrate it s moving force fully abroad thereafte r. Given the paucity of evidence now, well after
the events , U.S. intelligence served policy makers of the day surpris i ngly
well in warning of the developments describ ed below:
Failure of the Geneva Settlement (Tab 1)
The Geneva Settlement of 1954 was i nherently f l awed as a durabl e
p eace for Indochina, since it depended upon France, and since both
the U.S. and the Republic of South Vietnam excepted themselves. The
c ommon ground from which the nations negot iat ed at the Geneva Conference
was a mutual desire to halt the hostilities behreen France and the Vi et
Minh, and to prevent any widening of the war . To achi eve c oncord, they
had to override objections of the Saigon government , c ountenance the
disassociation of the U. S . from the Settlement , and acc ept Franc e as
one executor . Even so, Geneva might have wrought an enduring peace for
Vietnam i f France had remained as a ma j or pOvrer in Indochina, if Ngo
Dinh Diem had c ooperated with t he t erms of the Settlement, if the U.S.
had abstained from further influenc ing the outcome . No one-of these
conditions was likely, given France 's travail in Algeria, Diem ' s
implac able anti-communism, and the U.S.' determination to block further
expansion of the DRV in Southeast Asia .
Therefore, the tragedy staged : partition of Vietnam, t he sole
negotiable basis found at Geneva for military d i sengagement, became the
prime casus belli. To assuage those parties to Geneva who were reluctant
to condone the handing over of territory and peopl e to a communist government, and to reassure the Viet Minh that their southern follmr ers could
be preserved en bloc, the Accords provided for regroup ing forces to
North and South Vi etnam and for Vietnamese freely electing residence in
either the North or the South; the transmigrations severely disrupted
the polity of Vietnruu, heated the controversy over r eunificat ion, and
made it possible for North Vietnam to contemplate subversive aggression.
The arms control provisions of the Sett lement of 1954 mollified parties

3

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of both sides who were fearful that the armistice would be used to conceal
construction of military bases or other preparations for aggression; but
these provisions depended on a credible international supervision which
never materialized. Partition and regroupment pitted North against South
Vi etnam) and arms control failed patently and soon . Geneva traded on
long-run risks to achieve short-run disengagement. France withdrew
from Vietnam) leaving the Accords in the hands of Saigon. Lasting peace
came between Franc e and the Viet Minh) but the deeper struggle for an
independent ) united Vietnam remained) its international implications
more grave, its dangers heightened.
The Southeast Asia policy of the U.S. in the aftermath of the
Geneva Conference was conservative) focused on organizing collective
defense against further inroads of communism, not on altering status quo.
Status quo was the two Vietnams set up at Geneva, facing each ot her across
a demilitarized zone. Hanoi) more than other powers, had gambled: hedged
by the remaining Viet Minh) it waited. for either Geneva's general elections
or the voracious political forces in the South to topple the Saigon
government. In South Vietnam, Diem had begun his attempt to gain control
over his people, constantly decried DRV subversion and handling of would"';.b e
migrants as violations of the Geneva Accords, and pursued an international
and domestic policy of anti-communism. Both Vietnams took the view that
partition was, as the Conference Final Declaration stated, only temporary .
But statements could not gainsay the practical import of the Accords.
The separation of Vietnam at the 17th parallel facilitated military
disengagement, but by establishing the principle that hlO regimes were
separately responsible for "civil administration" each in distinct zones;
by providing for the regroupment of military forces to the tyro zones,
and for the movement of civilians to the zone of their choice; and by
postponing national elections for at least two years, pe:rmitting the
regimes in Hanoi and Saigon to consolidate power, the Geneva conferees
in fact fo stered two governments under inimical political philosophies,
foreign policies, and socio-economic systems .
The Geneva powers were imprecise -- probably delib erately indefinit e
concerning who was to carry out the election provisions. Franc e ,
which was charged with civil administration in the "regrouping zone " of
South Vietnam, had granted the State of Vietnam its independence in June
1954, six weeks before the Accords were drawn up. Throughout 1954 and
the first half of 1955, France further divested itself of authority in
South Vietnam: police, local government, and then the Army of Vietnam were
fre ed of French control) and turned over to the Saigon government. Concurrently, the U.S. b egan to channel aid directly to South Vietnam) rather
than through France . The convolution of Fre_lch policy then thrust upon
the U.S. a choic e betlveen supporting Diem or the French presence in
Indochina. The U. S. opt ed for Diem. By the time the deadlines for
election consultations fell due in July 1955, South Vietnam was sovereign
de f acto as ,vell as de jure , waxing strong with U. S. aid) and France was
no longer in a position~exert strong influence on Diem's policy or
actions .

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As early as January 1955, President Diem was stating publicly that
he was unlikely to proceed with the Geneva elections :
"Southern Viet-Nam, since it protested the Geneva Agreement when it was made, does not consider itself a party to
that Agreement, nor bound by it.
"In any event, the clauses providing for the 1956 elect ions
are extremely vague . But at one point they are clear -- in
stipulating that the el ect i ons are to be free. Everything will
now depend on how free elections are defined . The President
said he would wait to see whether the conditions of freedom
would exist in North Viet - Nam at the time scheduled for the
elections . He asked what would be the good of an impartial
count i ng of votes if the voting has been preceded i n North
Viet-Nam by a campaign of ruthless propaganda and terrorism
on the part of a police state ." *
As the dea~ine for consultations approached (20 July 1955), Diem was
increasingly explicit that he did not consider free elect i ons possible
in North Vietnam, and had no intention of consulting with the DRV concerning them. The U.S. did not -- as -is often alleged - - connive with
Diem to ignore the elections . U. S . State Department records indicat e that
Diem ' s refusal to be bound by the Geneva Accords and his opposition to
pre-election consultations were at his mm initiative. HOI·rever, the U.S.,
which had expected elections to be held, and up unt il May 1955 had fully
supported them, shifted its position in the f ace of Diem ' s opposition,
and of the evidence then accumulated about the oppressive nature of the
regime in North Vietnam . " In essence," a State Department historical
study found , "our position would be that the whole subj ect of consultations and elect i ons in Viet-Nam should be l eft up to the Vietnamese themselves and not dictated by external arrangements which one of the parties
never accepted and st ill rejects." ** Secretary of State Dulles explained
publicly that :
"Neither the United States Government nor the Government
of Viet-Nam is, of course, a party to the Geneva armistice
agreement s. We did not sign them, and the C-overnment of VietNam did not sign them and, indeed, protested against them .
On the other hand, the Unit ed States believes, broadly speaki ng, in the unification of countries which have a historic
unity, where the people are akin . We also beli eve that, if
t here are condit ions of really fr ee elections , there is no serious
risk that the Communists would win. . . ." *l<-K-

*
-X*

-X**

Interview with Max Lerner, transcript in OSD fil es , dated 24 Jan 55·
Cf ., "Vietnam Demands' a Time Extension," New York Times , 23 Jan 55·
U. S. Department of State, "The Shift in the Unit ed Stat es Pos ition
Toward Vietnamese Elections Under the Geneva .Accords " (RM-765 ),
1 Sep 65.
Press Conference, 28 June 55.

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Thus ) backed by the U.S,) Diem obdurately refused to open talks with the
Hanoi government . He continued to maintai n that the Government of South
Vietnam had not signed the Geneva Agreements and thus was not bound by
them .
"Our policy is a policy for peace. But nothing will l ead
us astray of our goal) the unity of our country) a unity in
fre edom and not i n slavery. Serving the cause of our nation)
more than ever we will struggle for the reunification of our
homel and .
"We do not rej ect the principle of free elections as
peaceful and democratic means to achieve that unity. However)
if elections constitute one of the bases of true democracy) they
will be meaningful only on the condition that they be absolut ely
free.
II Now)
fac ed with a r egime of oppression as practiced by t he
Viet Minh) we remain skeptical concerning the possibility of
fulfilling the conditions of free elections in the North. II -l,"

On 1 June 1956) the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs,
Walt er Robertson) stated :
"president Diem and the Government of Free Viet - Nam
r eaffirmed on April 6 of this year and on other occasions
the i r desire to seek the reunification of Viet-Nam by peaceful means . In this goal, we support them fully. We hope
and pray that the partitj.on of Viet -Nam, imposed against the
will of the Vietnamese people, will sp eedily come to an end .
For our part we believe in free elections , and we support
President Diem fully in his position that if elections are
to b e held) there first must b e conditions which preclude
int imi dat i on or coerc ion of the electorate . Unless such
conditions exist there can be no free choice . II -)E-)(.
President Eisenhower i s widely quoted to the effect t hat in 1954
as many as 80% of the Vietnamese people would have voted for Ho Chi
Minh) as the popular hero of their liberation, in an el ection against
Bao Dai. In October 1955, Diem ran against Bao Dai in a referendwn
and .ron -- by a dubious ly ovenThelm:Lng vot e , but he plainly won
nevertheless . It is aftaost certain that by 1956 the proportion which
might have voted for Ho -- in a free election agai nst Diem -- would have
b een much small er than 80% . Diem ' s success in the South had been far·
greater than anyone could have foreseen, while the North Vietnamese
r egime had been suffering from food scarcity, and 1 0.T public morale

*
-lfoX-

Radio Broadcast by Premier Diem, 16 July 1955.
American Fri.ends of Vietnam, America ' s Stake in Vietnam ( New York:
Carnegie Press , 1956), 15 ff .
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stemming from inept imitation of Chinese Communism -- including a harsh
agrarian program that reportedly led to the killing of over 50)000
small-scale "landlords." The North Vietnamese themselves furnished
damning descriptions of conditions within the DRV in 1955 and 1956.
Vo Nguyen Giap)in a public statement to his communist party colleagues,
admitt ed in autumn, 1956, that:
"We made too many deviations and executed too many honest
people . We attacked on too large a front and, seeing enemi es
everywhere, resorted to terror, which became far too widespread.
• • . Whilst carrying out our land reform program we failed to
resp ect the principles of freedom of faith and worship in many
areas. • . in regions i nhabited by minority tribes we have
attacked tribal chiefs too strongly, thus injuring, instead of
respecting) local customs and manners . . . • When reorganizing the
party, we paid too much importance to the notion of social class
inst ead of adhering firmly to political qualifications alone.
Instead of recognizing education to be the first essential, we
resorted exclusively to organizational measures such as disciplinary punishments) expulsion from the party, executions,
dissolution of party branches and calls. Worse still, torture came
to be regarded as a normal practice during party reorganization." *
That circumstances in North Vietnam were serious enough to warrant
Giap 's confiteor was proved by insurrection among Catholic peasants in
November 1956, within two weeks of his speech, in which thousands more
lives were lost. But the uprisings, though then and since used to
validate the U.S.-backed GVN st'a nd, '-Tere not forese en in 1955 or 1956;
the basis for the policy of both nations in rejecting the Geneva elections
was, rather, convictions that Hanoi would not permit "free general elections by secret ballot," and that the ICC would be impotent in supervising
the elections in any case.
The deadlines for the consultations in July 1955) and the date set
for elections in July 1956) passed without international action . The
DRV repeatedly tried to engage the Geneva machinery, fO~-Tarding messages
to the Government of South Vietnam in July 1955) May and June 1956,
March 1958) July 1959, and July 1960) proposing consultations to
negotiate "free general elections by secret ballot)'" and to liberalize
North-South relations in general . Each time the GVN replied '-Tith dj.sdain) or with silence. The 17th parallel) with its demilitarized zone
on either side, became de facto an international boundary) and -- since
Ngo Dinh Diem ' s rigid refusal to traffic with the North excluded all
economic exchanges and even an interstate p)stal agreement -- one of
the most restricted boundaries in the world . The DRV appealed to the
UK and the USSR as co-cha irmen of the Geneva Conference to no avail.
In January 1956) on DRV urging) Communi st China requested another

*

General Vo Nguyen Giap, speaking to the 10th Congress of the Lao
Dong Parcy Cent r a l Co~mitt ee ) October 1956.

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Geneva Conference to deal with the situation. But the Geneva CoChairmen, the USSR and the UK, responded only by extending the functions
of the International Control Commission beyond its 1956 expirat ion date.
By early 1957, partitioned Vietnam was a generally accepted modus vivendi
throughout the international community. For instance, in January 1957,
the Soviet Union proposed the admission of both the GVN and the DRV to
the United Nations, the USSR delegate to the Security Council declaring
that "in Vietnam two separate States existed, which differed from one
another in political and economic structure . • . • " Thus, reunification
through elections became as remote a prospect in Vietnmll as in Korea or
Germany . If the political mechanism for reunifying Vietnam in 1956
proved impractical, the blame lies at least in part with the Geneva conferees themselves, who postulated an ideal political settlement incompatible with the physical and psychological dismemberment of Vietnam
they themselves undertook in July 1954.
But partition was not, as the examples of Korea and Germany demonstrate, necessarily tantamount to renewed hostilities. The difference
was that in Korea and Germany international forc es guarded the boundaries.
In Vietnam, the withdravTal of the French Expeditionary Corps prior to
the date set for elections in 1956 left South Vietnam defenseless except
for such forces as it could train and equip with U.S. assistance. The
vague extending of the SEATO aegis over Vietnam did not exert the same
stabilizing influence as did NATO's Central Army Group in Germany, or the
United Nations Command in Korea. Moreover, neither East Germany nor
North Korea enjoyed the advantage of a politico-military substructure
within the object of its irredentism, as the Viet Minh residue provided
North Vi etnam . The absence of deterrent force in South Vietnam invit ed
forceful reunification; the southern Viet Minh regroupees in the North .
and their comrades in the South made it possible.
Pursuant to the "regroupment " provisions of the Geneva Accords,
some 190,000 troops of the French Expeditionary Corps, and 900,000
civilians moved from North Vietnam to South Vietnam; more than 100,000
Viet Minh soldiers and civilians moved from South to North. Both nations
thereby acquired minorities vTith vital interests in the outcome of the
Geneva Settlement. In both nations, the regroupees exerted an influence
over subsequent events vTell out of proportion to the.ir numbers.
In North Vietnam, the DRV treated the southern regroupees from
the outs et as strategic assets -- the young afforded special schooling,
the able assigned to separate military units.
The southerners in the North, and their relatives in the South, formed,
with the remnants of the Viet Minh ' s covert network in South Vietnam, a
means through vThich the DRV might "struggle" tOvTard r eunification regardless of Di em ' s obduracy or U.S. aid for South Vietnam. These people kept
op en the DRV's option to launch aggression without transc ending a

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"civil war " of southerners against southerners --- no doubt an important
consideration \orith the United states as a potential antagonist. The
evidence indicat es that) ~t l east through 1956) Hanoi di d not .expect
to have to resort to force; thereafter) the regroupees occupied increasing
prominence in DRV plans .
For Diem's government) r efuge es from the North were important for
thre e reasons : firstly) they provided the world the earli est convincing
evidence of the undemocratic and oppressive nature of North Vietnam ' s
regime. Though no doubt many migrants fled North Vietnam for vague or
spurious reasons) i t was plain that Ho's Viet Minh were widely and
genuinely feared) and many r efugee s took flight i n understandable terror.
There were indications that the DRV forcefully obstructed the migration
of other thousands who might also have l eft the North . In 1955 and 1956)
the refugees were the most convincing support for Diem's argument that
free el ections were impossible in the DRV .
Secondly) the r efugees engaged the sympathies of the American
people as few developmen~in Vietnam have before or s ince ) and solidly
underwrot e the U.s. decision for unstinting support of Diem. The
poignancy of hundreds of thousands of people fleeing their homes and
fort unes to escape communist tyranny) · well journalized) evoked an out pouring of U.S. aid) governmental and private . The U.S. Navy was committed to succor the migrants ) lifting over 300)000 persons i n "Operation.
EXODUS" (in which Dr . Tom Dooley -- then a naval officer -- won farne ).
U.S. government-to-government aid) amounting to $100 per refugee) more
than South Vietnam's annual income per cap ita) enabled Diem ' s government
to provide homes and food for hundreds of thousands of the destitute) and
American charities provided millions of dollars more for the ir relief .
U. S. officials defending American aid programs could point with pride
to the refugee episode to demonstrate the special eligib i lity of the
Vietnamese for U.S. help) including an early) convincing demonstration
that Diem ' s government could mount an effect ive program with U.S. aid.
Thirdly) the predominantly Catholic Tonkinese refugees provided
Diem with a claque: a politically malleable ) culturally distinct group )
wholly distrustful of Ho Chi Minh and the DRV) dependent for subsistence
on Diem' s government ) and attracted to Diem as a c o-religionist . Under
Diem's mandarinal regime) they were less important as dependable votes
than as a source of reliable political and military cadres . Most were
kept unassimilated in their own communities) and be came prime subjects
for Diem ' s experiments with strategic population relocation . One heritage
of Geneva is the present dominance of South Vietnam ' s government and army
by northerner's . The refugees catalyzed Diel~ ' s domestic political
rigidity) his high- handedness with the U.S,) and his unyielding rejection
of the DRV and the C~neva Accords .
The Geneva Settlement \oras furth er penalized by the early failur e of
the " International Supervisory Commission " establi shed by the Armi stice

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Agreement (Article 34) and cited in the Conference Declaration
(Article 7). While a Joint Commission of French and Viet Minh military
offic ers was set up to deal with the cease-fire and force regroupment)
the International Commission for Supervision and Control (ICCh furnished
by Poland) India) and Canada) was to oversee the Accords in general.
Its inability to cope with violations of the Armistice in the handling
of would-be migrants) vociferously proclaimed in both Saigon and Hanoi)
impugned its competence to overwatch the general free elections) for
which it was also to be responsible.
Equally serious for the Settlement) the ICC was expected to control
arms and guarantee against aggression . The armistice agreement signed
by the French and the Viet Minh) and affirmed in the several declarations of the Geneva Conference ) included four main provisions for arms
control: (1) arms) bases, and armed forces were to be fixed at the level
existing in Vietnam in July 1954) with allowance for replacement of worn
or damaged equi pment ) and r.otation of personnel; (2) further foreign
influences were to be excluded) either in the form of alliances) or
foreign military bases established in either North or South Vietnam;
(3) neither party was to allow its zone to be used for the renewal of
aggression; and) (4) all the foregoing were to be overseen by the ICC.
As was the case of the regroupment provisions) these arrangements
operated in practice to the detriment of the political solution embodied
in the Accords, for the ICC) the election guardian) was soon demonstrated
to be impotent.
The l evel of arms in Vietnam in 1954 was unascertainable. The Viet
Minh had been surreptitiously armed) principally by the Chinese, from
1950 onward. That Viet Minh forces were acquiring large amount of
relatively advanced weaponry was fully evident at Dien Bien Phu, but
neither the DRV nor its allies owned to this military assistance. After
the 1954 armistice, French, U.S,) and British intelligence indicated
that the flow of' arms i nto North Vietnam from China continued on a scale
far in excess of "replacement " needs. Similarly) while U.S. military
materiel had been provided to the French more openly, no one -- neither
the French, the Vietnamese, the U. S., nor certainly the ICC -- me,., hm.,

(Text continues in the original file: 373 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-1 — [Part IV. A. 5.] Evolution of the War. Origins of the Insurgency

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-1
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 memo: Vietnam's war stayed at armchair level, not boots on the ground.

- Declassified pdf report, NARA, authored by NWD, dated 2011.
- Describes Kennedy’s Vietnam policy, CIP, Diem talks, Laos impact, Gilpatric recommendations, troop options.
- Concluded U.S. should avoid direct military intervention.

### Full text

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET #13
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Seo Def Cont Ns. X-_ 0295

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IV . B.l

THE KENNEDY COMMITMENTS AND PROGRAMS, 1961
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS

When Kennedy took office, the prospect of an eventual crisis in
Vietnam had been widely reco gQi zed in the government , although nothing
much had yet be e n done about it . Our Ambassador in Saigon had been
sending vlOrried cables for a year" and twice in recent months ( in
September 1960 and again in December) had ended an appraisal of the
situation by cautiously raising the question of whether the U. S. would
not sooner or later have to move to replace Diem. Barely a week after
taking office, Kennedy received and approve d a Counter - Insurge ncy Plan
( CIP ) which, at what seems to have been a r ather leisurely pace, had be en
goinz through drafting and staffing for the previous eight months .
The CIP was a most modest program by the standard we have become
accustomed to in Vietnam . It offered Diem financial support for a 20 ,000
man increase in his army, which then stood at 150,000 ; plus support for
about half of the counter - guerrilla auxiliary force known as the Civil
Guard . In return, it asked Diem for a number of reforms which appeared
to the American side as merely common sense - - such as straightening out
command arrangements for the army under which 42 different officials
directly responsible to Diem (38 province chiefs, 3 regional commanders,
and a Chief of Staff ) shared operat ional command .
The CIP was superseded in May by an enlarged version of the s a~e
program, and the only longer term s'i gnificance the original program held
was th at it presumably offered the Administration a lesson in dealing with
Diem (and perhaps, although it was not foreseen then, a lesson in dealing
with Vietnamese governments generally .) The negotiations dragged on and
on; the U. S . military and eventually most of the civilians both in Saigon
and Washington grew impatient for getting on "Ti th the "Tar ; Diem promised
action on some of the American points, and finally even issued some decrees,
none of which were r eally fol101ved up . For practical purposes, the list of
" essential reforms " proposed as part of the ClP, including thos e Diem had
given the impress i on he agreed to, could have been substituted unchanged ·
for the l ist of reforms the U. S . requested at the end of the ye ar , with
equal effect, as the quid pro quo demanded for the much enlarged U. S . aid
offer that follo~ed the Taylor Mission .
Negotiations ,vi th Diem came to an end in May, not because the issues
had been resolved, but because the U. S . decided to for get trying to pressure
Diem for a "Thile and instead try to coax him into reforming by winning his
confidence . Partly, no doubt, this reflect ed the vievl that pressure "Tas
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getting nowhere and the alternative approach might do better. Mainly,
however, the changed policy, and the somevlhat enlarged aid program that
accompanied it, reflected the pressures created by the situation in
neighboring Laos. (We will see that there is a strong case to be made
that even the Fall, post-Taylor Mission, decisions were essentially
dominated by the impact of Laos. But in May the situation was unambiguous .
Laos, not anything happening in Vietnam, was the driving force.)
A preliminary step came April 20. Immediately following the Bay of
Pi gs disaster, and with the prospect of a disaster in Laos on the very
near horizon, Kennedy asked Deputy Secretary of Defense Gilpatric to work
up a program for saving Vietnam. The program was delivered, as requested,
a week later. It was a somewhat enlarged version of the CIP, with the
implic ation, not spelled out in the paper, that the new effort would be
put into effect without making any demands on Diem. (Simultaneously,
Ambassador Durbow, who had been in Vietnam for four years, was being
t<eplaced by Nolting, and this added to the hope that a new start might
be made with Diem.) There is nothing to suggest that anything more was
expected of Gilpatric's program, and indeed all the evidence suggests that
the main point of the exercise was to work General Lansdale into the role
of government - wide coordinator and manager of the country ' s first major test
in the neiV' art of counter-insurgency . Lansdale served as Executive Officer
of the Task Force \'lhich Gilpatric organized and which he proposed should be
given a continuing, dominant role in managing the Vietnamese enterprise.
By the time the report was submitted on April 27 when the Laos crisis
was reaching its peak, a new Geneva conference had been agreed upon. But
there were serious doubts that the pro-western side in Laos would be left
with anything to negotiate about by the time the conference opened. Even
the U.S .-favored settlement ( a coalition government ) represented a major,
if prudent, retreat from the previous U.S. position taken during the closing
months of the Eisenhower Administration .) So the situation in Laos was
b ad, if unavoidable; and i t followed ri ght on the heels of the Bay of Pigs,
and at a time when the Soviets were threatening to move against Berlin.
The emphasis of the Gilpatric Task Force shifted from shaping up the counterinsurgency aid program for Vietnam, to finding ways to demonstrate to the
South Vietnamese ( and others) that a further retreat in Laos would not
foresh adow an imminent retreat in Vietnam .
On April 28, an annex to the Task Force report proposed to counter
the impact of Laos with U. S . support for an increase in South Vietnamese ,
force s (the original report had proposed only more generous fin ancial support
for forces already planned under the ClP) and, further, a modest commitment
of U.S. ground combat units in South Vietnam, with the nominal mission of
establishing two training centers. On April 29, Kennedy endorsed the proposals of the original draft, but took no action on the far more s i gnificant
proposals in the annex . On May 1, a revised Task Force draft came out,
incorporating the Laos Annex proposals, and adding a recommendation that
the U. S . make clear an intent to intervene in Vietnam to the extent needed
to prevent a Viet Cong victory . At this point, practical control of the
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Task Force appears to have shifted out of Gilpatric's ( and Defense ' s )
hands to State (and, apparently, George Ball .) A State redraft of the
report came out May 3, vrhich eliminated the special role laid out for
Lansdale, shifted the chairmanship of the continuing Task Force to State,
and blurred, without wholly eliminating, the Defense-drafted recommendations
for sending U. S . combat units to Vietnam and for public U.. S. commitments
to save South Vietnam from Communism. But even the State re-draft recommended consideration of stationing American troops in Vietnam, for missions
not involving combat with the Viet Cong, and a bilateral U. S .- SVN security
tre aty . On May 4 and 5, still acting under the pressures of the Laos
crisis, the Administration implied (through a statement by Senator Fulbright
at the White House follovring a meeting with Kennedy, and at Kennedy's press
conference the next day) that it was considering stationing American forces
in Vietnam. On May 6, a final draft of the Task Force r eport came out,
essentially follovring the State draft of May 3. On May 8, Kennedy signed
a l etter to Diem, to be delivered by Vice President Johnson the next week,
which promised Diem strong U. S . support, but did hot go beyond the program
outlined in the original Task Force report; it offered neither to finance
expanded South Vietnamese forces, nor to station American troops in Vietnam .
On May 11, the r ecommendations of the final, essentially State-drafted,report
were formalized. But by now, the hoped for cease-fire in Laos had come off .
Vice President Johnson in Saigon on the 12th of May follovled through on his
i nstructions to proclaim strong U. S. support for and confidence in Diem .
When Diem talked of his worries about U.S . policy in Laos, Johnson, obviously
acting on instructions, r ais ed the possibility of stationing American troops
in Vietnam or of a bilateral treaty. But Diem wanted neither at that time .
John son ' s instructions were not available to this study, so we do not know
how he would have r esponded if Diem had asked for either troops or a treaty,
although the language of the Task Force report i mplie s he would only have
i ndicated a U. S. willingness to talk about these things . With Johnson,
came the new Ambassador, Fritz Nolting, whose principal instruct ion was to
"get on Diem ' s vlavelength" in contrast to the pressure tactics of his
predecessor .
A few weeks l ate r, in June , Diem , re sponding to an invitation Kennedy
had sent through Johnson, dispatched an aide to Washington with a letter
outlining Saigon ' s " essential military needs ." It asked for a large increase
in U. S . support for Vietnamese forces (suffi cient to raise ARVN strength
from 170,000 to 270,000 men), and also for the dispatch of " selected
elements of the American Armed Forces ", both to establish training centers
for the Vietnamese and as a symbol of American commitment to Vietnam . The
propo sal, Diem said, had been worked out with the advice of MAAG Saigon,
whose chief, along with the JCS and at least some civilian officials,
strongly favored getting American troops into Vietnam .
The question of increased support for Vietnamese forces was r esolved
tnrough the use of the Staley Mission . This was normally a group of economic
experts intended to work with a Vietnamese group on questions of economic
policy. Particularly at issue was whether the Vietnamese could not be
fin ancing a l arger share of their own defenses. But the .economic proposals
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and programs, all of which turned out to be pretty general and fuz zy ,
comprised a less important part of the report than the discussion of
Vietname se military requir ements . Here the study group reflect ed the
instructions of the two governments . On the basis of the Staley Report,
the U. S . agreed to support a further increase of 30,000 in the RVNAF, but
deferred a decision on the balance of the South Vietnamese. request on the
grounds that the question might not have to be faced since by the time
the RVNAF' reached 200 ;000 men, sometime late in 1962, the Viet Cong might
already be on the run. The Staley Report also contained what by now had
already become the usual sorts of nice words about the importance of social,
political, and administrative reforms , which turned out to have the usual
r elevance to reality . The U.S . was still sticking to the May formula of
trying to coax Diem to reform, instead of the equally unsuccessful January
formula of trying to pr essure him to r eform .
The other is sue -- the request for !! elements of the American Armed
Forces !! - - was left completely obscure. From the record available, we
are not sure that Diem really wanted the troops then, or whether Kennedy
really was l-filling to send them if they were wanted . All we know is t hat
Diem included some language in his letter that made the request a little
ambiguous, and t hat Washington - - either on the basis of clarification
f rom Diem ' s aide l-fho delivered the letter, or on i ts own i ni tiati ve, or
some combination of both - - interpreted the letter as not asking for troops,
and nothing came of the ~pparent request .
A new, and much more serious sense of crlSlS developed in September .
This time the problem was not directly Laos, but strong indications of
moderate deterioration of Diem ' s military position and very substantial
deterioration of morale in Saigo n . There was a sharp upswing in Vi et Cong
attacks in September, including a spectacular raid on a province capital
55 miles from Saigon during which the province chief was publicly beheaded
by the insurgents . At the end of September, Diem surprised Nolting by
asking the U. S . for a U. S .- GVN defense treaty . By Diem ' s account the loss
of morale in Saigon "ras due to worries about U. S. pol icy growing out of the
Laos situation. Both U. S . offici als in Washington and South Vietnamese
other than those closest to Diem, though , put most of the blame on deteri oration within South Vietnam, although the demoralizing effect of Viet Cong
successes was unquestionably magnified by uncertainties about the U.S .
commi tment to Vietnam . In response, President Kennedy sent General Taylor
and Walt Rostow, then both on the White House staff, to Vietnam, accompanied
by some less prominent offici als from State and Defens e .
What Taylor and Rostow reported was that Saigon faced a dual crisis of
confidence , compounded out doubts arising from Laos that the U. S . would
stick by South Vietnam, and doubts arising from the Viet Cong successes
t hat Diem ' s unpopular and inefficient r egime could beat the Viet Cong anyway .
The report said that a U. S . military commitment in Vietnam was needed to
meet the first difficulty; and that the second could best be met by supplying
a generous infusion of American personnel to all levels of the Vietnamese
government and army, who could, it was hoped, instill the Vietnamese with
the right kind of winning spirit, and r eform the re gime !! from the bottom up!!
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despit e Diem's vTeaknesses. The report recommended the dispatch of heli copter companies and other forms of combat support, but without great
emphasis on these units . Probably, although the record does not specifically
say so, there was a general understanding that such units would be sent
even b efore the report was submitted, and that is why there is relatively
little emphasis on the need for them .
The crucial issue was what form the American military commitment
had to take to be effective . Taylor, in an eyes only cable to the
President, argued strongly for a task force in the delta, consisting
mainly of army engineers to work where there had been a major flood . The
delta was also where the VC were strongest, and Taylor warned the President
that the force would have to conduct some combat operations and expect to
take casualties . But Taylor argued that the balance of the program, l ess
this task force, would be insufficient, for we had to " convince Diem that
we are willing to join him in a showdown with the Viet Cong ... "
We do not knmv what advice President Kennedy received from State :
Sorenson claims all the President ' s advisors on Vietnam favored sending
the ground force; but George Ball, at l east, who may not have been part
of the formal decision group, is widely r eported to have opposed such a
move; so did Galbraith, then Ambassador to India, who happened to be in
Washington ; and perhaps some others . From Defense, the President received
a ~aemo from McNamara for himself, Gilpatric, and the JCS, stating that they
were "i nclined to recommend" the Taylor program, but only on the understanding
that it would be followed up with more troops as needed, and with a willingness to attack North Vietnam. ( The JCS estimated that 40,000 American
troops would be needed to " clean up" the Viet Cong .) The Taylor Mission
Report , and Taylor ' s own cables, had also stressed a probable need to attack ,
or at least threaten to attack, North Vietnam .
The McNamara memo was sent November 8 . But on November 11, Rusk and
McNamara signed a joint memo that reversed McNamara ' s earlier position :
it recommended deferring, at least for the time being, the dispatch of combat
units . This obviously suited Kennedy perfectly, and the NSAM embodying the
decisions was taken essentially verbatim from .the recommendations of the
Rusk/McNamara paper, except that a re commendat ion that the U.S. was commiting
itself to prevent the loss of Vietnam vras deleted .
But where th e Taylor Report had impli ed a continuation of the May
' policy of trying to coax Diem into cooperating 'Hith the U.S., the new
program was made contingent on Diem ' s acceptance of a list of r eforms ;
furth er Diem ,ms to be informed that if he accepted the program the U. S .
would expect to " share in decision-making" ... rather than " advise only".
Thus, the effect of the decision ,vas to give Diem less than he was expect ing
(no symbolic commitment of ground force s ) but to accompany thi s limited
offer vTi th demands for which Diem was obviously both unprepared and unwilling
. to accede t o . On top of thi s, there Ivas the enormous ( and not aJ.vrays recogni zed ) extent to which U. S . policy vTas driven by the unthinkability of
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avoidably risking another defeat in Southeast Asia hard on the heels of
the Laos retreat .
Consequently, the U . S . bargaining position was feeble . Further ,
Galbraith at least, and probably others, advised Kennedy that there was
not much point to bargaining with Diem anyway, since he would never
.
fo l low through on any promises he made . (Galbraith favored promoting an
anti - Diem military coup at the earliest convenient moment .) Kennedy
ended up settling for a set of promises that fell well short of any
serious effort to make the aid program really contingent on reforms by
Diem . Since the war soon thereafter began to l ook better, Kennedy never
had occasion to reconsider his decision on combat troops ; and no urgent
r eason to consider Galbraith ' s advice on getting rid of Diem until l ate

1963 .

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IV.B.lo

THE KENI'JEDY PROGRA1>1 jlj\TD COjyiMITJ-:IEI.iJTS : 1961
CHRONOLOGY
DATE

EVENT OR DOC~ffiNT

DESC"R.IPTION

Situation in Vi etnam

According to Ambassador Durbrow
t here \-ras widespread popular dissatisfaction vTith the Diem Government and a grmling guerrilla thr eat.
At 't he same t ime, t h ere had b een a
v ery gra dua l grmrth of U. S. involve ment i n assisting t h e GVN to count er
t he VC .
I n t he U. S. t wo que otions influenced
d ecis i on s about Vietnam: fir s t, what
should the U.S. give Di em to counter
t he cowlnuni sts; secondly , what
if
any _ .. demands should be p o sed as a
quid pro ql,;~ for ass ist a n ce?

US-Soviet Relations

The probl ems of dealing with l-iOSCOl-T
were f a r mor e pressing tha n t hose
r elated to Vi et nam . A fe e ling that
Americ a ' s po s ition in the vwrld had
b een eroded by the USSR pr evailed;
Kenne dy ,vas p a rticularly determined
t o rega in Ame rican strength, prestige
and influe nce . Anything which coulcL
b e construed as American wealme ss
v is-a-vis the USSR ,'las to be avoided .
This-affected policy tOvrar d Vi etnam .

Si t uation in La os

The US··backed , pro-Americ a n faction
under Phoumi Nosavan was lo sing to
t he pro-Conwunist/neutralist faction
supported by the Soviet Union.
Commitment of U. S . forces was rejected
and on May 2, 1961 a cease-fi re 'W1S
d ec l ared . President Kennedy decided
t o support a coalition solution, even
t hough the odds on coalition leader
Souvanna Phourna ' s staying in pOi'ier
were v e ry Imr. As a consequence of
t his dec i sion, Hashingt on be lieved
t h a t Southeast Asian l eaders doubted
t he sincer ity of the U.S . conunit ment.
t o t h e a r ea, and the U. S. felt

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DATE

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DESCRIPTION
compelled to do something to restore
confidence, demonstrate U. S. resolve
and dispel any idea MosCOH rcight
have that the U.S. intended to withdraw' from Southeast ·Asia . Laos vIas
thus particularly influential in
deve10pnJent of policy toward Vietnam.

20 Jan 1961

President Kennedy
Inaugur at ed

28 Jan 1961

Kennedy Approves the
Counterinsurgency
Plan (CIP) for Vietnam

Gr adually developed during 1961, the
CIP was to be the basis for e~~anded
U. S. assistance to Vietnam. Kennedy
automatically approved its main provisions; negot i ations with Diem about
t he eIP began 13 February and continued through May of 1961. The U.S.
offered $28. 4 million to sup~ort a
20,000-man increase in the ft~VN' (for
a neH total of 170,000 ) ; to tr a in,
equip and supply a 32,000-man Civil
Guard at $12 . 7 million. The full
package added less than $1.~2 million
t o the current $220 million aid progr am .
The CIP called for consolidat ion of
the RVl~AF chain of cowJnand (never
fully accomplished under Di em. ) N J
agreement ..Tas r eached on t he question
of strat egy during thi s period .
(Diem wanted "strategic " outposts ,
Agrovilles, lines of strength throughout the country; the ~ffiAG favored a
"net and spear" concept -- small units
operating out of pacified areas to
find the enemy, call in res erve forces,
gr adually extend security to a ll of
Vietnam. )
Civil reforms included urging Diem to
broaden his govermnent , inc lude opposition political leaders in the
cabinet, give the National Assembly
some p01"er , inst itute civic action to
'''in he arts, minds and loyalty of the
peasants.
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DATE

EVEr-YT OR DOCill-1ENT

DESCRIPTION
The ClP assumed the GVN had the
potential to cope with 'the VC if
n ecessary corrective measures were
t aken and if adequate forces i'Tere
provided . The implicit bargain of
t he plan : t he U. S. 1,'lOuld support
" adequate forces " if Diem would
in stitut e "necessary corrective
measures ." Aga in, although soc i o··
political reforras were sought
t hrough the CIP and other ~lans ,
they ",ere not realized during the
early Kennedy years.

Mi d-Jan 1961

A Lansdale Report on
Vi etnam

Follmrlng a tri~) to Vi etnam. ,
Major General Eo G. Lansdale called
for strong support for Diem and
r ecommended t he U. S. demonstrate
t hat support immediately . Only if
Diem ' s conf i dence i n the U. S. were
r estored would U. S. influence be
effect i ve , sai d Lansda le. He recommended the ilmnediate tr ansfer of
Durbrow ( he was "too close to the
forest" a.nd vTaS not trust ed by the
G~~ ) and i mrnediate adoption of social ,
economic , politi cal and military programs t o prove U. S. backing for Diem
as well as help Diem stabilize the
countrys i de .

Febr uary-May

Durbrmv Negot i ations
with Diem on t he elP

Diem stalled the implementation of
hi s "major promises" (to establi sh
a central intelligence organization ,
put oper ational control for counterinsurgency operations under the milit ary command syst em , r eform the cabi net and government al administration ).
WaShington held up the "green light "
on aid as long as Diem sta lled .. although the JCS and MAAG in Sa i gon
were impatient to get on with the l'far
and were annoyed by t he delay.
Finally, i n mid-May ( aft er Durbrmv
had ended hi s four--year t our in Vietnam) Diem implement ed some "major
promis es " by decree . But nothing
changed ,

1961

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DATE

EVTh.'I[T OR DOCUNENT

DESCRIPTION

12 Apr 1961

ROStOvl Memorandum for
President Kennedy

W. W. Rostow suggested several vJays
for !! gearing-up the whole Vietnam
operation.!! These included: assign··
ing a first-rate, fulltime backstop
man in Washington to Vietnam affairs
( Lansdale ) ; a Vice Presidential visit
in SOtltheast Asia; explor ing vrays to
use new American techniques and
gadgets i n the fight against the VC;
replacing the ICA (AID ) chieJ':; highlevel discuss ion of t actics for persuading Diem to broaden his government; a Presidential letter to Diem
i n which Kennedy would re affirm
support for him but express the
urgency attached to finding a !!more
effective political and morale
setting!! for mili tar~l oper ations .

20 Apr 1961

The Presidential
Program for
Vietnam

Deputy Secretary of Defense Gilpatric
was directed to appraise the current
status and future prospects of the
VC drive i n South Vietnam, then
r ecommend a series of actions to
prevent co~~un ist domination of the
GVN.
(At t his same time: the Bay of Pigs
invasion force surrendered and the
Lao s crisis 'Has coming t o a head. )
Gilpatric and Lansdale headed a Task
Force established immediately to
c arry out these i nstructions
0

27 Apr 1961

Gilpatric Task Force
Report submitted; the
NSC meets

This first Task Force dr aft called
for a moderate acceleration of the
CIP program approved in J anuary , ",ith
stress on vigor , enthusiasm and strong
leadership . The report reco~~ended
building on present US-GVN programs ,
infusing them with a new sense of
urgency and creating action programs
in aJ.most every field to create a
viable and i ncreasingly democratic
government in SVN to prevent co~~u­
nist domination. No ARVN increase

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DATE

EVEN~r

OR DOCUMENT

DESCRIPI'ION
beyond the already-authorized 20)000man addition vTaS recommended; a
mod~st }'lAAG incre a,se was proposed.
The US vlOuld support t he Civil Guard
and Self-Defense Corps. Emphas i s
was on stabilizing the countrys i de ,
not on pressing Diem for po litical
or administrative r eforms . ( Gilpatric
wanted Lansdale to go t o Vietnam
i mmediately after the program vTaS
approved to consult with Vi etn 8~e se
and US leaders and make further recommendations for action; but McNamara
made Lansdale ' s mi ss ion contingent
upon an inv it ation from the US Ambassador i n Saigon -- an inv it at ion
t hat never came
0

)

The NSC was to discuss this report
but the 27 April me etin g ,'las dominated by t he aC"lte Laotian cri sis .
28 .Apr 1961

Laos Annex to ( first )
Task Force Report

A r eport - - a r esponse , really -concerning t he critical situation
in Laos and its effect on Vietnam
was prepared for the NSC on 28 April.
It r ecommended a t vlO-division ARVN
i ncrease and deployment of 3600 US
troops to Vi etnam ( t wo 1600-man
t eams to tr ain each n e1-l division;
400 Special Forces troops to speed
over-all ARm~ counterinsurgency
t r a ining ). Rationale: to enable
ARVN t o guard agai nst conventional
i nvasion of Sout h Vietnam . (Both
t he i ncreased forces and the ir justific at ion "rere different from t 1'iO
earli er reports . Lan sdal e had advocated no AI~VN increase but felt some
US force build-up was called for as
a demon stration of Amer i can support
for t he GVN. Gilpatric' s milit ar y
aide , Colonel E. F . Black, "rrot e the
other r eport vlhich sa"T no need for
more US troops but r ecommended expansion of ARVN to meet t he thr eat
or i ncreased infiltr ation. The se

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.....

/.:;.

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DATE

EVENT OR DOCLJlIiENT

DESCRIPl'ION
vievTs 'were rej ected in. favor of
Black r s second paper \vhich advo cated more A..'R.VN troops _ .. to
counter overt aggression, not in··
creased infiltration -- and commitment of US troops for tr aining
purposes -- not for politic a l
reassurance or demonstration of
US resolve. Black r s second paper
''laS sent to the NSC . )

29 Apr 1961

Kennedy Decisions on
the Draft Report

Kennedy did not act on the Laos
Annex. He approved only the
limited military proposals con-,
tain ed. in the first Gilpatric Task
Force report. The 685-man HAAG
vlOuld be incre ased to 785 to enable
i t t o train th e approved 20,000 ne\'T
ARVl~ troops
Kennedy also authorized the t ffiAG to support and advise
t he Self Defense Corps (40,000 men ) ;
authorized l~P support for the entire
Civil Guard of 68,000 ( vice 32,000
previously supported ) ; ordered i n sta llation of r adar surveillance
'equipment and okayed NIAP support
and training for the Vietnamese
Junk Force.
0

1 May 1961

NSC Meets; Ne\'T Draft
of the Task Force
Report Issued

Ker. .nedy again deferred decision on
sending troops i nto Laos apparently
b ~c ause the fee ling that the US would
n ot make such a move was now firm .
The 1 May draft report was little
different from the 28 April version.
The Laos Annex was incorporated into
t he main paper; the US vms to make
knovm i ts re a diness to " i ntervene
unilaterally" in Southeast Asia to
fulfill SEATO commitments ( vic e
i ntETvene in con j unction vTithSE...lI.TO .
forces ) . ARVN increase s were nOvT
j usti f ied by the thre a t of overt
aggression as vlell as increased in ..
filtr at ion .

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DAT:;:;

EVENT OR DOC'UIl1EHT

3 May 1961

State ( George Ball )
Revision of Task
Force Report

DESCRIPTION
This draft 'vas very d.ifferent from
the original. Lansdale ' s role was

(Text continues in the original file: 197 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-2 — [Part IV. B. 1.] Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: The Kennedy Commitments and Programs, 1961

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-2
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-2
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

A 2011 paper recounting 1960s hamlets—because paperwork loves vintage dates.

- 2011 NWD PDF report on Strategic Hamlet Program, South Vietnam, early 1960s.
- Describes phases, U.S.–Diem perspectives, and challenges in pacifying rural areas.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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IV.B.2.

STRliTEGIC Hfl..ELET PROGRAI-1

A specific strategy by 1!lhich the U. S. and GVJ:l would attempt to end
the insu~ ge ncy in South Vietnarn had never been agreed upon at the time
that the U.S, decided, l ate in 1961, to :i..ncrease materially its assistance to GVW and to expand its advisory effort into one which vlOuld
implement a "limited partnership." By early 1962, hOl·.rever, there "I-ras
apparent consensus among the princ ipa l part icipants that the Strategic
Hamlet Program, as it c arD.e to be called , represented the unifying concept
for a strategy des i gned to pacif;y- rural Vietnam (the Viet Cong I s chosen
battleground ) and to develop support among the peasants for the central
government.

The Strategic Hamlet Program VT8.S much broader than the construction
of strategic hamlets p e r see It envisioned sequential phases which,
beginn ing vri th clearing the ins urg ents from an area and protecting the
rural populace, progressed through the establish.ment of GVW infrastructure
and thence to the provision of services vThicn Hould le ad the peasants to
identify with their government . The s trategic hamlet program "I,raS , in
short , an attempt to translat e the nevTly articulated theory of counterinsu~gency into operational reality.
The objectj.ve was polit:i.cal though
the means to its realization "I'Je re a mixture of military, social, psycho··
logical, economic and political measu~es .
'I'he effect of these sequential steps to pacification 'tTas to make it
very difficult to make interTtlediate assessments of progress . One could
not really be sure hO'N one was doing unt il one ·\'Tas done . Physical
security by itself (the so-called 'Icl ear and hold" initial step ) was a
necessary condition for pacification, not a sufficient one. The establishment of governmental functions was not, by itself, ne cessar ily conducive
to a successful effort; the qua lity of those functions and their responsiveness to locally felt needs "lvas critical. This inherent difficulty in
assessi.ng progress did not simply mean that it VIas difficult to identify
problems and to make improvements as one went along -- which it v!as. It
also meant that it was quite possible to conclude that the program as a
whole "lms progressing well (or badly) according to evidence relating only
to a single phase or a part of a phase.

A related problem arose from the uniaueness of this program in
Americ an experience -- pacification-by pr;xy. The theory of se quential

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phases could be variously int erpreted. This is not the problem of the
three blind men describing the elephant; it is the probl em of men vIi th
different perspectives each moul ding his olm conception of a proper
body to the same ske leton. If the final product vTere to h ave some semblance of coherence and mutual satisfaction it \\Tas necessary that the
shapers came to agreement on substa.nce and operational procedure, not
just that they agree on the proper skeleton upon which to work .
The problem "lith the apparent consensus hich emerged early in 1962
was that t he principal partic ipants did view it with different perspectives and expectations. On the U.S. side, military advisors had a set
of preferences which affected their approach to the Strategic Ha...11l1et
Program. They wanted to make RVNAF more mobile , more aggressive, and
bett ~r orga.nized to take the offensive against the Viet Cong o They vrere ,
consequent ly, extremely l eery of proposals which might l ead it to be tied
dOlm in strategic defenses ("holding" after liclearing" had been completed)
or diverted too much to military civic act ion undertakings .
The American politic al leadership , insofar as a genera li zat ion may
b e attempted , may be said to have b een most concerned with the later
phases of the program .. .- those in which GVH services vTere provided,
local governments established, and the economy bolstered. Military
clearing operations were , to them, a distasteful, expensive, but necessary precondition to the really critic a l and important phases of the
e ffort.
Both of these U.S. groups h ad perspect i ves different from those of
the Diem administrat ion. In the U.S . view the i nsurgents were on l y one
o f Diem I s enemies ; he himself vTaS the other. I n this view the p roc ess of
pacification coul d proceed successfully only if Diem reformed his OvlD
government . It was precisely to achieve these goals simul taneously that
the U. S. agreed to enter a !!limited partnership!! with GVF in the cOUllterinsurgent effort. The strategic Hrunlet Program became the oper at iona l
s ymbol of this effort .
President Diem -., unsurpris i ng ly -- had a very different viev! . His
need, as he saw it, was to get the U. S. committed to South Vietnam ( and
to his administration ) 'without surrendering his i ndependence . He knew
that his nation vTOuld f a ll without U. S. support; he feared that his
government ,wuld fall i f he either appeared to toady to U. S. vris hes or
allowed any single group too much pot ential power -- p articularly coercive povTer. The Strategic Hamlet Program offered a vehi cle by vrhich E~
could direct the counterinsurgent effort as he thought it should be
directed and 1'Tithout giving up either his prerogatives to the U. S or his
mantle to his restle s s generals .
The progra~, i n the form of a plan for pacification of the Delta,
)Vas forma lly propos ed to Diem in November 1 961 by R . G. K. Thompson ,
head of the ne.vly arrived British Adv isory Mi ssion . U. S. military

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advisors favored at that time an ARV":{ penetration of the VC redoubt in
Hal' Zone D prior to any opere,tions aimed specifically at pacification.
But UoS. political desires to start some lo cal operation which could
achieve concrete gains combined vrith Die..rn ' s preference for a pacification effort in an area of strategic importance led to the initi al effort
i n Harch 1962, 1T0pers,tion SmmISE, II in Binh Duong Province north of
Saigon. This was a heavily VC-infiltrated area rather than one of
minimal penetration, as Thompson had urged. But planning .. - as distinct
from operations -- continued on the Delta plan and strategic hamlets were
constructed in a variegated, uncoordinated pattern throughout the spring
and early summer. The U. S. had little or no i nfluence over these activities; the primary impetus vms traceable directly to the President's
brother and political counsellor, Lgo Dinh ?lhu .
'In August 1 962, GVN produced its long aI>Jait ed national pacification
pleD with four priority areas and specified priori ties vri thin each area.
At the same time, however, it indicated that over 2,500 strategic hamlets
had already been completed and that vlork was already undenvay on more
than 2 ,500 more. Although it viaS not until October 1962, that GVS
explicitly annou.nced the strategic Haml et Program to be the unifying
concept of its pacification and counterinsurgent effort it 'tTaS clear
earlier that the program had assumed this central position.
Three import ant implications of this early progress (or , more precisely, reported progress ) are also clee,r in retros:pect. These implic ations seem not to have impressed themselves acutely upon U. S. observers
at the time . First, the program viaS truly one of GVH initiat ive rather
than one embodying priorities and time phasing recommend ed by the U. S.
Diem was runn ing -.;dth his ovm b a ll in programmatic terms, no matter viho
articulated the theory of the approach. The geographic dispersion of
hamlets already reported to be complet ed indicated that there was, in
f act , a conscious effort to implement this phase almost simultaneously
throughout the entire nation r ather than to build slowly as Di em ' s
fo reign advisors (both U. S. and Br itish) recommended.
Finally, the physical aspects of Die..:m ' s program 'I>Jere s i milar if not
identi cal to earlier population resettlement and control efforts practic ed by the French and by Diem . The l ong history o f these efforts was
marked by consistency in results as well as i n techniques: all fai l ed
di smally because they ran i nto resentment i f not active resistance on
the part of the peasants at whose contro l and safety, t hen loyalty, they
were aimed. U.S . desires to begin an effective process of pac i fication
h ad fastened onto security as a necessary precondition and slighted the
histor i c record of rural resistance to resettlement . President Di em and
hi s brother, for their part , had decided to emphasize control of the
rural population as the precondition to vTinning loyalty. The record is
i nconclusive 'I'lith respect to their v:eighing the record of the past but
it appears that they, too, paid it scant attention . Thus the early
operational efforts indicated a danger of peasant resist ance , on one hand ,

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and of divergent approaches between, in the i nitia,l steps, the U.S .
(focused on security measures) and Diem (conce rned more vlith control
me asures ). Since the physical actions to achieve security and those
to impose control are in many respects the same, there was generated
yet another area in vlhich assessments of progress 'Ivould be inconclus ive
and difficult to maJ~e.
U.S. attention, once an apparent consensus had been forged concentrated on program management efforts in t iro categories: to convince
GVN to proceed at a more measured, coherent pace vlith a qualitative
improvement in the physical construction of strategic hamlets; and to
schedule materi al assistance ( fortifica.tion materials, etc.) and training for local defense forces to match the rate of desired hamlet construction .
U.S. assessment s, at the same time, concentrated on the physical
asp ects of the program and on VC activity in areas 'I-There strategic
hamlets had been constructed. Assessments tended to be favor able from
a security (or control ) viewpoint and uneven with respect to political
development. The general conclusion was almost abmys one of cautious
optimism when security (control ) vms emphasized, one of hopeful pessimism vThen political follow-up vIas stressed. The impression in Hashing·,
ton vms typic ally slanted tOl-lard the more optimistic appraisals i f for
no other reason than that hamlet construction and security arrangements
'\ITere the first chronological steps in the long process to pacification.
Ha.s it not, after all, "progress" to have moved from doin g nothing to
doing something even though the something was being done imperfect ly?
These U.S. assessments changed only marginally throughout the life
of the program. By the time , in 1963, that the hopeful pessimist voices
were clearer, it 'Has also much clearer t hat the Ngo brothers had made
the Strategic Hamlet Program i nt o one closely identified with their
regime and with Diem ' s r ather esoterically phrased "personalist revolut ion. 11 Fears grew that Diem vTas attempting to impose loyalty from the
top through control rather than to build it from the bottom by deeds.
These fears 'I<Tere not limited to the Strategic Hamlet Program , hm<Tever ;
they extended to urban as well as rural phases of South Vietnamese li fe
and liere subsumed, as the Buddh ist question moved to the fore , by the
general is sue of the viability of Diem ' s regime .
President Diem gre'I'T increasingl y umiilling to meet U. S. demands for
r eform. He believed that to do so lvould cause his government to ' fail.
U. S. observers held that. failure to do so would cause the nation, not
just the government to fall. In the event the government fell and the
nation ' s counterinsurgent program took a definite turn for the worse ,
but the nation did not fall. The Strategic Hamlet Program did . Closely
i dentified Iii th the Ngo brothers , it vms alnl0st bound to suffer their
fortunes; when they died it died, too. The nevr government of generals ,
presumably realizing the extent of peasant displeasure with resettlement
and control measures, did nothing to save it.

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A number of contributory reasons can be cited for the fai l ure of the
Strategic Hamlet Program. Over-expansion of construction and poor
quality of defenses forms one category. This r eason concentrates only
on the initial phase of the prograil1, however . ~'lhile valid, it does little
to explain why the entire program collapsed rather than only some hamlets
v!ithin it. Rural antagonisms l'lhich identified the program with its
sponsors in the central government are more suggestive of the b as is for
t he complete collapse as Diem and Nhu departed the scene. The reasons
why they departed are traceable in part to the di fferent expectations
which combined in the apparent consensus at the program ' s beginning: to
Diem's insistence on material assistance and independence, to U. S. willingness to prov ide assistance only if its advice was heeded, and to the
f ailure to re solve this question either by persuasion or l everage • .
Having said this , it does not automatically fo llo't1 that the program
would have succeeded even if Diem had met U.S. demands for change. To
point to the causes of failure is one thing; to assume that changes of
style v10uld have led to success is c;uite another . It may well be that
the program was doomed from the out;et because of peasant resistance to
measures yrhich changed the pattern of rural life .~ .. whether aimed at
s ecurity or control. It might have been possible, on the other hand, for
a well- executed program eventually to have achieved some measure of success.
The early demise of the program does not permit a conclusive evaluation.
·The weight of evidence suggests that the Strategic Hamlet Program was
fatally fla'tred in its conception by the unintended consequence of alienati ng many of those whose loyalty it aimed to 'tri n .
This inconclusive finding, i n turn, suggests that the sequential
phas es embodied i n the doctrine of counterinsurgen cy may slight some
v ery i mportant problem areas. The evidence i s not sufficient f or an
i ndictment ; still less i s one able to validate the counterin surgent doc trine with reference to a program that failed. The only verdict that
may be given at this time with respect to the~lidity of the doctrine is
that used by Scots courts -- !I case not proved ;"

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IV.B.2.

C}mO=~OLOGY

DATE

OCC uPI{E~WE

1953-1959

French and GVE early attempts at popul ation r esettle··
ment int o defended communities to create secure zones.

1959

Hural Community Development Centers (Agroville ) Program initiated by GVf.L

Late 1960

USMN~G

Early 1961

Agroville Program modified by construction of "AgroHarnlets II to meet peasant obj ections.

May 1961

Vice President Johnson I s visit to RVN .

J uly 1961

Staley Gro'up report on i ncreased economic aid and
i ncrease in RV=~AF strength.

15 September 1961

USVlALiG Geographically Phased I,rational Level Operation
Pla.n for Counterinsurgency.

18 October 1961

Genera.l Taylor arrives i n RVI~ ; President Diem declares
nat i onal emergency .

27 October 1961

R. G.K. Thompson submits to President Diem hi s
Appreciation of Vietnam, .November 1961-April 1962.

3 li[ovember 1961

General Taylor submits his report and r ecommendations
to President Kennedy .

13 Fovember 1961

RoG. K. Thompson submits his draft plan for pacification
of the Delta to Pres i dent Di em .

15 November 1961

NSC drafts FSJ:":f 111. Cable to .JiJnbassador No l ting,
i nstructing hi.lll to meet ,,7ith Diem , l ays out pr oposed
U. S. assistance and expected GVN effort .

22 November 1961

NSA.vl 111.

15 December 1961

First Secretary of Defense Conference , Honolul u .

2 February 1962

Roger Hilsman I S A strategic Concept for South Vietnam.

3 February 1962

Di em creates Inter-Mini sterial Committee on Strategic
Hamlets.

Counterinsurgency Plan Vietnam completed.

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DATE

OCCU.HREl'fCE

19 Harch 1962

Diem approves Thompson's "Delta Plan ll for execution.

22 Narch 1962

"Opera,tion SliHRISE tl corolUences in Binh Duong Province.

8 August 1962

GV~

28 October 1962

GYii devotes ent ire is sue of The Times of Vietnam to
"The Year of the Strategic Hamlet . Ir

8 May 1962

Buddhist controversy erupts I'Then GVh troops fire on
demonstrators i n HUe.

24 August 1963

State to Lodge, Me ssage 24.], says that U, S. c an no
l onger tolerate Fhu ' s continuation in po''.'"er.

10 September 1963

General Krulak and Mr . Mendenhall give contradictory
r eports on progress of war to I\"SC .

2 October 1963

Secretary McNamara reports to President Kennedy fo lloVli ng his visit to RVH vlith General Tayl or.

1 November 1963

Coup d' etat by group of generals agai nst President Diem.

Nat ional Strategic Hamlet Construction Plan.

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THE STRATEGIC HAMLET PROGRAM
O 1961 - 1963
TABLE OF CONTENTS AND OUTLINE
Page
I. INTRODUCTION..
A. Scope and Terminology .............. .......... 1
C. The Situation in Late 196l.......................... 3
II, THE FORMULATION OF THE STRATEGIC HAMLET PROGRAM......... 4
A. U.S.-GVN Consultations.......... e 4
B. "Limited Partnership"......
C. U.S.-Proposed National Plans.......... 7
D. Initial Vietnamese Reactions............ ....... ∞
E. Thompson's Counterproposals..... CO.G* 10
O
III. DEVELOPING A CONSENSUS AMONG THE ADVISORS.............. 12
A. Initial Reaction of U.S. Military Advisors.......... 12
B. Reactions in Washington........... 13
C. The Advisors Reach Agreement...... ....... 14
IV.. THE ADVISORS "SELL" DIEM (OR VICE-VERSA) 15
A. Where to Begin?........... 15
B. Concurrent GVN Activity.............. 16
C. Early Signs of GVN Expectations..... .... 17
V. DIFFERING PERSPECTIVES AND EXPECTATIONS................. 18
A. U.S. Military Advisors............. .............. 18
B. U.S. Political Leadership........ 18
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Page
C. President Diem......... 19
D. The Central Issue........ 19
E. The Problem of Assessment......... 20
V$ THE NATIONAL PLAN EMERGES. ..... 20
A. Awareness of the Unifying Potential................. 20
- 22
B. "Operation Sunrise". ...c......
C. Other Early Programs.............. o ..... 22
D. At Last -- A National Plan............... ......... 24
E. Effect on U.S. Perceptions............. ............. 24
30
VII. THE PATH TO THE END........ ...... 35
A. Diem's Position Hardens........ 35
B. The Program Dies With the Ngos......... ..... 35
O VIII. AN INCONCLUSIVE SUMMARY..... 36
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IV. B.2 .

THE STRATEGIC HAMLET PROGRAM, 1961-1963 :
AN APPRAISAL

I.

Il\lTRODUCTION
A.

§cope and Terminology

The Strategic Hamlet Program in the Republic of Vietnam (RVN) - articulated and carried forward from late 1961 until late 1963 -- has created some confus ion because of terminology . One source of confusion stems
from the similarity betvTeen the physical aspects of the program and earlier
fortified communities of one kind or another. Another source of confusion
l1
rises b ecause of the loose usage of I1hamlet l1 as compared to I1 village and
because of the practice of referring to these communities as I1 defended, 11
I1secure ,11 and fortified l1 as well as I1 s trategic. 11 But the greatest source
of confusion lies in the distinction between a strategic hamJ_et }!er se
and the strategic hamlet program.
The hamlet is the smallest organized community in rural South Vietnam . Several hamlets (typically 3-5) comprise a village . During the strategic hamlet program both hamlets and villages were fortified . The distinc tion is unimportant for the present analysis , except as it bears on the
defensibility of the com~lmity protected. The several adjectives coupled
with hamlet or village were occasionally us ed to differentiate communities
accord:i..ng to the extent of their defenses or the initial presumed loyalty
of their inhabitants . More often no such distinction was made; the terms
were used interchangeably . Where a distinction exists, the follo\<Ting account explains it .
The phrase Strategic Hamlet Program when use d to represent the program is much broader than the phrase applied to the haml ets themse lves .
The program, as explained below, envisioned a process of pacification of
which the construct ion of strategic hamlets was but part of one phase , albeit a very important part . This paper examines the program, not just
t he hamlets .
B.

Antecedents

Population relocation into defended villages was by no means a
recent development in Southeast Asia. Parts of South Vietnam had experience with the physical aspects of fortified communities going back many

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years . As the int ellectual godfather of the Strategic H~mlet Program has
put it, the concept's use as one of the measures to defeat communist insurgency " ... has only meant that the lessons of the past had to be relearn"; ." 2:.,/
The aruninistration of President Diem had relearned thFse lessons
much earlier than late 1961. There I'Tas, in fact, no need to r.elearn them
b ecause they had never been forgotten . The French had made resettlement
and the development of "s ecure zones" an important element in their effort
near the end of the war with the Viet Minh. The government of newly-created
South Vietnam, headed since 195~· by President Diem, had continued res ettle ment schemes to accofimodate displaced persons, to control suspected rural
populations, and to safeguard loyal peasants in the threatened areas .
None of these efforts i nvolving resettlement had succeeded . Each had inspired antagonism among the peasants who were moved from their ancestral
lands and away from family burial plots.
Diem ' s actions in late 1961 'w ere thus inescapably tied to earlier
actions by proximity in time, place, and the personal experiences of many
peasants . Chief among the earlier programs was that of the so-called
Agrovilles or "Rural Community Develo"pment Centers," launched in 1959 ·
The Agrovilles, groupments of 300-500- families, were designed to afford the
peasantry the social b enefits of city life (schools and services), to increase their physical security, and to control certain key locations by
denying them to the communists.?J
They were designed to improve simultaneously the security and well-being of their inhabitants and the government's
control over the rua l population and rural areas .
The Agroville program was generally unsuccessful . The pea,sants
had many complaints about it ranging from clumsy, dishonest administration
to the physical hardship of being too far from their fields and the psychological wrench of being separated from ancestral home s and burial plots .
By 1960, President Di em had slowed the program in response to peasant complaints and the Viet Cong ' s ability to exploit this dissatisfaction .

;J

!!J

The transition from Agrovilles to strategic ha.mlets in 1961 was
marked by the so-called "Agro-hamlet " "lvhich attempted to meet some of the
peasants ' objections :
The smaller 100 family Agro-hamlet was located more
closely to lands tilled by the occupants . Construction vms
carried out at a slower pace filled to the peasant ' s plant ing and harvesting schedule ... By the end of 1961, the Agrohamlet had become the prototype of a vast civil defense
scheme known as strategic hamlets, ~ Chien Luoc .

21

It was inevitable, given this lineage , that the strategic hamlet program
be regarded by the peasants as old wine in ne\'I"ly-labelled bottles . The
successes and failures of the past were bound to condition its acceptance- and by l ate 1961 the Diem government "l8,S ha,ving more failures than successes .

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C.

The Situation i n Late 1961

By late 1961, if not earlier , it had become clear in both Siagon
and Washington that the yellow star of the Viet Cong \Va s in the ascendancy .
Following the 1960 North Vietnamese announcement of the twin goals of ousting President Diem and reunifying Vietnam under communist rule, the Viet
Cong began sharply to i ncrease its guerrilla, subversive, and political
warfare . §/
Viet Cong regular forces, nOl'T estimated to have grown to
25,000, had been organized into larger formations and employed with increasing fre~uency. The terrorist-guerrilla organization had grown to an esti During the first half of 1961, terrormated 17,000 by November 1961.
i sts and guerrillas had assassinated over 500 local officials and civilians,
kidnapped more than 1,000, and killed almost 1,500 RVNAJI'" personnel. §/
The VC continued to hold the ini tia ti ve in the 'countrys ide , controlling
major portions of the populace and drawing an increasingly tight cinch
around Saigon .
The operative ~uestion was not whether the Diem government as it was then moving could defeat the insurgents, but whether it could
save itself .

11

21

Much of this deterioration of the situation in RVN vTas attributable,
in U. S. eyes, to the manner in which President Diem had organized his government . The struggle -- vlhether viewed as one to gain loyalty or simply to
assert control -- was focused in and around the villages and hamlets in the
countrys ide. It was precis e ~·" in those areas that the bilineal GVN organization (ARVN and civilian province chiefs) most lacked the capability for
concerted and cohesive action. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)
was developing a potentially effective institutional framework under U.S.
tutelage, but that effectiveness against the VC, Diem realized, could potentially be transferred into effectiveness against himself . The abortive
coup of late 1960 had made Diem even more reluctant than he had earlier
be en to permit power (especially coercive power) to be gathered into one
set of hands other than his own. Still, the establishraent of an effective
military chain of command which could operate where necessary in the countryside remained the prime objective of U. S. military advisors . ~
A unitary chain of command had recently been ordered into effect
within ARVN, but this had not solved the operational problems, for military operations were inescapably conducted in areas under the control of
an independent political organizati on with it s own military forces and influence on operations of all kinds -- military, paramilitary, and civic
action . The province chiefs, personally selected by President Diem and
presumably loyal to him,controlled politically the territory in dispute
with the VC and within which ARVN must operate . They also controlled territorial forces comprising the Civil Guard (CG) and Self Defense Corps (SDC) .
For President Diem ' s purposes this bilineal organization offered
an opportunity to counterbalance the pOvler (and coup potential) of the
generals by the power of the province chiefs . It was a device for survival.
But the natural by-product of this duality, in terms of the effectiveness
of actions against the VC, was poor coordination and imperfect cooperation

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in intelligence collection and production, in planning, and in operational
execution in the countryside, where the ba ttles ~rere fought - - both the
"battle for men's minds" and the more eas ily understood battles for control of the hamlets, villages, districts, and provinces .
(

The U.S. and GVN were agreed that in order to defeat the insurgency
it was necessary that the rura.l populace identif'y with at lea.st the local
representatives of the central government. They were agreed, too , that
some measure of physical security must be provided the rural population
if thi s end were to be achieved. Both agreed that the GVN must be the
principal agent to carry out the actions which 1vould bring the insurgency
to an end.
The high level U. S. -GVN discussions held during President Kennedy ' s
first year in office focused on wha.t the U. S. could provide GVN to assist
the latter 's counterinsurgency efforts and on Ivhat GVN should do organizationally to make it s efforts more effective . A subsidiary and related
discussion revolved around the U.S. advisory organization to parallel the
GVN reorganization. The problem of how additional resources jn some improved organizational framework were to be applied operationally was fragmented into many sub-issues ranging from securing the border to building
social infrastructure.

(Text continues in the original file: 60 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-3 — [Part IV. B. 2.] Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: Strategic Hamlet Program, 1961-63

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-3
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-3
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 2011 report finally partnered with history—still no stable army.

- NARA pdf, 2011 declassified analysis on Vietnam 1961‑63, authored by NWD.
- Describes U.S. shift to advisory role, counterinsurgency, limited partnership, challenges building stable army.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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IV. B. 3.

THE ADVISORY BUILD- UPI 1961-67

SU MMARY AND ANALYSIS
Th~ United States decided, shortly after the Geneva Accords and
during the period of French withdrawal from Indo-Chi na, to give mil it ary
assistance and advice to the newly proclaimed Republ ic of Vi etnam. It
might as eas ily have decided not to undertake this effort to prevent
South Vi etnam from fall ing to communism.

The Joint Chiefs of Staff were pessimistic. Th e creat ion of a
Vietn amese Army , they said, might not even l ead to internal pol itica l
stabil ity, much l ess assure the capabil ity to prot ect South Vi etnam
from external aggression. The JCS also believed th at the 1 imitations
imposed by the Geneva agreements on the number of U.S. mili tary personnel
would make it impractical to attempt to train a new Army -- particularly
given the pau c ity of exper ienced l eaders wh ich was th e l egacy of French
colonial ism . Th e President's mil itary adv i sors did not wish to assume
th e r espons ibil ity for failure without th e resources and i nfluence which
would offer a better chance for succe ss.
THE AMERICAN GAMBLE
The available record does not i nd ic ate any rebutt a l of the JCS's
appraisal of th e situation. What it does in d i cate is that the U.S.
decid ed to gamb l e with very 1 imited resources becaus e the potenti a l gains
seemed we ll worth a limit ed risk. III cannot guarantee th at Vietnam will
r ema i n free, even with our aid," General J. Lawton Co11 ins report ed to
the National Security Council, "But I know that without our a id Vi etnam
will surely be lo st to Communism."
Secretary of State John Foster Dulles was instr umenta l in dec iding
for pol itica1 reasons to und e rtake a mod es t program of mil i tary advice
aimed at producing po l i t ica1 stabi1 ity. Once l aunched, howeve r, the
program of adv ice and assistance came to be dominated by conve ntiona l .
milit ary conceptions. In sur ing int erna l stab ility i s a "1 esser in cluded
capabi1 i tyll of armed force, th e r eason i ng went; the principal purpose of
such a force is to protect the territorial int ~gr ity of the nation.
It was such a conventional f orce that the small USMAAG attempt ed to
produce from 1955 until about 1960. Th e Army of th e Repub1 ic of Vi e tnam
(ARVN) was made to "mirror image" the U.S. Army to the extent pe rmitted
by differences in equ ipment and l oca l e. The number of U.S. adv i sors
(approx imately doubled by li The Equipment Recovery Mission" -- a thinly
ve i l ed dev ice to increase the number of Ame ricans in Vietna m) r ema in ed
stable throughout th i s period. ARVN deve l oped into a multi-divisional
i

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forc e oriented primarily toward conventional defense. The l ater
tran s ition to a force designed for counter insurg ent warfare was
thereby made more difficult.
It seemed for a vJh i l e that the gambl e aga inst l ong odd s had
succeeded. The Vi et Minh were quiescent; the Republ ic of Vi etnam
Armed Forces (RV NAF ) were markedly better armed and trained than
th ey were when the U. S. effort began (at which t ime they were un armed arid untrained), and President Ngo Di nh Diem showed a r emarkab l e
ab i l i ty to put down factions threatening GVN stab i l ity and to maintain
himse lf i n office.
This period of apparent stabi li ty dis appeared , however , i n th e
events of 1949-5 1 as the Vi et Minh (relabe ll ed Vie t Cong -- a contracti on for Vi etnamese Commun i st) stepp ed up terror i sm, sabotage, and
mil i tary action by incr eas i ngly l arge units. By mid - 1961, th e prospect
for South Vietn am 's i ndependence was at l east as da rk as i t had been
si x years earl ier.
But the U.S. mi l i tary advisors i n Vietnam had l earned -- or at
l east thought they had learn ed -- dur i ng this per iod of gradua l disi ntegrat ion the true nature of the battle i n which they were engag ed
by Pl-oxy. Th i s was an unconventiona l , i nterna l war of counter i nsurg enc y
rather than a conve ntional struggle against an externa l f oe. It was a
batt l e for the " hearts and mi nds" of the i nd igenous (and espec ially the
r ura l) popu l at i on rath er than a cont es t to wi n and ho l d key terra i n
f eatures . It was an i ntermes hed po l i t i ca l -econom i c-m il i ta ry war rather
t han one i n wh i ch pol i tica l and economic i ssues were sett l ed by mi l i tary
vi ctory.
U.S. adv i sors i n Vi etnam - and U.S. mil it ary and c ivil i an theor i sts
in o ther p l aces, as we ll -- formu l ated dur i ng th i s per iod a r ud imentary
doctr i ne of counter i nsurgent warfare. In r esponse to Prem ier Khrushchev ' s
e ndorsement of " wars of nat iona l 1 i be rat ion " t hey proposed to he l p free
wor l d nat ions save t hemse l ves from commun i sm by a ser ies of seque nt ia l
act ions that dea l t wi th the symptoms of soc ial revo l ut ion ( t he i nsurgenc y)
a s we ll as it s causes ( the f rustrat ion of expec t at ions for soc i a l j ust i ce ).
Th us , at a l most the same t ime that the U.S. began i ts adv i sory bu il dup i n South Vietnam i n l ate 196 1, mil i tary and c i v il i an pract i t ioners
f ound t hemse l ves i n possess ion of a s imp l e, apparent l y l og i ca l , out l i ne
s ketch of a method by wh i ch to count e r the co~nun i st-cap t ured i nsurgency.
Phys i ca l secur i ty from the acts of the i nsurgents was a necessar y but not
a suff i c ient cond i t ion f or success. In add iti on t o secur ity the Vietnamese
government had to establ i sh the serv i ces wh i ch wou l d lin k i t i n c l ass i c
t erms of l eg i t imacy to i ts subjects. We wou l d fi ght fi re wi t h f i re and we
wou l d f ight i t wi th water , too.
THE LIMITED PARTN ERSHIP
The dec i s ions made by th e Ken ned y Adm i n i strat i on from mi d- 196 1 onwa rd,
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culmin at i ng in the expans ion of the U.S. advisory effort following
Genera l Maxwell D. Taylor's mission to Sa igon i n Octob e r, did not
simply set out to exp l a in this newly-articulated cou nt e rinsu rgency
th eory and doctr i ne to th e GVN. Th ey attempted to ind uce th e GV N to
r eform i tself so th at id ent ific ation with i ts populace wou ld be poss i ble. Beyond this, th ey cho se to attempt to he lp th e Vi etnamese, in
T~yl.Qr's wOI-ds, li as. fri ends and partners -- not as anns-length advisors
Lan~/ . shovJ th em how th e job mi ght be done -- not tell th em or do it for
th em. 11
Th e "1 imit ed partnership" which Genera l Taylor proposed -- and which
Presid e nt Kennedy accepted -- was des i gned to place U.S . adviso rs at man y
l e ve ls within the RVNAF and GV N structure r at he r than mere ly at the top.
An ea rli e l- proposa l, to concentrate on adv i sors at the top with wide dis cr et ionary author i ty and to count on influ ence as the product of the
demo nstrated comm itme nt of a caref ully selected handful of men, was
rej ec t e d in fav or of many advisors at many l e ve l s, each serv in g norma lly
only for a twe lve month period, and wi th th e adv i sory manpowe r furnish ed
through norma l personnel s e l ect ion and assignment processe s within th e
mil it ary services.
Th e expectation among U.S. pol i cymakers -- record ed in NSAM 111 -was th at th e GV N and U.S. wou l d mutua lly agree upon necessary st eps to
end the in surgency. Th e U. S. , for i ts part, wou ld underwrite an increase
in RVNAF and provide adv i sors throughou t th e mil it ary structur e down to
bat tal ion l eve l and in each prov in cia l cap i ta l . Th e GVN wou ld ration a l i ze
its 1 in es of authority and be gin r eform measures to bring it clos e r to the
Vi etnamese people. Thi s was , of cours e , a U.S. expectation, not an agreed
quid .2..I.2.~. Diem was um~i 11 i ng to pe rmit th e U.S. to share in his
fo rmulat ion of plan s. He was even afra id to discuss the U.S. expectat ions
cand idly with his own cabinet mi n i sters . It is a matte r of r ecord that he
did not refol-m his gove l-nme nt. ("H e will not reform bec ause he canno t,11
J. Kenneth Galbraith cabl e d President Ke nn ed y.) Wh at r ema ins in is sue is
wh ether he could have done so. If he could not, the U.S. plan to end th e
insurg e ncy was foredo omed from its inc ept ion, for it depended on Vi etnamese initi at ive s to solve a Vi etnamese probl em.
COMMITMENT AND EXP ECTATIO N
Thus the U.S. overa ll plan to end the in surgency was on shaky ground
on th e GVN side. Diem needed the U.S. and the U.S . needed a r eformed Diem.
As U.S . advisors began de ploying to Vi etnam for service with tactical
units in the field, th e gam ble of the mid - 50's was transferr ed in to a
broad commitment. Pr es id e nt Kenne dy and his advisors were determ ine d to
save Vi et nam from communism by he lping th e Vi etnamese to save th emselves.
On e side of th e dua l U.S. thrust (GV N refor m) was already in troubl e .
Wh at of th e "fr iends and partners" who Vie re to s hare th e dangers and tasks
of RVNAF in the fi e ld? What was expected of them? What advant age s would
accrue fro m th e ir pres e nce in Vi e tn am?
Th e available r ecord i s a lmost totally de void of any expl ic at ion
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(much l ess any debate) on these questions. General Taylor's report of
his mission to Saigon impl i es an unambiguous convergence of i nterests
between the advisors and the advised. All that was needed was greater
competence. More U.S. advisors at more places working on probl ems of
Vietnamese training and operations could not but have an overa ll benef i cia 1 effect.
I~ i s necessary to surmise the expectations i n the pol icymakers
mi nds of just how this would come about. First, they seem to have
expected the increased U.S. advisory presence to lead d i rectly to
i ncrea~ ed RVNAF competence i n technical and tact i cal areas.
Basic
mil itary skills -- how to move, shoot, and communicate -- could be
improved and the improvements sustained by a cont i nuing U.S. presence
at many operational levels. Second, the U.S. pol icymake rs could rece ive
r eports fl-om an omnipresent U.S. 1 1 ne twork" ""hich would permit them to
become better informed about what was really tak i ng place i n Vietnam,
not only wi th respec t to VC activity but with reference to ARVN plans,
operations, and problems as well. Fi na lly, the U.S. exp ec ted to real ize
i ncreased i nflu ence wi thin RVNAF from the presence of adv i sors. (And i t
expected, as NSAM I I I made clear, to rea l ize increased influence with
GVN i n exchange for i ncreas i ng i ts vis i ble commitment to South Vietnamese
i ndependence. )

Increased i nf l uence can, of course, be ga i ned i n many ways. U.S.
adv i sors could, by example, promote more aggress i ve Vi etnamese l eadersh i p and improved standards of conduct. A we ll - coord inated adv i sory
network could exert pe rsuas i ve pressure throughout RVNAF to adopt certa i n
pol ic i es or pract i ces. And the U.S. prov iders of the mater ial resources
cou l d, i f they wi shed, keep a tight hand on the sp igot and contro l the
fl ow. They cou l d exert inf l uence negat i vely. The U.S. was anx ious to
avo i d this l ast-ment ioned approach to i ncreased i nf l uence. "Leverage, "
as i t i s now cOnllnon l y known, was a subject rare l y d i scussed, much l ess
pract i ced. The "1 im i ted partnership" f i nessed the whole i ssue of sancti ons by assuming (or hoping or pretend i ng, one cannot know wh i ch) that
no prob l em ex i sted.
PACIFICATION AND STRATEGIC HAMLETS
The process of counter i ng i nsurgency, most commonly ca ll ed pac i f i cat i on, rece i ved a great amount of attent ion and pub l i c i ty at the same
ti me the U.S. was i ncreas i ng i ts fi e l d adv i sors wi t h ARVN from a handfu l
t o over 3,000. Ear l ier, in 1960, the USMAAG had pressed upon the GVN a
na ti ona l Counter i nsurgency Pl an for Vi etnam (CIP) wh i ch was rea ll y an
o rgan i zat iona l bluepr i nt for reorder ing the GVN-RVNAF 1 i nes of command
t o permit effect i ve act i on. The nub of the prob l em was that the po l it i
ca l l eaders in r ura l areas (Prov i nce and Di str i ct Ch i efs -- a l most a ll
mil i tary off i cers ) were respons i ble to Sa i gon direct l y wh il e RVNAF had
a separate chain of command. In 1961, the MAAG presented i ts complement ary Geograph ica ll y Phased P l an which spec i fi ed the re l at i ve pr ior i ty
f or c l eal- i ng out the VC, hold i ng, then bu i ld ing GVN at the " r i ce roots. "
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The object, as the U.S. advisors saw it, was to have a workable
nation a l plan upon which to base the entire US GVN effort.
Th e Stra teg ic Hamlet Program soon became the unifying vehicle
to express the pacification process. The th eory was th at of physical
security first, then government programs to develop popular allegiance.
The fact was over expansion, counter-productive coercion i n some areas,
wid espread mismanagement, and dish onest y. U.S. pol icymake rs were not,
however, aware of how badly things were going until they became much
worse. Optimi sm dominated official thinking. No need was perce ived
for new departures. Throughout the period of the Strategic Ham let
Progr am -- that i s, until Diem1s regime was toppled i n l ate 1963 -the number of U.S, advisors remained relatively stable at it s new
(1 962) plateau.
The expectat ion that more U.S. advisors would mean better information for U.S. pol icymakers was not real ized . One cannot judge accurately
the reason s why U.S. leaders in Vi etnam and Wash in gton thought th e count eri nsurgent effort was making headway, but the fact that it was not is
crystal clear in retrospect. The expectat i on that GVN and U.S. in terests
were sufficiently parallel to permit greater U.S. in f l uence solely as a
result of a l arger U.S. presence found e red on th e personal iti es and the
felt necessit ies of the Ngo brothers. The extent to which RVNAF technical-tactical competence was i ncreased during this period remains a subject
of disagreement but it was not inaeased sufficient ly to "tu rn the tide"
of the war. That much i s indisputable.
ANOTH ER ROUND OF INCREASES
After Diem1s fall there was a brief per iod of optimism bas ed on the
expect at ion that the new mil i tary regime in Saigon would be more recep tive to U.S. advice than i ts predecessor had been. By the summe r of 1964,
when the dec isi on was made to expand the advisory effort again, this
opt imist ic hope had found e red on th e fact of continued VC victo r i es and
in stabi l i ty within the GVN.
NSAM 288 had, in March I 96l.j·, stated U.S. objectives in Vietnam in
th e most unambiguous and sweep i ng terms. If there had been doubt that
the I imited risk gamble undertake n by Eis enhower had bee n transformed
into an unl imited commitment under Ke nned y, that doubt should have been
dis pe ll ed interna lly by NSAM 288 1s statement of objectives:
We seek an in dependent non - Communist South Vi etnam.
We do not require that it serve as a Western base or
as a member of a We stern Alliance. South Vi etnam
must be free, howeve r, to accept outside assistance
as required to maintain i ts security. This assistance
should be able to take th e form not only of economic
and soc i a l measures but also police and military he lp
to root out and control i nsurgent e l ements.
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If we cannot save South Vietnam, the NSAM continued i n a c l assic
statement of the Iidomino theory,11 all of Southeast As ia wi 11 probably
fall and all of the Western Pacif i c and South As ian nations wil I come
under increased pressure.
Th ere were at this time several steps wh i ch the U.S. could have
t aken to in crease i ts ass i stance to the GVN. Carrying the war to
Hanoi was one; introd uc ing U.S. combat forces was another. Ne i ther
app ea l ed much, however, i n terms of help i ng the South Vietnamese to
win the i r war. Both were anathema i n the midst of President ia l e l ecti on year pol iti cs. Bombing was discussed and p l ans l aid, but no
act i on taken. Troop commitments were not even discussed -- at least
in the wr i tt e n record of proposals and dec i s ions. Rather, a numbe r of
pall iative mea sures to help the GVN economy and RVNAF were adopted and
the advisory effort was expanded.
The 1964 expans ion of th e adv i sory effort cons i sted of th e beef i ng up of the batta l ion advisory teams and the establ ishment of district
( sub-sector) t eams. Thus, a new dimens ion of Amer i can p,-esence was
add ed and th e density of U.S, adv i sors i n operat i ona l un i ts was i ncreased.
There i s nothing i n th e ava il ab le record to suggest e i ther a cha ll enge to
the old, unstated assumption th at more U.S. adv i sors wou l d l ead to incr eased performance or any change in the assumed expectat ions of U.S.
pol icymakers had changed. The determ inat i on rema i ned to advise rath er
than to command, to deve l op Vi etnamese l eadersh i p rather th an to supp l ant
i t, and to i nduce the GVN to take the steps necessar y to pac ify i ts own
di ss i dent elements.
ADVISORS TEMPORARILY FORGOTTEN
Th e expans ion to district l eve l placed U.S. mil it ar y adv i sors
th roughout almost the ent ire RVNAF hi era rchy (from J GS to battal ion,
with enough men at the l ower l eve l to adv i se compan i es on a Il when
needed ll basis) and the pol iti ca l hi erarchy as we ll (s ecto r/prov in ce
and sub-sector /di str ic t ) . U.S. adv i sors were not prese nt in l arge
numbers with th e old Civil Guard and Se l f-Defense Corps - now r el abe ll ed th e Regional Forces and Popu l ar Forces un der provin ce and
district cont rol respect i ve ly -- but they adv i sed th e military men in
pol iti ca l positions who controlled these paramil i tary forc es.
Still the situation continue d to dete riorat e . Politica l in s tabil ity within th e GVN had by 1965 become a perennial rather than a
tr ans itory problem. The U.S. had ini t iated a cont i nu ing series of
mil it ar y a ir war measures to dissuad e North Vi etnam from support of
th e war in the So ut h . The results were obviously inadequate ; th ey may
eve n have been opposite to those expected. Th en ARVN suffered a ser i es
of di sastrous defeats l ate in the spring of 1965 wh ich l ed knowledgeable
ob servers to fear an imm inent GVN collapse. U.S. combat units -- a f ew
of wh i ch were a lr eady in - country with restrictive mi ss ions -- beg an to
be deployed to South Vietnam in earnest.
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When the bui ld -up of U.S. comba t forces got underway th e build - up
of U.S. adv i sors had a lr eady been essent ial ly comp l eted . Being an
adv i sor i n th e field had been the ~Jst challenging assignment a U.S.
soldi er could seek ; being wi th a U,S. unit in combat now became the
aim of most. The ad visory effort sank i nto relative obscur i ty as the
att ent io n of pol i cymakers (and of the press and publ ic ) focu sed on th e
U.S . force deploymen ts, on building the base complexes from which U.S .
mi l it a ry might could project it se l f into the countrys i de, and in explor i ng the new relationships and new opportunities occasioned by the
comm itment of U.S. land forc es to the As ian mainland.
A number of meas ures wh i ch wou ld have changed mate r i a ll y th e U.S.
advisor s 1 r e l at ions hip to th e i r Vietnamese counterparts were exam i ned
br ief ly i n mid - 1965 . Each was dropped. The encadrement of U. S. and
ARV N unit s was f avored by Pres ident Johnson. Ge ne ral Westmoreland
oppos ed i t -- apparent l y because of l anguage prob l ems and th e difficu l t
l og i st i c support problem i t would create -- and the issue qu i ckly d ied,
exce pt for th e experimental Comb in ed Act ion Platoons (CAPs ) formed by
th e Marines. The subject of a combined U.S.-RV NA F command was brought
up. Secreta ry Mctamara was more favorab l y d i spo sed toward achieving
lI un i ty of command" th an were his senior mi I i tary advisors and th e U.S.
Mi ss ion r epresentat i ves i n Sa igon . Th e y we re kee n l y aware of GVN
s ens i t i vity to any measures which wou ld exp l ic i t l y f i nger th e i ncreasi ng Amer ic an izat ion of th e war effort. So combin ed comma nd was sh e l ved,
too. Th e GVN even oppo sed a j oint US - JGS sta ff to coord i nat e the war
effort. The staff was never form ed.
PACIFICATION REE~PHASIZED
As th e bui l d-up of U.S. combat forces reac hed a l eve l perm i tt i ng
offens i ve forays aga inst the VC (an d Nort h Vietnamese Army ) forc es ,
t he re gradua l ly evo l ved a d i vision of responsib i l i t ies between U.S. and
Vietnamese forces in wh i ch the for me r were to concent rate on de feat i ng
the ma i n forces of th e VC/NVA and th e l a tte r were t o g i ve pr imary emphas i s to the pac i f i cat ion program. Ha l f of ARVN wa s t o operate in
s upport of pac i f i cat ion.
Thi s d i v i s ion of effort threw most U.S. adv i sors in to pac ifi cat ion
wi th ARVN un i ts as we ll as i n the prov i nce and d i str ict adv i sory t eams .
It a l so threw the U.S. mil i tary adv i sors i nto c l oser contact -- and
compet i t ion and conf l i ct -- wi th the growing numbe r of adv i sors on c i v il
f unct ions (many of whom were U.S. mi l i tary men on Ill oanll) repre sent i ng
t he CIA, AID, and USIA. The quest ion was ra i sed of the opt ima l interna l
U. S. organ i zat i on to support th e Vi e tna mese pac i f i cat ion program.
The resu l t of a drawn - out, occas iona ll y acr imon ious debate on th i s
q uest ion was an i nterm ixed c i v i l -m i l i tary organizat ion embrac i ng th e
ent i re pac i f i cat ion effort, headed by a c i v il ian of ambassador ia l rank
under COMUSMAC V1s d i rect ion. Ca l l ed Ci v il Ope rat ions and Revo l ut ionary
Deve l opmen t Support ( CORDS), i t r ep l aced a b ili near syst em i n wh i ch
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mil i tary advisors were controll ed throuah a military chain of comma nd
and all civil ian advisors were controll;d (at l eas t i n th eory) thr oug h
an Offi ce of Civil Operations (OCO). The creation of CO RDS was ha il ed
as a victory for the Ilsingle manager" concept even though some ver y
substan t ia l U.S . programs were defined as outside the pacificat ion
progr am and , hence, beyond CORDS' competence.
RF/P F ADVISORS
The cr eat ion of CORDS affected on ly th e organ i za tional context of
U.S . advice to the Sou th Vi etnamese. It did noth in g to chang e the rel at ionship between adv i sor and advised. U.S. expectat ions continued in
the well-worn furrows in which they had trave ll ed from the beg i nning:
be tt er informat i on, more U. S. in fluence over Vi etnamese plans and act ions,
and improved GVN (in cluding RVNAF ) performance were the hoped for products
of th e advisory effort.
This pattern was repeated in 1967 wh e n an in crease of over 2,000
mil it ary adviso rs was propo sed by MACV to ass i st th e Reg i onal and Popular
Force s -- whose s ecur i ty missions were almost exc lu s ive ly de voted to
support of the pacification progr am. Th e RF and PF were, at that time ,
the only RVNAF compon en ts wi thout a siz ea ble U.S . advisory compleme nt.
When the ques tion of improv i ng th e ir effect iveness was addressed the
old assumpt ion that more U.S. adv i sors would equate to im proved effectiveness again went unchall enged.
The ques tion debated was wheth e r this new dime nsion of th e U.S.
advi so ry effort should be structured to give cont inuing adv ice to RF
comp an i es and PF platoons or shou ld be constituted on a mobile training
basi s. The dec i s i on was to form mobile teams for both t act ic a l and
logi st ica l support training. Advisors were detached from their parent
U.S. combat units and detailed to these duties pending the manpowe r
accounting ch a nge which wou ld transfer th ese ind ividu a ls to MACV
advisory control and r ep lace th em in U.S. units with newly deployed
fill e rs.
AVOID ED ISSU ES
This was the situation when th e VC/NVA l aunc hed a mass i ve series
of attacks against urb an population centers and surround ing pacification program forc es during th e 1968 l una r new yea r (Tet) offensive.
In the confused aftermath of this radica l chang e i n VC/NVA strategy
th e U.S. announced i n Washington it s intent ion to give ren ewed attention
to modernizing RVNAF so that a larg er shar e of the war effort could be
turned back to the Vi etnamese. This pol i cy dec i s ion, following as it
did an unprecedented six-year period of U.S. attempts to wage counterin surgent war by proxy, constitu ted an adequate reason to r eexam in e the
exp er ience of the past and to exp lor e more fully some diffi~ult ques tions
which have been consistently avoided in th e desire to ass ist South Vi e tnam.
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The most basic of these questions i s whether the U.S. can in any
way serve as a makewe igh t sufficient to change the continuing unfavorabl e trend of the war i n South Vietnam? Can i t, that i s, overcome the
apparent fact that the Viet Cong have "captured" th e Vietname se
nationa l ist movement wh il e the GVN has become the refuge of Vietnamese
who were a ll ied wi th the French in the battle aga in st the i ndependence
6f their nation? Attempts to answer th i s quest ion are compl icated, of
cours e, by the difficult i ssue of Vi et Cong alleg iance to and control
by Communist Ch i na. But th i s i s the nature of the s i tuat ion. The i ssue
of whether the U.S. can energ i ze the GVN has been too l ong submerged by
r epeGted assert io ns that i t must do so.
A part of any tentat i ve answer to thi s fund amenta l quest ion will
turn on the i ssue of how the U.S. might better promote a more adequate
pace of GVN reform and improved RVNAF effect i veness to cope wi th th e
VC!NVA threat. (A related quest ion, of COUI-se, i s whethe r reform and
i ncreas e d effect i veness can proceed s imu l taneous ly . ) Asking this question would open for examinat ion two aspects of the adv i sory program that
have come to be treated by reflexive respons e: where are adv i sors needed
and what should be th e r e lDt ionsh i p of the adv i sor to th e adv i sed?
The cont i nuing U.S. unstated assumpt ion has been that more advisors
somehow equate to better performance. This can be traced in the successive expans i ons of th e mil itary adv i sory effort -- fir st to th e prov i nces
and down to batta l ion l eve l wi th in ARVN, th en to the distr icts, and most
r ecent ly to the param il itary forc es wit hin RVNAF. It may be th at l arge
numbers of adv i sors are, in f act , th e best way to infl uence events but
one cannot reach such a conclusion val idly without first ask i ng the
quest ion.
Th e r e l at ionsh i p of adv i sor t o adv i sed has gone through r ecurrent
c hanges relative to j udg i ng an advisor's performance accord i ng to the
per fo rmance of his counterpart. It has almost never deviated, however,
fr om the belief that the conscious an d continuing use of l everage at
many l eve ls would undercut Vi etnamese sovere i gnty and stultify th e
deve l opment of Vi etnamese l eadersh ip . Given the r esu l ts of this po li cy
ove r a number of years it is f a ir to as k wh et he r th e st i ck ought not to
be more routinely used in combination with the car rot. Aga in, the answer
is not obvious but it is obvi ous th at th ere can be no sound answer in
the absence of i nqu iry.
Finally, and closely rel ated to any examination of th e l everage
i ssue , th e re i s the question of th e adequacy of counte r i nsurgent th eory
and doctr in e. Th e progress i on from physica l secur i ty throu gh the establishmen t of soc ia lly or i ented programs (po l i tical and econom i c) to
th e o bject ive of earn i ng a nd winning popular allegiance seems both
si mp l e and logi ca l . It ma y also be s imp l i s ti c , for it s tran sformat ion
i nto ope rationa l reality bumps head - on into some ve ry diff i cult qu est ions.
Is security a precondition to l oya lty, for instance , or must some degree
of l oyalty be realized as a pr econd iti on to inte ll i gence i nformat ion
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adequate to make security feasible? This chicken-and-egg argument
has been debated for years without l eading to any noticeable consensus·
on gu i des to operational action.
Seeking answers to any of these questions i s a difficult, frus trating business. There exists no " con tro 11! by which l aboratory comparisons of alternative courses can be made. There i s almost sure l y
no hard choice which will not carry with it very r ea l 1 i ab i1 it ies

(Text continues in the original file: 177 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-4 — [Part IV. B. 3.] Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: The Advisory Build-up, 1961-67

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-4
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-4
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 1962 withdrawal schedule was so optimistic, it needed a calendar not a combat plan.

- PDF report by NARA, authored NWD, dated 2011, covering 1961‑67 advisory buildup.
- Describes phased U.S. Vietnam withdrawal plan, July 1962 to March 1964, training South Vietnamese.
- Plan never fully implemented; no official conclusion in the file.

### Full text

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EVOLUT ION or 'rIIE HAR
PHASED vlI'l'I-IDRAWlIL OF U. S. FORCES

Foreword
This monograph traces planning for cutting back numbers of U.S.
military personnel in Vietnam.
- Summary and Analysis
- Chronology
- Table of Contents and Outline
- Footnotes

0295

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SUMMARY

A formal planning and budgetary process for the phased withdrawal
of U.S. forc es from Vietnam was begun amid the euphoria and optimism of'
July 1962, and was ended in the pessimism of March 1964 . Initially, t he
specific objectives were : (1) to draw d01Vll U.S. military personnel then
engaged in advisory, training , and support efforts from a FY 64 peak of
12,000 to a FY 68 bottoming out of 1,500 (just HQ, MAAG); and (2) to reduce MAP from a FY 64 peak of $180 million to a FY 69 base of $40 .8 million .
South Vietnamese forces were to be trained to perform all the functions then
being carried out by U. S. personnel. What the U.S . G. was a.ctually trying
to accomplish during this period can be described in either or both of
two ways : (1) a r eal desire and attempt to extricate the U.S. from dir ect
military involvement in the war and to make it a war which the GVN would
have to l earn to vrin, and (2) straight-forward contingency planning and
the use of a political- managerial t echniq.,ue to SlOV1 down pressures for
greater U. S. inputs. A blend of the vTish embodied in the first explanation and the hard-headedness of the second seems plausible .
Needless to say, the phase-out never came to pass . The Diem coup
with the resulting political instability and deterioration of the military
situation soon vTere to lead U. S. decision- makers to set aside this planning
proce ss . An ostensible cut-back of 1000 men did take place in December
1963, but this was essentially an accounting exercise -- cmd the U. S.
force level prior to the reduction had already reached 16,732 in October
1963 · By December 1964, U.S . strength had risen to 23,000 and further
deployments were on the ,'lay .
l1hat, then, did the whole phased -withdrawal exercise accomplish?
It may have impeded. demands for mor e men and money, but this is doubtful .
If the optlifiistic reports on the situation in SVN were to be believed,
and they apparently were, little more would have been req.,uested . It may
have frightened the GVN, but it did not induce Diem or his successors to
reform the political apparatus or make RVNAF fight hard er . It may have
contributed, hOvTever, to public charges about the Administration ' s credi bility and over-opti.mism about the end of the conflict. Despi te the carefully worded vJhite House announcement of the phase-out policy on October 2,
1963, tentative Johnson Administration judgments came to be regarded by
the public as' firm predictions. While this announcement made clear that
t'he U. S. effort would continue "until the insu.r.gency has been suppressed
or until the national security forces of the GVN are capable of suppressing
it," the public tended to focus on the prognosis ,vhich follovTed -- "Secretary
McNamara and General Taylor r eported their judgment that the major part
of the U. S. military task can b e completed by the end of 1965 .... " In
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August 1964, Mr . McNamara further explained the policy: "We have said -as a matter of fact , I say today -- as our training missions are completed ,
vre will bring back the training forces ."
Quite apart from what was actually accomplished by the phase-out
policy and the costs in terms of domest ic political per ceptions of Adminis tration statements on Vietnam, there are some important lessons to be
learned from this exercise . What was the U.S. rationale behind the policy?
Was it sound, feasible , and consistent with statements of national objec tives? By what policy and programmatic means were we trying to bring
about the desired results? Were thes e , in fact , the most appropriate
and effective vehicles? How did the intelligence and r eporting system
in Vietnam help or hi nder policy formulation? Why was not the Diem coup
in its darkening aftermath grasped as the opportunity to r e-examine policy
and unamb iguously to decide to phase out, or to do whatever was deemed
neces sary?
.
The rationale behind the phased withdrawal policy '-las by and l arge
internally consistent and sensibl e .
To put Vietnam in the perspect ive of other U. S.
world interests . Vietnam, at this time, \'las not
the focal point of attention in Washington ; Berlin
and Cuba were . Part of this exercise \Vas to make
clear that U.S. interests in Europe and i n the
western hemisphere came first . Even i n terms of
Southeast Asia itself, Laos , not Vietnam, was the
central concern . So, the phas e-out policy made
the kind of sense that goes along with the struc turing of priorities.
To avoid an open - ended Asian mainl and land war .
Even though violated by U.S. i nvolvement in the
Korean war, this was a central tenet of U.S.
national security policy and domestic politi cs .
The notion of the bottomless Asian pit, the
difference in outlook about a human life, were
well under stood .
To plan for the contingency that events might force
withdrawal upon us. Seen i n this light, the planning
process was prudent ial preparation .
To treat the insurgency as fundamentally a Vietnamese
matter, b est solved by the Vietname se themselves .
Most U.S. deci.sion-makers had well-d eveloped doubts
about the efficacy of us ing "vlh i te faced" soldiers
to fight Asians . This view was invariably coupl ed
publ icly and priva tely loTi th statements like this
one made by Secretary McNamara : " I personally
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believe that this is a war that the Vietnamese must
fight ... I don't believe we can take on that combat task
for them. I do believe we can carry out training . We
can provide advice and logistical assistance ."
To increase the pre ssure on the GVN to make the necessary
reforms and to make RVNAF fight harder by making the
extent and future of U,S, support a little more tenuous.
This was explicitly stated in State's instructions to
Ambas sador Lodge on how to handle the White House statement of October, 1963 : "Actions are designed to indi cate to Diem Government our displeasure at its political
policies and activities and to create significant uncertainty in that government and in key Vietnamese groups
as to future intentions of United States ." In other
words, phased wi thdra"ral was thought of as a bargaining
counter with the GVN.
To put the lid on inevitable bureaucratic and political
pressures for increased U.S, involvement and inputs into
Vietnam. It was to be expected and anticipated that
thos e intimately involved in the Vietnam problem vlOuld
be wanting more U,S. resources to handle that problem .
Pressures for greater effort, it was reasoned, eventually would come into play unless counteracted . What
Secretary McNamara did "ras to force all theater justifications for force build-ups into tension "rith longterm phase-down plans . On 21 December, 1963, in a memo
to the President after the Diem coup, Mr . McNamara urge d
holdi ng the line: "u. S. resources and personnel caml0t
usefully be substantially incr eased . .. . "
To deal vrith international and domestic criticism and
pressures . While Vietnam was not a front burner item,
there were those who already had begun to question and
offer non-consensus alternatives. During 1963, for
example, both General de Gaulle and Senator Mansfield
were s·trongly urging the neutralization of Vietnam.
It is difficult to sort out the relative importance of these varying
rationales ; all were important . Paramount perhaps, were the desires to
limit U.S. involvement, and to put pressur~ on the GVN for greater efforts .
And, the rationa)es were all consistent with one another . But they did not
appear as being wholly consistent with other statements of our national objec tives in Southeast As ia. For exam~le on July 17, 1963, President Kennedy
.1='
,
sal' d : "we are not going to withdraw
from
Lbringing about a stable government there, carrying on a struggle to maintain its national independencB ·
In my opinion, for us to withdraw from that effort vrould mean a collapse
not only of South Vietnam, but Southeast Asia ." He added : "We can think
of Vietnam as a piece of strategic real estate . It's on the corner of mainland Asia, across the East -West,trade routes, and in a position that would
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make it an excellent base for further Communist aggression against the
rest of free Asia. " In a September 9 , 1963 intervieH, the President stated :
"I believe
the domino theory '7. I think that the struggle i s close
enough. China is so large, looms up high just beyond the frontiers, that
i f South Vietnam went , it would not only give them an improved geograp0 ic
position for a guerrilla assault on Malaya, but i-TOuld also give the impression that the wave of the future in Southeast Asia was China and the
Communists." One could argue that such an unequivocally strong statement
of strategic importance would not be consistent i'lith any sort of phase out proposal short of a clear-cut victory over the cornmunists . Despite
the caveats about it being essentially a South Vietnamese struggle, President
Kennedy ' s statements were very strong . And, insofar as the U.S . was inter ested in greater leverage on the GVN, these statements tended to reduce
U. S. bargaining pow'er because of the explicit and vital nature of the
commitment .

r

The rationales behind the phased ,vithdrawal.policy were incorporated
into a formal progra..rrnning and planning process that began in July 1962
and ended on 27 March 196~ . It was at the Honolulu Conference on 23 July
1962, the same day that the 14-nation neutralization declaration on Laos
was formally signed, that the.Secretary of Defense on guidance from the
President put the planning machine in motion . Noting that " tremendous
progress " had been made in South Vietnam and that it might be difficult
to retain public support for U. S. operations in Vietnarn i ndefinitely,
Mr . McNamara directed that a comprehensive long range program be developed
for building up SVN military capability and for phasing - out the U. S. role .
He asked that the planners assume that it would require approximately three
years, that is, the end of J-965 , for the RVNAF to b e trained to the point
that it could cope vlith the VC . On 26 July, the JCS formally directed
CINCPAC to develop a Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam (CPSVN) in accordance with the Secretary ' s directives . Thus began an intricate, involved
and sometimes arbitrary bargaining process, involving mainly MACV, the
Joint Staff, and ISA . There were hlO main pegs that persisted throughout
this process : MAP planning for the support and build-up of RVNAF, and
dralv-downs on U. S. advisory and training personnel.
The fir st COMUSY~CV CPSVN was floated on 19 January 1963 · It envisioned
MAP for FY 1963-1964 at a total of $405 million . The total for FY 19651968 was $673 million . The RVNAF force level 'was to peak in FY 64 at
458,000 men . U.S. personnel in SVN were to drop from a high of 12.2 thousand in FY 65 to 5 . 9 thousand in FY 66, bottoming out in FY 68 at 1.5
thousand (Hq MAAG ). No sooner was this first CPSVN cranked into the policy
machinery than it conflicted with similar OSD/ISA planning . This conflict
between lSA/OSD guidance and COMUSMACV/Joint Staff planning was to be
continued throughout the life of the CPSVN .
Secretary McNamara opposed General Harkins version of the plan for
a variety of reasons : (1) it programme d too many RVNAF than were trainable and supportable; (2) it involved weaponry that vas too sophisticated;
(3) i t did not fully take account of the fact that if the insurgency came
into control in FY 65 as anticipated, the U.S . }fJAP investment thereafter
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should be held at no more than $50 million per year; (4) the U.S . phaseout was too slow, and the RVNAF training had to be speeded up. In other
words, Mr. McNamara wanted both a more rapid U.S. withdrawal of personnel,
and a faster reduction in U.S . military/economic support .
The Secretary's views prevailed. The emhodiment of Mr . McNamara ' s
desire to quicken the pace of phase-out plannin~ was embodied first in a
Model M plan prepar ed by the JCS and later in what came to be ce.lled the
Accelerated Model Plan of the CPSVN. The Accelerated Plan provided for
a rapid phase - out of the bulk of U. S. military personnel. It also provided for building up GVN forces at a faster pace , but at a more reduced
scale . ~1AP costs for FY 1965-1969 totaled $399 .4 million, or nearly $3 00
million Imver than the original projection .
All of this planning began to take on a kind of absurd quality as
the situation in Vietnam deteriorated drastically and visibly . Strangely,
as a result of the public White House promise in October and the power of
the wheels set in motion, the U.S . did effect a 1000 man withdrawal i n
December of 1963. All the planning for phase-out, however, was either
ignored or caught up in the new thinking of January to March 1964 that
preceded NSA11288 . The thrust of this document was that greater U.S.
support was needed in SVN. Mr . McNamara identified these measures as
those that "will involve a limited increase in U.S. personnel and in
direct Defense Department costs. " He added : "More significantly they
involve significant increases in Military Assistance Program costs .... ,"
plus "additional U. S. economic aid to support the incr eased GVN budget ."
On 27 March 1964, CINCPAC was instructed not to t ake any further action
on the Accelerated Plan. Quickly, requests for more U. S. personnel poured
into Washington . The planning process was over, but not forgotten .
Secretary McNamara stated in his August 1964- testimony on the Tonkin Gulf
cri sis that even tode.y " if our training missions are completed, we will
bring back the training forces ."
While the phase-out policy was overtaken by the sinking after-effects
of the Diem coup, it is important to understand that the vehicles chosen
to effect that policy - - MAP planning, RVNAF and U. S. force levels -were the right ones. - They Ivere programmatic and, therefore, concrete and
visible. No better way could have been found to convince those in our
own government and the l eaders of the GVN that we were serious about limiting the U. S. commitment and thrmving the burden onto the South Vietnamese
themselves . The public announcement of the policy, on Octob er 2, 1963,
after the McNa...rnara-Taylor trip to Vietnam was also a wise choice . Even
though this announcement may have contributed to the so - called "credibility
gap, " publication was a necessity: Without it, the formal and classified
planning procesG would have seemed to be not.hing more than a drill .
While the choice of means was appropriate for getting a handle on
the problem, it proceeded from some be.sic unrealities . First, only the
most Mic8.\vberesque predictions could have l ed decision-makers in Washington to believe that the fight age.inst the guerrillas "lYould have clearly
turned the corner by FY 65 . Other nations ' experience in internal "Tar fare pointed plainly in the other direction . with. more propitious
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circumstances, e.g. isolation from sanctuaries, the Philippine and Malayan
insurgencies each took the better part of a dozen years to bring to an
end .
Second, there I-vas an unrealistic contradiction within the CPSVN itself. As directed by Secretary McNamara, U. S. MAP was to decrease as RVNAF increased . In practical terms, MAP costs should have been programmed
to increase as the South Vietnamese Army increased, and as they themselves
b egan to bear most of the burden. The desire to keep MAP costs down after
FY 65 could, at best, be perceived as a budgeting or programgnrumick not a
serious pOlicy.
Three, the political situation in South Vietnam itself should ha.ve
prompted more realistic contingency plans against failure of the Vietnamese, .
in order to give the U. S. some options other than what appeared as precipitous withdrawal . The intelligence and reporting systems for Vietnam during
this period must bear a principal responsibility for the unfounded optimism of U.S. policy. Except for some very tenuous caveats, the picture
was repeatedly painted in terms of progress and success .
In the July 1962 Honolulu Conference the tone was set. Secretary
McNamara asked COMUSMACV how long it would take before the VC could be expect ed to be eliminated as a significant force . In r eply, COMUSMACV estimated about one year from the time RVNAF and other forces became fully
operational and began to press the VC in all areas . Mr . McNamara 'ilaS told
and believed that there had been " tremendous progress " in the past six
months. This theme was re-echoed in April of 1963 by' COMUSMACV and by
the intelligence community thx'ough an NIE. All the statistics and evaluations pointed to GVN improvement. While noting general progress, the
NIE stated that th~ situation remains flexible . Even as late as July
1963 a rosy picture was being painted by DIA and SACSA. The first suggestion of a contrary evaluation within the bureaucracy came from INR .
Noting disquieting statistical trends since July, an unpopular INR memo
stated that the "pattern showed steady decline over a period of more than
thre e months duration ." It was greeted with a storm of disagreement,
and in the end was disregarded .
The first, more balanced evaluation came with the McNamara -Taylor
trip report late in September and October, 1963. While it called the
political situation "deeply seriOUS, " even this report was basically opti mistic .about the situation, and saw little danger of the political crisis
affecting the prosecution of the lvar.
Not until after the Diem coup, the assassination of President Kennedy,
and the December Vietnam trip of Secretary McNamara 'ilaS the Vietnam s i tua tion accurately assessed . In Secretary MCNamara ' s December memo to the
President, after his trip, he wrote : "The situation is very disturbing.
Current trends, unless reversed in the next 2-3 months, 'iTill lead to a
neutralization at best and more likely to a communist - controlled state. "
One of the most serious deficiencies he found VlaS a "grave reporting vleakness on the U. S. side ." Mr . McNamara ' s judgment, apparently , was not
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predominant . He noted in the concluding paragraph of his memo that he
tl may be overly pessimistic,
inasmuch as the ambassador, COMUSMACV, and
General Minh v,ere not discouraged and look forward to significant improvements in January .tI
By 6 March 1964 when another major Secret~ry of Defense Conference
convened at CINCPAC Headquarters, the consensus Has the the military situation was definitely deteriorating. The issue was no longer whether there
was or Has not satisfactory progress; the question vTaS how much of a setback had there been and what "ivas needed to make up for it . Mr . McNamara
observed that attention should nOi,r be focused on near term objectives
of providing for necessary greater U. S. support . It was finally agreed
that the insurgency could be expected to go beyond 1965 .
The intelligence and reporting problem during this period cannot b e
explained ai"8,Y . In behalf of the evaluators and assessors, it can be
argued that their report ing up until the Diem coup had some basis in fact .
The situation may not have been too bad until December 1963 . Honest and
trained men in Vietnam looking at the problems ,,,ere reporting what they
believed reality to be . In retrospect , they were not only wrong, but more
importantly, they were influential . The Washington decision-makers could
not help but be guided by these continued reports of progress .
Phased witbdrawal vlaS a good policy tbat was being reasonably well
executed . In the way of our Vietnam involvement , it "ioTaS overtaken by
events . Not borne of deep conviction in the necessity for a U. S. withdrawal or in the necessity of forcing the GVN to truly carry the load ,
i t Has bound to be submerged in the rush of events . A policy more deter
mined might have used the pretext and the fact of the Diem coup and its
aftermath as r eason to push for the continu8,tion of withdravlal. Instead,
the instability and fear of collapse resulting from the Diem coup brought
the U. S. to a decision for greater commitment .

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PHASED WTIKDRt}lAL OF U. S . FORCES : 1962-1964
Event or
Date

Doctmlcnt

Description

23 Jul 62

Geneva Accords on Laos

14-r,ation declaration on the neutrality of Laos.

23 Jul 62

Sixth Secrctary of
Derense Conference,
Honolulu

Called to exruni:.e present and f'uture developme!.ts in South
Nr. l-1cIJ8li.ara initiated irr:medi ate plrumjr..g for the phase - out of U. S . military involve:men ·.
by 1965 and developlr.ent of a progrmn to build a GV~ n:Hilary
capability st.rong enough to take over fUll defense respor..si bilities by 1965 .

26 Jul 62

JCS Mcssage to CINCPAC ,
26231SZ

CINCPAC "" as formally instructed to develop C! "Comprehensive
Plan for South Vietnam" (CPSV~) 1n line ", lth instructioIls
given at iiof,Oltdll.

14 Aug 62

CINCPAC Message to ~:ACV ,
1404 28z

MACV ....·as d irecled to dra.... \Ap a CPSV;; des igr.cJ t.o ensure G"'lN
milita.ry end para-military strength commensurate .... 1 th it;
s overeign respo!,sibilit1.es. The CPSV'!; \HlS to assume the
insurgency . . ·ould be ur.der contro l in three y ears . th at ex t ensive US support would be available during the three-year
period: that thos e items essential to development of ~~ ul:
RVNA F ~p_pab' lity ... ould be (large 1y) available tt.rougb tile
mill tar)" assJ stance progra."II (V.AP) .

Oct-No,'
1962

GVN National Campaign
Plan developed

In add! tier. to the CPSVi\' , 1-{ACV prepared B....-: outl ine for all integrated, nationdde offensive military campaign to destroy the
i nsurgency lilld restore GV1. con!..rol in Sot:.th Vjetnli1D. . ':'he con c.ept .... as adopted by the GVN in !\ovember.

26 Nov 62

Military Reorgan1zation
Decreed

Diem ordered re alignment 0:' Ir,jlltary chair. of coronar.d , r eor£aJ~l ­
zation of RVi~AF establl shment of four CTZ ' s and a joint
Operations Cent~r to centralize control over current Jf.ilitary
operations. (JOC becBlne operat ional on ?O !!ecembe r 1962 . )

7 Dec 62

First Draft of C~0~
Complet ed

19 Jan 63

~!ACV Letter to ClNCPAC,

3010 Sc r 0021

Vietnam - ..... hich looked gOOd .

CI~CPAC

disapproved first d raft becau'e of high costs and
inadequate t.rainir.g pro·.risions.

~'.ACV submitted a rev1sed CPSVN . Extended through IT 1963 and
concurred in by the !..mbassador , i t called for GV:: mi Ii tary
forces to peak at 45Q , 000 in i'Y 1964 (RV:\tJ' strength Io"ouU be

230 , 900 in FY 19611) ; cost prOjected over sIx years "'odd total
$97'3 mi ll ion .
22 J an 63

OSD(ISA) Hessage to
CINCPAC , 222243Z

MAP- Vietnam dollar guidellnesi6sued . Cell1 ngs considerably
different fran: and lo .... er thBJI tho se in CPS',:,.

25 Jan 63

cn;CPAC Letter to JCS,
3010, Ser 0079

Approved the CPS\-:; , s upported and jus t i f ied
costs proj ected by It .

T Mar 63

JC SM 190-63

JCS recon:mended SeeDef approve the CPSVij; supporting the higher
MAP costs , jCS proposed CPSV; . be the basis for revis io:l of

20 Mar 63

USMACV "Summ.Ty of
Highlight. , 1 Feb 62 7 Feb 63"

Reported conti:mine;,gro .... ing R'fj~AF effectiveness, increased
GV:-' streng th eco"omically and poll tlcally . The strategiC
hamlet prograrr, looked espec I ally good . !I.ACY forecast .... 1 nni ng
the milltary phase if! 1963 -- barr lrlg "great.ly ir.creased " VC
rei nforcement and resupply .

17 Apr 63

lilE 53-63

Al though "fragile ," the sit uat ion in SV:. did not nppea:' se rious ;
general pr'ogress "'-as reported in most areas.

6 ~Iay 63

Sevent.h SeeDer Honolulu
Conference

Ca lled to review the CPS-V; . . Large l y be cause of prevailir:s
o ptimism over Vietnam , Nr. Mc:;emara fou[,d the CPSV:, (l.s sistance
too costly, the planned ... ithd:a...·al of US forces too s1m,' and
RV,.A[ develo prr.ec l m1 sdJ rected .

3 May 63

Buddhist Crisis Begins

C1[~;

8 May 63

1';(0

t~c

higher MJ;P

IT 1964 MAP ar.d developrr.ent of FY 1965 - 69 progr8Jr.s .

SecDef ~!emore.nda
fo r ASD/ISA

forcel> fired on \t{orshipers celebrating Buddha. ' s birthday
(s evera l killed , more ... ounded) for roo good cause. LO:'".g sta:Jd in g a.ntipathy toward GV:; quI ckly turr:ed jntc e.ctive opposition .

First : Directed Jo1nt ISA/J CS
development of plans to replace US forces W'ith GY!; troo ?s
a s soon as possib l e £'J.d to plan
th e withdra"al of 1, 000 US
tr oops by the end of 1963·

Second: Requested the OffIce ,
L 1 !'ecll"l:' of ~: i 1 i tp.r:.
Assist.ar~ce . I SA , "corr:pletely
re'Jork. " the MAP nr0G.ram
r eccm:n:.er.1cd in the CPSV:'i lU':d

sub::Jt nc" "uidellnes by
1 BeptMnhE"r.

TOP SECRf;r' - Sen_sit i ve

a

The Sec'retary

felt CPSv], total s '''ere too
high (e.g. , e xpendiLures proposed for F";s 1965-W could be
cut by ~,2 70 ~ll11ion in his vI e w)

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9 ~ay 63

JCS Message 9820 to
CI;,CPAC

Di rected Cr;;CPAC to revise the
CPSV:i and program the ... ithdrawnl of 1,000 men by the end

of 1963 . Force reduction "'as
to be by US units (not indi viduals); units were to be

r eplaced by specially trained
RV:;AF units. lIithdra ... al plans
'Were to be contingent upon
cant inued progress in the
counterinsurgency campaign.
11 ~:ay 63

Cr:;CPAC Letter to JCS ,
3010 Ser ool.47 -63

Cr::CPAC recOl!lJ1lended some changes ,
then approved MACV 's revision of

the CPSVN and the lIoACY plan for
withd.rawal of 1,000 men . As
i nstructed , those 1 , 000 men were
drawn lrom logistic and service
support slots; actual operations

would be unaffected by their abs ence .

17 May 63

ISA's propos ed MAP-Vietnam
program based on the Secre-

ASD/IS.t.. r.:emore.ndtJL for

the Secretary

tary's instructions

was

r ejected. as still too high.
29 May 63

CHICPAC wns directed to
develop three alternative
MAP plans for FYs 1965 -69

OSD I ffiA lo\.essaee to

CI;,C PAC , 291752~:

based on these levels:

$535 M (CPSVN recommendation)
$450 M (Compromise )
$365 M (SecDef goal)
I'M for FY 1964 had been set
at $180 l~ .

16 J= 63

CV:: - Buddhist Truce

(State .~irgr!ll!l ;.- 7'31
to ~bassy Saigon ,
l()

17 Jul 63

June)

OIA Inte lli gence
Summary

Reflected temporary and tenuous abat ement of GVN-Buddbi.t hostili ties ... hich flared up in Hay. The truce was repudiated almost
immediately by both sides. Budd.hist alienation fr om the GVN
polari zed; hostilities spread.

Reported the mi l itary situation was unaffected by the political
cr l slsj ~ prospects for continued counterinsurgency progress
were "certainly betterll "than in 1962; VC activity was reduced

but VC capability essentially unimpaired.

1'3 Jul 63

CLCPAC - prcposed MAP
program s ubmitted to
JCS

4 ~.ug 63

OIA Intelligence
Bulletic-

c n,CPAC suggeGted. mill tary
..ssistance programs at tile
three levels set by the JCS
but recommended adoption of
a fourth Plan developed by
CI NCPAC. "Plan J" totalled
$450.9 M over t he fi ve-year
period.
Rathe r suddenly , Viet Cong offensive actions were reported bigh
for the third consecutive .eel<; the mplication wa. that the VC
wer e capitalizing on the political crisis and might step up the
insurgency .

14 Aug 63

SACSA Memoro.nd\ll1l
for the Secretary

Discounted the importance of increased. VC activity ; the comparative magnitude of attocks "as 10\1; deve l opments did not yet seem
salient or last ing.

20 Aug 63

Oi~

declared ~artial

law; ordered a~tacks

on Buddhist pa;;odas

This decree plUB repressive meru;ures against the Budd.bists
s hattered hopes of reconc iliation, and irrevocably isolated
the Diem government .

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b

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I.A

20 Aug 63

JCSM 629-63

21 Aug 63

Direct(,r, DIA Memorandum for SeeDer

27 Aug 63

JCSM 6 40- 63

30 Aug 63

OSD/rSA Memorandum

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Recommend SeeDef approve the
CI ~.CPAC/MACV proposed pIal, for
1 ,OOO-rnan ,dt.hdrawal in t hree
to four increments for planning
purposes only; re commei'!ded
final decisio:1 on wlthdra',;al
be delayed until October .
Estimated that Diem's acts \o,'i!l hav e "serious reperc ussions"
throughout SV:,: foresaw more coup and c ounter - coup activi t y.
But reJX)rted mili tary op erations 'oIerc so far unaffected by
thes e events.

JCS added yet a fifth
"~Iodel ~~ .. Plan to Cr:;C PAC ' s
four alter native l·tA P lev el s.
Providl ng for higher force

(Text continues in the original file: 65 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-5 — [Part IV. B. 4.] Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: Phased Withdrawal of U.S. Forces in Vietnam, 1962-64

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-5
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-B-5
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 paperwork on 1963, because history loves a good flashback.

- Evolution of the War… PDF, NARA, dated 2011, covering Vietnam 1962‑64
- Analyzes U.S. role, 1963 Buddhist crisis, and support for Diem’s overthrow
- Conclusion: U.S. left without clear policy after Diem’s downfall

### Full text

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UNITED STATES- VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945- 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
E3SODUA
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See Def Cont Mr. X-.

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SUMlf~RY AND ANALYSI§

The Diem coup was one of those critical events in the history of U.S.
policy that could have altered our commitment. The choices were there:
(1 ) continue to plod along in a limited fashion with Diem -- despite his
and l'J11U!s growing unpopularity; (2) encourage or tacitly support the over throw of Diem, taking the risk that the GVN might cruEble and/or accommodate
to the VC; and (3) grasp the opportunity -- with the obvious risks -- of the
political instability in South Vietnam to disengage. The first option ·was
rejected because of the belief that we could not win with Diem-Nhu. The
third was nevery seriously considered a policy alternative because of the
assumption that an independent, non-communist SVN was too important a strategic interest to abandon - - and because the situation ".;as not sufficiently
drastic to call into question so basic an assumption . The second course
was chosen mainly for the reasons the first was rejected --Vietnam was
thought too important ; we "mnted to win; and the rebellious generals
seemed to offer that prospect.
In making the choice to do nothing to prevent the coup and to tacitly
support it , the U.S. inadvertently deepened its involvement . The inadvertence
is the key factor . It was a situation without good alternatives. While
Diem ! s government offered some semblance of stability and authority , its
repressive actj.ons against t he Buddhists had permanently alientated popular
support, with a high probability of victory for the Viet Congo As efficient
as the military coup leaders appeared, they were without a manageable base
of political support . When they came to power and >-Then the lid was taken
off the Diem-Nhu reporting system, the GVN position was revealed as weak
and deteriorating . And , by virtue of its interference in internal Vietnamese
affairs , the U. S. had assQmed a significant responsibility for the new regime,
a responsibility which heightened our commitment and deepened our involvement.
The catalytic event that precipitated the protracted crisis which
ended in the downfall of the Diem regime was a badly handl ed Buddhist religious
protest in Hue on May 8, 1963 . In and of i tself the incident was hardly
s omething to shake the foundations of power of most modern rulers , but the
manner in which Diem responeded to it , and the subsequent protests which i t
generated, was precisely the one most likel y to aggravate not alleviate the
situation . At stake , of course, was far more than a r eligious issue . The
Buddhist protest had a profoundly pol itical character from the beginning .
I t sprang and fed upon the feelings of political frustration and repression
Diem ! s autocratic rule had engendered .
The beginning of the end for Diem can, then, be traced through events
to the regime !s violent suppression of a Buddhist protest demonstration in
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Hue on Buddha's birthday, May 8, in 1'Thich nine people were killed and
another fourteen injured. Although Buddhists had theretofore been wholly
quiescent politically, in subsequent vleeks, a full-blown Buddhist "struggle "
movement demonstrated a sophisticated command of public protest techniques
by a cohesive and disciplined organization, somewhat belying the notion tha,t
the movement was an outraged,spontaneous response to religious repression
and discrimination. Nonetheless, by June it was clear that the regime was
confront ed not with a dissident religious minority, but with a grave crisis
of publi c confidence. The Buddhist protest had become a vehicle for mobilizing the widespread popular resentment of an arbitrary -and often oppressive
rule. It had be come the focal point of political opposition to Diem. Under
strong U. S. pressure and in the face of an outraged world opinion, the r egime
rea ched ostensible agreement with the Buddhists on June 16. But the agreement merely papered over the crisis, without any serious concessions by
Diem. This intransigence was reinforced by Diem ' s brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu,
and his I'life , who bitterly attacked the Buddhists throughout the summer .
By mid-August the crisis was reaching a breaking point.
The Buddhists ' demonstrations and protest created a crlS1S for American
policy as well . The U.S. policy of support for South Vietnam's struggle
against the Hanoi-supported Viet Cong insurgency was founded on unequivocal
support of Diem, whom the U.S. had long regarded as the only national leader
capable of unifying his people for their internal war . When the Buddhist
protest revealed widespread public disaffection , the U.S . made repeated
attempts to persuade Diem to redress the Buddhist grievances, to r epair
his public image, and to win back public support . But the Ngos were unwilling to bend. Diem, in true mandarin style, was preoccupied with questions of face and survival - - not popular support . He did not understand
the profound changes his country had experienced under stress, nor did he
understand the requirement for popular support that the new sense of nationalism had created. The U.S. Ambassador, Frederick Nolting, had conducted a
low-key diplomacy toward Diem, designed to bring him to the American way
of thinking through reason and pers uasion. He approached the regime during
the first weeks of the Buddhist crisis in the sa~e manner, but got no results . lVhen he left on vacation at the end of May, his DCM, William Truehart,
abandoned the soft sell for a tough line. He took U.S . views to Diem not
as expressions of opinion, but as demands for action . Diem, however, remained as obdurate and evasive as ever. Not even the U. S. threat to dissociate itself from GVN actions in the Buddhist crisis brought movement .
In late June, with Nolting still on leave , President Kennedy announced
the appointment of Henry Cabot Lodge as Ambassador to Vietnam to replace
Nolting in September. In the policy deliberations then taking place in
Washington, consideration was being given for the first time to "That effect
a coup against Diem would have. But Nolting returned, first to Washington
and then to Saigon, to argue that the only alternative to Diem was chaos .
The U.S . military too, convinced that the war effort was going well, felt
. that nothing should be done to upset the apple cart. So Nolting was given
another chance to talk Diem into conciliating the Buddhists . lne Ambassador
worked assiduously at the task through July and the first part of August ,
but Diem would agree only to gestures and half-measures that could not
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stop the grave deterior8,tion of the political situation . Nolting left
Vietnam permanently in mid-August with vague as surances from Diem that
he would seek to improve the climate of relations with the Buddhists.
Less than a week later, Nolting "Tas b etrayed by Nhu ' s dramatic August 21
midnight raids on Buddhist pagodas throughout Vietnam
One of the important lessons of the American involvement in South
Vietnam in support of Diem was that a policy of unreserved commitment to
a particular leadership placed us in a weak and manipulable position on
important int ernal issues. The view that there vTere "no alternatives"
to Diem greatly limited the extent of our influence over the regime and
ruled out over the years a number of kinds of l everage that we might usefully have employed or threatened to emply . Furthermore, it placed the
U.S. in the unfortunate role of suitor to a fickle lover . Aware of our
fundamental commitment to him, Diem could with relative impunity ignore
our vrishes. It reversed the real power r elationship b etween the hlO countries. Coupled with Diem ' s persistent and ruthles s elimination of all potential political opposition, it left us with rather stark alternatives
indeed ,vhen a crisis on which we could not allow delay and equivocation
finally occurred. For b ett er or worse, the August 21 pagoda raids decided
the issue for us.
The raids, themselves , were carefully timed by Nhu to be carried out
when the U.S. vTaS without an Ambassador, and only after a decree p,;Lacing
.
the country under military martial law had b een issued. They were conducted
by combat police and special forces units taking orders directly from Nhu,
not through the Army chain of command . The sweeping attacks resulted in
the wounding of about 30 monks, the arrest of over 1,400 Buddhists and
the closing of the pagodas (aft er they had been damaged and looted in the
raids). In their brutality and their blunt repudiation of Diem ' s solemn
word to Nolting, they were a direct, impudent slap in the face for the U. S.
Nhu expected that in crushing the Buddhists he could confront the new U. S.
Ambassador with a fait accompli in which the U. S. would complaininglyac quies ce , as we had in so many of the regime's actions which we opposed .
Moreover , he attempted to fix blame for the raids on the senior Army generals . Getting word of the attacks in Honolulu, where he was conferring
with Nolting and Hilsman, Lodge flew directly to Saigon . He immediately
let it be known that the U. S. completely dissociated itself from the raids
and could not tolerate such behavior . In Washington the morning after,
while much confusion reigned about who was responsible fo r the raids, a
statement repudiating them was promptly released . Only after several
days did the U. S. finally establish Nhu ' s culpabili
in t he attacks and
publicly exonerate the Army .
On August 23, the first contact vTith a U. S. representative ,vas made
by generals who had begun to plan a coup against Diem. The generals wanted
a clear indication of where the U. S. stood . State in i ts subsequently controversial reply, drafted and cleared on a weekend when several of the
principal Presidential advisors were absent from Wa shington , affirmed that
Nhu I s continuat ion in a pOvTer position ,vi thin the regime "las intolerable
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and, if after Diem had been given an opportunity to rid hlifiself of Nhu
and did not, "then, we must face the possibility that Diem himself canJlot
be preserved." This message was to be communicated to the generals , and
Diem was to be warned that Nhu must go . Lodge agreed ,vi th the approach
to the generals, but felt it was futile to present Diem with an ultimatum
he would only ignore and one that might tip off the palace to the coup
plans . Lodge proceeded to inform only the generals . They were told that
the U.S. could no longer support a regime which included Nhu, but that
keeping Diem "ioTaS entirely up to them . This vTaS cormnunicated to the generals on August 27. The President and some of his advisors, however, had
begun to have second thoughts about svr:l tching horses so suddenly, and with
so little information on whether the coup could succeed, and if it did,
what kind of government it would bring to power . As it turned out, Washir~­
ton's anxiety was for naught, the plot "ioTaS premB,ture, B,nd after several
uncertain days, its demise was finally recognized on August 31.
Thus by the end of August, we found ourselves without a lead ership
to support and without a policy to follo,v in our relations with the GVN.
In this cont ext a month-long policy review took place in Washington and in
Vietnam . It was fundamentally a search for alternatives . In both places.
the issue was joined betwe en those who saw no realistic alternatives to
Diem and felt that his policies were having only a marginal effect on the
war effort, which they wanted to get on with by renewing our support and
communication with Diem; and those who felt that the war against the VC
would not possibly be won with Diem in power and preferred therefore to
push for a coup of some kind. The first view was primarily supported by
the military and the CIA both in Saigon and in Washington, while the latter
was helf by the U. S. Mission, the State Department and members of the
White House staff . In the end, a third alternative "lvas selected, namely
to use pressure on Diem to get him to remove Nhu from the scene and to
end hi s repressive policies . Through September, however , the debate continued with growing intensity . Tactical considerations, such as another
Lodge approach to Diem about removing the Nhus and the effect of Senat9r
Church ' s resolution calling for an aid suspension, focused the discussion
at times, but the issue of whether to renew our support for Diem remained .
The decision hinged on the asses sment of how seriously the political deteriora tion "ioTaS affecting the war effort.
In the course of these policy debates, several participants pursued
the logical but painful conclusion that if the war could not be won with
Diem, and if his removal would lead to political chaos and also j eopard ize
the war effort, then the "IoTar was probably unwinnable. If that were the
case, the argument vlent, then the U. S. should really be facing a more basic
decision on either an orderly disengagement from an irretrievable situation, or a major escalation of the U. S. involvement, including the use of
U. S. combat troops. These prophetic minority voices were, hO"lorever , rais i ng an unplea sant prospect that the Administration was unprepared to face
at that time . In hindsight, however, it is clear that this was one of
the times in the history of our Vietnam involvement when "lve \"Tere making
fundamental choices . The option to disengage honorably at that time now
appears an attractively low-cost one. But for the Kennedy Administration
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then, the costs no doubt appear ed much higher. In any event, it proved to
be um-Tilling to accept the implica tions of predictions for a bleak future.
The Administration hewed to the belief that if the U,S, be but willing to
exercise its power, it could ultimately always have its vlay in world affairs.
Nonetheless, in view of the widely divergent views of the principals
in Saigon, the Administration sought independent judgments with t"TO successive
fact-finding missions . The first of thes e whirlwind inspections , by General
Victor Krulak, JCS SACSA, and a State Department Vietnam expert, Joseph
Mendenhall, from September 7- 10, resulted in diametrically opposing reports
to the President on the conditions and situation and "ivas, as a result, futile.
The Krulak-Mendenhall divergence was significant because it typifies the
deficient analysj_s of both the U,S, civilian and military missions in Vietnam with respect to the overall politics,l situation in the country. The
U, S. civilian observers, for their part, failed to fully appreciate the impact Diem had had in preventing the emergence of any other political forces .
The Buddhists, while a cohesive and effective minority protest movement,
lacked a program or the means to achieve power . The labor unions were
entirely urban-based and appealed to only a small segment of the population.
The clandestine political parties were small, urban, and usually elitist .
The religious sects had a narrow appeal and were based on ethnic minorities .
Only the Viet Cong had any real support and influence on a broad base in
t he countryside . The only real alternative source of political power was
the Army since it had a large, disciplined organization spanning the country,
.wi th an independent communica tj_ons and transportation system and a strong
superiori ty to any other group in coercive pOl'ler . In its reports on the
Army, however, General Harkins and the U.S . military had failed to appreciate the deeply corrosive effect on internal allegiance and discipline
in the Army that Diem's loyalty based promotion and assignment policies
had had . They did not foresee that in the 'Yrake of a coup senior officers
would lack the cohesiveness to hang together and that the temptations of
power would promote a devisive internal competition among ambitious men
a t the expense of the "i'lar against the Viet Cong .
Two weeks after the fruitless Krulak-Mendenhall mission, with the
Washington discussions still stalemated, it was the turn of Secretary
McNamara and General Taylor, the Chairman of the JCS, to assess the problem .
They left for Vietnam on September 23 with the Presidential instruction
t o appraise the condition of the war effort and the impact on it of the
Buddhist political tUrmoil and to recommend a course of action for the
GVN and the U,S . They r eturned to Washington on October 2 . Their report
was a somewhat contradictory compromise between the views of the civilian
and military staffs . It affirmed that the war was being won, and that it
would be successfully concluded in the first three corps areas by the end
of 1964 , and in the Delta by 1965 , thereby permitting the withdrawal of
American advisors, although it noted that the political tensions were start ing to have an adverse effect on it , But , more importantly, it r ecommended
a series of measures to coerce Diem into compliance vrith American wishes
t hat included a selective suspension of U, S. economic aid, an end to aid
for the special forces units used in the August 21 raids unless they were
subordinated to the Joint General Staff, and the continuation of Lodge ' s
cool official aloofness from the regime . It recommended the public
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announcement of the U,S, intention to vlithdraw 1,000 troops by the end
of the year, but suggested that the aid suspensions not be a,nnounced in order
to give Diem a chance to respond without a public loss of face . It concluded by re commending aga,ins t active U, S, encouragement of a coup, in
spite of the fact that an aid suspension was the one step the generals had
asked for in August as a sign of U,S, condemnation of Diem and support for
a change of government. The report ivaS quick.ly adopted by Kennedy in the
NSC and a brief, and subsequently much rued, statement was r eleased to the
press on October 2, announcing the planned withdra\val of 1,000 troops by
year's end .
The McNamara-Taylor mission, like the Krulak-Mendenhall mission before
it and the Honolulu Conference in November after the coup, points up the
great difficulty encountered by high l evel fact-finding missions and conferences in getting at the "facts" of a complex policy problem like Viet nam in a short time . It is hard to believe that hasty visits by harried
high level officials with overloaded itineraries really add much in the
way of additional data or lucid insight . And because they be come a focal
point of worldwide press coverage, they often raise public expectations or
anxieties that may only create additional problems for the President . There
were many such high level conferences over Vietnam .
Of the recommendations of the McNamara-Taylor mission, the proposal for
a selective suspension of economic aid, in particular the suspension of
the commercial import program, was the most significant both in terms of
its effect , and as an example of the adroit use or denial of American assistance.to achi eve our foreign policy objectives , In . this instance economic
sanctions, in the form of selected aid suspensions in those programs to which
the regime would be most sensitive but that would have no immediate adverse
effect on the war effort , were used constructively to influence events rather
than negatively to punish those who had violated our wishes , our usual reaction to coups in Latin America', The proposal itself had been under consideration since the abortive coup plot of August . At that time, Lodge
had been authorized to suspend aid if he thought it would enhance the likelihood of the SUccess of a coup . Later in September he was again given
specific control over the delay or suspension of any of the pending aid
programs . On both occasions, however, he had expressed doubt about the
utility of such a step . In fact, renewal of the commercial import program
had been pending since early in September, so that the adoption of the
McNamara- Taylor proposal merely formalized the existing situation into
poli cy . As might have been expected (although the record l eavffiambiguous
whether this was a conscious aim of the Administration ) , the Vietnamese
general s interpreted the suspension as a green light to proceed vli th a
coup .
While this policy was being applied in October , Lodge shunned all
contact with the regime that did not come at Diem ' s initia,ti ve . He wanted
it clearly understood that they must come to him prepared to adopt our
advice before he would recommend to Washington a change in U, S, policy .
Lodge performed with great skill , but inevitably frictions developed l'Tithin
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the Mission as different viewpoints and proposals came forward . In particular,
. Lodge's disagreements and disputes with General Harkins during October vThen
the coup plot was maturing and lat er were to be of considerable embarrassment to Washington when they leaked to the press. Lodge had carefully
cultivated the press, and 1-Then the storj.es of friction appeared, it was
invariably Harkins or Richardson or someone el se who was the villain.
No sooner had the McNamara-Taylor mission returned to Washington and
reported its recommendations than the generals r eopened contact with the
Mission indicating that once again they were preparing to strike against
the regime. Washington's immediate reaction on October 5 was to reiterate
the decision of the NSC on the McNamara-Taylor report, i.e . , no U.S. encouragement of a coup. Lodge was instructed, however, to maintain contact with
the generals and to monitor their plans as they emerged . These periodic
contacts continued and by October 25, Lodge had come to believe that Diem
was unlj.kely to respond to our pressure and that we should therefore not
thwart the coup forces. Harkins disagreed, believing that we still had not
given Diem a real chance to rid himself of Nhu and that we should present
him with s uch an ultimatum and test his r esponse before going ahead with
a coup. He, furthermore , had reservations about the strength of the coup
forces when compared with those likely to remain loyal to the re gime . All
this left Washington anxious and doubtful. Lodge was cautioned to seek
fuller information on the coup plot, including a line - up of forces and the
proposed plan of action . The U. S. could not base its policy on support for
a coup attempt that did not offer a strong prospect of success . Lodge was
counseled to consider ways of delaying or preventing the coup i f he doubted
its prospects for success. By this juncture, however, r,odge felt committed
and, furthermore, felt the matter was no longer in our hands . The generals
were taking the action on their own initiative and we could only prevent
it now by denouncing them to Diem . While this debate was still going on,
the generals struck.
Shortly after Ambassador Lodge and Admiral Felt had called on Diem on
November 1, the generals made their move, culminating a summer and fall of
complex intrigue . The coup was led by General Minh, the most respected of
the senior generals, together with Generals Don, Kim and Khiem . They convoked
a meeting of all but a few senior officers at JGS headquarters at noon on
the day of the coup, announced their plans and got the support of their compatriots. The coup itself '-Tas executed with skill and swiftness . They
had devoted special attention to ensuring that the major potentially loyal
forces were isolated and their leademneutralized at the outset of the opera tion . By the late afternoon of November 1, only the palace guard remained
to defend the two brothers. At 4:30 p .m., Diem called Lodge to ask where
the U. S. stood . Lodge was noncommital and confined himself to concern for
Diem ' s physical safety . The conversation ended inconclusively. The generals made repeated calls to the palace offering the brothers safe conduct
out of the country if they surrendered, but the tv-TO held out hope until the
very end . Sometime that evening they secretly slipped out of the palace
through an underground escape passage and went to a hide - away in Cholon .
There they were captured the following morning after their whereabouts was
learned when the palace fell . Shortly the tvlO brothers were murdered in the
back of an armored personnel carrier en route to JGS headquarters.
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Having successfully carried off their coup, the generals began to
make arrangements for a civilian goverrunent. Vice Pre s ident Tho 'Ivas named
to hea,d a largely civilian cabinet, but General Minh became President and
Chairman of the shado'H Military Revolutionary Council . After having delayed
an appropriate period, the U,S. recognized the ne'H goverDJnent on November 8 .
As the euphoria of ,t he first days of lib er ation from the heavy hand of the
Diem r egime 'Hore off, hO'Hever, the r eal gravity of the economic situation
and the lack of expertj,se in the ne'H government b e ca..me apparent to both
Vietnamese and American officials. The deterioration of the military situation and the strategic hamlet program also came more and more clearly into
perspe ctive .
These topics domina,ted the discussions at the Honolulu Conference on
November 20 'Hhen Lodge and the country team met 'Hith Rusk, McNamara, Taylor,
Bell, and Bundy . But the meeting ended inconclusively. After Lodge had
conferred with the President a fe'H days later in Wa shington, the ,White House
tried to pull together some conclus ions and offer some guidance for our continuing and no'H deeper involvement in Vietnam. The instructions contained
in NSAM 273, hOi-rever, did not reflect the truly dire situation as it 'Has to
come to light in succeeding weeks. The reappraisals forced by the ne'H
information would s'Hiftly make it irrelevant as it 'Has "overtaken by events. 1I
For the military coup d ' etat against Ngo Dinh Diem, the U. S. must
a ccept its full share of responsibility . Beginning in August of 1963 'He
variously authorized, sanctioned and encouraged the coup efforts of the
Vietnamese generals and offered full support for a successor goverDJnent .
In Octob er 'He cut off aid to Diem in a direct rebuff, giving a green light
to the generals . We maintained clandestine contact 'Hith them throughout
the plaD~ing and execution of the coup and sought to revie'H their operational
plans and proposed ne'H government. Thus, as the nine-year rule of Diem
came to a bloody end, our complicity in his overthro'H heightened our r e ~
sponsibilities and our commitment in an essentially leaderle ss Vietnam .

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CHRONOLOOY
DATE

EVENT OR DOCUMENT

DESCRIPTION

S May 1963

Hue incident

Government troops fire on a Buddhist pro··
test demonstration, killing nine and
wounding fourteen . The incident triggers·
a nationwide Buddhist protest and a
crisis of popular confidence for the
Diem regime. GVN maintains the incident was an act of VC terrorism.

10 May 1963

Manifesto of Buddhist
clergy

A five point demand by the Buddhist
clergy is transmitted to the Government. It calls for freedom to fly
the Buddhist flag, legal equality
with the Catholic Church, an end
of arrests, punisbment of the perpetrators of the May S incident, and
indemnification of its victims.

lS May 1963

Nolting meeting with
Diem; Embassy Saigon
message 103S ·

U.S. Ambassador Nolting meets with
Diem and outlines the steps the U.S.
wants Diem to take to redress the
Buddhist grievances and recapture
public confidence. These include
an admission of responsibility for
the Hue incident, compensation of the
victims, and a reaffirmation of religious equality and non-discrimination.

30 May 1963

Buddhist demonstration

350 Buddhist monks demonstrate in
front of the National Assembly and
announce a 4S-hour hunger strike.

4 Jun 1963

Truehart meeting with
Thuan

With Nolting on leave, charge d'affaires
Truehart meets with Secretary of State
Thuan,and on instruction from the
State Department, warns that U.S.
support for the GVN could not be
maintained if there were another bloody
suppression of Buddhists.

Tho committee
appointed

Later that day the Government announces
the appointment of an inter-ministerial
committee headed by Vice President Tho
to resolve the r eligious issue.

(

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DATE

EVENT OR DOCUMENT

DESCRIPTION

5 Jun 1963

Tho committee meets
Buddhists

The first meeting between the Tho
committee and the Buddhist leadership takes place, after which

(Text continues in the original file: 126 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-1 — [Part IV. B. 5.] Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May-Nov. 1963

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-1
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 paperwork still debating 1963’s chaotic exit strategy.

- Declassified NARA PDF, authored by NWD, dated 2011, covering Vietnam May‑Nov 1963 events.
- Reports U.S. policy dilemmas, limited forces, escalating air and Marine involvement, internal debates.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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IV.C Evolution of the War (26 Vols.)
Direct Action: The Johnson Commitments, 1964-1968
(16Vols.)
1. U.S. Programs in South Vietnam, November 1963April 1965: NSAM 273--NSAM 288--Honolulu

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
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Sec Def Cent Nr. X- 0295

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IV . C.l

U.S. PROGRAMS IN SOUTH VIETNAM, NOV 1963 - APR 1965 ;

NSAM 273 - NSAN 288 - HONOWLU
SUMMARY AND ~TALYSIS
During the period from the overthrow of the Diem government in
Novenib er 1963 unti_l the Honolulu Conference in April 1965, u. S . policymakers wer e concerned with a continuing , central dilemma in South Vietnam .
An agonizing, year-long internal debate took place against the double
backdrop of this dilermna and Presidential election year politics . Although
the results of this de bat e could not be clearly seen until mid-1965, the
seeds which produced those results are clearly visible in the official
files at least a year earlier.
The b asi c problem in U. S. policy I-Tas to generate programs and other
means adequate to secure the objectives being pursued. The central dilemma
l ay in the fact that while U. S. policy objectives were stated in the very
most comprehensive terms t he means employed were both consciously limited
and purpos ely indirect. That is, the U.S. eschewed employing all of its
military mi{Sht -- or even a substantial portion of it -- in a battle '<lhich
was viel'led in Washington as determinative of the fate of all of Southeast
Asia, probably crucial to the future of South Asia, a nd as the defi nitive
test of U.S. abi l ity to counteract communis t support for "wars of national
l ibera;tion. " Moreover, this l imited U. S . resource commitment to practically
unli_mi ted ends took an indirect form . U. S. efforts were aimed at helping
t he Government of Vietnam (GVN ) to wi nits own struggle a,gainst the insurgent s .
This meant that the newly established GVN had to somehow mobilize its human
and other resources, improve its military performance against the Viet
Cong, and shift the tide of the war.
As events i n 1964 and 1965 were to demonstrate, the GVN did not
succeed in achieving political stability . Its military forces did not
stem the pattern of VC successes, Rather , a series of coups produced
"revolving door " governments in Saigon . The military pattern showed,
particularly by the sprints of 1965, a precipitous decline in the fortunes
of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). Yet there \vas no serious
debate in Washington on the desirability of modifying U. S . objectives .
The se remai re d essentially fi xed even as the illeans for their real i zation
l imi ted U. S. material support for GVN -- u:1denlent one crisis and disappoint ment a,fter another.

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There 'were no immediate or forceful U. S. reactions in 1964 to this
continuing politica l instability and military frustration in South Vietnam .
Declaratory policy raced far ahead of resource allocations and use de~isions .
As events continued along an unfavorable course the U. S . pursued an 'everexpanding number of minor, specific, programmatic measures v7hich were
inher ently inadequate either to reverse the decline or to satisfy broad U. S.
objectives. Concurrently, the U.S . began to make contingency plans for
increasing pressures against NVN . It did not make similar plans for the
conwitment of U.S. ground forces in SVN.
In the aftermath of President Johnson ' s landslide electoral victory
in November 1964, and in the face of persistent instability in SVN, the
Administration finally expanded the Har to include a limited, carefully
controlled air campaign against the north. Early in 1965 it deployed
Marine battalions to South Vietnam. By April 1965, '"hile continuing to
follow the announced policy of efforts to enable GVN to win its own war,
the U. S. had adumbrated a policy of U. S. military participation which
presaged a high degree of Americanization of the war effort.
This evolving expansion and demonstration of commitment was neither
conti nuous nor steady. The steps forward were warmly debated, often hesitant,
sometimes r eluctant. -- But all of the steps taken were still forward
toward a larger commitment; there were none to the rear .
THE INITIAL PERIOD:

NOVEMBER 1963 - MAR£H 1964

The Di em coup preceded President Kennedy ' s assassination by less
than a month. Thus, a new l eader took the helm in the U. S. at a natural
time to reevaluate U.S. policie s and U.S.-GVN r elations . President Johnson ' s
first policy announcement on the Vietnamese vJar, contained in NSAM 273
(26 November 1963)', only three days after he had assumed the Presidency,
was intended primarily to endorse the policies pursued by President Kennedy
and to ratify provisional decisions reached in Honolulu just before the
assassi nation . Even in its attempt to direct GVN ' s efforts tovlard concentration on the Delta area, , NSAM 273 reflected earher U. S. preferences vlhich
had been thwarted or i gnored by Diem . Now was the time, many of the top
U. S. policymakers hoped, when convincing U. S. support for the new regime
i n Saigon might allov7 GVN to start winning its own war .
Two developments -- in addition to the VC successes which follo'wed
Di em ' s downfall -- undercut this aura of optimism . First, it was discovered
that the situation in SVN had been worse all along than reports had indicated .
Examples of misleading reports were soon available in Washington at th e
highest levels . Second, the hoped-for political stability was never even
established befDre it disintegrated in the Kha.nh coup in January 1964 . By
February MACV t s year-end report for 1963 ,vas available in Washington . Its
gloomy statistics showed downward trends in almost every area .

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Included in the MACV assessment was the oplDlon that military effort
could not succeed in the absence of effective political leadership. A
special CIA report, forwarded to Secretary McNamara at about the same time
made the opposite point: military victories were needed to nourish the
popular attitudes conducive to political stability. Assistant Secretary of
State Roger Hilsman - - who would shortly leave office after his views were
rejected -- stre ssed the need for physical security in the rural areas and
the adoption of count erguerrila tactics as the preconditions to success .
These interesting reversals of nominal functional preferences indicate that
there vlaS at least a sufficiently broa.d awareness wi thin U. S. Officialdom
to permit a useful debate on U.S. actions which might deal more successfully
with this seamless web of political-military issues . Certainly the intelligence picture vlaS dark enough to prompt such a debate: the SNIE on shortterm prospects in Southeast Asia ",arned that " ... South Vietnam has, at best,
an even chance of withstanding the insurgency menace during the next few
weeks or months ."
The debate did begin, but in hobbles. The generally agreed necessity
to work through GVN and the felt imperative to strengthen GVN left the U. S.
in a position of weakness. It was at least as dependent on GVN leaders as
were the latter on U.S. support. Moreover, mid-1964 'was not an auspicious
time for new departures in policy by a President who wished to portray
"moderate " alternatives to his opponent's "radical " proposals. Nor was
any time prior to or immediately following the elections very appealing for
the same reason. Thus, while the debate in high official circles was very,
very differ ent from the public debate it still reflected the existence of
the public debat e .
LIMITED MEASURES FOR LIMITLESS AIMS
The first official internal pronouncement to reflect this difficult
policymaking milieu vlaS NSAM 288, in March 1964.. Approved verbatim from
the report of the most recent McNamara-Taylor visit to Vietnam, it was
virtually silent on one issue (U.S. troops ) a nd minimal in the scale of
its re commendations at the same time that it stated U.S. objectives in
the most svleeping terms used up to that time. The U. S . obj ecti ve was
stated to be an " independent, non-communist South Vietnam, free to accept
assistance as required to maintain its security" even though not necessarily
a member of the Western alliance . The importance of this objective was
underscored in a classic statement of the domino theory:
Unless we can achieve this objective in South Vietnam, almost '
all of Southeast Asia will probably fall under Communist dominance
(all of Vietnam, Laos, and Camb odia), accorrrmodate to Communism so
as to remove effective U. S . and anti-Conifllunist influence (Burma ) ,
or fall under the domination of forces not now explicitly Co@nunist
but li kely then to become so (Indonesia taking over Malaysia ).
Thailand might hold for a period with our help, but would be under
grave pressure. Even the Philippines viOuld become shaky, and the
threat to India. to the west, Australia and Nevi Zealand to the south,'
and Taiwan, Korea, and Japan to the north and east would be
greatly increased.
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The present situation in SVN was painted in somber tones of declining
GVN control and deterioration within ARVN while VC strength and NVN~supplie d
arms were on the rise . To introduce U. S. combat troops for the protection
of Saigon under these circumstances, McNamara stated, would create " serious
adverse psycho10gical consequences and should not be underte.ken ." AU . S .
movement from the advisory role to a role which would amount to command of
the war effort Ivas similarly rejected without discussion because of anticipated
adverse psychological effects . Thus, the fear of undesirable impacts upon
a vleak GVN caused at least one maj or course of action to be rul ed out .
Although fears of adverse impacts in domestic U. S. politics 'dere not mentioned
i t is i nconceivable that such fears were not present .
Having ruled out U. S. active l eadership and the cOlIDnitment of U. S .
t roops, Secretary McNamara analyzed three possible courses of action :
(1) negotiations leading to the "neutralization" of SVN ; (2 ) the initiation
of military actions against NVN ; and (3 ) measures to improve the situation
i n SVN . The first of these was incompatible with the U. S . objective stated
at the beginning of the NSAM; the time was not propitious for adoption of
t he second ; the third was recommended for adoption . Additionally, Secretary
McNamara recommended NSAM 288 proclaimed that plans be made so that the U. S .
would be in a position at a l ater date to initiate military pressures against
NVN within a relatively brief time after any decision to do so might be TIlade .
Many of the steps approved i n NSAM 288 were highl y programrnatic . I t
shoul d be observed that they were also palliative, both in scope and degree .
Of the twelve approved actions, hlO addressed possible future actions beyond
t he borders of South Vietnam. Of the remaining ten, three were declaratory
i n nature ( e . g., " To make i t clear that we ful ly support the Khanh government
a nd are opposed to. any furthe r coups "). The seven act i ons implying additional
U. S. assistance ( some of it advice ) dealt with such matters as exchanging
25 VNAF aircraft for a ne",er model, replacing armored personnel carr i ers "lith
a more rel iable model, and trebling the ferti l izer program "Ii thin two years .
The additional cost of the programs was onl y s li ghtly more than $60 mill i on
at t he most : $3 0-$J.~0 million to support a 50 , 000 me.n increase i n RVNAF and
to raise pay scales ; $1 . 5 mill ion to support an enlarged civi l administrative
ca dre; and a one time cost of $20 million for additional and repl e.cement
mil itary equipment .
It is clear with the advantage of hindsight that these steps were
grossly inadequate t o the magnitude of the tasks at hand - - particularl y
i f the broad U. S. objectives stated in the NSAM were to be realized. But
such hindsight misses the pol icymakers ' dilemma and the probable process
by "Ihich the approved actions were decided upon . President J ohnson had
neither a congressional nor a popular mandate to Americanize the war or to
. expand it dramatically by "going north . Ii U. S. hopes were pinned on assistlng
i n the development of a GVN strong enough to vlin its own war. Overt U. S .
l eadership might undercut the development of such a government i n Saigon .
The course of policy adopted was not the product of an attempt to sel ect
the "best " alternative by means of examining expected benefjts ; it r esult ed
from a determination of the "least bad" alternative through an examination

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of risks and disadvantages. It reflected vIhat wa.s politically feasible
rather than what was desirable in rela.tion to stated obj ecti ves . The
practical effect of this understandable -- perhaps inescapable and
inevi table -- vlay of deciding upon U. S. policy vias to place almo'st complete
r esponsibility in the hands of the GVN for the attainment of U. S. objectives
it being assumed that GVN ' s objectives were compatible with ours.
Midway through 1964 President Johnson changed the entire top l evel of
U.S. leadership in Saigon. General Maxwell D. Taylor, Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff, retired from active military duty (for the second
time ) to become the U. S. Amba.ssador. An experienced and highly regarded
career diplomat, U. Alexis Johnson, was appointed deputy to Taylor . General
William C. Westmorel and stepped up from deputy to commander of U. S. military
forces in Vietnam. The new IIfirst t eam ll was not without knowledge about
Vi etnam but it inescapably lacked the close personal knowledge of l eading
GVN figures which only time and close association can develop. It set
about attempting to help the Khanh government to' help itself .
General Khanh, in the event, proved unable to marshal SVN ' s re sources
and to establish his regilne in a position of authority adequate either to
stem or to turn the VC tide . . KJ.1anh ' s failure "Ias, however, neither precipitous nor easily perceivable at the time·. As the U. S. entered and passed
through a Presidential campaign in Vlhich the proper policy to pursu e in
Vietnam vIas a major issue, it sometimes appeared that the GVN was making
headway and sometimes appeared that it was not .
U. S. policy remained virtually unchanged during this period although
significant planning steps were a.ccomplished to permit the U. S. to exercise
military pressures against NVN should it appear desirable (and politicall y
feasible ) to do so . Thanks to such planning, the Tonkin Gulf i ncidents
of 2-4 August 196~ were answered by II tit-for-tat ll r eprisal raids with
considerable dispatch . The cost was minimal in terms of world opinion and
communist r eaction . Moreover, President Johnson used t he Tonkin Gulf
incidents as the springboard to a broad endorsement by the Congress of
his leadership and relative freedom of action . When thi s was followed
in November by what can only be described as a smashing victory at the polls,
the Pr esident ' shands 'I"ere not completely untied but the bonds were figura tively loosened. His feasible options increased .
LIMITED ESCALATION LR4DS TO OPEN-E~mED INTERVENTION
I mmediately following his election, the President initiated an intense,
month-long policy review. An executive branch consensus developed for a
t,o]O phe,se expansion of the war . Phase I 'was limited to intensification
of air strikes in Laos and to covert actions in NVN. Phase II 'wouldextend
the war to a sustained, escalating air campaign against North Vietnamese
targets . The President approved Ph8.se I for implementation in December 1964
but approved Phase II only lI in principle . 1I
The effect of this decision was to increase the expectation that the
air campaign against NVN would be undertaken if the proper time arose .
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What conditions v7ere -proper was the subj ect of considerable disagreement
and confusion. Tacbcally, the U.S. desired to respond to North Vietnamese
acts rather than to appear to initiate a wider war . But the strategic
purposes of bombing in l\TVN \>7ere in dispute. The initiation of an air
campaign was deferred early in 196~· as a prod to GVN reform. By 1965
such initiation was argued for as a support for GVN morale. Some adherents
claimed that bombing in NVN could destroy the DRV ' s will to support the
wS.r in South Vietnam. Others expected it to raise the -price of North
Vietnam ' s effort and to demonstrate U.S. commitment but not to be decisive
in and of itself . The only :i.ndisputable facts seem to be that the long
planning and debate over expanding the air war, the claimed benefits
(although disputed), and the relatively low cost and risk of an air
campaign as compared to the commitment of U. S. ground forces conlbined to
indicate that the bombing of NVN would be the next step taken if nothing
else worked .
Nothing else was, in fact, vlOrking. General Khanh ' s government was
reorganized in November 196 Lf to give it the appearance of civilian leadership. Khanh finally fell in mid-F'ebruary 1965 and was repls,ced by the
Q,uat regime. Earlier that month the insurgents had attacked the U. S. base
at Pleiku, killing eight Americans. Similar attacks late in 1964 had
brought about recommendations for reprisal attacks. These had been disapproved because of timing. On this occ8.sion, however, the President
approved the F'LA~rrNG DART retaliatory measures.
Presidential assj.stant McGeorge Bundy ,vas in SVN when the Viet Cong
attacked the U. S. facilities in Pleiku. He recommended to the President
that, in addition to retaliatory measures, the U.S . initiate phase I I of
the military measures against, NVN. The fall of the Khanh regime a week
later resurrected the worst U.S. fears of GVN political instability . The
decision to bomb north was made, announced on 28 February, and strikes
initiated on 2 March. A week later, after a request from Generals Taylor
and Westmoreland which was debated little if at all, two battalion landing
teams of Marines went ashore at DaNang to assume responsibility for security
of the air base there. U. S. ground combat units ,vere in an active theater
on the mainland of Asia for the first time since the Korean War . This
)
may not have been the Rubicon of the Johnson administration ' s Vietnam policy
but it was a departure of immeasurable significance . The question was no
l onger one of whether U. S. units should be deployed to SVN ; rather, it viaS
one of how many units should be deployed and for what strategic purposes.
The Army Chief of Staff, General Harold K. Johnson, went t o Sajgon
in mid-March and recommended that bombing restrictions be l ifted and that
a U. S. division be deployed to SVN for active combat . General Taylor
strongly opposed an active combat -- as distinct from base security -- role
for U. S. ground forces. But the President decided on 1 April to expand the
bombing, to add an air wing in SVN, and to send two more Marine battalions
ashore. These decisions were announced internally on 6 April in NSAM 328 .
General Taylor continued to voice strong opposition to a ground combat
role for U. S. forCes but his voice vlasdrOlvued out by two developments.
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First, the air campaign against mTN (ROLLING THUNDER) did not appear to be
shaking the DRV ' s determination. Second, ARVN experienced a series of
disastrous defeats in the spring of 1965 which convinced a number of
observers that a political-military collapse within GVN was i mminent .
As the debate in vlashington on next steps r evealed, something clos ely
akin to the broad objectives stated over a year earlier in NSAM 288 r epre sented a consensus among U.S . policymakers as a statement of proper U. S .
aims. The domestic political situation had changed materially since early
1964.
President Johnson was now armed with both a popular mandate and
broad Congressional authorization (the extent of which would be challenged
later, but not in 1965) . Palliative measures had not been adequate to the
task although they had continued and multiplied throughout the period. As
General Taylor vlryly remarked to McGeorge Bundy in a bad: channel message
quoted in the following paper, the U. S. Mission in Saigon was charged with
i mplementing a 21-point military program , a 41-point non- military program,
a 16-point USIS program, and a 12- point CIA program " . .. as if we can win
. here somehml on a point score ."
As f ears rose in \~ashington it must have seemed that everything had
been tried except one course -- active U. S. partic i pat i on i n the ground
battle in SVN . Palliative measures had failed . ROLLING .T}ruNDER offered
li ttle hope for a quick decision in vievT of the rapid deterioration of
ARVN . The psychological barrier against the presence of U. S . combat units
had been breached . If the revalidated U. S . objectives were to be achieved
i t was necessary for the U. S . to make quickly some radical departures . It
was politically feasible to commit U. S . ground forces and i t seemed des irable
to do so .
Secretary McNamara met in Honolulu on 20 April with the principal U. S .
l eaders from Saigon and agreed to recommend an enclave strategy r equiring
a quantum increase above the four Marine battalions . An account of the
rapidi ty with \vhich this strategy was overtaken by an offensively oriented
concept is described in another volume in this series . -x- The present volume
describes the situational changes, the arguments , and the fr ustrations as the
U. S . attempted for over a year to move tOlvard the r ealization of ambitious
ob jectives by the indirect use of very limited resources and in the shadow
of a Presidential election campaign.

* IV . C. 5.

Phas e I in the Build-Up of U. S. Forces :

The Debate, March-July

1965 .
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IV.C.l.
U. S. PROGRAMS IN SOUTH VIETNAM, NOVEMBER 1963 - APRIL 1965
NSAM 273 - NSAM 288
TABLE OF CONTENTS AND OUTLINE
Page
I. NSAM 273...... 1
1. NSAM 273 - The Aftermath of Diem...... 1
2. First Reappraisals of the Situation in South Vietnam..... 4
3. First Actions on NSAM 273 and First Misgivings........... 15
4. Efforts to Improve Intelligence on Progress of the War... 21
5. The Unrealized January Upturn and the Khanh Coup......... 25
6. Deepening Gloom in February............ 30
7. Two General Alternative Directions of Policy............. 35
8. The Fact Finding Mission and NSAM 288.................... 40
9. NSAM 288............ 146
II. NSAM-288 - TONKIN GULF....... 56
1. General Character of the Period from NSAM-288 :
to Tonkin Gulf..........
2. NSAM-288 Programs Mid-March to Mid-May 1964.............. 58
3. The Secretary's Visit to Saigon May 1964................. 70
4. The Honolulu Conference of 30 May 1964................... 76
5. Preparation for Increased Pressure on North Vietnam...... 82
6. Increasing U.S. Involvement and Growing GVN Instability.. 85
III. FROM TONKIN TO NSAM-328......... 90
1. Tonkin Gulf and Following Political Crises............... 90
2. Policies in the Period of Turmoil........................ 95
3. The Period of Increasing Pressures on NN................ 98
IV.I NSAM-328......... .…...…110
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IV.C.l.
U. S. PROGRAMS IN SOUTH VIE'TNAl'!l, NOVEMBER 1963 - April 1965
J!SAM-.?7 3 - NSAM288

CHRONOLOGY
DATE

EVENT OR DOCUMEl\1T

DESCRJPI'ION

20 Nov 1963

Honolulu Conference

Secretaries McNamara. a.nd Rusk and their
party meet with the entire US country
team and review the South Vietnamese
situation after the Diem coup .

22 Nov 1963

Kennedy Assassination

President Kennedy is assassinated in
Dallas. Lodge c onfers vith the new
President, Johnson, in Washington, duri ng the next few days.

26 Nov 1963

NSAM 273

Drawing on the Honolulu Conference and
Lodge I s conversat ions wH,h the President, NSAM 273 established US support
for the new Minh government and emphasized that the level of effort, economic and military, vlou~d be maintained
at l east as high as to Diem. All US
and GVN efforts were to be concentrated
on the Delta I{here the VC danger was
greatest . But the ,mr rema:Lned basically a South Vietnrunese affair t o win
or lose.

6 Dec 1963

Report on Long An
Province

A r eport by a USOM provincial represent ativeon Long An Province, adjacent to
Saigon, describes the near complete
disintegrat ion of the strategic ham~et
program. The basic probl em i s the
inabilHy or umvillingness of the ARVN
to provide timely support when villages
are under attack . Hamlets are being
overrun by the VC on an a~nost daily
basis. Ambassador Lodge fo~va rds t he
r eport to vTashington.

17 Dec 1963

NSC Meeting

After hearing a briefing by GeneraJ.
Kru~aJ\. that falls short of giving an
adequate explanation for the Long An
report, the president decides to send
McNamara on another fact-finding trj.p.

18-20 Dec
1963

SecDef Trip to
Vietnam

During this quick vj.sl.t to South Vietnam, McNamara ordered certain j~ediat e
a 2

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DATE

EVENT OR DOCUMENT

18-20 Dec

DESCRIPTION
actions to be taken by the US Mission
to improve the situation in the 13
critical provinces. He returns directly to Washington to report ' to the
President.

( Cont'd )

21 Dec 1963

McNamara Report to
the President

McNamara ' s report substantiates the
existence of significant deterioration
in the '¥Tar since the preceding sumrl1er .
He recommends strengthened ARVN formations i n the key provinces , increased
US military and civilian staffs , the
creation of a new pacification plan,
and better coordination behTeen Lodge
and Harkins . His report is especially
pessimistic about the situation in the
Delta .

7 Jan 1964

McCone Proposes Covert
Reporting

The serious failure of the reporting
system to indicate the critical state
of deterioration of the war prompts
McCone to recommend to McNamara a
special TDY covert CIA check on the
in-country reporting system to make
recommendations for improving it .

16 Jan 1964

McNamara Accepts
Revised McCone
Proposal

McNamara accepts a revised form of
Mc Cone's proposal, specifj_cally ruli ng out any IG-like aspects to the
study.

28 Jan 1964

Khanh l;Tarns US Aide of
Pro-Neutralist Coup

General Khanh, I Corps Co~mander,
warns his US advisor, Colonel Wilson
t hat pro-neutralist members of the
MRC - - XuaD, Don, and Kim -- are
plotting a coup.

29 Jan 1964

Khanh Warns Lodge

Khanh repeats to Lodge the warning
that pro-neutralist elements are
pl anning a coup . Lodge recommends
an i ntervention with Paris to get
DeGaulle to restrict his activity in
Saigon. Khanh ' s efforts are really a
screen for his own planned coup .

Khanh Coup

Early i n the morning, Khanh acts to
take over control of the government
i n a bloodless j-nternal coup that
TOP SECRET - Sensitive

#### Page 17

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316 . By: NWD Date: 2011

TOP SECRET - Sensitive
DATE

EVENT OR DOCUMENT

DESCRll'TION
r emoves the civilian government and
put s him in pmrer.

30 Jan 1964
(Cont 'd)
2 Feb 1964

~ACV Personal Assessment of 4th Qtr
CY 1963

The Diem coup and the subsequent
political i nstability in the fall of
1963 are given by MACV as the main
reasons. for the rise in VC act ivity
and the decline in GVN control of the
country . The tempo of GVN operations
"la S good but the effect iveness low.
Military failures were l argely attributed to political problems .

10 Feb 1964

CAS Group's Preliminary Report

The preliminary r eport of the special
CAS group cross-checking the reporti ng system confirms the deterioration
of the strategic hamlet program. It
documents the decline in rural security
and the increase in VC attacks .

12 Feb 1961-~

SNIE 50-64

. This intelligence community evaluation
of the short-term prospects for Vietnam confirms the pessimism now felt in
all quarters. The political instability is the hard core problem.

18 Feb 1964

Final CAS Group
Report

The final CAS group report confirms
t he black picture of its initial estimate in greater detail and further
confirms t he previous failings of the
reporting system .

JCSM 136-64

In addition to a long list of r ecommendations for GVN act ion) the JC S
propose to SecDef major US escalatory
steps including bombing of the North.

21 Feb 1964

MACV Camment on CAS
Group Findings

General Harkins takes issue not Vlith

(Text continues in the original file: 158 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-10 — [Part IV. C. 9. b.] Evolution of the War. U.S.-GVN Relations. Volume 2: July 1965 - December 1967

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-10
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-10
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

July 1965‑December 1967: a timeline longer than most TV series seasons.

- Evolution of the War. U.S.-GVN Relations. Volume 2, July 1965‑December 1967, NARA PDF, authored by NWD 2011.
- Reports U.S. troop strength, operations, air strikes, casualties, political events, and diplomatic actions in Vietnam.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 1

Occlassificd per Executive Order 13526. Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: '\YD Date: 2011

IV .C Evolution of the War (26 Voi s.)
Direct Action: The Johnson Commitment s, 1964 ~19 68

( 16 Vois.)
10. Statistical Survey of the War, North and So uth:
1965 - 1967

#### Page 2

Declassified per Executive Order 13526. Sec!ion 3.3
NNO Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011

ITOP SECRIT - SENSITIYII

UNITED STATES . VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 . 1967

•
i..
•

--==:======VIETNAM T AS K FO RC E====:::-OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

••
•

ITOP SECRET - SENSITIYE)

Se. D8t Cant b. lh.

__

#### Page 4

Dcclassilicd per Executive Order 13526. Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011

•

•

•

TOP SECRET
CONTENTS
Page

Page

No.

No .

1. Build-up of U. S. I nfantry-type Battalions

13. U. S. KIA per U. S. Infantry-type

2. Build-up of NVA infiltrated Battalions
3. Ratio of U. S" I nfantry-type to NVA
infiltrated Battalions

lh'

..

0

"
g
,.
p

•

Battalion in SVN

14. U. S" KIA per NVA Battalion
15. U. S. KIA per VC/NVA Battalion

4. Number of VC Main/Local Force Battalions

16. Build-up of Viet Cong Guerrilla Forces

5. Total VC/NVA Battalions
6. U. S. Land Operations

17" Bu ild-up of VC Main/Local Forces
18. Total Viet Cong Forces

7. Enemy KIA

19. Total U. S. Military Personnel in SVN

8. U. S. KIA
9. Ratio: Enemy KIA pe r U. S. KIA

20. Viet Cong initiated incidents
21. U. S. Air Sorties in North Vietnam

10. Enemy KIA per U. So Land Operation

22. U. S. Air Sorties in South Vietnam

n. U. S. KIA per U. S. Land Operation

23. U. S. Air Sorties

12. Enemy KIA per U. S. Infantry-type
Battalion in SVN

TOP SECRET

\

#### Page 5

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011
TOP SECRET
Buddhists demonstrate Lodge replaces Taylor Tet truce begins 2-day truce NVA shells
I I Con Thien
Premier Huong ousted U.S. 1st Div lands in SVN U.S. resumes NVN air strikes Operation Cedar Falls Ashmore-Boggs
U.S. issues White Paper SecDef Conference in Saigon Honolulu conference Tet truce begins accusations on
U.S. dependents NVA 101st Regiment peace feelers
evacuated confirmed in SVN V-P Humphrey visits SVN Tet truce ends U.S. to build
U.S. air strikes on NVN SecDef arrives in VN U.S. cites legality under SEATO NVN bombing resumes anti-missile
I defense
Quat named new premier First U.S. plane hit by SAM U.S. strength at 213,000 Operation Junction City
Elements of 101 Abn arrive U.S. planes hit NVN DRV rejects
General Khanh resigns in SVN I 1 Buddhists protest Thi's removal steel works Goldberg's
600 ROK's arrive in SVN SecDef Honolulu Conference 10,000 Buddhists demonstrate Bunker to replace Lodge peace plan
Republican *White Paper Ky quells Da Nang Buddhists SVN adopts constitution Hanoi-Moscow
U.S. White Paper sign aid pact
First Marines Battalion Montagnards reaffirm GVN B-52's bomb Mu Gia pass Johnson meets Ky at Guam
lands at Da Nang oyalty Anti-war march
U.S. acft. hit NVN radar site ROK troops arrive SVN VC mortar Tan Son Nhut NVN rejects U.S. peace bid on Pentagon
1
VC bomb U.S. Embassy Plei Me Battle NVN MIG's join fight Peace marches in U.S. A
U.S. reveals
U.S. announces troop build-up U.S. strength is 148,000 Buddhist strife renewed U.S. planes hit Haiphong power plants USSR FOBS"
SecDef Conference at Pacifist suicides in U.S. Operation El Paso COMUS MACV addresses
Honolulu 1 1 Congress 1
100 Cambodia breaks relations 5 NVA Regiments confirmed ARVN troops move against Buddhists LBJ rebukes war dissenters
with U.S. in SVN [
173d Abn Bde arrives in SVN la Drang Valley Battle | U.S. acft. attack NVN POL instaliations Marines capture Hill 881
35,000 pacifists march on /
Two U.S. Marine Bns deployed White House B-52's bomb DMZ US-ARVN forces enter DMZ
80 I
Armed Forces Council dissolved SecDef conference in Saigon B-52's use Thai airoase Thieu announces candidacy
U.S. strength a 306,000 I
VC attack Song Be industry in NVN Full scale Israeli-Arab war
Christmas ceasefire SVN elections held 1
U.S. halts NVN bombing U.S. jets attack Kep
60 I
U.S. resumes NVN bombing of air raids Operation Attleboro U.S. apologizes for damage
to Russian ship
U.S. resumes NVN air raids Christman truce SecDef visits Saigon Ky withdraws candidacy
1 25th Inf Div arrives in-SvN
U.S. strength in VN is 50,000 Operation Paul Revere VC attacks on Con Thien
40 Dong Xoai battle .
U.S. sréngth BUILD4UPOF U.S Manila Conference opens SecDef visits SVN
Quat resigns INFANTRY - TYPE Operation Thayer Clifford-Taylor mission
Congress debate returns
B-52's bomb SV BATTALIONS President Johnson visits SVN
Tonkin crisis
20 Marshal Ky forms new government U.S. planes bomb targets in Hanoi 2 U.S. jets downed
I over China
1st Major U.S. ground offensive U.S. strength is 389,000 SVN elects Thieu
as President
U.S. troops 1st major attack DMZbarrier
plan'announced
0
QTRS. I II III IV I III IV I Ⅱ III IV
1965 1966 1967 |
TOP SECRET 1.

#### Page 6

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011
TOP SECRET
Buddhists demonstrate Lodge replaces Taylor Tet truce begins 2-day truce NVA shells
Con Thien
Premier Huong ousted U.S. 1st Div lands in SVN U.S. resumes NVN air strikes Operation Cedar Falls Ashmore-Boggs
U.S. issues White Paper r SecDef Conference in Saigon Honolulu conference Tet truce begins accusations on
U.S. dependents NVA 101st Regiment peace feelers
evacuated confirmed in SVN V-P Humphrey visits SVN Tet truce ends U.S. to build
U.S. air strikes on NVN SecDef arrives in VN U.S. cites legality under SEATO NVN bomb ing resumes anti-missile
I defense
Quat named new premier First U.S. plane hit by SAM U.S. strength at 213,000 Operation Junction City
General Khanh resigns Elements of 101 Abn arrive Buddhists protest Thi's removal U.S. planes hit NVN DRV rejects
in SVN I 1 steel works Goldberg's
600 ROK's arrive in SVN SecDef Honolulu Conference 10,000 Buddhists demonstrate Bunker to replace Lodge peace plan
Republican *White Paper… Ky quells Da Nang Buddhists SVN adopts constitution Hanoi-Moscow
U.S. White Paper sign aid pact
A First Marines Battalion Montagnards reaffirm GVN B-52's bomb Mu Gia pass Johnson meets Ky at Guam A
lands at Da Nang loyalty Anti-war march
U.S. acft. hit NVN radar site ROK troops arrive SVN VC mortar Tan Son Nhut NVN rejects U.S. peace bid on Pentagon
I
VC bomb U.S. Embassy Plei Me Battle NVN MIG's join fight Peace marches in U.S. U.S. reveals
U.S. announces troop build-up U.S. strength is 148,000 Buddhist strife renewed U.S. planes hit Haiphong USSR *FOBS'
SecDef Conference at power plants
Honolulu Pacifist suicides in U.S. Operation El Paso
100 I Congress
with U.S. in SVN ARVN troops move against Buddhists LBJ rebukes war dissenters
1
173d Abn Bde arrives in SVN la Drang Valley Battle U.S. acft. attack NVN POL instaliations Marines capture Hill 881
35,000 pacifists march on I I
Two U.S. Marine Bns deployed White House I B-52's bomb DMZ US-ARVN forces enter DMZ
80 - Armed Forces Council dissolved SecDef conference in Saigon B-52's use Thai airbase Thieu announces.candidacy...
I
VC attack Song Be industry in NVN ...u.-strength at 306.000 Full scale Israeli-Arab war
U.S. haits NVN bombing Christmas ceasefire SVN elections held U.S. jets attack Kep
60 U.S. begins 37 days saspension I 1
U.S. resumes NVN bombing of air raids Operation Attleboro U.S. apologizes for damage
U.S. resumes NVN air raids Christman tryce - to Russian ship
SecDef visits Saigon Ky withdraws candidacy
I 1 1
U.S. strength in VN is 50,000 Operation Paul Revere VC attacks on Con Thien
40 Dong Xoai battle Manila Conference opens SecDef visits SVN
Quat resigns Operation Thayer Clifford-Taylor mission
8-52's bomb SVN returns
President Johnson visits SVN Congress debate
20 Tonkin crisis
Marshal.Ky.feras new BUILT-UP OF NVA U.S. planes bomb targets in Hanoi 2 U.S. jets downed
U.S. strength is 389,000 over China
SVN elects Thieu
as President
U.S. troops 1st major attack DMZ barrier
0 BATTALIONS plan' announced
QTRS. I I III IV I III IV I Ⅱ III IV
1965 1966 1967
TOP SECRET 2.

#### Page 7

Declass ified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3. 3
NND Project Number: NND 633 16. By: NWD Date: 201 t

! BuddhlStS Idemonstrate

, Lodge reptac!s Taylor

I
.. Prem.er Huong o usted

I
.. U.S. lS1 D,,,, lends 10 SVN

I
.. U.S . Issues White Paper "

I

" Tet tfur-e Jeglns

,N VA 101s1 ~eglment
evacuated
• confirmed In SVN
' U.S. air strikes on NVN .. SecDe! arrives In VN

, U.S. dependents

,

,E:~~~n~s

I

I

I

I

•

I

SecOef Co~fereoce at
, Hoooluiu I

1.75 1.50 -

'"
..:

' U.S. hal,s NVN b

-

1

~

'- u.s. Sir

"-

:75

'"

on

::>

I

I

I

I

bmg

, o+g

1

gth in VN" is 50,000
al battle

I

'-25th Inf

1

1

I

I

,

0
QTRS.

't.s.
1965

TOPSECRET

..

r- VC attacks orI Coo Th,e"

'Ma nila Conference opeos

, SecDef VISitS SVN

1
, Operation Thayer II
I

I

, PreSIdent Johnson VISits SVN

I

I

.

'- U.S. plaoes bomb 1;lIge ts If"! HanOI

I

IV

I

U.S. strength Is 389.000

I

IT!

II

1966

••

es for damage
to RUSSian StliP
ky wltMraws 'caod idacy

troops 1st, major aHack

m

II

,~u~:s,:,~,~e~ts~.~t~t~ P~
'~k~~~~~;;

_____

" Operatlof\ Ptu1 Revere

j 15t Malor U.S. ground offenSive

I

~

f viSits Saigon

' Marshal Ky forms new government

.25 -

____

1

rives In SVN

·52's bomb SVN

I

lectionS.h".e~II~d;;-

, Se

I
I

' Full scale Israeli -Arab war

I

l v'S' strength In SVN is 184 ,000

1

. 1
I

,Thl eu anoouoces caodldacy

'O~eratiOn At .... oro

I

BAI

"US-AR~N forces ente! DMZ

1

, SJN e

'- Oua resigns

.50 -

'MarlneJ capture Hill

I

b~lmb DMZ

A U.S. strength at 306.000

I

I

Congres~

,L8J rebukes war dissenters

A8-52's use Thai alfbese

U.S. ~egi~s 37 days suspe osion
of air raIds
"
ristmao truce

,

U.S. reveals
, U.S. plane~ hit Haiphoog USSR "F OBS"
power plants
, COMUS MACV addresses

U.S. ach. IIltaJk NVN POL ins'ta llations

mdUSlry If"! NVN
, C;hr lstmas ceas~fire

,

Anti-war marc
on Pentagon

APeace marches In U.S.

" A.RVN troops move against Buddhists

.. Vl.S. AF s~rikes ~ajor

'- U 5 rJs mes N
bO~b
n
.. I u
I I g
' U.S. resumes VN al( raids

> 1.00
Z
•c

, Operation EI Paso n

n'&'T.r"l~ON&e tl
un,
.... }

I

I

A'-BUdd~ist stflfe renewed

'B- 52's

Haooi-Moscow
sign aid pact

,N VN rejects U.S. peace bid

I
.
_Pacillst,Sulcides In U'.

N"lt mJNltI~l~hEli) d solved ' SecClef cooference in Seigoo

•c 1.25

I

1
ANVN MI G' s join fight

INF~NIltYsl-MJXr"
T.Q!f Ioye d , 35.0&0
p'''';sts m.~,h.,
..
r
s
White House
I

I

ORV relecls
Goldberg's
peace plan

,-Johnson meets Kyat Guam

' VC mortar Tan Son Nhut

AC~~:~b;eaU" srelatior
, 51~~CNRtg'ments confl,med
Il!,r",bA\-tb~e M" ' es in SVN , Ia Orang ValJey Baule

I

.. U.S. to budd
80l i-misslle
defense

'-~VN adopts Co~st llullon

1

.

I

1

,- U.S. strength Is 148.000
u

tr~ce eods

, Operati on Junction Ci ty
I
I
A u.s. planes I'll' NVN
s .teel workS
'8unker to replace Lodge

'8-52's bomb Mu Gia pass

I

I
' As hmore-Boggs
accusations o n
peace feelers

" NVN bomb log resumes

~ KY "",el ls Oa :Nang BuddhlstJ

' Plei Me 8Bule

F~lJs

I

I

1

.. t-;.~~
shells
Con Th,en

tru~e beginS

'- Tet

10.000 8uddhists demonstrate

I

U.S. annouoces troop build-up

VN

I

'!lnds at 08 Na~g
loya lty
.. U.S. BCft. hit NVN radar site
,ROK troops arrive SVN

I

'- Tet

" U.S. strength at 213.000
I
I
'Buddhists protest Thl's removal

,RepuJlica n "Whlte p~per"
"
,Montagnards
reaffirm GVN

VC bomb U.S. Embassy

' Operation Cedar

" U.S. Cites legality under SEATO

ff 101 Abn arr'r

1

str kes

' I

4 600 ROK ' s arrive in SVN .. SecDa' Honolulu Con ference

I
.. U.S. WhI18 Paper
,
.. FirSt
Martlles Baltellon

NVN a

' V.p Hu1mPhrey VISitS

,

J.

2·day truce

"~~::I:;:eCSonfereo~: 11

, aual nlmed new premier " First U.s. 1plane hit by SAM

I
I
, GeneialKhanh '8S197S

I

' U5

I
SecDef Conference In Saigon

TOP SECRET

IV

I

II

AClifford-Taylor mlSSIO
returnsl
ACongress d ebale
Took," c ri SIS
&2 U.S: Je ts dowoed
over ChUla
'- SVN elec ts Thleo
as Pres Ideo!
• DMZ -·barner
P.1.n" anoouoced

IU

IV

1967

3.

#### Page 8

Declassified per Executi ve Order 13526. Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011

<

TOP SECRET
" BuddhIstS Idemonst rate

, Lodge rePlac!s Tav lo r

I
.. PremIer Huong ous t ed

I
' U.S. 15 1 O'V 18nds

,

In

, Tet truce Jeglns
SVN

I
• U.S. Issues Wh,le Paper M SecOef Coo'erence In S8.g0n

I"

, U.S. dePeodents

,

evacuated

•

NVA 101s1 ~eYlme"t

·~:~::~u1:·c'0~,~::~:

I

I

I

r

I

SVN I

.

I

, RepuJlican "Whitt!

... Firsl Mar.nes 831181,on

I

, "
Montag nards r ea ffIrm GVN

I

I

225 -

I
U S MI.

• T
_ wo

I

I

I

I,
d

I

I

I

'

I

I Song Be
' VC attack
,
' U.S. halt s NVN bomb'ng

8 150-

.us

i

I

,

- - - rD~9--;01''' battle

Jl"

1

,n-s".,.,

--_L-_ .___

' Mantia Conlerenceopeos

I

l
II

In

1965

TOP SECRET

a

IV

I

!!..

VC attacks o n Con Th' en
--~_---~----t secDel vls, t a VN

NUM R P f,,,VaTaVI Or mlSSIO
MAl ~ I lO~~~~ss debate

' U.S. planes bomb targcnorr
fUnt\Aa ~lTTA'!P9k9"''''''
'W'1ll)NlJ tS downed
I
over ChUla
U.S. strength is 389.000
& SVN elects Th,eu
as PreSIdent
& DMl "barrier
pl:n" announced

I

4t .S. troops lst major a!tack

1

II'

&p perlltlOn Paul Revere

4 1s t Major U.S. ground offens,ve

Q TRS .

U~S. let s iIIttack Jep
"

' PreSi d ent IJOhnSOn VISits SVN

,

1

' U.S . apologizes 101 damage
to RUSS Ia n sh. p
KV Withdraw s ' candldacv

1

l Operatlon 'Thaver

I

o

...

& SeeDeJ VIS, tS Sa,gon

4 Marshal KV forms ne w government

,

I

' Full scale Israeli - Arab war

I

I
4 B-52's bomb SV N
1
I
I

... Thieu announces candldac v

I

I
I
' Operation
Attleboro
- __ _

al,

'US-AR~N forces ente; DMZ

' SJN e lectIons he ld

-=.J _ _ _ _ l.._
25th Inf D,v arrIves

I

.. u.s. Sirength at 306.000

u.s. streng t h In SVN is 184 .000

, Oual reSIgns

75 -

1

' begins 37 days suspens,on
" U.S.
- ,~I all' raids
J
~
, Christman truce

' U.S. s tr~~ I !J-V:"" i ~~CJ'O'" '

o

,E

, NVN bo I b

- . . retume
109
' U.S. resumes NVN all' raids

Z

I

,

b~mb DMZ

, MarlneJ capture HIli

& B-52's USI:! Thai allbase

, u .S. AF strikes ma jor
Industrv In NVN
, C'hrlstmaS cease,· f.re

I

Congres~

& LBJ rebukes war d.ssenters

alla~k N VN POL i nS'tal lat ions

' S-52's

•

plane~

I

U.S. a c lt .

•

Ant"war marc
on Pentagon

U .S. reveals
, U.S.
hit HaIphong USSR "F OSS"
p(lW'er plants
, C OMUS MACV addresses

& ARVN troops move against Buddhists

d ,, 35,000 pacifis t s march on
. . af ne n s ep ove
- Wh o H
I
I
I
.ta ouse
' Armed Forces Council di sso l ve d ' SecOel con terence 10 Sa.gon
~

I

I
I
OperatIon EI Pas o n

,

HanOI-MoscOW
sign aid pa c i

' Peace m_ches In U.S.

" Budd~,st strofe renewed

I ..

I

, NVN rejects u.S . peace bid

' NVN MIG's JOIn fight

I
Sec Del Contference a l
Honolulu
_ PaClfts\Su,Cldes In U',
, Cambodia breaks relation S
, 5 NVA Reg imentS conf,rmed
w.th U.~.
10 SVN
, 173d Abn Bde arrives in SV N , Ia Orang Vallev Battle

I

I

' VC mortar Tan Son Nhut

I

DRV r ejec t s
Go ldberq ' s
peace plan

, Johnson meets KV a, Guam

I

' Pie. Me Battle

I

I

, t V N adopt s c01stltutlon

' B-52 ' s bomb Mu G i a pass

I
1
III u .s. ar.....ounces
tr oop build-up ' U.S. slrength is 14B.OOO
,

I

~KV quells DB rang Buddh .stJ

I

I

, U.~. pla nes tilt NVN
stee I workS
' B'unker 10 r eplace Lodge

I

':"ods al De Na~g
loya Ity
... U.S. 8ch. hit NVN rada r site , ROK troops arrive SVN
VC bomb U.S. EmbassV

I

10,000 Buddh ists demonstrate

p~per"

tr~ce ends

' Operat ion Junction Ci ty

" Buddhist s protest Th, ' s removal

-

I

I

1

~~~
shell~
Con ThIen

' Ashmore-Boggs
accusa tI ons 011
peace fee leIs
I
, u.S. to bUIld
antl-mlss.le
defe nse

' NVN bOmbing resumes

' u.S. strength at 213.000

' 600 ROK ' s arllve in SVN .. SecDe! Honolu lu Confe rence
.. U.S. IWh lle P8per

' Tet

4 u.s. cI te s l egal,tv under SEATO

I
. Elements ~I 101 Abn arr,!e
1M

VN

' I

, Oual named ne w prem.er .. F,rst U.S. plane htl by SAM

..

, ope~~~~~r~t::e:~~:s

SJlrtkes

' V -p Hu1mPhrev viSits

,

con firmed ,n SVN

' U.S. aIr strikes on NVN .. SecDe' arflves on VN

I
I
.. Gene~al Khan h reS lg~S

2-dav truce

1

III

II

1 966

IV

I

1

II

III

196 7

IV

I

4.

#### Page 9

Declassified per Executive Order 13526. Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 20 11

•

, Buddhlsts'demonstrate

, Lodge rel)tac!s Taylor

<

TOP SECRET

J.",·k.,

• Tet truc:e Jeg 105

I
' U.S. 1st DlvI landS in SVN
•. u.s. ,."I m. , NVN a"
A u.s. Is~ues While Paper " SecDel Co~'erence in Saigon
, Honolulu conference J
. U.S. dependents
NVA 101st ~egiment
' V.P Humphrey visits VN
evacuated
• confirmed In
I
,
, SVN

• Premier Huong ousted

I'

I

I

I

AElementS 01101 Abn arrive
I
SVN I
j 600 ROK ' s arrive in SVN A SecDef Honolulu Conference

,10

I

I

I

,

,

I
I

Sec Del Con1ference at
Honolulu

I

I

' !VN adopts COASlltu11on

, B.52's bomb Mu Gla pass

, Johnson meelS Kyat Guam

.. VC mortar Tan Son Nhut

.. NVN rejects U.S. peace bid

r

I

,C!~~o~:~.breaks ralatio,s

I
I

u.s. ac.!,!.!,!tack NVN

• Two U S Marine Bns deployed

. 35,000 pacifists march on _.,.,..,.,.
White House
1...... .' Armed Forces Council dissolved ' Sec(~ef conter e
In Saigon
. ..

.-z
c

o
o

I

J VC attack Song 8e

I

150-

I

,.

• U.S. AF

I

ikes majOf"

" U.S. 'jsumes NVN lWr'lng

f!<::(~
J,..-_--r-I

air raids

.,'

..8

.~~~·a~~~!~:s3 7Iays suspe n sion

I

I

I

, Christman truce

I

I

I

I

• U.S. Jets attack Kep
" U . S. apologizes for damage
to Russian ship
~ Ky Withdraws 'candidacy

I

I

'::'::::O:~~~:.::':~·P.",

VC attacks on Con Thien

I

, SecDef VISitS SVN

I

A Operatlon Thayer II

I

j 8·52·s bomb SVN

I

I

I

I

,(.5.

,

' Presldent Johnson VISitS SVN

I

' Marshal Ky forms new government

I

' U.S. planes bomb targets in HSnoi
I
U.S. strength is 389,000

I

'lSt Malor U.S. ground offensive
I

I
I

" Full scale Israell,Ar ab war

, SecOef VISits Saigon

I

I
I

.. Thleu annOunces candidacy

' Operation Attlebro

I

Z

-

I
, S N elections he d

• Ouat reSignS

75 -

I

J

~~:}~ ';~:~.~:,::. VN ,,50,000 112:':'::,:::,:,c,::~" ,:V,: •. 000

o

I
I
j US.ARVN forces enter DMZ

' U.S. strenglh at 306,000

I

I

-

I

Iroops 1st, major attack

o
QTRS.

I

II

IU

1965

TOP SECRET

IV

I

IT

ill

1 966

IV

--

_~p~r~'" 8~1

tfAiTif-'rt;JQ5 ~

~_

I

Congres~

, L8J rebukes waf dlssen1ers

j B·52·s use Thai airbase

~ hrlstmas cease fire

I ____

• U.S.

' B.52 ' s

~'!,9.lM!1ry 10 NV~

' U.S. halts NVN bombll1g

~

I

I

' ~RVN troops mo~e aglOfAtd CVCSI NV A

j la Dran,g Valley Battl~

•

•

.. Operetion EI Paso II

, 5i~~~NRrg;ments confl~med

•

Anti-war marcl1
on Pentagon

U.S. reveals
• U.S. planes hit Haiphong USSR "FOBS"
PO'4ler p lants
. C OMUS MACV addresses

• • Buddfllst strife renewed

I ...

Hanoi · Moscow
sign aid pact

' Peace marches 111 U.S.

I

_ PaCifist sUIcides," U. .

'
I

I

" NVN MIG ' s JOIO fight

" U.S. strength ;s 14B.OOO

,, 173d Abl Bda arriveS inlSvN

I
I

I

I

i.l

I

• DRV rejec ts
Goldberg's
peace plan

" Operation Junction City
I
'
.. U.S. planes hll NVN
sltaet workS

li Ky quells Da 'Nang Buddhists'

" Pie; Me Battle

U.S . announces troOP bulld·up

I

~Omblng resumes

I

' Bunker to replace Lodge

I

VC bomb U.S. Embassy

, NVN

I

p~per"

I

' U.S. to build
antl·mlsslle
detense

10,000 Buddhis t s demonstrate

I

225 ~

I

.. Tet truce ends

• Buddhists protest Thl'S removal

A U.S.IWhlle Paper
A RepuJllcan " Whlte
,
I
I
... first Marines Battalion
. Monlagnards reaffirm GVN
I,ands at Da Na~g
loyalty
A u.s. acft. hi! NVN radar site
• ROK troops arrive SVN

•

, Tet truce begins

A U.s. strength lit 213,000

•

A General Khanh resigns

I

I

j Ashmore. Boggs
accusations on
peace feelers

I

' U.S. cites legality under SEATO

I
I
I
.
j Ouat named new premier " First U.S. plane hit by SAM

' r;..~~
shells
Con Th.en

' OperStlon Cledar Falls

I

' U.S. llir strikes on NVN , SecDe! arrives 10 VN

I

1I' 2-da y truce

I

11

A C I .flord· TaVlor miSSion
returns ,
, Congress debate
Tonkin CftSIS
, 2 U.S: Jets downed
over,Chlt,a
• SVN elects Thleu
as PreSident
.. DMZ "barr Ie'
plan" announced

IU

IV

1 96 7

5.

#### Page 10

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011
TOP SECRET
Buddhists demonstrate Lodge replaces Taylor Tet truce begins 2-day truce NVA shells
I I Con Thien
Premier Huong ousted U.S. 1st Div lands in SVN U.S. resumes NVN air strikes Operation Cedar Falls Ashmore-Boggs
U.S. issues White Paper SecDef Conference in Saigon Honolulu conference Tet truce begins accusations on
U.S. dependents NVA 101st Regiment 1 peace feelers
evacuated confirmed in SVN V-P Humphrey visits SVN Tet truce ends U.S. to build
a
U.S. air strikes on NVN E SecDef arrives in VN U.S. cites legality under SEATO NVN bombing resumes anti-missile
A
/ 1 I 1 I defense
Quat named new premier First U.S. plane hit by SAM U.S. strength at 213.000 Operation Junction City
I Elements of 101 Abn arrive U.S. planes hit NVN DRV rejects
General Khanh resigns in SVN I Buddhists protest Thi's removal steel works Goldberg's
I / peace plan
600 ROK's arrive in SVN SecDef Honolulu Conference 10.000 Buddhists demonstrate Bunker to replace Lodge
U.S. White Paper Republican "White Paper" Ky quells Da Nang Buddhists SVN adopts constitution Hanoi-Moscow
sign aid pact
A First Marines Battalion B-52's bomb Mu Gia pass Johnson meets Ky at Guam
lands at Da Nang loyalty I Anti-war march
U.S. acft. hit NVN radar site ROK troops arrive SVN VC mortar Tan Son Nhut NVN rejects U.S. peace bid on Pentagon
I.
VC bomb U.S. Embassy Plei Me Battle NVN MIG's join fight Peace marches in U.S. A
U.S. reveals
U.S. announces troop build-up U.S. strength is 148,000 Buddhist strife renewed U.S. planes hit Haiphong power plants USSR FOBS
SecDef Conference at Pacifist suicides in U.S. Operation El Paso
Honolulu 1 5 NVA Regiments confirmed
400 ARVN troops move against Buddhists LBJ rebukes war dissenters
with U.S. in SVN| 1 I
173d Abn Bde arrives in SVa Drang Valley Battle I E 1 U.S. acft. attack NVN POL instaliations Marines capture Hill 881
I 35,000 pacifists march on 1 I
Two U.S. Marine Bns deployed White House / B-52's bomb DMZ US-ARVN forces enter DMZ
Armed Forces Council dissolved SecDef conference in Saigon 1
B-52's use Thai airbase
300 I 1 I
VC attack Song Be industry in NVN U.S. strength at 306,000 Full scale Israeli-Arab war
U.S. halts NVN bombing Christmas ceasefire SVN elections held U.S. ANDets attack Kep 1
1
U.S. resumes NVN bombing of air raids 1 Operation Attlebor
U.S. resumes NVN air raids Christman truce SecDef visits Saigon Ky withdraws candidacy
200 I 1 - /
U.S. strength in VN is 50.000 25th Inf Div arrives in S Operation Paul Revere VC attacks on Con Thien
Dong Xoai battle 1
U.S. strength SVN is 184,000 Manila Conference opens SecDef visits SVN
Quat resigns 1
Operation Thayer Clifford-Taylor mission
President Johnson visits SVN returnsl
100 B-52*s bomb SVN Congress debate
Tonkin crisis
Marshal Ky forms new government U.S. planes bomb targets in Hano 2 U.S. jets downed
1 U.S. strength is 389,000 over China
SVN elects Thieu
1 as President
. Troops 1st major attack DMZ barrier
plan" announced
0
QTRS. I II III IV I Ⅱ III IV I Ⅱ III IV
1965 1966 1967
TOP SECRET 6.

#### Page 11

Declassified per Executive Order 13526. Seclion 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD D:lte: 2011

TOPSECRn
' Lodge replac!s Tavl o r

, Buddhists'demonstrate

Au.s. lSI Di),andS in SVN
" U.S. i5' ~ues WhIte Paper M SecOef CO~ference in Saigon
, U.S. dependents
I'" NVA 101s1 ~eg iment

' Premier H' UOng ousted

,

8v!lCuaterl

•

,

' U.S. air strikes on NVN , SecDa' arrives In VN

, Honolu;u conference

I

I

I

.'

I

I

, NVN bombing res~es

U.S.~White Paper

I

I

1

.

, '73d Abn Bde arrives in SVN
'T

,'Buddhi st strife renewed
I
I
.. Operation EI Paso II

I DMZ
jB-52's bolmb

20,000 -

"

'C:~~i~~:!s'~e~~~fire

' U.S. rjsumes NVN bOjbin g

'~~~·a~~~!~:s37 jays s uspension

, U.S. resumes NVN air fOlds

• Chr istman tr uce

I

I

'~~N elections heF

I

••

A Quat resigns

10,000

I

••••

..•..•... ..•..••••

.'

I

AFu ll ·sc1rMo .I"sneli -Afab war
...
I
•.•••• "' ••• •••••• • ••
A u.s. jets attack Kep
I
I
' U.S. apologizes fOf" damage
to RuSSian ship
Ky wit~raws 'ca ndidacy

••••••••••••

.....................(

I

' Operation Plaul Revere

VC attacks o n Con Thien

AManila Conference opens

j, SecDef vis Its SVN

I

1

I

, Operation Thayer II

e' ••••

1

' B.52's.lId'm'b SVN
I~~
I
•• ,&,: .......... .. Malshal Ky form s new government

,.

I
I
. I
1.
,Th leu announces cand idacy

, SecOef visits $aigon

, u.~. strength in Vt N" is 50,000 . ...!2~~~.~!'!.~ ~~ .~~i l\leS m SVN
•••••••
, Dong Xoal banle
••••••••
U.S. strength 1~·SVf.1 ·iS'.)i4.AOt(·

'President Johnson visits SV N

I

I

A U.S. planes bomb targets in Hanoi

ENEMYlII 'Kt ~ OI U.S. I,ground offensiveI

I

U.S . strength is 3B9,OOO

j U'S' troops lSlm,. ior attack

o
QTR::.

I

III

1965

TOPSECRn

IV

I

ill

II

1966

•

j, MarineJ capture Hill 8l ,

' Operation Attlebro ••••

I

•

Anti-war marc
o n Pentagon

j,US-ARVN forces enter DMZ

1 OliO
'U 5 I strength at 306

A u.S. ht'ts NVN bOmbTg

I

I

, B-52 's use Tha i airbase

, U:S. AF str ikes major

• Hanoi-Moscow
sign aid pact

A LBJ rebukes war d issenters

I
I
U.S. acft. attack NVN POL insta l la t ions

wo . i arm
I
White House
I
' Armed Forces Council dlssolved j Sec"ef conference in Saigon

Goldberg's
peace plan

I

Congre s~

'~RVN troops moLe against Buddhists

jl a Orang Val ley 8 att le

I

I

~ DRV rejects

j Peace marches In U.S.
U.S . revea Is
'U .S. plane~ hit Ha iphong USSR "FOBS"
poo.ver plants
, OOMUS MACV addresses

1

I
" pacifists march on
USI M . e Bns deployed
, 35.000

1 Song Be
' VC attack

I

I

Ii U.S. announces troop build-up ' U.S. strength is 148.000
SecOef Conlference at
H
..
I ..
.
.. Honolulu I
_ PaCl f lst .suIC ld es In U'.'
, Cambodia breaks relations
, 5 NVA Regiments confirmed
with U.~.
I
in SVN I
I

30,000 -

I

,N VN rejacts U.S. peace bid

,N VN MIG's join fight

1

I

' !VN adop ts co~st ltutlon
I
'
AJohnson meets Kyat Guam

'B.52's bomb Mu Gia pass
I
.. VC mortar Tan Son Nhut

' Plei Me Battle

1

I

~KY quells Oa :N an g Buddhistsl

I

I

I
I

• 10.000 Buddhists d emonstrate

, First Marines Battalion
,Montag nards reaffirm GVN
I~nds at Oa Na~g
loyalty
' U.S. acft. hit NVN radar site , ROK troops arrive SVN

I

I

'Operation Junction City
I
'
,U .S.
planes hit NVN
steel wOl"ks
'aLn ker to replace Lodge

,Buddhists protest Th i's removal

'RepU~lican " Wh ite +per"

VC bomb U.S. Embassy

I

,u .s~ strength at 2,13 .000

4 600 ROK's arrive in SVN " SecDef Honolu lu Conference

..

I

'U .S. ci tes legality under SEATO

.E~ements of 101 Abo arrIve
In SVN

, Tet tru~e begins
, Tet truce ends

, Ouat nlmed new premIer "Fi rst U.s. 1plane hit by SAM

I
I
A. General
Khanh resigns

I

4 v.p H}mPhrev visits JVN
I

I
AAshmore'Boggs
acc usations on
peace feeler s
I
j, U.S . to build
anti·missile
defense

.. Operation Cedar Falls

' U.S. resJmes NVN BI' strikes

confirmed in SVN

.. r-;.~~
shells
Con Thien

2·day truce

,Tet trur:e Jeg,ns

IV

I

II

ACllfford-Taylor mlSSIO
returnsl
, Congress debate
Tonk in ells IS
j, 2 U.S: jets do wned
over C hina
' SVN etects nueu
as PreSident
• DMZ -'barr ler
plan" announcef

IU

IV

1967

7.

#### Page 12

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011
TOP SECRET
Buddhists demonstrate Lodge replaces Taylor Tet truce begins 2-day truce NVA shells
/ Con Thien
Premier Huong ousted U.S. 1st Div lands in SVN U.S. resumes NVN air strikes Operation Cedar Falls Ashmore-Boggs
U.S. issues White Paper SecDef Conference in Saigon Honolulu conference Tet truce begins accusations on
NVA 101st Regiment I peace feelers
evacuated confirmed in SVN V-P Humphrey visits SVN Tet truce ends U.S. to build
U.S. air strikes on NVN SecDef arrives in VN U.S. cites legality under SEATO NVN bomb ing resumes anti-missile
defense
Quat named new premier First U.S. plane hit by SAM U.S. strength at 213,000 Operation Junction City
General Khanh resigns Elements of 101 Abn arrive Buddhists protest Thi's removal U.S. planes hit NVN DRV rejects
- in SVN I I steel works / Goldberg's
600 ROK's arrive in SVN SecDef Honolulu Conference 10,000 Buddhists demonstrate Bunker to replace Lodge peace plan
Republican "White Paper Ky quells Da Nang Buddhists SVN adopts constitution Hanoi-Moscow
U.S. White Paper sign aid pact
A First Marines Battalion B-52's bomb Mu Gia pass Johnson meets Ky at Guam A
lands at Da Nang loyalty Anti-war march
U.S. acft. hit NVN radar site ROK troops arrive SVN VC mortar Tan Son Nhut NVN rejects U.S. peace bid on Pentagon
I
VC bomb U.S. Embassy Plei Me Battle NVN MIG's join fight Peace marches in U.S. U.S. reveals
U.S. announces troop build-up U.S. strength is 148,000 Buddhist strife renewed U.S. planes hit Haiphong USSR *FOBS*
power plants
SecDef Conference at Pacifist suicides in U.S. Operation El Paso COMUS MACV addresses
Honolulu Congress -
3000 5 NVA Regiments confirmed ARVN troops move against Buddhists LBJ rebukes war dissenters
with U.S. in SVN 1
173d Abn Bde arrives in SVN Ia Drang Valley Battle / U.S. acft. attack NVN POL instaliations Maripes capture Hill 881
Two U.S. Marine Bns deployed White House I B-52's bomb DMZ US-ARVN Torces enter DMZ
Armed Forces Council dissolved SecDef conference in Saigon B-52's use Thai airbase Thieu announes candidacy
U.S. AF strikes major -
VC attack Song Be industry in NVN U.S, strength at 306,000 Full scale Israeli-Arab war
2000 U.S. halts NVN bombing Christmas ceasefire SVN elections held U.S. jets attack Kep
I
U.S. resumes NVN bombing of air raids I Operation Attleboro U.S. apologizes for damage
U.S. resumes NVN air raids Christman truce to Russian ship
SecDef visits Sajgon Ky withdraws candidacy
U.S. strength in VN is 50,000 25th Inf Div arrives in SVN Operation Paal Revere /
VC attacks on Con Thien
Dong Xoai battle U.S. strength in SVN is 184,000 SecDef visits SVN
1000 Quat resigns U. S. Clifford-Taylor mission
President Johnson visits SVN returns

(Text continues in the original file: 28 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-2a — [Part IV. C. 2. a.] Evolution of the War. Military Pressures Against NVN. February - June 1964 · Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-2a

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-2a
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-2a
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 release proves even history needs a file‑size update.

- Pentagon Papers Part IV C 2a PDF, NARA, Johnson Administration, February‑June 1964
- Reports military and political considerations for U.S. actions against North Vietnam, including covert versus overt options
- Conclusion: By June 1964 most advisers favored avoiding overt action; JCS and Lodge still pushed increased measures

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011

IV.C Evolution of the War (26 Vols.)
Direct Action: The Johnson Commitments, 1964-1968
(16 Vols.)
2. Military Pressures Against NVN (3 Vols.)
a. February - June 1964

#### Page 5

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316 . By: NWD Date: 2011

TOP SECRET - Sensitive

SUMMARY

The first half of 1964 saw the unfolding of an intensive debate and
planning effort within the Johnson Administration concerning the desirability, limitations , and risks of mounting major military pressures
against North Vietnam. Actual U.S. involvement in SEA increased only
slightly during this period.
The single notable element of actual increased U.S. involvement
during this period was a program of covert GVN operations, designed to
impose "progressively escalating pressure" upon the North, and initiated
on a small and essentially ineffective scale in February. The active
U.S. role in the few covert operations that were carried out was limited
essentially to planning, e~uipping, and training of the GVN forces involved, but U.S. responsibility for the launching and conduct of these
activities .vas une~uivocal and carried "lith it an implicit s ymbolic and
psychological intensification of the U.S. commitment. A firebreak had
been crossed; andy the U. S. had embarked on a program that "las recognized
as holding little promise of achieving its stated objectives, at le ast
in its early stages. Thus, a demand for more was stimulated and an
expectation of more was aroused.
The demands came -- mostly from U.S. officials in Saigon and
Washington and mostly because of the felt need to do something about a
deteriorating situation in SVN -- to increase the intensity of the covert
operations and to change from covert to overt action . The Khanh government, it should be noted, opposed these demands on the grounds that it
..TOuld expose the vulnerable GVN to greater pressures from the enemy.
With each successive "cri sis " -- recognition of insufficient intelligence
on the nature and scope of the infiltration (December through May ),
realization of dramatic communist gains in SVN (February ), threats of
major cormnunist advances in Laos (late May) -- the demands were redoubled
and intensified. The basic assumption underlying these demands "TaS that
the DRV, faced with the credible prospect of losing its industrial and
economic base through direct attack, would halt its support of the insurgencies in Laos and South Vietnam.
Beginning in early February, a series of valuable studies and
planning exercises were undertaken, with participation of all national
security agencies, to exa.mine the ,'Thole panoply of problems -- objectives,
options, effects, costs, and risks -- of mounting overt coercive pressures
against the North. The planning effort served to develop consensus on
some issues, including the recognition that 11.illi tive action in the North
"Tould be, at bes~, complementary to successful counterinsurgency in the
South. It also surfaced significant differences among the participants
in the planning effort and in the broade r debate that ensued, in their
respective approaches to "pressure planning" as "Tell as in the substantive .content of their recommendat ions. Thus, the JCS viewed the planning
task as preparation of an action program for near-term implementation, and

i

TOP SECRET - Sensitive

#### Page 6

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011

TOP SECRET - , Sensitive

their recommendations tended toward immediate and forceful military
measures. The State-ISA planning group, on the other hand, viewed it as
a contingency planning exercise and its scenarios and recommendations
stressed a more deliberate, cautious approach, carefully tailoring proposed U.S. actions in SEA to the unique politi~al context of each country.
Ambassador Lodge, in turn, developed yet a third "carrot and stick"
approach, stressing a diplomatic effort at persuasion, i.e., combining a
threat of punitive strikes with an offer of some economic assistance to
the DRV. 1~ese divergences in approach and concept persisted, though
varying in degree and emphasis, throughout the planning period.
By June, with increasing recognition that only relatively heavy
levels of attack on the DRV would be likely to have any significant compelling effect, with a greater awareness of the many imponderables raised
by the planning effort, and with the emergence of a somewhat more hopeful
situation in SVN and Laos, most of the Presidel1t's advisers favored
'holding off on aJ1Y attempts to pressure North Vietnam through overt military operations. Only the JCS, Arnb assador Lodge, and Halt Rostow continued
to advocate increased military measures, and even Rostm'T qualified his
recommendations with the claim that a firm public stance, and supporting
actions giving the impression of increased military operations, would be
the best assurance of avoiding having to employ them. Moreover, most of
the advisers recognized the necessity of building firmer public and congressional support for greater U.S. involvement in SEA before any wider
military actions should be undertaken.
Accordingly, with the political conventions just around the corner
and the election issues regarding Vietnam clearly dralfll, the President
decided against actions that would deepen the U.S. involvement by
broadening the conflict in Laos, Cambodia or North Vietnam. In hi s view',
there were still a number of relatively mild military and intensified
political actions in the South open to him that would serve the national
interest better than escalation of the conflict.

ii

TOP SECRET - Sensitive

#### Page 8

Declassified per Exec uti ve Order 13526, Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 633 16. By: NWD Date: 20 11

TOP SECRET - Sensitive
MILITARY PRESSURES AGAINST NORTH VIETNAM
ACTION ~~ DEBATE, FEB - JUN 1964
TABLE OF CONTENTS AND OUTLINE

SlJ1~I1ARY •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••

viii

INITIATION OF COVERT OPERATIONS ............... . ...............

1

A.

Covert Action Program :

1

B.

Origins and Development:

CJffi ONOLOGY ••••.••.••••.••••••

I.

0

••••••••••

0

Scope and Character .....••..•...•.
Presidential· Support
0

2

Concept and Rat ionale : Convince DRV to Desist
by Raising the Cost ...•.........•• . ..•..•...••. • •...•.•.••

2

I mplications:

Greater Pressure on Hano i.................. .

4

PIJ\.lllNING FOR LARGER PRESSURES·.................................

5

A.

5

8J1d Approval ............................

C.
D.
II •

i

3.

Limited potent i al of covert program
Concern over deterior ation in Laos and SVN
Broader concern for disproving !\-mrs of
liberat i on" strategy

Int eragency Study, February-March 1964 ....................
1.
2.
3.

C.

•••••••••••••••••

Conceptual Origins and Motivations ........................
1.
2.

B.

0

Three alternative approaches to pressuring
DRV
J CS inputs
Summary of study provided McNamara on
March trip to SVN

Study Group Analysis of Proposed Actions ..................
1.

2.

3.

6

7

ConC'ept : To exploit DRV concern rwer loss
of industry
Multiple objectives "lith coercion primary
Necessary public emphasis on DRV vio l ations
of SVN

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4.
5.
D.

McNamara Against Overt Pressures •..••• • .•..•••• ·•·••·••

1.
2.

3.

III.

Air strikes ( in contrast with other actions )
i mpl y " commitment to go all the way"
Overt pressures : enhanc i ng U. S. deter mi na't ion "Ti thout infl uencing the DRV

9

Agai nst immediate overt actions
Hot pursuit and. border control operati ons
i nto Laos (Recommendation #11 )
"Preparations ll for retaliatory actions and.
graduated. overt military pressures on 30 day
notic e (Recommendation #12 )

DIFFERill~T POLICY PERCEPTIONS IN Ph~NNING ...•.. . •...••.•.• ·•

11

A.

11

Two Basic Approaches :
1.
2.

B.

J CS approval of CINCPAC OPIAi'\T 37-64
State/ 1M development of political
sc enar i os to accommodate graduated,
military pressures only

Different Approaches: Perceptions of the
Strategi c Problem in Southeast Asia .......•.......•.. ··
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

C.

JCS and, State- I SA ......... . .. . . •

Laos recce controversy : JCS for l owl ev el recce and, ground, probes from SVN
State/ISA against
JCS : SVN as key to SEA security; sensi t ivity of Laos minimized,
State-1M : SEA problems d,ependent on
l ong-term pol itical sol utions
Short - term/ long-term policy dilemma
Pres i dent Johnson : long-term approach
wi th political concessions to Laos as
groundwork for Lao-Viet agreement on
cross-border operations

Planning Overt Actions on Contingency Basis
(April-May ) . . • . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . .
1.

11

l SI. scenario :

a.
b.
c.

14

three sequential ,,t)hases :

Current political-military actions
Overt GVN-U8.lI.F/FAREGATE operations plus
pol itical activities surfacing in Saigon
Overt joint GVN and, U. S. actions

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2.

3.

Evolution of scenario and. JCS influence
Saigon and. NACV discussion of scenario
a.
b.

D.

Lodge : intermediary to convey "carrot
and. stick" approach to pressure DRV
Agreement from Canada to act as intermed.i ary, but no "carrot and. st ick"

Conflict of Short and. Long Term Views:
Caution Pr'evails .................. ····················
1.

2.

3.

Rostow and. Lodge : prompt measures to
exert pressures
JCS: i nclusion of more-immediate border
control and. r etaliatory operations in planning scenario
The deliberate, cautious approach
a.

I V.

McNamara to Kbanh : no drastic measures ;
i mprove counterinsurgency i n SVN

DEALING InTH THE LA.OTIAN CRISIS ....•.........•...... •······
A.

Laos in Danger :
1.
2.

3.
B.

2.

C.

"Pressure Plarming!! .•.....• •···•·····•

20

22

I nitial air strikes l eading to U.S. participation and. parallel efforts to enter negotia~
tions
Effects of scenario: cow~unists to intensifY
i nsurgency

Rejection of Scenario:
1.

20

JCS and. prompt measures to prepare for
r ecommend.ed. actions
Lodge : ne ed. action against NVN to achieve
improved. GVN effort
Scenario development resumed.: overt operaagainst NVN as principal focus

A New Scenar io: 30 Days of' SeCluential Politico Mili tary Action. . . • . . . . . . . . • • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . .

1.

18

"Use Force if Necessary!!.......

Intelligence assessments :

25

limited. GVN-USAF/

FAm\~ATE might induce insurgency t emporarily

but stronger act i ons might produce intens ified
insurgency
a.
b.

DKv will as crucial target
Intensified actions by U.S. seen as causing Hanoi to d.o ubt limited. U. S. aims
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2.

ExCom Recommendations: Presid.ential
"decision to use force" i f necessary
and. if recommend.ed. d.eployments and.
signals, plus operations und.enray fail
t o achieve objectives
a.
b.

3.

V.

Aband.on time-phase scenari o l ead.ing
t o overt military action as goal
Retain in scenario as future act i ons :
Canadian mission , Honolulu conference ,
UN d.iplomacy , Congressional Resol ution ,
force deployments, and. initial stri ke
coupled. wi th diplomatic ini t i ative

Approval of Honolulu Conference and Canadian
Mission

THE QUESTION OF PRESSURES AGAINST THE NORTH. .................
A.

The Honolulu Conference : Defining the U. S.
Commi tment ........ . ... . . .. ..... .
0

•

• • • • • • • • • • • •

•

• • • • • • • • • • •

28
28

1. ' Basic assumption:

2.
B.

Security of SEA i s v ital
t o U. S.
Administration view : Situation in SVN must
b e stiffened.

At Honolulu :
1.

2.

3.

b.

c.
d..

Bilateral consultations wi th SEATO allies
t o start with Ihailand
Congressional Resolution considered. neces sary
Harsh communist reactions expected. from
large " d.eterrent" d.eployments
Need. to d.elay Ylid.er military actions :
public opinion, military neces s ity, and
GVN yleakness

The Need. to Refine Plans and. Resol ve Issues ..............
1.

28

J CS for actions to d.e stroy DRV support
of i nsurgency
Lodge and. Khanh : attacks against NVN
forces to improve situation in SVN
Serious discussions of contingency "pressures "
to meet a yrorsening Laotian situation
a.

C.

Exerting Pressure on NVN. • . . • . . . . • . . • . . • •. .

34

Military planning inadequate on:
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a. Forces for Laos contingency
b. Trade-offs between force build-up
+ and limited objectives; and
c. Targeting objectives for NVN
2. Greater effort required: public information
and political intelligence
D. The Aftermath of Honolulu...... 35
1. Augmentation of Army contingency stocks
in Thailand
2. Public affirmations of U.S. intention to
defend SEA allies
3: Public information program
Congressional Resolution
5. Assessment of different views on U.S.
commitment
a. Rostow's views
b. CIA assessment of "domino theory"
E. Sources of Moderate Advice...... 36
1. CIA: U.S. retains leverage in SEA even
with loss of Laos and SVN to NVN
2. SecDef and CJCS: limited objectives and
more cautious pace than JCS
F. The President Decides.... 38
1. Congressional resolution seen as incurring
a greater commitment
2. White House against further work on overt
pressures
3. White House: other actions with no increased
commitment initially will serve U.S. interests
VI. FOOTNOTES...... 41
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CHRONOL.OGY
DATE

EVENT OR
DOCUMENT

11 May 63

NSAM 52

Authori zed CIA-sponsored covert
oper ations against NVN.

9 Sep 63

CINCPAC OPLAN

JCS approved this program for
non-attributable "hit and run"
GVN covert operations against
NVN, supported by U.S. military
advisory materiel and tr aining
assistance.

DESCRIPTION

34-63

1 Nov 63

Diem overthro,m

Military j unta led by General Minh
assumed control.

20 Nov 63

Vietnam Policy
Conference ,
Honolulu

During high-level USG discussions
of the probable consequences,
political and military, of Diem's
downfall, conferees agreed milit ary operations against the Vi et
Cong had not been and ,·[ould not
be particularly upset by the
changed political situation .
Development of a combined MACVCAS program for covert operations
against NVN was directed.

23 Nov 63

President Kennedy
Assassinated'

26 Nov 63

NSAM 273

Authorized planning for specific
covert op erations, graduated in
int ensity,against the DRV.

State Department
Views on Operations
in L.aos

State ( and ISA) opposed overt.
military operations in Laos.
Extension of CIA-spons ored covert
activity in Laos 1vas okayed: this
neither threatened Souvanna 's
sovereignty nor openly violated
the Geneva Accords 'I,.".hich State
termed basic to eventual political
stability in the region.

11 Dec

63

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DESCRIPTION

19 Dec 63

OPLAN 34A Submitted
by CINCPAC

The MACV-CAS plan providing a
"spectru,'U of capabilities for the
RVNAF to execute against North
Vie-~nam" was forwarded to the
JCS with CINCPAC's comment that
only air attacks and a few other
"punitive or attritional" opera tions were likely to achieve the
stated objective of convincing
Hanoi to cease supporting insur gents in SVN and Laos .

30 De c 63

Memo for the
Director , CIA

Assessing "Probable Reactions to
Various Courses of Action with
Respect to North Vietnam" the
Board of National Estimates studied
13 proposed covert operations .
The BNE did not think any would
convince NVN to change its poli cies . Hanoi ' s r eact ion to them
was forecast as mild .

2 Jan 64

Krulak Committee
Report

"Least risk" activities drawn
from the 2062 in OPL~N 34A formed
the basis of a l2 - month, three phase program of covert operations.
M.A.CV vrould exercise opera tiona.l
control, CAS and CINCPAC would
train and equip the GVN or third nation personnel involved . Phase
One (February-May ) included intelli gence collection (through U- 2
and special int elligence missions},
psychologi cal operations and some
20 "des truct ive" undertakings .
Similar operations ,wuld be increased in nwnber and int ensity
dur ~ng H1ases Two and Three;
destructive acts vTould be extended
to targets "identified with North
Vietna,m's economic and industrial
well-b eing . " Committee members
r easoned ~hat Hanoi attached great

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importance to economic development,
t hat progressive damag~ to the
econow~ - or its threatened destruc tion - would convince Hanoi t.o
cancel support of insurgency. But
the committee cautioned, even
successful execution of the program
might not induce Hanoi to " cease
and desist ."

22 Jan 64

JCSM 46-64

Criticizing " self- imposed restric t ions " on operations i n Laos ,
arguing that Laotian security
depended on that of South Vietnam ,
the JCS requested authority to
i nitiate reconnaissance operations
over and into Laos . Without them
the task in Vietnam was made
"more complex; time consuming ...
more costly ."

30 Jan 64

Coup in Saigon

Minh ' s junta was ousted by one
headed by General Khan~ .

Early Feb 64

Situation in Laos
and South Vietnam

NVA troop influx into Laos rose
significantly and a similar rise
was feared in SVN; Viet Cong o
terrorism continued to increase.

1 Feb 64

OPIAN 34A

Phase One of the covert activities
program began.

20 Feb 64

Lodge Msg . to
McGeorge Bundy

Ambassador Lodge urged adoption
of a " carrot and stick" approach
to North Vietnam (first presented
to Governor Harriman on 30 October
1963) . Lodge envisaged secret
contact \yith Hanoi to demand NVN .
cease supporting the Viet Cong o
In exchange the U. S. would offer
economic aid (especially food
i mports ). If Hanoi refused the
offe~ , previously threatened
punitive strikes would be initiated .
The U. S. vTOuld not publi cly admit
to the attacks .

20 Feb 64

NSC Meeting

Presiden~ Johnson

ordered more
rapid contingency planning for

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DESCRIPTION
pressures - covert and overt against North Vietnam and ordered
pressures shaped to produce the
maximum credible deterrent effect
on Hanoi.
This decision reflects the convergence of (1) fear that the
Laos situation could get worse;
(2) knowledge that this l-TQuld
affect U.So operations and policies in Vietnam; (3) recognition
that more U.S. military assistance
to the GVN 1vas re quired to execute
OPLAN 34A; (4) and the increasing
articulation by policy mal\:e rs (JCS,
SecState) of a direct relationship
between the challenge of halting
NVN assistance to insurgents and
broader U.S. strategic i nterests .
Together, these f actors increased
the attractiveness of proposals
for punitive, overt actions
against NVN .

I
25 Feb 64

Draft
Presidential
Memorandum

State recommended 12 F-IOO's be
deployed to Thailand to deter
further NVN activity in Laos and
to signal U.S. determination. .

26 Feb 64

JCSM 159-64

"Steps to Improve the Situation
in Southeast Asia with Particular
Reference to Laos" asked authority
to initi ate lOiv-level reconnaissance flights over Laos for intelligence collection and to visibly _
display U. S. po,.rer. The JCS argued
the "root of the problem i s in
North Vietnam and must be dealt
'Ivith there," but if operations
aga;_nst NVN had to .be ruled out,
operations in Laos must not be.
They urged that Laos and South
Vietnam be treated as an int egrated
theatre.

29 Feb 64

Director, DIA
Memorandum for.
the Secretary

Reporting on I1North Vietnamese
Support to the Viet Cong and
Pathet Lao," DIA said certain
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DESCRIPTION
tlinte lligence gaps tl related to kinds
and amounts of arms , s'upplies and
men i nfiltrating SVN through . Laos.
The JC S favored closing such gaps
by overt military operations; State
opposed .

1 Mar 64

I nterim Report:
tlAlternatives for
the Impo s ition of
Measured Pressure
against NVN II

An Interagency Study Group under
St ate 's Vietnam Cow~ittee li st ed
these as U.S. objectives: make
Hanoi ce ase support of the Viet
Cong ; strengthen GVN and Asian
morale and reduce VC morale; prove
to the. world U.S. determination
to oppose Communist expansion .
Military means to attain those obj ectives "lvere explored -- ranging
from the air defense of Saigon
and US/GVN cross··border operations
to the massive deployment of U.S.
ground troops and air strikes
against North Vietnam . The group
beli eved QDilateral U.S. ac tions
would not compel Hanoi to call of~
t he Viet Cong (and doubted Hanoi
could do that an~vay); operations
against NVN vJ~re termed no substitute for successful counterinsur gency in SVN .
HOI.!ever, expanded acti vi ty could
demonstrate U.S. pOlver, determination and restraint to the world ,
reduce somevrhat NVN support to the
Vi et Cong , cause I I some reduction"
Viet Cong morale, and possibly
improve the U.S. negotiating
pos ition. liNe,·, U. S. bolstering
actions ll in South Vietnam and
considerable improvement of the
sit1l.ation there "lvere reCluired to
r educe VC activity and make victory
on the ground possibl e , according
to the report.

1 Mar 64

Emba ssy Vient i ane
l1essage 927 for
SecState

Re as oned.that if current USG
poli cy tovT2..rd Laos is changed
( e . g ., if the Geneva Accords

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DESCRIPI'ION
were openly violated), large
numbers of U. S. troops will
eventually be required to enforce
poli~ical stability.

2 Mar 64

JCSM 168-64

Requesting "Removal of Restric tions for Air and Ground Cross
Border Operations ," the Joint
Chiefs said direct action had
to be taken to convince NVN the
U.S. was determined to eliminate
the i nstITgents ' Laotian sanctuary .
I! • • • The time has
come to lift
the re strictions which limit
the effectiveness of our military
operations. 1!

2 Mar 64

JCSM 174-64

The Chiefs recommended direct
strikes against North Vietnam .
In line with their vi ew (JCSM
159-64) that the "root of the
problem was North Vietnam, the
JCS justified the need for overt
action against ~~N on two grounds :
first, to support the short - term
policy obj ecti ve of stopping '
Hanoi ' s aid to the insurgents ;
second, to support the l ong-range
obj ecti ve of forcing a cha.nge in
DRV policy by convincing Hanoi
the U.S. was determined to oppose
aggress ion in Southeast Asia .

15 Mar 64

Lodge Msg . for
the President
( State 1757)

Reiterating his preference for
the " carrot and stick" approach
to Hanoi, Lodge opposed initiation
of overt actions against North
Vietnam .

16 Mar 64

SecDef Memo for
the President

Reporting on his r ecent trip to
Honolulu and Saigon, McNamara
recommended against overt actions
(U. e. or GVN) against NVN "e.t
this time" because of the problems
of justification , co~munist escalation and pressures for premature
negotiations . McNamara felt the
practical range of overt actions
did not allow assured achievement
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DESCRIPl'ION
of pr act ical U.S. objectives. (Like
the Inter agency Group, the Secretary distinguished behleen the
stated aim of eliminating Hanoi's
control of the Viet Cong and the
practical objective of building
the morale of the Khanh regime
while eroding VC morale.)
The Secretary did favor military
action against NVN in Laos. He
recommended initiation by GVN
forces of 'thot pursuit ll and smallscale operations across the Laotian
border, plus continuation of U.S.
high-level reconnaissance flights
over Laos. He recommended the
U.S. prepare planning for 72-hour
readiness to initiate Laos .and
Cambodi an border control actions
and prepare plans for IIr etaliatory
actions II (overt high and/or 10l·r level •
l~econnaissa.r).ce fli ghts, IIti t-for-tatll
bombing strikes, conunando raids)
against NVN . He also recommended ·
planning for 30 days' readiness to
initiate the IIprogram of Graduated
Overt Military Pressure ll against
North Vietnam. *

17 Mar 64

NSAM 288

Approved Mr. McNamara's report and
his twelve recorrunendations to improve the military situation.
Planning vTaS to IIproceed energetically. II

171-1ar 64

Presidentis Message
to Lodge (st ate 1454)

On North Vietnam, the President indicated agreement with Lodge's
IIcarrot and stickH approach and
said he had reserved judgment on
overt U.S. measures against NVN.
On Laos, the President said he ,-ras
reluctant to inaugurate overt activities QDless or until he had
Souvanna's support and a stronger
case had b een made for the necessity
of overt op erat ions. Otherwise the

*

Here McNomara probably referred to the various plans for graduated pressure
·against NVN then being discuss ed ; no actuaJ. IIprogr am ll had yet been fin a lized
or approved .
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DESCRIPrION
President felt such action. H • • •
might have only limited military
effect and could trigger vrider
Co:mrr..unist action in Laos. H

17 Mar 64

Lodge Message to
SecState
(State 1767)

Reported GVN-RLG agreement on political and military issues . Diplomatic relations had been reestablished. Laos granted free passage
into southern Laos to GVN forces,
the right to bomb infiltrat ion
areas ,vith unmarked T-28s and to
conduct hot pursuit, cormnando raids
and sabotage operat ions '\d thout
limitH into Laoti an territory to
combined RLG-GVN units. A combined
Laotian-Vietname se staff was to be
cre ated .

18 Mar 64

JCS Message 5390
to CINCPAC

The JCS directed CINCPAC to begin
HPlanning Actions, Vietnam" in
line Id th Recommendat ions 11 and
12 of NSAM 288. The program was
to"permit sequential implementation H
of three actions (border controls,
ret aliatory cross-border operations
with 72-hour responsiveness, graduated overt military pressures
against TI:'Vl:lf Ivi th 30-days r espons i veness).

20 Mar 64

President's Message
to Lodge (Stat e 1484)

Confirmed that actions Ivith North
Vietnam as the t~rget mentioned
in N~~1 288 were regarded strictly
as contingency planning and that
interagency study vTaS so oriented.

31 Mar 64

State/ISADraft
Scenarios

State/ISA planners presented three
papers. The first was a scenario .
for current actions (political
steps to incre ase Congressional
and intern at iona l understanding of
U.S. aims plus continued military
action by GVN ,dth U. S. advisory
assista."lce). The second scenario
called for overt GVN/covert U,S.
action against INN (characterized
by the GVN -USAF FARHGATE operation);
it emphasized political initiatives

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DESCRIPI'ION
which 'l-Tould surface in Saigon and
thus retain credibility for GVN
sovereignty. The third scenario
-- associated 'l-Tith overt U. S.
response to DRV - CHICOl'1 escalation
-- also included diplomat i c and
political preparations for overt
U.S. act ivity .

13 Apr 64

J-5 Memorandum for
the ASD ( ISA)

Commenting on the 31 March scenario ,
the J oint Staff out lined a cont inually intensifying program of milit ary pressures -- and gradually
increasing U. S. military involve ment. . J -5 urged the 31 March
scenario be fused ,'lith OPLAN 37-64
and border control operations be
moved into the scenario for the
current time period . Approximate
time-phas ing of the draft ' s then
separ ate scenarios was recommended .

8 and 17
Apr 64

Scenario Drafts

Reflecting the JCS influence to"rard
development of a continuous .
s cenario, current political ac tivities were treated in a separate
section, " Steps Hhich Should be
Taken Nov[ ." The other politicalmilitary scenarios included i ncreased
FARMGATE operat ions , separate
Laotian and Cambodian border control
actions, separate GVN ret a liatory
action s against fNN, and graduated
overt U. S. military pressures
against NV11. The detailed scenario
for GVN/FARMGATE operat ions "Tas
given D-Day minus X time-phas ing;
apparently it was the basis for discussions held in Saigon on 19-20
April.

18 - 20
Apr 64

Saigon Conference

Scenar ios and other issues we re discussed by Lodge, William Bundy, Rusk,
Wheeler , and others . Lodge objected
to planning for - or adopting massive publicity and massive de struction actions before trying a
"Tell-reasoned, vTell-pla.YJ.ned diplOmatic effort to convince Hanoi to
11 call off the VC."
His" carrot/ stick!t

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(Text continues in the original file: 87 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-2b — [Part IV. C. 2. a.] Evolution of the War. Military Pressures Against NVN. February - June 1964 · Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-2b

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-2b
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-2b
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 2011 report finally proved the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident needed a sequel.

- Pentagon PDF ‘Evolution of the War…’, NARA, dated 2011, discusses July‑October 1964 North Vietnam.
- Describes increasing U.S. pressure: reconnaissance flights, De Soto patrols, Oplan 34‑A, Gulf of Tonkin reprisals.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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MILITARY PRESSURES AGAINST NVN:

JULY - OCTOBER, 1964

SUMMARY and ANALYSIS

During tpe spring and summer of 1964, there was disquiet about
the situation in South Vietnam and disillusion with on- going U. S. actions
to right that situation. During the third quarter of 1964, a consensus
developed vTi thin the Johnson Administration that some form of continual
overt pressures mounting in severity against North Vietnam soon vTould be
required. The purpose of these pressures was t'rrofold : (1 ) to effect DRV
will and capabilities in order to persuade and force the leadership i n
Hanoi to halt their support and direction of the VTar in the South; and
(2) to induce negotiat~ons at some future point in time on our terms after
North Vietnam had been hurt and convinced of our resolve . This consensus
vlaS in an early formative stage - - it had become an idea, not a program
for action; it was a belief, not as yet fully staffed and considered .
Because of this and because of important tactical considerations (the
impending U.S. elections, the 'instability of the GVN, and the need to
produce further evidence of VC infiltration into the South) implementation
of such a policy was deferred. Nevertheless, the groundHork was being
laid. The Tonkin Gulf reprisal constituted an important firebreak, and
the Tonkin Gulf Resolution set U.S. public support for virtually any action .
Since the fall of Diem in November 1963, the political situation in
South Vietnam had been deteriorating. The Khanh Government had succeeded
Min~ in January 1964, but had demonstrated only greater capacity for survivabili ty, not more capacity for revers ing the trend to\·rard collapse . In
the wake of the Tonkin Gulf reprisals, vlhen South Vietnamese morale was
still temporarily inflated, Khanh made a pold bid to consolidate his personal
power and i mpose semi- dictatorial rule . He vTas brought to heel, hovvever, in
l ess than a month by the military junta which continued to operate behind
the scenes . By September, the most salient aspect of the confused political
situation in South Vietnam was the likelihood that it would continue its
dmmvTard slide into the foreseeable future .
In this setting, a program of covert military pressures against North
Vietnam already had been set in process . These were basically of three
kinds : (1) low level recce with armed escort over Laos; (2) De Soto patrols
within 4 n . m. of the Iif\TN coast to acq.uire visual, electronic , and photo graphic intelligence ; and (3) Oplan 34-A vThich included a variety of anti i nfiltration, sabotage, and pSYl,rar measures . The portent of these actions
vlaS being conveyed to the North Vietnamese through private and public
cpannels . A Canadia.n, Blair Seaborn, vTas sent to Hanoi to state that U. S.
objectives Here limited but that our comrnitment was deep , and that "in the
event of escalation the greatest devastation "loJQuld of course result for the
DRVN itself . "

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Neither the situation in SVN nor the failure of Hanoi to acquiesce
to our threats diminished the basic U. S. cOllUnitment. NSAM 288 expounding
the need to do what ,'Tas necessary to preserve an "independent non- communist
South VietnamfT vlaS the guiding policy document. At no time in this period
was the NSAM 288 commitment brought into quest~on. Rather, American concern was focused on hO,'l the U. S. could retrieve the situation . The usual
palliatives - - more aid, more advice, more pressure on the GVN to reform,
and more verbal threats to Hanoi -- were no longer seen as satisfactory .
Nor did it appear to U. S. decision-makers that He faced a stark choice
behTeen complete U. S. ,vi thdraT.val from the struggle or a large scale intro duction of U.S. ground forces. Nor did the l eadership in Washington believe
that a massive bombing campaign against the North need be serious l y considered __ I although such a program vIas proposed by the JCS . With all these
alternati ves implicitly ruled out at this time, the choice vlas both obvious
and inevitable. Although it did not take the form of decision, it was agreed
that the U.S. should at an unspecified date in the future begin an incre mental series of gradually mounting strikes against North Vietnam. The only
real que stions were precisely Hhat actions should be taken and when? None
of these early fall discussions in lilashington really confronted the hard
issues of ,vhat a bomb ing campaign would buy and "That it vTould cost . These
hard - headed discussions, to some extent, took place in the last few months
of 1964.
'The key events in this period were the Tonkin Gulf incidents of
August 2nd and 4th and the U. S. r eprisal on North Vietnam PT boats and
bases on August 5th . The explanation for the DRV attack on U. S. ships
remains puzzling (perhaps it ivas simply a Ivay of warning and warding off
U. S. patrols close to North Vietnam borders) . The svlift U. S. reaction was
to be expected . lilhile there was some momentary uncertainty about the
actuality of the second atta ck on August 4th, confirming evidence of the
atta.ck vTaS received before the U. S. repri sal vTas launched . The U. S. reprisal
represented the carrying out of reco®nendations made to the President by his
principal advisers earlier that summer and subsequently placed on the shelf .
The existence of the se previous reconL1'Jlendations 'tTi th plan_ning down to
detailed targeting made possible the immediate U. S. reaction when the crisis
came .
At the same time as U. S. reprisals vrere taken, President Johnson decided
to act on another recommendat ion that had been under consideration since at
least May -- a Congre ss ional resolution of support for U. S. policy . ~ihereas
in the earlier discussions, such a r esolution had been proposed as a vehicle
for mobilizing Congressional and public support behind an escalating campaign
of pressures against the North, the President, in the midst of an election
campaign , nOvT felt i mpelled to use it to soli uify support for his overall
Vietnam policy. On August 5th he sent a message to Congress on the Tonkin
inci dents and asked for passage of a joint res olution endorsing hi s policy.
The resolution itself >vas o::ie prepared by the Administration and introduced
on its b ehalf by the Chairmen of the Foreign Affairs Cormni ttees in the tyro
Houses . It via.S passed vTi th near unanimous support · on August 7th .

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The net effect af the sHift U.S. repri sals and the Cangressianal
Resolution was to dramat i cally demonstrate, publicly state and formally
record the corrullitments to South Vietnam a.nd within Southeast Asia. that had
been made internal U. S. policy by NSA1VI 288 in March 1964 . They were also
conceived and intended as a clear com.m.1.mica tiol" to Hanoi of "lvhat it could
expect if it continued to pursue its current course of action . They were
portents of the futUre designed to demonstrate the firr~ness of U. S. resol ve
and the direction its palicy "I·18.S tending . The psychological impact of the
raids on the Administration and the American public is also significant .
They marked the crossing of an important threshold in the war, and i t was
accomplished vTi th virtually no domestic criticism, indee d , I,Ti th an evident
increase in public su~~ort for the Administration . The precedent for strikes
against the North was-thus established and at very little apparent cost .
There "lms a real cost, ho\vever . The number of unused measures shart of dir ect
military action against the North ha.d been depleted , Greater visible commi t ment was purchased at the price of reduced flexibi l ity .
But, a worried Administration went to some lengths to insure that the
strikes did nat bind or commit it to any future policies or actions and to
have it understood that the strikes had b een pure and simple reprisals of
the one of a kind variety . Yet, for all these reasons , when a decision to'
strike the Narth "lvas faced again, it "I'TaS much easier to take.
The Tonkin reprisals "lvere Ividely regarded vTi thin the Administration as
an effective, although limited demonstration of the firmness of American
r esolve. However, they also served to stiffen that re so l ve and to deepen
the commitment. Several officials within the Aruninistration , incl uding
Ambassador Taylor, felt that to have any lasting impact this demonstration
of resolve ,vould have to be follO"lved up by other continuing actions, in an
i ncreasing tempo . The positive short - term effect of the reprisals in rai s ing
Sauth Vietnamese marale was noted as an important by - product of the strikes
and offered as ane just ification for cantinuing pressures against the North.
Also figuring importantly in calculations af resolve and intent was the
appreciable impravement in our position in Laos as a result of the vigorous
spring offensive by Laotian Gavernment farces . This i mprovement had led us
to' oppose a 14-nation conference on Laos for fear of placing the nevT gains
in jeopardy, and convinced many that only military measures were unambiguously
understaod by Hanoi! s corrmmnist rulers . This , h01dever, Has tempered by a
countervailing concern not to' ~rovoke by U.S . action any communist military
escalation in Laos.
Quite another set of argu..rnents for strikes against the North were
advanced by 'i,l)"alt Rostm-T, then Counselor of the State Department, in a paper
that circulated v'idely through the Admin:'..strat~.on in August 1964 . The
!! Rostow Thesis rr argued that externally supported insurg enc ies could only
bE< successfully dealt "I-lith by striking at their sources of support and
neutralizing them. The objective of such attacks wauld be psychological
rathe r than purely military . They "l"Tould b e designed to alter the aggressar ! s
calculation of int erests in supporting the insurgency through the fear of

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further military and economic damage, the fear of involvement in a I'T ider
conflict, the fear of internal political uphea.val and the fear of greater
dependence on a major communist power . Any incidental improvement in morale
in the country troubled by insurgency or improvement in bargaining leverage
were to be regar,led as bonuses. To achieve th2 desired effect, a care fully orchestrated series of escalating military measures, coupled \-lith
simultaneous political, economic and psychological pressures was called for .
The IIthesis II "\-las articulated in general terms, but the i mmediate case in
everyone's mind was, of course, Southeast Asia .
A thorough critique of Rostow ' s paper was prepared in OSD/ISA with
inputs from State 's Policy Planning Council. This analysis argued that
the validity of the II thesis ll would depend on two variables : (1) the extent
of tbe conmitment of the nation supporting the insurgency; and (2) the
degree to which vital U. S. interests Ivere at stake in the conflict . The
latter question having been settled with respect to South Vietnam by
NS~~ 288, the remaining problem was whether the kinds of actions ROStovl
recormnended could succeed given the level of determined commitment of the
North Vietnamese . For the Rostow approach to succeed, the DRV "\-lOuld .have
to be persuaded that: (1) the U.S. was taking limited action to achieve
limited goals; (2) the U. S . commitment was total; and (3) the U. S. had estab lished a sufficient domestic consensus to see the policy through . If the
DRV was not so convinced, the approach would fail unless there were a major
U. S. military involvement in the war. The critique concluded that the
public opinion problems of suc~an approach, both domestic and international ,
would be very great, and that in vie,v of the inherent problems of imple menting and managing such a discriminating policy, it had poor chances of
success. These reservations notwithstanding, the outlook embodied in the
II RostO"\-l thesisll came to dominate a good deal of Administration thinking on
the question of pressures against the North in the months ahead .
All of the pressures-against-the-North thinking came to a head in
the strategy meeting of the principals on September 7th . It appears that
a rather narrOvl range of proposals "\-ms up for consideration. One program
proposal came from the JCS . It was a repeat of the 94- target list program
which the JCS had recommended on August 26th . The JCS called for deliberate
attempts to provoke the DRV into taking acts which could then be ansvlered
by a systematic U. S. air campaign . The JCS argued that such actions were
nOl'/' lIe ssential to preventing complete collapse of the U. S. position in the
RVN and SRA., II because "continuation of present or foreseeable programs
limi ted to the RVN will not produce the desired result . II The Chiefs were
supported by ISA in their provocation approach. For ISA, ASD McNaughton
argued that Our .acts and the DRV response "should be likely to provide .
good grounds fo~' us to escalate if we "\-r~~shed . II McNaughton's approach "\-las
for a "gradual squeeze , II not s i mply a. tit-for - tat contingency and unlike
the quick,. all-out proposals of the JCS .
The prindpal conferees at this September meeting did not believe that
deliberate acts of provocation should be undertaken "in the immediate future
while the GVN is still struggling to its feet ." HOI'rever, they apparently
r eached a consensus that they might recommend such actions -- II depending on
GVN progress and communist reaction in the meantime ll -- by early October .
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This deferral decision Has strongly supported by Mr . McCone of the CIA
and Ambassador Taylor . Ambassador Taylor, revising his previous pos i tion ,
believed that the conflict should not be escalated to a level beyond South
Vietname se capacities to manage it. He opposed overt actions against
North Vietnam as too risky and urged instead t:1at further measures to
strengthen the GVN be taken first. Similarly, Secretary McN~mara affirmed
his understanding that "He are not acting more strongly because there i s
a clear hope of strengthening the GVN ." McNamara ivent on to urge, however ,
that the Hay be kept open for stronger actions even if the GVN did not
improve or in the event the Ivar ivere Hidened by the communists . In notes
t aken at this meeting the President asked : tr Can He really strengthen the
GVN?"

It is important to differentiate the consensus of the principals at
this September meeting from the vieHs Hhich they had urged on the President
in the preceding spring . In the spring the use of force had been clearly
contingent upon a major reversal -- principally in Laos -- and had been
advanc ed with the apparent assumption that military act i ons hopefully vlOuld
not be required . No,v, hOHever, their vieHs Here advanced Hi th a sense that
such actions Here inevitable .
The r esults of the September meeting Here recorded in NSN~ 314. The
actions that Here approved against the DRV for the next three month period
Here highly limited and marginal i n character . They included resQmption
of the off- shore U. S. naval patrols , resumption of covert GVN coastal opera tions against the North, limited air and ground operations in the Laotian
corridor, and a preparedness to respond to any further DRV attacks on a
tit-for-tat basis .
From the September meeting forward, there i·m s little basic disagreement
among the principals on the need for military actions against the North .
What prevented action for the time being Has a set of tactical considerations .
The President Ivas in the midst of an election campaign in which he vms
presenting himself as the candidate of reason and restraint as oppos ed to
the quixotic Barry GoldHater . Other concerns were the aforementioned shakiness of the GVN, the uncertainty as to China ' s response to an escalation ,
the desire not to upset the delicate Laotian equation, the need to des i gn
Hhatever actions Here taken so as to achieve the maximttm public and Congressional support, and the implicit belief that overt actions at this time
might bring pressure for premature negotiations --that is, negotiations b efore
the DRV VTas hurting . In su:nllnary, the period Salol the development of the
consensus on military pressures against the North and the decis i on to defer
them for temporary reasons of tactics.

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MILITARY PRESSURES AGAINST NORTH VIETNAM
July-October 1964
Table of Contents and Outline
Page
I. PROLOGUE: ACTIONS AND PROGRAMS UNDERWAY......... .... 1
II. THE TONKIN GULF CRISIS............ •••• 5
The First Incident................................ 5
The Second Incident........... 6
The Response in Washington........................ 8
Broadening the Inpact............................. 11
III. POST-TONKIN POLICY ASSESSMENTS......................• 16
16
Concern over Pressures for Negotiations........... 18
Concern over Tonkin Reprisal Signals.............. 19
Reassertion of the Rostow Thesis.................. 21
Accompanying Pause in Pressures................... 22
IV. NEXT COURSES OF ACTION.......... 25
Strategy Meeting in September..................... 25
Implementing.Actions............... COO0CGOOOOOOOO 27
NavalOperaticns.............................. 27
Actions in LaOS............................... 28
Negotiating Posture Re Laos....................... 30
Anticipation of Wider Action...................... 32
GeneralSchemc................................ 32
Reservations............. 34
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Differing Agency Policy Views........... 37
JCS viewS.......... 00O000OO000 37
Saigon Embassy views........................... 39
OSD VieWS......... COGOCCOGOOG 40
Stateviews.......... 41
CIA viewS............ 41
Footnotes................ 00000000 43
TAB A - Text of Original Congressional Resolution,
c. May 1964
TAB B - Secretary McNamara's Prepared Testimony,
20 February 1968
TAB C - Text of Congressional Resolution,
7 August 1964
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MILITARY PRESSURES AGAINST NV~, JULY - OCTOBER 1964

CHRONOLOGY

DATE

EVEN'll OR DOCUMENT

DESCRIPTION

17 Jul 1964

DESOTO naval patrols
off North Vietnam reauthorized

Authority was given to re sume the
DESOTO destroyer patrols off North
Vi etnam . They had been suspended
since March .

30 Jul 1961.f

Covert GVN attack on
North Vietnam

The night b efore the USS MADDOX
is to resume her patrols off the
North Vietnamese coast, South Vietnamese commandos r aid two North
Vietnamese islands .

31 Jul 1964

USS M.A.DDOX resumes
patrol off North
Vietnam

After a s i x month suspens i on, the
USS MADDOX re sume d the DESOTO patrols
off the coast of North Vietnam.

1 Aug 1964

British seek meeting
of three Laotian princes

Actiag on Souvanna Phouma's request,
the Brit i sh government urged the
ICC members to arrange a meet ing
among the three Laotian p::Jlitical
factions as represented by the three
rival princes.

2 Aug 1964

China urges USSR not
to r esign Geneva co chairmanship

The Chinese Communists urged the
USSR not to carry out i ts threat
to abandon its co-chairman role in
the Geneva settlements , apparently
vie'tTi ng such a development as j eo pardizing the possibilities of a
Geneva settlement of the current
Laotian crisis.

DRV PT boats attack
MADDOX

Apparentl y mistaking the MADDOX
for South Vietnamese , three DRV
pa tro'. boats launched a torpedo
and machine gun attack on h er.
Responding :i.m.rned iat ely to the at ta ck , and with the help of air
support from the nearby carrier
TICONDEROGA , the MADDOX de stroy ed
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DATE

EVENT OR DOCUMENT

DESCRIPTION
one of the attacking boats and
damaged the other two. The MADDOX,
under 7th Fleet orders, retired
to South Vietnamese waters where
she is joined by the C. TURNER JOY .

3 Aug 1964

U. S. protest through
ICC

A. stiff U. S. protest of the attack
on the MADDOX is dispatched to
Hanoi through the ICC . It warns
that "grave conseq,uences " will re SQlt from any future attacks on
U. S. forces .

DESOTO patrol resumed

The JCS approved a CINCPAC req,uest
to resume the DESOTO patrol at
1350 hours , ordered the C. TURNER
JOY to be added to it and author ized active defensive measures for
the destroyers and their support i ng aircraft . The President announced
the action later that day .

3 Aug 1964

GVN again attacks
North Vietnam

The Rhon River estuary and the
Vinh Sonh radar installation were
bombarded QDder cover of darkness .

4 Aug 1964

Second DRV naval attack
on DESOTO patrol

At about 2140 hours, after several
hours of shado'VTing, a second PT
b oat attack on the augmented DESOTO
task force was launched . This engagement in the dark lasted about
three hours and resulted in two
patrol boats destroyed .

Reprisal alerts

At 0030 hours (5 Aug 1964 Vietnam
time ), "alert orders " for possi ble reprisal air strikes were given
to the TICOl\TDEROGA and a second
carrier, the CONSTELL~TION , that
had been steaming toward the area
from Hong Kong since Aug 3 .

NSC meeting

At 1230, \-I!ashington time, the NSC
convened after a brief meeting
of the JCS ,vi th the President .
The JCS, McNamara and others recommended r epr isals against the patrol
craft and their bases . This the
President approved.
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DATE

5 Aug 1964

6 Aug 1964

7 Aug 1964

EVENT OR DOCill.ffiNT

DESCRIPTION

2nd NSC meeting

After a confusing afternoon in
which the attacks were double-checked
and verified, the NSC met again
at 1700 , confirmed the reprisal
order, and discussed incremental
force deployments to the Western
Pacific .

Congress ional briefing

At 1845 the President met with
16 Congressional leaders, briefed
them on the proposed attacks
and informed them of his intention to ask for a joint Congres sional resolution of support .
None raised objections.

U Thant calls for lL~ ­
nation conference on
Laos

In an unrelated development ,
UN Secretary General U Thant
called for the rescheduling
of the 14-nation conference
to deal with the Laotian situation.

Presidential message
to Congress

In a formal message to both
houses of Congress, the Presi dent request ed passage of a
joint resolution of support
for U. S. policy in Southeast
Asia. Concurrently, identical
draft resolutions prepared by
the executive branch were intro duced in the Senate by Senator
Fulbright, and in the House,
by Representative Morgan .

Tonkin Gulf Resolutions discussed in
committee

Both houses h eard top Adminis' tration officials , including
Secretary McNamara, testify
in behalf of the pending reso lutions .

Force deployments

The additional forces deployments, particularly air fo'rces,
begin to move to the theatre .

Tonkin Gulf Re-solution passes Congress

The Tonkin Gulf resolution
Has passed in both houses by
near unanimous vote.

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DESCRIPI'ION

Khanh proclaims himself
President

Declaring a state of emergency,
General Khan~ proclai med himsel f Pres i dent of South Viet nam a!,d claims virtual dictat or ial po"Ters .

State message 136,
Rusk to Vientiane
and others

Concern over not pr ovoking a
communi st military escalation
in ~os , particularly in view
of the Tonkin Gul f r eprisals ,
prompted State to defer tempo rarily approval of air and
ground initiatives i n the
Laotian panhandle .

9 Aug 1964

Embassy Saigon message
363 , Taylor to Rusk

Taylor opposes a 14- nation
Geneva Conference as likel y
to undermine the little stabi l ity
the fragile GVN still has .
He fUrther states that the
reprisa,ls , while effective in
the short run, do not deal with
the continuing problem of DRV
infiltration Ivhich must be
confronted . He fe l t there
was need for follow - up action
to demonstrate to the DRV that
the rules of the ga~e had
changed .

10 Aug 1964

U. S. message to Hanoi
t hrough Canadian ICC
r epresentative

Through the Canadian representa tive on the ICC, the U. S. communicated its uncertainty about
DRV motives in the Aug 4 Tonkin
Gul f raids , that additional
air power deployed to SEA was
precautionary , that U. S. offi ,cial and public pa,tience "las
i<Tearing thin , that the Congres sional resolution demonstrated
U. S. determination in SEA,
and that if the DRV pursued its
prese'1t course , it could expect
to suffer the consequences .

11 Aug 1964

William Bundy memo to
SecDef, "Next Courses
of Action in Southeast
Asia

Assistant Secretary of State
Bundy felt that only a continuous combination of military
pressure and communication

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DESCRIPTION
would convince Hanoi t~at they
were facing a determined foe '
and that they should get out
of S01..lth Vietnam and Laos .

14 Aug 196 1r

CJCS memo to SecDef,
"Next Courses of Action
in Southeast Asia"

Positive assessment of the
i mpact of the reprisal actions
"ras given and a continuation
of strikes against the Nor th
was r ecommended .

State message 439
to Vientiane, Saigon,
CINCPAC , "Southeast Asia,
August 1964"

In opposing both a new 14nation Geneva Conference on
Southeast Asia, and U. S. air
operations against the North,
State stressed the shakiness
of the GVN and the need to
shore i t up internally before
a ny such actions "rere started .
For planning purposes , the
message suggested that Ambassa dor Taylor ' s suggested date
of J anue,ry 1, 1965 , be used
for any sustained U. S. air
campaign against the North .

15 Aug 1964

JCS message 7947 to
CINCPAC , "Rules of
Engagement "

U.S . forces wer e authorized
to attack any vessel s or air craft that attack or give
positive i ndication of intent
t o attack , and to pursue such
attackers into territorial
waters or air space of all
Southeast Asian countries,
including North Vietnam .

16 Aug 1964

COMUSMACV message to
CINCPAC , " Cross Border Operations"

MACV requested authority to
begin the Phase I of the covert
cross -border operations into
Laos and North Vietnam.

17 Aug 1964

CINCPAC message to JCS,
" Next Courses of Action
in Southeast Asian

The positive impact of the
repri 8al s on South Vietnamese
mor ale i s noted, and a strong
argument made for continui ng
action s against the North to
make clear to Hanoi and Peking
the cost of their aggression .
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DATE

EVENT OR DOCUMENT

DESCRIPTION
The momentu~ of the Aug 5
raids must not be lost or the
benefits of the initial attacks
will disappear.

k8 Aug 1964

Embassy Saigon message
465

Taylor reiterates his belief
that the reprisals must be
follovTed up with other actions
against the North .

21 Aug 1964

Henry ROIV'en memo to
JCS, et al, liThe
RostowThesis"

Initially presented in Dec 1963 ,
the IIRostolV' Thesisll was recirculated within the Administration in mid -August. Its funda mental argu.rnent was that military
pressure against the external
sources of an insurgency vTould
bring the aggressor to an appre ciation of the costs of his
interference and he would reduce
or eliminate his support for
the insurgents. The exercise
vTaS primarily psychological ,
not necessarily strategic .
The measures should greatly
increase his uncertainty about
the consequences of continued
support of the insurgency .
Rowen's critique raised serious
questions about the general
validity of the thesis , point ing out the requirement for solid
public and political support
for such actions, and doubting
that any\'There but in Southeast
Asia U. S. interests were so
critic8,lly at stake. Even in
that area, it doubted the effectiveness of the proposal .

26 Aug 1964

JCSM-746-64

In response to State's Aug 14
analysis, the JCS proposed a
continuous and escalating air
campaign against the North
designed to both the physical
resources and the psychological
"lV'ill to support the insurgency
in the South . It called for

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DA':eE

EVENT OR DOCUIvIEI'I.l'I'

DESCRIPI'ION
deliberate attempts to provoke
the DRV into actions which
could then be ans\·rered by
a systematic air campaign.

27 Aug 1964

Three Laotian Princes
meet

The three Laotian Princes
met in Paris as a result of
the British initiative to
begin discussions on the current crisis.

31 Aug 1964

CINCPAC message to JCS,
IIImmediate Actions to
be taken in South
Vietnamll

CINCPAC reiterates the request
for approval of covert crossborder operati ons .

(Text continues in the original file: 103 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-2c — [Part IV. C. 2. b.] Evolution of the War. Military Pressures Against NVN. July - October 1964

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-2c
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-2c
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 declassification finally let historians see that 1964 pressure plan wasn’t a retro‑future thriller.

- NARA PDF titled Evolution of the War, authored 2011, covering July‑Oct 1964 North Vietnam.
- Describes Johnson’s limited military pressure plan: harassment escalation, gradual air campaign, rejects massive action.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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IV.C Evolution of the War (26 Vols.)
Direct Action: The Johnson Commitments, 1964-1968
(16 Vols.)
2. Military Pressures Against NVN (3 Vols.)
c. November - December 1964

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UNITED STATES VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945-1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET #13
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Sec Def Cont Nr. X- 0295

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IV. C. 2. (c)
EVOLUTION OF THE WAR
MILITARY PRESSURES AGAINST NORTH VIETNAM
NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 1964
PART III
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Sec Def Cont Nr. X-_. 0295

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(

~LITARY

PRESSURES AGAINST NVN:

NOVEJvIBER - DECEMBER 1964

SUMMARY and A}~LYSIS
In the late fall of 1964, President Johnson made a tentative decis i on
in favor of limited military pressures a gainst North Vietnam . He acted on
the consensus recommendation of his principal advisors, a consensus achieved
by a process of compromising alternatives into a 10l-Test·'common- denominator
proposal at the sub-cabinet and cabinet level, thereby precluding any real
Presidential choice among viable options. The choices he was given all
included greater pressures against North Vietnmn . The Presidential decision
itself was for a limited and tightly controlled two-step build - up of pressures .
The first phase involved an intensification of existing harassment activities
w·ith reprisals; the second, which was approved in principle only, iVas to be
a sustained, slo"ldy escalating air campaign against the North . The spectrum
of choice could have run from (a) a judgment that the situation i n the South
"lvas i rretrievable and, hence, a decision to begin the withdravTal of U. S.
forces ; to (b) a judgment that the maintenance of a non-cow~unist South
Vietn8m was indispensable to U. S. strategic interests and, therefore, required
a massive U.S . intensification of the war both in the North and in the South.
The extreme wi thdra,val option "I'TaS rej ected almost "I'Ti thout surfacing for
consideration since it was in direct conflict with the independent, noncommunist SVN commitments of NSfu~ 288 . The opposite option of massive involve ment, which was essentiaJ.ly the JCS recommendation at an early point in these
deliberations, was shunted aside because both its risks and costs were too
high .
Short of those extremes, hmvever, were two other alternat i ves that
were briefly considered by the Horking Group as fal lback positions but
r ejected before they "I,rere fully explored . While both came into some conflict with the cor~mitments to South Vietn~m of N&A-M 288 , they could have
been justified as flol-ring from another long-standing U.S . conviction,
namely that ultimately the "lvar would have to be won in the South by the
South Vietnamese. These fal lback positions Ivere outlined in the follol-Ting
m~rmer :

"1 .

To hol d the situation together as long as possible so that
we have time to strengthen other areas of Asia .

"2.

To take forceful enough measures in the s i tuation so that
\ve' emerge · from it , even in the worst case , with our
standing 8,S the principal helper against Communist expansion as little impaired as possible .

"3.

To rrLq,ke clear .. . to nations, in Asia particularly, that
failure in South Vietnmll, if i.t comes, ,'Tas due to special
l ocal factors that do not apply to other nations we are
cow.mi.tted to defend .. . . "

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In operational terms the first would have meant holding the line- - placing
an i mmediate , 101<7 ceiling on the number of U.S . personnel in SVN, and
taking vigorous efforts to build on a stro!l.-ger base else. . rhere , possibly
Thailand . The second alternative would have b~en to undertake some spec tacular, highly visible supporting action like a limited-duration selective
bomb ing campaign as a last effort to save the South; to have accompanied
it with a propaganda campaign about the unwim1ability of the . . rar given the
GVN ' s ineptness and ; then, to have sought negotiations through compromise
and neutralization . . rhen the bombing failed . Neither of these options was
ever developed .
The recommendation of the Principals to the President left a gap
between the maximum objective of NSJLM 288 and the marginal pressures against
the North being proposed to achieve that objective. There are two by no
means contradictory explanations of this gap .
One explanation is the I·ray in which pressures and the controlled use
of force were viewed by the Principals . There is some reason to believe that
the Principa ls thought that carefully calculated doses of force could bring
about predictable and desirable responses from Hano i. The threat j~pli cit
in minim1..lJu but increasing amounts of force ( " slo. . r sQueeze" ) would , i t "ras
hoped by some, ultimately bring Hanoi to the t able on terms favorable to the
U.S. Underlying this optimistic view was a significant underestimate of
the level of the DRV commitment to victory in the South , and an overestimat e
of the effectiveness of U.S. pressures in weakening that resolve . The
ass umption ~,as that the threat value of limited pressures coupled wi th
declarations of firm re solve on our part would be sufficient to force the
DRV into maj or conc.ess ions . Therefore, the U. S. negotiating posture could
be a tough one . Another factor which , no doubt, corr@ended the proposal to
the Admini stration was the relatively low-cost--in political terms--of such
action. F1..rrthermore , these limited measures would give the GVN a temporary
breathing spell, it was thought, in which to regroup itself, both politicall y
and militarily should stronger action involving a direct confrontation between
the bro Vietna..lJls be reQuired at some future date . And l astly , it ,.,as the
widely shared belief that the recommendation was a moderate solution that
did not foreclose future options for the President if the measures did not
fully achieve their intended results. The JCS differed fr om this vievl on
t he grounds that if ,.,e were really interested in affecting Hanoi 's will ,
we would have to hit hard at i ts capabiliti es .
A second explanation of the gap bet. . reen ends and means is a more simple
one. In a phrase , we had run out of alt ernatives other than pressures.
The GVN vras not r eforming , ARVN . . las being hit nard , further U. S. aid and
advice did not seem to do the trick , and som~thing was nee ded to keep the
GVN afloat until \<7e . . rere ready to decide on further actions at a l ater
date. Bombing the North would fit that bill, and make it look l ike we tried.

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The President vlaS cautious and equivocal in approaching the decision;
Indicative of his reluctance to widen the U.S. cOfimitment and of his des ire
to hedge his bets Ivas the decision to make phase II of the new policy
contingent on GVJlT reform and i mprovement . P..mbFl.ssador Taylor was sent back
to Saigon in December after the White House meetings with the understanding
that the U. S. Government did not believe:
"that I·re should incur the ri sks . which are inherent in any
expansion of hostilities without first assuring that there is
a government in Saigon capable of handling the serious problems
involved in such an expansion and of exploiting the favorable
effects which may be anticipated .... "
As with the discussions of the preceding six months , the decisions at
the end of 1964 marked another step in the U. S. involvement in Vietnam.
The follO'lving is a sUIlllllary of the November - December , 1964 and January ,
1965 delib erat ions.
On the eve of the November election, and after the decision not to
r etaliate against the North for the VC attack on the Bien Hoa airbase on
November 1, the President appointed an inter-agency working group and asked
i t to conduct a thorough re-examination of our Vietnam policy and to present
him ,'lith alternatives and re cormnendations as to our future course of action .
That such a revi ew should have been undertaken so soon after the policy
delib erations and decisions of September is at first glance surprising .
The President , hO'\'lever , Ivas now being elected in his OHn right with an
over"rhelming mandate and all the sense of opportunity and freedom to reconsider past poli cy and current trends that such a victory invariably brings.
In retro spec t, there appears to have been, in f act, remarkably little l atitude for r eopening the bas ic questions about U. S. involvement i n the Vietnam
struggle . NSAM 288 did not seem open to question. In Vietnam, our now substantial efforts and our public affirmation of resolve to see the war through
to success had fail ed to revers e either the adverse trend of the '\'lar or the
conti,nuing deterioration of South Vietnamese political life. The September
deliberations had produced only a decision against precipitate action and
had done nothing to redress the situation. Significantly, however , they had
revealed the existence of an Administration consensus that military pressures
aga inst the North vloul d be required at some proximate futUre date for a
variety of reasons . Now, in November, vli th a nei·r electoral mandate and the
abundant evidence of the i nadequacy of current measures , the President was
once again looking for new i deas and proposals --a l ow-cost option with
prospects for speedy , positive re sults.
The Working Group ' s first job had been to exrunine U.S. interests and
objectives in South Vietnam. This subject stirred some of the most heated
debate of the entire Working Group project . At the outset, the maximum
statement of U.S. i nterests and objectives in South Vietnam was accompanied
by t,vo fallback positions --the first a compromise , the second merely rationalizat ions for withdra,·ral. The JCS representat i ve took testy except ion to
It

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i ncluding the fallback posl~lons in the Group's paper and cited JCS
Memoranda on the critical importance of South Vietnam to the U.S. position
in Asia. His forceful objections were effective and they were downgraded
in the final paper w'hich , while also pointedly rej ecting the "domno theory"
as over-simplifi ~d, nevertheless, went on to describe the effect of the
fall of South Vietnam in much the same terms . Specifically pointing up
the danger to the other Southeast Asian countries and to Asia in general,
the paper concluded :
"There is a great deal we could still do to reassure these
countries, but the picture of a defense line clearly breached
could have serious effects and could easily, over time, tend to
unravel the whole Pacific and South Asian defense structures ."
In spite of these concessions, the JCS refused to associate itself with
the final formulation of interests and objectives, holding that the domino
theory Has perfectly appropriate to the South Vietna'1lese situation .
One of the other important tasks assigned to the Working Group was the
intelligence assessment of the. effectiveness of measures against the North
in improving the situation in the South. The initial appraisal of the
intelligence community Has that "the basic elements of Cornmunist strength
in South Vietnam remain indigenous ," and that " even if severely dama,ged"
the DRV could continue to support a reduced level of VC activity . While
bombing might reduce somewhat the level of support for the VC and give the
GVN a re spite , there was very little like lihood that it would break the will
of Hanoi . The estimate was that Hanoi was confident of greater staying
power than the U,S. in a contest of attrition . These views were challenged
by the JCS member who stressed that the military damage 'of air strikes would
appreciably degrade DRV and VC capabilities. In deferen~e to this view, the
final Working Group estimate gave greater emphasis to the military effect i ve ness of strikes , although it was pes simistic about the extent of damage the
DRV leaders woul d be ,'lilling to incur before reconsidering their obj ecti ves.
It concluded with the assessment that there ,vas very little likelihood of
either Chinese or Soviet intervention on behalf of the DRV i f pressures
were adopted by the U.S.
As the Working Group toiled through November i n i ts effort to develop
options , it focused on three alternative courses of action. Option A was
es sentially a continuation of rrilitary and naval actions currently underway
or authorized in the September decisions , i ncluding prompt reprisals against
the North for attacks on U.S. forces and VC " spectaculars ". It also
included a resistance to negotiations until the North had agreed in advance
to our concli tiom . Option B augmented c11Trent policies ,vi th systematic,
sustained mil itary pressures against the North and a r esistance to negoti ations unless I'Te could carry them on I'lhil e cont inuing the bomb ing. Option C
propos ed only a modest campaign against the North as compared with option B

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and was designed to bring the DRV to the negotiating table. If that
occurred the pressures were to be suspended--although with the threat of
resumption should negotiations break down.
In the course of the month, these ' options converged and the distinctions
behreen them blurred. In particular, option A was expanded to include some
10'lv-level pressures against the North; the negotiations element of option B
was, in effect, dropped and the pressures vTere to be applied at a faster ,
l ess flexible pace; and option C was stiffened to re semble the first incarnation of option B--the pressures would be stronger and the negotiating
position tougher . Thus , by the end of the month when the Working Group ' s
propo sals were presented to the NSC Principals for consideration before
a recommendation viaS made to the President, all options included pressures
against the North , and, in effect, excluded negotiations in the short -run,
sinc e the terms and pre-conditions proposed in all three options were
entirely unrealistic . The policy climate i n vlashington simply was not
receptive to any suggestion that U.S . goals might have to be compromised .
And, in proposing pressures against the North , the Working Group was conscious
of the danger that they might generate compelling vTorld-vride pressure on t.he
U.S. for negotiations . How large a role the specific perception of the
President's views, validated or unvalidated, may have played in the Working
Group~s narrowing of the options i s not clear. It seems likely, however ,
that some guidance from the White House was being received .
During the last week in November , the NSC Principals met to consider
the Working Group ' s proposals. They were joined on November 27 by Ambassador
Taylor. Taylor ' s r eport on conditions in South Vietnam was extremely bleak .
To i mprove South Vietnamese morale and confidence, and to "drive the DRV out
of its reinforcing role and obtain its cooperation i n bringing an end to the
Vi et Cong insurgency ," he urged that military pressures against the North
be adopted . His report had a considerable i mpact on the ~rincipals and
l ater on the President . As the discussions continued through the several
meetings of that week , opinion began to converge in favor of some combination of an "extended option A" and the first measures against the North of
option C.
In the end , t he Principals decided on a two-phase recommendation to the
Pr esident. Phase I would be merely an extension of current actions with
some increased air activity by the U.S. i n Laos and tit-for-tat r eprisal s
for VC attacks on U.S . forces or other major incidents. During this period,
t he GVN would be informed of our desires for its reform and I'Then these
were 'Ivell undervTay, phase II, a campaign of gradually escalating air strikes
against the North , vTOuld begin. This proposaJ, VTas presented to the President on December 1. He approved phase I and gave assent, at l east in principle, to phase II. In approving these measures, the President appears to
have been reluctant to grant final authorization for phase II until he felt
it was absolutely necessary .

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If a consensus vTas reached within the Ad.rninistration in favor of military pressures against the North, it certainly reflected no commonly held
rationale for such action. Generally speaking the military (MACV, CINCPAC,
JCS) favored a strong campaign against the North to interdict the infiltration routes, to destroy the overall capacity of the North to support the
insurgency , and to destroy the DRV's will to continue support of the Viet
Congo 'I'he State Department (vTith the exception of George Ball) and the
civilian advisors to Secretary McNamara favored a gradually mOULDting series
of pressures that would place the North in a SlO\'T squeeze and act as both
carrot and stick to settling the war on our terms. As would be expected,
State was also concerned with the international political i mplications of
such steps. Bombing the North '\wuld demonstrate our resolve, not only to
the South Vietnamese but also to the other Southeast Asian countries and
to' China, vThose containment Has one of the i mportant justifications of the
entire American involvement . Walt Rostow, the Chairman of State's Policy
PlaPJling Council, took a slightly different vievr, . emphasizing the importance
of pres sures as a clear signal to the North and to China of U.S. determination and r esolve and its willingness to engage the tremendous power at its
disposal in support of the 1954 and 1962 Geneva agreements. Ambassador
Taylor supported strikes against the North as a means of reducing infiltration and as a way of bolstering South Vietnamese morale.
As is readily apparent, there "l'TaS no dearth of r easons for striking
North. Indeed, one almost has the i mpression that there "l'Tere more reasons
than were required. But in the end, the decision to go ahead with the
strikes seems to have resulted as much from the lack of alternative proposals as from any compelling logic advanced in their favor. By January,
for example, Hilliam Bundy, ,'Thile still supporting the pressures, could
only offer the following in their favor:
lion balance we believe that such action l'Tould have some faint
hope of r eally improving the Vietnamese situation, and, above all,
would put us in a much stronger position to hold the next line of
defense, namely Thailand. II _ffind it would put us in a better position in our Asian relationq-" since ,ve \'Tould have appeared to Asians
to have done a lot more about it."
It is interesting to note that during the deliberations of September
one of the preconditions to such strikes had been generally acknolvledged
as a unity of domestic American opinion in support of such Presidentially
authori zed action. During the November debates, this is no longer an
important factor. Indeed , it is openly conceded that such action is likely
to evoke opposition in both domestic and international public opinion.
Another in te:?:'esting aspect of this policy debatE" I'Tas that the question of
Consti tutional authority for open acts of ,var against a sovereign nation
"l'TaS never seriously raised.
Phase I of the ne,vlY approved program "l'Tent into effect in mid-December.
The BARREL ROLL "armed recce" by U.S. aircraft in the laotian panhandle
began on a limited scale on December 14. It had been foreseen that the

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nwnber of sorties would slo'\·rly increase '\'ri th each succeeding week. How'ever, once the first week I s level of tVI'O missions of four aircraft each
was determined by Secretary McNamara, it became the guideline for the
remainder of ,December and January. Covert GVN operations along the North
Vietnamese coast were continued at about the level of the previous months
and JCS proposals for direct U.S. air and naval support were rejected.
Furthermore, the public disclosure of inforID~tion on DRV infiltration into
the South was deferred at the request of Secretary McNamara . On December 24,
the Viet Cong bombed aU. S. officers billet in Saigon killing hro Americans.
MACV, CINCPAC , the JCS, and Ambassador Taylor all called immediately for a
repri sal strike against the North of the kind authorized under phase I.
For ,reasons still not clear, the Administration decided against such a
r eprisal. Thus, in purely military terms, the phase I period turned out
to be little more than a continuation of measures already under'l'ray. (The
BARREL ROLL activity apparently was not differentiated by the DRV from
RLAF strikes until well into January.)
One of the explanations for this failure to ftl1ly implement the
December 1 decisions was the political crisis that erupted in South Vietnam.
Ambassador Taylor had returned to South Vietnam on December 7 and i mmedi ately set about getting the GVN to undertake the reforms we desired, making
clear to both the civilian and military leaders that the implementation of
phase II was contingent on their efforts to revive the flagging war effort
and morale in the South . For his efforts, he 'Ivas re,\,larded with a military
purge of the civilian govern~ent in late December and rumored threats that
he '\'rould be declared personna non grata . The political crisis boiled on
into January with no apparent solution in sight in spite of our heavy
pressure on the military to return to a civilian regime. And, while Taylor
struggled '\vi th the South Vietnamese general s , the war effort continued to
decline.
At the same time that Taylor had been dispatched to Saigon a vigorous
U.S. diplomat ic effort had been undertaken with our Asian and NA.TO allies
to inform them of the forthcoming U. S. intensiInication of the war, with

the expected eventual strikes against the North . The fact that our allies
nO,\,T came to expect this action may have been a contributing reason in the
February decision to proceed with phase II in spite of the failure of the
South Vietnamese to have complied with OUY requirements. In any case, it
added to the already considerable momentum behind the policy of striking the
North. By the end of January 1965, William BQndy, McNaughton, Taylor and
others had come to believe that we had to proceed with phase II irre spective
of vThat the South Vietnamese did.
Clear indication that the Administration was considering some kind of
escalation came on January 25. Ambassador Taylor ,'las asked to cormnent on
a proposal to wi thdravT U. S. dependents from Saigon so as to "clear the
decks." Previously, this action , "rhich VTas nOlV approved by the JCS, was
always associated vTith pressures against the North. While there is no
indi cation of any decision at this point to move into phase II; it is clear
that the preparations were already unde~Tay.

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MILITA.."RY PRESSURES 'AGAJNST NORTH VIETNAM :

IV.C.

l-TOV 1964 - JAN 1965

CHRONOLOGY
EVE:N'T OR

DATE

DOCUMENT

DESCRIPTION

16 Oct 64

Embassy Saigon
Message} JPS 303}
Taylor to the
Pre sident

Ambassador Tay lor reports greatly
increased infiltration from the
North} including North Vietnamese
regulars} and a steadily worsen ing situation in the South .

21 Oct 64

JCSM 893 -61~

The JCS urge Secretary McNamara to
back military measures to seize
control of the border areas of South
Vietnam and to cut off the supply and
direction of the Viet Cong by direct
measures against North Vietnam .

27 Oct 64

JCSM 902 -64

On the basis of the new intelligence
on infiltration levels } the JCS
again recommend direct military pres sures against the North .

1 Nov 64

Viet Cong Attack
Bien Hoa Airbase

I n a daring strike, the Viet Cong
staged a mortar attack on the l arge
U. S. airbase at Bien Hoa} killing
four _~ericans } destroying five
B-57s, and damaging eight others .

White House Decides
Not to Retaliate

Concerned about possib l e further
North Vietnamese escalation and the
uncertainty of the Red Chine se re-·
sponse} the White House decides }
against the advice of Ambassador
Tayl or} not to retaliate in the titfor-tat fashion envisaged by NSAM
314. As a result of the attack} however} an i nteragency Working Group
of the NSC is establi shed to study
future courses of U.S. action under
the Chairmanship of 1-Ti l liam Bundy}
Assistant Secretary of State for
Far Eastern Affairs .

Civilian Named
Premier

Tran Van Huong i s named Premier in

First Meeting of
NSC Working Group

The NSC Working Grou:p held its f irst
meeting .. Other members are Michael
Forrestal and Marshall Green from

3 Nov 63

SVN.

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DATE

EVENT OR
DESCRIPTION

DOCUMENT

State, John McNaughton from l SA,
Harold Ford for CIA, and Admiral
Lloyd Mustin from JCS. Work continues for three weeks .

3 Nov 64

President Re elected

In a l andslide victory, President
J ohnson is re -elected with a nelf
Vic e President, Hubert Humphrey .

4 Nov 64

JC SM 933 -64

The JCS place in writing their request for r eprisal action against
North Vietnam in retaliation for
the Bien Roa attack . Failure to act
may be misinterpreted by the North
Vi etnamese as a lack of will and
determination in Vietnam .

14 Nov 64

CGCS Memorandum to
SecDef, CM 258-64;
and JCSM 955 -64

In separate memos to the Secretary,
the JCS r ecommend covert GVN air
strikes against North Vietnam and
additional U. S. deployments to South
East Asia to m~ke poss i ble implemen tation of U.S. strikes should these
.be approved .

17 Nov 64

Working Group Circulates Draft 1I0ptionsll
for Comment

The Working Group circulates its
draft paper on the 1I0ptionsll avail able to the U.S. i n South Vietnam.
They are three : (A) continuation
of present pol icies in the hope of
an improvement in the South but
strong U.S. resistance to negotiations; (B) strong U. S. pressures
against the North and resistance of
negotiations until the DRV was
ready to comply with our demands ;
and (C) l imited pressures against the
North coupled lvi th vigorous efforts
to get negotiations started and
recogni tion that Ife Iwuld have to
compromise our objectives. Option B
is favored by the Working Group .

18 Nov 611.

JCSM 967 -64

The JCS reneT.fS i ts recommendation
for strikes against the North tempedng it slightly in t erms of "a
controlled program of systematically
increased military pressures ."

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EVENT OF
DATE

DOClJliIENT

DESCRIPTION

21 Nov 64

Revi sed .v!orking
Group Draft

Having received comments from the
different agencies, the Working
Group revises its draft slightly,
takes note of different viewpoints
and submits its work to the NSC
Principals for the consideration.

23 Nov 64·

ROstOlv Memo to Sec
State

.Ta.1dng a some,vhat different tack,
the then Director of State's
Policy Planning Staff,W. W. Rostow,
proposes military pressures against
the North as a method of' clearly
signaling U.S. determination and
commitment to the North.

24 Nov 64

NSC Principals Meeting

No consensus is reached, but Option
A is generally rejected as promising only e.-v'"entual defeat. Option B
is favored by the JCS and CIA, while •
State and OSD favor Option C. No
firm conclusion is reached on the
issue of sending ground troops to
South Vietnam.

27 Nov 64

Taylor Meets with
Principals

Having returned for consultations,
Ambassador Taylor meets in th the
NSC Principals and after giving a
gloomy report of the situation in
South Vietnam, recommends that to
shore up the GVN and improve morale
we take limited actions against the
North but resist negotiations until
the GVN is improved and the DRV is
hurting. He proposed an extended
Option A with the first stages of
Option Co This proposal was adopted
by the PrinCipals as the recormnendation to be made to the President.

28 Nov 64

NSC Principals Meeting

In a follow-up meeting, the Principals decide to propose a hTO
phase program to the President. The
first phase would be a thirty-day

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DATE

EVENT OF
IXlCUME.N'r

DESCRIPTION
period of slightly increased pres sure such as the resumption of the
DE SOTO patrols and U.S . armed
recce on the Laotian corridor iv-bile
we tried to get reforms in South
Vietnam. The second phase would
involve direct air strikes against
the North as in Option C. Wi lliam
Bundy was charged with preparing a
draft NSAM to this effect and an
i nfiltration study was commissioned .

30 Nov 64

1 Dec 64

3·Dec 64

NSC Principals
Meeting

(Text continues in the original file: 120 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-3 — [Part IV. C. 2. c.] Evolution of the War. Military Pressures Against NVN. November - December 1964

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-3
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-3
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 analysts still debating 1964 bombing strategy—time‑travel memo overload.

- PDF from NARA, titled Evolution of the War…, authored by NWD, dated 2011, covering Nov‑Dec 1964.
- Reports U.S. decision to start Rolling Thunder bombing, aiming to boost South Vietnam, deter North support, gain leverage.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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THE ROLLING THUNDER PROGRAM BEGINS
SUMMARY and ANALYSIS
The United States decisions, in the early months of 1965, to
launch a program of reprisal air strikes against North Vietnam,
evolving progressiv~ly into a sustained bombing campaign of rising
intensity, were made against a background of anguished concern over
the threat of imminent collapse of the Government of South Vietnam
and of its military effort against the Viet Congo The air war
against the North was launched in the hope ·t hat it would strengthen
Gv~ confidence and cohesion, and that it would deter or restrain
the DRV from continuing its support of the revolutionary war in the
South. There was hope also that a quite modest bombing effort would
be sufficient j that the demonstration of US determination and the
potential risks and costs to the North implicit in the early air
strikes. would provide the US with substantial bargaining leveragej
and that it would redress the "equation of advantage" so that a
political settlement might be negotiated on acceptable terms.
Once set in motion, however, the bombing effort seemed to
stiffen rather than soften Hanoi's backbone, as well as to lessen
the willingness of Hanoi's allies particularly the Soviet Union,
to work toward compromise. Moreo~er, compromise was ruled out in
any event, since the negotiating terms that the US proposed were
. II terms, but' more akin to a "cease and d esl.S
. til ord er
no t " comproml.se
tha~, from the DRV/VC point of view, was tantamount to a demand for
thel.r surrender.

As Hanoi remained intractable in the face of a mere token
demonstration of U.S. capability and resolve, U.S. policy shifted
to a more deliberate combination of intensified military pressures
and modest diplomatic enticements. The carrot was added to the
stick in the form of an economic development gesture, but the coercive
element remained by far the more tangible'and visible component of
U.S. policy. To the slowly but relentlessly rising air pressures
against the North was added the deployment of US combat forces to
the Sout~. In respo~se to public pressures, a major diplomatic
opportunl.ty ,vas provl.ded Hanoi for a quiet backdown through a
brief bombing pause called in mid-May, but the pause seemed to be
aimed more at clearing the decks for a subsequent jntensified
resumption than it "Tas at evoking a reciprocal act of de-escalation
by Hanoi. Tne U.S. initiative, in any event, was unmistakably
rebuffed by North Vietnam and by its Communist allies, and the
opposing positions were more hopelessly deaalocked than ever before.

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It is the purpose of this study to reconstruct the immediate
circumstances that led up to the U.S. reprisal decision of February 1965, to retrace the changes in rationale that progressively transformed the reprisal concept into a sustained graduated bombing
effort, and to chronicle the relationship between that effort and
the military-political moves to shore up Saigon and the militarydiplomatic signals io dissuade Hanoi, during the crucial early
months of February through May of 1965.

*******
Background to Pleiku. The growing realization, throughout 1964,
that the final consolidation of VC power in South Vietnam was a distinct
possibility, had led to a protracted US policy reassessment and a
determined search for forceful military alternatives in the North that
might h~lp salvage the deteriorating situation in the South. The
proposed program of graduated military pressures against North Vietnam
that emerged from this reassessment in late 1964 had three major
objectives: (1) to signal to the Communist enemy the firmness of U. S.
resolve, (2) to boost the sagging morale of the GVN in the South, and
(3) to impose increased costs and strains upon the DRV in the North.
Underlying the rationale of the program was the hope that it might
restore some equilibrium to the balance of forces, hopefully increasing
the moment of US/GVN bargaining leverage sufficiently to permit an
approach to a negotiated solution on something other than surrender
terms.
.
Throughout the planning process, (and even after the initiation
of the program) the President's principal advisors differed widely in
their views as to the intensity of the bombing effort that would be
desirable or required, and as to its likely effectiveness in influencing
Hanoi's will to continue its aggression. The JCS, for example, consistently argued that only a most dramatic and forceful application
of military pOl-rer would exert significant pressure on North Vietnam,
but firmly believed that such application could and would affect the
enemy's will. Most civilian officials in State, OSD, and the White
House, on the other hand, tended to favor a more gradual, restrained
approach, "progres sively mounting in scope and intensity," in which
the prospect of greater pressure to come was at least as important
as any damage actually inflicted. But these officials also tended,
for the most part, to have much less confidence that such pressures
would have much impact on Hanoi's course, making such equivocal
assessments as:' "on balance ~ile believe that suc.."h. action would have
some faint hopl; of really improving the Vietllamese situation . "

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Reprisal Planning. In spite of these rather hesitant judgments)
the graduated approach was adopted and a program of relatively mild
military actions aimed at North Vietnam was set in motion beginning
in December 1964. At the same time) detailed preparations were made
to carry out bombing strikes against targets in North Vietnam in
reprisal for any future attacks on U.S. forces. These preparations
were made chiefly in connection with the occasional DESOTO Patrols
that the US NavY conducted in the Gulf of Tonkin which had been
fired upon or menaced by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on several
previous occasions during 1964. In order to be prepared for an
attack on any future patrol) a pre-packaged set of reprisal targets
was worked up by CINCPAC on instructions from the JCS) and preassigned forces were maintained in a high state of readiness to
strike these targets in accordance with a detailed strike plan that
provided a range of retaliatory options.
In late January) a DESOTO Patrol was authorized to begin on
Feb. 3 (later postponed to Feb. 7) and Operation Order FLAMING DART
was issued by CINCPAC) providing for a number of alternative US air
strike reprisal actions in the eventuality that the DESOTO Patrol
were to be attacked or that any other provocation were to occur)
such as a spectaculaT VC incident in South Vietnam. At the last
moment) hovlever) the Patrol was called off in deference to Soviet
Premier Kosygin's imminent visit to Hanoi. U.S. officials hoped
that the USSR might find it in its interest to act as an agent of
moderation vis a vis Hanoi in the Vietnam conflict) and wished to
avoid any act that might be interpreted as deliberately provocative.
Nevertheless) it was precisely at the beginning of the Kosygin visit)
during the early morning hours of February 7) the the VC launched
their spectacular attack on US installations at PleikU) thus triggering
FLAMING DART I) the first of the ne1-l carefully programmed US/GVN
reprisal strikes.
Imperceptible Transition. By contrast with the earlier Tonkin
strikes of August) 1964 which had been presented as a one-time
demonstration that North Vietnam could not flagrantly attack US
forces with impunity) the February 1965 raids were explicitly
linked with the "larger pattern of a ggression" by North Vietnam)
and were a reprisal against North Vietnam for an offense committed
by the VC in South Vietnam. When the VC staged another dramatic
attack on Qui 1lhon on Feb. 10) the comb ined US/GVN response) named
F~IING DART II) was not characterized as an event-associated
reprisal but as a generalized response to "continued acts of aggression."
The new terminology reflected a conscious U.S. decision to broaden
the reprisal concept as gradually and imperceptibly as possible to
. accommodate a much wider policy of sustained) steadily intensifying
air attacks against North Vietnam) at a rate and on a scale to be
determined by the U.S. Although discussed publicly in very muted

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tones, the second Fh~ING DART operation constituted a sharp break
with past US policy and set the stage for the continuing bombing
program that was now to be launched in earnest.
Differences in Advocacy. While all buc one or two of the
President's principal Vietnam advisors favored the initiation of a
sustained bombing program, there were significant differences among
them. McGeorge Bundy and Ambassador Maxwell Taylor, for example,
both advocated a measured, controlled sequence of raids, carried
out jointly with the GVN and directed solely against DRV military
targets and infiltration r outes . In their view, the intensity of
the attacks was to be varied with ' the level of VC outrages in SVN
or might be progressively raised. But whereas McGeorge Bundy's
objective was to influence the course of the struggle in the South
(boosting GVN morale) improving US bargaining power with the GVN,
exerting a depressing effect on VC cadre), Ambassador Taylor's
principal aim was'~o bring increasing pressure on the DRV to cease
its intervention." It was coercion of the North, rather than a
rededication of the GVN to the struggle in the South that Taylor
regarded as the real benefit of a reprisal policy. CINCPAC) on
the other hand) insisted that the program would have to be a very
forceful one -- a "graduated pressures" rather than a "graduated
reprisal" philosophy -- if the DRV were to be persuaded to acceed
to a cessation on U.S. terms. The Joint Chiefs, in turn) (and
especially Air Force Chief of Staff General McConnell) believed
that the much heavier air strike recommendations repeatedly made
by the JCS during the preceding six months were more appropriate
than the mild actions proposed by Taylor and Bundy.
Initiating ROLLING THUNDER. A firm decision to adopt "a program of measured and limited air action jointly with the GVN against
selected military targets in the DRV" was made by the President on
February 13, and communicated to Ambassador Taylor in Saigon. Details
of the program were deliberately left vague, as the President wished
to preserve maximum flexibility. The first strike was set for February
20 and Taylor was directed to obtain GVN concurrence. A semi-coup
in Saigon) however) compelled postponement and cancellation of this
and several subsequent strikes . Political clearance was not given
until the turbulence was calmed with the departure of General Nguyen
Khanh from Vietnam on Feb 25. U.S. reluctance to launch air attacks
during this time was further reinforced by a UK-USSR diplomatic
i~itiative to reactivate the Cochairmanship of the 1954 Geneva Con~
ference with a view to involving the members of that conference in
a consideratiun of the Vietnam crisis. Air strikes executed at that
moment, it ~as feared) might sabotage that diplomatic gambit) which
. Washington looked upon not as a potential negotiating opportunity)
but as a convenient vehicle for public expreSSion of a tough U.S.

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position. The Co-Chairmen gambit) however) languished -- and
eventually came to naught. The first ROLLING THUNDER strike was
finally rescheduled for Feb 26. This time adverse weather forced
its cancellation and it was not until March 2 that the first of
the neW program strikes) dubbed ROLLING THUNDER V) was actually
carried out.
In the closing' days of February and during early March) the

Administration undertook publicly and privately to defend and propound its rationale for the air strikes) stressing its determination
to stand by the GVN) but reaffirming the limited nature of its
objectives toward North Vietnam. Secretary Rusk conducted a
marathon public information campaign to signal a seemingly reasonable but in fact quite tough US position on negotiations) demanding
that Hanoi "stop doing what it is doing against its neighbors"
before any negotiations could prove fruitful. Rusk's disinterest
in negotiations at this time was in concert with the view of virtually
all the President's key advisors) that the path to peace was not then
open. Hanoi held sway over ~ore than half of South Vietnam and could
see the Saigon Government crumbling before her very eyes. The balance
of power at this time simply did not furnish the U.S. with a basis for
bargaining and Hanoi had no reason to acceed to the hard terms the
U.S. had in mind. Until military pressures on North Vietnam could
tilt the balance of forces the other way) talk of negotiation could
be little more than a hollO'l-T exercise.
Evolving a Continuing Program. Immediately after the launching
of the first ROLLING THUNDER strike. efforts were set in motion to
increase the effectiveness) forcefuiness and regularity of the program.
US aircraft loss rates came under McNamara 's scrutiny) with the result
that many restrictions on the use of U.S. aircraft and special ordnance
were lifted) and the air strike technology improved. Sharp annoyance
was expressed by Ambassador Taylor over what he considered an unnecessarily timid and ambivalent US stance regarding the frequency and
weight of U.S. air attacks. He called for a more dynamic schedule
of strikes) a several week program) relentlessly marching North) to
break the will of the DRV. Army Chief of Staff General Johns on)
returning _from a Presidential survey mission to Vietnam in mid-March)
supported Taylor's view and recommended increasing the scope and
tempo of the air strikes as well as their effectiveness. The President
accepted these recommendations and) beginning with ROLLING THUNDER VII
(March 19») air action against the North was transformed from a
sporadic) halting effort into a regular and determined program.
Shift to Interdiction. In the initial U.S. reprisal strike s
and the first ROLLn~G ~HUNDK~ actions) target selection had been
. completely dominated by political and psychological considerations.
With the gradual acceptance) beginning in March) of the need for a
militarily more significant sustained bombing pro~ram) a refocusing

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of target emphasis occurred, stressing interdiction of the DRV's
lines of communication (LOC's) -- the visible manifestations of
North Vietnamese aggression. The JCS had called the SecDef's
attention to t his infiltration target complex as early as midFebruary, and an integrated counter-infiltration attack plan
against LOC targets south of the 20th parallel began to be
developed by CINCPAQ, culminating at the end of March in the
submission of the JCS 12-week bombing program. This program
was built around the "LOC-cut" concept developed by the Pacific
Command and was strongly endorsed by General Westmoreland and
Ambassador Taylor. The JCS recommended that only the first phase
, (third through fifth weeks) of the 12-week program be adopted, as
they had not reached agreement on the later phases. The JCS submission, however, was not accepted as a program, although it
strongly influenced the new interdiction-oriented focus of the
attacks that were to follow. But neither the SecDef nor the
President was willing to approve a multi-week program in advance.
They preferred to retain continual personal control over attack
concepts and individual target selection and to communicate their
decisions through weekly guidance provided by the SecDef's ROLLING
THUNDER planning messages.
April I Reassessment. By the end of March, in Saigon's view,
the situation in South Vietnam appeared to have rebounded somewhat.
Morale seemed to have been boosted , at least temporarily, by the air
strikes, and Vietnamese forces had not recently suffered any major
' defeats. ' Washington, on the other hand, continued to regard the ,
situation as "bad and deteriorating," and could see no signs of "give"
on the part of Hanoi . None of the several diplomatic initiatives
that had been launched looked promising, and VC terrorism continued
unabated, with the March 29 bombing of the US embassy in Saigon
being by far the boldest provocation.
Ambassador Taylor returned to Washington to participate in a
Presidential policy review on April I and 2, in which a wide range
of possible military and non-military actions m South and North
Vietnam were examined. The discussions, however, did not deal
principally witn the air war, but focused mainly on the prospect
of major deployments of US and Third Country combat forces to South
Vietnam. As a result of the discussions , the far-reaching decision
was made, at least conceptually, to permit US troops to engage in
, offensive ground operations against Asian insurgents. With respect
to future air pressures policy, the actions adopted amounted to
little more than a continuation of "roughly the present slowly
ascending tempo of ROLLING THUNDER operations," directed maiD~y
at the LOC targets that 'Here then beginning to be struck. The
, 'Director of Cent ral Intelligence John McCone demurred, arguing
that a change in the US ground force role in the South'also demanded
comparably more forceful action , a gainst the North. He felt that
the ground force decision was correct only "if our air strikes
against the North are sufficiently heavy and damaging really to
hurt the North Vietnamese ."
'
,

"

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A "Carrot" at Johns Hopkins. Although devoting much effort to
public explanation and private persuasion) the President could not
quiet his critics. Condemnation of the bombing spread and the
President was being pressed from many directions to make a major
public statement welcoming negotiations. He found an opportunity
to dramatize his peaceful intent in his renowned Johns Hopkins
address of April T) in 'Thich he (1) acceptec. the spirit of the
IT-nation Appeal of March 15 to start negotiations "without posing
any preconditions)" {2) offered the vision of a "billion dollar
American investment" in a regional Mekong River basin development
effort in which North Vietnam might also participate) and (3)
appointed the illustrious Eugene Black to head up the effort and to
lend it credibility and prestige. The President!s speech evoked
much favorable public reaction throughout the world) but it failed
to silence the Peace Bloc and it failed to move Hanoi. Premier
Pham Van Dong responded to the President!s speech by proposing his
famous Four Points as the only correct way to resolve the Vietnam
problem and) two days later) denounced the President!s proposal as
simply a "carrot" offered to offset the "stick" of aggression and
to allay public criticism of his Vietnam policy. But this is as
far as the President was willing to go in his concessions to the
Peace Bloc. To the clamor for a bombing pause at this time) the
Administration responded with a resounding "No."
Consensus at Honolulu. By mid-April, communication between
Washington and Saigon had become badly strained as a result of
Ambassador Taylor!s resentment of what he regarded as Washington!s
excessive eagerness to introduce US combat forces into South Vietnam)
far beyond anything that had been approved in the April 1-2 review.
To iron out differences) a conference was convened by Secretary
McNamara at Honolulu on April 20. Its main concern was to reach
specific agreement on troop deployments) but it also sought to
reaffirm the existing scope and tempo of ROLLING THUNDER. The
conferees agreed that sufficient pressure was provided by repetition
and continuation of the strikes, and that it was important not to
"kill the hostage" by destroying the valuable assets inside the
"Hanoi do-not." Their strategy for victory was "to break the will
of the DRV/VC by denying them victory ." Honolulu apparently
succeeded in restoring consensus behTeen Washington and Saigon.
It also marked the relative downgrading of pressures against the
North) in favor of more intensive activity in the South. The
decision) at this point) was to "plateau" the air strikes more
or less at the prevailing level) rather than to pursue the relentless dynamic course ardently advocated by Ambassador Taylor and
Admiral Sharp in February and March) or the massive destruction of
the North Vietlamese target complex ccnsistently pressed by the
Joint Chiefs.
Following Honolulu) it was decided to publicize the fact that
"interdiction" was now the major objective of the bombing) and
Secretary McNamara devoted a special Pentagon br iefing for the
press corps to that issue.
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First Bombing Pause. Pressure for some form of bombing halt
had mounted steadily throughout April and early May and, although
the President did not believe that such a gesture would evoke any
response from Hanoi he did order a brief halt effective May 13, "to
begin" as he expressed it "to clear a path either toward restoration
of peace or tovrard incre ased military action, depending on the reat!tion
of the Communists. It The political purpose of the pause -- to test
Hanoi's reaction -- was kept under very tight wraps, and the project
was given the code name MAYFLOWER. A great effort was made to inform
Hanoi of the fact of the pause and of its political intent. Soviet
Ambassador Dobrynin was given an oral explanation by Secretary Rusk,
confirmed by a tough written statement, reasserting Rusk's public
position that the cessation of the DRV's attacks upon South Vietnam
vas the only road to peace and that the US would be watchful, during
the pause, for any signs of a reduction in such attacks. A similar
statement was sent to U.S. Ambassador Kohler in Moscow, for personal
transmittal to the DRV Ambassador there. Kohler, however, met with
refusal both from the DRV Ambassador to receive, and from the Soviet
Foreign Office to transmit,the message. A written note, sent to the
DRV embassy, was returned ostensibly unopened . . Nevertheless, it is
quite clear that Hanoi was more than adequately advised of the
contents of' the U.S. message through the various diplomatic channels
that were involved.
Given the "rather strenuous nature lt of the U.S. note to Hanoi
and the briefness of the pause, it is hardly surprising that the
initiative encountered no receptivity from the Soviet government
and evoked no positive response from Hanoi. The latter denounced
the bombing halt as "a worn out trick of deceit and threat .•• "
and the former, in the person of Soviet Foreign Minister Gromyko
in a . conversation with Rusk in Vienna , branded the U.S. note to
Hanoi as "insultinglt.
Having thus been unmistakably rebuffed; the President ordered
the resumption of the bombing raids effective May 18. The entire
pause was handled with a minimum of public information, and no
announcement was made of the suspension or of the resumption. But
prime ministers or chiefs of state of a half dozen key friendly
governments were briefed fully after the event. A still somewhat
ambiguous diplomatic move was made by Hanoi in Paris on May 18, a
few hours after the bombing had been resumed, in which Mai Van Bo,
the DRV economic delegate there seemed to imply a significant
softening of Hanoi's position on the Four Points as Itprior conditions."
But subsequent attempts at clarification left that issue as·ambiguous
as it had been before.

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IV. C.
A CHRONOLOGY OF ROLLING THUIillER MISSIONS
FEBRUARY - JUNE, 1965
CHRONOLOGY
DATE

EVENT OR DOCUMENT

DESCRIPTION

6 Jan 1965

William Bundy Memo randmn for Rusk

Taking note of the continued political deterioration in SVN, B1L~dy concludes that, E:ven though it will get
vTorse, the US should probably proceed vri th Phase II of t he December
pressures plan, the escalating air
strikes against the North.

8 Jan 1965

2,000 Korean troops
arr i ve in SVN

South Korea sends 2,000 military
advisors to SVN , the first such nonUS support.

27 Jan 1965

Huong Government
ousted

General Khanh ousts the civilian
government headed by Huong and
assmnes puwer s of government himself.

McNaughton Memorandmn
for Secretary of
Defense

McNaughton is as pessimistic as
William Bundy about prospects in the
South. He feels the US should evacuate depende~ts and res pond promptly
at the ne~d, :;,'eprisal opportunity.
McNamara's penc illed notes reveal
more optimism about the results of
air strikes t han McNaughton.

28 Jan 1965

JCSmessage 4244 to
CINCPAC

A resumption of the DESOTO Patrols
on or about 3 February is authorized.

29 Jan 1965

JCSl1-70-65

The JCS urge again that a strong
reprisal action be taken immediately
after the next DRV/VC provocation.
In particular, they propose targets
and readiness to strike should the
forthcomin& resmnption of t he DESOTO
Patrols be challenged.

4 Feb 1965

CJCS m~ssage 4612 to
CINCPAC

In view of Kosygin's impending visit
to Hanoi, authority for the DESOTO
Patrol is cancelled.

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DATE

EVENT OR DOCm~~

DESCRIPTION

4 Feb 1965

SNIE 53-65 IIShort
Tel1U Prospects in
South Vietnam ll

The intelligence cow~unity does not
see the conditions of polit i cal instability in SVN improvi ng in the
months ahead . The political base
for counterinsurgency "<ill reIllain
weak .

6 Feb 1965

Kosygin arri ve s in
Hanoi

Soviet Premier Kosygin arr ives in
Hanoi for a state visit that will
deepen Soviet commitment to the DRV,
and eA~and Soviet economic and military ass istance.

7 Feb 1965

VC att ack US base at
Pleiku

Well- coor dinated VC attacks ~i t the
US advi sors ' barracks at Pleiku and
the helicopter bas e at Camp Holloway.

President decides to
reta liate

The NSC is convened in the evening
(6 Feb . Vlashington time) and with
. the recommendat ion of McGeorge Bundy,
Ambassador Taylor and General Westmoreland fr om Sajgon, decides on a
repris al strike against t he North in
spite of Kosygin's presence in Hanoi.

McGeorge Bundy Memorandum to the
PreSident: liThe
Situation in South
Vietnamlt

Completing a fact-gathering trip to
SVN on the very day of the Pleiku
att ack, Bundy acknowledges the bad
. state of the GVN both politically
and militarily, but nevertheless
recommends that the US adopt a policy
of IIsust ailled reprisal lt against the
North and t hat we evacuate US dependents from Saigon. The reprisal
policy should begin from specific VC
att acks but gradually esc alate into
sust ained att acks as a form of pressure on the DRV to end its support
of the VC and/or come to terms with
the US.

FLAMnm DART I

49 us Navy jets conduct the first

(Continued)

8 Feb 1965

FLA1\UNG D.ART reprisal· -attack on the
Dong Hoi ar~y barracks; a scheduled
VNAF attack is cancelled because of
bad weather.

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DESCRIPTION

9 Feb 1965

VNAF strikes Horth

The previously aborted VNAF strike
is carried out again st the Vu Con
Barracks vlith US aircraft flying
cover.

Embassy Saigon
message 2445

Taylor cables hi s support of the
McGeorge Bundy proposal but lays his
str ess on the· sustained air campaign
as a means of pressuring the DRV to
"cease it s intervention," r ather t han
a s a me~DS of strengthening the
allied posit i on in the South.

10 Feb 1965

VC attack US billet
in Qui Nhon

In an act of defiance , t he VC bomb
a US enlisted men ts billet in Qui
Nhon , killing 23 Amer icans .

11 Feb 1965

FIJI.MING DART II

Hit hin 24 hours of t he VC att ack ,
the US r etali ates in an a ir attack
on thE Chap Le and Chanh Hoa Army
Barracks . The att ack is not linked
specific ally by the \'Jhit e Hous e to
Qui Nhon but to a li st of VC incidents.

12 Feb 1965

Embas sy Saigon
mess age 2495

Taylor outlines tough terms for any
end to t he bombing. The DRV must
cease it s i ntervention, the VC end
the insurgency, both return to the
1954 and 1962 accords.

JCSM-IOO-65

Responding to a McNamara request and
within his limitations, t he JCS
recommend an 8-week air campaign
against the Hort h confined mostly to
panhandle t argets and with targets
to be att acked in the order of as cending risk. General McConnell did not
feel the proposal was adequate. To
carry out the program, additional
deployments are re quested.

Embassy Saigon
message 2536

Taylor further spells out his ttgradu_
ated repris . . .l tt concept, giving as its
objectives in the order of their
importance: (1) to affect the will of
Hanoi; (2) to bolster GVN morale; and
(3) to phys ically damage the DRV and
thereby reduce its ability to support
the VC.
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. I

(Text continues in the original file: 186 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-4 — [Part IV. C. 3.] Evolution of the War. ROLLING THUNDER Program Begins: January - June 1965

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-4
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-4
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Rolling Thunder's paperwork started before the thunder even rolled.

- Declassified 2011 PDF report, NWD, NARA, titled Part IV.C.3., Jan‑Jun 1965.
- Details Marine Corps deployment to Da Nang March 1965, citing airstrike security concerns and policy debates.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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UNITED STATES VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945- 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
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0295
Seo Def Cont Mo. K-

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MA...R.lNE Cm-mAT UNITS GO TO DA NAll'G -- MARCH 1965
SUMMARY
On March 8, 1965, t ,TO United States Marine Corps Battalion Landing
Teams arrived at Da Hang with the Mission to help secure the air base
and associated installations. What was the rationale behind the decision
to put the first U.S. ground combat units into Vietnam? Was this a
conscious prelude to U.S. assumption of a ground combat role in the
Vietnam war?
On February 22, 1965, CONUSMACV, Gene ral \'Jestmoreland, recommended
the landing and the mission. The United States at the time was already
conducting Fl81ning Dart airstrikes against the DRV. Since Da Fang i.Yas
supporting those strikes in addition to concomitant air activity within
SVlT , there was concern in many quarters that Da Nang might suffer the
same fate as had Bien Hoa the previous November. Ambassador Taylor
supported He stmore l and 's request for the Marines, but with serious reservations. He saw this deployment as the removal of the last barrier to
U. S. assu..mption of the ground ,-rar. In addition, he argued tha t tl~O Marine
BLTs ,wuld not be able to guarantee base security and that '\Thite-face d!!
troops 1,.;ould be unable to assimilate and "Tould have great difficulty
identifying the enemy. ~
There is no documentary evidence to indic ate
that any of the other decision-making principals shared Ambassador Taylo~'s
reservations.
Approval to send the Marines, contingent on GvrJ concurrence, came
on February 26, 1965, and, except for an abortive attempt by the Defense
Department to substitute AImy airborne troops for the Marines at the
last minute, all progressed smoothly through the landing of the Marines
and the preparation of their defensive positions.
Estimates of the political/military situation in SVN in early 1965,
both from the official view-point and from other observers, "Tere universally gloomy. No one foresaw ultimate US/GVN victory "rithout reversal
of the then-current trend. The GVN was seen to be "Tell on its ..yay to
complete collapse. The most optimistic estimate vTaS that the VC would
take over "Ti thin a year.
Prior to the request for Marines, the principal advisors to the
President had, fDr some time, been de~ at ing possible U.S. courses of
actio'n in SVN. The possible use of ground forces for security and as
deterrent or reaction forces against possible DRV/CPR ground action in
SEA \Vas included in these discuss ions, aJld indeed both CIECPAC and
COz.,fLJSVlACV had prepared detailed contingency plans in expect a tion of a
decision to so employ groll..l1d forces. HO~'leve r, no plan to engage U.S.
ground forces in offens ive action against the Viet Cong had been considered. From the documentary recDrd, it appears that the U.S. offensive

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role 1-TaS to be limited to airpower. On February 7,1965, for example,
McGeorge Bundy sent to the President a memorandum which outlined the
policy of gradua.ted reprisal airstrikes against the DRV. There is no
reference in that memorandum to the use of ground troops i n SVN, despite
the fact that H "ras a major document outlinir.g vlhat i"as to become U.S.
strategy •
. vThile it appears as though all the principals in the decisionmaking process, inc luding Ambassador Taylor and CINCPAC, chose to vie1-r
the Narine deployment as an isolated phenomenon rather than as part of
a sequence, there is evidence to indicate that COHUSMACV sai" it as the
first step presaging a U.S . ground force build-up in SEA. A fair proportion of the newspa.per ,,{riters at the time i'Tere equally prescient.
Regardless of Hhat "Tas said or believed at the time the Marines
were landed, it was obvious to them from the outset that they had
neither the cap ability nor the flexibility to adequately secure the
airbase at Da Nang , and they believed that the restrictions placed on
them 1-Tere ill-considered.

~/

Back in August 1964, when he \Vas less well - acquainted with the
Vietnamese 'war and the proclivities of the side \Ve vrere supporting,
Ambassador Taylor 1-ras more readily inclined to recommend prudent
actions involving the deployment of U. S. ground forces to Vietnam.
He is on record in Embtel 465 of 18 August 196L~, as being in favor
of trtaking such visible measures a.s introd.ucing U. S. HA,\VK units to
Da Nang and Saigon, [anrJ:.7 l and ing a Marine Force at Da Nang for
defense of the airfield and beefing up MACV t s support base .... tI
There is no agonizing over "white-faced" soldiers and their diffi culties in Embtel 465. The cable contains the discussion of hro
specific courses of action, l abeled appropriately A and B, aimed at
increasing the pressure on North Vietnam through the use of American
air and naval pOi-rer primarily. Course of Action A presumed that the
government of General Ng'_wen Khanh iwuld respond to the input of
increased ft~eric~n aSSistance, get itself organized and make enough
military progress to "free Saigon from the VC threat i·[hich presently
rings it and assure that sufficient Gvl~ ground forces will be avail~
able to provide. a reasonable measure of defense against any DRV
ground reaction ,{hich may develop in the execution of our program
and thus avoid the possible requirement for a major U.S. ground
force commitrrent ." Course of Action B was based upon the inability
of Khanh government to overcome its difficulties or make any signific antmilitary progress in the South . Course of Action B presumed that the U. S. iwuld go ahead vTi th its program to increase
pressure on the DRV nohTithstanding; "however, it increases the
likelihood of U.S. involvement in ground action, since ~hanh will

•
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have almost no available ground forces vrhich can be released £'rom pacification employment to mobile resistance of DRV attacks."
In anticipation of having to proceed with Course of Act ion B, Taylor
recommended "raising the level of precautionary military readiness" by
deploying forces as described above . He did not address the involvement
of-U.S. ground forces in the war against the insurgents in the South,
but rather was concerned with the possibility of provoked DRV aggression
from the North, and the necessity to counter i t if it occurred.

,

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DECISION STUDY: MARINE COMRAT UNITS GO TO DA NANG: MARCH 1965
Table of Contents and Outline
Page
SUMMARY.... i
CHRONOLOGY...... vi
I. INTRODUCTION....... 1
Two USMC BIT's land at Da Nang on 8 March l965 with
the mission to secure the Da Nang Air Base and
associated installations.
II. THE DECISION..... 2
A. COMUSMACV's Request..... 2
l. After a visit to Da Nang, General Throckmorton
recommends U.S. troops for its protection.
2. General Westmoreland requests through CINCPAC
the landing of a MEB(-) at Da Nang.
B. The Ambassador's Opinion...... 2
1. Ambassador Taylor reluctantly supports the landing
of one Marine BIT at Da Nang for security. I
2. Taylor raises serious objections to further U.S.
troop commitment and predicts the opening of the
floodgates.
C. CINCPAC's Support....... 4
1. Admiral Sharp urges earliest possible deployment
of the Marines.
2. Sharp addresses some of the Ambassador's objections
to U.S. troop commitment but does not mention the
floodgate prediction.
D. Contingent Approval..... 5
1. The Ambassador is advised that the Marines will
land if the GVN approves.
2. Taylor discusses his approach to the GVN leaders
and then secures their'approval.
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E. Eleventh Hour Change........ 6
1. Assistant Secretary of Defense McNaughton pro-
poses that the l73rd Airborne Brigade from
Okinawa be deployed to Da Nang instead of the
Marines.
2. Objections to that idea are immediately advanced
by MACV, the Embassy, and by CINCPAC.
F. Final Approval.... 8
l. The Department of Defense tells the press about
the Marine landings as the JCS order them ashore.
2. A day later Secretary of State Rusk elaborates on
the Marines' mission over nationwide radio and TV.
III. THE SITUATION...... ........ 10
A. Da Nang Local..... ……………. 10
VC reported capabilities describe something like
a state of seige in the Da Nang environs.
B. GVN Instability.... .....10
The GVN.in early 1965 is rapidly deteriorating.
I
C. Enemy Capabilities..... ..... 11
The VC are poised in early l965 to launch a con-
certed campaign designed to cut,SVN in two.
D. Contemporary Accounts.......... ........ 12
Newsmen and other writers see early l965 as a
time of dramatic decision.
IV. THE DECISION PROCESS.....
A. Proposals for Actions Before the National Security
1. Ground forces are mentioned as collaterals for
security of bases supporting air activity and
as deterrents.
2. No proposal seriously posits U.S. ground combat
action against the Viet Cong.
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B. The Focus of the Joint Chiefs of Staff....
l. The Chiefs gear up to propose ground troop
deployments.
2. Chief of Staff of the Army Johnson returns
from Saigon ready to support ground force
deployments
C. Attitudes West of CoNuS......
1. CINCPAC and COMUSMACV prepare for the imple-
mentation of contingency plans requiring ground
troops in Southeast Asia.
2. CINCPAC continues to rely on airpower to stem
the tide.
3. Both the Ambassador and General Westmoreland
view the Marine deployments as a beginning with
the former very pessimistic about the outcome.
V. EXPECTATIONS... 19
While the Ambassador and General Westmoreland
both expect the Marines to presage further U.S.
troop commitment and CINCPAC continues to align
contingency plans while emphasizing airpower, it
seems that everyone involved in Washington, with
the possible exception of the Army Chief of Staff,
sees the Marines as a one-time shot to meet a
specific and limited need.
VI. ANALYSIS........ 20
The landing of the two Marine BLT's at Da Nang
is compatible with a variety of rationales, some
of which were offered at the time.
VII. FOOTNOTES.... 22
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DATE

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18 Aug 64

EMBTEL 465

In a discussion of proposed U.S. air and
naval action to LDcrease pressure on
North Vi anam, Taylor told State that as
a hedge against the failure of the GVN
to do its part, the U.S. "should raise
the level of precautionary military
readiness (if not already done) by taking such visible measures as introducing U.S. Hawk units to Da Nang and
Saigon, Jan~ landing a Marine force
at Da Nang for defense of the airfield
and beefing up }IJACV I S support base •.•• "

1 Oct 64

SNIE

The National Intelligence Board expected
the political situation in South Vietnam
to continue to decay, the war effort
gradually peter out and the Vietcong
to seek a neutralist coalition vlhich
they could easily dominate. T'110 latent
strengths of the GVN were cited: the
. endurance of the people and the ability
of' administrators to carry out routine
tasks without guidance from Saigon.

3 Nov 64

William Bundy
Memorandum for
the NSC Horking
Group

Convening a new group on Southeast Asia,
Bundy mentioned three courses of action
open to the U.S. in Vietnam -- none of
which involved the use of U.S. ground
troops except in response to overt
CHICOM/DRV attacks as called for by
CllJCPAC OPLANS 32-64 and 39-65.

13 Nov 64

Draft Memorandum

IHlliam Bundy said he did "not envisage
the introduction of substantial ground
forces into South Vietnam or Thailand
in conjunction with these initial
actions" -- the three courses of action
·then under study. The use of U. S.
ground troops for base security was
not mentioned although sending a multi lateral force to northern SVN was suggested.

23 Nov 64

JCSM 982-64

This first JCS proposal for sending
U.S. ground troops to ~ietna~ sugge sted
Marines go to Da Nang, other gro~~d
troops to Tan Son Nhut Airbase for
se~urity and deterrence .

DESCRIPTION

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DATE

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DESCRIPTION

30 Nov 64

"Alternatives to
A.ir Actions on
North Vietnam"

(State Dept) A proposal to use ground
troops tlin support of diplomacy":
deploy them to prove U.S. resolve, then
launch a major diplomatic offensive.
This paper was considered by the NSC
Working Group, but went no further.

1 Dec 64

Presidential
Decision

President Johnson approved the recommendation of Ambassador Taylor and NSC
principals to implement the Working
Group's "Course of Action A"; after
about a month and after GVN progress in
certain areas, Course C -- a program
Il pr incipally of progressively more
serious air strikes" against fNN would
be initiated. Again, ground troop
commitment was not discussed.

1 Jan 65

OPLAN 32-64

The tlalerttl or first phase of the plan
·in effect. (MACV Command History shows
pl~nning had begun for the dispatch of
U.S. ground troops into South Vietnam in
connection with this and other contingency plans.)

Jan and Feb

MAGV Monthly
Evaluation
Reports; CIA
Situation
Reports

General Westmoreland said recently
initiated "Flaming Dart" air campaign
against the North was beneficial for
morale in ' South Vietnam. He called G~~
social and political institutions
"remarkably intact" despite the "disintegrating blows" of political upheaval.
(Huong's government fell in January;
Premier Quat's regime was shaky.) But
enemy gains continued. The Viet Cong
. struck Pleiku and other bases in early
February; 12 battalions (6000 men ) had '
reportedly moved into the I Corps.
Westmorel~~d hoped air attacks in North
and South Vietnam "Tould be enough to
reverse the trend.

1965

CIA assessments were more pessimistic.
In February Binh Dinh Province was said
to be just about lost to the enemy .
Intelligence indicated the Viet' Cong
might try to take Kontum Province and
sP.li t the GVN through II Corps ' during
the rainy season .
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DATE

7 Feb 65

EVENT OR
DOCUMEl'-IT

DESCRIPTION

McGeorge Bundy
1-1-=morandum for
the President

Bundy felt the GVN would collapse by
1966 witlout substantially more U.S.
help and action. To avert collapse
and to counter latent anti-Americanism
and the grm'ling feeling among Vietnamese that U.S. was going to quit,
Bundy recommended a policy of graduated, continuing air strikes against
North Vietnam. He did not mention a
base security problem; he did not
suggest deployment of U.S. ground
troops -- then or in the future.
(This document
and the absence of
others -- supports the interpretation
that the forthcoming Marine deployment
to Da Nang was intended as a one-shot
response to a particularly serious
security problem, not as the first in
'a planned series of U.S. troop commitments . )

7 Feb 65

McNamara Nelvs
Conference

The Secretary announced elements of a
USMC R~~K missile battalion would be
deployed to Da Nang to improve security
against air attack.

. 11 Feb 65

JCSM 100-65

A proposal for the first eight weeks of
military action against North Vietnam.
As expected, air strikes Ivere paramount
but the JCS recommended collateral deployment of a Marine Expeditionary
Brigade ( ~ffiB ) to Da Nang and an Army
, brigade to Thailand -- not for counterinsurgency duties but to deter overt
DRV/CHICOM retaliation to the air
.strikes, to improve U.S. ability to
respond if retaliatory attacks were
launched.

S"UE

A nev! infred ient in the still critical
situation in South Vietnam was to be
the inauguration of the Rolling ThQDder
air campaign. This evaluation showed
Viet Cong attacks against U.S. pases
would probably . continue at about their
present level of intensity despite increased air action against North Vietnam.

18 Feb 65

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DESCRIPTION

22 Feb 65

M.A.CV Msg to
C':NCPAC
220743Z

General Throckmorton, Deputy COMUSMACV,
visited D~ Nang, called the situation
grave, and doubted ARVN's ability to
provide adequate security. Throckmorton
recommended that the entire 9th l-1EB be
sent to Da Nang, but General yJestmoreland
cut this to two Battalion Landing Teams
(BLTs) with a third to be held off-shore
in reserve. The troops were to assist
GVN forces in guarding Da Nang against
enemy ground attacks.

22 Feb 65

EMBTEL 2699

Ambassador Taylor voiced several strong
res ervations to the idea of sending
Marines to Da Nang :
It reversed a long-standing policy of
avoiding commitment of ground combat
forces in SVN. Taylor was sure the
GVN would "seek to unload other ground
force tasks upon us"; he vIaS sure
this deployment would invite requests
for more troops to meet additional and
ultimately defensive offensive requirements.
Tyro BLTs ,vould not release significa...nt
numbers of ARVN for mobile operations
against the Viet Cong; the Marines
would simply be performing static
defense tasks inadequately done by
ARVN in the past.
Anticipating that using U.S. troops
for active operations would grmv more
attractive, Taylor w'arned against it.
The "white-faced" soldier cannot be
assimilated by the population, he
cannot distinguish between friendly
and unfriendly Vietnamese; the Marines
are net armed, trained or equipped for
jungle guerrilla warfare . Taylor
prophesied that the U.S. ~- like France
-- would fail to adapt to such condition •

•

Two BLTs could help but could not make
Da Nang secure. The entire }:LEB might
significantly improve things, but no
force could prevent surprise mortar
attacks, a favorite VC tactic.
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DESCRIPTION
However, because Westmoreland was so
concerned about Da Nang's safety and
because 'laylor felt security vms a
legitimate mission for U. S. troops .
although he objected to it, the Ambassador "\-Tould support MACV' s recommendation for one BLT. He suggested
GVN approval be sought prior to the
Marine deployment.

22 Feb 65

MACV Message
to JCS

Claimed the Marine deployment to Da Nang
would free four Regional Force companies,
one tank platoon and another RF battalion
then being formed for active anti-VC
operations. (The March MACV Evaluation
Report shm<Ted only hTO RF companies had
been released.)

24 Feb 65

CINCPAC Message
to JCS

Recommended immediate deployment of two
BLTS; recommended one squadron of F-4s
be sent to Da Nang for close air support
'of the troops and IIfor other missions
along ><Tith the primary mission. II The
tone was urgent: deploy nOvT IIbefore the
tragedyll of a Viet Cong attack.
CINCPAC disagreed ,with Taylor; called
attention to the Marine Corps' distinguished record in counterinsurgency
operations; claimed U.S. presence would
free ARVN for mobile patrol operations
and make Da Nang a tougher target for
enemy forces.

24 Feb 65

JCSM 130-65

Forwarded and supported CINCPAC's recommendations.

26 Feb 65

DEPl'EL 1840

,Approved the deployment; said the Marines
were on their way and instructed Taylor
to secure GVN approval.

28 Feb 65

IMBl'EL 2789

Taylor al,reed to seek GVN concurrence -GO
the deployment -- and planne~ an approach
designed to stress U.S. reluctance to
deploy any men even temporarily, emphasize the limited mission of the Marines
and discourage GVN hopes for further
commitments . Taylor would open by

e .

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DESCRIPI'Imi
discussing the severe security problem
at Do, Nang and DSG concern about it.
Although he vlished more G\l}\T battalions
could be sent there, Taylor would say
he knew ARV:;:Y troops ~qere chronically
short in I Cory s and he knev; any redeployment Iwuld inpose prohibitive costs
to security in other areas. Thus, he
would s ay "the USG has been driven to
consider a solution "ivhich we have
ahrays rejecte5. in the past: the introduction of D.S. ground combat forces to
reinforce the deI~ense of Da Nang until
GVN forces become available for the
purpose. n

1 Mar 65

CJCS Letter to
SecDef (fonlarding JSOP-70)

2 Mar 65

DOD Tel 6166

ASD(ISA) Hci:aughton cabled Taylor that the
173d Airborne Brigade (then on Okina','ra)
would be deployed to Da Nang i nstead of
the Marines. (This last minute change
may have been l·fr. MCl'Taughton r s attempt to
emphasize the limited, temporary nature
of the U.S. troop deployment and to reduce
the conspicuousness of the U.S. presence ..
Airborne troops carry less equipment and
look less formidable than the l-1arines. 'plus
they have no history of peace-keeping
intervention in foreign wars.)

2 Mar 65

EMBTEL 1954

Taylor and 'Westmoreland -- v7ho argued that
the lviarines were more self-sustaining than
the airburne -- objected to the proposed
substitution of Army airborne for Marine
troops.

3 Mar 65

CDJCPAC Mess age
to JCS 030230Z

CINCPAC strongly objec t ed to 'Mr. McNaughton' :
propos al. It, 'de nied him the only airbor ne
ass ault force in the theater and, more

General Hheeler said the JCS were addressing Southeast Asia force levels separately
because that ,,,as a "specific problem area"
.requiring a "near term and long term
... solution . II This suggests the JCS probably had been considering deployment of
U.S. troops to Vietnam -- perhaps for
active op er ation s -- before the Marine
deployment to Da Nang.

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DESCRIPTION
importantly, completely upset his contingency ~lens for combat operations in
Southeast Asia. CINCPAC said thc.t since
1959 "Then oPLAN - 32 'was approved , the
Marines had been scheduled for deployment to Da Nang; seven CINCPAC and SEATO
contingency plans plus many supporting
plans r e sted on this. All the preparations had been made for the landing of
the BLTs -- and some forces \Vere alree,dy
embarked. CINCPAC concluded : "The
situation in Southeast Asia has nm-r
re ached a po i nt ,'There the soundness of
our contingency planning may be about
to be tested." Some 1300 t'le,rines 'Here
then in Da Nang ; tasking of new forces
had been completed; logistics, corr~uni­
cations, command arrangements had been
s et . It vTould be "imprudent to shift
_'forc es in a ma jor sector and to force
change s in U.S. contingency posture for
other parts of Southeas t Asia. II (The
McNaughton proposal was killed.)

3 Har 65

DEPTEL 1876

State requested Taylor's views on the
possible use of an international force
in Vietnam.

3 Mar 65

EMBTELs 2014
and 3112

Taylor first reported the viev!s of the
Australian envoy to the GVlii on 8, mult ilate:cal force -- v ie',Ts which Taylor
supported . It would heighten Vietname se
xenophobi a ; it might cause the GVN to .
'I shuck off gre ater responsibility onto
the USG." In his second message Taylqr
said he had no ide a ',That the GVl{ attitud.e
. tOvrard a MLF might be, said many problems
\'Tere involved ',Thich had yet to be faced.
(The ~lliF was just a concept at the time
-- but Taylor readily looked beyond immediate t'ictical needs to the long-term
ramifications of such a move just as he
had. in evaluating the proposal to deploy
Narines to Da Nang .)

4 I·far 65

JCSf-i 100-65

The proposal for an eight-.:reek a ir strike
program (and possible deplo;lment of some
grpund troops) Ivas resubmitted to the
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DESCRIPl'I0::'T
Secretary. Again , the use of U.S . troops
for active anti - insurgent operations was
not mentioned .

5 Mar 65

CI~CPAC Eyes Only
Message to 'Ivheeler

This said the 9th ~ffiB was needed as soon
as possible for base security, to boost
the GVN 'war against the Viet Cong, to
provide insurance in case the GVN vJaS
unable to resist collapse in the critical
Da Nang area I'There so much viaS already
committed . CII~CPAC said the "single most
importa.l1t thing He can do quickly to improve the security situation in South
Vietnam is to make full use of our air
pOHer. I I

6 Mar 65

OSD(PA) News
Release

Announced hvo USMC Battalion Landing Teams
- - 3500 men -- '{Tere being deployed to
Vietnam on a limited mission : to provide
' base security and relieve GVN forces for
pacification and offensive operations
against the Viet Cong o

6 Mar 65

JCS Message to
CINCPAC

Ordered the BLTs to commence landing .

7 Mar 65

Statement by
Secretary of State
to National TV
Audience

Secretary Rusk said the Marines vTould
shoot back if shot 'at , but their mission
vJaS to put a tight security ring around
Da Nang -- not to kill Vi et Congo

11 Mar 65

"Estimate of the
Situation in SVN"
Saigon Airgram to
State

The Mission COQl1cil reported insurgency
would grOyi Ql1less " ••• J'Il'"VN support is, '
checked, GVN military and paramilitary
resources increased, pacifi cation goa~s
and concepts refi ned, administrative "
efficiency improved and an adequate
political- psychological base created .•••
Only U. S. resources can provide the
pressures on ~Im necessary to check
Hanoi's support although some measure
of GVN armed forces participation will
be required for psychologi cal re a sons;
the other measures and urograms required
to stem the tide ••. are largely internal
to SVN but eve:n here success "rill require
a marked increase in U. S. support and
participation . "

..

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DATE

14 Mar 65

EVENT OR
DOCilllENT
General Harold
J ::>hnson ' s "Report
on Trip to South
Vi etnam"

,

DESCRIPTION
Gener al Johnson, in SVN from 5-12 March ,
was as DLpressed by the gravity of the
situat ion -- parti cularly in I Corps -as were Sai gon officia ls. He submitted
sever al proposals -- including deployment of additional U. S. ground troops
-- for attaining U. S. objectives (persuade NVN to abandon support and direction
of the ins urgency, defeat the insur gents,
create a stable GVN) . He said more U.S.
action was necessary becau se '\ihat the
s ituation requires may exceed l\That the
Vi etne.mese can be expected to do ."
To r elease ~~VN for offensive action ,
General Johnson proposed sending a U.S.
division either to the Bien Hoa/Tan Son
Nhut area plus some coastal enclaves or
to Kontum , Pleiku and Darlac Provinces
in the highlands . Both Gener a l Johnson
and NI . McNamara preferred the second
alte rnative -- but McNamara found neither
efficient in terms of ARVN released per
. U.S. i nput and he also favored a ROK
division rather than U.S. troops.
General Jon~son recommended the SEATO
Treaty b e i nvoked and a four - division
MLF be deployed across the DMZ "from
the South China Sea to the Mekong River"
to cou.nter infiltration ..
Finall y he s a id to evaluate MACV 's requests properl y a poli cy decis ion "must
be made . nOVl to determine "That the
Vietnamese should be expected to do for
themselves and hOl'l much more the U.S.
must contribute directly to the security
of South Vietnam." Mr. McNa.mara noted
in the margin : "Policy is: anything that
'tlill str engthen the position of the GVl f
>\T ill be sent .•.. "

20 Har 65

..

JCSM 204-65

The JCS proposed that V. S. troops be
dep loyed to South Vietnam for active
operations against the Viet Cong o

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DATE

EVENT OR
DOCUMENT

DESCRIPI'ION

27 Mar 65

MACV Me ssage
t) CINCPAC

Westmoreland submitted his estimate of
the situa~ion and his request for U.S.
troops for offensive action against the
Viet Congo Preparation of both e stimate
and troop input recommendation had begun
on 13 March (five days after the Marines
arrived; one day after General Johnson
completed his trip ).

6 Apr 65

NSAM 328

President JO~Dson appr oved General
Johnson ' s specific proposals for more
U.S. action. ' This meant more U. S. i nvolvement in terms of money, shi ps ,
aircraft, materiel and advisors, but
deploJ'1Ilent of ground combat units of
division size vTa s not approved at this
time (2 additional Marine BLTs were
approved) .

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,
I.

Introduction
MARINE COMBAT UNITS GO TO DA NANG -- MARCH 1965

At approximately nine oiclock on the morning of e March 1965, the
United States Marine Corps' Battalion Landing Team 3/9 splashed ashore

(Text continues in the original file: 53 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-5 — [Part IV. C. 4.] Evolution of the War. Marine Combat Units Go to DaNang, March 1965

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-5
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-5
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

In 2011 they finally mailed the 1965 memo—snail mail beats a helicopter.

- PDF by NARA, titled Evolution of the War, written by NWD, dated 2011, about DaNang March 1965
- Reports deploying 44 battalions, strategic shift to aggressive search‑and‑destroy, factors like Quat fall and RVNAF limits
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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UNITED STATES VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 5.1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET ±13
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See Der Cont Mr. X-_..

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IV. C.

6.
PHASE I IN THE BUILD-UP OF U.S. FORCES, THE DEBATE
MARCH - JULy 1965
SUMMARy AND .ANALYSIS

The U.S. decision to deploy 44 US/FW battalions to Vietnam was the
product of a debate over strategy, but more basically, a debate over
objectives. Once the consensus developed that the U.S. would neither
opt out of the conflict nor settle for a stalemate, 44 BLT' s made more
sense than 17 BLT's (agreed to at Honolulu in April) or fewer. When it
emerged that the U.S. objective was to defeat the VC/NVA on the ground
in order to assure an "independent, non-connnunist South Vietnam," an
aggressive search and destroy strategy had to prevail over the more
experimental and cautionary enclave approach.
The decision was made swiftly and in an atmosphere of crisis. After
almost three months of euphoria (RVNAF was hQlding together and the Saigon
government was stable), four factors converged in late May and early June
to set the decision full speed in motion: (1) Rolling Thunder was recognized in itself as insufficient to cQnvince Hanoi to negotiate; (2) on
12 June, the Quat government fell, and all the nightmares about no Saigon
political authority reappeared; (3) the Viet Cong, it was supposed, vlaS
about to launch an all-out offensive, cut the country in two, and establish an alternate government-in-country; and (4) RVNAF, faced with an
unfavorable force ratio, quickly demonstrated that it could not cope.
The major participants in the decision knew the choices and understood the consequences. Th~ strategy of ba~e security for the air war
against North Vietnam and the strategy of coastal enclaves were rejected
with the knmvledge that a quick solution was no longer possible. Unlike ·
the sending of Marines to Da Nang, the 44 BLT decision was perceived as
a threshold - - entrance into Asia..l1. land vrar. The conflict was seen to
be long, with further U.S. deploylUents to follow. The choice at that
time was not whether or not to negotiate, it was not whether to hold on
for a vrhile or let go -- the choice was viewed as wInning or losing ,.
South Vietnam. Should negotiations come, should North Vietnam or the
Viet Cong elect to settle before this victory, the U.S. would then be
in a position of strength.

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I.

Evolution of the Situation

In the history of the Vietnam War, the Year 1965 is notable for
momentous and fcteful U.S. decisions. In Feb.:'uary, after a dramatic
increase in activity initiated by the Viet Cong, the United States
responded by increasing its own level of commitment to the Republic of
Vietnam. For the first time, U.S. jet aircraft were authorized to
support the RVNAF in ground operations in the South without restriction.
In immediate retaliation for guerrilla raids . on U.S. installations in
the South, U.S. aircraft also began bombing targets in the southern
reaches of North Vietnam. In early March, the latter program evolved
into Rolling Thunder, the sustained bombing of the North. Also, during
March, two U.S. Marine battalions were landed at Da Nang on the coast
of Central Vietnam. The airbase at Da Nang was a major supporter of
the Roiling Thunder bombing, and the mission of the Marines "Tas to
strengthen its defenses. Those troops represented the first U.S. ground
combat commitment to the Asian mainland since Korea.
While the pace of military activity in 1965 was on the rise, the
political situation in South Vietnam remained as unpredictable as it had
been throughout the previous year. A very confusing series of events in
the middle of February culminated in the departure from Vietnam of the
volatile General Nguyen Khanh. Left in his stead were two civilians,
Prime Minister Phan Huy Quat and Chief of State Phan Khac Suu.
The rate of ground combat activity dropped off in March and remained
1010[ for the next month and a half. The Viet Cong eased the pressure on
the GVN considerably and yielded the initiative to the government armed
forces. The performance of the RVNAF, whose effectiveness was called
into question with the deployment of U.S. troops to look after major
bases, began to improve according to the statistical indicators used to
measure the progress of the war . ~menever the RVNAF succeeded in locating and fixing the Viet Cong, the government troops and their officers
seemed to demonstrate more offensive spirit and willingness to engage.
Parallel to hopeful signs on the military side, Premier Quat, a
quietly determined man, shm. . ed promise that for the first time the
Vietnamese might be close to solving their frustrating political problems. Under Quat, the progressive deterioration in governmental
stability seemed at long last to have halted.
The reaction of the U.S. co~munity to the period of quiescence in
the spring of 1~65 "as mixed . Pessimistic prc:dictions in March as to
the capability of the RVNAF to ',vithstand the next wave of Viet Cong
offensive activity were off set by convictions tha.t ongoing U. S. aid
programs were adequate to meet the situation provided the GVN resolved
its internal contradictions and devoted its energies to the war .

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Expressions of cautious optimism, and of conviction that radical changes
to U.S. strategy were unwarranted -- Ambassador Taylor's notable among
them -- continued to reach Washington from Saigon through April and May.
Among the less sanguine, even General Westmoreland expressed hope that
perhaps, with the aid of increased U.S. air activity and signs of greate+
RVNAF resolve, a corner had indeed been turned. In the absence of dramatic action in Vietnam, most observers were prepared to wait and see
what was to transpire when the military hiatus ended.
The drop in activity during the spring of 1965 was not unprecedented. The Viet Cong had traditionally yielded the initiative to the
more highly mobile RVNAF during the dry season, and they were expected
to reappear "lith the advent of the summer season, or rainy season, in
May and June. The official estimates of the Viet Cong Order of Battle,
including in April confirmed presence in the South of at least one
battalion of the North Vietnamese Army, provided little cause for comfort. Coupled with reports that the Viet Cong were concentrating their
forces in a few critical areas, the estimates of enemy capability were
a sure· indication that the coming summer monsoon in 1965 would provide
a sore test of the RVNAF's ability.
The test began in earnest in Mayas the Viet Cong mounted a
regiment-sized attack on the capital of Phuoc Long Y£ovince. The
enemy scored again with the successful ambush of an ARVN infantry
battalion and its rescue force near Quang Ngai in I Corps later that
month. The Quang Ngai action left two ARVN battalions decimated, and
American officers who had witnessed the battle went away with the distinct impression that the RVNAF were close to collapse. The impression
was confirmed during the battle of Dong Xoai in mid..June. In a textbook
display of tactical ineptitude, battalions of ARVN's finest reserves
were frittered away piecemeal during the fighting. The violence of the
action at Dong Xoai and the level of RVNAF casualties during the second
week of June 1965 were both unprecedented.
As the summer wore on, the focus of the enemy campaign shifted to
the highlands of the II Corps. By early July, Viet Cong successes in
taking remote District Headquarters heralded the expected loss of the
entire highlands area and the possible establishment there of a National
Liberation Front government.
Gen~ral Westmoreland

responded immediately to the marked upsurge
•
reinforcements to spell the RVNAF during their time of trial and to
blunt the Viet Cong offensive by conducting operations throughout the
country against them. The collapse of the Quat government in mid-June
and its succession by an untested military regime further increased
the urgency associated w'ith Westmoreland's request. The debate in U.S.
official circles over the extent of American involvement in the ,'rar
a debate which had follmled a devious course all through the spring of
1965 -- moved onto a higher plane at this juncture.'
in Viet Cong activity by requesting in June U.S. and Third Country

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II.

Themes Germane to the Strategy Debate

Official hopes were high that the Rolling Thunder program begun in
March would rapiJly convince Hanoi that it sho'lid agree to negotiate a
settlement to the war in the South. After a month of bombing with no
response from the North Vietnamese, optimism began to wane. In the
middle of April it was recognized that in addition to the bombing some
manifestation of the Viet Cong's inability to win in the South was
needed before the Communists would agree to negotiate. By the end of
April, the North Vietnamese showed signs of preparing for a long seige
under the bombing, while they 'Ivaited for what they saw as the inevitable
victory of the Viet Cong in the South. Indeed, the North Vietnamese
proved their intractab ility when they failed to respond meaningfully to
overtures made during a week-long pause in the bombing in May. By June,
· U.S. officials reco gnized that something dramatic was going to have to
be added to the bombing program if the Communists were ever to be persuaded to call off their campaign in the South.
All through early 1965, officials in the U.S. Government debated
the level of effort required of the United States in order to achieve
its objectives in South Vietnam. Generally stated, those objectives
were to insure that the Communist insurgents were defeated in their
efforts to take over the government of South Vietnam and that a stable
and friendly government was maintained in their place. The U.S. embarked on the Rolling Thunder bombing program in order to convince the
North Vietnamese to cease their direction and support of the insurgency
in the South. When the bombing program, which could have been halted
almost as easily as· it was initiated, gave . indication that it was not
going to succeed by itself, the U.S. was presented essentially with two
options: (1) to 'Ivithdra'lv unilaterally from Vietnam leaving the South
Vietnamese to fend for themselves, or (2) to commit ground forces in
pursuit of its objectives. A third option, that of drastically increasing the scope and scale of the bombing, was rejected because of the
concomitant high risk of inviting Chinese intervention.
This paper deals essentially with the decision by the U.S. Government to intervene on the groQDd in South Vietnam. The debate over
ground strategy was characterized by an almost complete lack of consensus throughout the first half of 1965. Proposals for levels of
commitment ranging from a couple of battalions to several divisions were
under consideration simultaneously. For each identifiable strategy -- •
and there are three discussed in this paper -- security, enclave, and
search and destr0y -- there were many proponents, some of them quite
vociferous. The announcements of decisions regarding the ground buildup were invariably couched in terms which gave clear indication to more
aggressive proponents that their turn might yet come.

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The initial steps in 'ground build-up appear to have been grudgingly
taken, indicating that the President of the United States and his advisers recognized the tremendous inertial imp1ications of ground troop
deployments. Halting ground involvement was seen to be a manifestly
greater problem than halting air or naval activity. In addition, the
early build-up may have been permitted some leisure because of the lack
of'immediate urgency in the situation in Vietnam and the necessity to
improve on an inadequate logistical base there.
III.

Strategies for Ground Force Employment

A.

Strategy of Security

The strategy of security arose with the beginning of the bombing programs and was designed simply to increase security of U.S. bases
and installations supporting those programs. It was conceived at a
time when enthusiasm for the bombing programs was high and its proponents
were at pains to insure that U.S. troops did not get involved in the
ground war. All 9 of the U.S. battalions deployed to Vietnam by June
1965 had base security as their primary mission, and 21 of the 44 U.S.
and Third Country battalions deployed by the end of 1965 were so oriented.
In part, however, most of those units were deployed for far more ambitious
reasons. At a maximum, four Marine and possibly two Army battalions
were recommended for deployment solely under the provisions of the
security strategy, and the strategy was a dead letter by the time most
of those deployments had been approved.
I

The strategy of security expired along 'with the early hopes
that Rolling Thunder could succeed by itself. The non-involvement of
the "security troops" in the ground war was designed to keep U.S.
casualties to a minimum and to facilitate withdrawal. By deploying its
own troops to secure bases, the U.S. showed lack of confidence in the
RVNAF, but by keeping U.S. troops out of the fighting it demonstrated
at the same time belief that the RVNAF would be able to hold on until
the other side decided it had had enough. Because of the well-known
shibboleth about U.S. involvement in an Asian ground war and because
of the ponderous nature of ground force deployments, it was inevitable
that some observers would see in the strategy of security the crossing
of a threshold.

B.

Enclave Strategy

The President decided during NSC meetings on 1 and 2 April 1965
to . get U.S. ground combat units involved in the war against the insurgents •

•
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He did this in the sober awareness that Rolling Thunder was unlikely to
produce ilIlmediate results, but also with the caveat that U.S. troops
might not do too well in an Asian insurgency enviroro..ment. The enclave
strategy, which had been presented by Ambassador Taylor as a way to get
U.S. troops engaged at relatively low risk, was implicitly endorsed by
the President. The strategy proposed that U.S. troops occupy coastal
enclaves, accept full responsibility for enclave security, and be prepared to go to the rescue of the RVNAF as far as 50 miles outside the
enclave
Initially, the U.S. was to experiment with four Marine battalions in tw'o coastal enclaves to see if the concept and the rules for
operating with the RVNAF (which were to be worked out with the GVN) were
feasible
0

0

Without the benefit of any experimentation the number of battalions
was increased at Honolulu in mid-April to 17 and the number of enclaves
to 5. The enclave strategy as formalized at Honolulu was designed to
frustrate the Viet Cong in the South while Rolling Thunder continued to
hammer the Northo The intent was not to take the war to the enemy but
rather to deny to him certain 'critical areas while simultaneously providing ready assistance to the RVNAF if they should run into difficulty.
The RVNAF were expected to continue aggressively prosecuting the war
against the enemy's main forces, thereby bearing the brunt of the casualties.
The enclave' strategy was controversial and expectations for it ran
the gamut from extreme optimism to deep pessimism. The Ambassador
expected it to buy some time for the Vietnamese to eventually save
themselves
General Westmoreland and other military men expected it to
guarantee defeat for the U.S. and the RVijAF, who were already demonstrating that they were incapable of defeating the enemy.
0

A masterpiece of ambiguity, the enclave strategy implied a greater
commitment to the war on the part of the U.S., but simultaneously demonstrated in the placing of the troops with their backs to the sea a
desire for rapid and early exit. While purporting to provide the basis
for experimentation with U.S. soldiers in an unfamiliar environment, it
mitigated against the success of the experiments by placing those troops
in close proximity to the Vietnamese people, where the greatest difficulty
would be encounteredo In order to prove the viability of its reserve
reaction foundation, it required testing; but the rules for commitment •
were not worked out until the strategy was already overtru~en by events.
As a consequence of this delay, several opportunities were passed up
when the RVNAF really needed help and U.S. tr~ops were available. The
whole enclave concept implied that the RVNAF would ultimately prevail,
but in any case the Viet Cong could never win as long as certain areas
were denied to them. The enclave strategy tacitly yielded the initiative
to the enemy, but the initiative was not seen as the vital factor. The
key ,,-TaS to be able to outlast the enemy at lowest cost to the United States.

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C.

Search &~d Destroy Strategy

Almost in reaction to the dearth of proposals to seize the initiative from the enemy, General Westmoreland provided consistent pressure
for a free hand to maneuver U.S. and Third Country forces in South
Vietnam. His search and destroy strategy, which was given Presidential
sanction during the summer of 1965, was articulated by both Westmoreland
and the JCS in keeping with sound military principles garnered by men
accustomed to ,.;inning. The bas ic idea behind the strategy was the desire
to take the war to the enemy, denying him freedom of movement anywhere
in the country and taking advantage of the superior firepower and maneuverability of U.S. and Third Country forces to deal him the heaviest
possible blows. In the meantime, the RVNAF, with superior knowledge of
the population and the role of the Viet Cong, would be free to concentrate their efforts in populated areas.
The strategy of search and destroy was given approval at a time when
there was very little hope for results from the Rolling Thunder program.
The bombing became, therefore, an adjunct to the ground strategy as the
war in the South assumed first'priority. Accompanying the strategy was
a subtle change of emphasis -- instead of simply denying the enemy victory and convincing him that he could not win, the thrust became defeating the enemy in the South. This was sanctioned implicitly as the only
way to achieve the U.S. objective of a non-communist South Vietnam. It
was conceivable, of course, that sometime before total defeat the North
Vietnamese and the Viet Cong might decide that they had had enough. In
this event, the 'U.S. could halt its efforts short of complete defeat of
the insurgents and negotiate a settlement to the conflict from a much
stronger position than that offered by ally of the alternate strategies.
The strategy described above with all its implications evolved in
piecemeal fashion during June ~nd July 1965. Westmoreland was first
given authority in June to commit U.S. ground forces anywhere in the
country when, in his judgment, they were needed to strengthen the relative position of the RVNAF. His first major operation with U.S. troops
under the new aegis was on 27 June, and that force made a deep penetration
into the Viet Cong base area of War Zone "D" NW of Saigon. Once the
forces had been liberated from the restrictions of the coastal enclaves;
the next step was to decide hovv much reinforcement was needed in order
to insure that the Viet Cong and their North Vietnamese allies could not
win. , The force decided upon was 44 U.S. and Third Country battalions,
and ,the President approved that number sometime in mid-July. Finally,
the amount of additional force required to seize the initiative from the
enemy and to commence the "win" phase of the sc::.'ategy was the next topic
o~ discussion after the 44 battalions had been approved.
Secretary
McNamara received Westmoreland's first estimate during talks in Saigon,
16 to 20 July 1965. Based on what he knew then of Viet Cong and DRV
intentions and capabilities, Westmoreland asked for 24 additional

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maneuver battalions and a healthy support package. The figure was revised
upward several times later in the year as increased intelligence.revealed
the extent of DRV infiltration and Viet Cong build-up.
Force levels for the search and destroy strategy had no empirical
limits. The amount of force required to defeat the enemy depended entirely on his response to the build-up and his ydllingness to continue the
fight. The 44 battalions seen in mid-summer 1965 as the amount required
to deny victory to the Viet Cong exceeded the amount forecast by the
enclavists to achieve that end for two reasons. First, the enemy had by
the end of June revealed that he 'H as much stronger than had originally
been surmised. Second, the 44 battalions had a dual mission: they were
not only to hold the fort, but yTere also to lay the groundwork for the
subsequent input of forces to implement the next phase of the strategy.
Ambassador Taylor expected the search and destroy strategy and the
force associated with it to accomplish little more than would have been
accomplished by the enclave strategy at less cost. He ,vas convinced that
only the Vietnamese could save their own country, and too aggressive use
of foreign troops might even 1vork against them in that regard. George
Ball of the State Department wrote that there was no assurance no matter
what the U.S. did that it could defeat the enemy on the battlefield or
drive him to the conference table. The larger force associated "rith the
search and destroy strategy signified to Ball no more than acceptance by
the U.S. of a higher cost to ultimately be incurred. The 44 battalion
force seemed to William Bundy of State to be an ultimatum presented to
the DRV which would in all probability trigger some sort of dire response.
Westmoreland expected the 44 battalions and the search and destroy strategy
to hold things together long enough to prepare the way f .o r later input
of greater force. With enough force to seize the initiative from the
Viet Cong sometime in 1966, Westmoreland expected to take the offensive
and, with appropriate additional reinforcaments, to have defeated the
enemy by the end of 1967. Exactly what the President and his Secretary
of Defense expected is not clear, but there are manifold indications that
they were prepared for a long Ivar.
The acceptance of the search and destroy strategy and the eclipse .
of the denial of victory idea associated with the enclave strategy left
the U.S. commitment to Vietnam open-ended. The implications in terms of
manpovrer and money are inescapable. Written allover the search and
destroy strategy was total loss of confidence in the RVNAF and a concomitant willingness on the part of the U.S. to take over the war effort.
U.S •. involvement in an Asian ground war was a reality.
IV.

Caveats

The bulk of this paper is taken up in describing the various proposals put forward by exponents of the strategies. The numerous decision

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points are identified and the expectations of decision-making principals
involved are analyzed. Ancillary reasons for advancing proposals a r e .
identified as such and discussed. The position of each of the principals
is described only as clearly as it emerges from the files of the Secretary
of Defense. Thus; the JCS are treated as a monolith, although it is
common knowledge that there is always considerable dissension and debate
amongst the Chiefs themselves. While they might have been unanimous in
their recognition that U.S. bases needed securing, the Chiefs did not
see eye to eye during ensuing debates over enclave or search and destroy.
The Chief of Staff of the Air Force and the Commandant of the Marine
Corps were known proponents of the enclave concept, but the Chairman of
the JCS and the Chief of Staff of the Army were equally determined to
see the deployment of several divisions of troops for unlimited combat
operations. The record of their debate, interesting though it may be,
remains in the JCS files.
Through all of the strategy debate in early 1965 ran a common thread
the concern with possible intervention in the conflict by elements of
the North Vietnamese Army or the Communist Chinese Army or a combination
of both. A variety of CINCPAC contingency plans were in existence at the
time which addressed the problem and called for various deployments, some
of them pre-emptive, to deal vlith it. The JCS consistently mentioned the '
problem as an additional justification for deployments they were advocating, but the National Intelligence Board just as consistently discounted the possibility of such intervention. Covert infiltration of
elements of the North Vietnamese Army, however, was another matter. It
was recognized early in the debate as something to be reckoned with even
though the real extent of the infiltration was not confirmed for some
time. In any case, contingency deployments were not intended to deal
with the latter type of provocation.
-

v.

Issues

In conclusion, it seems clear that the debate over ground ~ommitments .
and accompanying strategy followed closely the course of expectations about
the Rolling Thunder bombing program and the development of the situation
in South Vietnam itself. The strategy of security was eclipsed because
Rolling Thunder was taking too long. The enclave strategy was never
unanimously endorsed and it never got off the ground. It was based on
the assumption that victory could be denied to the enemy in the South
while Rolling Thunder punished him in the North . Eventually, the U.S.
would achieve its objectives because the enemy in frustration would give
up. The whole enclave idea vlaS conceived in a period of relative quiet,
and certainly the experimentation aspect of it pre-supposed a relatively
stable situation. In the heat of the summer monsoon offensive, it became
a moot question whether or not a negative approach like the enclave
strategy could deny victory, and more important, whether or not there
would be an RVNAF left to shore up.

9

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In June, Rolling Thunder and the ground strategy switched places in
the order of priorities as far as achieving U.S. objectives was concerned:
First, a positive strategy for the employment of the forces, the search
and destroy strategy, was approved. Secondly, a force of 44 battalions
was recognized as sufficient to prevent collapse while the stage was being
set for further deployments. 44 battalions was probably about the maximum .the traffic would have borne at that juncture in any case. Final
acceptance of the desirability of inflicting defeat on the enemy rather
than merely denying him victory opened the door to an indeterminate amount
of additional force.
The 44 battalions, or Phase I as they were later called, were supposed to stem the tide of the Viet Cong insurgency and enable the friendly
forces to assume the Offensive. As the GVN did not collapse, it can
reasonably be concluded that they did stem the tide. It is just possible,
however, that rather than stem the tide, they increased it through provocation of greater infiltration from North Vietnam. In any case, it is
debatable whether the allied forces actually did assume the offensive the
following year.
No further proof of the monumental implications of the endorsement
.
44 battalions,
and the "win" concept is required beyond the present state of the war in
. Vietnam. At this 1tlriting, the U.S. has reached the end of the time frame
estimated by General Westmoreiand in 1965 to be required to defeat the
enemy. It has committed 107 battalions of its own forces and a grand
total of 525,000 men. The strategy remains search and destroy, but victory is not yet in sight •
in the summer of 1965 of the search and destroy strategy, the

..
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CHRONOLOGY OF BUILD-UP ACTIVITY

Date 1965

Document
or Event

11 Feb

JCSM 100-65

JCS recommended in conjunction with program for
the 1st eight weeks of air
activity against NVN the
collatoral action of landing one MEB at Da Nang for
security of the air base.

20 Feb

JCSM 121-65

JCS reiterated CINCPAC
recommendation to land MEB
at Da Nang. Presence of
the Marines would serve to
deter VC/DRV action against
the base and "\wuld enhance ·
readiness posture for other
contingencies.

22 Feb

MACV 220743Z

. Westmoreland recommended
landing of 2/3 of MEB to
secure base and installa, tions at Da Nang.

22 Feb

:Elnbtel 2699

Taylor concurred in MACV's
request to the extent of

(Text continues in the original file: 148 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-6-a — [Part IV. C. 5.] Evolution of the War. Phase I in the Build-up of U.S. Forces: March - July 1965

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-6-a
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-6-a
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 declassifies 1965, because paperwork moves slower than troops.

- Part IV.C.5. Evolution of the War, PDF, NARA, declassified 2011, covers March‑July 1965 U.S. forces buildup
- Reports memorandums, recommendations, and planning for additional battalions, citing Bundy, McNamara, Westmoreland
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 1

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IV.C Evo lution of the War (26 Vols.)
Direct Action: The Johnson Commitments, 1964-1968
(16 Vols.)
6. U.S. Ground Strategy and Force Deployments: 1965-1967
(3 Vols.)
a. Volume I: Phase II, Program 3, Program 4

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3
Iv.c .6

u • S. GROillJD STRATEGY AND FORCE DEPLOYlS1IJ1'S

1965 -- 1967
CHRONOLOGY

18 Jun 65

Memo from McGeorge Bundy
to SecDef

Bundy ~asses on President's des ires
that '\,e find more dramatic and
effective action in South Vietnam ."

1 Jul

65

Draft Memo for the President

SecDef recommends 44 battalions
( 34 u . S.) to Vietnam in next few
months . Says Westmoreland is not
sure about requirements for 1966 .

2 Jul

65

Memo for General
Goodpaster from ASD(ISA)
McNaughton

Secy McNaughton suggests questions
to be addressed by JCS study on
assurance of winning the war .

7 Jul 65

SecDef message to Saigon
072352Z Jul 65

SecDef gi ves lvestmoreland questions
he will want answered on his trip includes probable requirements for
additional forces in 1966.

12 Jul 65

Memo for the Record,
Subj: 63 Battalion Plan

SecDef memorandurn for the record
calls for building up the armed
forces by 63 battalions.

14 Jul 65

Intensification of the
Military Operations in
Vietnam - Concept and
Appraisal

JCS study on concept and appraisal
of assurance of winning goes to
SecDef .

16- 20 Jul 65

SecDef in Saigon, receives West moreland ' s requirements.

17 Jul 65

Message from Secy Vance
to SecDef McNamara
072042Z Jul 65

Vanc e informs McNamara that President has approved 3L~ Battalion Pl an
and will try to push through reserve
call-up.

20 Jul 65

Memo for the President,
Subj : Recommendations
of Additional Deployments to Vietnam

SecDef recornmends 34 u . S . battalions
to SVN in 1965 (Phase I) ,rith pos sible
need for 100,000 additional troops in
1966 (Phase II) .

MACV message 220625Z
Jul 65

Mr\CV recommends 101,712 personnel and
27 battalions for Phase II.

.

22 J1J.l 65

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13 Dec 65

SecDef Multi- Addressee
Memo

SecDef disseminates tables shoving
Phase I lA deployments , bringing
U.S. strength to 75 battalions and
367,800 by December 1966, 393,000
p ersonnel by Jun e 1967 .

16 Dec 65

CINCPAC Letter
Ser : 000473

CINCPAC sends revised requirements
for Phase IIA, desires 75 battalions
and 443,000 by December 1966 .

Jan 66

173rd M.rborne Brigade begins
Operation MARAUDER in Hau Nghia
Province near Cambodia border .

8 Jan 66

173rd Airborne Brigade units and
1st US Infantry Divi sion launch
Operation CR~W i n Hau Nghia and
Binh Tuong Provinces .

1

15 Jan 66

Guidelines for a ssumptions on availability of forc es for SE Asia.
Case 3 assumes availab ility of CONUS
forc es and activations only. Case 2
adds dral'ldoi-Tns from overseas areas .
Case 1 further adds callup of selected
r eserve units and extension of terms
of service .

Memo for SecDef

19 Jan 66

1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division,
b egins Operation VAN BUREN, i n Phu
Yen Province .

24 Jan 66

3rd Brigade , 1st Cavalry, launches
Operation MASHER/~ffiITE WING near
Bong Son i n Binh Dinh Province.

24 Jan 66

Memo for the President

SecDef estimates U.S. strength at
end of 1966 at 75 battalions and
367, 800 troops .

28 Jan ,66

U.S. Mari ne Corps units laUJ1Ch
DOUBLE RAGLE i n Quang Ngai Province .

7-9 Feb 66

Honolulu Conference with Ky and
PreRident Johnson.

12 Feb 66

CINCPAC 3010
Ser: 00055

CINCPAC fori-lards revised version
of r equirements for SE ASia, and
depl oyment plans under the assump tions of Cases , 1, 2) and 3.

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17 Feb 66

SecDef Multi-Addressee
Memo) Subj: SE Asia
Planning Assumptions

21 Feb 66

1 Mar 66

SecDef directs Military Departments
and the JCS to study possible ways
of meeting Case 1 deployment schedule
without calling reserves or extending
tours of duty .
1st Brigade), 101st Airborne Division)
begins Operation HARRISON) in Phu Yen
Province .

JCS reply they cannot meet Case I

JCSM 130-66

deployment schedule without calling
Recommend stretch out
of deployment into 1967 .

up r eserves .

7 Mar 66

1st Brigade) 1st Infantry Division)
and 173d Airborne Division launch
Operation SILVER CITY) a 17- day
search and destroy operation in the
Bien Duong and Long Khanh Provincial
border area.

9 Mar 66

Estimated NVA regiment overwhelms
Ashau Special Forces camp at Thua
Thien Province.

10 Mar 66

SecDef Memo to CJ'CS

SecDef directs planning on the basis
of Case I schedule ,dthout call-up
of reserves or extension of terms
of service .

10 Mar 66

GVN Nat ional Leadership Committee
votes to remove Lt Gen Thi from his
post as I Corps Commander . Demonstrations protesting Thi ' s ouster
signalled the start of long political
turbulence.

19 Mar 66

USMC units lalli1ch Operation TEXAS in
Quang Ngai Province .

4 Apr 66

JCSM 218-66

JCS reply to SecDef giving a program
r eflecting the Services "current
estimate of their capabilities to
pro-ride forces req,uired ... ( 9.nd meet ing) as closely as feasible the program for South Vietnam prescribed"
by the SecDef on 10 March .

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12 Apr 66

SecDef Multi- Addressee
Mew.o) Subj: SE Asia Deployment Plan

SecDef approves Deployment Plan
r ecommended by JCS in JCSM 218-66.

SecDef Memo for CJ CS

SecDef r equests an explanation of
differences between JC SM 218-66 and
the Case I Deployment Plan.

24 Apr 66

Elements of 1st Infantry Division
launch Operation B~4llfGHAM . The
24-search and destroy operation
involving the deepest friendly
penetration in 5 y ears into War Zone
C in Tay Ninh Province.

10 May 66

El emen~ of 3d Brigade) 25th Infantry
Divis ion) l aunch Operation PAUL
REVERE) an 82-day border screening
area control op erat ion in Pleiku
Provinc e .

16 May 66

Elements of 1st Cavalry Division
launch 22 - day~erat i on CRAZY HORSE
in Binh Dinh Province .

2 Jun 66

of 1st Infantry Division begin
Operat ion EL PASO II. 41~ search and
destroy operat ion in Binh Long Provinc e .

2 Jun 66

1st Brigade) 101st Airborne Division)
l aunches Op eration HAWTHORlIJE) a 19- "
s earch and destroy operation in
Kontum Province.

E16~ents

10 Ju..l1 66

ASD (SA) Memo for SecDef)
Subj: Report on Deployment s to SE..A

ASD Enthoven report s t hat a large
number of adjustments to deployment
plan have been proposed by the Army .

13 Jun 66

ASD( SA ) Memo for SecDef)
Subj: Depl oyments to
SE Asia

Enthoven explains major bookkeeping
changes in deployment schedules .

18 J un 66

CINCPAC 3010
Rer: 00025 5

Cll'JCPAC I s CY 66 and CY 67 r~quirements
b ased upon a conc ept \-lhich nm,r emphasizes restricting acc ess to the
l and borders of RVN and i ncreased
efforts i n the highlands and along the
western RVN border . CINCPAC envis ions
a rise to 90 maneuver battalions and
542) 588 personnel by end of CY 67.

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28 Ju..l1 66

President ' s Memo for
SecDef

Requests SecDef and JCS to see if
any more acceleration of deployment
i s possible.

30 Jun 66

ASD(SA) Memo for SecDef,
Subj: SE Asia Deplo~nent
Plan

Revised version of 10 April plan i ndicc..tes acceleration of depl oymen:.
of 2 brigades of the 9th Division to
December 1966, and deployment of
196th Infantry Brigade in August 1966 .

2 Jul 66

SecDef Mult i-Addressee
Memo, Subj : SE Asia
Deployment Plan

Revised 10 April Plan, nOl-T named
"Program #3 ,11 is published .

7 Jul 66

USMC units lalllch Operation HASTINGS,
a 27-day search and destroy operation
against the 324B NVA Division south
of the D.\1Z .

8 Jul 66

JCSM 450-66, Subj :
CINCPAC Calendar Year
Deployments

JCS report that further acceleration
is unlikely .

15 Jul 66

SeeDef Memo for the
President , Subj:
Schedule of Deployments
to South Vietnam

SecDef r eports to the President on
the acceleration achieved since the
beginning of the y ear.

16 Jul 66

Operation DECK HOUSE i n eastern Quang
Tri Province is conducted in support
of HAST INGS .

1 Aug 66

1st Cavalry Division units launch
25-day search and destroy operation,
PAUL REVERE II in Pleiku.

3 Aug 66

SAIGON 2564

Lodge quotes Westmoreland as agreeing
"lith him on urgent desirability of
hitting pacification hard while other
t hings are going '·Tell .

5 Aug 66

JCSM 506-66

JCS forwards CD'JCPAC ' s requirements
for CY 66 and 67. Recommend that
almost all of th~Q be accepted .

5 Aug 66

SecDef Memo to CJCS

SecDef dj.rects JCS to evaluate
CINCPAC ' s r equirements and also I ssue
Papers referred for SecDef by Systems
Analys is.

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8 Aug 66

SAIGON 2934 to
Secy of State

Lodge reports an upsurge of enemy
infiltration thru the DMZ and passes
on Westmoreland ' s KA~~US recommenda tion .

10 Aug 66

MACV 27578

West.moreland passes on his evaluation
of the requirements fon,arded by
CINCPAC . II I cannot justify a reduc tion in requirements submitted . 11

10 Aug 66

SAIGON 3129

Lodge pOints out the need for making
a strong effort nOl, to make sure
Ilthe smell of victoryll is in the air .
He reemphasizes the need for pacifi cation .

SAIGON 3670

Porter in Saigon informs Komer of
anti-inflationary measures and points
out possible problem areas, including
US military piaster budget .

23 Aug 66

CINCPAC sends MACV its draft strategy
for 1966 and 1967 . The proposed
strategy emphas iz es pacification and
nation building .

24 Aug 66

Interagency Roles and
Missions Study Group
Final Report

Roles and Missions Study Group report
points out need for pacification . .
Makes several recommendations to improve pacification effort.

26 Aug 66

MACV 29797

Westmoreland i.n cab le to CINCPAC describ es his conc ept of operations for
the rest of the year. He describes
his strategy during the period 1 May
to 1 November 1966 that of containing
the enemy through offens ive tactical
op erations ; describes his strategy for
1 November 1966 to 1 May 1967 as increas ing momentum of operations in a
general offens ive with maximum practica l support to area and population
security in further support of revolutionary development . He visualizes
that significant numbers of US/ FW
maneuver battalions vill be involved
in pacification . In addition to
emphas izing pacification, Westmoreland
emphas i zes need to fight against enerr~
main forces .

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31 Aug 66

SAIGON 4923

Lodge points out efforts b eing tal~en
in Saigon to emphasize pacification.
He begins to express reservations on
need for more troops .

66

SecDef Memo for CJCS

Sec:Jef asks CJCS to explore carefully
all desirable tradeoffs between piaster funding of GVN and US armed
forces in SVN .

7 Sep 66

JCS 1975 to CINCPAC

JCS informs CINCPAC of Jason Plan for
aerial supported anti-infiltration
barrier .

2 Sep

11 Sep 66

GVN elections .

13 Sep 66

Cite Unknown

CINCPAC comments on anti- infiltration
barrier proposed by Jason study .
Doubts practicality of scheme .

13 Sep 66

MACV 41191 to CINCPAC

Westmoreland discusses build-up in
Quang Tri Province . Requests authority to use B-52 strikes .

13 Sep 66

1st Cavalry Divi.sion launches 40 - day
s earch and destroy Operation THAYER I
in Binh Dinh Province.

14 Sep 66

196th Infantry Brigade begins 72 - day
search and destroy Op eration ATTLEBORO
in Tay Ninh Province, which grmls into
largest operation of war to date .
Other US units involved included all
three brigades of the 1st Infantry
Division, the 2nd Brigade of the 25th
Division, the 3rd Brigade of the 4th
:mfantry Division, and 1 battalion of
the 173rd Airborne Brigade .

15 Sep 66

SAIC-DN 6100

Embassy gives their latest data on
inflation in SVN; forecast a 44 . 1
billion piaster inflat ionary gap in
CY 67 .

16 Sep 66

i lACV 1~1676

Wes '~more land discusses Slam con~e :) t
designed to impede enemy infiltration
thru Laos .

20 Sep 66

M..ACV 8212

Westmoreland conveys his concern Over
enemy forces in sanctuaries to Ailiniral
Sharp ..

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22 Sep 66

CM-1774 -66

Cha i rman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
tells SecDef that piaster costs per
ma'n of US forces are several times
thos e of GVN forces . Rmrever, he does
not see any piaster advantages from
fea s ible exchanges .

23 Sep 66

state 535!~ 1 to Saigon

State calls news of size of infla tionary gap in Saigon ' s 15 September
message very disturb ing .

24 Sep 66

MACV 8371 to Sharp
and vmeeler

We st more l and r evi ews VC/~NA ' s recent
campai gn and assesses t he effectiveness of US campaigns . Does not
mention pacification .

24 Sep 66

JCSM 613 -66

JCS fonrard their final eva luat ion of
C D~CPAC' s 18 J une submission and the
r esults of their evaluation of the
SecDef 's Issue Papers , fr om 5 August.

29 Sep 66

ASD(SA) Memo for SecDef

Enthoven tells SecDef he is r evi ewing JCSM-6l3- 66 and fo:nrards some
ne.v deployment Issue Papers to
Secretary of Defense .

1 Oct 66

SAIGON 7332

Lodge, in a message to Rusk, McNamara
and Komer, sets forth his proposal on
piaster ceilings . Sets a piaster
ceiling of 42 billion on military
spend i ng i n South Vietnam .

2 Oct 66

MACV 43926

MACV recomrnends to CINCPAC and JCS
depl oyment of Caltrop f or operational
t est s ASAP.

5 Oct 66

MACV 4!~378

Westmoreland submits his reclama to
Lodge ' s proposal for a piaster budget
c eiling .

5 Oct 66

ASD(SA) Memo for SecDef

Dr. Enthoven analyzes Lodge 's message
of 1 Oct for SecDef . Points out differences i n spendi ng a ssoc iat ed with
different deployments small relative
to ether uncertainties. Terms Locge's
estimates on holding i nflation dOlm
optimistic.

6 Oct 66

SecDef Memo for CJCS

SecDef fonrards another set of depl oyment Issue Papers to t he Joint Chiefs
of Staff .

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.'
7 Oct 66

Joint Chiefs of Staff forward their
evaluation of world- lvide military
posture and the effects which
deployments to SVN will have upon
same .

JCSM-646-66

10 Oct 66

t he 3rd US Marine Division assumes
control of Operation PRAIRIE in
Quang Tri Province . This is the
first Division- controlled operation
in I CTZ.

14 Oct 66

Draft Presidential
Memo, Trip Report,
Actions Recommended
for Vietnam

SecDef recommends force levels
stabi1ize at 470,000, that US
stabi1ize ROLLING THUNDER, deploy
a barrier and gird itse1f for a long
haul .

14 Oct 66

JCSM-672-66

Joint Chiefs of Staff submit their
comments on SecDef's memorandum for
the President . Do not agree "\-lith
470, OOO-man limitation . Are doubtful
on feasibi1ity of the barrier, reserve judgment unti1 they receive
detai1ed programs being prepared by
CINCPAC.

18 Oct 66

20 Oct 66

Elements of 4th Infantry Division,
25th Infantry Division and 1st Cavalry
Division, launch 74-day Operation
PAUL REVERE IV, in P1eiku Province .
CINCPAC forwards results of the
Honolu1u P1anning Conference . Recommend a build-up to 91 maneuver
battalions and 493,969 personnel
by end of CY 67 . Total strength
after fi1ling out wi1l be 94 battalions and 555,741 personnel .

CINCPAC 3010

Ser: 000438

23 Oct 66

CINCPAC fOri-lards three alternative
deployment plans and their associated
piaster costs.

CINCPAC Ser:

000455
23-25 Oct 66
26 Oct 66

Man.aa Conference
ASD(ISA ) Memo for
SecDef, Subj:
ItMcNaughton in Mani1a lt

x

McNaughton gives his report of conversations with Westmoreland. on force
leve1s and ROLLING TIIDfIDER . Says
Ivestmoreland is thinking of an endCY 67 strength of 480,000.

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4 Nov 66

JCSM 702-66, "Deployment of Forces to Meet
CY 67 Requirements "

Joint Chiefs of Staff fonlB.rd report
of Honolulu Planning Conference·

7 Nov 66

AB 142, Comb ined
Campaign Plan, 1967

~~CV

9 Nov 66

ASD(SA) Memo for SecDef

Enthoven outlines his "Program 4,"
bringing strength to 87 battalions
and 469,000 troops by June 1968 .

11 Nov 66

SecDef Memo for CJCS,
"Deployments to SEA"

SecDef responds to JCS rec o~mendations
in JCSM 702-66, and sets forth guidelines for Program 4 essentially as
recommended by Enthoven .

17 Nov 66

Draft P'.cesidential Memo,
"Recorrunended FY 67 SEA
Supplemental Appropriation"

SecDef sets forth in some detail his
reasoning behind the deployment plan
now called "Program 4."

18 Nov 66

SecDef Memo for Secys
of Military Departments,
C/JCS, Asst Secys of Def

Transmits tables of deployments which
were authorized on 11 November 1966 .

2 Dec 66

JCSM 739-66, "Deployments
to SEA and other PACOM
Areas "

JCS asked direct substitutlon of
units to provide "balanced forces".

9 Dec 66

Memo for CJCS from Sec
Def, Subj: "Deployments
to SRA. and other PACOM
Areas "

Approves direct substitution ivithin 470,000 man ceiling.

22 Dec 66

DCFG memo for SecDef,
Subj: "Plan for Increas ed Anti Infiltration Capability
for SEA"

Established intent 8.nd guidance for
plarming barrier concept.

2 Jan 67

COMUSMACV 00610

MACVs year - end assessment of enemy
situation and strategy.

and, RVNAF JGS set forth campaign
plan for 1967 . Plan emphasizes pacification.

,

8 Jan 67

Operation CEDAR FALLS. Begins longest
operation of WB.r to date in terms of
forces employed·
xi

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.-~

21 Feb 67

Memo from DepSecDef
to Under Sec State,
Subj: "Military Action
Programs for SEA"

FOTIvarded DOD input to analysis of
alternative strategies prepared for
the ~resident. Incorporated various
separate proposals made ' by JCS over
past t'l'lO months.

22 Feb 67

JCSM 97-67, Subj : MACV
Practice Nine Requirements Plan

JCS forwards and coments on MACV
manpO\"er and logistics requirements
to implement barrier plan. Recommends
plan not be approved .

22 Feb 67

CM- 21 34-67, "PRACTICE
NIl\'E Requirements Plan,
dat ed 26 Jan 1967"

CJCS fOTI-Tards his dissent to JCSM
97-67 . Recommends implementation of
plan.

18 Mar 67

COMUSMACV message 09101

MACV analysis of current force requirements submitted to CINCPAC . "Optimum
f orce" of 4-2/3 divisions; "minimum
essential force" of 2-1/3 divisions .

20-21 Mar 67

Gua.m Conference, Bunker, Locke,
Komer j.ntroduced to Vietnamese
leaders.

24 Mar 67

JCS message 59881

Requested CINCPAC/MACV detailed
analysis and justification for additional forces .

28 Mar 67

COMUSMACV 10311

FOTITa.rded MACV detailed justification
and planning calculations to JCS .

7 Apr 67

Task Force OREGON formed, posted to
Quang Ngai Province.

14 Apr 67

JCSM-208-67, Subj:
Marine Corps Reinforc ement of I Corps
Tactical Zone

2 brigades from 9th ~ffiB be
stationed off Vietnamese coast to be
committed "Then required by COMUSMACV,
remainder of MAB placed on 15-day
call jn Okinawa.

20 Apr 67

JCSM-218-67

Forme.lly reported to SecDef the
MACV force requirements.

25-27 Apr 67
1 'May 67

~ropo sed

General Hestmoreland returns to
US, consults with ~resident .
OASD(ISA ) Memo for
SecDef, Subj:
Incr ease of SEA
forc es

Detailed analysis of MACV force request. Recommended against adding
more US combat forces .

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NSAM 362

All pacification efforts placed
under ~{t\CV . Komer named .Deputy
for Pacification to COMUSMACV .

19 May 1967

Draft Memorandmn for
President, Subject:
Future Actions in
Vietnam

ASD( ISA) revieioTs situation in
Vietnam, analyzes alternative mili tary courses of action , argues against
force level increases, proposes
strategy of "slow progress. "

20 May 1967

JCSM 286-67, "Opera tj.ons Against North
VietnaM!'

JGS seriously concerned at the
prospective introduction by the USSR
into NVN of neyT weapons . Proposed
neutralization of Hanoi-Haiphong
complex by attacking all elements of
the i mport system of NVN, "shouldering
out" foreign shipping, mining port .

20 May 1967

JCSM 288-67) "US -Worldwide Military Posture"

JCS recommend selective callup of
reserves so US could more effectively
fulfill worldioTide commitments .

23 May 1967

Memo for CJCS, Subject :
Combat Service Support
Staffing in SVN

SecDef requested JCS to prepare
detailed study analyzing in depth
CSS staffing levels in S\~.

24 May 1967

CM 2278-67, "Alternative
Cours es of Action"

JCS reply to 26 April memo by DepSecDef .
Concluded that (a) force levels recommended in JCSM 218-67 should be deployed ;
( b) a more effective air/naval campaign
against NVN should be conducted as recommended in JCSM 218-67.

29 May 1967

CM 2381-67, Future
Actions in Vietnam

Identif ies certain factual corrections
and annotations in co~ms~~cv 18 March
"minimum essential force" request.

1 June 1967

JCSM 306-67, Draft
Memorandum for the
President on Future
Actions i n Vietn~m

JCS reply to 19 May DPM, expressed
strong objections to basic orientation
as well as specific recowaendations
and objective s. SaH "alarming pattern"
yThich suggested a maj or realignment of
uS obj~ctives and intentions in SEA,
recommended that DPM "not be considered
further . "

2 June 1967

JCSl:.J:- 312-67) Air Operations Against NVN

JCS response to SecDef memo of 20 May.
Concluded that original rec ommendation
of 20 May represented the most effec.tive ,'lay to prosecute a i.r/naval
ca.mpaign age.inst NVN .

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2 June 1967

Note, Ivm. P. Bundy to Mr .
McNaughton

Comme nts on 19 May DPM. Expressed
general agreement ..lith bl:j.sic objectives as stated in DPM, but agreed
with J:;S that DPM displayed a negatj'le
turn to our strategy and commitment
in SVN.

8 June 1967

Memorandwa for Under
SecDef (sic) Vance from
UnderSecState Katzenba ch,
Subject: Preliminary
Comments on DOD Draft
of 19 May .

Comments on 19 May DPM. Recommended
increase of 30,000 men in small increments over 18 months, get GVN more
fully involved and effective, concentrate bombing LOCs in the north.

l2 June 1967

ASD(ISA) frraft Memorandum for the President,
Subject: Alternat ive
Military Actions Against
NVN

Revised DPM incorporated views of
JCS, CIP., State. Opposed JCS
program, recomme nded concentrat.ing
bulk of bombing on infiltration
routes south of 20th parallel, skirted
que stion of ground force increase.

13 June 1967

Memo for CJCS from SecDef, Subj: Increased
Use of Civilians for
US Troop Support (C)

Requested JCS to determine l-lhich
logistical requirements could be met
by increased use of SVN civilians for
US troop support.

5 July 1967

Memo for SecDef from
ASD(SA), subject: Current Estimate of Additional Deployment
Capability

Update of original estimate of what
Army could provide. Approx. 3-2/3
DE could be provided to MACV by
31 Dec 68 without calling reserves.

7-8 July 1967

SecDef inSVN receives MACV justification.

13 July 1967

Memo for Record, Subj:
Fallout from SecDef
Trip to SVN

ASD(ISA) memo for the record indicates decision i n Saigon to increase
forc es to 525,000 limit .

13 July 1967

Memo for SecDef from
Richard C. Steadman,
DASD, Subject : Additioi1al Third Country
Forces for Vietnam

Provided series of letters to Manila
countries ma~ing clear the need for
additional forces.

14 July 1967

Memo for Record } Subj:
SEA Deployments

ASD(SA) outline d the decisions made
in Saigon and directed work priorities
and assignments for OASD(SA) to flesh
out the 525,000 troop limit.

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20 July 1967

JCSM 416-67} Subject:
US Force Deployments Vietnamo

JCS provide detailed troop list
within 525,000 ceiling. Reaffirmed
force requirements as set forth in
JCSM e:88-67.

26 July 1967

Memo from DepSecDef
to CJCS , Subj: Operations Against NVN

Comments on JCSM 286-67.

General Taylor, Mr . Clifford tour
troop contributing countries, seek
additional third-country forces.

22 Jul - 5 Aug
1967
l~· Aug

ASD(SA) Memo for Secys
of Mil Depts, CJCS}
ASDs, Subject: SEA
Deployment Program #5

Formally approved forces for deployment in Program 5. Established
civilianization scheduled, approved
additional 5 destroyers for gunfire
support.

9 Sept 1967

DJCSM 1118-67, Subj :
Examination of Speed-Up
in Program 5 Deployments

Joint Staff examined possible actions
to speed up Program 5 deployments.

12 Sept 1967

CM 2640-67

Joint Staff requested by President
to indicate actions which would
increase press1..U~e on NVN.

15 Sept 1967

JCSM-505-67

JCS forward refined troop list for
ProgTarn 5.

16 Sept 1967

SecArmy Memo for SecDef, Subject: Deployment Schedule for 101st
Airborne Division C-)

DivC-) could be deployed to close
i.n VN prior to Christmas.

22 Sept 1967

SecDef Memo for Sec Army, Subj: Dep loyment
of 101st Airborne
Division C-).

Approves accelerated deployment of
101st Airborne Div(-).

28 Sept 1967

MACV message 31998

MACV plan for reorienting in-country
forces.

SecDef Memo for the
President

SecDef indi.cated actions taken on
MACV recommendations contained in
message 31998.

SecDef memo for Secys
of Mil Depts, CJCS, ASDs,
Subject: FY 68 U. S.
Force Deployrrtnts, Vietnam.

SecDef appr oves force deployments
listed in JCSM 505-67.

1967

5 Oct 1967

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"

16 Oct 1967

SecArmy memo for SecDef)
Subj: Deployment of 101st
Airborne Division (-)

SecArmy indicates that remainder
of 101st Airborne Division can be
accelerated to close in Vietnam
by 20 December 1967.

17 Oct 1967

JCSM-555-67

JCS fonTard to Pres ident through
SecDef their reply to questions
raised on 12 September.

21 Oct 1967

SecDef memo for SecArmy) Subject: Deployment of the 101st
Division (-)

SecDef approves accelerated deployment of remainder of 101st Airborne
Division.

31 Oct 1967

SecArmy memo for SecDef) Subject: Deplo~uent
of 11th Infantry Brigade.

SecArmy indicates that Brigade could
be deployed on or about 10 December.

6 Nov 1967

SecDef approves early deployment of
SecDef memo for SecArmy)
the
11th Infantry Brigade.
Subject: Deployment of
the 11th Infantry Brigade.

7 Nov 1967

CM-2743-67

CJCS directs Joint Staff to explore
"That further foreshortening of deployment dates could be accomplished.

10 Nov 1967

CM-2752-67

CJCS directs Joint Staff to recommend military operations in SEA for
next foux months.

21 Nov 1967

DJSM-l~.09-71

Joint Staff reply to CJCS request
of 7 Nov to explore foreshortening
of deployment dates.

27 Nov 1967

JCSM-663-67

JCS provide SecDef their recommendations for conduct of military operations in SRA. over next four months .

22 Dec 1967

ASD(ISA) memo to
CJCS.

FonTards SecDef and SecState comments
on JCSM 663-670

26 Jan 1968

MACV message 61742

CO~nJSMACV

TEl' offensive begins.

31 Jan 1968
12 Feb 1968

year-end assessment .

JCS examine plans for emergency augmentation of MACV, recommended deployment of reinforcements be deferred.

JCSM-91-68

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13 Feb 1968

JCS Message 9926

Directs deployment of brigade task
force of 82nd Airborne Div i sion to SVN.

13 Feb 1968

JCS Message 9929

Directs deployment of one ~Rrine
regimental landing team to SVN.

13 Feb 1968

JCSM- 96-68

JCS forward to SecDef rec orr.rrnendations for actions to be taken relative
to callup of reserves.

23-26 Feb 68
27 Feb 1968

CJCS visit to SVN.
Report of CJCS on
Situation in SVN and
MACV Force Requirements

1 Mar 1968

CJCS reports on his trip to SVN and
furnishes MACV Program 6 force requirements .
Clark Clifford sworn in as Secretary
of Defense.

4 Mar 1968

IJ..raft Memorandum for
the P"..resident

Forl-Tards recommendations of SecDef
Working Group to the President.

8 Mar 1968

CM- 3098- 68

JCS foX"tTard COMUSMACV comments on
DPM.

11-12 Mar 68

Sec State testifies before Senate
Foreign Relations Committee

14 Mar 1968

DepSecDef memo for
CJCS, Subject: SEA
Deployments

DepSecDef informs CJCS of Presidential
decision to deploy 30,000 addit ional
troops.

14 M9,r 1968

SecArmy memo to SecDef

SecArmy i ndi cated requirement for
13, 500 additional men to support
emergency reinforcement.

16 Mar 1968

ASD(SA ) Memo for Record

SunL~arizes

22 Mar 1968
23 j'fBr 1968

decision to deploy 43,500
additional troops and plans for r eserve
call-up .
Gen. vlestmoreland to be new Chief of
Staff of the Army .

OASD(SA) Memo for SecDef, Subj : Program ~~
Surmna:cy Tables (Tentative )

xvii

Forwarded to SecDef for approval
P"..rogram 6, based on manpower ceiling
of 579, 000 .

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(Text continues in the original file: 160 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-6-b — [Part IV. C. 6. b.] Evolution of the War. U.S. Ground Strategy and Force Deployments: 1965 - 1967. Volume II: Program 5 · Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-6-b

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-6-b
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-6-b
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 analysts wrote a war history, but missed noting the year they printed it.

- [Part IV. C. 6. b.] Evolution of the War... PDF, NARA, 2011
- Reports U.S./South Vietnamese battalion growth, enemy force decline, mixed political reactions
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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IV.C Evolution of the War (26 Vo/s.)
Direct Action: The Johnson Commitments, 1964- 1968
(16Vols.)
6. U.S. Ground Strategy and Force Deployments: 1965- 1967
(3 Vo/s.)
b. Volume II: Program 5

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
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See Def Cont Nr.

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VOLUME II
U.S. GROUND STRATEGY AND FORCE DEPLOYMENTS, 1965--1967
TABLE OF CONTENTS and OUTLINE
IV. PROGRAM 5
Page
A. PRELUDE TO ACTION ON PROGRAM 5...... 1
1. Hedged Public Optimism Meets the New Year..... .... 1
2. Official Optimism and a Spur to Action: The Komer Memo....... 4
3. Fishing for Ideas With a Dragnet: The Abortive NSAM on
Strategic Guidelines forVietnam............................. 7
4. The Strategic Concept Under Fire: Seeds of Doubt............ 13
FOOTNOTES........... 19
B. THE OPENING DIAIOGUE ON PROGRAM 5....... 22
1. Reclamas to Program 4 - Fleshing Out......... .. 22
2. Vietnam Strategy: Attention Rivets on the Borders and
Sanctuaries.................................... 24
3. Vietnam Strategy: On the Ground..................... 33
4. Sanctuaries Revisited: Renewed and Heightened Concern
About Laos and Cambodia......... 37
5. Infiltration -- Remains the Key.......... .. 42
FOOTNOTES........................ 52
C. THE MACV REQUEST AND THE SEARCH FOR OPTIONS...... ... 58
1. The Guam Conference, 20-21 March 1967........................ 58
2. The MAcv Request: "Essential" Looks Like "Optimum".......... 61.
3. The JCS Take Up the March: The CINcPAC Force Requirements
Task Group and JCSM 2l8-67........... 67
4. The Stimulation of Inter-Agency Reviews: A Proliferation
77
5. Developments in the Ground War: Strategy Takes Shape........ 89
6. The Domestic Debate Continues: Polarization at Home......... 93
FOOTNOTES............. 100
D. RESISTANCE TO THE GROUND FORCE INCREASES CRYSTALLIZES............ 105
1. Systems Analysis -- Vanguard of the Reaction........
2. A New Look at the "Plimsoll Line": Alternatives to
IncreasesRestudied.................
3. The Quest for Capabilities: The Search for Limits........... 133
4. Bombing in the North: Its Contribution to the Ground War
Reexamined........... ….………….... 137 ,
FOOTNOTES........ .......142
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Page
E. DECISION...... 146
1. The McNaughton Draft Presidential Memorandum...... 146
2. JCSM 286-67, Persistent Pressure Up the Ladder--"Shouldering
Out" the Parts..................... • • • • 165
3. The Vance Options--Re-examination of Increases...... 168
4. The Last Interagency Round of Alternatives....... ... 178
5. The McNamara Visit to Saigon................. 192
6. The Compromise--Slightly More of the Same...... ••• 209
7. Follow-Ons........ . 215
FOOTNOTES....... 228
FIGURES
1. Major Operations and Approximate Locations (Jan 67)....... 36
2. Selected Operations (over l00 enemy killed) Feb 67......
3. Selected Operations (over l00 enemy killed) Mar 67.....
4. Selected Operations (over l00 enemy killed) Apr 67....
5. Selected Operations, I May - I Corps...........
6. Selected Operations, N May - II Corps.......
7. Selected Operations, May - III Corps.......
Selected Operations, May - IV Corps......
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IV.

A.

PROGRAM 5

PRELUDE T,) ACTION ON PRCGBAM 5
1.

Hedged Public Optimism Meets the Ne,'l Year

The last month of 1966 Has like all such months -- a time for official
retro spection and tally. The mood was one.of cautious optimism, buoyed
by hopes that 1967 would prove to be the decisive year in Vietnam.
The indicators shovled that great progress had been made - - quantita tively, an~Jlifay. The number of U. S. and FW maneuver battalions available
for operations in South Vietnam had increased from 45 to 102. ARVN had
added another 24 such Q.r"1its, bringing its total to 163, so altogether
there were 265 battalions ready to COIDInence operations in the new year .
In short , the US-Flo[ resources available fOT operations roughly doubled
during the second year of the ,'Tar, and they promi.sed to be even hi.gher
during the third . ~/

l/

Large grOlmd operations were mounting in number and duration, and
tlle trend promised to continue pointed sharply up-Hard (see Figs . 1-8).
This ' upswing in activity vras attribut.ed to the rapid infusion of U.S.
battalions ; indications i'Tere that such a high level of acti vi ty was not
independent , hut so str'ongly correlated "Tith our presence that, if vTe
willed, it could be " sustained indefinitely." }/
More importe,ntly, all of these gains seemed to be having a relevant
i mpact on the enemy -- causing his battlefield fortunes to decline clo ser
to the point where he ,votlld be forced to stop fighting or negotia,te, or
both. Even acc epting the historical overstatement of enemy losses -- the
bia s is reasonably consi.stent -- and the trend in enemy losses to all
causes Ivas rising sharply.
Kill ratios (enemy KIA vs. allied KIA )
vTere up to 4.2 from 3.3 durIng the preceding six month peTiod. RVNAF
lo sses actually declined; but unfortunately US/ FW KIA doubled -- a fact
that the pTess Has later to pick up and exploit in its criticism of the
ARVN/GVN Tole i n the "Tar. (See Tables 4 and 5, Appendix B) .

4/

Obs eTvex's believed that most of the enemy battalions , NVA and VC,
Ivere in place six months ahead of the U. S., and that only recently had
the full consequences of our enlaTged paTticipation been reflected in
enemy strength and OB figures. From Jtlly 1966 , VC/~WA strength had
appeaTeJ to d~cline slightly, although they had evidently been able to
mainta. in theiT oft-cited t arget of 100,000 men in the field .
ITTegular forces had appaTently declined to a,bout 180,000 ( confiTmed
by a VC document captured on CEDA...'R FALLS ) and their" solid" recrui tlJlent
poptllation base had shrun..~. Another VC document contained an estimate
that VC/~TVA forces had lost about 1,000 ,000 people to GVN control during

1

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the last half of 1966 . There was increasing evidence that NVA was furnishing large numbers of replacements for damaged VC units, even for
local forces and some units in the Delta . The great uncertainty , surely,
if you accept ed the indicators and the anal;Tsis of what they meant, was
the infiltration r ate and how successful we assumed we would be in controlling it.
Just as crucial seemed to be the level of VC/NVA activity as the
year closed. Systems Analysis estimated that incidents were down 19%
(!!incidentsrt being attacks , terror, harassment and sabotage ). Battalion sized and larger enemy attacks in l ate 1966 were down to l ess than half
tho se of the preceding six months, Ivhile small attacks nearly trebled.
The significance of some relationships holding here was l ost on decisionmakers until much later in the nevT year when we began to seriou s l y question
the search and destroy strategy in Vietnam. The assumption that major
enemy unit activity was a function of the total size of our forces , i.e.,
the more ",Te have the more extensively active we can be in search, finding
and destroying l arge units, is just not a convincing one Ivhen you look
a t enemy activity (large units ) vs . our build - up . Also, l eading from
thi s , no one had yet questioned another assumption implicit in the COMUSMACV attrition strategy ; we needed to ask : Who initiates the battles
"'Then they do occur?
Revolutionary development plans 'Here moving ahead .

By 9 January

1967, the provincial RD programs had been approved by General Thaing,
Commissioner General of RD ; some 1,091 hamlets with a total population
of 1, 272,950 people "Tere to be ' the t argets of extensive RD effort. However, i nputs and plans do not constitute outputs or results and such
fl imsy evidence as this offered as proof of "progress !! was surely trans parent. Concurrently, hOHever , the reaction of the enemy to pacification
s eemed to be confirmation that the program ' was making head",ray. Looking
back to the 1964-1965 !!pacification programs !! the enemy hardly bothered
to r eact to vThat he considered a minimal threat, and an unwanted diversion
f rom his successful military campaign. Only in late 1966 did he begin to
exert significant effort and begin attacking RD cadre teams . Many disagreed ",Ti th this interpretation, but few could dispute the graphic evidence
of bas ic RD ';veakness ( security) the VC/ NVA operations had revealed . RD
cadre desertions increased markedly (33 to 84 per week from January t o
March 1967 ) and the progra,m ,vas grossly unable to meet its recruitment
goals (approximately 10, 000 short of the 41,000 CY 67 target). 2/
If military indicators were trending up';vard, the pol itical indicators
at the neVT yea,r , both at home and abroad, .', ere mixed . The Levy ca se had
broken to the press and had become the temporary focus of anti -Har group
propaganda at the close of the year. U Thant had advanced his propo sal s
for peace to the President ,'Tho promised to give them !!careful evaluation. !! §)
Harrison Salisbury ! s dispatches from North Vietnam i-Tere generating an

2

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explosive debate about the bombing . Not only had he questioned the
"surgical" preci sion claimed for the bombing of military targets in
populated ar eas , but he quest ioned the basic purpose of the strategy
it self. In his view, civilian casualties were being inflicted delib - .
erately to break the moral e of the populace , a course both immoral and
doomed to fa i lure . The counter-attack mounted by bombing advocates
(and apologists) combined with the predictable quick denunciat ions a nd
denial s from offic ial SOurces helped generate a significant publi c reaction.

11

The Pentagon reaction to the Salisbury articles touched off a new
round of editorial comment about the credibility gap . Polls at the
start of the year reflected the pliblic's growing cynicism about public
statements . One Harris poll indicated that the public of January 1967
was just as likely to blame the United State s f or truce violati ons (des pite public announcements to the contrary) as the enemy . Two years
earlier this had not been so. ~
Salisbury happened to be in NOrth
Vietnam 'vhen Hanoi was first bombed -- whether by accident or design is
uncertain. Cons equently, hi.s dispat ches carried added sting -- he was
r eporting on the l ess appealing aspects of a maj or escalati on i n the
bombing campaign vThich would have attracted headlines on its own merits .
Hi s " in depth" of such an i mportant benchms.rk added markedly to its public
i mpact . 9/
So great was the cry that President Johnson fe lt i mpelled to
express IIdeep regret" over civilian casualties on both sides .
Actual vTar news seemed good . Draft calls vTere do,m I'Ti th the policy
of " keeping [fh:::..7 induction rate at a reduced level for 1 967 ." (McNama.ra
pr ess conference ) . All ies like Thailand 'H ere helping to ease our manpower
and commitment problems , the Thais announced in January tha.t they were dispatching 1, 000 t r oops to South Vietnam . The U,S, 9th Infantry Division
had commenced landing at Vang Tau , highlighting the continuing infusion
of U. S, strength nOI'T reaching the 380, OOO-man mark . North Vietnam ' s MIG
force had come up to engage our bombers over Hanoi on 7 Januar y . The
r esult was the foe ' s Horst day of air Har -- seven ~IIG ' s I'Tere douned.
The United States made its first direct troop commitment to the Delta
"Then Marines I'Tere landed at Thanh Phong Peninsula. This event generate d
a storm of crit icism especially from Congressman Gerald Ford Hho attacked
t he Administration for expanding operations into the Delta Hithout advising
Congress . 10/
There "TaS li ttle to be hopeful about in regard to North Vietnam ' s
r esolution , it Has not eroding . The Washington star , in an exclusive,
quoted FYemier Phan Van Dong of the DRV as being convinced that American
public opinion "Tould eventually force the U, S, to l eave South Vietnam .
,He confirmed the oft-expressed fear s of U,S , officials who prophesied
great danger of a I,Tider and bloodier ,vaI' if North Viet nam mis - r ead the
p eace marches and opposition to the ,vaI' , interpr eting it as la ck of U, S ,
det ermination . 11/
Earlier, Salisbury had quoted the Premier vlhen he
dis cussed the bomb ing, saying "that once hostilities are brought to an
end it 'vould be possible to speak of other things ." '}3j
The North Vietnames e "Tere evidently r esigned to a long bitter . . Tar - - one they bel ieved
they could' ,'Tai t out better than Ive .

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To Walter Lippman, the Ne,v Year meant Itthere is hope only in a
negotiated compromise " (emphas i s added), but to others optimism was
the keynot e . Ambassador Lodge, in his Ne,'T Year ' s statement , predicted
that "allied forces ,fill make sensational military gains in 1967" and
lithe ,var would end in an eventual fadeout on2e the allied pacification
effort made enough progre ss to convince Hanoi that the jig vTas up . II
The New York Daily NevIs informed 15 million Ne,v Yorkers that the IIU. S.
Expects to Crush Main Red Force in ' 67 . 11

W

W

As if' to balance the cacophony of war dialogue , a final dissonant
note was sounded during those first tvTO weeks of the nelV year . The famous
"Goldberg Reply" to U Thant ' s note of 30 December had angered and dismayed
the Secretary General. At a nel'TS conference he discussed the U S. r eply
to his message ,vhich had basi cally implored the U. S . to discontinue the
bombing so some kind of talks could open . The U.S. rejection , outlining
its condition of IIreciprocal acts" on the part of North Vietnam, he said
was IImuch regretted, II for in his estimation it vTas based upon an unfortunate
misreading of history and the current situation as Hell as the result of
misguided assumptions about the " domino theory, " Hhich he rejected . The
strong opposition he voiced created important political " ripples ll in the
United Nations , vTashington, and abroad. A certain mood of frustration
and opposition \·rhich had already taken root was nourished and sustained
by the inc ident.
0

12I

2.

Official Optimi sm and a Spur to Action:

The Komer Memo

Seeds of optimism vTere not restricted to the public at large, but also
found sustenance in official circles -- primarily in the Hhite House staff .
R. W. Komer , in what he titled a II Vietnam Prognos is for 1967-68 ,11 provided
a markedly optimistic vieH of the future and a firm conviction that the
military situation was manageable, if not ,vell in hand . He "las convinced
that COMUSMACV ' s II spoiling strat e gy" had t.hro'wn Hanoi ' s calculations badly
out of balance, and put us ''.,.Tell past the first turning point vThere 'He
stopped losing the "Tar . II
In this he agreed vri th the McNamara 14 Octo ber DPM ; both believed that "Te had stopped losing . He saT,v other major
turning points. He suspected that i'Te had rea.ched a point 'vhere vTe ,vere
killing , defecting or otherwise attriting more VC/ 'tWA strength than the
enemy could build up -- in the vernacular , the " cros s-over" point . He
cited the favorable indicators, but he neither sounded compl etely convinced
, nor c onclus ive.

J!i/

A critical psychological turning point may have been crossed , he
believed , beca~se he detected that the bulk of SVN's population increasi ngly believed that vTe vJere winning th,= \.;rar . , (He saw this as the chief
significance of the 800 voter turnout on 11 Sept embe r .) He concluded
his introduction \'lith :
IIIn sum--slo,v, painf'u.l, and incredibly expensive though
it may be--I'Te ' re be ginning to 'ivin ' the war in Vietnam . This
is a far cry from saying, hO"ioJever, that He ' re going to vTin it
- -in any meaningful sense,"

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He saw CJ.uite clearly the imponderabl es 1-Thich made any prognosis a
hazardous ulldertaking:
"A. Will Hanoi materially increase its infiltration
rate? I gather this is feasible (though ,·rill the barrier
make a major difference? ).
liB. Will the enemy escalate? Aside from increasing
i nfiltration, I see little more Hanoi its e lf could do . Or
MoscovT .
Peking could intervene in Vietnam or widen the
area of hostiliti es in SEA, but this seems CJ.uite UIllikely.
"C. Will the enemy revert to a guerrilla strategy?
This could be a serious complication before l'-le get a major
pacification effort undervmy . But the evidence suggests
that the VC are still attempting to organize r egiments and
divisions. I ' d also agree 1-Tith Doug Pike's conclusion in
his new book , ' Viet Cong ' that such de-escalation 1-Tould
shatter VC morale . ---liD. vJill Hanoi play the negotiating card, and hOH?
If 1 1m ri ght a,bout the trend line, Hanoi would find it
wiser to negotiate. The only other options are escalat ion , groHing attrition, or fading away . If Hanoi decides
to t alk sometime in 1967, a whole ne1-T calculus int ervenes ,
involving CJ.uestions of cease-fire , standstill, bomb ing
pauses , etc. In this case we 'll have to do a ne\'-l prognosis .
liE. WLLl the GVN fall apart polit ically? While it
was a risk vlOrth taking, we Ive opened Pandora I s box by
promoting a political evolution to representative government. A series of coups or political crises in Cochin
China or Amlam could so undermine GVN cohesiveness as to
cause a major setback of popular revul sion in the U.S.
I expect plenty of political trouble, but would hazard
t hat a c risis of such magnitude can be avoided in 1967 if
we work hard at it.
"F . Will our ne1-T pacification program work? This too
is a maj or imponderable . But we I ve nOI-There to go but up.
We I re at long last plall-Iling a major ne1-T re source input plus
the necessary focus on i mproving US management and r edirecting
A RVl'T assP'·ts . So to me the chief varj.able is how' much progress
1-T e can make hOlv soon .
Will it be enough to make a signifi cant difference in 1 967 or even 1 968?
"G. Last but not least, 'tIill the US ap-oea-c to settle
down for a l ong EtLll if necessary? This is hardest to predict, yet crucial from the standpoint of SVN and NVN reactions ." 17/

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Trends as he saw them would continue up (even sifting out the .
imponderables). The only explanation for under-achievement militarily,
in pacj.fi cat ion, and politi cal development, vlOuld be "s omething u..n:fore seeable" (not specified). \'le would be on the high-side of the curve,
as he termed it, with the key issue one of Trwhether the U.S. appears
prepared to stick it out as long as necessary or to be tiring of the
war. II
He closed by drm'ling the les sons imbedded in his analys is:
II ••. My prognosis of what is more likely than not to
happen in Vietnam is reasonabl e only if ",Te and the GVN mount
a maximum effort in 1967-68 to make it so . The key is better
orchestration and management of our Vietnam effort--both in
\'lashington and Saigon. To me , the most important ingredient
of such an outcome is l ess another 200,000 troops, or stepped-up
bombing, or a $2 billion civil Q,id program--than it i s more
effective use of the assets 'iTe already have .
IIA. The war vlill b e ' won ' (if we can use that term) in
the South . NO",T that we a.re succeSSfully countering lIJvA
infiltration and the enerny 's s emi-conventional strategy, "'That
needs to be added is increasing erosion of southern VC strength
(it has probably already peaked out ).
"B. Assuming the above is broadly valid, the key to
succes s in the South is an effective pacification program ,
plus a stepped-up defection program and successful evolution
toward a more dynamic , representat ive and thus more attractive
GVN. These efforts vlill reinforce each other in convincing
the Southern VC and Hanoi that they are losing .
"C. Our most important u..l1der-utili_zed asset is the RV1SiAF .
Getting greater efficiency out of the 700,000 men vle're already
supporting and financing is the cheapest and soundest ",ray to
get results in pacification .
liD. By themse lves, none of our Vietnam programs offer
high confidence of a successful outcome ( forcing the enemy
ei ther to fade aTtlay or to negotiate) . CUlllulati vely, however,
t hey can produce enough of a bandwagon psycholog-y among the
southerners to lead to such results by end -1967 or sometime
i n 1968. At any rate , do we have a better option? "

r§J

Komer 's primary misgivings related to the ability of GVN to exploit
military successes and to convert them into meaningful steps for,'lard in
the nation-building program. Creating and sustaining viable political
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many agreed with Komer's apprehensions. A widely circulated National
Intelligence Estimate, published shortly therea,i'ter, detailed the fragile
nature of political development in South Vietnam, characterizing it as
"a day-to-day:, month-to-month phenomenon foY' some time to come , w·ith
periodic upheavals and crises jJhat vli~7 threaten the entire process ." }!ij
Despite a cautiously optimistic approach to the prospects for a more
stable political situation, the same NIE identified serious potential
sources of instability in the small nation. It sal" regionalism as a
factor whose influence might burgeon as political events quickened . The
military domination of the political Ij_fe of the country remained an
explosive issue . Finally, United States presence and objectives remained
a major consideration in analyzing the futUre behavior of the political
actors in South Vietnam. Confidence in the American commitment and steadfastness in our objectives could remain as a counterweight to disruptive
SVN political effects and could at J£ast tentatively submerge the politically debilitating civilian-military rivalries, the bickering and
jockeying for influence from within and without. 20/

3.

Fishing for Idea s With a Dragnet :
Strat e~Guidelines for Vietnam

The Abortive NSAM on

With the new year it was becoming increasingly clear that American
r esolution , our massive pre sence and the determined pursuit of our objectives in South Vietnam "iOuld heavily influence political events there, but
the nature of our objectives, the political bases of our resolution and
the desirable magnitude of our presence were less than clear. In an effort
to crystallize our thinking in these areas and to provj_de some more care fully delineated guidance for operat ions, the P-.cesident asked Walt RostOVT
to float a draft NSAM embracing strategic guidelines for 1967 in Vietnam . 21/
The draft NSAM, too, in the Komer vein, was basically optimistic in
tone, opening "Tith the observation that "skillful use of U.S. forces has
greatly improved our military position .... it is imperative that VIe mount
and effectively orchestrate a concerted military , civil, a,nd political
effort to achieve a satisfactory outcome as soon as possible." 22/
Accordingly, the draft laid out OLIT strategic aims in 1967 . They were-to:
"A. Maximize the prospects for a satisfactory outcome in
Vi etnam by December 1967 or, if this is not possible, put us ·
in the best position for the longer pull.
"B. Be equa lly suited to (a) forcing Hanoi to ne gotiate;
(b) weakening the VC/NVA to the point "There Hanoi will opt to
fade a"Tay; or (c) at the minimum, making it patently clear to
all that the war is demonstrably being won .

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"C. Complement our anti-main force campaign and bom1:ing
offensive by greatly increased efforts to pacif'ythe countryside and increase the attractive power 8f the GVN - all the se
to the end of accelerating the erosion of southern VC strength
and creating a bandi'Tagon psychology among the people of SVN.
Thi s strategy is also 1-Tell suited to exploiting any possibilitie s of a Hanoij:NLF split ." ~
To achieve these objectives, nine progra..rn areas each "requiring a
maximum continuing effort" were li sted. These included pacification,
mounting a major national reconciliation program, pressing for emergence
of a popularly based GVN, continuing to strive for other objectives of
the Manila Program (local government , land refor:m, a,nti -corruption ), and
keeping the li d on the economy . More relevant to our concerns Here the
four directly concerned I'Ti th the l and '<lar :
"B . Step up the Anti-Main Force Spoiling Offensive, as
made feasible by the increase in FW maneuver battalions .

1.

Introduce modest US forces i nto certain key

Delta areas.
2. Stress offensive actions to clear VC base areas
and LOCs around Saigon .

3. Lay on a major re - exa..rnination of our intelligence
on VC/NVA strength .

"c. Make More Effective P".cograms to Limit Tnfiltration
and I mpose a Cost on Hanoi for the Aggression.
1. Refine the bombing offensive with respect to both
efficiency of route harassment and quality of targets.

2.

Press fOr"IVard with barrier system .

3.

Examine other vrays to apply military pressure

on the North.
~.

* * * *

"H. Devis e 8, Pre-Negot i ating and Negotiating Strategy
Consistent "l'Tith the Above .

1. Take such initiat ives as will credibly enhance our
posture that "I'Te are ahrays ready to talk and ever alert for ne1-l
avenues to negotiation .

2.

Vigorous ly pursue seriolJ.s negotiating leads.

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III. MOu..l1t a Major Information Campaign to inform both
the US ele ctorate and vrorld opinion of the rea litie s in Viet nam, finding "lays of credibly to measure progress. 11 241
The first two (B. and C.) 'would reCluire force increases of varying
magnitudes, dependent upon "Those estimates of enemy capability and U. S.
relative effectiveness you accept -- JCS or DOD ' s or Komer ' s . Programs
B. and C. patently endorse the offensive nature of our operations , but
leave their extent or intensity undefined. Interpretation of the third
item (H.) rests heavily upon what assumptions vlere held about negotia tions; "lere they synonymous vlith military defeat and capitulation or
something l ess emotionally loaded, and le ss satisfying, like compromise .
I mplicit in the l ast point (I .), concerning public information, is the
acceptance of a certe,in II reality" that vle ,vanted to advertise , this
b eing also the mood that pervades the entire NSM~ -- victory is near .
The principal int.ere st in this paper, hovrever, derives not from
disagreement as to techniClue and programs (nor even their basic configuration) but from the open discussi on of basic objectives in South Vietnam
which it prompted . Formal Department of Defense comment on the draft
centered in hro places : with McNaughton in ISA and in the JCS.
McNaughton ' s comments seem to reflect a grovling concern vli th our
diminishing prospects of early success and a desire not to irreversibly
lo ck ourselves into either any fixed strategy or excessive ground commit ments. These vielvs were apparently shared with the Secretary of Defense .
In his draft reply to Rostod (through McNamara) McNaughton essentially
1I10ads the dice ll against significant alt eration of the strategic concept .
In the preamble paragraph he states that ..•
1I •.• The national commitment of the United States in South
Vietnam (SVN), as stated in Manila, is that the South Vietnamese people shall not be conCluered by aggressive force and
shall enjoy the inherent rj.ght to choose their ol'Tn way of life
and their ovm form of government . The United States is committed to continue our military and all other efforts, as firmly
and as long as may be necessary, in close consultation with
Our allies u..'1til the aggression is ended. 11 251
In the draft" the Assistant Secretary "las painstakingly developing
alternatives to continued I'Tidespread U.S. military involvement over time .
His additions (or line-ins) placed emphasis upon participation by other
Asian nations, development of a "rapid. and E.ffective" RI D effort, and
continued •.•
" .•• reorientation of the bulk of RVNAF to,·r ard and i nto a
steadily incree,sing role in RID operations in coordination
",ith regional and local civil and military force s . The goal
is the establishment of security to permit revolutiona ry
c I
development to take 1
pace. " 2
5!:lJ
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## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-6-c — [Part IV. C. 6. b.] Evolution of the War. U.S. Ground Strategy and Force Deployments: 1965 - 1967. Volume II: Program 5 · Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-6-c

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- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### Full text

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IV.C Evolution of the War (26 Vols.)
Direct Action: The Johnson Commitments, 1964-1968
(16 Vols.)
6. U.S. Ground Strategy and Force Deployments: 1965- 1967
(3 Vols.)
c. Volume III: Program 6

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET#13
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See Def Cont Ur. E-. 0295

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VOLUME III
U.S. GROUND STRATEGY AND FORCE DEPLOYMENTS, 1965--1967
TABLE OF CONTENTS and OUTLINE
V. PROGRAM 6
Page
1. Emergency Augmentation........
2. The Troop Request..... .…..…..12
3. "A to Z" Reassessment....... …….….…… 16
4. Drafting a Memorandum......... .…..….… 33
5. Recommendation to the President.......... .......... 51
6. The Climate of Opinion....... ……………. 64
7. The President Ponders....... ……………. 71
8. The President Decides...... …………… 76
9. The Decision is Announced...... ………………….. 78
10. "I Shall Not Seek, and I Will Not Accept". .....…. 80
11.I Epilogue........ ……………….. 90
FOOTNOTES........ ......... 94
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V.

1.

PROORAIvI 6

Emergency Augmentation

Thus, the year ended with the combat elements of Program 5 either
closing in Vietnam or on their vlay to Vietnam on an accelerated schedule .
The Joint Chiefs of Staff, however, could only promise that, even with
these deployments, the rate of progress in Vietnam would continue to be
slm·l in light of the continuing restrictions imposed on the conduct of
mili tary operations .
I n his year-end assessment of the military sitUat ion, however,
COMUSHACV had a somewhat more optimistic outlook . He indicated that
the Program 5 deployments had "provided us with an increased force
structure and logistic s base for offens ive operations" . The past year ,
he indicated, had been marked by steady free 'iwrld progress, a notice able deteriorat ion of the enemy ' s combat effectiveness, and his loss of
control over large areas and population .
"During 1967, the enemy lost control of large sectors of
t he population . He faces significant problems in the areas
of indi genous recruiting , moral e , health and resources control.
Voids in VC ranks are being filled by regular INA. Sea illfiltratiori through the Market Time area has diminished to near - insi gnificat ion proportions . Interdiction of the enemy ' s logistics train
i n Laos and N\m by our indispensable air efforts has imposed
significant difficulties on him . In many areas the enemy has
b een driven away from the population centers ; in others he has
been compelled to disperse and evade contact, thus nullifying
much of his potential . The year ended with the enemy increasingly
resorting to desperation tactics in attempting to achieve military/
psychological victory ; and he has experienced only failure in
these attempts . Enemy bases, with spa-ese exception , are no
l onger safe havens and he has necessarily become increasingly
r eliant on Cambodian and Laotian sanctuaries ... "
"The friendly picture gives rise to optimism for increased
successes in 1968 . In 1967 , our l ogistics base and force
structure permitted us to assume a fully offensive posture ...
A g:eatly improved int el ligence system fl'equently enabled us
to concentrate our superior military assets in preempting enemy
military initiatives leading us to decisive accomplisrunents in
conventional e ngagements . Materiel and tactical innovat ions
have be en further developed and employed : Long range rc~con ­
naissance patrols, aerial reconnaissance sensors, new 0-2A
observat ion ai rcraft , Rome ploHs,. 47 (Spooky ) gunships, air mobile operations and t he Mobile RL verine Force (l<RF) , to name
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a few. The MRF has been significantly successful in depriving
the enemy of freedom and initi ative in the population and
resources rich Delta ar eas . The helico}'ter has established
its elf as perhaps the single most important tool in our
arsenal -- and we will 1,-Tel come more . To air support in both
RVN and ~NN (Army, Navy, Marine and Air Force ) goes much of
the credit for our accomplishments . II 1./
The enemy ' s TET offensive, >vhich began with the attack on the U.S.
Embassy in Saigon on 31 January 1968, although it had been predicted, ~/
took the U. S . command and the U.S. public by surprise , and i ts strength,
l ength , and intensity prolonged this shock . As the attacks continued,
the Secretary of Defense , on 9 February, r equested t he Joint Chiefs of
Staff to furnish pl ans which would provide fo r emer gency r einforcement
of COMUSMACV .
After extensive backchannel communication with General Westmoreland ,
the JCS fo rwarded these plans on 12 February . J/ The Joint Chiefs'
assessment of the current Vi etnam situation differed markedly from
COMUSNACV's year-end assessment submitted only 17 days earlier :
"a. The VC/f:.JVA forces have launched large-scale offensive
operat ions throughout South Vietnam .
lib. As of 11 February 1968, Headquarters , MACV , r eports that
attacks have taken place on 34 provincial towns , 64 district
towns , and all of the autonomous cities .
"c. The enemy has expressed his intention to continue offensive
oper ati ons and to destroy the Government of Vietnam and it s Armed
Forces . .
"d. The first phase of his offensive has f ai l ed in that he
does not have adequate control over any popUlation center to
i nstall his Revolutionary COTmni ttees 1,-Thich he hoped to form
into a coalition ,vi th the NLF .
"e. He has lost betvleen 30 and 40 thousand killed and capture d,
and I,re have seized over seven thousand weapons .
"f. Reports indicate that he has committed the bulk of his
VC main fOTce and local fOTce elements dovm to platoon level
throughout the country, with the exception of six to eight
battalions in the general area of Saigon .
"g . Thus faT, he has cormnitted only 20 to 25 percent of his
North Vietnamese forces . These I·rere employed as gap fillers
1,-There' VC strength "Tas appa.rently not adequate to carlY out his
initi al t hrust on the cities and towns . Since November , he has
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incr eased his ~WA battalions by about 25 . The bulk of
these and the bulk of the uncommitted IfifA forces are i n the
I Corps area .
"h . It i s not clear vJhether the enemy will be able t o
r ecycle his attacks in a second phase . He has indicated his
i ntention to do so during the period from 10 to 1 5 February .
"i. South Vietnamese forces have suffered nearly tl-TO
t housand killed, over seven thousand ,-rounded, and an unknovm
number of absences . MACV suspects the desertion rate may be
high . The average pre sent for duty strength of RV1T i nfantry
b attalions is 50 percent and Ranger Battalions, 43 percent .
Fi ve of nine airborne battalions are judged by M~CV to be
combat ineffect i ve at this time . "

Based on this assessment, COjV1USI·~CV voiced to t he J oint Chi efs three
major concerns :
" a . The ability of the weakened RVNAF to cope vii th additional
sustained enemy offensi ve oper at ions .
"b . Logistic support north of Danang, because of vreather
and sea conditions in the Northern I Corps area, enemy inter diction of Route 1, and the probability of intensified combat
in that area .

" c . The forces available to him are not adeQuate at the
moment to permit him to pursue his OIm c81npaign plans and to
r esume offensive operat ions against a i·reakened enemy, consideri ng the competing reQuirement s of reacting to enemy initiatives,
assisting in defending Government centers, and reinforc i ng ,.".eakened
RVNAF units when necessary ."
The three plans for . emergency reinforcement examined by the Joint
Chiefs of Staff were :
" a . Plan One, ,·rhich is based upon prompt deployment of the
82nd Airborne Division and 6/9 Marine di vision/,oring team, callup
of some 120,000 Army and Marine Corps Reserves , and appropriate
legisl ative action to permit extension of terms of service of
active duty personnel and th e rec all of individual Reservists .
"b . Plan Two, vThich vTOuld deploy as many Marine Corps
battalions as are nOl"" available in cmms, less one battalion
in the Caribbean, the battalion in the Nediterranean, and the
Guant anamo Defense Force . This plan i-TOuld not be based upon
a callup of Reservists or legis lative action .

3

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" c . Plan Three, which would deploy the 82nd Airborne
Di vision but would leave Marine Corps battalions in CONUS .
This plan would likevJise envisage no Reserve callup and no
l egi slative action ."
Under Plan One, elements of one brigade of the 82nd Airbor ne
Divi sion could commence movement within 24 hours and the divi s i on itself
36- 48 hours later . 6/9ths of a Marine Corps Division/wing team could be
r eady for deployment to Vietnam in one week without \l.tilizing Vietnam
r epl acement drafts . Dependent upon the availability of ai rcraft and
the degree of dravrdmm on the current level of Southeast Asia airlift
support, the deployment could be completed 'I·ri thin three to four weeks .
Under Plan Tvro, elements of two CONUS Marine Divisions, consisting
of 12 battalions could be air transported to Vietnam, although two 'Iveeks
preparation '\-TOuld be required . This deployment, hmvever, '\-TOuld deplete
Marine Corps assets except for three battalions -- one afloat i n the
Mediterranean, one afloat in the Caribbean, and one ashore at Guantanamo
Bay, Cuba .
Under Plan Three, as under Plan One, elements of one brigade of the
82nd Airborne Division could commence movement in 24 hours, the division
i tself 36 - 48 hours later .
All of these plans, hOl·rever, 'Ivould require dra'lvdowns on previously
protected CONUS stocks during procurement lead- time for new production
and would further aggravate the shortage of long procurement lead time
items curr ently short, such as helicopters, tracked combat vehicl es ,
and ammunition .
An examination was also made of the feasibility of an increased
accelerat ion in the deployment of the four infantry battalions scheduled
to deploy in March-April under Program 5. It was concluded that these
units could not be deployed ea::clier " except under the most critical
circums tances. "
In examining the capacity to meet the possibility of 'Ividespread
ci vil disorder in the United States, the Joint Chiefs of Staff concluded
. that, . ,vhether or not deployments under any of the plans were directed ,
it appeared that sufficient forces would still be available for civil
di sorder control .
HOitTeVer, the Joint Chiefs of Staff cautioned that the residual COlIiUS based active combat-ready ground forces that would result from the exten sion of each of the plans examined 1,vould be :
. "a .
b.

Plan One - 6/9 Marine Division/Wing Team .
Plan '1':70 - One Airborne Division.
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c.

Plan Three - One and 3/9 Marine Division/lhng Team ."

Moreover, these forces were at various levels of readiness and a high
percentage of their personnel were Vietnam returnees or close to the
end of the obligated active service . The capability of these uncommi tted general purpose forces \,ras further constndned, the Joint Chiefs
pointed out, by shortages of critical skilled specialists and shortages
i n mission essential items of equipment and materiel. Thus, the Joint
Chiefs emphasized, our posture of readily available combat forces was
seriously strained. Any decision to deploy emergency augmentation
forces should be accompanied by the recall of at least an equivalent
number, or more prudently, additional Reserve component forces and
an extension of terms of service for active duty personnel . Indeed,
the Chiefs, warned,
"It is not clear at this time whether the enemy will be able
to mount and sustain a second series of major attacks throughout
the country . It is equally unclear as to how 'well the Vietnamese
Armed Forces "rould be able to stand up against such a series of
attacks if they 1,vere to occur. In the face of these uncertainties,
a more precise assessment of US}ffiCV's additional force requirements,
i f any , must avrai t further developme nts.
The Joint Chiefs of
Staff do not exclude the possibility that additional developments could make f\.l.rther deplo;yments necessary . II
Based on this assessment of the situation, the Joint Chiefs of
Staff concluded and recommended that :
"a. A decision to deploy r einforcements to Vietnfull be
deferre d at this time.
"b. Measures be taken no',r to prepare the 82nd Airborne
Division and 6/9 Marine Division/Wing team for possible deployment to Vietnam.
"c. As a matter of prudence, call certain additional
Reserve units to active duty now . DeploYlllent of emergency
reinforc ements to Vietnam should not be made 'Ivi thout concomitant
callup of Reserves sufficient at least to replace those deployed
and provide for the incre ased sustaining base r equirements of all
Services. In addition, bring selected Reserve force units to
full strength and an incre ased state of combat readiness.
" d . Legis lation be sought now to (1) provide authority to
call individual Reservists to active duty; ( 2 ) extend past
30 June 1968 the existing authority to call Reserve units to
active duty; and (3) extend terms of service for act i ve duty
personnel.

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" e . Procurement and other supply actions be taken now to
overcome shortages existing in certain critical items of materiel
and e~uipment such as munitions, helicopters, and other combat
aircraft ."
Thus, for perhaps the first time in the history of American involve ment in Vietnam, the Joint Chiefs of Staff recoffiITlended against deploying
the additional forces re~uested by the field commander, in the absence
of other steps to reconstitute the strategic reserve . At long last, the
resources ,.;rere beginning to be dra"m too thin, the assets became unavailable, the support base too small .
Notwithstanding the recommendation of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the
Secretary of Defense almost immediately approved the deployment of one
brigade of the 82ncl Airborne Division and one Marine regimental landing
team to South Vietnam . A total strength of almost 10,500 was assumed
and publicly announced . 'These deployments were directed by the JCS on
13 February . Airlift of the brigade from the 82nd Airborne Division, at
a strength of approximately four thousand, was to begin on 14 February
and the brigade was to close in-country not lat er than 26 February 1968 . 4/
After coordination 1,'Ti th CINCSTRIKE and USCONARC, the strength of this
unit was fixed at 3,702 . 5/
The Marine Corps Regiment was to close in SVN not later than 26
February also. The Regiment (reinforc ed ) less one battalion, was to be
deployed by air from California at a strength of about 3,600 . One bat ··
talion (reinforced) which \-Tas then embarked, "ras to be deployed by surface
at a strength of about 1,600 . ~/
In viel'T of the wide variation of strength assoc iated vii th a Marine
Corps Regiment (reinforced ), CINCPAC was directed to advise all concerned
of the identity, composition and strength of the force selected for
deployment . 1/ CINCPAC nominated the 27th Marine Regiment, which included
5247 Marine and 327 Navy personnel. Additionally, he included the deploy··
ment of a logistic support element of 389 personnel from Okinm-ra to reduce
the impact on the already heavily committed logistic units in I CTZ . In
addition, CINCPAC took the precautionary step of identifying, for followon deployment, a sea-tail of reinforcing units totalling 1,400 personnel .
This element, scheduled to follm.;r in April 1968, would provide the regiment
the necessary self-sustaining combat pm.;rer in the event early replacement
was not provided. ~/ Thus, the total n~mber of troops deployed or alerted
for the follo'tT-on sea-tail numbered 11,065 . 2/
The Joint Chiefs of Staff reacted almost immediately to the national
deci sion to deploy these forces I'Ti thout a concomitant reserve callup .
On 13 February 1968 they forwarded to the Secretary of Defense their
r ecommendations for actions'i\fhich should be taken relative to callup of
r eserves , obtaining le gislation and instituti ng procurernent actions to
provide support for these forces and to sustain their deployment . 10/

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A minimum callup of Reserve units to replace deploying forces and
to sustain and support them was justified, the Joint Chiefs stated, by
t he follm-Ting situat ion:
"a. Army . The 82nd Airborne Division represents the only
re adily deployable Army divis i on in the CONUS - based active
strategic reserve . The impending reduction of this division by
one-third to meet approved deployments establishes an immediate
r equirement for it s prompt reconstitution ,.;hich is possible only
by t he callup of Reserve units . In order to replace the forces
deployed from the strategic res erve, to provide support units
to meet anticipation requir ements in I CTZ and to provide a
I-rider rotation b ase of requisite ranks and skills , it will be
nece ssary for the Army to call up tvro infantry brigade f orces
of the Reserve components . This callup ,-Till total approxi mately
32,000 personnel. These t,w brigades should attain a combatr eady and deployable status in 12 weeks following callup .
"b.

Marine Corp s .

"(1) The Marine Corps cannot sustain additional deployments
to Southeast Asia under current personnel policies . Thus, the
f orce authorized for deployment must be replaced with a comparable
Reserve unit as soon as possible. The Reserve force requir ed for
t his purpose will consist of one Marine regiment, reinforcing
combat support and combat service support units, and one composite
Marine Air Group Hith one VWA, one VIv1P, and two medium helicopter
squadrons (HMM).
"( 2 ) The Reserve force ,-Till consist of approximately
12,000 personnel . It will provide the capability to deploy a
balanced , self-sustai ning air/ground combat force in relief of
the lightly structured 27th Marines (Rein ) and permit return
of t he 27th Marine Regiment (Rein ) to the training/rotation base
i n CONUS/Hmraii . This exchange would commence as soon as the
Reserve unit becomes combat-ready (approximately 60 days after
callup) and must be completed not later than 120 days after
deplo~nent of RLT- 27 .

"(3) It is envisioned that the Reserve forces Hill be.
redeployed to co~rus without replacement after 13 months in South
Vietnam . HOI-rever, if this does not OCC'1.r , it Hill be best to
deploy a relief brigade from the 4th Marine Division/wi ng t eam .
Alternately, an adequate rotation base in CONUS to sustain the
continued deployment can be created but to do so requires
extensions of terms of service and other personnel policy changes .
11 ( ~ )
In addition, it must be recognized that the anticipated
proportionate incr ease in pers?nnel losses 'dill r~quire an increase
in the end strength of the actlve forces to sustaln these lo sses .

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"c. Navy . Support of the newly authori zed deployments vTill
r equire the callup of hlO Navy mobile construction battalions
(NMCB ) totalling 1,700 personnel and 600 individual medical/
dental/chaplain Reservists . These callups "rill provide for
bringing recalled Marine units up to strength, sustaining the
Navy personnel organic to the deployed RLT, and adding medical
staffing.required by the increased level of activity in Southea.st Asia to forward hospital facilities including Guam .
" d . Air Force . The Air Force pl ans to support this approved
deployment operation ,,'li thout recall of individuals or units .
Reserve airlift augmentation neede d to supplement the deployment
airlift can be accomplished by Reservists on a voluntary basis ."
I n addition, the Joint Chiefs indicated that it would be both prudent
and aclvisable to reach a readiness level that could be responsive to
further COMUS}1ACV force requirements, if the remainder of the 82nd Airborne
Di vision and one more RLT Ive;re required . COMUSMACV had already indic ated
the potential need for these units at an early date. To r each such a
readiness level, the Joint Chiefs indic ated that the follmving Reserve
forces "lOuld have to be activated :
"a. Army . Should the additional deployments be made, it "rould
be ne cessary for the Army to recall (in addition to the hlo brigade
fo rces previously discussed) one infantry division force and one
infantry bri gade force of the Army Reserve components , totalling
58,000 men . These forces will be needed to reconstitute the
strategic res erve and to bro aden t he source of crttical r anks
and skills to be applied against the increased rotation base
requir ements . The Reserve units should be recalled at this time
to bring them closer to a combat - ready status prior to the probable
deployment of the balance of the 82nd Airborne Division . The
Reserve division force should attain a combat - capable status in
15 vre eks after recall and the brigade force should require 12 vreeks .
lIb.

Marine Corps .

(1) The most desirable Reserve callup consists of the
entire 4th Marine Expeditionary Force (IvlEF ) , plus other units
and selected indivi dual Reserves . This totals about 51,000 .
Mobilization and subsequent deployment of the Reserve forces
should be accomplished incrementally . 'l'his callup permits the
early and orderly replac ement of the 5th r.larine Division (-)
in South Vietn am and the subsequent re(leployment of the 5th
Marine Division (-) to CONUS, or, alternatively , the 4th Division/
Wing Te am can meet the additional requirements ....
"c. Navy. Support of these additional deployments. vrould
r equire the callup of an additional three m,1CB (total of five)
totallin a 4,1 50 personnel and a? additio?al 400 (for a total
of 1, 0'00), medical/dental/ cnaplaJ.n ReserVlsts . These ca11ups

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would. provide for ll.f 1'MCB in RVN for direct construction support
and an adequate rotation base to maint ain these deployment's .
The additional medical/dental/chaplain personnel will provide
for bringing recalled Marine units up to strength, sustaining
the Navy personnel in the additional deploying RLT, and adding
some medical staffing to forward hospital facilities . Recall
of an additional 2,800 personnel would be required to augment
the logistic operations in Vietnam . The increased requirement
for naval gunfire support for the larger deployments ,.lOuld
necessit ate the act ivation of two heavy cruisers to fill CINCPAC 's
r equirements for additional shore bombardment capab ility to
maintain hro l arge calibre gun ships on station in the SEA
DRAGO=~ area and off RVN .
Additionally, 15 destroyers should
be activated from the mothball fleet to replace 15 Naval Reserve
Training destroyers to be called to active duty . This '\wuld
fill CINCPAC's requirement for an additional five destroyers
on station off Vietnam and provide the rotation base to support
them. The recall of 6,000 Naval Reserve personnel would provide
the additional manpower' and skills base to man these reactivated
ships .
" d . Air Force. The deployment of the remainder of the 82nd
Airborne Division to Southeast Asia ,-rill require the support of
three tactical fighter squadrons, a tactical reconnaissance
squadron, necessary elements of the Tactical Air Control System,
one PRIME BEEF unit, and one security squadron . In order to
provide support of the deploynlent and the broadening of the
training and rotation base and to retain a minimum acceptable
number of combat-ready deployable squadrons in the CONUS, these
Air Force organizations will have to be replaced by activation
of the following Air Reserve Forces: eight tactical fighter
squadrons, five tactical reconnaissance squadrons, one Tactical
Control Group, t"lQ military airlift groups, and one tactical
airlift ,.ring, totalling 22 , 497 spaces . Activation of these Air
National Guard/Reserve units include organizations not currently
manned under COMBAT BEEF standards (100 percent)."
The Joint Chiefs reiterated their recommendation that legislation
be sought to: "(1) provide authority to call selected individual
Reservists to active duty ; ( 2 ) extend beyond 30 June 1968 the existing
authority to call Reserve units to active duty ; and (3) extend terms
of service for active duty personnel." The provisions of such legisla tion would, the Joint Chiefs indicated, i mpact on the Services in the
follo"i ng manner :

(1) Extension of terms of Service . P'.covides' an immediate
i rr,pact on readiness worldwide in that critical skill specialists
in short supply are retained on adive duty . It is estimated that

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between 30,000 and 40,000 additional trained personnel will be
ret ained in the Army for each month of extension . For example,
during the first six-month period of extension of terms of
service, the Army would gain in excess of 500 helicopter pilots,
of \-'hich there is a critical shortage . Other critical skill
shortages \-,ould be similarly affected.
"( 2 ) Selective callup of individual Reservists . The
Army Iwnediate Ready Reserve contains 490,000 personnel, of
which more than 90 percent are in grades of E- 4 and E- 5 . A
selecti ve callup of individual Reservists, coupled \-,i th an
extension of terms of service, i-rill alleviate virtually all of
the Army's current critical skill shortages .
"b. ' Marine Corps.
(1) Involuntary extension of enlistments of all
enlisted personnel lvould produce an average of 5,766 enlisted
men per month through June . 11i thin this gain, an average of
1,728 experienced NCOs per month would be gained .
"( 2 ) Selective recall of individual Reservists \-lOuld
be necessary in order to bring mobilized units up, to provide
the essential rank and skills not contained in the organized
Reserve. Within the Marine Corps Reserve, "out outside of the
organized units, there is an invaluable pool of key personnel :
, noncommissioned officers, officers (particularly pilots), and
Marines possessing long lead time " hard skill" Military Occupational Specialties .

" c . Navy . In the deploying ships of the Navy, there is a
shortfall-or-32,500 in officers and the top six enlisted pay
grades .
(1) Involuntary extension of Reserve Officers and
selected recall of Reserves 'Hould fulfill officer manning
requirements in one to three months .
"( 2 ) Cancellation of early releases and selective
involuntary extensions, recall of Fleet Reserves, deferral of
transfers to Fleet Reserve, and recall of Ready Reserves would
achieve 100 percent enlisted requirements by rate/rating in
one to three months .
"d. Air Force . If extension of terms of service were granted
the Air Force could, on a selective basis, hold approximately
20,000 skilled personnel out of a possible 70,000 that Hould
b e discharged over a six-month period. Retaining these critical
sl<;:111s ,wuld sustain the force at an acceptable level. Should
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additional forces be deployed to meet possible future MACV
r equirements, l egislation \vould be necessary i n order that
active un i ts can be replaced by acti vati,on of corresponding
Air National Guard units after 30 June 1968 ."
Based on all the foregoing, the Joint Chiefs of Staff recomrnended
t hat :
" a . The follm·Ting Reserve component units be called to
active duty immediately:
(1 )

Two infantry brigade forces .

( 2 ) One Marine regiment, plus the support forces
i ndicated in paragraph 3b(1 ).
(3)

Tivo II.1J:;fCBs .

"b . The following Reserve component units be brought to a
high state of readiness for probable call to active duty on
short notice :
(1 ) One infantry division force and one infantry
brigade force, i n addition to the hro brigade forces indicated
above .
( 2 ) , The remainder of the Lfth Marine Expeditionary Force .

(3 ) Three N'MCBs, in addition to the two i ndicated above .
Also, de-mothball ivork and long lead time procurement should begin
on t'HO heavy cruisers and 15 destroyers. , Fifteen Naval Reserve
Training destroyers should be placed on active duty and cormnence
immediate installation of modern communications/electronics
equipment .
11( 4) Eight TPS, five TPS, one TACS, five ARS, one
PRIME BEEF unit, and one security squadron.

"e. Measures be taken immediately to obtain the l egis la tio n

(Text continues in the original file: 106 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-7-a — [Part IV. C. 7. a.] Evolution of the War. Air War in the North: 1965 - 1968. Volume I · Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-7-a

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-7-a
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-7-a
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### Full text

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ROLLING THUNDER DIGEST
6 A
I
EN BAI YEN QUENG 18
DIEN BIEN PHU
SON
PHONG
HANOI & HAIPHONG
RESTRICTED AREA
BARTHELEMY
PASS
GULF OF TONKIN
CINCPACAF
TINH CINCPACFLT
PASS GIA
COMUSMACV
ILAI
DEMARCATION LINE
QUANG TRI
NORTH VIETNAM ARMED RECONNAISSANCE ROUTE PACKAGE AREA
DE
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CHRONOLcx:;.y
Under SecState George Ball
memo to the Pre s ident

Ball argues for "cutting our
losses" in Vietnam and negotiating an end to the war . A
massive US intervention would
likel y require complete achieve ment of our objectives or
humili at io n, both at terrible
costs.

Rusk memo to the President

US had to defend South Vietnam
from a ggre s sion even with US
troops to validate the reliability of the US commitment .

McNamara DPM .(revised
20 Jul)

The gravity of the military
situation required r a ising 3rd
country troops in SVN from 16
to 44 battalions and intensifying the air war through the
mining of Haiphong and other
ports, destruction of rail and
road bridges from China, and
destruction of MIG airfields
and SAM sites .

2 Jul 65

JCSM 515 -6 5

The JCS advocate virtually the
same air '-lar program as the
DPM adding only attacks on
"war -making" supplies and facilit ies . Sorties should increase
fr om 2,000 to 5,000.

13 Jul 65

McNaughton draft memo

Negotiations are unlikely, but
even 200,000-400,000 men may
only give us a 50-50 chance of
a win by 1968 ; infiltration
route s should be hit hard to
put a "ceiling" on i nfiltration .

14-21 Jul 65

McNamara trip to Vietnam

After a ,.,eek in Vietnam,
McNamara returned ,.lith a
softened version of the DPM.

1 Jul 65

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20 JUl 65

McNamara memo to the
President

Backing al,m y from his 1 July
views, McNamara recommended
mining the harbors only as a
"severe reprisal." Sorties
should be raised to 4,000.
Political improvement a must
in SVN; low-key diplomacy to
lay the groundw'ork for a
settlement.

30 Jul 65

McNamara memo for the
President

Future bombing policy should
emphasize the threat, minimize
DRV loss of face, optimize
interdiction over political
costs, be coordinated with
other pressures on the DRV, and
avoid undue risks of escalation.

4-6 Aug 65

McNamara before Senate
Armed Services and Appropriation Comte and RASC.

McNamara justifies the Administration 's bombing restraint,
pointing to the risk of escalation in attacks on POL, airfields or Hanoi-Haiphong areas.

2 Sep 65

JCSM-670-65

The JCS recommend air strikes
against "lucrative" NVN targets
-- POL, 'power plants, etc.

15 Sep 65

McNamara memo to CJCS

JCSM 670 is rejected as a
dangerous escalatory step.

12 Oct 65

Amb. Thompson memo to
McNamara

Thompson, discussing the possibility of a pause, notes need
to tell Hanoi we'd resume if
the effort failed.

3 Nov 65

McNamara memo to the
President

McNamara urges the approval
of the bombing "pause" he had
first suggested in his 20 Jul
memo to test NVN's intentions.

9 Nov 65

State Dept. memo to the
President

A State memo to the President,
written by U. Alexis Johnson
with Rusk's endorsement, opposes
a pause at a time "lvhen Hanoi has
given no sign of willingness to
talk. It would waste an important card and give them a chance
to blackmail us about resumption.

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10 Nov 65

JCSM-810-65

The Chiefs propose a systematic
air attack on the NVN POL
storage and distribution netIyork.

i7 Nov 65

DIA memo to McNamara

General Carroll (Dir. DIA)
gives an appraisal of the
bombing with few bright spots.

28-29 Nov 65

McNamara-Wheeler trip to
Vietnam

McNamara and General Wheeler
make a hurried trip to Vietnam
to consider force increases .

30 Nov 65

McNamara report to the
President

Among other parts of the
report, McNamara urges a pause
in the bombing to prepare the
American public for future
escalations and to give Hanoi
a last chance to save face.

1 Dec 65

w. Bundy draft memo to

Bundy summarizes the pros and
cons with respect to a pause
and concludes against it.

the President
3 Dec 65

McNaughton memo

McNaughton favors a "hard-line"
pause with re sumption unless
t he DRV stopped infiltration
and direction of the war, withdrew infiltrators, made the VC
stop attacks and stopped interfering with the GVN's exercise
of its functions .

6 Dec 65

State Dept. memo to the
President

Rusk having apparently been
convinced, this new draft by
Bundy and Johnson recommends
a pause.

8 Dec 65

McNamara memo to the
President

McNamara states that he is
giving consideration to the
JCS proposal for attacking ~he
NVN POL system .

24 Dec 65

state msg 1786 to Lodge

The bombing pause begins . It
l asts for 37 days until the
31st of January .

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7

26 Dec 65

CINCPAC msg 262159Z Dec 65

CINCPAC, dissenting from the
pause from the outset, argues
for the resumption of the
bombing promptly.

27 Dec 65

MACV msg 45265 .

Westmoreland argues that
"immediate resumption is
essential. "

28 Dec 65

Helms memo to DepSecDef
Vance

Estimates that neither the
Soviets nor Chinese will actively
intervene in the war if the POL
system is attacked.

12 Jan 66

CINCPAC msg 120205Z Jan 66

Admiral Sharp urges that the
bombing be restuned at sub stantially higher levels
immediately.

15 Jan 66

Bundy "Scenario for
Possible Resumption"

Bundy urges that the resumption
be at a 101-7 level building up
again gradually before major
new targets like POL are struck.

18 Jan 66

JCSM-41-66

" ••. offensive air operations
against NVN should be resumed
now with a sharp blo,v and thereafter maintained with uninterrupted, increasing pressure ."
Specifically, the Chiefs called
for immediate mining of the ports .

McNaughton draft, "Some
Obs ervations about
Bombing .•. "

Purposes of the bombing are
(1) to interdict infiltration;
(2) to bring about negotiation;
(3) to provide a bargaining
counter; and (4) to sustain
GVN morale.

McNamara memo to the
President

McNamara, drmving on the
language of McNaughton's
earlier memo, recomme~d s
resumption with sorties to
rise gradually to 4,000 per
month and stabilize. Promises
are all cautious .

24 Jan 66

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•

25 Jan 66

Ball memo to the President .

Ball warns that resumption
will pose a grave danger of
starting a \-Tar with China.
He points to the self-generating
pressure of the bombing for
escalation, shows its ineffectiveness and \-Tarns of specific
potential targets such as
mining the harbors.

31 Jan 66

Bombing resumes

After 37 days the bombing is
resumed but with no spectacular targets.

4 Feb 66

SNIE 10-1-66

This special estimate states
that increasing the scope and
intensity of bombing, including
attacks on POL, would not prevent
DRV support of higher levels of
opera,tions in 1966.

19 Feb 66

JCSM 113-66

The Chiefs urge a sharp escalation of the air war with maxi mum shock effect.

1 Mar 66

JCSM 130-66

Focusing their recow~endations
on POL, the Chiefs call it
"highest priority action not
yet approved." It would have
a direct effect in cutting
infiltration.

10 Mar 66

JCSM 153-66

Again attacks on POL are urged.

late Mar 66

McNamara memo to the
President

This memo to the President contained MCNamara's bombing
recommendations for April which
included hitting 7 of 9 JCS
recommended POL storage sites.

28 Mar 66

White House Tuesday Lunch

McNamara's POL recommendation
is deferred by the ~r2sident
because of political turmoil
in SVN .

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9 A-pr 66

White House Review

A general -policy revi ew at
the White House includes most
of the second-level members
of the Administration. Meet· ings and -pa-per drafting continued until the political
crisi s in SVN abated in midA-pril.

14 A-pr 66

JCSM 238-66

The JCS forwarded a voluminous
study of the bombing that
recommends a much expanded
campaign to hit the Haiphong
POL, mine the harbors, hit
the airfields.

16 A-pr 66

Policy debate continues

The high-level policy review
continue s . Bundy, McNaughton ,
Carver & Unger draft position
-papers on the alternatives if
the GVN collapses.

26 A-pr 66

JCS msg 9326

CINCPAC is informed that RT50
will not include the POL.

27 A-pr 66

Taylor memo to the
President

General Taylor in a major memo
to the President discusses the
-problem of negotiations describing the bombing and other
US military a.ctions as "blue
chips" to be bargained away at
the negotiation table not given
away as a -precondition beforehand.

4 May 66

w. Bundy memo to Rusk

Bundy, commenting on Taylor's
"blue chi-p" memo takes a harder
position on what we shoUld get
for a bombing halt -- i.e. both
an end of infiltration and a
cessation of VC/NVA military
activity in the South.

6 May 66

W. W. Rostow memo to

Rostow urges the attack on POL
based on the results such
attacks -produced against Germany
in W. \'[. II.

Rusk and McNamara

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10 May' 66

CINCPAC msg 100730Z May 66

Admiral Sharp again urges the
authorization of POL attacks .

22 May 66

MACV msg 17603

General Westmoreland supports
CINCPAC's request for strikes
on the POL system .

3 Jun 66

UK FM ~hlson opposes POL
State Dept msg 48 to Oslo .

The President, having decided
sometime at the end of May to
approve the POL attacks, informs
UK Pl'J! Wilson . Wilson urges
the President to reconsider.

7 Jun 66

Brussels msg 87

Rusk, travelling in Europe,
urges the President to defer
the POL decision because of the
forthcoming visit of Canadian
Ambassador Ronning to Hanoi and
the possibility of some peace
feeler.

8 Jun 66

CIA SC No . 08440/66

"It is estimated that the
neutralization of the bulk
petroleum storage facilities
in 'NVN will not in itself preclude Hanoi's continued support
of essential war activities."

14 Jun 66

CINCPAC msg 140659Z Jun 66

Having been informed of high
level consideration of the POL
strikes by McNamara, CINCPAC
as sures they will cause under
50 civilian casualties.

14-18 Jun 66

Ronning Mission

Canadian Ambassador Ronning
goes to Hanoi and confers with
top DRV leaders . He r eturns
"VTith no message or indication
of DRV i nterest in talks.

22 Jun 66

JCSmsg 5003

CINCPAC is ordered to strike the
POL at first light on 24 June.

'24 Jun 66

POL deferred

Bad weather forces rescheduling
of the strikes for 25 June.

25 Jun 66

JCS msg 5311

The' POL execute order is re s cinded because of a press leak.

7

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28 Jun 66

JCS msg 5414

The POL order is reinstated
for 29 June.

29 Jun 66

POL attacks

At long last the POL facilities
are struck with initially
highly positive damage reports.

8 Jul 66

ROLLING THUNDER Conference
in Honolulu

After having been briefed by
CINCPAC on the effects of the
POL strikes to date, McNamara
informs Admiral Sharp that the
President wants first priority
given to strangulation of the
NVN POL system.

CINCPAC msg 0807302 Jul 66

RT 51 specifies a program for
intensive attacks on POL as
1st priority.

24 Jul 66

CINCPAC msg 2420692 Jul 66

As a part of a comprehensive
attack on POL storage, Sharp
recommends attacks on Kep and
Phuc Yen airfields.

1 Aug 66

DIA Special Intelligence

70% of NVN's large bulk POL
storage capacity has been
destroyed along with 7% of its
dispersed storage.

4 Aug 66

SNIE 13-66

NVN was using the POL attacks
as a lever to extract more aid
from the Chinese and the Soviets.

13-14 Aug 66

'\<Testmoreland sees LBJ

General '\<Testmoreland spends two
days at the ranch conferring with
the President on the progress of
the war and new troop requirement~

20 Aug 66

CINCPAC msg 2022262 Aug 66

CINCPAC emphatically opposes
any standdown, pause or reduction in the air war .

29 Aug 66

JASON studies

IDA's JASON Division submits
four reports on the war done by
a special study group of top
scientists who stress the ineffectiveness of the bombing,
including POL, and recoID~end the
construction of an anti-infiltration barrier across northern
South Vietnam and Laos .

•
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3 Sep 66

McNamara memo to CJCS

McNamara requests the viel'Ts
of the Chiefs on the proposed
barrier.

4 Sep 66

CINCPAC msg 042059Z Sep 66

RT is redirected from a
primary POL emphasis to lIattrition of men, supplies, equipment .••. 11

8 Sep 66

CM-1732-66

General Wheeler agrees to the
creation of a special project
for the barrier under General
Starbird, but expresses concern that funding of the program
not be at the expense of other
activities.

12 Sep 66

Joint CIA/DIA Assessment
of POL Bombing

The intelligence community turns
in an overwhelmingly negative
appraisal of the effect of POL
attacks. No POL shortages are
evident, and in general the
bombing has not created insurmountable transportation difficulties, economi c dislocations,
or weakening of popular morale.

13 Sep 66

CINCPAC msg 130705Z Sep 66

CINCPAC ridicules the idea of
a barrier.

15 Sep 66

McNamara memo to Lt Gen
Starbird

Starbird is designated as the
head of a Joint Task Force for "
the barrier.

7 Oct 66

JCSM 646-66

In a report on the US vTorldwide force posture the Chiefs
express grave concern at the
thinness \vi th which manpower is
stretched. They recommend
mobilization of the reserves.

10-13 Oct 66

McNamara trip to Vietnam

McNamara, Kat zenbach , ~fueel=r,
Komer, McNaughton and others
spend three days in Vietna.m. on
a Presidential fact-finder.

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14 Oct 66

McNamara memo to the
President

With Katzenbach's concurrence,
McNamara recommended only 40,000
more troops and the stabili~a ­
t ion of the air war . Noting the
i nability of the bombing to
interdict infiltration, he
recommended the barrier to the
President. To improve the
negotiating climate he proposed
either a bombing pause or shifting
it avTay from the northern cities.

JCSM 672-66

The Chiefs disagree with virtua lly every McNamara recommenda t ion . In addition they urge an
escalatory "sharp knock" against
NVN .

15 Oct 66

George Carver memo for
Dir., CIA

Carver concurs in McNamara ' s
assessment of the bombing and
agrees vTith its stabilization
at about 12, 000 sorties p er
month but urges the closing
of Haiphong port .

23-25 Oct 66

Manila Conference

The President meets vri th the
heads of government of all the
troop contributing nat ions and
agreed positions on the vlar and
the framework of its settlement
are worked out . In a private
conference , Westmoreland opposes
a ny curtailment of the bombing
and urges its expansion . He
seemed to have reluctantly
accepted the barrier concept.

4 Nov 66

JCSM 702-66 .

The Chiefs i n forwarding the
CINCPAC force proposals add a
rational e of their own for the
bombing : to "make it as difficult and costly as po:::;sible" for
NVN to continue the vTar , thereby
giving it an incentive to end it.

8 Nov 66

Off-Year Election

In an off-year election, the
peace candidates in both parties
are all resoundingly defeated .

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11 Nov 66

McNamara memo to CJCS

The President approved only
the modest McNamara force
increases and ordered a stabilization of the air war.

17 Nov 66

McNamara DFM on Supplemental Appropriations

McNamara describes for the
President the failure of the
bombing to reduce infiltration
below the essential minimum
to sustain current levels of
combat in SVN. He argues for
the barrier as an alternative .

22 Nov 66

JCSM-727-66

The Chiefs once again oppose
holiday standdowns for Christ mas, New Year's and Tet citing
the massive advanta.ge of them
taken by the DRV during the
37-day pause.

13-14 Dec 66

Hanoi attacks hH civilian
areas

A series of air attacks on
t~rgets in Hanoi in early Dec .
culminated in heavy strikes
on Dec. 13-14. In the immediate aftermath, the DRV and
other communist countries claimed
extensive damage in civilian
areas. The attacks came at a
time when contacts with the DRV
through the Poles apparently had
appeared promising.

23 Dec 66

lO-mile Hanoi prohibited
area established

In response to the vlorldwide
criticism for the attacks on
civilian areas, a lO-n.m. prohibited area around Hanoi was
est~blished with a similar zone
for Haiphong . Henceforth attacks
within it could only be by speci fic Presidential authorization .

24 Dec 66

48-hour truce

A 48-hour truce and bombing pause
is observed.

31 Dec 66

New Year's truce

A second 48-hour truce is
observed. Heavy cOID~unist
resupply efforts are observed
during the standdovTn.

•
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2 Jan 67

MACV msg 00163

Westmoreland opposes the Tet
truce based on VC violations of
the two truces just completed.

4 Jan 67

CINCPAC msg 040403Z Jan 67

CINCPAC endorses Westmoreland's
opposition to the Tet truce.

4 Jan 67

JCSM-6-67

The Chiefs note the heavy DRV
resupply during the two truces
and oppose the proposed 96-hour
Tet truce.

18 Jan 67

JCSM-25-67

The Chiefs renew their opposition to the Tet truce.

CINCPAC msg 182210Z Jan 67

Admiral Sharp recommends six
priority targets for RT in 1967:
(1) electric power, (2) the
industrial plant, (3) the transportation system in depth, (4)
military complexes, (5) POL,
(6) Haiphong and the other ports.

25 Jan 67

CINCPAC msg 252126z Jan 67

Sharp again urges the attack
of Haiphong and an intensified
overall campaign.

28 Jan 67

RT 53

No ne,v target categories are
approved.

1 Feb 67

CINCPAC msg 012005Z Feb 67

Keeping up his barrage of
cables, Sharp urges the closing
of the NVN ports by aerial mining .

2 Feb 67

Marks (Dir., USIA) memo to
Rusk

Marks proposes extending the
Tet truce for 12 to 24 hours in
an effort to get negotiations
started .

.

The Chiefs propose the mlnlng of
selected inland wateTITays and
selected coastal areas to illlibit
internal sea transportation in

JCSM 59-67

NVN.

3 Feb 67

McNaughton "Scenario"

•
. 12

A handl'Tritten "Scenario" for the
pause by McNaughton vThich notes
MCNamara's approval calls for
extension of the Tet truce to
7 days to get negotiations starte(
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8 Feb 67

President's letter to Ho
Chi Minh

The President invites Ho to
indicate what reciprocity he
might expect from a bombing
halt. The letter is transmitted in Moscow Feb. 8.

8-14 Feb 67

Tet truce

While this truce was in effect
frantic efforts were undertaken
by UK PM Wilson and Premier
Kosygin in London to get peace
talks started. In the end
these failed because the enormous DRV resupply effort forces
the President to resnme the
bombing after having first
extended the pause.

15 Feb 67

Ho Chi Minh letter to
President

Replying to the President's
letter, Ho rejects the US
conditions and reiterates that
unconditional cessation of the
bombing must precede any talks.

19 Feb 67

MOSCOvl msg 3568

Amb. Thompson indicates the
Soviets would react extremely
adversely to the mining of
Haiphong.

21 Feb 67

Vance memo to Katzenbach

Vance sends Katzenbach a package
of proposals for the President's
night reading. Eight categories
of new' targets are analyzed;
none can seriously undercut the
flow of supplies South.

· 21 Feb 67

W. Bundy memo

Bundy notes that mlnlng of the
watenTays and coastal areas of
the DRV panhandle could be
approved without the mining of
Haiphong.

Maxwell Taylor memo to the
President

Taylor again considers the
question of ceasefire, political settlement and sequencing
of agreements. No direct
bearing on the situation.

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22 Feb 67

Mining yratervmys approved

The President approved the
aerial mining of the water ways and the attack on the
Thai Nguyen Iron and Steel
works .

27 Feb 67

1st aerial mining

The first aerial mining of
the waterways begins.

10 Mar 67

Thai Nguyen plant struck

The Thai Nguyen Iron and
Steel complex is hit for the
first time.

Bundy gives Thieu
assurances

Bundy in Saigon sees Thieu
with Lodge and assures him
the President believes that
more pressure must be applied
in the North before Ho will
change his position.

20-21 Mar 67

Guam Conference

The President leads a fLlll
delegation to a conference
with Thieu and Ky . Questions
of constitutional progress and
war progress in the South
dominate the discussions .
During the conference Ho
releases the exchange of letters
during Tet. A decision to base
B-52s in Thailand is also taken.

8 Apr 67

RT 55

RT 55 includes the Kep airfield,
Hanoi power transformer and
other industrial sites .

20 Apr 67

JCSM 218-'6 7

The Chiefs endorse Hestmoreland 's
request for 100 ,000 more troops
and 3 more t actical fighter
squadrons to keep up the pressure
on the North.

Haiphong povrer plants
struck

Aft er numerous vleather aborts,
the two Haiphong power plants
are struck for the 1st time.

Airfields attacked

Two MIG fields come under
fir st -time attack shortly after
their authorization.

24 Apr 67

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R. W. Komer memo

Komer leaves behind some view's
on the war as he leaves for
Vietnam. Negotiations are now
unlikely, but bombing won't make
Hanoi give in, hence the "critical variable is in the South."

Moscow msg 4566

Amb. Thompson reports the bad
effect of the recent Haiphong
attacks on Soviet attitudes.

27 Apr 67

Westmoreland sees the
President

Back in the US to speak to LBJ
about his troop request and
addre ss Congress,Westy tells
Johnson, "I am frankly dismayed at even the thought of
stopping the bombing ..•. "

1 May 67

W. Bundy memo to Katzenbach

As a part of the policy review
in progress since 24 April,
Bundy writes a strategy paper
opposing more bombing (among
other things) because of the
likely adverse international
effects.

4 May 67

SNIE 11-11-67

Soviets will likely increase
aid to the DRV but not help
get the conflict to the negotiating table.

McGeorge Bundy letter to
the President

Bundy argues for a ceiling on
the US effort in Vietnam and
no further escalation of the
air war, particularly the mining
of Haiphong harbor.

CM-3 218-67

General Wheeler takes sharp
exception to Bundy's views.
Haiphong is the single most
valuable and vulnerable NVN
target yet unstruck. Also
explains the rationale for the
attack on the NVN pm.,rer grid.

24 Apr 67

5 May 67

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5 May 67

McNaughton DPM

As a part of the policy revievl,
McNaughton drafts a proposal
for cutting the bombing back
to 20 0 • The action was to
enhance military effectiveness
not i mprove negotiation prospects, which were dim.

6 May 67

W. W. Rostow memo

After considering three options:
closing Haiphong, heavier
attacks in the Hanoi-Haiphong
area and restriction of bombing
to the panhandle only, Rostow
recommended concentrating on the
panhandle while holding open
the option to up the ante farther
north if we desired l ater .

8 May 67

W. Bundy memo

Bundy considers five different
bombing packages and finally
favors levelling off at current
levels with no nelV targets and
more concentration on the panhandle.

12 May 67

CIA Memo Nos. 0642/67
and 0643/67

The bombing has not eroded
NVN morale, materially degraded
NVN ability to support the war,
nor significantly eroded the
industrial-military base.

16 May 67

Hanoi power plant
authorized

As the debate continues, the
President approves the Hanoi
power plant.

19 May 67

Hanoi power plant bombed

The power plant, 1 mile from
the center of Hanoi, is hit
for the first time.

McNamara DPM (given to the
President )

McNamara considered t'iTO courses:
approval of the military recommendations for escalation in
both North and South; de-escalation in the North (20 0 ) and only
30,000 troops in the South. In
spite of unfavorable negotiations
climate , the second course is
recommended because costs and
ri sks of the 1st course were too
great.

•
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20 May 67

JCSM 286-67

The Chiefs rebut ~he DPM and
call for expansion of the air
war " ..• to include attacks 0_1
all airfields, all port complexes, all land and sea lines
of communication in the HanoiHaiphong area, and mining of
coastal harbors and coastal
waters."

20 May 67

McNamara memo

McNamara asks CJCS, Dir. CIA,
SecNav, and SecAF to analyze
(a) cutting back bombing to 20 0 ;
and (b) int ensifying attacks on
LOCs in route packages 6A and 6B
but terminating them against
industrial targets.

23 May 67

CIA memo 0649/67

CIA opposes the mining of the
harbors as too provocative for
the Soviets.

26 May 67

CIA memo

With the recent attacks on NVN's
pOl-ler grid 87% of national
capacity had been destroyed.

1 Jun 67

JCSM 307-67

The Chiefs take strong exception
to the DPM noting its inconsistency with NSAM 288 and the
jeopardy into 'which it would
place national objectives in SR4
because of the radical and conceptually unsound military
methods it proposed, including
any curtailment of the bombing.

Helms letter to McNamara

Responding to MCNamara's May 20
request for analysis of two
bombing options, Helms states
neither will cut down the flow
of men and supplies enough "to
decrease Hanoi's determination
to persist in the war."

Vol. Bundy memo

Bundy, like the Chiefs, rejected
the reformulation of objectives
in the May 19 DPM. He leaves
aside the question of the courses
of action to be follOi·l ed.

2 Jun 67

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JCSM-312-67

The Chiefs, replying to
McNamara's May 20 re~uest,
again reject all suggestions
for a cutback in the bombing .

SecNav memo to McNamara

The Secretary of the Navy concluded,in reply to the May 20
re~uest, that the cutback to
the panhandle would be marginally
more productive than the current
campaign.

3 Jun 67

SecAF memo to McNamara

Harold BrO'lm favored the
expanded campaign against LOCs
in northern NVN in his reply
. to ~-1cNamara ' s May 20 re~uest.

8 Jun 67

Katzenbach memo to McNamara

Katzenbach favors concentrating
the bombing against LOCs through out the country and abandoning
attacks on "strategic" targets .

11 Jun 67

Kep Airfield struck

The Kep airfield comes under
attack for the 1st time and
ten MIGs are destroyed.

12 Jun 67

McNamara DPM

Three bombing programs are
offered : ' (a) intensified
attack on Hanoi-Haiphong logistical base; (b) emphasis south
of 20 0 ; (c) extension of the
current program. McNamara,
Vance & SecNav favor B; JCS
favor A; SecAF favors C.

15 Jun 67

INR memo to Rusk

Hanoi was possibly reconsidering
. the desirability of negotiations .

17 Jun 67

Saigon msg 28293

Bunker doubts the effectiveness
of bombing at interdiction and
therefore urges the rapid completion of the barrier.

-21 Jun 67

CINCPAC msg 210430Z Jun 67

Sharp argues that results of the
bombing in recent months demon strate its effectiveness and are
a pOl"erful argument for it s
expansion.

2 Jun 67

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23-25 Jun 67

Glassboro Conference

President Johnson meets Soviet
Premier Kosygin at Glassboro,
N.J. No breakthrough on the
YTar.

3 Jul 67

SecAF memo to McNamara

In a lengthy analytical memo
Broim argues for option C,
a general expansion of the
bombing.

5 Jul 67

JCSM 382-67

The Chiefs reject a Canadian
propo sal to exchange a bombing
halt for re-demi litarization
of the DMZ.

7-11 Jul 67

McNamara trip to Vietnam

During MCNamara's five day
trip, CINCPAC argues against
any further limitation of the
bomb ing.

18 Jul 67

JCS msg 1859

RT 57 ivill be only a limited
extension of previous targets .
No cutback is planned.

9 Aug 67

Addendum to RT 57

Sixteen JCS fixed targets are
added to RT 57 including six
within the 10-mile Hanoi. zone .

9-25 Aug 67

Stennis Hearings

The Senate Preparedness Sub commi ttee hears tyTO ..leeks of
testimony on the air war from
Wheeler, Sharp, McConnell and
finally McNamara. The commit tee ' s report condemns the
Administration ' s failure to
follow mi l itary advice .

11- 12 Aug 67

Hanoi struck

(Text continues in the original file: 223 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-7-b — [Part IV. C. 7. a.] Evolution of the War. Air War in the North: 1965 - 1968. Volume I · Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-7-b

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-7-b
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-7-b
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

It’s 2011, but the only thing declassified is the paperwork’s age.

- Pentagon Papers Part IV C 7 a., NARA PDF, dated 2011, covering 1965‑1968 North Vietnam air war
- Reports 1967 internal debates on escalating or scaling back bombing industrial and transport targets
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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VOLUME II
THE AIR VJAR IN NORTH VIE'l.'NAM
TABLE OF CONTENTS and OUTLINE

IV. THE ATTEMPT TO DE-ESCAL~TE -- J ANUARY-JULY 1967 ...••..••....••. 1
The Year Begins "l-li th No Change ............................. 1
1. Escalation Proposals .•••.•........•.••••••.•••••.••..•• 1
2. The TET Pause -- 8 -14 February ..... . . • • • • . . • . • • • • • • . • .. 3
B. ~-1ore Targets ............................................... 8
1. The Post-TET Debate ........ . ........................... 8
2. A "Little" Escale.tion ••••....•.•. • .••.•.•••••••.•.••••• 13
3. The Guam Conference and More Salami Sl ices ....•.•.•...• 15
C. The Question Again - - Escalate or Negotiate? .••.•..•...••. 21
1. '11"0 Courses - Escalate or Level Off. •••...•..•••.•.••.. 21
2. The May DPM Exercise .•..•...••••.•..•••....•...•.••.... 30
3. The May 19 DH1 ... . ...................•........•...•.... 43
4. JCS, CIA and State Reactions •.•....••.•..•.•••••.•.••.. 53
5. The McNamara Bombing Options .••.•••••...••.•..•••.•••.. 62
6. ':rl1 e June 12th DPtvi ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••"66
7. The RT 57 Decision -- No Escalation .••...••..•••..••..• 73
FOOTNO~S •• • "
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •~ ••••••••••••• ;. •••••• • 81

A.

V.

THE LONG ROAD TO DE - ESCALATION -- AUGUST-DEC~{8ER 1967 •.•.••... 90
A.

B.

c.

D.

Senator Stennis Forces an Escalation .••••.••.•••..•.•.••.•. 90
1. The Addendum to ROLLING THUNDER ••••....•.•..••••..••••. 90
2. The Steru1is Hearings •.•.•..•.•••...••...•••.•..••••.••. 92
3 . The Fall out ............................................ 99
The San Antonio Formula .••••••.•••.••.•...•..•..•...•.••.• 101
1.

Peace Feelers ......................................... 101

2.
3.
4.

The Pre s ident's Speech and Hanoi's Reaction ..•••••.••• 10l
More Targets .......................................... 103

The Decibel Level Goes Up ...••.•.•.•.••...•••.••..•••• 114

New Studie s .......•.••..•.•••••••....••.•••.•..•......•• •• 115
1. SEAC.ABIN .............................................. 115

2. Thl: JASON Study ••..•..•..•...•........•.........••••.• 122
3. Systems Analysis Study on Economic Effects ...••....•.. 127
The Year Closes on a Note of Optimism ..••.••.•.•.....•.•.. 131

FOOTNOTES ...................................................... 137

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VI. THE CORNER TS TURNED -- JANUARY-MARCH 1968... .... 141
A. The Crisis Begins....... 141
1. Public Diplomacy Gropes On.... 141
2. The Tet Offensive....... 144
B. The "A to Z" Review....... .. 149
1. The Reassessment Begins..... .•• 149
2. The Clifford Group....... ... 150
3. The March 4 DPM.......... ..• 171
C. The President Weighs the Decision...... .•.• 180
1. More Meetings and More Alternatives.... ... 180
2. The New Hampshire Primary........ ... 185
3. ISA Attempts to Force A Decision.... 186
4. The "Senior Informal Advisory Group"..... 190
D. March 3l -- "I Shall Not Seek...Another Term as Your
President............. 194
l. The Decision..... •• 194
2. The Speech..... 196
FOOTNOTES........ 205
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IV.

- JANUARY-JULY 1967

THE ATTEHPT TO DE-ESCAL.!\.TE

During the first seven month s of 1967 a ru..rming battle "Tas fought
'Ivithin the Johnson Administration behTeen the advocates of a greatly
expanded air campaign a gainst North Vietnam, one that might genuinely
be called 1I strategic, II and the disillusioned doves vTho urged relaxa.tion,
if not complete suspension, of the bombing in the interests of greater
effectiveness and the po ss ibilities for p eace. The IIhm'l'ks" of cour se 'Here
primarily the military , but in 'Har-time their po"rer and influence 'Hith an
incumbent Administration is disproportionate. McNamara, supported quantitatively by John McNaughton in ISA , led the attempt to de-escalate the
bombing . Treading the uncertain middle ground at different times in the
debate "Tere Hilliam Bundy at State , Air Force Secretary Harold Brovrn and,
most i mportantly, the President himself. Buffetted from right and left
he determinedly tried to pursue the temperat e course , escalating gradually
in the late spring but levelling off aga in in the summer. To do so wa.s
far from easy because such a'course really pleased no one (and, it should
be added, did not offer much prospect for a breakthrough one "ray or the
other ) . It "las an unhappy, contentious time in 'Hhich the decibel level
of the debate went up rr~rkedly but the difficult decision was not taken
it "laS avoided.
A.

The Year Begins "ri th No Change
1.

Escalation ~£oposal s

The year 1967 began with the military commands still
grumbling about the Christmas and New Year's truces ord ered from Washington. Both had been grossly violated by multiple VC inCidents, and both
had been the occas ions of ma jor VC/NVA resupply efforts. The restrictions
place d on U. S. forces were felt by the field cOII1.1nands to be at the expense
of American life. UoS. military authorities '\'l'Ould argue long and hard
a gainst a truce for the TET Lunar New Year holiday, but in the end they
would loo se .
Early in 1967, CINCPAC reopened his campaign to win
Washington approval for air strikes against a wider list of targets in
North Vietnam . On January ll.~ CINCPAC sent the JCS a restatement of the
objectives for ROLLING TlfLJNDER he had developed in 1966, noting his belief
that they r emained valid for 1967. 1/
Four days later he forvrarded a
long detailed lIst of proposed ne'\-l targets fer attack. What he proposed
was a comprehensive destruction of North Vietnam's military and industrial
This called for the destrucbase in Route Package 6 (Hanoi-Haiphong). 2/
tion of 7 povrer plants (all except the one-in the very center of Hanoi,
and the 2 in Haiphong included in a special Haiphong package ); 10 1I"Tar
supporting industries ll (,\'l'i.th the 'I'hai Nguyen iron and steel plant at the
head of the list); 20 tra.nsportat ion support facilities; 44 military
complexes; 26 pOI" targets; and 28 targE;ts in Haiphong and the other
ports (including docks , shipyards , POL, po"rer plants, etc.). CINCPAC
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optimi stically cont ended that this voluminous target system could be
atta cked 'Hi th n,) increase in sorties and "\vi tl:t an actual decline in aircraft lost to hostile fire.
The proposal w'as evidently received in Washington "lvith something less than enthusiasm . The Chiefs did not send such a recommendation
to the Secretary and there is no evidence that the matter was given serious
high level attention at t hat time . On January 25 in a cable on antiinfiltration (i.e. the much-maligned barrier), CINCPAC again rai sed the
question . He was careful to note (as he had previously in a private cable
to Wheeler 8,nd Westmoreland on January 3) 3/
that, It .•• no single measure
can stop infiltrati on ." 4/
But he argued-that the extraordinary measures
the enemy had taken to strengthen his air defenses and generate a world
oplnlon against the bombing were evidence of ho"\v much the air strikes were
hurting him.
.
These arguments vTere reinforced by the January CIA analysis
which also made something of a case for a heavier bomb ing campaign. It
considered a number of alternative target systems -- modern industry, shipping,
the Red River levees, and other t argets -- and tvTO interdiction campaigns ,
one Itunlimited " and the other restricted to the southern NVN paI1.1landle and
Laos, and concluded that the unlimited campaign vTas the most promising. 2/
On the modern industry target list, CIA included 20 facilities, 7 of them electric power plants. Knocking out the se facilities, it
said; would eliminate the fruits of several hQDdred million dollars capital
investment , cut off the source of one-fourth of the GNP and most foreign
exchange earnings, disrupt other sectors of the economy "lvhich used their
products, add to the burden of aid required from NVN's allies, and temporarily
displace the urban l abor force. The loss ,'lOuld be a serious blow to NVN's
hopes for economic progress and status, negating a decade of intense effort
devoted to the construction of modern industry. Thi s vlOuld exert additional
pressure on the regime, but vTould not by itself, CIA believed, be intens e
enough to bring Hanoi to the negot iating table. Outside aid cOllld no doubt
make up the deficit in goods to sustain the economy and the national defense
of the North as "Tell as to continue the war in the South. §/
Aerial mining, provided it was extended to coastal and
inland vraters as well as the harbors, and especially if accompanied by
inten s ive armed r econnais sance against all LOCs to China, would be very
serious . NVN 'i'Tould almost certainly have to reduce some import programs ,
not sufficiently perhaps to degrade the flo,'T of essential military supplie s or prevent cont inued support of the I'Tar in SVN, but enough to hurt
the economy. 1 / '
'
.
Bombing the l evee system vThich kept the Red River under control,
if timed correctly, could cause l arge crop losses and force NVN to import

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large amount s of rice. Depending on the success of interdiction efforts,
such imports mi~ht overload the transport system. The levees themselves
could be repaired in a matter of weeks , however, and any military effects
of bombing them ,,[ould be limited and short - li ved . §/
An "unlimited" campa ign against transportation and remalnlng
t argets, in addition to attacking industry and mining the harbors and
waterways , "rould greatly increase the costs and difficulties in maintaining
t he flow of the most essential military and civilian goods within NVN .
I f the attack on transportation vJere able to cut the capacity of the railroads by 1/3 on a sustained basis and roads by l/l~, the remaining availabl e
route capacity woul d not be sufficient to satisfy NVN ' s minimum daily needs:
If an unlimited interdiction program vJere highly suc cess:flll, t he regime would encounter increasing difficulty
and cost in maintaining the flow of some of their most
. ess ential military and economic goods. In the long term the
uncertainties and difficulties resulting from the cumulative
effect of the air ca..mpaigns would probably cause Hanoi to
undertake a basic reassessment of the probable course of
the war and the extent of the r egime ' s commitment to it.

21

By contrast, according to the CIA analysis , r estricting t he
bombing to the Panhandle of 1~ and Laos would tend t o strengthen Hanoi ' s
will. The main effect VTould be to f orce NVN to increase the repair l e,bor
force in southern.NVN and Laos by about 30 percent , which could easily
be draw·n from other areas no longer being bombed . The flolv of men and
supplies would continue. NVN "rould regard the change in the bombing pat t ern as a clear victory , evidence that internat ional and domestic pressures
on the U.S. were having an effect . It would be encouraged to believe that
the U. S. was tiring of the vlar and being forced to r etreat . 10/
Other considerations, however , were dominant in Washington
at the highest levels . In mid -January another effort t o communicate pos itions with the DRV had been made and there was an understandable desire
to defer escalatory decisions until it had been determined whet her some
possibility for negotiations existed . 11/
Moreover , the TET holiday at
the beginning of February ,for which a truce had b een aJ:1Jlounced, made l a te
January an inpropitious time to expand the bombing . Thus, on January 28,
ROLLI NG THUNDER program #53 authorized little more tllan a cont inuation of
strikes "l-rithin the parameters of previous authorizations. 12/
2.

The TET Pause -- 8-14 February

As noted in the previous section of this paper , the Chiefs
had recorded their opposition to any truce or military standdo"m for the
holi days in l ate November . 13/
On January 2, General Westmoreland had
strongly recow~ended against a ~ruce fpr TET because of the losses to
friendly forces during the Christmas and Neiv Year ' s truces just concluded.

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CINCPAC endorsed his opposi tion to any further truce as did the JCS on
January 4. 151
The Chiefs pointed out that the history of U.S. experience I'l ith such holiday suspensions of operations was that the vc/NVA
had increasingly exploited tllem to resupply, prepare for attacks, redeploy
forces and commit violations . Perhaps of most concern was the opportunity
such standdowns provided the enemy to mount major unharassed logist ical
re supply operations . Thus, they concluded:
Against this background of persistent exploitation of
the standdol'i'D periods by the enemy , the Joint Chiefs of Staff
vi elv the forthcoming standdolVD for TET with grave concern . To
grant the enemy a r espite dlITing a four-day standdown at TET
will slow our campa i gn , allow him time to reconstitute and
replenish his forces, and cost us greater casualties in the
long run. '}Ej
This unanimous military oppos ition was falling on deaf ears.
The President and his advisors had already committed the U.S. to a
four-day truce and such a bela,ted change of course would have clearly
r ebounded to the public opinion benefit of the North Vietnamese (who had
already, on January 1, announced their intention to observe a 7-day TET
truce). Thus, on January 14, Ambassador Lodge vTas instructed to get the
GVN ' s concurrence to maintain just the 96-hour standdOl'i'D , but to tell
them that the Allies should be prepared to extend the pause if fruitful
contacts developed during it. 171
Lodge replied the following day that
the proposal was agreeable to the GVN and to the Allied Chiefs of Mission
in Saigon. ~
.
Acknowledging the political considerations which required
a pause , the Chiefs on January 18 proposed the announcement of a set of
conditions to the standdown : (1) that SEA DRAGON countersea infiltration
operations continue up to 19 0 ; (2) that CINCPAC be authorized to r esume
air attacks against major land resupply efforts south of 19 0 ; (3) that
operations be resu.rned in the DMZ area to counter any major resupply or
infiltration ; and (4) that warning be given that violations or vc/NVA
efforts to gain tactical advantage in SVN during the truce, would prompt
direct military counteractions . ~
The reaction at state to these new
JCS conditions 1'laS vigorous. On January 21, Bundy,sent Katzenbach a memo
urging him to oppose anything that would compromise our suspension of
operations against North Vietnam •

•

••• 1 strongly r e commend against approving JCS proposals
for broader military a.uthority to respond to North VietNamese resupply activities in North Viet-Nam .••• In my vi el'l ,
re supply activities in North Viet-Nam cannot be considered
a sufficiently immediate and direct threat to our forces to
justify the great political and psychological disadvantages
of U.S. air and naval strikes a.gainst North Viet-Namese
territory during a truce period .· ~

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No information i s available on McNamara ' s reaction to the proposedJCS
truce limit ations, but on the basis of his general position on the
bombing at that time he can be presumed to have opposed them . In any
case , they wer .; not adopted. The execute or-ier for the suspens ion of
hostiliti es authorized CINCPAC strikes only in the case of an i mmediate
and direct threat to U.S . forces, and stipulated that, " In the event
reconnaissance disclosed major military resupply activity in North Vietnam
south of 19 degrees north latitude, report immediately to the · JCS ." '.?lJ
Deci sions on how and when to respond to such resupply efforts would be made
in Washington not Honolulu . This, then, was the i ssue whose mer i ts would
be the focus of debate at the end of the pause when furious diplomatic
efforts to get t alks started would generate pressure for an extension .
Even before the holiday arrived pressure to extend the
pause had begun to mount . On February 2, Leonard Marks, Director of
USIA proposed to Rusk that the truce be extended , "in 12 or 24 hour
periods contingent upon DRV and VC continued o.bservance of the truce
The latter included in hi s definition, " ... suspension
conditions." 5JJ
of all infiltr at ion and movement t mvard infiltration .... " §/
At the
Pentagon, at l east wi thin civilian circles, there 1vas sentiment for
extending the pause too. In the materials that John McNaughton left
behind is a hand1rritten scenario for the pause with his pencilled changes .
The authorship is uncertain since the handwriting is neither McNaughton's
nor McNamara ' s (nor apparently that of any of the other key Pentagon
advisors), but a note in the margin indicates it had been seen and approved
by the Secretary. Therefore it i s reproduced below. Under lined words
or phrases are McNaughton ' s modifications .
SCENARIO
1. President tell DRV before Tet, "We are stopping
bombing at start of Tet and at the end of Tet we will not
r esume ."

2.

During Tet and i.n days thereafter:
a. Observe DRV/VC conduct for 'signs'
b. Try to get talks started .

3. Meantime , avoid changes in 'no i se l eve l' i n other
areas of conduct -- e . g ., no larg2 US troop deployments for
couple "reeks, no dramatic changes in rules of engagement in
South, etc .

4.

As for public handling :
a. At end of 4 days of Tet merely extend to 7 days.
b. At end of 7 day~ just keep pausing, :o1aking Make no
expansion.
c. Later say "vIe are seeing "rhat happens. "
d. Even later, say (if true) infiltr at ion dovffi, etc .

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5. If ,·le must resume RT, have I'eaS9RS justifications '
and start in:Route packages 1 & 2, working W9~~ North as
excuses appear (and excuses "Jill appearj":-6. If talks start and DRV &-tRey demands ceasefire i n
South or cessation of US troop addit ions , consider exact deal
then.
7.

Accelerate readiness of Project 728. L"inti-infiltration

barrieE.7

8.

Avoid allowing our terms to harden just because things
appear to be going better .
(vance :

How handle case if resupply keeps up during Pause? ) ~

In a puzzling marginal note, McNaughton recorded MCNamara ' s reaction to
the scenario: " SecDef (2/3/67: 'Agreed "le ,-Till do this if answer
to note i s unproductive ' (7) . Something like this even if productive .
J·TM." 25/
It is not clear what the Secretary may have had in mind in
his reference to a "note ." The U. S. had exchanged notes vlith the DRV
t hrough the respective embassies in Moscow in late January and he may
have meant this contact . Another possibility i s that he vlas thinking of
t he letter from the President to Ho that must have been in draft at that
time (it "las to have been delivered in MOS COI·l on Febr uary 7 but actual
delivery was not until the 8th). In either case, McNamara must have
for eseen thi s scenario for unilateral extension of the pause based on
DRV actions on the ground as an alternative if they formally r ejected
our demands for reci proci ty •.
Whatever the explanation , the President's letter to Ho
reiterated the demand for reciprocity:
I am prepa red to order a cessation of bombing against
your country and the stopping of further augment ation of
U.S. forces in South Vietnam as soon as I am assured that
infiltration into South Vietnam by l and and by sea has stopped . ~
The Pre sident did , however , tie his proposal to t he Tet pause and voiced
t he hope that an anSVler would be received before the end of Tet that would
permit the susrension to continue and peace talks to begin.
Pressures on the President to continue the pause also came
t

from his domestic cZ'itic s and from the international cornmunit y .

On the

very day the pause began , the Pope sent a message to both sides in the
conflict expressing his hope that the suspension of hostilities could be
extended and open the way to peace . The President ' s reply "las court eous

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but firm:
We ai.'e prepared to talk at any tim:, and place, in
any forum, and with the object of bringing peace to
Vietnam; hOvTever, I know you would not expect us to
reduce military action unless the other side is willing
to do like,vise.

?:11

Meanwhile the possibility that a definitive suspension of
the bombing might produce negotiations became increasingly likely.
Premier Kosygin had arrived in London to confer with ~£ime Minister
Wilson on February 6, two days before the truce started . They immediately began a fr antic weeklong effort to bring the two sides together.
Multiple interpretations of position were passed through the intermediaries in London, but in the end, the massive DRV resupply effort
forced the U.S. to resume the bombing without having received a final
indication from the DRV as to their willingness to show restraint. But
this was not before the bombing halt had been extended from l.~ to 6 days,
and not before the Soviets had informed the DRV of the deadline for an
answer.
The factor which took on su~~ importance and eventually
forced the President1s hand was the unprecedented North Vietnamese
resupply activity during the bombing suspension. As already noted, the
military had opposed the halt for just this reason and the Christmas
and New Year I s halts had given warning of IV'hat might be expected. By
the time the truce had been j_n effect 24 hours, continuing surveillance had
already r evealed the massive North Vietnamese effort to move supplies into
its southern panhandle. Washington sounded the alarm. On February 9
Rusk held a press conference and warned about the high rate of supply
activity. The same day Bundy called Saigon and London with details of
the rate of logistical movement and with instructions for dealing with
the press. To London he stated:
Ambassador Bruce .•• should bring this story to the
attention of highest British l evels urgently, pointing out
its relevance both to the problems we face in continuing
the Tet bombing suspension and to the wider problem involved
in any proposal that vTe cease bombing in exchange for mere
talks . In so doing, you should not repeat not suggest that
we are ' not still ,vide open to the idea of continuing the
Tet bombi.lg suspension through the 7-day period or at least
QDtil Kosygin departs London . You should emphasize, however, that we are seriously concerned about these developments and that final decision on such additional two- or
three-day suspension does involve serious factors in light
of this information. ~

•
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On February 10 DIA sent the Secretary a summary of the re supply situation in the first L~8-hours of the truce . If the pattern of the first
48 hours contirued , the DRV vTould. move some ::;4,000 tons of materiel
southward, the e~uivalent of 340 division-days of supply . 29/
Thus the pressure on the ~£esident to resume mounted .
On February 12 w'hen the truce ended, the bombing was not resumed, but
no announcement of the fact vTas made. The DRV were again invited to
indicate what reciprocity the U. S. could expect . But no answer was
forthcoming . Finally after more hours of anxious waiting by Kosygin
and Wilson for a DRV reply, the Soviet Premier left London for home
on February 13. The same day, the New York Times carried the latest
Harris poll vThich shovTed that 67% of the American people supported the
bombing. vlithin hours , the bombing of the North was re sumed . The President, in speaking to the press, stressed the unparalleled magnitude of
the North Vietnamese logistical effort during the pause as the reason he
could no longer maintain the bombing halt. J!})
On February 15, Ho sent
' the President a stiff letter rejecting U.S. demands for reciprocity and
restating the DRV ' s position that the U.S. must unconditionally halt the
bombing before any other issues could be considered . 31/
Thus , the book
closed on another effort to bring the conflict to the-negot iating table .

B.

.More Targets
1.

The Post-TET Debate

The failure of the Tet diplomatic initiatives once again
brought attention back to measures which might put more pressure on the
DRV. CINCPAC's January targetting proposals were reactivated for consid eration in the week following the r esumption of bombing . In early February,
before the pause , CINCPAC had added to his re~uests for additional bombing
t argets a re~uest for authority to close North Vietnam's ports t hrough
aerial mining . Arguing that , itA drastic r eduction of external support to
the enemy VTould be a major influence in achieving our objectives ..• ,1t he
suggested that this could be accomplished by denying use of the ports.
Three means of closing the ports were considered : (1) naval blockade;
. (2) air strikes against port facilities; and (3) aerial mining of the
approaches . The first was rejected because of the undesirable political
r~mifications of confrontations with Soviet and third country shipping .
But air strikes. and mining vTere r ecommended as complementary ways of
denying u se of the ports. Closure of Haiph0ng alone, it was estima~ed ,
would have a dramatic effect because it handled some 95% of North Viet names e shipping . 32/
In a related development , the JCS , on February 2,
gave their endorsement to mining certain inland vlateTIvays including the
Kien Giang River and its seaward approaches . ]1/ .

..

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In the "reek follo'\ving the Tet pause the range of possible
escalatory actions came under full review. The President apparently
requested a lis '~ing of options for his consid:;ration, because on February 21, Cyrus Vance, the Deputy Secretary of Defense,forwarded a package
of propo sals to Under Secretary Katzenbach at State for comment. Vance's
lett er stated, "The President vTants the paper for his night reading
tonight."
The paper Vance transmitted gives every indication of
having been vrritten by McNaughton, although that cannot be verified. In
any case} it b egan "lith the following outline ttshopping list" of po ss ible
actions with three alternative JCS packages indicated :

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21 Feb 67
JC S Program
ABC

x

X

X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X

X
X

X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X
X
X
X

X

X
X

•

. OUTLINE
1.

Military actions against North Vietnam and in Laos
A. Present program

1

B. Options for increased military programs
2
1. Destroy modern i ndustry
3
- Thermal po\ver (7-plant gri O
X
- Steel and cement
X
- Machine tool plant
X
- Other
2. Destroy dikes and l evees
6
X
3. Mine ports and coastal waters
7
- Mine estua ries south of 20 0
X
- Mine major ports and approaches , and estuX
aries north of 20 0
4. Unrestri cted LOC attacks
10
- Eliminate 10 -mil e Hanoi probib ited area
X
- Reduce Haiphong restricted area to 4 miles
X
- Eliminate prohibited/restricted a r eas except
X
Chicom zone
- Elements of 3 ports (Haiphong , Cam Pha and Hon Gai )
X
- 4 ports (Haiphong , Cam Pha, Hon Gai and Hanoi Port)
X
- Selected rail facilities
X
- Mine inland watenrays south of 20 0
X
- Mine i nl and watenrays north of 20 0
X
- 7 locks
X
5. Expand naval surface operations
12
0
Fire
at
t
argets
ashore
and
afl08,t
south
of
19
X
- Expand to 20 0
X
- Expand north of 20 0 to Chicom buffer zone
X
6. Destroy MIG airfields
14
All
unoccupied
airfields
X
- 4 not u sed for int ernat ional civil transportation
X
- 2 remaining airfields (Phuc Yen and Gia Lam)
X
7. SHINING BRASS ground operations in Laos
15
- Delegat e State/ DOD authority to CINCPAC/ Vientiane
X
- Expand operational limit s to 20 km i nto Laos ,
X
increase helo operations , authorize l arger forces,
increase fr equency of operation
- Batta lion-si ze forc es ; start guerrilla warfare
X
8. Cause interdict ing r ains in or near Laos
16
X
9. Miscellaneous
- Base part of B-52 operations at U-Tapao , Thailand
X
- Fire artillery from SVN against DMZ and north of DMZ
X
- Fire artillery fr om SVN against targets in Laos
X
- Aw~unition dump 4 miles SW of Haiphong
X
- Air defense HQ and Ministry· of Defense HQ in Hanoi
X
Actions
in South Vietnam
II.
A. Expand US forces and/ or their rol e
17
- Continue current forc e build -up
- Accelerate current build -up (depl oying 3 Army bns in 6/ 67 )
X
_ Deploy Marine brigade from Okinavra! Japan i n 3/ 67
X
_
Deploy up to 4 divi s ions and up to 9 air squadrons
X
B. I mprove pacification
18

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The discussion section of the paper dealt with each of
the eight specific option areas noting our capability in each instance

(Text continues in the original file: 216 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-8 — [Part IV. C. 7. b.] Evolution of the War. Air War in the North: 1965 - 1968. Volume II

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-8
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-8
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 analysis of 1965 conflict—history finally caught up with its own decade.

- Declassified NARA PDF, ‘Evolution of the War…Volume II’, authored by NWD, dated 2011, about Vietnam’s northern air war.
- Reports growing 1965‑1967 emphasis on pacification, citing Lodge, Westmoreland, presidential conferences, and mission reorganizations.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
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See Def Cont Mr. X-

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The United States Re-Emwhasizes Pacification - 1965 to Present
An Examination of a l-1ajor Trend in our Effort

SUMMARY

By the smnmer of 1967 , pacification had become a major ingredient
of Americ~~ strategy in Vietnam, growing steadily in importance and the
amount of resources devoted to it. The U.S . Mission in Vietnam had been
reorganized three times in 15 months and each reorganization had been
designed primarily to improve the management of the pacification effort
and raise its priority within our overall effort.
Pacification -- or as it is sometimes called by Americans , Revolutionary Development (RD) -- had staged a comeback in priority from the
days in 1964 and 1965 when it ",as a program with little emphasis,
guidance, or support . It has by no\« almost equalled in priority for the
Americans the original priority given the Strategic Hamlet program in
1962-1963, although the Vietnamese have not yet convinced many people
that they attach the same importance to it as we do .
This study traces the climb in pacification ' s importance during the
last two years , until it reached its present level of importance , with
further growth likely .
This study concentrates on American decisions, American discussions ,
American papers . It will be clear to the reader that , if this version
of events is accurate , the Vietnamese played a secondery role in the
move to re - emphasize pacification . It is the contention of this paper
that this was indeed the case , and that the Americans were the prime
movers. in the series of events which led to the re - emphasis of pacificat ion . This study does not cover many important events , particularly the
progress of the field effort , the CIA -backed PAT/Cadre program , and GYrI
activity.
The process by which the Anerican government came to increase its
support for pacification is disorderly and haphazard . Individuals like
Ambassador Lodge and General Halt and Robert Komer , seem in r etrospect
to have played important roles, but to each participant in a story still
unfolding , the sequence may look different . Therefore , it is quite
possible that things didn ' t quite happen the way they are described here ,
and soneoce else , whose actions are not adeque.tely described in the fjles
available for this study, was equally important.
Nor was there anything resembling a conspiracy involved . Indeed ,
the proponents of what is called so loosely in this paper tlpacification"
were often in such violent disagreement as to what pacification meant

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that they quarreled publicly among themselves and overlooked their
common interests . At other t~es, people who disagreed strongly on
major issues found themselves temporary allies with a common objective .
Moreover , there is the curious problem of the distance bet,,"een
rhetoric and reality . Even during the dark days of 1964-1965 , most
Americans paid lip service , particularly in official, on the record
stat ements , to the ultimate importance of pacification . But their
public affirmation of the cliches about "winning the hearts and minds
of the people" uere not related to any progra...'lls or priorities then in
existence in Vietnam, and they can mislead the casual observer .
The resurgence of pacification 'Has dramatically punctuated by
three Presidential conferences on Pacif'ic islands 'tdth the leaders of
the CWN -- HonoluJ.u in February, 1966, Manila in October , 1966 (with
five other Chiefs of State also present) , and Guem in r,iarch, 1967 .
After each conference the relative importance of pacification took
another leap upward "lithin the U. S. Government - - reflecting a successful effort within the U. S . Government by its American proponents - - and
the U. S. tied the GVrI onto Decf.arations end Communiques ~lhich canmitted
them to greater effort.
In addition , each conference ",as followed by a major re - organization within the U. S . Mission, designed primarily to improve our manage ment of the pacification effort . Arter Honolulu, Deputy Ambassador
Porter 'I'as given broad ne'" authority to run the civilian agencies .
After Nanila , Porter ''las directed to re - organize the components of USIA,
CIA, and AID internally to create a single Office of Civil Operations
( OCO) . And after Guam , OCO -- redesignated as CORDS -- ,·ras put under
the control of General Hestooreland , "ho was given a civilian deputy with
the personal rank of Ambassador to assist him .
The l ow priority of pacification in 1965 was the understandable
result of a situation in which battles of unprecedented size "'ere taking place in the higbla.11.ds and along the coast, the air war ''las moving
slowly north to\>lards Hanoi , and the GVN was in a continual state of
disarray .
But a series of events and distinct themes ...,ere a.t work which would
converge to give pacification a bigher priority . They were to meet at
the Honolulu conference in February, 1966 .

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1.

Threads That Met At Honolulu
A.

Hop Tac

The first w~s the hold-over program from 1964-1965 -- pacification's
one priority even then , the Hop Tac program . It had been suggested first
by L¢dge on his way home from his first Ambassadorship , and Taylor and
Westmoreland had given it recognition as a high priority program. Although
Westmoreland judged it repeatedly as a partial success , i t appears now to
have been a faultily conceived and clumsily executed program. It was conceptually unsound, lacked the support of the Vietnamese, created disagree ments within the U. S. Mission which were never resolved, and then faded
away . So unsuccessful was it that during its life span the VC were able
to organize a regiment -- l 65A -- in the Gia Dinh area surl'ounding Saigon,
and thus forced MACV in l ate 1966 to commit three U.S . infantry battalions
to Operation FAIRFAX to protect the capital . No one analyzed Hop Tac
before starting FAIRFAX . tHth the beginning of FAIRFAX , Hop Tae was buried
quietly and the United states proceeded to other matters .
B.

Ambassador Lodge and the True Believers

Henry Cabot Lodge returned as Ambassador in August of 1965, and immediately began to talk of pacification as lithe heart of' the matter . II In·
telegrams and Mission Council meetings , Lodge told the President, the GVN ,
and the Mission that pacification deserved a higher priority. Because he
saw himself as an advocate before the President for his beliefs r ather
than as the overall manager of the largest overseas civil-military effort
in Arlerican history , * Lodge did not try , as Ambassador Maxwell Taylor had
done, to devi se an .integrated and unified strategy that balanced every
part of our effort . Instead , he declared , in his first month back in Viet n8I!l (September, 1965), that lit he U. S. nilitary was doing so well now that
we face a distinc~possibility that VC main force units will be neutralized,
and VC fortresses destroyed soon ," and that therefore we should be r eady to
give pacification a new push . Hhile his i nvolvement was irregular and
inconsistent , Lodge did nonetheless playa key role in giving pacification
a boost . His rhetoric , even if vague, encouraged other advocates of pac i fication to speak up . The man he brought with him , Edward Lansdale , gave
by bis very presence an implicit boost to pacification .
c.

The III Marine Amphibious Force

Meanwhile , to their own amazement , the J·f arines were discovering that
the toughest war for them was the war in the villages behind them near
the Da Nang air c ase , r ather than th e war against the main force , which
had r etreated to the hill s to build up . In the first 12 months of their
deployment , the l·!arines virtually r ever sed their emphasis, turning away

* No other Ame rican Ambassador has ever had re sponsibility and authority
even close to that in Saigon ; only military commands have exceeded it
in size .
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from the enemy to a grueling and painfully slow effort to pacify the
villages of the central coast in their three TAORs . It was a job that
Americans were not equipped for , and the f.!e.rine effort raised some basic
questions about the role of U. S. troops in Vietnam, but nonetheless , the
Marines began to try to sell the rest of the U, S. Government on the
success and correctness of their still unproved strategy . The result
was a major commitment to the pacification strategy by a service of the
U. S. Armed Forces, and influence on the other services , particularly the

ArmY.
D.

Washington Grtmlbles About The Effort

When Lodge was Ambassador , there was widespread concern about the
manageI:l.ent of the !-lission . Lodge was admittedly not a manager . This
concern led to a major conference at Warrenton in January of 1966, dm- ing which increased emphasis on pacification and better organization
within the U, S, Mission were the main topics . Improving the Washington
organizational structure was raised, but not addressed candidly in the
final report; Washington seemed far readier to tell Saigon how to reorganize
than to set their own house in order . But Warrenton symbolizes the growing
dissatisfaction in Hashington with the Mission as it was .
E.

Presidential Emphasis on the "Other War" and Press Reaction

Finally, there was the need of the President, for compelling domestic
political reasons , to give greater emphasis to "the other war . " With the
first full years of major troop commitment ending with victory not yet in
sight, there was a growing need to point out to the American public and to
the world that the United States was doing a great deal in the midst of
war to build a new Vietnam . While this emphaSis did not necessarily have
to also become an emphasis on pacification, it did , and thus the President
in effect gave pacification his personal support -- an act which was
acutely felt by Americans in Vietnem .
F.

Meanwhile , Back at the Har •..

A summary of the NACV Monthly Evaluations and other reports is con~
tained here, shO\dng how the U. S. command saw its own progress . The
summary suggests that MACV fores aw heavy fighting all through 1966, and
did not apparently agree with Ambassador Lodge's predictions and hopes
that a major pacification effort could be started, but the issue was not
analyzed before decisions were made.
II.

Honolulu
A.

The Conference - February 1966

The details of the ,",'Orking sessions at the Honolulu conference do
not appear , in retrospect, to be nearly as important on the future

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emphasis on pacification as the public statements that came out of
Honolulu, particularly tbe Declaration itself . Tbe discussions and
the Declaration are sucmarized , including tbe President's final re marks in plenary session .
B.

Public Impact •.•

The press reaction to the conference is summarized .
III .

Honolulu to Manila
A.

Saigon:

Porter in Charge

The first reorganization now took place, and Deputy ftmbassador Porter
was put in direct charge of the civilian agencies . His responsibility and
his ability to carry out his responsibility were not equal from the outset,
end Porter saw his role in different terms than those in \1ashington who
had given him his difficult task . A major problem ",as the lack of full
support that Porter received from Ambassador Lodge, who had never been
fUlly in favor of the reorganization . Another problem was the lack of a
parallel structure in \~ashington , so that Porter found himself caught
between the ·\-1ashington agencies and their representatives in Saigon , with
Komer (see below) as a frequent participant. Nonetheless , Porter accomplished a great deal in the oonths this arrangement lasted; it just wasn't
as much as Washington sought .
B.

WaShington:

Komer As The Blowtorch

I n Washington , the President selected a McGeorge Bundy deputy ,
R. W. Komer, to be his Special Assistant on non-military activities in
Vietnam. Komer did not have the same kind of authority over the He.shingt on agencies that Porter , in theory , had over the Saigon extensions.
Komer pushed pacification hard , and became the first senior official,
with apparently ready access to the President , who put forward the propacification position consistently in high level meetings , His mandate
was contained in a loosely worded NSAN, 343 , dated t-1arch 28 , 1966 . During
the summer of 1966, Komer applied great pressure to both the r11ssion and
t he Washington agencies (thus earning from Ambassador Lodge the n ickname
of "Blowtorch"), with a series of cables and v i sits to Vietnam, of'ten
using the President ' s name .
C.

Study Groups and Strategists :

Summer 1966

With Porter and Komer in their new roles, a series of Task Forces
Study Groups began to produce papers that gave a better rationale
and strategy to pacification •. These included the Army study call ed PROVN ,
t he Priorities Task Force in Saigon , and the Roles and Nissions Study
Groups in Saigon . At the same time , Westmoreland , ~hose year end wrap up message on Jar.uary 1, 1966 , had not even mentioned pacification , sent
an~

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i n a new long range strategy which emphasized pacification , to Lodge ' s
pleasure . l-lACV also produced a new position on revamping ARVN , and
briefed the lUssion Council on it in August , 1966 . The Honolulu emphasis was beginning to produce tangible results on the U. S. side .
D.

The Single Hanager

Despite the movement described in the above three sections , Washington wanted more, and was not satisfied with the rate of progress .
Komer , therefore , in August of 1966 had produced a long paper which
offered three possible changes in the management structure of the
Mission . They were: (1) put all pacification responsibility and assets ,
i ncluding J-iACV Advisors , under Porter; (2) reorganize the civilian struc t ure to create a single office of operations , and strengthen MACV internally, but leave the civilians and the military split ; (3) give
Westmoreland full pacification responsibility . The Mission rejected all
these ideas , offering in their stead the proposal that Washington leave
Saigon alone for a while, but the pressure for results and better manage ment was too great , and the in adequacies of the Mission too obvious , to
leave it alone . Secretary McNamara weighed in at this point with a draft
PreSidential memorandum proposing that vlestmol'eland be given responsibiiity
for pacification . Koner and JCS concurred in it , but State , USIA , AID ,
and CIA nonconcurred. McNamar a , Katzenbach, and Komer then went to Saigon
t o take a look at the situation . When they returned , Katzenbach , new to
t he State Department and previously uninvolved in the problem, recommended
that Porter be told to reorganize the civilians along the lines previously
discussed (similar to Komer ' s Alternative Number 2) . The President agreed ,
discussing i t with Lodge and Hestmoreland at Honolulu . But he added a
v ital warning: he would give the civilians only about 90 to 120 days to
make the new structure work , and then would reconsider the proposal to
t r ansfer responsibility for pacification to t-1A.CV .
E.

The J.lanila Conference

The decision had not yet been transmitted to Sai gon , but it had been
made . At Nanila , with six other heads of state in attendance , the dis cussion turned to other matters . At Manila, in the final Declaration ,
the GVN announced that they would commit half the armed forces to securing operati ons in support of pacification/RD . This had previously been
discussed , but it was the public commitment that really mattered , and now
it was on t he r ecord .

IV . oeo t o eORD~
A.

OCO on Trial :

Introduction

The Office of Civil Operations was formed , cr eating confusion and
r esentment among the agencies, but also marking an immediate and major

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step forward . The example of the civilians moving at this pace also
created pressure and conflict within MACV, which was for the first time
confronted with a strong civilian structure. The GVN indicated that it
understood and approved of the new structure.
B.

OCO on Trial :

Too Little Too Late

Or Not Enough Time?

Although it was slower than Washington desired, OCO did get off to
a start in December of 1966 . Wade Lathram, who had been USAID Deputy
Director, was chosen to head up OCO -- a choice that was unfortunate,
because LathraI:l, a skilled and cautious bUl'eaucrat, was not the kind of
driving and d:ynamic leader that oeo - - in a brink of disaster situation
from its inception -- needed.
Even worse, Porter was almost immediately diverted from OCO to pay
more attention to other matters . While the planners had hoped that
Porter would take OCO in hand and give Latbram direct guidance , instead
he l eft Lathram in control of OCO and was forced to turn his attentions
to running the Mission , during a long vacation (one month) by Lodge .
The most dramatic action that was taken was the selection of the
Regional Directors , a move which even attracted newspaper attention .
They included Henry Koren , formerly Porter ' s deputy ; John Paul Vann,
the controversial former MACV advisor ; and Vince Heymann of the CIA .
Slowly, the OCO then turned to picking its province r epresentatives .
All in all , OCO accomplished many things that had never been done before;
given time it could no doubt have done much more . But it was plagued
from the outset by lack of support from the agencies and their representatives in Saigon, and vlashington made higher demands than could be met
in Saigon.
C.

Time Runs Out

It is not clear ,.,hen the President made the decision to scrap oeo .
He communicated his decision to his field commanders at Guam, but there
was a two -month delay before the decision was announced publicly or dis cussed with the GVN .

D.

The CORDS Reorganization

As Bunker took over the Mission, there was a considerable turnover
in key persormel. Bunker asked Lansdale and Zorthian to stay on, but
Porter, Habib, Wtbrle , all left just as Locke, Komer, Calhoun , Cooper "
and General Abrams all arrived .
In the new atmosphere , Komer took the lead, making a series of recommendations which maintained the civilian position within ~lACV , and
Westmoreland accepted them .

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An example of Komer's influence was the question of the role of the
ARVN divisions in the RD chain of command , and here lfestmoreland took
Komer I s suggestion even though it meant a reversal of the previous MACV

position .

E.

The Mission Assessment as CORDS Begins

The situation inherited by CORDS ",.as not very promising . J.feasure ments of progress had been irrelevant and misleading, and progress by
nearly all standards has been slow or nonexistent . At this point, the
study of CORDS and pacification becomes current events .

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IV.C.11. RE-EMPHASIS ON PACIFICATION: 1965-1967
O TABLE OF CONTENTS AND OUTLINE
Page
I. THREADS THAT MET AT HONOLULU......... 1
A. Hop Tac.......
. B. Ambassador Lodge and the "True Believers".......... ∞
C. III Marine Amphibious Force.................. ........ 16
D. Washington Grumbles About the Effort....... 20
E. Presidential Emphasis on "The Other War" and
Press Reaction................. .28
F. Meanwhile, Back at the War............ ... 32
II. HONOLULU..... 36
A. The Conference - February 1966...... 36
B. : Impact on Public in US, on US Mission in Vietnam, +
and on Vietnamese.......... 45
III.HONOLUIU O MANILA...................................... 53
A. Saigon: Porter in Charge........ . 53
B. Washington: Komer as the Blowtorch...... 62
C. Study Groups and Strategists: Surmmer 1966.......... 74
D. The Single Manager....... 91
E. The Manila Conference.......... .... 116
IV. OCO TO CORDS............. .119
A. OCO on Trial: Introduction......... 119
B. OCO on Trial: Too Little Too Late -- Or Not
Enough Time?.................... ........... 122
C. Time Runs Out......... • • • • 127
D. The CORDS Reorganization........ ..... 132
E. The Mission Assessment as CoRDS Begins.............. 135
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r.

Threads that l>tet at Honolulu

A.

Hop Tac

While pacification received a low enphasis during troubled 1964-1965,
there was one important exception : the Hop Tac program , designed to put
" ..:hatever resour ces are required" into the area surrounding Saigon to
pac'ity it . The area was chosen by Ambassador Lodge in his last ...reeks as
Ambassador in June , 1964, a'1d Hop Tac deserves study because both its
failures and limited achievements had many of the characteristics of our
later pacification efforts -- and because, like all pacification efforts ,
there 'Vias constant disagreement within the Mission , the press , and the
Vietnamese as to how well the program was doing .
Hop Tac -- an intensive pacification ef'fort in the provinces ringing
Sa igon - - was fornally proposed at a high level strategy session in
Honolulu in July of 1964 by Lodge , then on his ""ay home f'rom his first
assignment as Ambassador. In a paper presented to Secretaries Rusk and
l4cNamara and incoming Ambassador Taylor at Honolulu (dated June 19, 1964),
Lodge wrote :
"A combined GVH-US effort to intensify pacification efforts
in critical provinces should be mede ... The eight critical pro-

vinces are : Tay Ninh , Binh Duong , Hau rlghie , Long An, Dinh Tuong,
Go Cong , Vinh Long , and Quang Ngai. Top priority and maximum
effort should be concentrated initially in the strategically
important provinces nearest to Saigon, Le., Long an , Hau rIghia,
and Binh Duong . Once real progress has been made in these p~o ­
vinces, the same effort should be made in the five others . "!!
General Taylor and General \'l estmoreland began Hop Te.c, setting up
a new and additional headquarters in Saigon which was supposed to tic
together the overlapping and quarrelsome cocmands in the Saigon area .
The Vietnamese set up a parallel , " counterpart" organj,zation , although
critics of Hop Tac were to point out that the Vietnamese Hop Tac headquarters had virtually no authority or influence , and seemed primarily
des;gned to satisfy the PJ:lericans . (Ironically , Hop Tec is the Viet namese word for "coopez'ation," which turned out to be just ,... hat Hop Tee
lacked . )
Hop Tec had a feature previously missing from pacification plans :
it sought to tie together the pacification plans of a seven- province
area (expa.l1ded f:'om Lodge I s three pro7inces to include the adjacent pr:) v inces of Phuoc Tuy, Bien Hoa , Phuoc Thanh , end Gia Dinh , which surround
Saigon like a doughnut) , into a plan in which each province subordinated
its own priorities to the concept of building a "gient oil spot" around
Saigon . In a phrase 'I,hich eventually became a joke in the l·lission, the
Aoerican beading the Hop Tac Secretariat at its inception , Colonel

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Jasper Wilson, briefed senior officials on the creation of "rings of
steel" which w'ould grow out,,;ard from Saigon until the area from the
crunbodian border to the South China Sea \taS secure . Then , accord1ng
t o the plan , Hop Tac 'tiould move into the Delta and North . Colonel
Wilson ordered his staff to produce a phased plan in which the area (Map 1) '
t o be pacified was divided into four circles around Saigpn . Each r i ng
was to be pacified in four months , according to the original plan , which
never had any chance of success . But Wilson , under great pressure from
his superiors, ordered the plan produced , got his Vietnamese counterparts
to translate it, and issued it . The kickoff date for Hop Tec was to be
September 12 , 1964 : the operation , a sweep into the VC-controlled pineapple groves just \,est and soutbHest of the city of Saigon -- the YC
base nearest to the city , which had not been entered by the GYrI since
the last outpost had been abandoned in 1960 .
The operation began on schedule, with elements of the 51st Regiment
moving toward their objective west of Saigon . During the second day of
the operation, the u.~it ra~ into a minefield and took numerous casualties .
Shortly thereafter , instead of continuing the operation , the unit broke
off contact ~~d , to the amaz~~ent of its advisors , turned back towards
the city of Saigon. When ne ....-t located it "ras in the r:tiddle of Saigon
participating in the abortive ~ d ' etat of September 13 , 196!~ .
From. that point on , Hop Tac was a constant source of disuute within
t he U. S. Missio)) . Almost to a man , the civilian agencies II support1ngn
Han Tec felt that the program was unnecessary, repetitive, and doomed .
Th;Y cl aimed that they preferred to work through existi ng channels , al t hOugh these , in MACY's view, were inadequate . This view was not stated
openly , however , since the Ambassador end General Hestmoreland had committed all U. S. agencies to full support . On October 6 , ·1964, for
example , Genere.l Taylor sent Washington an EXDIS cable in which he "discussed a~d rejected a suggestion to decentralize the pacification effort ,
and instead listed severe.l actions that the Nission "ould take . First
among these was a "unanimous r ecoI:ll!lendation U that the MiSSion "give full
support to Hop Tac Plan , assuring it the necessary pr iority to gi ve it
every chance t o succeed •.• When Hop Tac priorities permit , concentrate on
sel ected weak areas . II
Thus there 'tras a r el uctance to cr itici ze t he
program directly .

y

Deadlines sl ipped continual.lY j phase lines "rere r eadjusted ; t he
official count of npacified" hamlets climbed steadily . But a special
study of the area made in October , 1964 , by r epresentatives of USOM ,
USIS , and NACV concluded: nGenerally speaking , Hop Tac , as a program,
does not appear to exist as a unified and meaningful operation ." "j/
The official view of Hop Tee was that the new coordinating machinery
was doing some good . Thus, during a period in which cables on t he general
situation were rather gloomy, Ambassador Taylor could tell the President

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SECRET

--SOUTH VIETNAM

PRIORITY ZONES
HOP lAC I

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in his weekly NODIS that while npac ification progress throughout the
rest of Vietnam was minimal at best , largely because of the political
climate ... Some forward movement occurred in the Hop Tac effort grouing
out of U. S. Mission discussions with the Prime Hinister on September 25 .
Tbe number of operating cbeckpoints in the Hop Tac area incre ased
mArkedly; command areas were strengthened; available troop strength
inc,reased . " !il
Ninor st atistical advances , taken out of context , were
continually being us ed in the above manner to prove overall progress.
Tbe l.tACV Command History for 1964 reflect s the official view : nAt
the end of 1%4., Hop Tac "'as one of the few pacification areas that
sbowed some success and greater promise . " 51 But subsequent events in
the area do not b ear out this vie'lT . In February of 1966 for example -18 months after the birtb of Hop Tac -- "rhen the Hop Tac area was designated as one of the four "N ational Priority Areas , " the briefers "Tere
unable to show Ambassadors Lodge and Porter any progress in the preceding year . They could not even produce a plan for the coming year .
Ori ginally Hop Tac ,'las focused on cleaning out the nearest '1C b ase
areas, but by February of 1966 - - with the GVN unable to stop the growllig
VC build-up, the emphasis i"as "placed on lines of communications, with
special attention to be given vital i nstallat ions including Bien Hoa and
Tan Son Nhut air bases and ammunition and gasoline depots . " §j The best
the briefers could do , in the final briefing prior to the Honolulu
Confer ence ,was to say that they hoped to p acify 72 h~ets in the entire
seven- province area , and "consoli date" 144 h amlets in Gia Dinh - - which
meant tbe hamlets ringing Saigon, including many "'hicb were really part

(Text continues in the original file: 164 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-9a — [Part IV. C. 8.] Evolution of the War. Re-emphasis on Pacification: 1965-1967

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- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 2011 report finally admitted the 1965 ‘pacification’ was mostly paperwork.

- Declassified 2011 PDF report, NARA, titled Evolution of the War 1965‑1967.
- Details U.S. attempts to strengthen GVN, internal instability, failed buildup, pressure, bombing, troops.
- U.S. pressure on GVN failed, prompting increased direct military action.

### Full text

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Dechlssified per Executi ve Order 13526. Section 3.3
NN D Projec t Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011

IV.C Evolut ion or the War (26 Vols.)
Direct Action: The Johnson Commitments, 1964-1968
(16 Vols.)
9. U.S. -GVN Relations (2 Vols.)
a. Volume t : December 1963 - June 1965

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 -1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET#13
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See Def Cont Kr. X-_ 0295

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US-Gvt. Rr.:L.'\TIOIrS : J964 - JUIrE 1965
SUMMARY and ANl\.LYSIS

In 1964 the U. S. tried to make GVN strong, ef'ft.!cti ve , and stable,
and it f'ailed . Hhen tbe U, S . offered more aid, GV11T accepted it with(,llt
i:llproving; they promised to mobilize, but .failef! to speed up the s)ow
bl,lldup ot' their forces . iV'llcn the U. S . of'fercd a firmer com.rr,itlO.ent to
encourage thClI', includirlg possible later bombing of' North Vietnam: the
GVU tried to pressu:t:"t.! us to do it soon.:;r , Hhen the U. S. endorsed Khanh ,
h" Ovc)'played his hand , provoked mob violence , and Lad to back dOlm to
a ...,eaker position than before. When Taylor lecturer' them and threatened
them , the ruling ge:nerals of' GVN defied him, and allied themselves Kith
t.he street rioters
Aft~!r several cha"lge~ of gov'~rp.r::J.ent in Vietnam, the
U. S . could set no higher goal thnn GVN stabilit~· , During this pel'jod ,
the USC; ,,:~r; alrea.dy starting to tMnk about doing the job ourselves i f
our Vietnamese ally did not pel"i'orm .
At first the U, S. thought that the 1'O',le1' 0: the Vi etna..'llesc p,cner als
make GVH strong and ef.:i'ective , In fact, the U. S . preference , at this
tim~ , w\s for :rrtilih',ry leadership in the GVri
However , the genera.ls proved
to be less than perfectly united. They found tr.r,y htJ.:1 to bo':: to the power
of student and Buddhis t street mob~) and thry la.ckeJ the '..:ill and the
abili ty to compel the civil goverlur,8nt to 'Ptyform . Yet , the U. S . saW' llO
a1tern~-1,tive but to back them - - to put up with V:i,etr~"t1ese hypersensitivity ,
thei r easy compli ance combined \dtb non-peri'orrr'ance, ~,nd their occasionaJ.
defiance , Moreover, J.!ACVwas even If, t rev,y to pr·.:;ssure the genprals
than \,,'as the Embas sy an.d the l!.'mbaRsy lees wj.11ing than 1·]I,\$hingt on , EACV
controlled the l'esourct':s that mattered most to the South Vietnamese .
~:ould

Pacification lagged) and the miljtary p i cture steadjly Horsened,
Planning of" prcssure~; aeainst the Ho:rth beca"_~ r:.ore urgent , and the pros -..
pect of' inc:ceadng U.8 . inputs to all phases of t h e \'lar loomed larger ,
The U. S . \'ras more and more abandoning the hope that the Vietna.mese could
",lin the 't,a.r:' b y themselves . At t lle sam" t ime , the U. S ....!as preparing itself'
i nternal Jy (NSJJI, 288 tdth the objective 01' un "independent non-cofl'JUun j ~t
Vietnam") and readying the Amf'ri can p eople ( the l'onkin Gulf' Rcsolution )
f or deeper com:rd tmem,::; ,
l'he period sa,,: six me.jor changes of gov~rnrr.ent , At the end of January ,
1964; Kh: .. nh seized r~ er from the Minh gov .. rnmcnt. In August , after his
attemJ'~' te, !"orf~< j <.:. 11.ilitary control , m0b Yio~_ence :"orccd }'lim to give '.,:ay
and t o join a TriU/I.':if'at..;: . It. presided ovo,' format :;'on of the civ ilia.n High
Natiom.l ConneD , . ..'hich ",:l'ote u. Constitution :.o.nd elected the clvi1ian
Prc~,>idcnt Suu and PriPj{:~ lti nister Huong to l'~place the Triurra.i.rate ,
In
D(!cember the mil i taJ'Y dis~olvcd the High Na.Uon".l Counci l ) and i n Sanua.ry
1965 the'), d .; sn:: %,,;3, Hl10ng , r eplacing h:i.Jn by Kllat'h us ca:reV~::e:r. In F;:b )'uary ,

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they appointed an':: civilian government, I·lith SU'.t still Pr,;sident and

with Quat as Prime Hini!>ter .

In June , Ky took oVer .

Besides all this ,

coup groups sei zed SaiGon t\11ce before being 'faced dO'.m eE:.ch time .
During the first f'ev." months of" this period the U, S , abandoned the
pllill for the phased Hithd:re.i·:al of most of' our ruilitary assistance personnel ,
and stopped believing that the main- force \-lar ,;,o"Jld come to a successful
end by the close of 1965. \-11th the staTt of' pla"lIling pressures against
the North, the U . S , fir.ost hoped that repeated prelir.inal·Y signals to Hanoi
,",auld bring a response before bomldng began ; and \'le hoped that the promise
of U.S . force eanm · tments would strengthen Vietnamese unity and resolve .
Both hopes proved vain, and vre started bombing North Vietnam systematically
.:ithout getting anythL'1g :from either Hanoi or G\'j! . 'l'hen the bombing itself'
faiJed to stop Hanoj ' s intervention. Seeing no other choice, the U. S .
poured troops into the country .
Throughout 196!~, the U. S. pm'sued the objective of a strong , eff'ective
OVN like the Holy Grail. Increas:ingly, we felt \·:e had to rea:::sure our
Saigon ally about the U. S. resolve, and hoped that a fi:rm U. S . commitment
through extendine advisors and·through bombing \o/culd impi'ov\,: OVN performance .
Rccu.rrentJy, .le looked to the military a:.; the one ccherent, anti - cor:nnunist
force i n the cOW1try . He leaned on them and on their strong- man , \o/bo for
most o:f the period was lOlanb, at first hoping that he ('.1' J.linh Hould play the
role that Hagsaysay did in the Philippines . He \·.'ere interested in legiti macy and democratic for.ns only as a long-run deferrable proposition; although
more and more we recognized the need for broad political support. ~- especially
after the Buddhist crisis in August, 196h, had prov~d its importance .
As early as the Honolulu Conference in June, 1964, we ,·..orried about the
possible cnvrgence of a hostile government or anarchy ; and the South Viet namese played effectively on our fears . He lectured them repeatedly on
the i mportance of national unHy, both i n periods of political calm and in
crises . tlhen the mobs in the streets :faced dO\m the generals, \."e then cluJ'1g t
to tile position th ...t no one should rock the boat .
Yet, ... 1211 beyond our control , General Khanh '.·las a central f i gure in
He took over in a coup in January , 1964 , and played
one role after another , for over twelve turbulent months . 'l 'hen .Ihen a coup
attempt failed against a nC"lly installed goverronent in February , 1965, t.he
generals turned on Kbanh and exiled him . Only the final coup, i n wbich Ky
teak over, sa'd" Khanh absent fl'om the scene .

mo~t of these changes .

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'·1itbo.ll, the military improved their bold on GVN machinery . The higb
turnover ot dil't:tict. and provinc.;e off'ici~ls ar ~ ·und the time of' the Khe,nh
coup put Ii.R\T1'! officers ev~~ryY.'ll'~re ; and th~ corps cClfu.lL.3.nders gradually consdlidb.ted thp,ir poucr th:roughout 1964 . This tendency reach.;d a climax
and received a tem:oorary setback in the rebellion that follCi'led the August
constitubon. As a result of' the succcr.sful Buddh'jst opposition , cabinet
changes and the cm.:.rter of the goverrunent in Saibon required Buddhist
acqulesc!?n(:e .

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These problens ,.eye aggravated by thr:- clear and grOlling lack at'
legitimacy of GVIL The genera1s led by J.1:inh, ,·:ho overthre\>l Diem, gained
an aura of respcetab:i.lity by this act because Diem had so completely
alienated the p{~ople . Hna.tever th~ir nrespectc.billtyl! m3.Y have been
\%rth \>lent dOlm the drain, ho,.;ever, ,·rhen lOlanh sei:led power and then
l~Lter maneuvered !,:inh out of the COI"try .
Khanh ' s position as a brash
usurper gave hil,\ little room for maneuver among Saigon ' s complex political
curl'l.mts, although 1"'or a time th(> U. S . counted on his It raw per"er . It Hith
subsequent !'hifts ill t:he form and conpesition of govc:rnment , the expedi ency and lack of legitin3.cy of' GVN gre'·' more cOllspicuous and more debilitating .
Leverage

•

u.s. attempts to strengthen th, GVN's ",ill to govern and to pacif'y
the countryside fa:iled . Moreover , the attcmpt<: , conceiv~d in haste , often
backfired. In contrast to the steady dis('ussion of' alternatives anong
l1ashlngton agencies, the Embas:::y, and 1lll..CV on the subj ect of pressures on
the North, the idee. of' pres.gure~ on GVH scldo:n surfaced . t'lhen i t did sur face, i t \.,a.s either brushed aside or rushed int.o . Leverage planning failed
to l'ccejvc even that qual:Lty and qU/l.l1tity of attenthlll that pressures against
North Vietnam pJanning did .
As a general rule, \ola.shington \,8.S morc interested in putting pressure
on GVN than \/as the Embassy, ,·lith the notable exception of Taylor ' s ini ti atives in December, and MACV '"las the least interested of all. But these
differences Here less notable than ",SoS tlle almost universal consenSUf: (w.ost
o:f the time) that the Vietnamese ,,;ere too sensitive for such pressures to
,.,ork , and that we had to accept the GVN ' s non - performance as the b est available .
Starting ".-ith Rusl~ ' s cOlwersation ,·lith }{hanh at the end of May, 196 !~ ,
and ending with Taylor ' s initiative jn early D.;!ccmber , the U. S . t,ried to
use the pl'ospect of U. S . force commitment as an inducement to the Vietnameset
to do better. HO','levcr, Taylor said that if this inducement were to :fail ,
the U. S . should go ahead "lith its pressures against the North any\lay . Taking
this position meant tha.t the attempted inducement "ms bluff. There is every
sign, both in their 1l0n-performH.nce and in their Decem.bcr-JamlA.ry defiance ,
that the GVN sized it up that way and called the bluff ,
Oul' attempted leverage included both inducements and thl'eats at one
time and anoth('r ; and Hei ther ~..-orked out well . Rusk ' s I.lay , 1964 , conversation 'Hith KlI8.nll , the intt.!nsification of' pressures plarming follo;./ing the
Hono]ulu Conference in June, and the shift of the Cha.irman, JCS to the
pOst of Ambassador to SVN , aD. s}lO'rled U. S . cor..:iitmcnt . He hoped these
measures and talks \..-ould directly contribute to GVN morale and eff'ectivcness .
lfb\.;ever, they were f'ollm:ed by the July press leaks and by direct pressure
to bomb North i rrm'!ed';tctely . The July public endorsement 01' Khanh \.,as intended
to reassure all concerned of our support, and co to st:l'cngthen GVN . ~l'hen ,

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the Gulf of Tonkin incidents \V"ere follmled promptly by Khanh rs Constitution,
,·;l1ich ba.ekfirt:d af,uil' "t him and agahst us, \"eakening ra.ther than strength ening GVN.
Te.ylor r S biD. of particulars agalnei. GVN in Dccenlber . . /as follovred
immediately by attar:-KS on GVN l,y tlle B\lddhj St8, and then :"hortly by the
ruili tary, hr Inging dO\ofn the goverIlment , Taylor r s stern lecture to the
Young Turks at this time met only with their defiance. They agreed to
a comproIl;i.~e solution to the crisis wlwn Taylor held up the GVN Defense
Budget, and then reversed theti1selves after he relce.sed it. The first
Fla.m~ng Dart raids, opening the dcljberate U. S, bombing campaign against
the North, \"lere followed shortly by another coup attempt .
There was no disagreemp.nt among \';')'shington, the Embassy, and t.:J\.CV
that. U. S. commitments shouJ.d bc used to improve GVN ' s morale and performance .
In contrast, hOl'lcver, they ofien djs3.grced about putting pressure on GVN.
In January, 1964, State ShO':-TCd far more inte:r~""!st than did Ladep. in using the
AID negotiation~ to press GVN for mor<.:: effort ; in the upshot \·rc eave them
an AID increase with no strings attach(~d . This dicagrcement continued for
severa) monthr-. McWlmara lea...'1f!d cunsh '~cntly to\-ral.'d giving GVN ,...ha,.1:ever
it needed; only lat.er did he begin to mention increasing our influence .
But Mcnamara and JCS did prod Lodge into asking GVN why they wcre not
progressing \-Tell. In May , 19611, SuJ.Iivan proposed direct entry of U.S .
personnel into the Vietns.:mc!':e chain of cODnand; his idea was watered dm-1D
considerauly in the Statc Dep:J.rtmcnt, and disappeared at ihe Honolulu Conrerenc~ because of opposi tlon by Lodge and Hestmorel.and .
Other proposals
agreed to at the coni'crence, relatIng to new actions and improved prog:rams
by GVN, interes ted State far more than they did the Embassy and '.iI\CV, as
revealed in the follow-up .

By and large thc ss.me contrasts prevailed when Ta.ylor was the Ambassador ,
a.lthough in Dec:embf:!r he \'18,5 :ar mol'l'.: willing to press GVN than Lodbe ever
was . Even then, at the peak of the crisis , Taylor expressly rejected sanctions .
MACV generally rejected sanctions also, and seemed less willing to apply
leverage in day-to-day m<:l.tters than ,·;ere U. S, civilians in the field . MACV
stUdies on GVN inerrectiv~ncss usually proposed more studies and never proposed pressw'e on GVN .
If U . S . force ccmunitmcnts and the record of' GVN non-pcr1'orJ:1.ance re1'1ect
the failttre or lcverag~, wha.t doef, the record teLl us about hm-r leverage
could be made to work? Reg:rettably, the record tells us nothing about that ;
it mel'l.:ly shO'.... s that everything \,'e tried . . :cmt wrong. As noted, attempts at
leverage OJ' prcs.';mre on GVN ,,'ere seldom th(,ughL through and stUdied carefUlJy .
One searches in v'tin for studies, mey~o:rand~.~, or widespread discussion of
alte:rnatjv{J techn:i'lues fo:r leverage and of \V"hat our experience shO\·;s about
ho,·; tllCY roie-ht I:Cl+ . Pre:~:::ur~>s acain~t 1.he North, who(;e results have dis appointed us, wen: a model of pla!lnine;, foresight , and detail.ed consideration ,
cO!"!"!pA.r~d to tll(l subject of pressures on GVlL
Yet GVN r !': failure Has the
hco.rt of our policy p)'ob] -;[J! throughout the period ~ as many 1'ee] i t .still is .

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'l'he F.mbas~y ' s L?ck 0:;" Po] itical Contact
The shifts of' })ol.itical loyalties, coups , r<;;hellions, and major

changes of pubJic i"igures often ca.ught the F.m"bassy by surprise .

It had
no effective sys"':.er; ·Hher through overt or c~vert contacts, for fjnding
out i-lhat VJas going on . CAS people talked to a f"m·r offj cial contacts, who
told them th:inzs the Vietnn.mese '·lc.nted the U. S. to believe ; but CAS ha.d
and haf": no Il"anda.te or miSSi<lfl to perform systematic intelligence and
e s piono.ge in (').":iendly countries, and so lacks the resources to gather and
cvalue.tc the large amounts of inforlnation required on political forces ,
corruption , cormections, and so on. l-~orcover, there if: no sien that the
EmbaslOY Uo."'1dcrF.!..ood events after the f'aet , or sa"l-,' the cormection betvieen
\-lhat we did and wh'J.t the Vietna!llE-$C did nex!.. . It e.ppcurs tho.t the U. S .
had few people expr;:rienced at maneuvering and m,mipulatlng among oriental
politicians .

In the :following cases the Embas~:y \"IllS ill the dark . (1) ~re had no
inf'orma,tion on the degree of' truth of' Khanll'S chargc:s agaim;t. t.he four
"pro-neutralistll generals plus Minh, and \-iO kne\·r about his coup a dl'.y in
advancu onJ.y because he sounded us out on it. (2) During the months of
maneuvering bctHeen Khanh and Minh after the coup, ,·re had no way to evalu ate tbe coup l'Ulliors that aJ.t.ra.ys went around, and that peaked aroWld moments
o:f crisis like the trial of' the four generals jn Kay . (3 ) Khauh ' s co:nplaints
01' Vietnamese "Iar-weariness starting in late May, in r etrospect a transparent
tactic to pressure the U.S . to bomb North, t.ook in the USG completely ; \·,'e
eagerly "le11,t ahead and planned to bomb "to improve their unity and resolve ."
( 4) Kho.nh ' s defiant leaks on cross -border operati ons in July surprised and
perplexed the Embassy ; Taylor described them a..<; an attempt to improve his
Qtom people ' s morale , not as an attempt to stampede us . (5) \o1hen Kh~nh asked
for our public endorsement and then talked about.. "reorg\ni zation , II we failed
to see the connection . Hhen he tried to reorganize Minh out of' the govern ment , 'l'aylor made no move to save l·j:i.nh W1t.i.l aftcr street rioting had broken
up the ,.,hole plan . (6 ) The September 13 coup attelapt surprised everybody .
(7) The HNC decision to make Suu Prcsident aud Huang Prime Hinister surprised
and angered us . (8) Taylor ' s DeCenlb(;r plan to strengthen GVN by lecturing to
it about its f'aUuren provol~cd a completely unexpected reaction ; both Buddhists
and the mili t..r.ry turned against the GVN . Taylol" s subsequent stern lecture
t o the Young Turks like'wise produced the opposj tc of the desired result .
(9) Th(: generals ' January , 1965 , moves to renege on the agreed crisis settlement and to dismiss Huang sUl"prised us . (10 ) The Februa.l"Y 19 coup attempt
s urprised everybody . (11) He did not knO\"i \o;hat to th i nk of" the alleged coup
attel'"lpt in l·;ay, 1965 .
In some noto::worthy ca::;cs "Ie did bctt..er . (1) Taylor correctly fore sa\-,
that Khar.h ' s August f!onst i. tution \-,ould C?~llse troubl"l . (2) vlcst.lr_oreland
detected Ky ' s buddil!Z coup attempt in NOveIt_ber and , \-lith En.bassy authority ,
squelched it.. (3) Tl:!.ylor f'oresai-l (und tacl tly accepted) the Ky coup .

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The W\.CV Rol e

The I·i4.CV orgc.niza.tion pl3.yed an inlportant, w:ostly hidden , role in

US!GVN relations . At every level f'rom Saigon to the districts , the
advisory structure was the mot.t perva~dvc inst.rument of' intergovernmental contf~ct. ARVN of1'iccrs 'Here accuBtomed to being spoon - fed military
advice; so l;hen 'Military dot1inance of GVN brought t.hese same officer!': to
high positions in gOYerruf:cnt, the advisor relationship conferred a latent
diplomatic role upon MACV . Advisors \'rere used as channels of communicati ons
on political natters and became the most reliable Sources of information on
impending coups . (On occasions such as thc Rhade uprising and Ky ' s first
attempt at a coup, ~enior t,lACV ofHcers openly became dipJQI,atic emissaries .)
\,le have less record than \"e ,,:ould like of COMUSHACV ' s influence . He
r eported regula.rly to his military seniors only on strictly military matter s ,
Detailed reports of his 1'00 ~ine, daily dealings <;"i.th counterparts Here not
required of' J.~CV a.s they \':c"e of' tlle Embassy .

From time to t:i_me CO~,:USllJ\.CV reveaJ.cd his Oi'm indcpendent objectives .
He sought protection 01' the ARVN officer corps from political machinations
and f'rom unfavors.ble press storie~ in order to preserve t.heir solida.rity
and morale ; be pressed zealously for early introduction of' U. S , gl'ound
forces and 1'01' thelr rapid build-up; he oppozcd encadrement and comhi.ned
command <;,tth ARV1'l ; he resj_sted e::v::clus:ion of the mi]'it8ory f'rom pacif'icatjon j
he rejected s8011ct10ns against ARVN ; he objected to the initial constraints
on the use of' A.n1,:rican forces and ,,,anted to be free to operate independentl y
of· ARVN .
General "!estmo:reland 1 s strong position usuo.lly assured that his vie\"!
prevailed , Extensj on of advisors , i ncrcused 1,ffi,P resources , and the intro duction of U, S, ground i'orce!: enh~llced h:is relative position . Hi~ freedom
f rom det£;.iled reportjng of daily contacts ."as it.self an element of strength .
Hhen he received unHanted advice and directives, h e set up studies (as in
t he Civic Action Program) to stall for time ; Hhen he lacked author ity to
operate freely , he planned ahead ',rit)) the Vietnamese ( as in the u,se of U, S ,
forces for i ndependlO'!nt offensive operat l ons) and then presented the matter
t o l'Iashi!lgton as a virtual fait accompli ,
VietnameDe Non- Performance and Sensitivity
'l'hl'oughout th~s perjod the GVN failed to pcrf'Ol'm in almost every
construciive respect, Pacification lagged, when not visibly r etreating ,
even though the .GVN was ahlays \·:illing to issu~ decrees , set up organiza t ions we sugges',cd , and so on . Khanh ' s promi -;e to mobilize came to nothi ng .
The VC defeated ARVN in bigger and bigger battles , unt i l the military
assessment of the situation permitted \'!ertmoreland to call for over 200,000
U. S . troop~ ,

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Moreover , on issues purportedly relat.ing to sovereignty or l1 f'ace, l1
the Viet.nwne se were and are quite sensitive, and the U,S , was consistently
afraid to inflame this sensitivity . Both sides avoided many delicate
topics . A prime example is the matter of' the lack of a bilateral treat.y .
The U. S . operateJ, and still operates, under a Pcntalateral protocol signed
by the French and Bao Dai tUldcr the U. S . military assistance program to
France before 1954 . It gave U. S, advisers and officials virtual diplomatic status, \>lhic11 was reasonable buck 'rlhen there were less than two hundred
of them in all Indochina . But i t nO'ri applies t.o all U. S . personnel , and no
one has 'rlanted to stir things up .
The sensitivity problem cropped up often . For a time early in 1964 ,
the GVN backed off from an agreement to extend U. S . advisors to district
level , and ,·,hen GVN did approve , they insisted that the adv:i.ce be strictly
military and that the advisor~ be labelled " subscctor ." In like manner ,
tbe III Marine Expeditionary Force becwne the III Marine Amphibious Force ,
because the French had called their Indocldna :force " cxpeditjonary ." But
the GVN, and especially the mil:i.tary, agreed readily to new U. S. troop commitments .
The Vietna.'Jlese ..,lould often erect a U. S . representative, in moments of
t ensi on, with f'alS(~ or exageerated stories of' U.S . deal:iJ:lgs, such as a
complaint in January, 1964, about U. S. training and CIA contacts \>li th the
Cao Dai and Hoe. Hao . I n contrast, on cabinet appointments th\.'!y often c.sked
t he Ambassador I s opinion , and Ile customu.l·ily leaned over backward to avoid
giving specific recommendations. Shared sensitivity, closely related to
the lack of a treaty governing status of U. S . forces, prevented any move
t oward joint command and U. S , control of' all military operations i n Vietnam ;
both Hestmoreland and the Vietnamese preferred to operate separately . The
Embassy looked the other ,,:ay fl'om repressive police me~sures and political
a r rests unless these led to embarrass i ng press stories . '.;hen the Ambassador
would raisG this tYl)e of issue with the GVN , it proved always to be touchy .
Vietnamese sensitivity sometjmes led to open displays of' anti -Americauism .
Tbese happened on thl'ee main occasions : (1 ) whcn Khanh grumbled about being
a puppet after t11e go- North leaks in JuJy, 1964; (2) in the open r upture
b et'·Teen Khflnh and Taylor in December - January ; and (3) in the January riots
.../hen rioters overran USIS buildings i n Saigon and Hue .
.Y,i etnamesc Compliance Nor e in Form Than in Substant:('!
The Vietnames~ neverthelc::;::; shmled a ready willingness throughout tile
period to decla.re new polici(;s , sign decrees, and engage i n joiht studies
at our request. But as noted above , that did ,.tot mea.n we got the sub::;tance
of llbat ,.,c \>ranted on such matters . The mO!;"t irnportant case of this kind
\>/as Khanh I s l'eady agreement in March to "mobilize ll South Vietnam . He prorr::ptJy
Jl13.de a token a!UlOUnCE!,'T,ent ; and \-fhile students and other potential draf'tcljgiblcs ~:::dted anxiously t.o learn \>lbat he meant (e.s did lole ) , he dclFl.yed

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several weeks befoTe any further announcement. Start:i.ng in r·1ay, he began
arulO\UlCing specH'ics and signing decrees , and kept the idea live I'or
several mouths . H0"I-1CVer , strength of the RVNA1~ rose less in 1964 than it
did in J96)"x·, and the talk of non-mIlitary mobilization cwnc to nothing .
The .military and the more mHitant civilians, on whom the U. S . counted
lnost heavily and regularly supported, tUl'ned out to have f'ru: more enthusiasm
for going North and f'or ot.her external adventm'cs than tht:.:y did for getting
on·wit.h the job of effective government and pacifica1..jon . They promised
much 011 this latter score , but eould not or \-lould not dE:1:Lvcr . KnO"l-ling
that i'le bad no on~ else to turn to, they cont.inued their old habits and
ofLen openly d:i.d what they pleased about important matters . 'l'he go- North
problc::l ,·:o,s part:lcliarly trOUblesome bccau~e the militants rejected the
permanent division o~ Vietna~ at the 17th parallel , upheld in practice by
the U. S,

The follmt:i ng are interesting instances, among many, of their superficial compliance . They agreed readily to use U. S, advisers at the minis··
tcrial level (the brain trust), although there is no siBn that the bl'aintrusters accomplished anyt..hirlg. Indeed, on all ten suggestions that
accompanied President Johnson ' s 1964 New Year ' s Messace to Hinh, only the
one on amnesty i'oWld them hesitant to express tlieir fuU aereer'lent . 'l'hcy
r egularly agreed on budgetary lirllits to keep inflation from gd,ting out of
hand, but never sati~fied us on specifics t..hrough ] 96~. 01' the first half of
1965 . They repeatedly agreed to relieve lncfl'ective , corrupt cOlT'JI"'..3.nder[l
and of'ficials, but delayed endlessly on doing :i t and generally pre,moted
t hose ;.;hom they relieved. At Hestmore:land ' ::: request, Kllanh created the
Hop Tae plan for pacification al'oWld Saigon; but it foundered, and eventually
the Vietnn.mese killed it . \·!hen Lodge left Vietnam in June, 1;)6~ , he sealed
his tour \-rith a general agreement. with Khanh on concept, scope, and organiza tion of the pacification ef'forts ; obtaining Sll eh aereements presented absolutely no problem. In December , 1964, the JCS issued a directive containing
every f.l.4.CV suggestion on hO\-; RVNAF should help pacifjcation .

oj(

The end-year f':igurcs . "~re as folloHs :

South Vietnam

1962

1963

1964

107

123

1.33

RVNAF Stren~~Lh ( ' 000 )

397

511,

571

Total Armed Strength ( , 000)
(Included CIDe, pOlice, etc . )

526

612

692

Infantry-ty"p~

SOURCE:

OSD SEA

Battalions

St.atistic~l

Swr nary,

viii

Table~

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In July, 196q, Khanh created a National Security Council similar
to ours, s.nd it met l'cgularly "lith the top group o:f Ernbasf'Y people to
talk agreeably about pacii'ication and manpower problems . r4A.CV set up
joint inspection teams and joint studies with JGS people several times
a year . The only thing o:f this cla~s that h"3,.d any visible follow - through
Has the joint. planning group on borr,billg North and on other cross-border
operations . Two battalions specifically declared ineff'ective by fIIACV
surrered no penalty or improvement.
The militauts ' predilection for external adventures began to show
in fJ.ay, 19611, after the Embassy started presi-ing Khanh about his l·1arch
agreements ",;lth }.ic]')t;t.mara. }'J1anh responded \-lith)n a fev.· days by saying he
wanted to declare ,·,rar, bomb tile North ,·litb U. S . p1l.rticipation, bring 10, 000
U. S . Army SpeciaJ. Forces troops into South Vietnu..l'll, IIget rid of the poli ticians, 1I and put Sa,jeon strictly on a vlar footing, Lodco tried to cool
bim off', but Khanh brought up a less extreme version again ...lith H\wk at the
end of the month, saying that his government could not w:i.n v.'ithout action
outside South Vietnam . r1hen Lodge retur~led from the Honolulu Conference
in efwly June, Khanh responded to discuss:i.ons of ARVN strength by trying
to drafT Lodge out on actions e.gair..st the North. Tllen, ""hen we did not move
f'ast enough to suit him and Ky, they started a press campaign on the subject,
a....l1d pressed Taylor more insistent.1y. FinaD.y, in December, when Taylor told
GVN all the m.'lny \-lays they should improve to justify f'urther U. S . involvement, their immediate reply included the comment that the U.S. program said
nothing about Viet Cong use of Cambodia .

The prcns leaks about going North '\'erc the f'irst maj or instance of their
def'inntly going ahead as they plet.sed against our ,1ishes. Khu:roj) , S August
constitution was a less f'lagrallt case, because Taylor ' s words of caution
were comparat.ively diffident. (Horcover, in the following August-September
turbulence, Kbanh let himsel f become clearly dependent on the Embassy ...rhen
be tn.lked to the Buddhist lc.:aders.) In the lJeccm"Uer cri sis the Young Turks
defied Taylor at every turn follOl1inG theil' dissolution of the HNC ; and after
a temporary agrecl:.ent in January dOUble - crossed Taylor, dismisseu Huang, and
took cont.rol oj the form~tion of a new' government. They (Juesccd correctly
that vie f;aw no chOice but to go along .

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EVEtTI' OR
DOCUMEI!T

1 Jan 64

State to Saigon
1000 30 Dec 63

DF,sCRli'rION

President ' s Ne~r Yecu" s message to J.Jinh con-

(Text continues in the original file: 104 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-9b — [Part IV. C. 9. a.] Evolution of the War. U.S.-GVN Relations. Volume 1: December 1963 - June 1965

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-9b
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-C-9b
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

December 1963 to June 1965: longer than most vacation leaves.

- NARA PDF titled Evolution of the War… Volume 1, covering Dec 1963–Jun 1965, released 2011.
- Reports U.S. shift from advisory aid to direct military presence, emphasizing stability and nation‑building.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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IV. C Evolution of the War (26 Vols.)
Dirt:ct Action: The Johnson Commitments, 1964-1968
(16 Vols.)
9. U.S.-GVN Relations (2 Vols.)
b. Volume 2: July 1965 - December 1967

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
55074
TOP SECRET - SENSITIVE SET #13
Seo Def Cont Hr. X- 0295

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U. S . -GVN REIATIONS:
sm~Y

JUNE 1965 - FALL 1967

and ANALYSIS

By the summer of 1965, the \-far in Vietnam had dramatically changed
i ts complexion from the previous t'·l0 years . More and more, Hith U. S .
combat forces }Xluring into SVN and Rolling Thunder undenlay, it looked
like the U. S. against the DRV. The ",ar was no longer being fought with
U. S . advice and aid alone ; there "las now a massive U.S . presence . ,·jhile
official document.::; still repeated the credo that it "ras, in the last
analysis, a struggle for the GVN to win or lose, the focus of U. S. concern shifted . As the U. S, role increased and then predominated, the
need for GVN effectiveness in thc now and short-run received less attention , :
The U. S . "muld take care of the war nm-l- -defeat the enemy main i'orces and
destroy Hanoi I s ''lill to persist--then, the GVIIJ could and ,,;auld reform and
resuscitate itself . Only after the immediate security threat to the GVN
'"tas blunted and forced to subside did "Ie expect our South Vietnamese ally
t o improve its performance on all "fronts . Until then and in order to get
to that point, the U.S. would concentrate on what it could do .

This vie"\'l- -a massive {J. S. effort in the short-run leading to and
enabling a GVN effort in the long-run- -sct the tone and content of U. S.GVli relations. In policy terms, it meant caution in the use of U. S .
leverage . There seemed to be no compelling re~uirement to be tough ,!ith
Saigon; it ,,,ould only prematurely rock the boat. To press for efficiency
would be likely, it ...,as reasoned, to generate instability. Our objective
became simple : if lle could not expect more GVN efficiency, we could at
least get a more stable and legitimat~ GVN. Nation-building was the key
phrase . This required a constitution and free elections . Moreover , if we
could not have the realjty, ,,'e Hould start with appcs'l'ances . U. S. influence was successfully directed at developing a democratic GVN in form.
Beginning in September 1906 , a series of free elections l1ere held, first
for a Constituent Assembly and later for village officials , the Presidency,
House and Senate .
U. S.-GVN relations from June of 1965 to 1968, then, have to be under stood in terms of the new parameters of the liar . Before this date , our
overriding objective had to be and "las goverrunental stability , After the
Die.'!I coup, the QVN under"lent s i x changes ill leadership in the space of
one and a half :"eal's. From June 1965 on, there vIas relative stability .
KY and Thieu, .,hile cballenged, proved strong enmlr;h to keep their power
and position . In putting dmoffi the Struggle 1·10"\rernent (folioi-ling General
lbi ' s dismissal by Ky) in the first half of 1966, and then delivering on
the September, 1966 election, GVN" effecUvely discredited the militant
BUddhist leadership and ror the time being ended its threat to political
stability . Concern about }Xlssible r.eutralism or ar..e.rchy , which had been

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important in U.S . thinking i n 1964 and early 1965 , subsided accordingly.
The uneasy agreement betlTeen Thieu and Ky to run on the same ticket ,
resulting partly from U. S. pressure for military unity, and the subsequent
t ransition to ler,itimacy, gave the U. S. a sensp. of relief and satisfaction ,
although no one suggested that GVN had yet built a broad political base
or bad solved its effecti veness problems . This GVN stability made possible
the increased attention to pacification and nation-building.
The pacification parameter had changed as welL From 1961 to June of
1965 , the U. S. flooded SVN with the advisory resources of men and money
to keep the GVN afloat and RVNAF fighting . This input lacked a clear plan .
After June 1965 , we made a concerted effort to organize pacification .
We exacted an agreement from the GVN in the fall of 1966 to shift half of
its ground forces into pacification- - although U. S. forces carried a share
of this burden and attempted to sho..., RW.6.F hmf to do it . He tried to
centralize pacification programs by creating a new GVI-i structure to control
and allocate resources . This was made manifest by the establishment of a
separate ~tinistry for Revolutionary Development . U. S. moves by stages to
the unified civil-military CORDS organization in Vietnam paralleled this
super-ministry for pacification . And , paCification statistics showed steady
increase of GVN control in the countryside, reversing the dOHm'lard trend
of previous years - -but, U. S. dissatisfaction \fith GVN performance also
increased nonetheless .
Beyond and more important than all this were the U. S. efforts themselves. By the close of 1965, 170,000 U. S. combat forces were in SVN. By
the end of 1967, this figure ",as almost balf a million . By mid -1965 , U. S.
air strikes against. North Vietnam had extended in geographi c coverage up
to 20030 1, and approved targets had widened beyond LOC 1s . Total sorties
r ose to about 900 per week . By 1968, we "'ere bombing throughout the North,
with very few though important target~ still being prohibited . Total sorties
per week r eached about 4, 000 .
It was i n this context that U. S. -GVN relations took shape .
Leverage
Having suffered several backfires i n the attempts to r equire or encourage

GVN effectiveness in 1964, the Embassy and i-lashington generally preferred to
l et '-Tell enough alone in 1965 through 1967 . The U. S . limited i tself to only
a fffi" demands , and usually avoided di rect confrontations at the top levels
of governmcnt -t0'7 government contact .
The U. S. had one repetition of its old backfire problem following the
Honolulu Conference of February 1966 . President Johnson embraced Ky publicly and endorsed his govermuent ; Ky then felt strong enough to move against
General Thi , who had been making trouble generally and \faS almost openly
",ai ting for his chance to take over the GVN. Ky eventually succeeded in
r emoving Thi and getting hun out of the country} but at the cost of r eturning

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to a. degree of chaos in r.!ay that was in some ,.re.ys worse tha.n any suffered
in 1964 under lOlanh. At the height of' the crisis, the U. S . ~'lent so far

as to use force and the threat of' force against both sides to keep the
confrontation bet"reen GVN and the Struggle Mov,ment within bounds .
",as no sign of ill effects :from our boldness in this instance .

T'nere

v1hatever interest there was in putting pressure on the top l evels of
GVN '1'18.5 stronger in Hashington than in the Embassy, and stronger in the
Embassy than in f.w.CV,as it had been in the past .

But the past failures

of such pressures made everyone gunsby. At one point , rTashington felt so
strongly about the high GVN dollar balances that it sent out its own
r epresentative to negotiate Hith GVN , and he freely threatened to cut dm-m
U.S. dollar aid . HOvrever, neither 'Hashington nor the Embassy suggested
doing anything so drastic as holdip~ up aid payments and projects until
a satisfactory agreement could be reached . Confident that the threats
were empty, GVN dug in its heels and gave us nothing but more promises .
Although the U. S. played dOlm pressure or leverage on the top level
of GVN, the idea of leverage at lower levels enjoyed a resurgence . Interest
i n the subj ect reached a 10,., point in June 1965, .·,hen ~'re abandoned the
"troika signoff, " ,dticb bad given U. S. province representatives veto control
over the use of AID direct - support commodities . For foul:' months starting
October 1, 1965, "'i4..CV experimented v11th giving its sector advisors a petty
cash fund for urgent proj ects; hmrever, MACV then dropped the idea . In
April 1966, Lodge urged restoration of these types of leverage , and the i dea
kept coming up thereafter . THO major studies, one in Saigon in 1966 and one
in Hashington in 1967 , ce.me down strongly for regular procedures to use our
material support to put pressure on 10tVer echelons of GVN . They particularly
emphasized signoff systems and the like, including U. S. distribution of MAP
support ,.,ithin Vietnam . But the fear that such methods would prove counterproductive , either by provoking resistance or by making Vietnamese officials
more dependent on our people and less able to perform on their own, prevented adoption of the Pl'oposals .
In at least three instan~es , AID cut off its support to a provi nce in
the province chief . In September 1965, AID accused the
province chief of Binh Tuy of misuse of AID funds , and ha.d to withdrau it s
personnel from the province ~~d cut off support to i t a~te r threats on their
lives . The incident got into the papers and embarrassed both GVN and the
Embassy; after several i-reeks OVN moved the accused officer to another j ob ,
and AID resumed its program in the province . In JWle 1966, AID cut off
shipments to Kontum province for four days to force the province chief to
aCCOWlt for the end uses of AID cOIllIlloditi es . In August 1967, CORDS cut
off shipments to Bien Roa province ~or eleven weeks ~or similar reasons .
ol~er to pressure

In contrast , MACV scrupulously avoided rri tbholding NAP support from
military UL~its, regardless of circumstances . The single case of r ecord of

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taking a,·,ay MAP support involved two fishing boats O'Imed by the Vietnam

Navy that were found ineligible for such support . In his reaction to
the PROVN Report in Jliay 1966, in his directives to advisers around the
time of the Chinh- Hunnicutt affair in the falJ of 1966, and in bis reaction
to '\'lashington inquiries in flAY 1967, COMUSMACV consistently brushed aside
criticism of ARVN and told both his superiors and his subordinates to lay
off . Hhatever interest in leverage there vIas at lmier levels in the field
received no backing from COi·RTSMACV.
In March 1966, a decision to transfer
~1AP fOl' Vietnam to service funding had no ef'fect on leverage because MACV
continued to put material support in Vietnamese hands as soon as it entered
the country.
Although AID tried some leverage in this period, and although the
Ambassador , the Mission , and offiCials tuned to U. S. domestic pressures
urged U. S. leverage fOr GVN reforms, th ere is still no documented stud~
of GVN !s failures, of'the reasons for it, and of the vlays that leverage
of different types might help improve GVN permanently . The ba.sic probl em
of concern is GVN !s overall failure to do its civil and military jobs.
Leverage in the hands of' U. S . persormel might assure that GVN \iould do
particular things \ole \Olant; but ,·re have no inf'ormation on vThat kind of
l everage, if any, '\olould reform GVN. From 1964 onwards, high U. S. officia.ls,
including t·1cGeorge Bundy and Secretary r.tcrIamara, have said at one time and
another than thorough reform of GVN is necessary; but no one has found or
even seriously proposed a -.flay to do it . Encadrement proposals , prominent
before JWle 1965, still received occasional mention ; but these proposed to
make up for GVll's deficiencies by substituting U. S. control for GVN control,
and do not purport to ref'orm GVU itself. If this problem has a solution,
we have yet to find i t .
Tbe Embassy ! s Lack of Political Contact
The turbulent events of 1964 and early 1965 had shown that the Embassy
bad no effective system, either through overt or covert contacts, for finding
out what ,·ras going on . Nothing was done subsequently to correct this prob l em. CAS people talked to a fe,'1 official contacts , who told them things the
Vi etnamese ,·ranted the U. S. to believe ; but CIA had and has no mandate or
mission to perform systematic intelligence and espionage in friendly countries ,
and so lacks the resources to gather and evaluate the large amounts of information required on political forces , corruption, connections , and so on .
General Thi began sounding out his U, S. contacts on whether the U. S .
appreciated his superior qualities as a potential leader of Vietnam as early
as August 1965; li.nd in other vlays we had plenty of "rarning that there would
be trouble . Hm1cver , ~·fe shoHed no feel for cause and effect . President
Johnson ' s embrace of' Ky at Honolulu in February, 1966, could only have had
a divisive ef'fect ~{hen Ky ccmma.nded so little solid support vlitbin his Cl\om
country . On the one hand, civilians and the military had flouted U.S . vTishes
so often in the past that express U. S. support scarcely counted for much ; but
on thc other hand, Ky ' s Heakness and 'l'hi ' s knoi'rn ambitions tempted Ky to get
,·rhatevcr mileage he could out of our support . In the subsequent turbulence )

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all parties again flouted U. S. l-lishes f'reely, stopping short only when
the U. S. used force a.~d the credible threat of force to oppose them . The
me.neuverings of the various political groups seemed to surprise t'he Embassy
repeatedly. The same problems arose in the GVn cabinet split and crisis
just before the Manila Conference in October 1966. The blandly naive
language of the "Blueprint for Vietnaml1 in late 1967, unmodified by any
back channel elaboration , offered no hope of any foreseeable improvement .
The MA.CV Role
The NACV organization played an illlportant , !!lostly hidden, role in
U.S.-GVN relations. At every level from Saigon to the districts , the
a dvisory structure Has the most pervasive instrument of intergovernmental
contact. ARVN officers were accustomed to being spoon-fed military advice ;
so \.,hen military dominance of GVN brought these srune officers to high positions in government, the advisor relationship conferred a latent diplomat~c
role upon M.I\CV . Advisors ",ere used as channels of conununications on political
and pacification matters . (On occasions such as the attempts to get Thi to
meet Ky or to leave the country , senior NACV officers openly became diplomatic emissaries .)
~le have less record than \'re l!ould like of COMUSMACV I S influence .
He
r eported regularly to his military seniors only on strictly military matters .
Detailed reports of his routine, daily dealings with cOUL~terparts were not
required of NACV as they were of the Embassy.

IoTom time to time , C01,rus:.1A.CV revealed his oun independent objectives .
He sought protection of the ARVN officer corps from unfavorable press stories
in order to preserve their solidarity and morale ; he pl'essed zealously for
the rapid build-up of U. S. ground forces ; he opposed encadrement and combined
command ~·Tith ARVN; he rejected sanctiGns against ARVN ; he objected to the
initial constraints on the use of American forces and ~'lanted to be free to
operate independently of ARVN.
General l'Testmoreland ' s ~trong position usually assured that his Viffiol
prevailed . Extension of advisors , increased MAP resources, and the buildup of U. S. ground forces enhanced his relative position . By October 1966,
MACV had numerical superiority of forces over Regular RVNAF; by late 1967,
J~CV had over ~OO square miles of bases.
His freedom from detailed reporting
of daily contacts ",as itself an element of strength . Hhen he r eceived unwanted advice and directives, he set up stUdies , and , a fter a t ime , proceeded
as usual. This tendency ",as most notable in the case of leverage, already
noted, and combined command . Like"'i~e, HACV s'lccessfully resisted taking
over the bulk of Saigon Port operations , despite pressure from Washington ,
and delayed for about a year the move to take division commanders out of the
pacification chain of command . Another instance of l'-tACV independence shol'led
up when Rusk and Lodge wanted to keep U. S. men and equipment out or the
confrontation between GVN' and the Struggle ~1ovement in I Corps , but they
faiied to tell t.1ACV about it . On April 5, MACV went ahead and airlifted
tHO batta.lions of Vietnamese Rangers to Danang ; after that Lodge put a stop
t o it .
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Vietnamese Non-Performance and Sensitivity
Although population control statistics began to improve in 1966 and
continued to do so in the first hal£ of ~967, and a~though this seemed
partly associated with the creation of the Ministry o~ Revolutionary Development and ifith the emphasis on i ts programs, f'e"l suggested that this progress
could reheld if U. S. forces withdrew. The drumbeat of criticism from field
personnel, and the documented cases of non- performance on high- level matters ,
made it clear that there was no real improvement in GVN performance . Corruption and inaction shovled no signs of improvement ; province chiefs and military commanders singled out by U. S. advisers as urgently needing removal
were simply shuffled around, if moved at all, and often promoted. Increasing
traffic in the Port of Saigon led to acute congestion problems , "'hich GVN
failed to clear up or materially improve .
Moreover , on issues pw:portedly relating to soverei gnty or n!'ace , II the .
Vietnamese continued to be quite sensitive , and the U. S. was afraid to i nflame
this sensitivity . Both sides avoided many delicate topics . A prime example
is the lack of a bilateral treaty . The U. S. presence has alv,ays been based
on the Pentalateral Protocol of 1950 , signed by France , the Bao Dai gover nment, Laos, Cambodia and the U. S. , which gave U. S. advisers and offi cial s
virtual diplomatic status--an arrangement reasonable back uhen there v,ere
l ess than t\'I"O htUldred of them in all Indochina, but of dubious applicability
to the hW1dreds of' thousands nOH there . This matter has cropped up from
time to time , as in the case of' Americen civ~lians being tried for currency
violations in Vietnamese courts , ,.,here they were subject to extortion . Both
governments coopel'ated in smoothing things over a:fter a momentary disagreement over jurisdiction , and have avoided stirring things up .
Shared sensitivity (and legitimate concern for an independent RVNAF
r ol e) , closely related to the lack of a bilateral treaty, prevented any move
t Oifard joint cormnand and U. S. control of all military operations in Vietnam .
Both Westmoreland and the Vietnamese preferred to operate either separately
or in loosely coordinated joint operations . The Embassy looked the other
way from repressive police measures and political arrests unless these led
t o embarrassing press stories ; and when the Ambassador \'IOuld r ai se this ty:pe
of issue iV"ith the GVN, it proved always to be t ouchy . Especially under Lodge,
the Embassy tried to protect GVN from the press and to help it build a
favorable image .
Vi etnamese sensitivity sometimes led to open displ&ys of anti-Americanism .
These displays reached a climax in the Struggle Novement crisis in t he first
half of 1966, ,.,hen the Buddhists openly accused the U. S. of helpi ng GVN crush
them, and they sacked and burned the U. S. Consulate :i.n Hue . Mor eover , nevlSpapers reflecting officials viei-ls v,ou1d occasionally publish stories expressing
fear of a U. S. sellout in negotiations , anger at U. S. intervention in Vietnamese affairs (as happened durip~ the Chinh-Hunnicutt affair) , and other
anti -American themes .

vi

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Vietnamese Com-plie.nce f·10re in Form Than jn Substa..TJ.ce
The Vietnamese , nevertheless, Shot1ed a ready ,dllingness to declare
Del'T policies, sign decrees, and engage in joint. studies at our request .
But as noted, thet scarcely means thet we got "That vTe wanted on such matters .
Ky "Tas al"Hays vlilling to issue decrees purporting to clear up the port
problem , and to make public declarations against con.'uption. On economic
policy, Ky 8lld Hanh gave us one agreement ai'ter another pl'omising to control
i nflation and to run dOhTD their dollar balances . The relations of their
military with J.1A.CV shcmed the same pattern .
The Vietnamese military, on ",hom the U. S. counted most heavily, cont inued as in earlier periods to have far more enthusiasm for external adventures than they did for getting on ,.,ith the job of effective government and
pacification. They promised much on this latter score , but delivered little .
Knrn.,ing that 'ole had no one else to turn to, they continued their old habits·
and often openly did what they pleased about important matters , such as the
airlift of troops to Danang in t·lay, 1966.
Examples of superficial compliance are almost too numerous to mention .
The Honolul1.1 Conference of February 1966, produced over sixty agreed JX'ints
b e"t1'ieen thc t,-,o governments on all areas of mutual interest; getting any
follow-up proved to be like pulling teeth, and then the follCfl-l - UP "He got
",as nothing more as a rule than more promises . Likewise, at the Manila
conf'erence much the same thing happened, where GVU agreed to programs for
social revolution , economic progress , and so on . HO"Hever , at our insistence
t hey did go ahee.d "\-lith the constitution and elections , and they shifted half
of ARVN into pacification . How much substantive improvement these moves
"Till produce still remains to be seen .
GVN taste for foreign adventure shOl-Ted up in smail , irritating WJ.ys .
In July 1965, Tbi planned unauthorized operations i n the ~~Z , but we stopped
him . In 1967, we discovered that GVN had brought i n Chinese Nationalists
disguised as Nungs , to engage in ~perations in Laos ; a l so , they sent a group
to put an airfield on an island l"{O miles south of Hainan, apparently without consulting r,iACv .
Conclusion
Increasingly throughout 1967, GVN legitimacy and perfor:mance became a
domestic political issue in the U.S . as '-Tel l as a source of concern f'or
policy- makers . No matter l1hat issue ",as raised, the central importance of
the GVN remained . If we vTanted to pacify more , "Ie had to turn to the: Viet namese themselves . If we de~ired to push for a negotiated settlement , we
had to seriously "reie;h the possibilities of SVN collapse . In the last
analysis , it wes and is a Har Hhich only GVN legitimacy and effectiveness

can "rin .

vii

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Iv.c.9

PART II.

CHROLOLOGY

DATE

EVE:.:7 OR
DOCUcEET

DESCiUPrIO.i

22 Jun 65

?·femorandl.Dll from

Tr oika sign-off abandoned .

Vincent Puritaoo
to James P. Grant
25 Sep 65, "Joint
Pro'rincial Signo ff Authority. II

with attachment
1 Ju1 65
1 Ju1 65

SD p;.! 1 Ju1 65
Sec 8B

Saigon to State 14,
2Jul

SeeDef j·:emorandum to the President,

re commends more aid for Vietnam.
Taylor ~Tites a letter to Ky asking
him to support constructive USO:.~/G\I':':
consultations au economic matters and
the port .

8 Jul 65

CO:.;mJ;!ACV. to
CTI1CPAC DTG

MAev and RVl':AF agree on coordination
and cooperation, e.nd do not discuss

080020Z Jul

combined command .

20 Jul 65

SD PM 20 Jul
para. BB

SeeDer Memorandum to the President
r ecommends U. S. veto on m.:;.jor GTi':
commanders and on GVN statements
about going !~ orth .

28 Jul 65

Saigon to State

USO.M and G'I1\ agree on Am package with
no leverage .

266, 25 Jul
15-26 Aug 65

Saigon to State
626 , 26 Aug

Lodge replaces Taylor , t~~es charge of
t he Embassy. Ky tells Loage the U. S.
forces should hold strategic points so
t hat RVi·.AF can concentrate on pacification, and says that the Chi eu Hoi Progrrun is a waste or money .

28 Aug 65

, Saigon to State
6 71 , 28 Aug

Thi tells Lodge he can govern better
t.han ~' can .

22 Sep 65

CO;,:US:·iACV Com::1and

carus:tll.CV presents proposals for revit alization of Hop Tac to USO:! .

History 1965,
p . 240

1 Oct 65

co>ruS•.1.1'l.CV COIl1Illand

History 1965 , .
p . 240
viii

HACV begins fOUr-month experiment with
s ector and subsector advisor funds .
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DATE

EVEIIT OR
DOClJ:.iE1':"T

3 !lov 65

SecDaf DPr·i

15 Dec 65

co:.mS:·iACV Command History

DESCRIPrlOiI

McNamera urges more active role for
U. S . E'.dvisors .

JGS Directive AD 140 gives GVN

military plan to support 1966 Rural

1965, p . 21,1.

24 Dec 65
6 - 8 Feb 66

Constructio~

State to Seizon

pl'ogram .

1855 31 D>c

of 37 day bombing ~ause and
peace offensive .

State to Snigon

Honolulu Conference to press GYri for

Begir~ing

4 Feb

action on p~ciflcation 34~d en politice1

'IVietnam : Honol ul u C.,nfercnce-

and economic refoxr.l~ . Thieu end K.v
oblielnSly agreed to U.S . dc~ands ,·
Vlce .. Pre:;ident l:ump'hrey flies with then
back to Saigon .

2252

S~ of G0als
and Status of

Activity," 30 I,tc!'
10 j.!:11' 66

Kab1n and Leii'is-,
The U.S . in Vietnam, p . 2h4 and
pasSilnj Saleon
t o stat~ 3260 and

Ky persuades military leadership to
approve his plan to exile I C01'PS
Commander, Generel Thi. 'Ibi resierts .

Kah1n and Lc~ds,

Annames~

3265 9 1·lar

12 /:.ar 66

Tl'ie U.S . in '{ictnam) p . 2h5j and

Budill11ats end students begin
demonstration in nanang and Hue .

SaiSon 3333
14 gar

16 /.lar 66
I.larch 1966

SeizoD to State

3381 17 l"ar

Thi permitted to return to Danallg to
quiet dernonstrations .

COMUS:-1ACV Com..

PROVN stUtly completed.

mand History
1966, p . 510
CINCUS.'.RPAC
24c312Z ;!.>y

3 Apr 66

·COliUS;.!ACV CO'n-

Ky declares D~ane t o be

mane. History

hanas .

co:.ms;.lAcv C""-

:':ACV nirlifts tilO ARVN Ranger battalions

mand ilistory
1966, p . 824;

to Dananc. 1st Jl.RV1! Division com.lOl.ander
declares for the Struegle r.1ovc.."ll.ent; U.S .
advisors wlthdra.\m.

1966, p . 824 .

5 Apr 66

to cmCPAC
DTG 051125Z Apr~

i·~CV

i n Commun i st

Saigen to state

2986 5 Apr
ix

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EV"'
..!iT OR

DATE
6 Apr 66

DOCIr,~;T

DESCRIPI'ION

c o:.:usr'~'CV Co:n~

NOn-CE:sentlal U.S . civilieils removed f r(.X!l
Hue .

mand History
1966, p. 824

8 Apr 66

9 Apr 66

GVN flies t'HO c.ddl tional Ranger battl:', lions

Co;.lUsr·tA.CV Com-

mand Hi story
1966, p. 824

to DJ.nenz after MAC¥ r e):used to do 60 .

co:.ruS:·lACV Com..

U.S. protest to Struggle 140vement l oaders
induces thE:'.!l to pull buck bO~litzcr(3 . THO
hundred U.5 . and third country Civilians
evacuated frCE1\ D9.na.""!3 '

me.nd History

1966, p . 824
1 2 Apr 66

GYU vithdre.vs its RaneeI' ba ttalions fr on
Danaug . Relat i ve quiet l'eturns .

co;·ros:·~cv Cornl!l2Ild HiGtory
1966, p. 324;

Kahin end Le-"ris

The U.S. in Viet~, p . 256

14 Apr 66

CQ·IUS/·lACV Coo ..

mand History

1966, p. 324;
Kahin and L2;-11s

Tbe Director~te pronises el~ctioDs for a
constituent t!Gsco.bly vith 3-5 months.
Buddhists nnd others call off dc!r.oDstra"
tioDs .

The U.S . in VietD :?Jll,

4 11ay 66

15 1·1:;y 66

16 1·:ay 66

2l :!ey 66

p. 256

Kahin end Lm-Tis

ley pu 11cly rcneees on pl'oo i seo; to hold

The U.S . in Vietns.m, p. 256;
Saigon to Sto.te
4368 4 "ay and
4605 15 MllY

AU5USt elections, says parbaps they will
b e possible by October . Lodge abGcnt on
long trip t o '~ashington. Porter f0110'..1s
Stute DU~danc~ closely.

state to Sai::;on

3448, 3449, 3450
end 3451 15 I·;.y

GVN airlH"ts troops to Danang and Hue to
quell ne-v- di sorders . U.5. wi tholds a irlift prote.e:ts GVN f ai1m'c to CD.'lsult,
withUrE.ilS advi sors fro.'J both sides .

SaigO:1 to State

USi1C G~nera.l vJa.lt threatens to u ee U.S .

4627 and 4635
16 !(sy

jet e to zhoot do-..-n eny VNAP ail'Craft
u sed U3ainst dissident ARVN units . The
threat succeeds .

state to SaiZon
3575 2l Hay

Lodge returns, tells Ky to be conciliatory,
use f orce wi t h rcstrl3.i..'1.t. He does around
Saigon p~godas, but l1aked tOl'C O in E,uc
produ~es sclf-~runolation5.
U.S. evacuates
its consulate and otber f acilit ies there .

x

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DESCiUPrIOII

D..I\TE

27 t!ay 66

Seigon to state
4837 21 M,y
4849 and 4878
23 l·lay, 4943
and 4963 25 }.i:;:,y,

J(y nnd Thi meetj latter of;fered unspecified P.RVIT job.

1'966 26 May,
5037 27 t.lsy,
5015 28 Na.y,
5178 1 J'un,
and 1947 7 JuJ.;
Kahin end Lmds
ibid.

Saigon to state
5163 !'iIld 5178
1 Jun

Ky meets l.c!lders or the Buddhizt In~ti­
tutc, offers civilian part1cipntion 1D
an enlarged Directorate. They appear
conciliatory and e.Zl'ce to cppointmcnt
of General ~ as Commander of I Corp~.

1 Jim 66

student mob burns U.S. consulc.te l'.nd

(Text continues in the original file: 98 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-A-Vol-IA — [Part IV. C. 10.] Evolution of the War. Statistical Survey of the War, North and South: 1965 - 1967

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-A-Vol-IA
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-A-Vol-IA
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Part IV. C. 10? Sounds like the chapter where they finally added footnotes.

- NARA PDF titled Evolution of the War, released 2011, covering 1965‑1967 North and South.
- Summarizes 1950‑1952 public statements justifying Vietnam involvement, including Truman’s speeches and aid announcements.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Declassified per ExecUli\'e Order 13526, Section 3.3
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V,A Justification of the War (11 Vols,)
Public Statements (2 Vo ls,)
Vo lwne I: A- The Truman Adm inistration
8-- The Eisenhower Administration
C-- The Kennedy Administration

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET#13
TOP SECRET - SENSITIVE 0295
Sea Def Cont Mr. I-.E.

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V. A. - Vol I
JUSTIFICATION OF THE WAR -
PUBLIC STATEMENTS
A. Truman Administration
B. Eisenhower Administration
C. Kennedy Administration
0295
Sec Def Cont Mr. I-...

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3

PART V.

JUSTIFICAnON OF THE liAR -- RJBLIC S TATE~1E""TS

Foreword
This portion of the study consists of an examination of the
public statements justifying U. S. involvement in Vietnam. Only
official statements contained in either the U. S. Departrrcent of
State BUlletins or the Public Papers of the Presidents were r evie\-.'ed . Although conc l usions are based pr imarily on the state ments of the President , the Secretary of State and the Secretary
of Defense , the statements of other high -ranking government
offi cials were al so s tudied in ascertaining the policy context
of t he quoted material . This report includes analyses of the
Truman, Eisenhm.-er and Kennedy periods . The statements are
or ganized chronologically ,d.thin each Ad:ninistration, end are
summarized at t he head of each section .

,

)
\

A.

Tr uman Admini strati on

B.

Eis enhmrer Admini str ation

C.

Kennedy Administration

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TRUMAN ADl.fINISTRATION
SUJ·~·\ARY

The statements enclosed are from the period 1950 - 1952 : from
the Secretary of State ' s announcement marking the beginning of the
U. S. involvement in Vietnam to the NATO resolution supporting the
French fight in Indochina . The justifications advanced for the U. S.
commitment in Indochina include the follov~ng :
a . The Soviets are engaged in a "monstrous conspiracy to
stamp out freedom allover the ,~orld , II and Soviet imperialism , vith
camaunist China as its instrument, poses a direct threat to the independence of the Associated States of Indochina.
b. The defense of Indochina is an integral part of the
world",ide resistance by free nations to communist aggression and subversion .
c . The raw materials and agricultural products of Southeast
Asia are "vitally needed" by the free nations of the world .
d . The United States, in the interest of preventing a third
world war , has provided aid to the Associated States end }rance .

A

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Y. A. JUSTIFICATION OF THE WAR -- PUBLIC STATEMENTS
TRUMAN ADMINISTRATION
CONTENTS
Page
l. Secretary of State marks the beginning of U.S. military and
economic assistance to the Associated States and France
(8 May 1950).......... …….. A-2
2. Truman cites Communist threat in Asia; emphasizes the lessons
of history in meeting aggression in its early stages
(1l April 195l)............
3. President cites Communist imperialism as a threat to vitally
needed raw materials and manpower of free Asian nations as
requiring U.S. assistance to these countries (24 May 195l)...... A-3
4. Statement by the Departments of State and Defense resulting
from French-U.S. discussions regarding aid to Indochina
(23 September 1951).......... ...... A-5
5. Communique acknowledging the primary role of U.S. in Korea
and its secondary role of assisting French in Indochina in
combatting Communist imperialism (18 June 1952)................. A-5
Resolution adopted by North Atlantic Council of NATo support
for French role in Indochina and its importance to Atlantic
Community (17 December 1952)........... ....... A-5
A-I

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v.

JUSTIFICATIOn OF THE HAR -- PtrBLIC

A.

Truman Administration

Secretary of state Statement on Extension of Nilitary and Economic Aid ,
1,iay 8, 1950, Departnent of State Bulletin , May 22, 1950 , p . 821 :

* * *
"The United States Government , convinced that neither national inde pendence nor democrat ic evolution exist in any area dominated by Soviet
im-oerialism, considers the situation to be such as to \~-arrant its according econo~c aid and military e~uipment to the Associated States of
Indochina and to France in order to assist them in restoring stability and
permitt ing these states to pursue their peaceful and democratic development. "
2.

President's Radio Report to the American People on Korea and on U. S.
Policy in the Far East, April 11, 1951, Public Pa~ers of the Presidents,

p_ 223 _
"I ,,!ant to tal.k to you plainly tonight about what we are doing in Korea
and about our policy in the Far East .
"In the simplest terms, what vie are doing in Korea is this:
in g to prevent a third \:orld war .

He are try-

* * *
"The comnunists in the Kremlin are engaged in a monstrous conspiracy to
staJIlP out freedom. all over the "rorld. If they were t o succeed , the United
states ,,-ould be nUI!l.bered among their principal victims. It must be clear
to everyone that t he United States cannot -- and will not - - sit idly by
and a,,,ait foreign conquest . The only question is : Hhat is the best time
to meet t he threat and ho. . .' is the best way to meet it?
"The best time to meet the threat is in the beginning . It is easier to
put out a fire in the beginni ng when it i s small than after it has become
a roaring blaze . And the best way to meet the threat of aggression is for
the ueace - loving nations to act together . If they don't act together , they
are iikely to be picked off , one by one .
"If t hey had followed the right policies i n the 1930 ' s -- if the f'ree
countries had acted together to crush the aggression of the dictators, and
if they had ected in the beginning when the aggression was small -- there
pr~babl:'l would have been no Horld War II .
"If history has taught us ·anything , it is that aggress i on anyvrhere in
the '.rorld is a threat to the peace everr,.,rhere in t he .,,"orld . When that
ag&ress ion is supported by the cruel and selfish rulers of a pOvTerful
nation whO are bent on conqueat, it becomes a clear and present danger to
~he security and independffilce of every free nation .

*

-1(.

A-2

*

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"I have another secret intelligence report here . This one tells what
another Communist officer in the Far East told his men several months
before the invasion of Korea. Here is what be said : ' In order to success fully undertake the long-awaited world resolution , we must first unify
As ia .•. Java, Indochina, 1·1alaya; India, Tibet , Thailand, Fhilippines , and
J apan are our ul~imate targets . •• . The United S~ates is the only obstacle
on our road for the liberation of all the countries in southeast Ada. In
other words, we must Unify the people of Asia and crush the United States .'

* * *
"The dangers are great . Make no mistake about it . Behind the North
Koreans and Chinese Communists in the front lines stand additional millions
of Chinese soldiers . And behind the Chinese stand the tanks , the planes ,
the submarines , the soldiers , and the scheming rulers of the Soviet Union . "

* * *
3·

President Truman I s Special l·tessage to Congress on !·;utual Security
Program, l.fay 24 , 1951 , Public Papers of the Presidents, p. 309 :

* * *
"In Asia, in a vast area. stretching from Afghanistan to Korea, free
countries are struggling to meet communist aggression in all its many
forms . Some of these countries are battling the communist armies of
Soviet satellites; some are engaged in bitter civil strife against
communist-led guerrillasj all of them face the immediate danger of communist subversion .

"Sovi et intentions .n th regard to these countries are unmistakably
clear . Using the ",'eapons of subversion , false propaganda and civil war ,
the Kremlin has already reduced China to the status of a satellite . The
Soviet rulers have turned their satellite armies loose on the Republic of
Korea . Communist rebellion is raging in L1"J.dochina. In BUl'me, the Philippines, and other places , communist- inspired groups are stirring up internal
disorder . In ell countries, they are trying to exploit deep-seated economic
difficulties -- poverty, illiteracy end disease .
"This campaign threatens to ab sorb the manpo..rer and the vi tal resources
of the East into the Soviet design of world conquest. It threatens to
deprive the free nations of s ome of their most Vitally needed raw meterials .
It threatens to tUrn more of the peaceful millions of the East into armies
to be used as pa\fflS at the disposal of the Kremlin.
liAs ide frOID iTl'.mediate considerations of security, the cont i nued inde pendence of these nations is vital to the future of the free 'wor ld, Many
of these nations are new to self government . They have dedicated themselves to the ideals of national independence, of hunan l iberty, and social
progress . Their hundreds of millions of citizens are eager for justice
and liberty and a st~\e in the future •

•

A-3

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9
"These countries demonstrate the pOi,'er and vitality of the ideals of
our o~m American Revolution; they mark the sweeping advance across the
world of the concepts of freedom and brotherhood . To lose these countries to the rulers of the Kremlin ~JOuld be more than a blow to our mili tary security and our economic life . It would be a terrible defeat for
the ideals of freedom - - with grave spiritual consequences for men
every",here '>'ho share opr faith in freedom .
nAll these considerations make it essential for the United states to
help the free countries of Asia in their struggle to make good t heir
independence and bring economic and social progress to their people .
Where the governments of these countries are striving to establish free
and stable political institutions , to build up their military defenses,
and to raise the standard of living above the level of bare subsistence ,
we can and should give them assistance . He cannot replace their own
strong efforts , but we can supplement them .
"This 1·1utual Security Program is intended to do that . On the military
side, it will supply certain of the Asian countries with items of military
equipment and the training they need for their defense forces . On the
economic side, it will provide a number of the Asian countries with the
most urgently needed connnodities, machinery, and tools , and vrith technical
advice in such fields as agriculture , industry , health, and goverpJnental
administration.
liThe assistance I am recommending for Asian countries, 555 million
dollars in military aid and 375 million dollars in economic aid , is so
planned as to meet the most pressing needs in the various countries, and
is intended to prov~de the crucial margin of resources which will enable
t hem to move forward .
"N.ilitary assistance under this program will go to the Chinese annies
on Formosa, to belp keep that island out of the hands of Communist China .
It will go to Indo -China, where over 100 , 000 French toops are fighting
side- by- side uith the forces of Viet Nam, Laos , and Cambodia against
communist- led forces . It will go to the Philippines and to Thailand , to
help build forces strong enough to insure internal security and discourage
outside attack . Some of these military assistance funds will also be
available for allocation to other countries in the area if a critical need
arises .
liThe military aid under this program will supplement other military
efforts against communism in Asia . The countries ~e will be aiding , and
a number of others , are supporting military forces with their Olm funds .
France is supplying the largest part of the military supplies ne.eded in
Indo - China, and Britain is supplying her forces ",hich are fighting guerrillas
in the J.1alay States . The substantial military aid . . .'e are giving to the
forces of t~e Republic of Korea is included in the budget'for our military
services .

A-4

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10

liT he struggle for security and peace in Asia is far more than a mili tary matter. In many of the Asian countries , including all the countries
which need nilitary aid , economic assistance is also required .

* * *
4.

The Nilitary Aid Pro ram: Statement by the Denartments of State and
Defense, Septemb&r 23, 1951, Departnent of State Bulletin , October
1951 , p . 570 :

* * *
"The participants were in complete agreement that the successful
defense of Indochina is of great importance to the defense of all Southeast Asia ..•. II

* * *
5.

The Defense of Indochina: Co~unique Regarding Discussions Between
Representatives of the United States J France, Viet-Nam, and Cambodia ,
June 18, 1952, Department of state Bulletin, June 30, 1952, p . 1010:

"The principle which governed this frank and detailed exchange of
views and information was the common recognition that the struggle in
which the f'orces of the French Union and the Associated States are en gaged against the forces of communist aggression in Indochina is an integral part of the world-wide resistance by the Free Nations to Communist
attempts at conquest and subversion •.•• "

* ••
6. SUE-nert by NATO of the French Union Defense Eff'orts in Indochina:
Resolution Adopted by tbe North Atlantic Council, December 17 , 1952,
Department of State Bulletin, January 5, 1953, p . 4:
"The Nortb Atlantic Council
"Recognizes that resistance to direct or indirect aggression in any
part of the world is an essential contribution to the cammon security of
the free world;
"HAVING BEEl'1 INFORNED at its meeting in Paris on the 16th December
of the latest developments in the military and politi cal situation in
I ndo- China;
"Expresses itr; wholehearted admiration f or the valiant and long continued struggle by the French forces and the armies of the Associated
St~tes against Communist aggression; and
"Acknowledges tbat the resistance of the free nations in South East
Asia as in Korea is in fullest hannony with the aims "and ideals of the
Atlantic Con::munity;

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II

nAnd therefore agrees that the campaign waged by the French Union
forces in Indo -China deserves continuing support from the NATO gov ernments. 1I

I

I

A-6

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-A-Vol-IB — [Part V. A.] Justification of the War. Public Statements. Volume I: A--The Truman Administration

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-A-Vol-IB
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-A-Vol-IB
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011: when the paperwork finally caught up to a 1950s conflict.

- PDF titled Part V. A. Justification of the War, Volume I, NARA, 2011, prepared by NWD
- Describes 1950s U.S. Indochina involvement, domino theory, resource protection, security interests
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 2

Dccl:lssilicd I>cr Executive Order 13526. Section 3.3
NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 201 I

13

EISENHOHER ADHINISTRATION

SUMMARY
President Eisenhower took office in the context of negotiations
for.R settlement in Korea and the portending defeat in France in Indochina . His Administration early faced the crisis surrounding the Geneva
Conference of 1954, in which direct U. S . intervention in Vietnam ,,:as a

distinct prospect. Having pressed diplomatically for a constructive
outcome at Geneva, the United States threw its support behind Ngo Dinh
Diem and the Government of Vietnam. With U. S. support, that government ,
despite a series of severe tests, succeeded in consolidating itself and
making signi:ficant progress . U. S. justification .for its policy to\fard
Vietnam in this period included the following :

a . . The "domino principle" : the loss of Vietnam, the most vulnerable state of Southeast Asia, would imperil the other nations of the
region, and ultimately lead to a seriously weakened U. S. strategic
position . Vietnam was a key to continued free world access to the
human and material resources of Southeast Asia .
b . Communist China was pursuing an expansionist foreign policy
relying upon subversive aggression, as well as armaments . China thus
continued to reflect the unchanging Soviet objective of conquest of the
world, and both had manifest designs on Southeast Asia .
c . The United States proposed, through its aid programs , t o help
the small and weak nations contiguous with communist powers to maintain
their freedom and independence lest aggression and expansion be encouraged, and the \"'Orld moved thereby toward a. tbird ,,:orld ,·!ar .
d. In the words of PJ.·esident Eisenhower, "ive gave militarJ and
econoMic assistance to the Republic of Vietnam. vIe entered into a
treaty -- the Southeast Asia Security Treaty - - which plainly warned
that an armed attack against this area ...,ould endanger our own peace and
safety and that ...re ",-auld act accordingly . "
e . U. S. aid for Vietnam -- economic and military -- has made
possible not only its survival, but also genuine progress toward a
stable society, a modern economy, and internal and external security .

•
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l'f

V. B.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE liAR -- RJBLIC STATEl-lENTS
EISENHOltlER ADl'{[NISTRl\.TION

CONTENTS

1.

2.

3.

Ei senhower cites the interrelationship of Southeast Asian
nations, their natural r esources and strategic locations
as justifying U. S. concerns (4 August 1953) .. . ....................

B- 4

Joint Franco-American communique citing agreement whereby
U.S . increases its aid to France in prosecution of its efforts
against Viet Minh (30 September 1953) ..•• · ........... ........... . .

B- 5

Eisenhower emphasizes support of French is to avoid the tragedy
of U.S. getting involved on large scale in Southeast Asia
(10 February 1954) .... . ..... . .. . .. ... . . .. . .. .. ... ... .... ....... .. .

B- 5

4. Secretary of State presents a most revealing assessment of

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

•

administration ' s thinking on Indochina and the threat of Red
China . He cites exp~nsion of communist domination, the increas ed dangers to other nee.rby countries , the loss of food
supply to Japan and India, the strategic location of Indochina
and the military bases as paramount concerns (29 March 1954 ) .. . . ..

B-6

Alfred l~ Sesne Jenkins (Orficer in Charge, Chinese Political
Affairs) discusses Chinese Communist regime and its relationship to Soviet Union (2 April 1954) ... .. ... .. .. ... ... .............

B- 9

President states "fe.lling domino" principle loses people and
strategic resources to communism and threatens Australia in
comments on i mportance of Indochina to free world. He responds
to Sen . John Kennedy ' s expressed position on a guarantee of
ind ependence needed to justify U. S. effort (7 April 1954) .........

B- IO

Under Secretary Smith indicates vital basic reason for
I ndochina ' s importance i s communist expansion, and reiterates
"domino" theory and strategic r esources (19 April 1954) ...........

B- 12

Secretary of State Dulles r eports on London- Paris conversations
on free world interests; advocates collective defense for
Indochina as U. S. solution to communist threat (19 April 1954). ...

B- l3

State Department comments on a speech by Vice President Nixon
by r eferring to stated U. S. policy of lI united action"
(17 April 195!') . . ... ........ . .. ... .. , ............ . ............... .

B-14

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Page
l0. Dulles summarizes U.S. position on Indochina in light of
Geneva: communization of the civil war; U.S. intervention;
French armistice; collective security; possibility of U.S.
intervention (7 May 1954)............ B-15
ll. Eisenhower assesses progress at the Geneva Conference; cites
'plans for collective security arrangement in Southeast Asia
(5 May 1954)............ B-16
12. Eisenhower reaffirms his "domino" concerns in response to
press questioning (12 May l954)...................
13. Secretary of State Dulles analyzes developments to date in
Indochina; he discusses the conditions under which U.S. would
intervene directly (1l June 1954)........... ..... B-18
14. Eisenhower states U.S. position on Geneva Accords
(21 July 1954)..........., B-20
15. Text of the declaration (2l July l954)........ . B-23
16. U.S.-French communique announcing desire to aid directly
the newly independent states of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam
(29 September 1954)............... ... B-25
17. Eisenhower informs President of Vietnam's Council that aid
will be conditioned on his government's giving the U.S.
"assurance as to standard of performance" (23 October 1954)...... B-26
18. Eisenhower notes but questions the moderation in Soviet policy;
refers to Diem's successes in South Vietnam (2l April l956)...... B-27
19. Assistant Secretary of State Robertson restates American
policy in Vietnam at a time of relative stability (l June l956).. B-28
20. Eisenhower emphasizes role of aid program in achieving Asian
goals; cites susceptibility of underdeveloped nations to
communist probings (2l May 1957)............. B-32
2l. Eisenhower justifies foreign aid to American people as
necessary for U.S. security; cites its "returns" in Vietnam
(21 May 1957).......... B-33
22. Eisenhower reports to the nation on the Red Chinese shelling
of Quemoy; relates U.S. security interests to Formosa; cites
lesson of Munich and the militant statements of Chinese Com-
munists as requiring a firm U.S. stand (1l September l958)....... B-35
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Page
23. Eisenhower attempts at news conference to put communist
aggression in perspective (1 October 1958)...................... B-42
24. Eisenhower in special message to Congress discusses communist
threat to developing nations and need for U.S. aid to maintain
collective defense (13 March 1959)............ ....... B-43
25. I Eisenhower discusses importance of Vietnam to free world; he
shows specifically how its economy compliments Japan's
(4 April 1959)............ ......... B-46
26.I Eisenhower stresses threat posed by economic and military
power of China and Russia in defense of foreign aid
(16 February 1960)............ .……. B-51
27. Eisenhower reminds Diem of the responsibility that the
Vietnamese people have in safeguarding their independence
(22 October 1960)........... .…....... B-52
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17

B.

1.

Eisenho"Ter Administration

President Eisenhower ' s Remarks at Governors ' Conference, August 4,
1953 , Public Pa~e rs of the Presidents, 1953 , p . 540 :

* * *
. "I could go on enumerating every kind of problem that comes before
us daily. Let us take , though , for example , one simple problem in the
foreign field . You have seen the war in Indochina described various l y
as an Qutgrolyth of French colonialism and its French refusal to treat
indigenous populations decently . You find it again described as a

",ar

between the communists and the other elements in southeast Asia. But
you have a confused idea of where it is l ocated -- Laos , or Cambodia,
or S ia~, or any of the other countries that are involved . You don ' t
}mOl" , really, why we are so concerned with the far - off southeast corner
of Asia .
"Why is it? Now , first of all, the last great population remalnlng
in Asia that has not become dominated by the Kremlin , of course , is the
sub- continent of India, including the Pakistan government .
Here are
350 million people still free . Now let us assume that we lose Indochina .
I f Indochina goes , several things happen right away . The l1alayan peninsula, the last little bit of the end hanging on dOlm there , would be
scarcely defensible -- and tin and tungsten that y,:e so greatly value from
that area would cease cOming . But all India vould be outflanked . Burma
woul d certainly, in its weakene:d condition, be no defense . NOll , India is
surrounded on that side by the Communist empire . Iran on its left is in
a weakened condition . I believe I read in the paper this morning that
Nossadegh I s move to\.ard getting rid of his parliament has been supported
and"of course he was in that move supported by the Tudeh , which is the
Communist Party of Iran . All of that \ieakening position around there is
very ominous for the United States, because finally if we lost all that ,
how would the free world hold the rich empiFe of Indonesia? So you see ,
somewhere along the line , this must be blocked. It must be blocked now .
That is lThat the French are doing .
"So, when the United States votes $400 million to help that war ,
we are not voting for a giveaway program. We are voting for the cheapest
way that we can to prevent the occurrence of somethipg that would be of
the most terrible significance fo r the United States of America - - our
security, our power and ability to get certain things ~e need from the
riches of the Indonesian territory , and from southeast Asia . "

*
2.

•

+;.

*

Joint Franco-Atterican Communique , Addltionai United States Aid for
France and Indoch in:a. , September 30, 1.9 53. Department of State
Bulletin, Octobe!' 12, 1953. P . 486 :

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"The forces of France end the Associated States in Indochina have
for 8 years been engaged in a bitter struggle to prevent the engulfment
of Southeast Asia by the forces of international communism. The heroic
efforts and sacrifices of these French Union allies in assuring the
l iberty of the neli end independent states of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam
has earned the anmarat i on and support of the f ree world . In r ecognition
of the French Union effort the United States Government has in the past
furnished aid of various kinds t o the Governments of France and the
Ass ociated States to assist in bringing the long struggle to an early
and victorious conclusion .
"The French Government is firmly resolved to carry out in full its
declaration of July 3, 1953, by which is announced its intention of
perfecting the independence of the three Associated States in Indochina ,
through negotiations with the Associated States .
"Tbe Governments of France and the United States have nO\1 agreed
that, in support of plans of the French GoverpJnent for the intensified
prosecution of the war against the Viet Minh , the United States will make
available to the French Government prior to December 31, 1954 additional
fin ancial resources not to exceed $385 million . This aid is in addition
to funds already earmarked by the United States for aid to France and
the Associated States .
"The French Government is determined to ma..."!{e every effort to break
up and destroy the regular enemy forces in Indochina. Toward this end
the government intends to carry through, in close cooperation Hith the
Cambodian, Laot ian, and Vietnamese Governments, the plans for increasing
the Associated States for ces while increasing temporarily French forces
to levels considered necess ary to assure the success of existing military
plans. The additional United States aid is designed to help make it
possible to achieve these objectives with maximum speed and effectiveness .
liThe increased french effort in Indochina will not entail any basic
or permanent alteration of the French Government's plens and programs
for its NATO forces . n
3.

President Eisenhower ' s News Conference Februer
Paper s of the Presidents, 195 , p . 253 :

10

1

4

Public

* * *
tlQ. Daniel.Shorr, CBS Radio: t·1r . President, should your remarks on
Indochina be con~trued as meaning that you are determined not · to become
involved or , perhaps , more deeply involved in the . . /ar in Indochina , regardl ess of hm·, that war may go ?

"THE PRESIDE!rr . "'lell, I 2Ill not going to try to predict the drift of
world events nm" and the course of world events over the next months . I
say that I cannot conceive of a greater tragedy for America than to get
heavily involved no~" in an all- out ~"ar in any of those regi ons , particularly
y.'ith large units .

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19

"So what we are doing is supporting the Vietnamese and the French
in their conduct of that war; because, as \1e see it , it is a case of
independent and free nations operating against the encroachment of
communism. "
4.

Address b Secreta
Dulles before the Overseas Press Club of America
at New York Cit on !-1arch 2
1
The Threat of a Red Asia . De art ment of State Bulletin . April 12, 195 ; p . 539 :

"This provides a timely occasion for outlining the administration ' s
thinking about two related matters -- Indochina and the Chinese Communist
regine .
"Indochina is important for many reasons . First, and always first ,
are the hunan values . About 30 million people are seeking for themselves
the dignity of self- government. Until a few years ago , they formed merely
a French dependency. NOi", their three political units -- Viet- Nero, Laos ,
and Cambodia - - are exercising a considerable measure of independent
political authority ~fithin the French Union . Each of the three is not..
recognized by the United States and by more than 30 other nations . They
signed the Japanese peace treaty with us . Their independence is not yet
complete. But the French Government last July declared its intention to
complete that independence, and negotiations to consummate that pledge
are actively under way.
"The United States is ",atching this development with close attention
and great sympathy. He do not forget that we were a colony that won its
f reedom. We have sponsored in the Fhllippines a conspicuously successful
develop~ent of political independence .
We feel a sense of kinship with
those everyv.'here who yearn for freedom .
"The Communists are attempting to prevent the crderly development of
independence and to confuse the issue before the "..orld. The Communists
have , in these matters , a regular line which Stalin laid down in 1924 .
"The schell'.e is to whip up the spirit of nationalism so that it
becomes violent . That is done by professional agitators . Then the
violence is enlarged by Communist military and technical leadership and
the provision of military supplies . In these '1lays , international communism gets a stranglehold on the people and it uses that power to
' amalgamate ' the peoples into the Soviet orbit .
'" Ana1gamation ' is Lenin 1 s and Stalin ' s word to describe their process .
" 'Ama1.gamation I is now being attempted in Indochina under the ostensible
leadership of Ho Chi Minh . He was indoctrinated in Moscow. He became an
associate of the Russian, Bor-odin, when the latter was organizing the Chinese
Communist Party which was to bring China into the Soviet orbit . Then Ho
transferred his activities to Indochina.

B-6

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::"0

"12:lose fighting under the banner of Ho Chi Minh hsve largely
been trained and equipped in Communist China . They are supplied with
ar tillery and ammunition through the Soviet- Chinese Communist bloc .
Captured materiel shows that much of it was fabricated by the Skoda
l-lunition Works in Czechoslovakia and transported across Russia and
Siberia and then sent through China into Viet··Nam. l-111itary supplies
for the Communist armies have been pouring into Viet - Nam at a steadily
incr easing rate .
"Military and technical guidance is supplied by an estimated
2, 000 Communist Chinese . 'Ihey function with the forces of Ho Chi Minh
in key positions -- in staff sections of the High Command, at the
division level, and in specialized units such as signal, engineer,
artillery, and transportation .
"In the present stage, the Communists in Indochina use nationaJ.istic anti-French slogans to 'Hin local support . But if they achieved
military or political success, it is certain that they would subject
the people to a cruel Communist dictatorship taking its orders from
Peiping and Mosco'••
" The tragedy vTould not stop there . If the Communist forces lvon
uncontested control over Indochina or any substantial part thereof,
they would surely resume the same pattern of aggression against other
free peoples in the area.
" The propagandists of Red China and Russia make it apparent that
the purpose is to dominate all of Southeast Asia .
"Southeast Asia is the so- called ' rice bowl ' which helps to feed
the densely populated region that extends from I ndia to Japan. I t is
r ich in many raw materials, such as tin, oil, rubber, and iron are .
I t offers industrial Japan potentially important markets and sources of
r al" materials .
" The area has great strategic value . Southeast Asia is astride
the most direct and best- developed sea and air routes between the Pacific
and South Asia . It has major naval and eir bases . Communist control of
Southeast Asia would carry a grave threat to the Philippines, Australia,
and New Zealand, with whom we have treaties of mutual assistance. The
enti re Western Pacific area, including the so- called ' offshore isl and
chain,' would be strategi cally endangered .
"President Eisenho".-er appraised the situation last Wednesday
(t.iarch 24) when he said that the area is of ' +,ranscendent importance . '
"The United States has shmm in many ways its sympathy for the
gaJJ.ant struggle being ,,'aged in Indochina by French forces and those of
the Associated States . Congress has enabled us to provide material aid
t o the established governments and their peoples . Also , our di plomacy
has sought to deter Communist China from open aggression in that area •

•
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"President Eisenho.....er: in his address of April 16, 1953, explained
that a Korean armistice would be a fraud if it merely released aggressive
armies for attack eIsel/here . I said last SepteI!iber that if Red China
sent its o~n army into Indochina, that would result in grave consequences which might not be confined to I ndochina.
,rRecent statements have been designed to impress upon potential
aggressors that aggression might lead to action at places and by means
of free - world choosing, so that aggression would cost more than it
could gain.
"The Chinese ConmtU!lists have, in fact, avoided the direct use of
their mm Red armies in open aggression against Indochina. They have,
however, largely stepped up their support of the aggression in that area.
I ndeed, they promote that aggression by all means short of open invasion.
"Under all the circumstances it seems desirable to clarify further
the United States position.
IIUnder the conditions of today, the imposition on Southeast Asia
of the political system of Communist Russia and its Chinese Communist
aJ.ly, by whatever means, 'muld be a grave threat to the whole free community . The United States feels tbat that possibility should not be
passively accepted but should be met by united action. This might involve
serious risks . But these risks are far less than those that will face us
a few years from now if we dare not be resolute today .
li The free nations want peace . However, peace is not had merely by
wanting it . Peace has to be worked for and planned for . Sometimes it
is necessary to take risks to win peace just as it is necessary in war
to take risks to '-fin victory. The chances for peace are' usually bettered
by letting a potential aggressor know in advance where his aggression
could lead him.
"I hope that these statements which I make here tonight will serve
the cause of peace .
"Let me noy/ discuss our political relations with Red China, taking
first the matter of recognition •
."The United States does not recognize the Chinese Communist regime.
Tbat is well known . But the reasons seem not so well known . Some think
that there are no reasons and that we are actuated purely by emotion .
Your Government believes that its position is soberly rational.
1tLet me first recall that diplomatic recognition is a voluntary
act . One count~- has no right to demand ~ecognition by another .
Generally, it is useful that'there should be diplomatic intercourse
between those who exercise de fecto governmental authority, and it is
well established that recognition does not imply moral approval.

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"President Monroe, in his famous message to Congress, denounced
the expansionist and despotic system of Czarist Russia and its allies.
But be said that it \oiould nevertheless be our policy I to consider the
government de facto as the legitimate government for us .' That has
indeed been the general United States policy, and I believe that it is
a sound general policy . However , where it does not serve our interests,
we are free to vary f!om it .
If In relation to Communist China,
we are forced to take account of
the fact that the Chinese Communist regime has been consistently and
viciously hostile to the United States .

If A typical Chinese Communist pamphlet reads :
' We lfust Hate America,
because She is the Chinese People ' s Implacable Enemy. I ' He Hust Despise
America because it is a Corrupt Imperialist Nation, the World Center of
Reaction and Decadency . ' ' We t-iust I..ook down upon America because She is
a Paper Tiger and Entirely Vulnerable to Defeat . '

!lBy print, by radio, by drama , by pictures, with all the propaganda
skills ,~hich connnunism has devised, such themes are propagated by the
Red rulers . They vent their hatred by barbarous acts , such as seizures
and imprisonments of Americans .
"Those responsible for United States policy must ask and anS\Oler
' Hill it help our country if, by recognition, ""e give increased prestige
and influence to a regime that actively attacks our vital interests? '
I can find only the ans..:er : ' No. ,II

* * *
5.

Address by Alfred Ie Sesne Jenkins, Officer in Charge, Chinese
Political Affairs , before the American Acade~v of Political and
Social Science Philadel hie Pa . Present United States Polic
Tmlerd China A ril 2 1
De artment of State Bulletin
April 26 , 195 ,p .

2 :

"In recent years ,1e have often beard it said that more heat than
light has been cast on the China question . I am not surprised at the
beat , nor do I object to it , provided there is also sufficient light .
The fate of one- fourth of the world ' s population is not a matter ",hicb
. can be taken lightly, and the addition of China ' s vast material and
manpm'ler resources to the Soviet bloc is a matter involving not only the
security interests of the United States but those of the entire free
world . I do not'see how one can help feeling strongly about these
matters . We need not apologize that our thinking about China is charged
with feeling. National policies are an expression of national interests
concerning \olhich there is naturally I:lllch feeling, and our policies are
an expression both of what \Oie are and of what ",e \oj-ant . We are a nation
of free peoples . He want to rem3.in free to pursue in peace our proper
national destiny, and we want the same freedom and rights for others.

B-9

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23

"We do not believe that the Chinese Cormnunist regime represents the
will of the people it controls . First capitalizing on the natural desire
of the Chinese people to enjoy full recognition and respect for their
inmortance in the world community) the regime then proceeded by its
l l~an-to-one - side ' policy to betray the powerful Chinese longings ' to
stand up straight . It has folloHed slavishly ·.he leadership of the
Soviet Union and attempted to emulate i t in all its ways . ''lith the aid
of thousands of Soviet advisers it has set about methodically to change
the entire fabric of traditional Chinese culture, substituting communi sm 's materialistic, atheistic doctrines ,.,.herein the state is the
be-all and end-all and the individual its pawn .
liThe regilne at first attracted considerable support, principally
through its sponsorship of a land redistribution program, but is DOW ,
after establishment of the prerequisite pOlice- state controls, taking
the land a't!ay from the O'.mers in the seme collectivization process which
is familiar in other Communist countries and which invariably has
brought suffering in its wake . China ' s much advertised 'New Democracy '
is of course in reality 'old communism . '
"From its inception the regime has proclaimed a 'lean-to- oneside' policy in foreign affairs , and has left no doubt about its dedication to the proposition of ·w orld Communist revolution under the leader ship of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . '1hile its 'leaning-to one-side ' has not brought it to the position of complete 'prostrationto -one-side' characteristic of the Eastern European Soviet satellites ,
there is not the slightest evidence that this indicates any separatist
t endencies . The difference in status of Peiping in its relationship
with Hoscow (as distinguished from that of the Eastern European satellites) is rather due chiefly to its having come to pO\,ler without benefit ,
except in 1·1anchuria , of Soviet Army occupation; to the prestige of Mao
Tse-tung, arising from his long history of l eadership of Chinese communism and his literary contributions to theoretical communism; to
China ' s assumption of the role of leadership ...• II

* * *
6.

President EisenhoHer ' s News Conference . Anril 7 , 1954 , Public
Papers of the Presidents, 1954, p . 382:

* * *
" Q •. Robert Richards, Copley Press : Mr . President, vlould you mind
commenting on the strategic importance of Indochina to the free v;orld?
I think there har been , across the count~, so~e lack of understanding
on just what it means to us .

"THE PRESTI>EIrr . You hav.e, of course, both the specific and the
general ~'hen you talk about such things .

"First of all, you have the specific value of a locality in its
production of materials that the world needs .

.

I

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?l! .
•T .

"Then you have the possibility that many human beings pass under
a dictatorship that is inimical to the free world.

"Finally , you have broader considerations that might follow what
you ~ould call the ' falling domino' principle . You have a row of
dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to
the last one is the certainty that it '>"ill go over very quickly .

could have a beginnin
profound influences .

So you

of a disintegration that would bave the roost

"Now , \11 th respect to the first one } t\fO of the i terns from this
part icular area that the ,,'orid uses are tin and tungsten . They are
very important . There are others , of course, the rubber plantations
and so on .

"Then with respect to more people passing under this domination ,
Asia , after all , has already lost some 450 million of its peoples to
the Communist dictatorship, and we simply can't afford greater losses .
"But when we come to the possible sequence of events , the loss of
Indochina, of Burma , of Thailand, of the Peninsula , and Indonesia
f ollowing, nm. . you begin to talk about areas that not only multiply the
disadvantages that you would suffer through loss of materials, sources
of materials , but now you are talking really about millions and millions
and millions of people .
"Finally , the geographical position achieved thereby does many
things . It turns the so- called island defensive chain of Japan, Formosa,
of the Philippines and to the south'. . ard ; it moves in to threaten
Australia and Ne,,· Zealand .
nIt ta.l{es away, in its economic aspects , that region that Japan
must have as a trading area or Japan, in turn , will have only one pl ace
in the world to go -- that is, toward the Communist areas in order to
live .
"So, the possible consequences of the loss are just incalculable
to t he free world . "

* * *
"Q. Robert G. Spivack, New York Post : Hr . President, do you
agree with Senator Kennedy that independence must be guaranteed the
people of I ndochina in order to justify an all -out eff ort there?

w B:y

liTHE PRESIDENT . \{ell , I don ' t knov; , of course , exactly in what
a Senator "'as talking about this thing .

TIl will say this : f or many years , in taLl{ing to different
countries, different governments , I have tried to insist on this

(Text continues in the original file: 55 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-A-Vol-IC — [Part V. A.] Justification of the War. Public Statements. Volume I: B--The Eisenhower Administration

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-A-Vol-IC
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-A-Vol-IC
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 document about Eisenhower, but Kennedy does the talking—time travel paperwork.

- PDF titled Part V. A. Justification of the War, Volume I: B--The Eisenhower Administration, NARA, 2011.
- Summarizes Kennedy Administration’s public rationale for Vietnam involvement, citing communist threat, domino theory, SEATO support.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 2

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KENNEDY ADt.m:ISTRATION
SUlt.NARY
The Administration of President Kennedy justified the grO'.1ing
U. S , involvement in Vietnnm utilizing much the sane rationale that
had been employed by t he Administrations of President Truman and
President Eisenho';ler . Initially, the situation in Victne.m received
l ess emohasis than the crisis in Laos, although the princinles cited
for U. S: concern for Laos -- the identification of U. S. interests \-lith
its independence; SEATO obligations - - were couched in terms of collective security for Southeast Asia. Thereafter, as insurgency in
Vietnam itself came to the fore, the Administration ' s public statements
stressed the fo llov.'ing :
a . Tbe struggle against the world,dde communist offensive
bed to confront the da!1ger that through II subversion, infiltration ,
and a host of other tactics . . . aur security may be lost piece by piece,
country by country, without the firing of a single nissile or the
crossing of a single border , lI
b . The "domino principle ll : the countries of Southeast Asia
are interdependent for security, and the independence of each is impor tant to the United States .
c , ICC reports , as 'Hell as U. S. and South Vietnamese intelligence, demonstrate that Conmllmist j'iorth Vietnam has provided illegally,
armed and unarmed personnel, arms, munitions, and other supplies from
North Vietnau to insurgents in South Vietnam for the purpose of supporting
en organized attempt to overthro.r tbe government there .
d. IINo..... our great responsibility is to be the chief defender
of freedom , in this time of maximmn danger . Only the U. S , has the
power and the resources and the determi nation . II
e . ~he United States, although not a party to the Geneva
Accords, decla.red at Geneva in 1954 that it v;ould "vie\! any renewal of
the aggression in violation of the agreements with grave concern and
as seriously threatening international peace and security . It President
Kennedy assured President Diem that " in accordance ,lith that declaration,
and in response to your request, vie are prepared to help the Republic of
Vietnam to protect its people and to preferve 5ts independence ."
f . The SEATO Pact, by a protocol , extended the protection of
the treaty to Vietnam ; hence the treaty, in President Kennedy ' s words,
II stated that the United Stetes recognized ths.t aggression by means of
arned attack against Vietnam \{ould threaten our O',,'Il peace and security • . .
the attack on the govel"nment by the conmunist forces, ',rith assistance
fr~ the north, bccene of greater ~~d gre~ter concern to the Government
of Vietne!ll atl9- the Government of the United States . 11

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69
V. C. JUSTIFICATION OF THE WAR -- PUBLIC STATEMENTS
KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION
CONTENTS
Page
1. Kennedy stresses the need for a force balance that can deal
'effectively with guerrilla scale-activities being utilized
by Communist aggression (29 February 1960).......... C-5
2. Kennedy emphasizes the importance of a mobile and versatile
force structure which can intervene swiftly and effectively
in support of our global commitments (14 June 196o)............. C5
Kennedy comments on the importance of India, Japan, and a
regional grouping of the smaller nations to counter the threat
of an aggressive China (22 September 196o)...................... C-5
Kennedy comments on friction between Russia and China; empha-
sizes the importance of India as an indicator of Asia's future
(22 October 1960)............
5. Kennedy stresses the importance of Laotian security to that of
Southeast Asia and the U.S.; also our obligation under the
SEAT0 agreement (23 March 196l)...........
6. I Kennedy emphasizes threat of limited war and the need to main-
tain powerful and mobile forces to prevent erosion of Free
World (28 March 196l).......................
7. Kennedy speaks of global exploitation of discontent and yearn-
ing people by Communist subversion; Vietnam cited as example
(20 April 1961)............ ……..........C-8
8. Kennedy discusses Communist threat to emerging nations of
Africa, Asia and Latin America with specific mention of Viet-
nam; cites U.S. responsibilities as chief defender of freedom
(28 April 196l)...........
. Kennedy (in response'to question) states that the question of
sending troops to Vietnam is being considered (5 May 196l)...... C-ll
10. Johnson-Diem communique expressing U.S. awareness of Communist
subversion in Vietnam and U.S. responsibilities and interest
in assisting the Saigon Government (13 May 196l)................ C-ll
ll. Kennedy stresses the subversive threat facing the southern
half of the globe (25 May 196l)................ ...... C-II
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70
Page
12. Kennedy enumerates border violations to Southeast Asian nations,
denounces the "war of liberation" justification, and stresses
the consequences of successful Communist efforts in Laos and .
Vietnam (25 September 1961)...........
13. Kennedy comments on evidence that guerrilla activity in South
Vietnam is originating outside that country (1l October 196l)... C-13
14. Kennedy acknowledges Hanoi direction of guerrilla effort in
violation of Geneva Accords; indicates the U.S. is prepared to
assist in the defense of Vietnam independence through increased
aid (14 December 196l)...........
15. Kennedy acknowledges a step-up in U.S. effort to resist aggres-
sion in Vietnam under the guise of a "war of liberation"
(11 January l962).............
16. Kennedy's response to a question on the hazards of a coalition
government in Laos provides insight into his thinking on mili-
tary intervention as the other alternative (15 January 1962).... C-15
17. Kennedy discusses U.S. involvement in Vietnam in general terms;
specifics avoided in interest of security (7 February l962)..... C-15
18. Kennedy reviews the development of U.S. involvement in Vietnam
in response to question suggesting a credibility problem
(14 February 1962)............ …...…. C-16
19. Kennedy gives an excellent assessment of the state of the Com-
munist world (23 March 1962)............ .….............. C-18
20. Kennedy emphasizes the need to pursue our established goal of
2l. Kennedy, commenting on cease-fire violations in Laos, stresses
the desirability of a political solution as contrasted to
military intervention (9 May 1962)........ ………. C-19
22. Kennedy announces the movement of troops to Thailand as evi-
dence of U.S. concern over the Laotian cease-fire violations
(15 May 1962)...............
23. Kennedy responds to questions on troop deployment to Thailand;
cites SEATo cbligations as the legal basis (17 May 1962)........ C-2l
24. Kennedy describes Communist threat of infiltration and sub-
version as he envisicned it (6 June l962)....................... C-23
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Page
25. Kennedy comments on Mansfield's concern about the Adminis-
tration's Asian policies; suggests he does not think that
Mansfield would advocate withdrawing from Vietnam or Thailand
(14 June 1962)..............
26. An official statement calling attention to findings of Inter-
national Control Commission that North Vietnam was violating
the Geneva Accords (16 July l962)............................... C-24
27. Kennedy cautions that a split in the Communist world is over
the means not the end of communizing the world (l4 January l963). C-25
28. Kennedy argues for foreign aid to help eliminate root causes +
of unrest in developing world (14 January 1963)................. . C-27
committee to reduce aid to Southeast Asia; refuses to withdraw
and turn it over to the Communists (6 March 1963)............... C-27
30. Deputy Under Secretary for Political Affairs presents important
analysis of U.S. interests in Southeast Asia; resources and
location emphasized as is the importance of Communist revolu-
tionary momentum; validity of SEATo commitment also cited
(8 April1963)..............
3l. Kennedy points out the interrelationship of Southeast Asian
nations in response to question on domino theory (24 April
1963).............. ... C-30
32. Kennedy comments on reasons for sending troops to South Viet-
nam but not to Laos (8 May l963)............. ....... C-30
•
33. Rusk stresses the strategic importance of South Vietnam and.
the history of our involvement (13 May l963).................... C-31
34. Hilsman discusses Communist threat to Asia and the U.S. com-
mitment to combat its spread; explains Viet Cong role in South
Vietnam and attempts to place it in perspective to worldwide
threat (8 July 1963)............................. .......... C-33
35. Kennedy emphasizes the need for U.S. presence in South Vietnam
to avoid collapse of the government; vows to stay (i7 July -
36. Heavner, Deputy Director of Vietnam Working Group, discusses
in detail the evolution of U.S. involvement; he looks at South
Vietnam as a strategic location, a moral commitment, a fulfill-
ment of SEATo obligations and a test case for "war of liberation"
(9 September 1963)............
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Page
37. Kennedy admits Diem's failings but feels it essential that.
the U.S. remain (2 September 1963)........... ....... C-40
38. Kennedy confirms his belief in "domino theory" and emphasizes
need to remain and help government strengthen and reform
(9 September 1963)............
9 Kennedy admits to the presence of 25,O00 Americans in South
Vietnam with a primary goal of winning the war (l2 September
1963).......... C-42
40. Kennedy gives excellent assessment of U.S. role and responsi-
bility to lead the defense of the world's free nations
(25 September 1963).............
4l. Kennedy cites U.S. role as leader of Free World (26 September
1963).............
42. Policy statement reaffirming U.S. intent to fight aggression
in Vietnam and elsewhere where independence and freedom are
threatened (2 October 1963).............
43. Kennedy had planned in his Dallas speech to emphasize that
work alone cannot defend the Free World from Communist ad-
vances; military and economic assistance must be available to +
back U.S. promises (22 November 1963)............. …..……. C-45
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73

C.
1.

Kennedy Adninistr ation

Senator John F . Kennedy, Congressional Record , February 29 , 1%0 ,

n. . 3582 :

• • •
"But both before and after 1953 events have demonstrated that our
nuclear retaliatory power is not enough . It cannot deter Communist aggression which is too limited to justify atomic war . It cannot protect
uncommitted na.tions against a Communist takeover using local or guerrilla
fo rces . It c~~ot be used in so-called brush-fire peripheral wers . In
short, it cannot prevent the Communists from gradually nibbling at the
fringe of the free world ' s territory and strength, until our security hes
been steadily eroded in piecemeal fashion - each Red advance being too
small to justify massive retaliAtion, with all its risks .

• • *
"I n short, we need fOl'ces of an entirely different kind to keep the
peace against limited aggression , and to fight it , if deterrence fails,
without raising the conflict to a disastrQus pitch .
I1 And our capability for conventional "Tar is insufficient to avoid the
hopeless dilemma of choosing beh.,een launching a nuclear attack and watching aggressors make piecemeal conquests . n
2.

Senator John F . Kenne
1 ... 0, p . 11 31 :

's statement in Con ressionel Record

June 14

• • •
" i~e must regain the ability to intervene effectively end swii"'tly in
any liI!lited war anywhere in the "orld -- augmenting, modernizing end pro viding increased mobility and versatility for the conventional forces and
,,:e apons of the Army and t·larine Corps . As long as those forces lack the
necessary airlift and sealift capacity and versatility of firepo,,'er , ue
cannot protect our commitments around the globe - resist non - nuclear aggressions - or be certain of having enough time to decide on the use of
our nuclear power . 11

• • •
3.

Senator John F . Kenned ' s statement as
. Ne;,'s, September 22 , 1 0 :

uoted in the Hashin

on Daily

• ••
"The recognition is not really the crux of our foreign policy . The
real question is \.'hat should be done about the harsh facts that China is
a powerfUl and. aggl'essive nation . The dangerous situation now existing

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can be remedied only by a strong and successful India , a strong and success ful Japan, and same kind of regiona.l group over Southeast Asia which gives
these smaller cOQ~tries the feeling that, in spite of their distaste for a
military alliance, they '. . ill not be left to be picked off one by one at the
whim of the Peiping regime . 11

4. Senator John F . Kennedy Interview as Reported in The Hashington Post,
October 22, 1960 :

'*

iI'

*

TtCronkite : ' ... What areas do you see \/here the United States might
take the offensive in a challenge to communism OVer the next 4 to 8 years ? '
"Kennedy : ' . .. the most vulnerable area , I have felt, has been eastern
Europe . I have been critical of the Administration's failure to suggest
policies which would malte it possible for us to establish , for example,
closer relations ''lith Poland , particularly after the ' 55- ' 56 period and the
Hungarian revol ution . "le indicated at that time that vIe were not going to
i ntervene militarily . There was a period there when Poland demonstr ated a
n ational independence , and even the Polish Government moved some distance
auay from the Soviet Union .
" .. . Secondly, the relations between Russia ~~d China . They are now
engaged i n a debate over \lhether Har is the means of conununizing the "Forld ,
or whether they should use subversion and infiltration , economic struggles
and all the rest . No one can say ...,hat that COill'se of action will be , but
I think the next President of the United States should watch it carefully .
If those two years should split) it could have great effects throughout
the entire world .
"Th:irdly, I believe that India represents a great area for affi rmat ive
action by the Free Horld . India started fron. about the same pl.ace that
Chin a did . The Chinese Communists have been moving ahead the l ast 10 years .
I ndia ... has been !:laking some progress ) but if India dOes not succeed \lith
her 450 million people, if she can't make i'reedom work, then people around
the world are going to determine, particularly in the underdeveloped Horld,
that the only "ray they can develop their resources is thxough the Communist
sys t em . "
-1(.

'* *"

5.. Kenned PreSidential Ne\ls Conference as Quoted in the Net_ York Times,
Narcb '2

1

1.

Ne","s Conference of r·!arch '23, 1

1:

* * *
"My rello\! Americans, Laos is fro: away from .!\merica, but the ...~orld is
small. Its 2,000,000 people live in a country three times the s ize of

•

AUstria . The scct~ity of all Southeast Asia will be endangered if Laos
loses. its neutral ir.dcpen:ience . Its o'm safety runs \dth the safety of
us all, in real neutrality observed by all .

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'i!>

"I ,rant to ma.l{e it clear to the American people and to all of the
world tha.t all we ,,;ant in Laos is peace and not \/ar , a truly neutral
governmpnt and not a cold war paim , a settlement concluded at the conference table and not on the battlefield .

* * *
'1.1r . President , there appears to be some national unawareness of
the importance of a free Laos to the security of the United States and to
the individual American . Could you spell out your vi evrs on that a little
fUrther?
"Q.

itA. '\'lell, quite obviously geographically Laos borders on Thailand ,
which is, to ...·.. hich the United States has treaty obligations under the
SEP~O agreement of 1954, it borders on South Vietnam - it borders on
Vietnam - to ".,hich the United States has very close ties , and also ..,hich
is a sienatory of the SEATO pact .
"The aggression against Laos itself vas referred to in the SEATO agree ment, so that given this, the nature of the geography, its location the
coI!D.itnents ,·;hich the United St"ates end Obligations which the United States
has assumed to . .;ards Laos as ...:ell as the surrouoding countr ies - as well as
other signatories of the SEATO pact - it ' s quit e obvious that if the Communists were c..ble to tlove in and dominate this country , it v/ould endanger
the security of ail, and the peace of all of Southeast Asia .
"And as a member of the United Nations and as a signatory to the SEATO
pact, and as a country ..~hich i s concerned with the strength of the cause
of freedom around the world , that quite obviously affects the security of
the United states , "

6.

President Kenned ' s Snecial r~ess 2. e to Con ess on the Defense Bud et
1961, Public Papers of the Presidents, Kennedy ; 1" 1 , p , 229 :
March 2

* * *
"The strength and deployment of our forces in cOr.lbination . . .rith those
of our allies should be sufficiently pmlerful and oobile t o prevent the
steady erosion of the Free World through limited wars; and it is thi s role
t.hat should constitute the primary oisslon of our oVerseas forces . Non nuclear '.fars, and sub-limited or guerrilla warfare , have since 1945 constituted the most active and constant threat to Free Horld security . Those
units of our forces '.Ihich are stationed overseas , or designed to fight
overseas, can be llloSt usefully oriented to,,'ard deterring or confining those
conflicts which do not justify Md must not lead to a general nuclear attack .
In 'the event 0:' a major aggression that could not be repulsed by conventional
forces, i-,'e z:lust be prepared to" take ,.,hatever action with '..;hatever .....eapons
are anpropriete . But our objective" nmr i s to increase our ability to con fine our response to non-nuclear ;reapons , and to les sen the incentive for

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for any limited aggression by making clear i-That out' response ..... i11 accomplish . In most areas of the 1,·forld , the main burden of local defense
against overt att~ck , subversion and guerrilla warfare must rest on local
populations and forces . But given the great likelihood and seriousness
of this threat, we must be prepared to make a substantial contribution in
the form of strong, highly mobile forces trained in this type of warfare ,
some of which must be deployed in forward areas, with a substantial air lift and sealift capacity and prestocked overseas bases .
urn this area of local wars, we must inevitably COWlt on the coopera tive efforts of other peoples and nations . . 'ho share our concern . Indeed ,
their interests are more often directly engaged in such conflicts. The
se1f-relia."lt are also those 1,-[hom it is easiest to help -- and for these
reason s we must continue and reshape the Military Assistance Program. which
I have discussed earlier in my special message on foreign aid .
I1 Strengthened capacity to meet limited and guerrilla warfare -- limited
oilitary adventures a"ld threats to the security of the Free World that are
not large enough to justify the label of ' limited war . ' \'le need a greater
ability to deal with guerri lla forces, insurrections, and subversion . Much
of our effort to create guerrilla and anti - guerrilla capabilities has in
the past been aimed at general \far . We must be ready now to deal vlith any
size of force, including small externally supported bands of men ; and vie
must help train local forces to be equally effective ."

7·

President Kenne I s Address to Americ(;ln Societ of News a er Editors
April 20, 1 1, Public Papers of the Presidents , Kennedy, 1 I , p . 306 :

"* . , *
" . .. \·le face a relentless struggle in every corner of the globe that
goes far beyond the clash of armies or even nuclear armaments . The armies
are there , and in large number . The nuclear a.n:!aments are there . But'
they serve primarily as the shield behind which subversion, infiltration ,
and a host of other tactics steadily advance , picking off vulnerable areas
one by one in situations ....'hich do not pernit our own armed intervention .
uPmfer is the hallmark of this offensive -- power and discipline and
deceit. The legitimate discontent of yearning people is exploited . The
legitimate trappings of self-determination are employed . But once in
po~"er, all talk of discontent is repressed, all self.- determination disappears ,
and the promise of a revclution of hope is betrayed, as in Cuba, into a
reign of terror . ·Those viho on instruction staged automatic 'riots' in the
streets of free r.ations over the effol·ts of' a small group of young Cubi:l.ns
to rega.in their freedom should recall the long roll call of refugees who
cennot no·. . go b:J.ck -- to HlUlgary, to Horth Korea, t o I10rth Viet-Nan, to
East Gernany, or to Poland, or to any of the other lands :fro:n which a steady
stream of refugees pours forth, in eloquent testimony to the cruel oppres sion nmT holding SHa.y in their homeland.

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"\~e d8.1'e not fail to see the insidious nature of this ne'l-I and deeper
struggle , We dare not fail to grasp the ne,'" concepts, the new t,ools, the
ne\! sense of urgency we ~dll need to combat it -- whether in Cuba or South
Viet -Nam , And we dare not fail to realize that this struggle is taking
place every day , rlithout fanfare, in thousands of villages and markets
day and night -- and in classrooms allover the globe ,

"The message of Cuba, of Laos, of the rising din of Communist vo ices
in Asia and Latin Anerica -- these messages are all the same . The complacent , the self- indulgent , the soft societies are about to be swept away
with the debris of history. Only the strong , only the i ndustrious , only
the determined, only the courageous, only the visionary who determine the
real nature of our struggle can possibly survive ,
"No greater task faces this c01J..'1try or this administration , No other
challenge is more deserving of our every effort and energy . Too l ong we
have fixed our eyes on traditional military needs, on armies prepared to
cross borders , on missiles poised for flight . NOH it should be clear that
tbis is nO longer enough -- that om' security may be lost piece by piece,
country by country, without the firing of a single missile or the crossing
of a single border .
"We intend to profit from this les son . He intend to re-examine and
r e - orient our forces of all kinds -- our tactics and our institutions here
in this community . \~e i ntend to intensify our efforts for a struggl e in
many ways nore difficult than war , where disappointment v:ill often accompany us .
"For I am convinced that we in this country and in the free .....orl d pos sess
the necessary resolU'ce, and the skill, and the added strength that comes
from a belief in the freedom of man . And I am equally convinced that history
will record the fact that this bitter struggle reached its climax in the l ~te
1950 ' s and the early 1960 ' s . Let me then m::;,..l{e clear as the President of the
United States that I am determined upon our system ' s survival and success ,
regardless of the cost and r egardless of the peril! It

8.

President Kenned ' s Address, in Chic a to Democratic Part Dinner
1 1
A ril 28 1 I Public Pa ers of the Presidents Kenned

* * *

I

'~~ e live in a bazardous and dangerous time .
I do not think it ' s poss ible
to overstate it . We live L'1 a '.[arld v..hicb has changed t remendously in our
lifetime _R hi story only ,,"'ill secure a full perspective on that change . But
here i s Africa, r1hich was held by \-[estern European povrers for several
cepturies, nOl" independent -- '''hicb holds Hithin its countries masses of'
people , m~y of them illitera~e, who live on average incomes of 50 or 60
or 75 dollars a year, •.-ho want a cbange, v,ho now are the masters of their
Orin house but ,..ho lack the means of building a viabl~ economy , ,,rho are impresse:i by the example of the Soviet Union and the Chinese, "rho -- not

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7&
kno',;ing the meaning of freedom in their o,m lives -- ,.,ronder ",hether the
Co~unist syst~~ holds the secret of organizing the resources of the state
in order to bring them a better life .
nAnd \~hat is true of Africa is true of Asia, and \-,hat is true of Africa
and Asia is true in some degree of Latin Americ a . The Communists move
among them, disciplined, organized, subject to an international discipline ,
promising under their ~ystem that all will be well, knowing that if they
can "Tin just once, then the iron grip of the totalitarian state goes upon
the population -- those who resist become refugees, or are shot -- and they
manage to control the population.
ItTonight , in Viet-Ham, ,.here the President was re - elected recently in
the last 2 ueeks by a oajority of 75 to 80 percent , yet a small army of
guerrillas, organized and sustained by the Communist Viet rUnh in the north ,
control most of the countryside in the nighttime - - in the last 12 months
have assassinated over four thousand civil offic ers , two thousand state
employees a'1d t,,·o thousa'1d police, believing if they can 'spill the 'Tine, I
that then they can i-lin control of the population . And ",hen they have won ,
they do not intend to give way.
"NO'..,r our great responsibility is to be the chief defender of freedom ,
in this tine of maximum danger. Only the United States has the pmler and
the resources and the determination . He have committed ow'selves to the
defense of dozens of countries stretched around the globe "'ho look to us
for independence, ",ho look to us for the defense of their freedom .
"Yle are prepared to meet our obligations, but we can only defend the
freedom of those 'Who are determined to be free theI:lselves . He can assist
them -- we ,...tIl bear more than our share of the burden, but we can only
help those who are ready to bear their share of the burden themselves .

liThe RUssians and the Chinese, containing "'ithin their borders nearly
a billion people , totally nobilized for the advance of the Communist system,
operating from narrow , interior lines of communication , pressuring on
Southeast Asia ,dth the masses of the Chinese annies potentially ready to
move -- of the Russians who hold great pO",.,rer potentially in the Middle East
and Western Europe -- the United States stands as the chief defender of
freedom .
"I said in my Inaugural Address that no group of people in any generation since democracy was fir st developed by the ancient Greeks nearly
twenty-four or -five hundred years ago, bave ever bOrne a responsibility
as great as ours . And I welcome it - - and I vrelcooe it tonight .
"There is no easy ans\,'er to the dilemmas that we face . Our great ally
is .the fact that people do desire to be free , that people ',;ill sacrifice
everything in their desire to maintain ~heir independence . And as the true
nature of the Communi st conspiracy becoI:les better knm-m around the globe,
":hen neoule corne to realize -- as they surely ":ill - '":' that the Comnnmist
advan~e does not represent a means of liberation but represents a final

C-10

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'/9
enslnveI!".ent , then I believe that they \-till rally to the cause to which we
have given our support and our commitment .
"I believe that \-Ie must build our country,...ell, also . Senator Douglas
described wbat we are attempting to do . The burdens are heavy upon us .
We have to make t'.lis society an exanple to the world , strong enough to
s erve not only as an example but strong enough t o maintain the commitments
that we have assumed . n ,

* * *
9· President Kennedy ' s Presidential News Conference , t'lay 5, 1951) Public
Papers of the Presidents , Kennedy, 1961, p . 356 :

* * *
"Q.
' There have been reports that you would be prepared to send
American forces into South Vietnam if that became necessary t o prevent
Communist domination of tha.t COWltry . Could you tell us ,.,hether that is
correct and also enythL~g else you have regarding plans for that country?

"A.
'\vell, we have had. a group working in the Government and ",.e ' ve had.
a Security Council meeting about the problems ,·,hicb are faced in Vietnam
by guerrillas and by the barrage lthich the present Government is being sub ~
j ected to . The problem of troopR ... the matter of "hat we I re going to do to
a ssist Vietnam to obtain its independence it . . • n matt er still under con ~
' d erat ~on
' ..
I
s~
• . II

* .. *
10 . Joint C ornmuni~e Is sued at Sai gon by the Vice President of the United
st ate s and the Pre s id ent 0 f "V-=i"e-,tc:-"N;:am~_I".!"a"-1"3"",,,1,,96=1,,,--,D,,exB.lo:.:·t,,m,,e,,n,,t,-,0,,1'
State Bulletin, June 19 , 1 1, p . 95

"Tbe Unit ed st ates , for its part , i s conscious of the determination ,
energy and s acrifices which the Vietnamese people , under the dedicated
le adershi p of President Ngo Dinh Diem, have brought to the defense of
fre edom in their land ,
liThe United States is also conscious of its responsibility e,nd duty ,
i n its own self~ interest as well as in the interest of other free peoples ,

(Text continues in the original file: 48 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-A-Vol-IID — [Part V. A.] Justification of the War. Public Statements. Volume I: C--The Kennedy Administration

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-A-Vol-IID
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-A-Vol-IID
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 report proving even paperwork needed a justification.

- Declassified PDF report, NARA, 2011, authored by NWD.
- Analyzes 1964‑1967 public statements justifying U.S. Vietnam involvement.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 2

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TOP SECRET - SENSITIVE
UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
TOP SECRET - SENSITIVE SET#13
Seo Def Cont Er. X-_ 0295

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PART

v.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE <TAR -- RJBLIC STATEMENTS

, ..

Foreword
This portion of the study consists of an examination of the
public statements justifying U. S. involvement in Vietnam , Only
official statements contained in either the U, S. Department of
State Bulletins or the Public Papers of the Presidents were re viewed .
Although conclusions are based primarily on the state ments of the President, the Secretary of State and the Secretary
of Defense , the statements of other high- ranking government
officials were also studied in ascertaining the policy context
of the quoted material . This report includes analyses of the
Johnson period. The statements are organized chronologically
and are summarized for each ye ar .
1.

1964

2.

1965

3.

1966

4.

1967

i

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J OHNSON. ADMINISTRATION -

1964

Sffi.1NARY

,
President Johnson succeeded to the Presidency upon the assassi nation of President Kennedy in November 1963 only three weeks after
the ~ d ' etat which saw the Ngo Dinh Diem regime crushed and Diem
himself murdered . Confronted ,·:ith a crisis, the U. S. renewed its
pledge to support the military junta and the free government of
Vietnam . The U. S. increased its support even as the GVN wavered
through a series of government changes each reflecting the control
retained by the military. U. S. involvement deepened with the increased advisory strength and the introduction of combat troops in
1964 . The Tonkin Gulf crisis and the subsequent resolution became
benchmarks for the U. S. commitment . The new Administration emphasized
the following points :
a . Organized aggression from the North obligated the United
States to fulfill its commitments under the SEATO treaty .
b . The strategic importance of SOutheast Asia to the security
of the United States and the test of "wars of' liberation" there as important to the fUture peace and f reedom of South Vietnam.
c. The Gul f of Tonkin a'Ction showed that "aggression by
terror ll bad been joined by "open aggression on the high seas " against
the United States and the r esolution ,~hich follO'...ed justified measures
to ""repel any armed attack . II
d . The communist "appetite for aggress i on" through "wars of
liberation" threate ned not only other Asian countries} but also the
United States if left unchecked . The U. S. se~ks no wider "far .
e . Four basic themes govern U. S. policy, essentially unchanged since 1954: America keeps h~r wOrd; the future of Southeast
Asia is the issue; "our purpose is peace ; and , this war is a "struggle
for fr eedoI:!.."

D

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v. D.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE HAR -- RJBLIC STATEt·!ENTS
JOHNSOIl ADMnnSTRATION

,

CONTENTS

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

Secretary Rusk stated, "Our troops are there assisting the
South Vietnamese because people in the north have been putting
pressures on Southeast Asia.!!. ... ... ..... . ... . .. . .. . ............

D-3

President Johnson expresses support of President Kennedy ' s
belief in the "domino theory" .. . .......... ... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

D- 4

secretary J·1cNe!llara cites organized aggression from NVN as r equiring U. S. to fulfill its SEATO commitment . He emphas izes
the strategic significance' of Southeast Asia in the fortvard
defense flank and the importance of meeting squarely the I1 test
case for the nel{ Conununist strategy, II wars of liberation . . . . . . ..

D-4

Ambassador stevenson stresses the point that the U. S. presence
i n Vietnam is in response to request from goverpJment of South
Vietnam to assist in combatting aggression fr om the North . ..... .

D-8

secretary NcNanara discusses the forward defense nations and
their relationship to U. S. secuI:ity......... . .......... . ..... . ..

D- I O

6. Secretary Rusk states that withdrawal from Vietnam would re -

sult in Tl a drastic loss of confidence in the wiil. and capacity
of t he free w'Orld to oppose aggression!! ... .. . . ...... . ....... ... .

D-ll

7· President Johnson cites four basic themes : (1) America keeps

8.

9·

her \-/ord; (2) the issue is the future of Southeast Asia; (3)
our purpose is peace and (4) this is a struggle for freedom . .• . .

D-ll

President Johnson tells the Nation, "Aggression by terror
against the peaceful vi llagers of South Vietnam has now been
joined by open aggression on the high seas against the United
States of merica" .... .. . ... ................. : ........ .. ....... .

D-12

President Johnson cites aggression , the commitments of his
predecessors , SEATO , the attack on the 14addox and our es t ablished policy of assisting countries victi mized by
aggression as leading to ·U. S. actions . .......... .. .. . . ..... . .. . .

D- 12

D-l

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Page
10. President Johnson recalls SEATo commitment to South Vietnam
in address to Congress; he stressed consistency in U.S.
policy as enunciated on June 2 (D-7)........ .... D-I4
ll. Secretary Rusk explains swiftness of U.S. response to Gulf
of Tonkin attack as necessitated by act of war and the im-
portance of conveying to Hanoi the seriousness of the
situation......... ... D-15
12. Gulf of Tonkin resolution cites the attack on an American ship
in combination with aggressive acts of NVN in SVN as justi-
fying "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against
the forces of the U.S. and to prevent further aggression"....... D-l6 11
...... D-17
-
14. William Bundy relates the fall of SVN and the success of the
wars of liberation strategy to the future of other Asian
countries, including India and Japan, Australia and the under-
developed nations throughout the world........ ......... D-18
15. Secretary Rusk suggests that U.S. security is threatened by
persistent aggression which remains unchecked; while not
supporting the "domino theory" designation, he points out the
Communist appetite for revolution as expressed in their
proclamations............ ....... D-18
D-2

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D.

1.

Johnson Administration

~S~e~c~r~e7t~ar~~R~u~s~k~I~n~t~e~rv~i~e~w~e~d~o~n~v~o~i~c~e-co~f.A~m7er'~·i~c~aOL~1~~F~e~b~r~ua~r~~1~~4 ,

Department of Sta.te Bulletin, 2 Ma.rch 196 , D . 333 :

* * *
"MR. O' NEILL: ifell, Hanoi has just publicly now identified itself
as supporting the guerrillas in South Vietnam and also threatening that
Red China would intervene in any action against North Vietnam. Do you
see any connection between that and the French recognition , or do you
think this is an isolated developnent?

,.

"SECRETARY RUSK: I haven't seen anything that would lead me to say
there was an organic connection between what Hanoi has just said and what
Paris has done . It is true that Hanoi has made no secret of this policy
since 1959. They have publicly declared that they are out to take over
South Vietnam, and in this same statement to which you are referring they
made it very clear that North Vietnam is not going to be neutralized and
that their interest in South Vietnam is not so much neutrality as taking
it over . So I think the issues have been drawn very clearly out there :
"MR. O'NEILL : io1hile we are on that area, how is the fighting in South
Vietnam? Are \ole go i ng to be able to win out , and do you have any idea as
to how soon that might be?
"SECRETARY RUSK : tolell, I think we will have to wait a bit before we
can speak with complete confidence about it in the short ~un . In the long
run, I have no doubt that the r esources , the ,,'ill, the material are present
in South Vietnam to enable the South Vietnamese to do this job . We are
d.etermined that Southeast Asia. is not going to be taken over by the communists . We must insist that these basic accords be adhered to . And so
we are in this to the point where the South Vietnamese are going to be
independ.e nt and secure . 11

* * *
"MR . \"rARD : f.tr . Secretary, I wish you ' d say something about this word
' neutralization ' -- not ,,,hether Southeast Asia or some parts thereof should
be neutralized, but what the word itself means . It seems to me there is
a great deal of misunderstanding that flows from varied uses of the ~lord .
"SECRETARY RUSK : Hell , the word. gets confused because it has meant
so 'many different thip~s to different people . I suppose in the strictest
sense a neutral is , in time of peace, a so-called 'unalined ' country, that
i t is not conmitted to one of the two major power blocs i n the world, the
NATO bloc or the communist bloc .

D-3

,

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"Well, now, we don ' t object to neutrals or policies of neutrality
or neutrali~tion in that sense . There are a great many countries who are
unalined with whom we have very close and friendly r elations . We are not
looking for allies . We are not looking for military bases out in Southeast
Asia . We are not even looking for a military presence in that part of the
world.
"Our troops are there assisting the South Vietnamese because people
in the north have been putting pressures on Southeast Asia . If those pressures did not exist , those troops wouldn ' t be there. But when one talks
about neutralizing South Vi etnam in the present context, this means , really,!
getti ng the Americans out . That is all that that means .
nNow, North Vietnam 1s not going to be neutralized. It's going to
remain a member of the communist camp . And from the time that it was estab -lished, North Vietnam has broken agreeoents and has applied pressure on its
neighbors, particularly Laos and South Vietnam . So that if anyone has i n
mind that South Vietnam should be neutralized, meaning that Americans should
simply go home and leave it exposed to takeover from the north , then this
isn't going to happen .
"Now , if South Vietnam were independent and secure , it would be per fectly free to pursue its own policy. It can be unalined, as far as we
are concerned. n

* * *
2.

TV Interview with Pres i dent Johnson
The Presidents , Johnson , 1 3-6 I u .

4 Public Fa. ers of

"MR . SEVAREID : l·1r . Kennedy said, on the subject of Vietnam, I think,
that he did believe in the ' falling domino' theory , that if Vietnam were
lost, that other countries i n the area would soon be lost .
"THE PRESIDENT : I think it would be a very daJ".gerous thing , and I
share President Kennedy ' s view, and I think the whole of Southeast Asia
would be involved and that would involve hundreds of millions of people ,
and I think it ' s -- it cannot be ignored., we must do everything that we
can, we must be responsible , ""e must stay there and help them, and that
is what we are goi ng to do . "

* * *
3· "United States Folic in Vietnam n b Robert S. McNamara Secretar
of Defense, 26 March 1....

Department of State Bulletin, 13 April 1964 ,

* * *
D-4

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"At the Third National Congress of the Lao Dong (Communist) Party in
Hanoi , September 1960, North Vietnam ' s belligerency was made explicit .
Ho Chi Minh stated , 'The North is becoming more and more consolidated and
transformed into a firm base for the struggle for national reunification .'
At the same congr r ss it was announced that the party ' s new task was ' to
liberate the South from the atrocious rule of the U. S. imperialists and
th eir henchmen . ' In b~ief , Hanoi was about to embark upon a program of
whole sale violations of the Geneva agreements in order to wrest control
of South Vietnam from its legitimate go vernment .
"To the communists, 'liberation ' meant sabotage , terror , and assass i nation : attacks on innocent hamlets and villages and the coldblooded murder
of thousands of schoolteachers , health workers , and local officiels vlho
had the misfortune to oppose the communist version of ' l i berati on . ' In
1960 and 1961 almost 3,000 South Vietnamese civilians in and out of gover nment ",'ere assassinated and another 2 , 500 ..,ere kidnaped.. The cocmunists
even assfSsinated the colonel who served as liaison of'ficer to the I nter national Control Commission .
"This aggression against South Vietnam ",as a major communist effort ,
meticulously planned and. controlled, and relentlessly pursued by the government i n Hanoi . In 1961 the Republic of Vietnam, unable to contain the
menace by itself, appealed to the United States to honor its unilateral
declaration of 1954 . Presiden~ Kennedy responded promptly end affirmatively
by sending to that country additional American advisers , arms , and aid.
"U . S. Objectives :
"1 turn now to a· considera.tion of United. Ste.tes objectives in South
Vietnam. The Uni.ted States has no designs ",ohatever on the resources or
territory of the area . Our national interests do not require that South
Vietnam serve as e. Hestern base or as a member of a vIes ter n alliance .
Our concern is threefold..
"First , and most important , is the simple fact that South Vietnam ,
a member of the fre e world family , is striving to preserve i ts i ndependence
from communist attack . The Vietnamese have asked our help . We have given
it . We shall continue to give i t .
"vIe do so

in their interest; and we do so in our own clear self- interest .
For basic to the pr i nciples of freedom and self- determination which have
sustained our country for almost two ce nturies is the ri ght of peoples everywhere to live and.develop i n peace . Our own security is strengthened by
the determination of others to remain free , and by our commitment to a~s ist
them . We will not l et this member of our family doun , regardless of its
distance from our shores .
"The ultims.te goal of the United States in Southeast ASia, as in the
r est of the world, is to help maintain fr ee and independent nations which
can d,evelop politically , economically, and socially and which can be re sponsible members of the world c oV~unity . In this r egion and. elsewhere

D-5

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many peoples share our sense of the value of such freedom and independence .
They have taken the risks and made the sacrifices lined to the commitment
to membership in the family of the free world. They have done this in
the belief that we would back up our pledges to help defend. them . It
i s not right or even expedient -- nor is it in our nature -- to abandon
th~~ when the going is difficult .
"Second, Southeast ' Asia has great strategic significance in the fOl'Vrard
defense of the United States . Its location across east -west air and sea
.
lanes flanks the Indian subcontinent on one side and Australia, New Zealand.,
and the Philippines on the other and. d.ominates· the gateway between the
Pacific co.nd Indian Oceans . In communist hands this area "rould pose a most
serious threat to the security of the United States and to the family of
free -world nations to which we belong . To defend. Southeast As i a , we must
meet the challenge in South Vietnam .
"And third, South Vietnam is a test case for the new- communist strategy .
Let me examine for a moment the nature of this strategy .
"Just as the Keml.edy administration "las coming into office in January
1961 , Chairman Khrushchev made one of the most important speeches on communist strategy of recent decades . In his report on ~ party conference
entitled ' For New Victories of the World Communist ~1ovement, ' Khrushchev
s tated.: ' In modern conditions, the following categories of wars should
be distinguished.: world ·';Tars, local ,,;ars , liberation wars and popular
uprising .' He ruled out \'That he called 'world wars ' and ' local wars ' as
being too dangerous for profitable indulgence in a world of nuclear weapons . But with regard to what he called ' liberation v{ars ,' he referred
specifically to Vietnam. He said, ' It i s a sacred war . We recognize such
\olars .•. '"

* * *
"President Kennedy and Presid.ent Johnson have recognized , however ,
that our forces for the first two types of wars might not be applicable or
effective against what the communists call ' wars of liberation ,' or what
is properly called covert aggression or insurgency . He have therefore
undertaken and continue to press a variety of programs to d.evelop skilled
speCialists , equipment , and. techniques to enable us to help our allies
counter the threE'¥t of insurgency.
"Communist interest in insurgency techniques did ~ot begin ",i th Khrushchev ,
nor for that matter with Stalin . Lenin ' s works are fUll of tactical instruc tions, which were adapted very successfully by r.1ao Tse - tung , whose many
writings on guerr~lla warfare have become class~c references . Indeed ,
l~o claims to be the true heir of Lenin ' s original prescriptions for the
worldwide victory of co~munism . The North Vietnamese have taken a leaf
or two :from 1-1B.o ' s book -- as well as Moscow ' s -- and added some of their
own .

•

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"Thus today in Vietnam we are not dealing with factional disputes or
the r emnants of a colonial struggle against the French but rather with
a major test case of co~unism ' s new strategy . That strategy has so far
been pursued in Cuba, may be beginning in Africa, and failed in t.1.alaya
and the Philippines only because of a long and arduous struggle by the
people of these countries with assistance .pr ovided by the British and
the United States .
t'In Southeast Asia the communi sts have taken .full advantage of
geography -- the proximity to the communist base of operations and the
r ugged, remote, and heavily foliated character of the border regions .
They have utilized. the diverse ethnic , religious , and tribal groupi ngs
and exploited factionalism and legitimate aspirations wherever possible .
And, as I said earlier , they have resorted to sabotage , terrorism , and
assas sination on an unprecedented scale .
"Vlho is the r esponsible party -- the prime aggressor? First and fore mos t, without doubt , the prime aggressor is North Vietnam, ,·..hose leadership has explicitly undertaken to destroy the independence of the South .
To be sure , Hanoi is encouraged on its aggressive course by Communist
China. But Peiping ' s interest i s hardly the same as that of Hanoi .
"For Hanoi , the immediate objective i s limited: conquest of the South
and national unification, perhaps coupled with control of Leos . For Peiping,
however , Hanoi ' s victory would be only a first step to\'lard eventual Chinese
hegemony over the two Vietnams .and Southeast Asia and toward exploitation
of the new strategy in other pal'ts of' the wor ld.
"Communist China ' s interests are clear : It has publicly castigated
Mosco,.... for betrayi ng the r evoluti onary cause ",henever the Soviets have
sounded a cautionary note . It has characterized the United States as a
paper tiger and. has insisted that the revolutionary struggle for ' liberation
and unification ' of Vietnam could be conducted without risks by , in effect,
crawling under the nuclear and conventional defense of the free world.
Peipi ng thus appears to f eel that it has a large stake in demonstrati ng
the new strategy, using Vietnam as a t est case . Success i n Vietnam would
b e r egarded_by Peiping as vindication for China ' s views in the worldwide
ideological struggle .
"Taking i nto account the relationship of Vietnam to Indoch ina - - and
of both to Southeast Asia, the Far East , and the fre~ world as a whole -five U. S. Pres i dents have acted to preserve free -world. strategic interests
in the area . President Roosevelt opposed J apanese ~enetration in Indo china ; President Truman r esisted communist aggression in Korea; President
Eisenhower backeh Diem's efforts to save South Vi etnam and undertook to
de fend Taiwan; President Kennedy stepped up our counterinsurgency effor t
in Vi etnam; and President J ohnson, in addition to r eaffirming last week
that the United States will fUrnish assistance and support to South Viet nam for as l ong as it is required to bring communist aggression and ter r orism under control , has approved the ~rogram that I shall describe in
a few minutes .

•
D-"r

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"The U.S . role in South Vietnam, then, is first, to anS~Ter the call
of the South Vietnamese, a member nation of our free -world family, to help
them save their country for themselves; second, to help prevent the strategic danger which would exist if communism absorbed Southeast Asia's people
and r esources; and third, to prove in the Vietnamese test case that the
free-norld can cope with communist ' wars of liberation ' as we have coped
successfully with commlfIlist aggression at other levels . "

* * *
4.

"U. S. Ca.lls for Frontier Patrol to Help Prevent Border Incidents Between
Cambodia and Vietnam" Statement b Adlai Stevenson to Securit Cou.,.'1cil,
21 May 19 4, De'Oal'tment of State Bulletin ,
June 19
p.

* * *
"First , the United States had no, r epeat ~, national military objective
anywhere in Southeast Asia . United States policy for Southeast Asia is very
simple . It is the r estoration of peace so that the peoples of that area
can go about their own independent business in whatever associations they
may freely choose for themselves ~rithout i nterference from the outside .
"I trust my words have been clear enough on this point .
"Second, the United. States Government 1s currently involved in the
affairs of the Republic of Vietnam for one reason and one r eason only :
because the Republic of Vietnam requested the help of the United States and
of other governments to defend itsel~ against armed attack fomented, equipped,
and directed from the outside .
"This is not the first time that the United States Government has com~
t o th e aid of peoples prepared to fight for their freedom and independence
against armed aggression sponsored from outside their borders . Nor will
i t be the last time unless the lesson is learned once and. for all by all
agsressors that armed aggression does not pay -- that it no longer works
that it will not be tolerated.
"Tbe record of the past two decades makes it clear that a nation wi th
the will for self-preservati on can outlast and defeat overt or clandestine
aggression -- even when that internal aggression is neavily supported from
t he outside, and even after significant early successes by the aggressors .
I would r emind the members that in 1947, after the aggressors had gained
control of most of the country , many people felt that the cause of the Govern ment of Greece ~'as hopelessly lost . But as long as the people of Greece
were prepared to fight for the life of their own country, the United States
was not prepared to stand by while Greece was o \~errun.
"This principle does not change with the geographical setting . Aggression
is aggression; organized violence is organized violence . Only the scale and
the scenery change ; the point is the same in Vietnam today as it was in Greece

•
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in 1947 and in Korea in 1950 . The Indochinese Conmunist Party, the parent
of the present Communist Party in North Vietnam, made i t abundantly clear
as early as 1951 that the aim of the Vietnamese Communist leadership is
t o take control of all of Indochina . This goal has not changed -- it is
still clearly the objective of the Vietnamese Communist leadership in Hanoi .
"Hanoi seeks to act;:omplish this 'Purpose in South Vietnam through subversive guerrilla warfare directed, controlled" and supplied by North Viet nam . ' The communist leadership in Hanoi has sought to pretend that the
insurgency in South Vietnam is a civil war, but Hanoi ' s hand shows very
clearly . Public statements by the Communist Party in North Vietnam and
its lead.ers have repeatedly d,emonstrated Hanoi ' s direction of the struggle
in South Vietnam. For example, Le Duan, First Secretar~of the Farty , stated
on September 5, 1960, 'At present our Party is facing L~ momentous task : •. :
to strive to complete .. . revolution throughout the country . . . ' He also said
this : ' Tbe North is the common r evolutionary base of the whole country .'
Three months after the Communist Party Congress in Hanoi in Sent ember 1960,
the so- called' NatioI'lal Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ' was set
up pursuant to plans outlined publicly at that Congr ess .
"The International Control Commission in Vietnam, established by the
Geneva accords of 1954, stated in a special r eport which it issued in June
1962 that there is sufficient evidence to show that North Vietnam has violated
various articles of the Geneva accords by its introduction of armed personne'l ,
arms, munitions, and other supplies from North Vi etnao. into South Vietnam
with the object of supporting, organizing , and carrying out hostile activities against the Government and ermed forces of South Vietnam .
"Infiltration of military personnel and supplies from North Vietnam
to South Vietna~ has been carried out steadily over the past several years .
The total number of military cadres sent into South Vietnam via inriltration routes runs into the thousands. Such infiltration is well documented
on the basis of nunerous defectors and prisoners taken by the armed forces
of South Vietnam .
"Introduction or communist weapons into South Vietnam has also grown
steadily . An increasing amount of weapons and a'UDlunition captured from the
Viet Cong has been proven to be of Chinese Communist manufacture or origin .
For example , i n December 1963 a large cache of Viet Cong equi pment captured
in one of the Mekong Delta provinces in South Vietnam included recoilless
rifles , rocket launchers , carbines, and ammunition ot Chinese Communist
manufacture .
"The United States cannot stand by "'lhile Southeast Asia is overrun by
armed aggressors . As long as the peoples of that area are determined to
preserve their own independence and ask for our help in preserving it ,
we wi ll extend it. This, of course ; is the meaning of President Johnson ' s
request a few days ago for additional funds for more economic as well as
military assistance for Vietnam,

•

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"And if anyone has the illusion that my Govern."D.ent will abandon the
people of Vietnam - - or that we shall weary of the burden of support that
we are rendering these people - - it can only be due to ignorance of the
strength and the conviction of the American people .

* * *
5· !'Tbe Defense of the Free World, lI Robert S. l-fcNamara , Secretary of Defense ,
before the National rnd Conf Ed 21 Ma 1
t in , 8 June 196 , n . 895 :

4

De

rtment of State Bulle-

* * *
"The 'Forward Defense' Nations :
"Our military assistance program today is oriented mainly toward those
countries on the periphery of the major communist nations where the threats
are greatest and in which the indigenous resources are least . In the fiscal
year 1965 program now before the Congress , about two - thirds of the total
amount is scheduled to go to the 11 nations on the southern and eastern
perimeters of the Soviet and Red Chinese blocs . These sentinels of the
fr ee world, in a sense, are in double j eopardy from potential military
aggression from without and from attempted subversion from within . These
countries are under the Red shadou . They face the major threat, and they
are the ones mos t affected by the mode'rnization of communist forces . For
this group \1e requested $745 million in military assistance . They best
i llustrate the poi nts I \,,'ant to make .
"Imagine a globe, if you will, and on that globe the Sino- Soviet bloc .
' The bloc is contained at the north by the Arctic . To the '!lest are' the re vi talized nations of Hestern Europe . But across the south and to the east
you find the 11 ' forward defense ' nations -- Greece , TUrkey, Iran , pakistan ,
I ndia, Laos , Thailand, South Vietnam , the Philippi nes , and the Republics
of China and Korea . These nations , together with stretches of the Pacific
Ocean bearing the U. S. Fleet, describe an arc along which the free world
dra\1s its frontlines of defense .
li The frontlines a r e there i n the i nterests of those 11 nations ; the lines
are t here also in the interests of the United States and the rest of the
f'ree '. . orld. The areaswhich this ll- nation arc protects are of obvious strat egic i mportance to the United States . Hore signific'a nt, hOiiever , is the
importance of the arc to the principle that nations have a right to be independent -- a right to develop in peace , in freedom , and. according to the
principle of sel.l.'- determination . United State.::; support of these r i ghts
at the f r ontiers thickens the blood of the free -i';orld fami ly ; it strengthens
our security at home .

•

"We must recognize, however, that the United States does not have the
r esources to maintain a credible force by itself along all of this great
a rC of forward positions . Such a strategy would be unbearably costly to
us in both money and human resources .

(Text continues in the original file: 143 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-2a — [Part V. B. 1.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Roosevelt Administration

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-2a
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-2a
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

War justification arrived in a Part V. B. 1. footnote, not a foot soldier.

- PDF declassified 2011 by NARA, titled Part V. B. 1., internal Roosevelt Administration documents.
- Memorandums, telegrams, and minutes from 1945‑1952 detail U.S. policy rationale for Indochina, French control, communist concerns.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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V. B.2 .

J USTIE'ICATION OF TB...E liJjI.R -- INTERNAL COI'IJIvIITI·1EJJTS
The Trll1nan AdrD.i~istration, 1945 - 1952

E'orelwrcl

Thi s portion' of the st'udy consists of a collection of U. S.
Government doc"L1ments \'Thich set forth the rationale of U. S.
policy to"\.:ard Vietnam. The collection represents the internal commitment of the U. S. as expressed in classified docu·ments circulated at the highest levels in the Government.
The dOCUlnents are organized cn-"l'onologically ,;,!i thin each
Presidential arunjnistration. This vol1)1rle covers the TTUlnan
years , 19L~5-1952.

a

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V.B.2.
JUSTIFICATIO!.IJ OF T.HE: \':llli - - I NTERL4L COHl\lITI"lE}',:TS

The Truman Ac1r!lini s·t rati.on , 1945 .. 1952

Cont ents and
Chronological List of Documents

1.

2.

3.

Ll .

Extract of minutes of State \',"ar-Navy Coordinating Com··
mittee ( ffi'JJlTCC) h elel 13 April: Nr. Lovett states that
lithe lack of e. .'lolicy /On Inclochina7 is a source of
se~cious embarrassment to the military ." The Committee
agreed that the State Department should take up the
question of clarification of policy on Indochina.
Memorandmn, R. E. Cox, SHNCC, to Mr . Bonbright - 1:Iinutes,
23 May (13 April) 19)-15....... . ................................

1

Secretary of State Stettinius informs AmbassadoT Caffery
( France) on the status of U.S. assistance to French resistance groups in Inclo chimL Stettinius 1576 to Caffery
( Paris), 19 April 1945......... .. . .. ......... .... .............

3

The U.S. r e j ects a French proposal to conclude an agreement vTi th the French Provisional Government analogous to
the Franco-·Allied agreement of 25 August 19LIL!. TIle U. S.
r efuses to considel' diversion of resources to specifj.c
military operations in Indochina. Stet.tinius letter to
French Ambass0.dol' Bonnet, 20 April 1945 .......................

5

The State Department 1.1."'Jdertakes an i ntcr112,1 te,sk to clarify
U. S. policy to;'T2.rd Indochina follm:ring PresideI.lt Roosevelt r s
death, 12 April 19~5, and the m-mcc meeting, 13 April 191.~5 •
.A S'LllY',meTY of ho,: the ste,te DepartTllEmt o.o(:rrrJ1.ent cd this t2.sk
<tEd the pertine!lt doct1.1J!ents follo\·! as 11.a. through 4.e ....... .

9

a . Division of Euro:p ean Affe.irs (EUR) submits 2. propo:::ed. "I'Iemor8.ndLl'Tl on Inclochine. Policy" to the AsSj.stB.:"'lt
SeC:Tete.r fox' for'\·~a.rding to the Presi.dcilt. The m".:lY!OT8Jldnn
recOlmliCno.s that the U. S, Lot op~)ose restoration of Il1dochina to Fr2..nce. If. }i'TeeL8.n l:lD,tthe-;,-s , BUR , i·~ey::oreDdur:; to
';-.
' ","'r?+C'_
-' r "-r- , . 01..
-P 0"
r~20
A-I).i.-.. ;1
1'.:...::' . -)"lllT
l!"" __ 1;. Ac·c·
~:ul
•. )l;a.dv l..)eClc:v-='Ul.~1
'.... V:J..vC:,
~
_'_ _lOJrr::
/ ,-) .........

9

i

tI

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b. Division of Far Eastern Affairs (FE) forwards
comments and suggested changes to EUR version of the
Memorandum on Indochina policy. FE recommends additions
to the EUR proposals as well as not opposing restoration
of Indochina to France, provided France gave adequate
assurances on five major points chiefly concerning Indo-
chinese independence. Memorandum by Mr. Stanton, FE,
to Mr. Dunn, 2l April l945............... 9
c. Mr. Dunn feels that it is better to let the Indo-
china policy matter drift rather than base it on the FE
version of the Memorandum. Dunn message to Mr. Grew,
Under Secretary of State, 23 April l945......... 18
d. The final compromise Memorandum to the President
includes extracts from both the FE and EUR versions,
but does include mention that the U.S. would seek the
French views on the five points raised by FE. Memoran-
dum to the President, subject: American Policy with
Respect to Indochina, undated, not sent..........
e. The draft cable, which was approved by all
Divisions concerned,requests French indication of in-
tentions on five points: ............. 22
(1) Indochinese self-government within a French
Union.
(2) Economic and commercial non-discrimination.
(3) Haiphong as a free port.
(4) Recognition of an Indochina-Thai border.
(5) International security arrangements for South-
east Asia. Unnumbered cable, 9 May l945.
5. Assistant Secretary of War proposes "so far as practic- tt
able" the U.S. should avoid "unnecessary or long term'
commitments of assistance to French resistance forces
in Indochina. Memorandum, R.E. Cox, SWNCC, to Mr. Bon-
bright, WE, 2 May 1945............. 26
6. French Foreign Minister is informed by Stettinius at
San Francisco that "the record is entirely innocent...
of this government questioning...French sovereignty over
27
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7.1 Matthews reports to President Truman of French desires
to participate in Far East war and the JCS view that
little military value would accrue from the French
8. Grew reviews for Hurley the present position of U.S.
policy on "trusteeship structure" and the necessity of
"voluntary" action by colonial powers and that the extent
of French participation in the war in the Pacific was
to be determined by Gen MacArthur. Grew 873 to Hurley (China)
7 June 1945. ............. ............ 30
The U.S. military reply to the French offer of partici-
pation(by two French divisions)in the Pacific war out-
lines the provisions to acceptance in principle. Essen-
tially, the U.S. desires complete command and control of
the French trained, equipped and maintained divisions
with movement from France based on the units having
attained U.S. combat standards. Memorandum by U.S.
Chiefs of Staff to Combined Chiefs of Staff at Potsdam,
16 July l945. . .............. S ... 33
10. The U.S. Chiefs of Staff views that logistics considera-
tions prevented French and Dutch partieipation in the
Pacific war are presented to the Combined Chiefs of
Staff for consideration. Memorandum by the U.S. Chiefs
of Staff at Potsdam, 18 July l945................
11. The British Chiefs of Staff suggest that the French
divisions be "employed in due course in French Indo-
China." Memorandum by British Chiefs of Staff at
Potsdam, 18 July 1945...................... 37
12. The U.S. Chiefs of Staff consider the British view
and compromise earlier U.S. positions to allow for
possible use of French divisions under British command
in areas to "be determined later." Memorandum by
U.S. Chiefs of Staff at Potsdam, l9 July l945.......... 37
13. Report to the President and Prime Minister of the agreed
summary of conclusions on the strategic concept and
policies for prosecution of the war, reached by the
Combined Chiefs of Staff at the terminal conference
of the Postdam meeting. Basically, the Chiefs' stra-
tegy focused on Japan with the U.S. controlling opera-
tions. The door was left open for French and Dutch
participation based on "military considerations" and
"shipping" requirements. JCS files, CCS 9oo/3,
24 July 1945................ 39
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14.

President Truman infol'ms Hurley ( China) thf:..t i t \'TeuS agreed
at potsdam to cl.i vjcle Indochi.n.a 8,t la'll tude 16 0 no}'th for
operational purposes: the south Going to Southeast Asia
Conmand ( SEAC) and the north going to thc China theater.
Hurley is urged to get Chjc~"nG Kai-shek ' s con.c:urrence .
TrulT;an telegram to HLU'ley from Berlin, 1 August 1945. ........ .

44

(

15·

16.

17.

18.

19.

l'lj .lliarn J. Donovan, Director of the Office of Strategic

Services (OSS ), reports on the French a tti tude to\':c,rd
the Indochina Provisional Govermnent to the Secretary
of State . A French committee I'Tas to negotiate ivi th
Annamite l eaders on terms favorable to Indochina; the
French ,-rere to act as advisors to the Indochina Provi sional Government vrith the ~pov!er to sign treaties
for France. Annc'.lnite leaders, h01'Tever, expressed the desire to have status as an American protectorate, excluding both French and Chinese occupation . Threats of
violence over a French reoccupa,tion were ma,de . Hemoran-·
dum by Donov8,n for Secrete,ry of State, 22 August 19Lf5 .......•.

45

Dean Acheson, Acting Secretary of Stcl,te, reasserts U.S.
policy tm{8..:rd French control of Indochina to the Charge
i n Ch:LnG, ( Robertson ). The U.S. neither opposed nor
assisted re-establjshment of French control in IndocbillB" Rohertson\{as told. The U.S. '\rillingness " to
see French control is based on the future outcome of
French claims of popular SU1'1)ort . Acheson 1622 to
Robertson, 5 October 19Lf5. ..........•.......•................

49

Caffery ( Paris ) i nforms Secretary of State of the
Franco --Brit.ish agreem(';nt on Indochina Hhich recognizes the Fren.ch Civil Administration as sole authori ty in Indochina south of the 16t.h pa,ra11el. Caffery
6006 to SecI'ctary of State, 12 October 19h5. . .......... ......

49

CaffeTY reports that de Gaulle rejected announc i ng a
far-reaching, progrc[;sive policy designed to give
Indoch:Lnese greater authorj.ty, representB,tion, and
resJlonsibilH.y in gOVelTment under the pretext of
the state of disorder ,rhi.ch prevaiIed i n Indochina.
De Gaulle felt that " no such policy could be ir_plemented pending restoration of French authority ."
Caffcl'y 6857 to Secretary of State, 28 November 1945.

50

Ha;~the\Ts

request;:; dil'ection from Acheson on. tra:1sf'er
of Lend-Lease vc}1.Lcles fl'c!:;1 the: Br:itj~h to tlJe French
in ILdo:::hin::". M.:h::scn re})l:Le~> that P:rcsiclE-.n.t TrUL S.i:l
thonght the U. S. should 8,g:cCE. to the tr""rDfer. Ache:scm-·
Matthe\-ls n.ote;:;} 18 January 1946. .............................
iv

52

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20, Secretary of State Byrnes requests information on
conditions in Indochina and especially on the
status of French-Viet Minh negotiations. Byrnes
53 to Bangkok, 28 January 1946............ ........53
21. Gen Gallagher, OSS, reveals that, in his view of
defeat the Annamese" and that after de Gaulle's
October pronouncement of colonial policy, the
Annamese (Ho Chi Minh) refused to negotiate with
the French and became hostile. "Ho himself will
not deal with the French...and will be behind any
continuing Annamese movement." The Viet Minh
administration was young and inexperienced but
"the demand for independence is widespread and
even in the villages the peasants refer to the
example of the Philippines...however, the Viet Minh
should not be labeled full-fledged doctrinaire com-
munist." Memorandum of Conversation by R.L. Sharp,
SEA Affairs, 30 January 1946.............
22. Landon reports that d'Argenlieu-Ho Chi Minh nego-
tiations have been proceeding and may be completed
in two or three weeks, and that only temporary and
local Franco-Chinese agreements have been realized.
Landon (Saigon) 0927 to Byrnes, 5 February 1946............ 58
23. Caffery informs Byrnes that the present French
government "will try to follow a conciliatory and
moderate policy in Indochina and will be more pro-
595 to Byrnes, 6 February 1946.................
24. Landon states that: "It seems certain that Amnamese
plan desperate resistance to French. Ho Chi Minh
stated that he considering petitioning all United
Nations to mediate Annamese independence and prevent
extensive bloodshed." Landon (Hanoi) 2 to Byrnes,
25. Landon refers to two letters to President Truman from
Ho Chi Minh which request the USA as UN member to
support Amnamese independence according to the example
of the Philippines. Landon summarizes the points in
Ho Chi Minh's petition to the United Nations which
includes a review of French conquests, Ho's govern-
mental accomplishments, and requests for intervention
by the Big Four. Landon (Hanoi) to Secretary of State,
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26 .

27 .

28 .

29.

30 .

31.

32.

The Chinese Foreign Affairs Minister , Dr . \lIang,
indicates that Chinese troops would be l-7i thdra,Y!l
from Indochina by 1 5 April and t hat. he had urged
a It bloodless " Franco-Viet M1nh agreement viith
them . HallB; cuggests j oint Chinesf'-American
mediation of Frcnch-Indoch:i.nese ·prob lem and refers to th e lat.e President Roosevel t l s i nterest
i n d ependent peoples. Smyth (Chungking ) 39l~
to Byrnes, 28 February 19~-6. ..... . . ........................

62

Reed r ep0r ts signing of th e 6 March agreement
Ivhereby " Vietna..rn becomes a free state wi thin
th e I ndochina federa ti.on and will have ovm army,
direct olm int ernal affairs, and fi nance ...
Annamites are f rank.ly pleased ... French military
o ccupatjon proceeding smoothly . II Reed ( Saigon )
20 to Secretary of State, 7 March 19~ 6 . ...... . . ............

63

Saigon informs State that Chinese are putting
ob s ta cl es in th e French path and Viet MiYlh .Lncidents around Saigon are i ncreas i ng . Reed 33
t o State , lL~ March 191:6. ............ . ...... ....... . . . . . . . . . .

63

Viet Minh extremists assassinate a member of the
Co ch in China Council, French se i ze Hanoi
TreaslJ.ry, and 'ronkin i nc idents j eopardi ze
p ca~ceful oll.t-come of events .
Reed erO to State,
1 April 1946. ... .. ... .......... .... . .... .............. .....

6~·

The U,S. informs France that the Combined
Chiefs of Staff do not object t o relief of
Chinese troops by French forces i n I ndochina,
and that on the r epatriation of J·apanese,
the French milit,qrv commander should coordinate vrHh Gen l;a::i\rthL1T ( since the Chinese and
Byi ti sh Here totally relieved of OCCU"j)9,tj on
and r epatriation duties in Indochina)": Byrnes I
note to Bonnet, 12 April J.9~·6. .. ................. ..........

64

0 I Sull:i.van (Hanoi) 1ndicat.es that most i mportant
i rnmediate qnef'tion i n the ncgotiat:Lons opening
at Dalat appears to be st.atus of Cochin China.
0 1 Sulli van 2 to Byrnes, 18 LprH 19!6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65

'I:h(~ U.S . indicates that Eo Chi. Ninh has reCluestcd U. S., U. K. and other recogni.tions
as a free state Hith·in French Unicn . Byrnes
to Consu.!.oJ Off:Lccrs, 18 Apl'il 191~6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66

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33. Ho Chi Minh calls for Cochin-China to join Vietnam,
French to cease entering Cochin-China, and for French
to live up to agreements. French are pessimistic over
66
34. U.S. reviews the situation at Dalat conference from the
viewpoint of French and Vietnamese'as pessimistic
(in light of recent conflicts, outbreaks of fighting,
and conflicting views on Cochin-China status) and
feels that French will possibly attempt a coup when
Chinese withdraw. Acheson to Consular Officers,
1 May 1946. .. ....... .... 67
35. Acheson reports that the French are confident of
success in negotiations with Vietnam, but they
feel the Vietnam delegation is controlled by better-
organized communists, even though only half the
delegation is communist. Acheson to Consular
Officers, 13 May 1946. ................ 67
36. Ho Chi Minh is reported as believing satisfactory
agreement can be reached with the French. Acheson
to Consular Officers, 14 May 1946. ............ ...... 68
37. U.S. expresses concern over continued presence of
Chinese troops in Tonkin and that everything possi-
ble should be done to speed evacuation. Acheson
to Gen George C. Marshall (Nanking), 15 May 1946. ........... 68
38. French propose federal organization for Vietnam
(under High Commissioner who exercises French
Union powers) with a legislative assembly of
ten members each from Tonkin, Annam, Cochin-
China, Laos, Cambodia, and ten French members.
Byrnes to Nanking, 20 May 1946. ......... 69
39. U.S. raises Consulate Saigon to Consulate General,
effective 20 May 1946. Byrnes 2427 to Caffery,
20 May 1946................ .. 69
40. U.S. notes three important political parties in
Vietnam: Viet Minh (whose most active members
are former Indochinese Communist Party members),
Dong Minh Hoi (DMH) and Vietnam Quoc Dan Dang
(viaDD), which seem to have support of the Chinese.
Catholics appear to support no single party, but
"as a group will not remain long absent from
Marshall, 20 May 1946.......... 69
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41.

42.

43.

1~4.

45.

Ho Chi 1-1inh h<::'8 constantly given impression that
Ithe "ould pay great attention to any suggestions !:
made by the U.S. OrSullivan (Hanoi ) to Byrnes,
5 June 1946 ... . ..................................... . .......

71

U. S. Consul in H"lnoj. vieYls VietnaY,1 strene;th in
Coch:in-China as " diminishing, " that Ho i-rent to
Paris fcr this reason, B.nd at the same tine, to
seek support from French Left \'li.ng. 0 I Sulli van
to Byrnes, 5 June 19,46................... ................ . ..

71

Caffery reports Franco-VietllE'<olf' conference at
Fontainebleau is off to a bad start, as Vietnamese delegati.on protE:sted assumption of the
chairm.anship by head of the French delegation ,
protested creation of Cochin-China as an i ndependent state, and accused French of violating
6 March agreement . Ho Chi l1irlh held conversations \'lith A16crians on similarity of their
problems. Caffery 3323 to Byrnes, 7 J uly 19~6.,. ...........

73

Vi etnam br eaks off negotiations at Fontainebleau
on th e grounds that France violated 1,~arch 6
accord by convoking a nOH Dala t conferen.ce.
Caffrey 3801 to Byrnes , 2 August 1946...... ............. ....

74

u. S. vie\'Ts recent moves by the French as de··
signed t o r ega.in a large measure of control
over I ndochina in "violation of the s-pirit
of the 6 Harch convention lt and that \·(j.dcspread
hostili tics may result from Vi etnarucse resj.stance
to these encroachments . Memorandun by Moffat
( SEA) for Vincent ( FEA) , 9 August 1946 ......................

L~6.

u. S. viedS results of Dalat conference a 13 a
reasona.ble be.sis for t he fui...v.re, but far short
of l arger d~gree of independence desired by
Viet.nc:.m, and it i s difLi.cult lito for<.'see B.ny
f,reB.t degree success .. . so long as Cochin China
stays apart fro~n Vietnam ... fl Reed 342 to Brynes,
17 August J 9L!6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47.

75

78

u.s. expresses concern over "French colonial
t endency p.~ctlre U. S . as aggressiv2 and irr,peri.e.li si...ic fl f.nd indi cB,i...es closeness of th is um'li tting
Fren:::h colonial vie'.', to Commu.nis t P20rty line .
Clayton (Acting SecSta.te) 240 to Sedgon,
l} Septer::bey- 19 L:6 ........ .. ... .. .. , . .. ........ , .. .. ......... .

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48. U.S. looks at intelligence reports linking USSR
to Ho Chi Minh and requests information on relative
strength and outside contacts of Vietnam communists.
Clayton 241 to Saigon, 9 September 1946........ 79
49. Caffery reports on visit of Ho Chi Minh just prior
to signing modus vivendi; Ho declares he is not a
communist. Caffery 6l3l to Byrnes, 1l September
79
50. U.S. is informed by French of increased communist
activities in French Indochina, chiefly Chinese
Communist entrenchment in Saigon and Haiphong.
Agencies outside of Indochina are supplying propa-
ganda. Reed 374 to Byrnes, 17 September 1946......... 80
5l. Caffery reports signing of modus vivendi and that
Ho Chi Minh obtained satisfaction on many points,
but French would have likedto include definition
of Vietnam relations to Indochinese federation and
French Union. Caffery 467l to Byrnes, 17 September
1946............. 80
52. Saigon views "amicable" meeting of Ho Chi Minh and
High Commissioner in light of belief that "French
Conmunists desire soft-pedal communist trends in
Reed 41l to Byrnes, 19 October 1946............... .... 82
53. Ho Chi Minh informs the U.S. that effectiveness of
modus vivendi depends on France, fighting would not
stop unless French applied the agreement, and that
0'Sullivan 96 to Byrnes, 25 October 1946........... .c.CC... 82
54. Contact between Vietnam and Chinese Communists is
apparent, but the presence of Chicoms as advisors
in the provinces is difficult to verify. Reports
of Chicoms in Haiphong are regarded with suspicion.
O'Sullivan lol to Byrnes, 1 November 1946........... ... 83
55. Caffery reports French concern over "positive proof"
of direct contact between Moscow and Ho Chi Minh.
Caffery 5857 to Byrnes, 29 November 1946..................... 83
56. U.S. Consul views Ho Chi Minh's contacts with France
as desiged to facilitate application of Marxist
principles when, and if, a Communist govermment
is established in France. Further, French concern
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57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

of Ho ' s communist contacts at this tir2.e is peculi.al'
when they are forcing collaborati.on or :preparing
a puppet government; this ploy is a possible diversion
from French policy in Indochina. O ' Sullivan 131 to
Byrnes, 3 December 1946 .... , .... . . , .... . ............... , . . .

8):

Acheson i nstructs Hoffat 0::1 Ho Chi, Minh ' s communist
r ecord and offers gnidelines of U.S. poJicy in discus s ion \ii th Ho. Essentially, the U.S. is concerned
over Tonkin events , the American people ha'","e welcomed
Indochinese attainments but violence i mperils this
sym:pathy, and U,S, i s informing Fl'C'mce similarly.
The U. S. is not makj.ng forrJal intervention at thjs
time. Acheson 305 to Saigon, 5 December 19)+6, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85

U.S. feels France would engage in full scale military
oper8,tions in Vietnam only if forced, since they
r ealize it is no l onger possible to maintain a closed
do or . HOI-Tev' r , Cocb.in-China politico,l question must
b e s ettled and French cannot resolve it ~ i thout a
fi ght . The Cochin ·-Chinese -prefer Tonkin to France.
Reed Li72 to Byrnes, 6 DeceL1ber 191i6. ' , , .. , ....... . , . .. , . . . .

87

SecretEtry Byrnes reyiel'TS be,sic French-Vietnamese
cl.iff:i.cu1ties for Missions at London, ltlOSCO'iT, and
Nanking . Essentially , the d1fficulties revolve
around deep nationalist senUment and o:pposition
to the French, guided by a fe,·! communist tr8,incd
l eaders in the govern.ment \,lith apparent contacts
with Moscow and Yenan. Hm-revel', I: French influence
i s important not only as an antidote to Soviet
influence, b ut to protcct Vietnam and SEA from
future Chinese imperialism." Three basJc troubles
are mutual c1istru.st , French i rresolut i on of the
t erm I I free state, " and Vietnamese intra.ns igence,
Byrnes messa.ge t o certain Iviissions, 17 December
1 946 . ,. . ..... . . ............................................

88

Byrnes revie'ds recent Fi'ench Jloli tical 0.1'1 sis and
i nfluence of Indochina policy as an impoTt2,nt
factor. Outbleak of hosti1itLc8 in Haeoj seen a8
serious and not likely to be:' resolved by l,:outet
and d ' Argenlieu. Byrnes neBsage to Moscou, Nan~~lng
and Saigon, 20 DecC'mbe:c 19 Lj6 ..... , ........................ ,

90

Vincent info·r'::lS AC'J:leson tha.t '..ri th jnadeq'Ete forces
and c~J \rj.ded public opinion, the rrench he,vo. tried
to 8,0cc.i'Ilplish in Indu::hir'.a ,·rr-".3:L a strvng, Ul1:i. ted
Brite,in found umr:isc to atter,!:qt j n DUTILe;.. . In sho:c-L,
"guer:ciJ 12, ;'i'').Lf'are Ifl.r:.,y- cont'inv" inciefild, tely . " The

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French should be infonned of U.S. concern,
especially since the conflict may come before
the UN or other pOKers may int ervene . Ivjemorall"- V·'.L Y1C"")"2-:::>J
D"'c ·'··
.. 1)"'·'
10;; 1.r'6 • • • • •
!.;.~l l.t Inor' Acheso'l
l,
C
C.J,l.
c....L
d_DIn OJ'

62 .

63.

6J.1.

66.

68.

.,

•••

91

92

u. S. impresses concern ovel' Tonkin events on the
French, but expresses no offer to mediate. U.S. is
concerned that the UN might become involved.
By-.cnes 6586 to Caffery, 21[ Decembel' 19J.[6.....................

93

U.S. takes the position to oppose Chinese proposals
for i ntervention in Indochi.na . Acheson 8317 to
Gallman (ill\:) , 27 DecembeT 191.f6 .....

95

••••••••••••••

•

•••••

0

•

•

••

Reed, in discussing vJith "l"lhom Moutet can deal,
offers creation of new govenlment ulldeT Bao Da:i.
and/or Tam. Reed 499 to Byrnes, 30 December 19~6 ...... o • • • o .

95

The U.S. apprO"ves the Con s 1.1.l in Hanoi to act on
humanitarian grounds to save lives, but cautions
not to become involved in any situation v.rhl.ch could
b e interpreted as mediating basic political issues
without express authorization .
Byrnes 25 to 0 r Sullivan, 31 December 191+6.

96

0

67 .

•••••••

U. S. advances reasons \·iD.y the Vietn:::mese attacked
the French on 19 December:
( a) orders from 110 s COl-,'
to upset Soutllea,st Asia, or to incr ease Communist
Party strength in France as a result of a quick
settlement if the CP sl1o"L"lld tal<;.e pm12r from Blmn;
and ( b) hope for similar J'avanese-Dutch settlement
resu~ting from fighting \·:11 ile negotiating.
0 1 Sullivan 15 l f to Byrnes, 23 December 1946...................

0

65.

0

•

0

•••

0

The U. S. re9.sserts the non-involvement pOlicy of
appr-oving sales of miJitary aTms and arm.aments
to France except in cases i'Jhich relate Indochina
hostili t.ies. Byrnes 75 to Paris, 8 January 19L[7.

••

0

00'

••

0

•

•

•

•

•

•

.0.

•

•

•

•

•

•

97

U. S. expres se s ,su-l)port 2.nd full recognit ion of'
F:rcU1ce r .s pos:L tion; ho'::eve:c, the U. S. cannot ove:tlool::
dangeY"o~.l8 ou.tmoded colon:Lal French methods.
On the
otheY" hand, the U.S. dO(,8 not desire that France be
re}Jlacec1 by Kremlin cor'mu~lism as eviclene:ed by Ho
Cl1i 1·i il111 C011[lectio~1f:;
Th.8 U. 8,. (loes not l'avOT U"n
iDterv(~ntion, 'but "frc.Dt.ly 'Ke have no solution of the
e

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of State, 43l to Paris, 3 February l947............. 98
69. The U.S, is concerned that the Western democratic
system is on the defensive in emerging nations and
Southern Asia is in a critical phase. The key to
the U.S. position is an awareness that in respect
to the position of Western democratic powers in
Southern Asia, the United States is in the Same
cannot conceive setbacks to the long range inter-
ests of France which would not also be setbacks of
our own." The U.S. is ready to be helpful in any
way, however, non-intervention is still the U.S.
policy. Marshall 1737 to Paris, 13 May 1947............... 100
70. The State Department is concerned that a rumored,
dry season French offensive would have repercussions
in a Congress which will be called on for extensive
financial aid to Western Europe in light of France's
economic, financial, and food position. Marshall
3433 to Paris, 1l September l947........................... 103
7l. M. Bollaert, French High Commissioner in Indochina,
delivers publicly the most important declaration
of French policy since before hostilities broke out.
The French ask for a Vietnamese "representative
dealing with Ho Chi Minh except as a last resort,
and then only for his surrender. The U.S. sees
this policy resulting from a strengthened France
(and a proportional unwillingness to make con-
cessions) as a "retreat" from the March 6 accords.
O'Sullivan letter to Marshall, 12 September 1947........... 104
72. The French deny any plamned dry season military
offensive, Caffery 37l5 to Marshall, 12 September
1947.......................
73. France considers Bollaert's policy speech as a
step forward on two points: formal abandonment
of Indochina federation idea, and acceptance of
the principle of union of the three KYs without
a referenda. Caffery 3753 to Marshall, 14 Sep-
tember1947..............
74. The Chinese view French policy as making the posi-
tion of U.S. and Chins difficult and do not see
a successful government without participation of
Ho Chi Minh. The "Chinese people" would not re-
gard a Bao Dai monarchy favorably. Though his
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personality and ability are impressive, Ho Chi Minh
is regarded as a communist, and his regime on China's
south border does not appear of critical importance.
Stuart (Nanking) 2096 to Marshall, 18 October 1947......... 114
1948 -
75. India hesitates to submit Indochina question to the UN
because France could veto and the Gol is not convinced
that Vietnam /Ho Chi Minh/ exercises de facto authority
or represents majority viewpoint in Indochina. Marshall
telegram to Consular Officers, 29 January 1948............. 116
76. A Ho Chi Minh lieutenant is reported going to India with
a petition for UN intervention. Marshall 2l to Saigon,
77. Hanoi Consul summarizes recent events centering on
Bao Dai signing Bai a'Along conference accords. Bao Dai
withdraws commitment and will stay in France until called

(Text continues in the original file: 299 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-2b — [Part V. B. 2. a.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Truman Administration. Volume I: 1945 - 1949

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-2b
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-2b
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 declassifies a 1945‑1949 war memo—still waiting for the next meeting agenda.

- Declassified 2011 pdf from NARA, titled “Justification of the War… Truman Administration Volume I, 1945‑1949.
- Reports State Department memoranda and minutes on U.S. Indochina policy, French sovereignty, and post‑Roosevelt debates.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET#13
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V.B.2.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE WAR -- INTERNAL COMMITMENTS
The Truman Administration, 1945 - 1952

Foreword

----

This portion of the study consists of a collection of U.S.
documents which set forth the rationale of U.S.
policy toward Vietnmn. The collection represents the internal commitment of the U.S. as expressed in classified documents circulated at the highest levels in the government.
The documents are organized chronologically within each
Presidential administration. This volume covers the Truman
years, 1945 - 1952.
Goverp~ent

a

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V.B.2.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE WAR -- llITERNAL CO.MMITMENTS
The Truman Administration, 1945 - 1952
Contents and
Chronological List of Documents

1.

2.

Extract of minutes of State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (SWNCC) held 13 APril: Mr. Lovett states that .
"the lack of a policy Lon Indochin.i7 is a source of
serious embarrassment to the military." The Connnittee
agreed that the State Department should take up the
question of clarification of policy on Indochina.
Memorandum, R. E. Cox, SWNCC, to Mr. Bonbright - Minutes,
. 23 May (13 April) 1945 ...................... ,. . . . . ... . . . . .. .. . .
Secretary of State Stettinius informs Ambassador Caffery
(France) on the status of U.S. assistance to French resistance groups in Indochina. Stettinius 1576 to Caffery
(Paris),

3.

4.

1

19 April 1945-.......................................

3

The U.S. rejects a French proposal to conclude an agreement with the French Provisional Government analogous to
the Franco-Allied agreement of 25 August 1944. The U.S.
refuses to consider diversion of resources to specific
military operations in Indochina. Stettinius letter to
French Ambassador Bonnet, 20 April 1945.......................

5

The State Department undertakes an internal task to clarify
U.S. policy toward Indochina following President Roosevelt's
death, 12 April 1945, and the SHNCC meeti...n.g, 13 April 1945.
·A summary of how the State Department documented this task
and the pertinent docmaents follow as 4.a. through 4.e........

9

a. Division of European Affairs (EU~) submits a proposed "Memoran lum on Indochina Policy" to th= Assistant
Secretary for fonvarding to the President. The memorandum
. recommends that the U. S•. not oppose restoration of Indochina to France. H. Freeman Matthews, EUR, Memorandum ,to
~IT. Dunn, Assistant Secret ary of State, 20 April 1945.........

9

i
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b. Division of Far Eastern Affairs (FE) forwards
comments and suggested changes to EUR version of the
Memorandum on Indochina policy. FE recommends additions
to the EUR proposals as well as not opposing restoration
of Indochina to France, provided France gave adequate
assurances on five major points chiefly concerning Indochinese independence. Memorandum by Mr. Stanton, FE,
to Mr. Dunn, 21 A'P.T i1 1945 ....................................... "................

9

c . . Mr. Dunn feels that it is better to let the Indochina policy matter drift rather than base it on the FE
version of the Memorandum. Dunn message to Mr. Grew,
Under Secretary of State, 23 April 1945.......................

18

d. The final compromise Memorandum to the President
includes extracts from both the FE and EUR versions,
but does include mention that the U.S. would ~eek the
French views on the five points raised by FE. Memorandum to the President, subject: American Policy with
Respect to Indochina, undated, not sent.......................

19

e. The draft cable,which was approved by all
Divisions concerned,requests French indication of intentions on five points: ........................ ."...............................................

22

(1)

Indochinese self-government within a French

(2)

Economic and commercial non-discrimination.

(3)

Haiphong as a free port.

(4)

Recognition of an Indochina-Thai border.

(5)

International security arrangements for SouthUnnumbered cable, 9 May 1945.

Union.

east Asia.

5. Assistant Secretary of War proposes "so far as practic-

6.

able lt the U.S. should avoid "unnecessary or long term lt
commitments of assistance to French resistance forces
in Indochina. Memorandum, R.E. Cox, SHNCC, to Mr. Bonbright, iiE, 2 May 1945 ........................•. '. . . • . • . . . . . . . .

26

French Foreifn lUnister is informed by Ste+,tinius at
San Francisco that "the record is entirely innocent ...
. of this government questioning ..• French sovereignty over
Indochina. " Grew 1949 to . Caffery, 9 May 1945 .......•.•.•..•..

' 27

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7.

Matthews reports to President Truman of French desires
to participate in Far East wa r and the JCS view that
little military value would accrue from the French
forces. Memorandum by Matthews for Truman, 16 May 1945 •••••••. 27

9. The U.S. military reply to the French offer of participation(bY two French divisions)in the Pacific war outlines the provisions to acceptance in principle. Essentially, the U.S. desires complete command and control of
the French trained, e~uipped and maintained divisions
with movement from France based on the units having
attained U.S. combat standards. Memorandum by U.S.
Chiefs of Staff to Combined Chiefs of Staff at ~otsdam,

10.

11.

12.

13.

16 July 1945 ........ " ................ " . " ............ " .................................... '" .......0.. .. .. ..

33

The U.S. Chiefs of Staff vi ews that logistics considerations prevented French and Dutch participation in the
Pacific war are presented to the Combined Chiefs of
Staff for consideration. Memorandum by the U.S. Chiefs
of Staff at Potsdam, 18 July 1945. ............................

36

The British Chiefs of Staff suggest that the French
divisions be "employed in due course in French IndoChina." Memorandum by British Chi efs of Staff at
Potsdam, 18 July 1945 ........ ~ .............................................. " .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. ..

37

The U.S. Chiefs of Staff consider the British view
and compromise earlier U.S. positions to allow for
possible use of French divisions under British command
in areas to "be determined later." Memorandum by
U.S. Chiefs of Staff at Potsdam, 19 July 1945.................

37

Report to the President and Prime Minister of the agreed
summary of conclusions on the strategic concept and
policies for prosecution of the war, reached by the
Combined Chiefs of Staff at the te rminal conference
of the Postdam meeting. Basically, the Chiefs' strategy focused on Japa n with the U.S. controlling operations. The door was left open for French and Dutch
. participation based on "military considerations" and
"Shipping" reC],uirements . JCS files, CCS 900/3,
24 July 1945 ...............-.................. " ................ " .............................. "..............

39

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14.

President Truman informs Hurley (China) that it was agreed
at Potsdam to divide Indochina at latitude 160 north for
operational purposes: the south going to Southeast Asia
Command (SEAC) and the north going to the China theater.
Hurley is urged to get Chiang Kai-shek's concurrence.
Truman telegram to Hurley from Berlin, 1 At::gust 1945 • •••••••••

15·

William J. Donovan~ Director of the Office of Strategic
Services (OSS), reports on the French attitude toward
the Indochina Provisional Government to the Secretary
of State. A French committee was to negotiate with
Annamite leaders on terms favorable to Indochina; the
French were to act as advisors to the Indochina Provisional Government with the power to sign treaties
for France. Annamite leaders, however, expressed the desire to have status as an American protectorate, excluding both French and Chinese occupation. Threats of
. violence over a French reoccupation were made. Hemoran':'
dum by Donovan for Secretary of State, 22 August 1945 • •••••••• 45

16.

Dean Acheson, Acting Secretary of State, reasserts U.S.
policy tow'ard French control of Indochina to the Charg€
in China (Robertson). The U.S. neither opposed nor
assisted re-establishment of French control in Indochina, Robertson was told. The U.S. "willingness" to
see French control is based on the future outcome of
French claims of popular support. Acheson 1622 to
Robertson, 5 October 1945. ...................................

49

17.

Caffery (Paris) informs Secretary of State of the
franco-British agreement on Indochina which recognizes the French Civil Administration as sole authority in Indochina south of the 16th parallel. Caffery
6006 to Secretary of State, 12 October 1945. .................49

18.

Caffery reports that de Gaulle rejected announcing a
far-reaching, progressive policy designed to give
Indochinese greater authority, representation, and
responsibility in government under the pretext of
the state of disorder which prevailed in Indochina.
De Gaulle felt that "no such policy could be implemented pending restoration of French authority." .
Caffery 6857 to Secretary of State, 28 November 1945.

19.

•
- -.--.

........

Matthews requests direction from Acheson on transfer
of Lend-Lease vehicles from the British to the French
in Indochina. Acheson replies that President Truman
thought the U.S. should agree to the transfer. AchesonMatthews notes, 18 January 1946. ...••••••••••••.••••••••••••.

iv
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44

50

52·

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20.

Secretary of State Byrnes requests information on
conditions in Indochina and especially on the
status of French-Viet Minh negotiations. Byrnes
53 to Bangkok, 28 January 1946 ...............•.• ~ ....•......

53

21. Gen Gallagher, OSS, reveals that, in his view of

22.

23.

24.

Indochina, "one OF two modern French divisions could
defeat the Annamese" and that after de Gaulle's
October pronouncement of colonial policy, the
Annarnese (Ho Chi Minh) refused to negotiate with
the French and became hostile. "Ho himself will
not deal with the French •.. and will be behind any
continuing Annamese movement." The Viet Minh
administration was young and inexperienced but
"the demand for independence is widespread and
even in the villages the peasants refer to the
example of the Philippines ... however, the Viet Minh
should not be labeled full-fledged doctrinaire communist." Memorandum of Conversation by R.L. Sharp,
SEA Affairs, 30 January 1946. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

Landon reports that d'Argenlieu-Ho Chi Minh negotiations have been proceeding and may be completed
in two or three weeks, and that only temporary and
local Franco-Chinese agreements have been realized.
Landon (Saigon) 0927 to Byrnes, 5 February 1946............

58

Caffery informs Byrnes that the present French
government "will try to follow a conciliatory and
moderate policy in Indochina and will be more pro- ·
gressive in its outlook than de Gaulle." Caffery
595 to Byrnes, 6 February 19116. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59

Landon states that: "It seems certain that Annamese
plan desperate resistance to French. Ho Chi Minh
stated that he considering petitioning all United
Nations to mediate Annamese independence and prevent
extensive bloodshed." Landon (Hanoi) 2 to Byrnes,

16 February 194.6 ................. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59

25. -Landon refers to two letters to President Truman from
Ho Chi Minh which request the USA as UN member to
support Ap~amese independence according to the example
of the PhiliIpines. Landon summarizes the points in
Ho Chi Minh's petition to the United Nations which
includes a review of French conquests, Ho's governmental accomplishments, and requests for intervention,
by the Big Four. Landon (Hanoi) to Secretary of State ,
undated (received 27 February 1945) .........................

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26.

27.

28.

The Chinese Foreign Affairs Minister, Dr. Wang,
indicates that Chinese troops ",ould be withdrawn
from Indochina by 15 April and that he had urged
a "bloodless" Franco-Viet Min.ll agreement with
them. Wang suggests joint Chinese-American
mediation o~ French-Indochinese problem and refers to the late President Roosevelt's interest
in dependent peo~les. Smyth (Chungking) 394
to Byrnes, 28 February 1946. .......•...........••.••.••...•

62

Reed rep0rts signing of the 6 March agreement
whereby "Vietnam becomes a free state within
the Indochina federation and will have own army,
direct own internal affairs, and finance ...
Annamites are frankly pleased ... French military
occupation proceeding smoothly." Reed (Saigon)
20 to Secretary of State, 7 March 1946. ...........•••••••..

63

Saigon informs State that Chinese are putting
obstacles in the French path and Viet Minh incidents around Saigon are increasing. Reed 33
to State, 14 March 1946. ...................................

29.

30.

31.

32.

Viet Minh extremists assassinate a member'of the
Cochin China Council, French seize Hanoi
Treasury, and Tonkin incidents jeopardize
peaceful outcome of events. Reed 70 to State,

1 April 1946. ..............................................

64

The U.S. informs France that the Combined
Chiefs of Staff do not object to relief of
Chinese troops by French forces in Indochina,
and that on the repatriation of Japanese,
the French military commander should coordi~
nate "'ith Gen Ka:!A.rtbur( since the Chinese and
British were totally relieved of occupation
and repatriation duties in Indochina). Byrnes'
note to Bonnet, 12 April 1946. .......................•.....

64

O'Sullivan (Hanoi) indicates that most important
immediate question in the negotiations opening
at Dalat appears to be status of Cochin China.
0' Sullivan 2 to Byrnes, 18 April 1946. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . .

65

The U. S. inllicates that Ho Ghi Minh has r t~­
quested U.S., U.K. and other recognitions
as a free state within French Union. Byrnes
to ConsUlar Officers, 18 April 1946 ..•..•.......... ~.......

66

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33. Ho Chi Minh calls for Cochin-China to join Vietnam,
French to cease entering Cochin-China, and for French
to live up to agreements. French are pessimistic over
Dalat conferences. " ••. over-all picture is not a
happy one •.. " Reed 122 to Byrnes, 27 April 1946. .....•••.•.

66

34. U.S. reviews the situation at Dalat conference from the
viewpoint of Fret!ch and Vietnamese as pessimistic
(in light of recent conflicts, outbreaks of fighting,
and conflicting views on Co chin-China status) and
feels that French will possibly attempt a coup when
Chinese withdraw. Acheson to Consular Officers,
l May 1946 .......................... .-.......................

67

35. Acheson reports that the French are confident of
success in negotiations with Vietnam, but they
feel the Vietnam delegation is controlled by· betterorganized communists, even though only half the
delegation is communist. Acheson to Consular

36.

Officers, 13 May 1946 .............................. ,. . . . . . . . .

67

Ho Chi Minh is reported as believing satisfactory
agreement can be reached with the French. Acheson
to Consular Officers, 14 May 1946. ...............•.........•

68

37. U.S. expresses concern over continued presence of

38.

Chinese troops in Tonkin and that everything possible should be done to speed evacuation. Acheson
to Gen George C. Marshall (Nanking), 15 May 1946. ...........

68

French propose federal organization for Vietnam
(under High Commissioner who exercises French
Union powers) with a legislative assembly of
ten members each from Tonkin, Annam, CochinChina, Laos, Cambodia, and ten French members.
Byrnes to Nanking, 20 May 1946 ........-.............••. -......

69

39. U.S. raises Consulate Saigon to Consulate General,
effective 20 May 1946. Byrnes 2427 to Caffery,
20 May 1946. ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

40 . . U.S. notes three important political parties in
Vietnam: Viet Minh (whose most active members
are former Indochinese Communist Party members),
Dong Minh H0i (DMH) and Vietnam ~uoc Dan Dang
(VN~D), which seem to have support of the Chinese.
Catholics appear to support no single party, but
"as a group will not remain long absent from
politics." O'Sullivan 20 to Byrnes for General
Mar-shall, 20 :May 1946 ......................... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii

69

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41. Ho Chi Minh has constantly given impression that
"he would pay great attention to any suggestions"
made by the U.S. O'Sullivan (Hanoi) to Byrnes,

5 June 1946...................................................

71

42. U.S. Consul in Hanoi views Vietnam strength in

43.

Cochin-China as "diminishing," that Ho went to
Paris for this reason, and at the same time, to
seek support from French Left Wing. O'Sullivan
to Byrnes, 5 June 1946 ............................. ".........

. 71

Caffery reports Franco-Vietnam conference at
Fontainebleau is off to a bad start, as Vietnamese delegation protested assumption of the
chairmanship by head of the French delegation,
protested creation of .Cochin-China as an independent state, and accused French of violating
6 March agreement. Ho Chi Minh held conversations with Algerians on similarity of their
problems. Caffery 3323 to Byrnes, 7 July 1946..............

73

44. Vietnam breaks off negotiations at Fontainebleau
on the grounds that France violated March 6

45.

accord by convoking a new Dalat conference.
Caffrey 3801 to Byrnes, 2 August 1946.......................

74

U.S. views recent moves by the French as designed to regain a large measure of control
over Indochina in "violation of the spirit
of the 6 March'convention" and that widespread
hostilities may result from Vietnamese resistance
to these encroachments. Memorandum by Moffat
(SEA) for Vincent (FEA), 9 August 1946......................

75

46. U.S. views results of Dalat conference as a
reasonable basis for the future, but far short
of larger degree of independence desired by
Vietnam, and it is difficult "to foresee any
great degree success ..• so long as Cochin-China
stays apart from Vietnam ... " Reed 342 to Brynes,
17 'August 1946 ......... .- ..............._......................

78

47. U.S. expresses concern over "French colonial
tendency picture U.S. as aggressive and imperialistic" and indicates closeness of this unwitting
French colonial view to Communist Party line.
Clayton (Acting SecState ) 240 to Saigon,

78

4 September 1946 ..................................... '., ...... .

viii

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48.

U.S. looks at intelligence reports linking USSR
to Ho Chi Minh and requests information on relative
strength and outside contacts of Vietnam comrrllli~ists.
Clayton 241 to Saigon, 9 September 1946......................

79

Caffery reports on visit of Ho Chi Minh just prior
to signing modus vivendi; Ho declares he is not a
communist. Caffery 6131 to Byrnes, 11 September

1946 ..........
50.

51.

0

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • ·• • •

53.

54.

55.

56.

•••••••••••••••••••••••

0

79

••••

U.S. is informed by French of increased communist
activities in French Indochina , chiefly Chinese
Communist entrenchment in Saigon and Haiphong.
Agencies outside of Indochina are supplying propaganda. Reed 374 to BYrnes, 17 September 1946................

80

Caffery reports signing of modus vivendi and that
Ho Chi Minh obta"ined satisfaction on many points,
but French would have 1ikedto include definition
of Vietnam relations to Indochinese federation and
French Union. Caffery 4671 to Byrnes, 17 September

1946 ................
52.

0

0

•••••••

0

•••••••••••••••••••••

0

•••

0

•

•

•

•

••

.

80

Saigon views "arnicab1e" meeting of Ho Chi Minh and
High Commissioner in light of belief that "French
Communists desire soft-pedal communist trends in
Vietnam for political reasons" prior to elections.
Reed 411 to Byr~es, 19 October 1946 .•.••••••••••• ~...........

82

Ho Chi Mi nh informs the U.S. that effectiveness of
modus vivendi depends on France, fighting would not
stop unless French applied the agreement, and that
Cochin-China "must be united to Vietnam. 1I
O'Sullivan 96 to Byrnes, 25 October 1946.....................

82

Contact between Vietnam and Chinese Communists is
apparent, but the presence of Chicoms as advisors
in the provinces is difficult to verify. Reports
of Chicoms in Haiphong are regarded with SUsplclon.
O'SUllivan ·101 to Byrnes; 1 November 191+6 ••••••••• ~ •••••••• o.

83

Caffery reports French concern over "positive proof"
of direct contact betvTeen Moscow and Ho Chi Minh.
Caffery 5857 to Byrnes, 29 November 1946.....................

83

U.S. Consul vievrs Ho Chi :rvrinh's contacts with France
as designed to facilitat e application of Marxist
principle s vrhen, and if, a Communist government
. is established in Fr ance. Further, French concern

ix

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of Ho's communist contacts at this time is peculiar
when they are forcing collaboration or preparing
a puppet government; this ploy is a possible diversion
from French policy in Indochina. O'Sullivan 131 to
Byrnes, 3 December 1946. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.I

84

57. Acheson instructs Moffat on Ho Chi Minh's communist

58.

59.

60.

61.

record and offers guidelines of U.S. policy in discussion with Ho. Essentially, the U.S. is concerned
over Tonkin events, the American people have welcomed
Indochinese attainments but violence imperils this
sympathy, and U.S. is informing France similarly.
The U.S. is not making formal intervention at this
time. Acheson 305 to Saigon, 5 December 1946 . .............

85

U.S. feels France would engage in full scale military
operations in Vietnam only if forced, since they
realize it is no longer possible to maintain a closed
door. However, Cochin-China political question must
be settled and French cannot resolve it without a
fight. The Cochin-Chinese prefer Tonkin to France.
Reed 472 to Byrnes, 6 December 1946. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

87.

Secretary Byrnes reviews basic French-Vietnamese
difficulties for Missions at London, Moscow, and
Nanking. Essentially, the difficulties revolve
around.deep nationalist sentiment and opposition
to the Frenc~guided by a few communist trained
leaders in the government with apparent contacts
with Moscow and Yenan. HOI"ever, "French influence
is important not only as an antidote to Soviet
influence, but to protect Vietnam and SEA from
future Chinese imperialism." Three basic troubles
are mutual distrust, French irresolution of the
term "free state," and Vietnamese intransigence.
Byrnes message to certain Missions, 17 December

;

1946 ............................................. ; . . . . . . . . .

88

Byrnes reviews recent French political crisis and
influence of Indochina policy as an important
factor. Outbreak of hostilities in Hanoi seen as
serious and not likely to be resolved by Moutet
and d 'Argenlieu. Byrnes message to MoscovT, Nanking
and Saigon, 20 December 1946...............................

90

Vincent informs Acheson that with inadequate forces
and divided public opinion, the French have tried
to accomplish in Indochina what a strong, united
Britain found unwise to attempt in Burma. In short,
"guerrilla warfare may continue indefinitely." The
x

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French should be informed of U.S. concern,
especially since the conflict may come before
the UN or other powers may intervene. Memorandum by Vincent for Acheson, 23 December 1946..................

91

62. U.S. advances reasons why the Vietn ames e attacked
the French on 19 December: (a) orders from Moscow
,to upset Southeast Asia, or to increase Communist
Party strength in France as a result of a quick
settlement if the CP should take power from Blum;
and (b) hope for similar Javanese-Dutch settlement
resulting from fighting while negotiating.
O'Sullivan 154 to Byrnes, 23 December 1946 •.•...•••••••••••••

92

63. U.S. impresses concern over Tonkin events on the
French, but expresses no offer to mediate. U.S. is
concerned that the UN might become involved.
Byrnes 6586 to Caffery, 24 December 1946 ..•...•.••.•.•.•••..•

93

64. U.S. takes the position to oppose Chinese proposals
for intervention in Indochina . Acheson 8317 to
Gallman (UK), 27 December 1946 .•...• ~ .•••.••.•••..•.•..••••••

95

Reed, in discussing Ivith whom Moutet can deal,
' offers creation of nelV government under Bao Dai ,
and/or Tam. Reed 499 to Byrnes, 30 December 1946 .•....•.•••.

95

66. The U.S. approves the Consul in Hanoi to act on
humanitarian grounds to save lives, but cautions
not to become involved in any situation which could
be interpreted as mediating basic political issues
without express authorization.
Byrnes 25 to O'Sullivan, 31 December 1946 ....••••••.•.•••...•

67. The U.S. reasserts the non-involvement policy of
approving sales of military arms and armaments
to France except in cases Ivhich relate Indochina.
hostiliti es . Byrnes 75 to Paris, 8 January 1947.............

97

68. U.S. expresses support and full recognition of
Fr ance 's position; hOvlever, the U.S. cannot, overlook
dangerous outmoded colonial French methods . On the
other hand, the U.S. does not desire that France be
replaced by Kr~~incommunism as evidenced by Ho
Chi Minh connections. The U.S. does not favor UN
intervention , but "frankly vle have no solution of the

.'

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problem to suggest." George C. Marshall, Secretary
of State, 431 to Paris, 3 February 1947. ...... .............

98

69. The U.S. is concerned that the Western democratic
system is on the defensive in emerging nations and
Southern Asia is.in a critical phase. The key to
the U.S. position is an awareness that in respect
to the position pf Western democratic powers in
Southern Asia, the United States is in the same
boat as the French, British and the Dutch. "We
cannot conceive setbacks to the long range interests of France which would not also be setbacks of
our own." The U.S. is ready to be helpful in any
way, however, non-intervention is still the U.S.
pollcy. Marshall 1737 . to Paris, 13 May 1947 ............... 100

70.

The State Department is concerned that a rumored,
dry season French offensive would have repercussions
in a Congress which will be called on for extensive
financial aid to Western Europe in light of France's
economic, financial, and .food position. Marshall
3433 to Paris, 11 September 1947. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103

71.

M. Bollaert, French High Commissioner in Indochina,
delivers publicly the most important declaration
of French policy since before hostilities broke out.
The French ask for a Vietnamese "representative
government" to accept French terms , and exclude
dealing with Ho Chi Minh except as a last resort,
and then only for his surrender. The U.S. sees
this policy resuJ.ting from a strengthened France
(and a proportional umvillingness to make concessions) as a "retreat" from the March 6 accords.
O'Sullivan letter to Marshall, 12 September 1947 ........... 104

72.

The French deny any planned dry season military
offensive. Caffery 3715 to Marshall, 12 September

1947. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ill

73.

France considers Bollaert's policy speech as a
step forward on two points: formal abandonment
of Indochina federation idea, and acceptance of
the principle of union of the three KYs without
a referenda.
Caffery 3753 to Marshall, 14 September 1947.· ...... · .... · . ·····.· . · ... · ..........................

7~.

112

The Chinese view French policy as making the position of U.S. and China 9ifficult and do not see

(Text continues in the original file: 301 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-3a — [Part V. B. 2. b.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Truman Administration. Volume II: 1950 -1952

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### Full text

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
VIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET 13
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Sea Der Cent Iv. X- 0295

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V.B.3.

JUSTI FIC-,~J' ION

OF THE WAR -- I NTERNAL CO:MMITMENTS

The Eisenhower AdJninistration, 1953 - 1960

Foreword
This portion of the study consists of a colle ction of
U. S. Government documents which set forth the rat iona le of
U. S. policy toward Vietnam . The collection repr esents the
internal commitment of . the U. S. as expressed in classified
documents circulated at the highest l evels in t he Government .
The documents are organized chrono logically within each Presidenti al administr ation . This volume covers the Eisenhower
years , 1953 - 1960 .

..

BOOK I

1953

BOOK I I

1954 - The Geneva Accords

BOOK III

The Geneva Accords - 1956 French l{ithdra,,'ra1

BOOK IV

1956 French Wi thdraw·al - 1960

a

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V.B.3.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE WAR -- INTERNAL COMMITMENTS
The Eisenhower Administration, 1953 - 1960 .

Contents and
Chronolog ic a l List of Documents

BOOK I
1.

2.

.

General Collins sends ISA a letter from General Trapnell,
MAAG, Indochina, who indicates that the "most important
and immediate need to the succes s ful conclusion of the war
in Indochina was more troops.Tt Army Gen e ral St aff memorandum for ISA, 15 January 1953..................................

1

The Joint Chiefs of Staff a r e requested to unde rtake a
re-examination of U.S. p a rticipat i on in the I ndo china
operation g iving spe cia l c onside r at i on t o train i n g i no.ige nou s forc es . Deputy Se cretary of Defense memorandum for
JC S , 19 J anu a::r;y- 1953 ... ".· . .

4

Pre sident Ei senhower links t he Korean \-rar ,d.th the Indo ch5.na
con flict. St ate of t he Un ion Message , 2 F eb ruar~V' 1953........

5

#

3.

4.

••••

............

The s t ate Department :proposes an exchange of militar y
tr a ining missions bet-\'leen French , Vi etnanet~e, Cambodian,
Laoti an 2.nd ROKts . Dulles 1644 t o Saigon , 10 February

1953 . . .. ., ........... " ....

5.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /'..

eo .

.

.....

0

...

...

..

~ <: " : . . . . . e . . . .

/I

..........

,.

•

•

•

DL,lles and Bidault co!).versat i ons revea.l that the Fr ench
ar e r el:i..eyed over Eiser..hm-,er ! s Indochina pos i tion . "I
t hank God mld Genera.l EisenhOl'Ter that it. took only six
y ears t o hav-e France ! s contribution there recognized for
"\.,rh at i t i s. I! A- 1 17 t o Saigon, 5 March 1953 . .........

0. .. .....

6.

6

8

I n r. epl y t.o t he Secretary o f Defense request to're - examine
t he Indochi na problem , the J CS recommend that France be
" encouraged" to augment the Vi etnamese forces, that the
ports and .8,:'rfields i n Tonkin be improved , that the U. S.
s uppor t the t roop a.ugmentation and port. improvement ,'lith
money and materials, and that France "oe pressured to grant
greater responsibility and autonomy to the Associated
St.ates . JCS Memorandmn for Secretary of Defense , 13 Harch

1953 .... . . . . ' .' .... .

III

•

•

fI

••

••••

••

i

••

•

•

••••

"

•

•••

tf

0

•

••

•

•••••••

•

•••

~

11

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7. Dulles outlines U.S. policy on Indochina to Bidault. The
U.S.: (1) is fully aware of the importance of the French
struggle; (2) sees the situation with !!real s ense of
urgency!! ;(3) shares concern re garding !!adequacy of the
financial contribution" by Indochinese anQ French residents
there; (4) desire s agreement that Viet Minh defe at would
deter CHICOM intervention; a~d (5) appre ciates French views
on participation by Associated States in discus s ing policy
and receiving U.S. milit ary and economic aid. Dulles 4907

8.

9.

10.
..

11.

12 .

13.

.'

to Paris, 19 March 1953 ....... . ......... ~ ....... e • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

15

President EisenhO"iV'e r stresses the importance of EDC as a
means for European viability to Mayer and LeTourneau. The
!!President declared that EDC is so inlportant in American
eyes that the American people would not support aid to
France if they ,.Tere given the impression that France is
resorting to dilatory tactics in order to postpone ratification •.•• "
Dulles 4992 to Paris, 26 ~ilarch 1953.............

17

Secretary Dulles r eassure s the Fr ench that a "Chine se
Communist att ack is unlike ly" in I ndochina and t hat any
Kore an armist i ce ,.Tould have "automatic ally f ailed fJ.tiJ
purpose.!! Dulles 5001 to Par is, 27 March 1953 ................ ·

19

The Fren ch plan to cre ate , "strong fr ee st at e s . i n Indoch ina!!
is to be studied even though EisenhmV'er f eel s that the time table i s t oo s lmV' . The U. S. i s intent on doi ng nothing
to i ncr ease France 's diff iculties . Dulles 50 LiO to Par i s ,
30 Mar ch 1953........... . .....................................

21

Co st defi cits of t he French !! s t rategi c concept!! are $231
million and $299 .3 million fo r CY 1954 and 1955 . No f ormal
r eque st f or the U.S . to assume t he deficits i s made but
"Fr ench i ntent i s cl ear t hat i s t hei r plan. 11 Dulles 1967
to Sa i gon , 7 Apr il 1953 ................. . ....... . . . ... . .......

22

President Eisenho,.;er i ndicates publi cl y that an armistice
i n Korea. sbould mearl \I an end to the direct and i ndi rect
attacks upon the securi ty of I ndochi na and Malaya . II The
warning i s clear to Red China that armies releas.ed by the
armist i ce to attaclc el sel,rhere woul d make the armistice
lI a f r aud ." Vlhite House Press Re l ease , 16 April 1953 ..........

23

The J CS sUIllJUarize the Iveakncqses of the Fl ench Plan pre sented by LeTournea.u and Allard. Briefly , the plan is not
aggressive, i nsuffic i ent cons i deration is given to cutting
t he enemy supply lines , insufficient emphas i s is given t o
placing responsibility on the Vietnamese , and the pl an
r eli es extensively on small unit operations. See also
documents numbered 35, 36 and 37, belm'T. J CS memorandum
for Secretary of Defense, 21 April ~953 ..... . . .. ~.... . .. . . ... .

24

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14.

15.

16.

.

17.

The U. S. urges the French to come forward with a program
which can sensibly be sold to Congress as holding promise
of a satis factory outcome, "perhaps in a couple of years."
Dulles ind;_cates that the President woul1 favor a s much
as $525 mi11 ion and po s sibly more this year if Congress
could be tol d "this program has enough chance of success
•••• !Jhay i t will largely 'clear up the situation. t1
Bi-Partite US-French Conversations, 22 April 1953............

27

The JCS at a meeting with State informally indicates
reservations on the feasibility of the French plan. The
JCS feel that the Fr ench must appoint an "aggressive
French military leader" to Indochina, revise the strategy
toward more offensive action, and use Vietnamese forces
in large r ather than' small units -- other wise "U.S. aid
would be wasted" in Indochina . State TOSEC 9 to Paris,

24 April 195 3 .................................... ~ . . . . . . . . . . .

31

The U. S. pos ition i s clea rly that lTarmie s r ele ased in
Korea" ..rill not strik e elsewher e . Since the I ndochina
war does not h ave the IT status of an inter national war,"
the U. S. suggests t hat per haps t he Fr ench should bring
the curr ent Laos problem befor e the Secux i ty Counc il.
Ext ract of Tr ipartite US-UK-Fr en ch Me eting , 25 Apr il 1953 ....

32

France i s t old that the U. S. proposes t o r ecommend an
FY 1954 Mutual Secur i t y Program (MSP) for Fr ance of

$100 million f or equipment of French uni t s in SACE"lJR ,

$Lt60 million i n funds as 4CF/o of Indochi na IvaI' expendi-

18.

19.

20 .

t ure r at e , and an addi t i onal unspecifi ed amount i nvol v i ng t rained. Associa.ted States f orces . Memorand't.lm on Aid ,
Par i s 5673 t o Se cretary of stat.e, 26 A:r;ril 1953 ... •. ••.....••

34

The FI'ench ar e r e l uctant to bring t he Laos aggr ession
b ef ore the Secur i ty Coun.cil b ecause it "might precipi ta.te
a coloni al d.ebate ." Dulles Memorandum of Conversation ,
27 April 1953 ....... .. ... . ...••. , •....•..... •.· . • . • . • • • . . . • . .

3'7

The French request for . C-119 air craft r eache s Eisenhower
and raises t he guestion of sending U. S. l)erSOlmel on combat mi ss i ons in I ndochina . Such a decision is seen as
having Il rep.ercussions ll and raising many probl ems .
Douglas ~a(' Arthur, II, memorandmn, 27 Ap:'il 1953.. ...........

J8

The JCS appr oves the loan of six C- 119 aircraft to t he
French f or use in Indochina provided they are flo\.~ by
ci vili an pilots. The CIA is to compl et e the transa ct i ons .
State Far Eas t Memo r andum to Dulles , 28 April 1953 . .......•..

39

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21.

22.

The Department of Defense accepts the French proposal to
send a U. S. military mission to Indochina. State 5655

to Paris, 18 May 1953........................................

40

The U. S. is prepared to support a French request to NATO
to permit diversion of French Air Force manpower to Indochina in view of the fact that "the near collapse of tbe
maintenance and pilot capabilities of the French Air Force
in Indochina is close at hand." State 5693 to Paris,
21 May 1953 ...............

42

The U. S. backs down on its intent to have Thailand submit
the tlLaos invasion" case to the Security Council. "French
attitude regarding Thai appeal has been emphatic almost to
the point of hysteria." Dulles 2297 to Bangkok, 1 June
1953 .............................................

44

0

23.

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

eo • • • • • • • • • • •

24.

The Intelligence Advisory Committee concludes that Communist China will not invade Indochina even though hostilities conclude in Korea. The French situation, however, is
expected to continue to deteriorate while the Viet Minh
prestige increases . National Int elligence Estimate,
NIE-91,

25.

4 June 1953 ...... ~ ...........•.................

o •••••

The Joint Chiefs of Staff' propose "Terms of'Reference" for
the O'Daniel Military Mission to Indochina. JCS Memorandum for Secretary of Defense, 10 June 1953 .................. .

59

26. The o 'Daniel mission arrives in Saigon to pursue discussions with General Henri Navarre on the manner in 'l<lhich
U. S. aid may best contribute to the French i'Tar effort.

State Press Release 329, 20 JUDe 1953., ..................... .

27.

General 0 'D aniel recommends to the ,JeS that a capability
for, small industry in Indochina be established, that an
incre ase in artillery 'lmits be approved for Indochina, and
that the U. S. "think in t erms of the ' Navarre Concept ' in
association \vith the "Tar in Indochina, 11 OIDani el Report
to JCS, Ilf ~ruly 1953 .. '.... .. ..... .. . , ...... , , ............... .

28.

The U. S, expresses gratification at annoQ~ced French
political plans and indicates that the Navarre Plan IIhad
impressed 'J. S favora-bly . II Stress is plac2d on hav ing other
alternative s available if negotiations were to start, e . g. ,
the Navarre Plan. Assuranc e i s given the French that
Communist China '\vill not" intervene in Indochina. US-France
Bilateral Talks, 15 July 1953 .............
0

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29.

The French circulate a memorandum which outlines the
IIdirectionll in which an effort should be macle, i. e. ,
possible consideration of an Indochina cease-fire by
the political conference which follov7s the Korean truce
talks. French Memorandum, unda ted (15 July 1953 Conference) ........ -............................

•

101

results of the foreign ministers talks. He indicates
that the aid to Indochina is the second largest cost
item in our Mutual Security Program (MSP). State
Press Release 387, 17 July 1953..............................

105

The French are reported as "prepared to adopt the. general
principles of the Navarre Plan" but must have additional
U.S. funding in CY 1954; howeve r, according to Dulles,
"there ,·ras no hope of getting any additional funds whatsoever from the U.S. for Indochina" and if funds are not
available, the only alternative for France is withdrawal.
Paris 370 to Dulles., 29 July 1953............................

107

The French r equ e st that "the i nt e rdependence of the different theaters," i.e., Indoc hina and Korea, not be lost
sight of by t h e Allied negot i at or s on t h e Kore an a rmistice. . Fr ench Aide -Memo ir~ , 31 July 1953 ..• : . . ..••......... ~ .

109

The NSC r e ce i ves the fi rst p r ogr es s r eport on NBC 124/2.
This r eport r evielv s developments and cons ider ations
.
relating to s p ec i f ic e l ement s of polic y . Memo r andum for
NSC, 5 August 1953............................. . ................

112

The s t ate Department recommends t o · the NSC an increase
in aid to France of $lfOO million in t h e C"lUT ent fi scal
y ear. Memor andum fo r NSC , 5 August 1953 .................... .

125

0

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

30. Dulles reports to the American people on the principal

31.

32.

33.

31.>.

35.

:l'he Jo int Chiefs o f Staff > aft er point i ng out weaJ:nesses
of t he French plan , cons i der Navarr e I s c oncepts on con duct o f t he Indochina "rar as a :'marked improvement in
Fr ench mil itar y thi nk i ng lf &''1d state that i f "vigorous l y
pur sued ,1I t he plan o ffers a promise of success suffi cient
t o Ivarrant additional U. S. a i d. . The Navar r e concept i s
enc l osed vii. th JC S. Memorandum for Secretary of Defense ,
11 August - 953. (See a l so documents numb ,~red 1 3 , 36 , and

37) ........ . .. . . " . ... . ..

36 .

?

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••

•

o •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• ••••

, . " ' 0 '"

134

Th e JC S l earn that Secretary of Defense plans to f o.rwar d
t he ir 11 August memorandum to Secretary of State so a
ne"lv memorandum is drafted. "Thich makes changes t o c ertain

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37.

38.

39.

"overly optimistic" statements with respect to "promises
of success offered by the Navarre Concept." See documents numbered 13, 35, and 37 also. JCS Memorandum for
Secretary of Defense, 28 August 1953.........................

138

The JCS position is changed from 11 August to include
"the basic requirement for military success in Indochina"
as one of creating a political climate to provide incentive for the natives to support the French and supply
them with intelligence. The Joint Chiefs of Staff, in
considering the Navarre Concept, continue to believe that
additional U.S. support should be conditioned on continued
French support, demonstration of French performance, and
acceptance of U.S. military advice. Radford Memorandum
for Secretary of Defense, 28 August 1953. (See documents
numbered 13, 35, and 36 also)................................

140

Secretary Dulles identifies the Korean ivar i'rith the war
in Indochina . "A single Chinese Communist aggreSSive
front extends from Korea on the north to Indochina on
the south. State Press Release l.f69 , 1 September 1953........

142

The National Security Council, at the 161st meeting ,
approves additional U.S. aid ($385 million) £'or Fr ance.
The State Department view is that the Laniel government,
if not supported by the U. S., may be the last French
government to try to win in Indochina. NSC 161st Meet -

9 September 1953110 ............. "....... ~ ................ .

1~4

The U. S. informs France of the approval of additional
aid and requests assurances from the F-l'ench relating to
conduct of the ,var , pursuit of independence for the
Associated St.ates, acceptance of military advic e , and
no alteration of their NATO cOmTilitment. Dulles 868 to
Paris, 9 September 1953......................................

150

The President approves the NSC-recommended $385 million
additional aid for }i'rench I ndochina. Memorandum for
the NSC , 11 September 1953...................................

153

The US-French supplementary aid agreement consists of
six letters exchanged betvTe en Bidault and Dillon.
Three of the l etters spell out French pnlitical and
military undertaki.ngs, the U. S. terms and conditions,
and "the procedures to verify expenditures . . US-France
letters, 29 September 1953 .......••...•..•......•• o • • • • • • •

156

. ing,

40.

41.

~·2 .

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43.

44.

45.

46.

~7.

.
48.

49.

The U.S. and France publicly announce the French r e solve
to carry out the declaration of independence for the
Associated Stat e s and the approva l of additional U. S.
aid. State Press Release 529, 30 September 1953.............

167

The U. S. is concerned at the Ifill-considered action of
the Vietnamese National Congress" and deplores the atmosphere of the National Congress which jeop ardizes the
war effort. Dulles 695 to Saigon, 21 October 1953...........

169

President Eisenhower approves the statement of NSC 162/2
as basic national security policy which addresses the
Soviet threat to U. S. security. NSC 162/2 , 30 October

1953 .............................................. : . . . . . . . . . .

171

The U. S. informs France that their urgent request for
early delivery of 25 additional C-L~ 7 aircraft for Indochina has r eceived President ial approval. Dulles 1930
to Paris, 23 November 1953 ....•.•............•.••.. ;.........

201

France reas sure s the U. S. that the Ho Chi Minh interview,
,vhich is cons i de red by Lani el a s 98 pe rc ent propaganda,
will not affect Indochi na policy i n any way . Lani el ha s
Itflatly ref u sed" Pr es i dent Aur io l ' s i ns truct iC?ns to s eek
the earli est possibl e n egotiations ,'lith rIo Chi Mi nh .
. Paris 2110 to Dulle s , 30 Novembe r 1953 •..............•. • .....

202

General Nayarre, CinC Fr ench For ces, I ndo china, compl aj_ns
to Gener a l Trapne ll that t he aid r equests prepared by t he
Fr ench have been mod i f i ed by the MA.AG before reaching
Was hington . 1:1 cannot accept havi ng my potent i a l ,{hi ttled
aI'laY i n such a marmer . . .. It
Navarre l et ter t o Tr apnell}
7 Dec ember 195 3 .... .• ..... . ...•.. •. .........• ,.... . ..........

203

The CIA estimates t he Chinese and Soviet react i ons to u. S.
i ntervent i on in I ndochina with ground , air, and naval
fo rces . I t is 3.nticipated that the Communist Bloc ',VQu1d
not overt ly intervene even though decis i ve defeat of the
Vi et Minh vTOuld r esult but woul d support and augment t he
Vi et .Minh to prolong the Tesistaflce. Special CI A Est imate , SE -5 3, 18 December 1953 .. . ... ... ... . . . ..... . . . .........

206

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BOOK II

-', - -

50. The Joint Chiefs of Staff recommend steps which the U. S.
might take to assist in achieving success of the Navarre
Plan. Among these steps are: a renewed emphasis by France
on support of the Navarre Plan; an assignment of additional specialists to 1vLAAG, Indochina; an increase in unconventional ,yarfare activities; a re-examination of
current national strategy; and an interim revision of
French NATO commitments. JCS Memorandum for Secretary
of Defense, 15 January 1954..................................

212

51. The President approves the statement of policy in NSC 177,
"Uni ted States Objectives and Courses of Action with Respect to Southeast Asia," which views the loss of Indochina as having "most serious repercussions on U.S. and
free world interests .•.• " (NSC 177 was renumbered as
NSC 5405) NSC 5405, 16 January 1954 ....... ~ ... ~ . . . . ... . . . . . . .

52.

Senator Stennis informs Secretary Wilson that the U. S.
should stop short of sending troops or airmen to Indochina . "I do not think we can at all afford to take
chances on becoming participants in Indochina." Stennis
letter to Secretary of Defense, 29 January 19::4 ............. .

53.

The President's Special Committee decides to recoITJln.end
action on certain urgent French requests for tv.'11ety-two
B-26 aircraft and two hundred Air Force mech~~ics for
Indochina, and to alvait General 0 'D8.niel' s return before
deciding on other requests. It is generally agreed that
the importance to the U.S. of winning in Indochina could
lead to intervention by U. S. air and nava.l forces -'- but
"not ground forces." ISA Memorandum for the Eecord,
30 January 1954 ... ........ ~ .............. " ........

54.

55.

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8

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..

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217

239

..

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240

The Presid.ent approves, and the CJCS notifies France of
U. S. transfer to Indochina of ten B-26 type airc.raft
and tI'T O hunclred. USAF mechanics. This brings to t ,ventyt\W the total of B-26 aircraft slated for delivery to
Indoc hina. Admira l Radford (Anderson ) Memorandum to
General Valluy, 30 January 1954..............................

2Lf5

General 0 ' D~'1iel reports on General Navarre I s l ack of
enthusia sm on h aving a U. S. "liaison off icer" and his
disinte rest in U. S. participation in psychological
warfare. 0 'Danie l recommends that a s1.11a:"l J oi nt Staff
be approved, additional fULlds to STEM be approved, and
the employment of liaison officers be approved. He
cororl1ents that Dien Bien' Phu can vrithstand any kind of
Viet Minh att ack, but vTould be untenable to a f orce that
had several b attalions of artillery with air ob servation .
O'D aniel Report to JCS, 5 February 1954......................

246

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56. Korean President Syngman Rhee proposes sending a ROKA
Division to Indochina, but the Joint Chiefs of Staff
recommend that the transfer would not be in the best
interests of the Free World. JCS Memora~dum for
Secretary of Defense, 1 March 1954...........................

259

57. The JCS express concern over developments in the status
of the MAAG Chief to Indochina relative to a considerable
increase in personnel and scope of training responsibilities. The French feel that "it should be clearly understood that neither O'Daniel nOT MAAG was to have any
powers, advisory or otherwise" in planning operations or
training the national armies.
The -JCS feels a demotion
of O'Danie l in deference to Navarre is detrimental to
U. S. prestige. JCS MemQrandum for Secretary of Defense,
5 March 1954 .............
D

58.

.

59.

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264

•

In the preparation of Defense Department vievTs regarding
negotiations on Indochina for the Geneva Conference , the
JCS reaffirm their position concerning the strategic
importance of Indochina to the security interests of the
United States as reflected in HSC 5405. .JCS Memorandum.
for Secretary of Defense , 12 March 1954 ..................•..•
General Erskine submits the President's Special Committee
recommendations on the military implications of the U. S.
position on Indochina at Geneva. The analysis concludes
that "no solution to the Indochina problem short of
victory is acceptable." The conclusions expressed ·are
felt to merit consider ation by the NSC ~nd the President.
Erskine Memorandum for the Spedal Commit tee, NSC ,
17 :tvlarch 1954 ....

60.

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271

.

Secretary of Defense, Charles E. Wilson, is fully in
accord '.{ith the .rCS vievTs (Do cument No, 43) and General
Erskine t s recornmendations (Document No. 44), and recommends to Secretary Dulles that they be carefully consiLlered in prepa.ration for the Geneva Conference.
Hilson letter to Dulle s , 23 l'farch 195 L

f....................... . 276

61.

Gener al Ely feel s that any air intervention at Dien Bien
Phu \oJ"Oul.d have to come from Chinese territory and "\{Quld
carry grav, ccnsequences, I'C an di:.-ect i :1tervention by
U. S. aircraft be envisaged and, if such is the case,
hOlr would it t a...~e place?" See Annex A of Document 63,
page 277. General Ely Memorandmn to Admiral Radford,
23 March 1954 ....
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62.

Admiral Radford shares doubts of other JCS members on the
adequacy of measures taken by General Navarre at Dien Bien
Phu. General Ely predicts the outcome at Dien Bien Phu as
"50-50" 8JlQ emphasizes the great politicdl importance of
the battle. Radford is IIgravely fearful lt that French
measures will be inadequate, the consequences could lead
to loss of Southeast Asia, and to avoid this, the U. S.
must be IIprepared to act promptly and in force ll to a belated French request for intervention • . See Annex B to
Document 63, page 277. JCS Memorandtun for the President,
24 March 1954 ...........................................
0

63.

...

•

•

General Ely, Chairman of the French ' Chiefs of Staff, is
"unsympathetic" to the JCS view to expand lv'rAAG, Indochina
to assist in training Vietnamese. Ely feels it would
encroach on French responsibilities, would affect IIprestige ll
and shows lack of confidence in French leadership.
(Annex A, Ely Memorandum for Radford; A'lnex B, JCS Memorandum for the President)
JCS Memorandum for President's
Co:rmni ttee, 29 March 1954 ..........
0

64.

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The U. S. re iterates to the U. K. the following assumed
position: (1) that Britain supports our agreement to
discuss Indochina at Geneva provided France ,vould. not
turn over the area to the Communists; and (2) "we shall
not, however;, be disposed to give Communist China what
it ,vants fron us merely to .buy its promises of future
good. behavior. It Dulles 5090 to London, 1 April 1954 ......

288

277

291

65. The U. So proposes a coalition of U. S., France, Associated States, U. K., Australia; New Zealand, Thailand, and
the Philippines, 'Ivhich 'Ivould fight in Indochina as an
alterl'lative to French Union surrend.er and as a position
of strength going to Geneva. Du.l.les 3L!76 to Paris,
3 Apr'il 19541l .. ',;. .... . .... "
=
ill.

66.

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1,'he British consider partition the Itleast undesirable
settlement" for Ind.ochina and had not developed thoughts
on a confront ation with a French sell-out. Dulles 5177
.
1
•
to London , 4 Aprll 195 f •••••••••••
0

67.

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The French r e quest "immediate armed intervention of U. S.
carrier ai:r:craft at Dien Bien Phu l1 to sav"e the situation.
Admiral Radford had previous ly assured Ely that he wou.ld
lido his best ll to obtain the U. S. support. Paris 3710 to
Dulles, if April 1954 ................ . .. . ...
0

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0

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293

295

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68. NSC Action No. 1074-A considers the problem of determining
the circumstances, conditions, and ext ent to which the U.S.
should commit its resources to s ave Indochina . The problem involves four issues: (1) the prospect of loss of
Indochina; (2) the ri sks , r equirement s, and consequences
of Intervention~ (3) desirability and form of U. S. intervention; and (4) the timing and circumstances of intervention. NSC Action 1074-A, 5 April 1954....................

298

69. The U. S. Army position on intervent ion in Indochina cites
the military disadvant ages of such action. Specifically,
the Army views are that air and naval forces alone cannot
assure victory; that atomic weapons do not reduce the number of ground troops required; that at least seven U. S.
divisions with air and naval support are r e quired to win
if the Fr ench 'l-ri thdraw and the Chinese do not intervene;
and that the equivalent of twelve U. So~ivisions are required if the Chinese intervene . Army Po s ition on NSC
Action No. 1074-A (undated)..................................
70.

•

The President's Special Co~mittee studies the problem to
secure the defeat of Cornmunism and establish a "'Western
orient ed compl ex" in Southeast Asia without r esort to
overt combat operations by U. S. forces. The report
r ecom..'Tlends impl ementation of cours es of actio'n previ ously
re commended by the JCS (L e ., aug.ment the French Air
Force , assign CIA officials to Indochina, and allocate
additional f1J.0ds to Indochina); and that selectjve political , military , and psychological steps be taken as a
matter of priority (L e ., expand MAAG, expand use of U.S.

(Text continues in the original file: 271 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-3b — [Part V. B. 3. a.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Eisenhower Administration. Volume I: 1953

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-3b
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-3b
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 1953‑titled file finally got its paperwork done in 2011.

- Internal Eisenhower administration report, NARA, declassified 2011, covering 1954 Indochina policy
- Recommends supporting French, avoids U.S. ground troops, suggests air/naval intervention, includes Jan‑Apr 1954 memos
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 2

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UNITED STATES VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 -1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET#B
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Seo Def Gent Er. x0295

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V.B. 3.
JUSTTFICATION OF THE WAR
- INIERNAL COMMTTMENTS
The Eisenhower Administration, 1953 - 1960
BOOK II: 1954 - The Geneva Accords
0295
Sed Def Cont Mr. Li

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V. B.3. (Book II )
50.

51.

S"Cn.sitive

TABLE OF G9NTENTS
1~) . ,

The Joi.nt Chiefs of Sta.ff reco:-:-.nend. st eps \'Thich the U. S .
might take to assist in achieviD8 success o.f the Na.varce
Plan . i\..'"Ylong these s-"E'eps are : a rene";e:i emyhasis by Fran Ge
011 support of the 1':av2.rre Plan; a.n assigmr.ent of ad:ii tio:lal specialists to i.l.6...A.G , Indochina; a!l increase in U.t1 c onventional ,,..'arfare activitj.es; a re-·ex2rain2ition of
current Dc:'_tional strategy ; 2.no. an interim r evision of
French NATO cO;Tlmit~~ents . JCS Her,l:)rano.1.JJll for Secretary
of Defen se , 15 J anuary 1954 ... ............ ....... ......... ....

212

The Presid.ent ap:proves the state n'~en t of policy in NSC 177,
IIUrd ted states Objectives and. Com's es of Action 'dith Respec t to Southeast Asia , II ,,,hich Vie ,,.Ts the 103s of In:ioc hina as having "most serious repercussions on U. S. and.
. fre e "\wrl:l interest,s .... 'I ( HSC 17'7 vias renumbered as
NSC 5L~05) NSC 5405, 16 Januuy 1951~ .........................

217

52.

Senator.. Ste!1nis informs Secreta.ry I'Tilson tbat the U. S .
should stop short of sending troo:9s or a:i.rr:len to Indoc hina . " I do not think ,·re C,'Ln a.~c. all afford to take
chances on becor~\ing participants in Indochina ." Stennis
l etter to Secretary of Defense, 29 January 19~:LI" """'" , ...

53.

'Jlhe President ' s Special Cornni ttec decides to recom:raend

action on certain urgent French requests for t ',mety-t"\vo
B-·26 aircraft and h.-o hlmdred Air Force mechanics for
Indochin a , and to a',mit·General O' Daniel's return before
d eciding on other requests . It i s eencl'c_lly agreed that
the i mportance to t.he U. S . of ,,.;inning in Indoch.ina coulr3.
l ead. t o intervention by U . S . a,ir and naval forces .- - but
"not grolm1 forces." 1St'\. Hemoranc.huYl for the Record,
30 January 1954 .•.................•........•. , . , ............ .
5~.

The President a.ppro'res, and the C.JCS notifies France of
U. S. transfer to Indochir.a of ten B-26 type aircJ'2_ft
and t,.w., hundred USAF' mechanics . . This brines to h:e::-lty-

55.

tviO th e to tal of B-26 aircraft slated for deli very to
Indo china.. Adrniral Raiford ( i\nderson ) VIemorand.1.ml to
General Valluy , 30 J anuary 1954 ... . .. ....... ...... ... ........

245

Genera l 0 ' DCl..!'1iel reports on General Navarre ' s lack of
enthusiasl:l on h aving a U. S. "lia,ison Officer " and his
disinte rest in U. S . :9artici:9aticn i n psychological
,,·carfare . 0 ' Daniel r ecor;:rr,e rH'is that a small Joint Staff
b e approve:i, ad..::litional fund.s to S'IEI:·1 be approved , and
the e8ployrrccnt of liaison offiCers be approve·:L He
c O:TEnents that Die~ Bien Pl1u can \"1i th.:;tand any kin.d of
Viet l·Iinl1 att cck, bLl.t r.muld be UIltenable to a force th'lt
had several b attalions of artillery with air observation .
O' Daniel Heport to JC S , 5 Febn~3.1.'y 195)~ .............. . . . . . . . .

21;.6

v iii

TO?

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Page
56. Korean President Syngman Rhee proposes sending a ROKA
Division to Indochina, but the Joint Chiefs of Staff
recommend that the transfer would not be in the best
interests of the Free World. JCS Memorandum for
Secretary of Defense, 1 March l954............. 259
57. The JCS express concern over developments in the status
of the MAAG Chief to Indochina relative to a considerable
increase in personnel and scope of training responsibili-
ties. The French feel that "it should be clearly under-
stood that neither O'Daniel nor MAAG.was. to have any
powers, advisory or otherwise" in planning operations or
training the national armies. The JCs feels a demotion
of O'Daniel in deference to Navarre is detrimental to
U. S. prestige. JCS Memorandum for Secretary of Defense, 264
5 March 1954...........
58. In the preparation of Defense Department views regarding
negotiations on Indochina for the Geneva Conference, the
JCS reaffirm their position concerning the strategic
importance of Indochina to the security interests of the
United States as reflected in NSC 54O5. JCS Memorandum
for Secretary of Defense, 12 March 1954.............. 266
.
59. General Erskine submits the President's Special Committee
recommendations on the military implications of the U. S.
position on Indochina at Geneva. The analysis concludes
that "no solution to the Indochina problem short of
victory is acceptable." The conclusions expressed are
felt to merit consideration by the NSC and the President.
Erskine Memorandum for the Special Committee, NSC,
17 March 1954........... 271
60. Secretary of Defense, Charles E. Wilson, is fully in
accord with the JCS views (Document No. 43) and General
Erskine's recommendations (Document No. 44), and recom-
mends to Secretary Dulles that they be carefully con-
sidered in preparation for the Geneva Conference.
Wilson lctter to Dulles, 23 March l95h.......... 276
61. General Ely feels that any air intervention at Dien Bien
Phu would have to come from Chinese territory and would
carry grave consequences. "Can direct intervention by
U. S. aircraft be envisaged and, if such is the case,
how would it take place?" See Ánnex A of Document 63,
page 277. General Ely Memorandum to Admiral Radford,
23 March 1954........... 286
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62 .

Ac1m:Lral Re.dford she.r·es doubts of other JCS me'!1.bers on the
aclequacy of meo.SlU'es taken by General NaY8.rre at Dien Bien
Phu. Gener2.1 Ely predicts the outcome at Di en Bien Phu as
"50-50 ft and emphas izes th e greed political import an ce of
the b attle. Radford is " gn:,vely fearful" that Fr' ench
measures \'7ill be inade quat.e, the consequences could lead
to loss of Southeas t Asia, and to avoid this, the U. S.
must be "prepared to act pronptly and in force" to a bel ated French request for intervention . See Annex B to
Document 63, page 277 . JCS Memoranclum for t he President ,
24 Mar ch 1954 .. •.. ...................... ' ................
0

63.

61~.

65.

•

•

288

277

The U. S. reit erates to the U. K. the follovring assumed '
position : (l) t ,hat Britain supports OUT agreement to
discuss Indo china at Geneva provided France "\wl.lld not
turn over the area to the COlmLlunists; and ( 2) '\-Ie sh8.11
not, hO\·rever , b e disposed to give Communi s t China "\'That
it "\-rants from us mere ly' t o buy its promis es of future
good behavior . It Dulles 5090 to London, 1 April 1954 ....... . .

291

The U. S, p roposes a coalition of U. S., France, Associa.ted States, U. K.) Australia , NevT Zealand , 'I'ha ilancl , and
the Philippines ~ vrhich ',muld fight in Indochina as an
alternative to French Union surrender and as a position
o f strength go i ng to Geneva . Dulles 3476 to Par is,
3 Aprit 1954 .. ••... .. . ....•.

293

••••

•

•

•

,

• • "• • • • • • • • •

0

••••

0

•

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The British consider partition the " least unclesirable
settlement" for Indochina and. had not developed thoughts
on a confrontation '\d.th a French sell-out . Dull es 5177
to London , 4 Apr il 1954 ...........
0

67.

•

General Ely , Ch;:drnan of the French Chiefs of St aff , is
Ifun sympathetic f.f to the JC S vie,', to eXJl8ncl lv'J. .I\AG, Indochina
" to assist intr2.ining Vietmunese . Ely feels it \'To uld
encro ach on Fr ench responsibilities, i'Tould ' affect "prestige ft
and shov[s lack of confid.ence in Fr ench lea dership .
( Annex A, Ely l'·!Blloranclmn. for Radford ; Anne x B, JCS Nemo ranclum for the Pl'esident )
JCS Hemoran::h1m for President ' s
Com,11i ttee, 29 MaTch 195L~ .. . ...... . . ............... . . • . . . . . . . .

0

66.

•

••••••

0

••

' . '

••

••

0

•

•

•

•

•

•

'1'he French reques t "iJ'1Ynediate arm.ed intervention of U. S .
carri er aircr aft a.t Dien Bien Phu" to save the situation.
"Aclrn iral Radford h C'.d previously assured Ely that he "\'[ould
"do his best " to obtain the U. S. support. Paris 3710 to
Dulles , 4 April 195!~ ...................
0

x

"

'0

0

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0

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000

...

295

296

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6 9.

'(0.

71.

Sensitive

rISC Action No . 107L~ -A considers the problcn of determining
the circ"lElstanc es , conditions, and. extent to I·rhich the U. S .
shoUld cO!luilit i ts resources to save Indo cl1 ina. The probl em i nvolves four is sues : (1) the prospect of lo ss of
I ndochina ; ( 2 ) the l'isks , re quireT:lents , and consequences
of int ervention ; ( 3) desirability and fOrIn ot U. S . j nter v entioD ; aDd ( 4 ) the tirning and circumstances of interv ent ion . NSC Action J.07 l~ -A, 5 April 1954 ............. ~......

298

'1'he U. S. Army position on intervention in Indochina cites
the military disadvant ages of suc h action. Specifically,
the Army vie1.Ts are that air and naval forces alone cannot
assure victory; that atomic v;eapons do not reduce the nU..'11b e r of grm.md troops re quired ; that at least seven U~ S.
divisions vdth air and naval support are required to \·:in
if the French \ 'T i thdrmv a.nd the Chinese do not intervene;
andtha,t the equivalent of tl·Telve U. Sodi.visions arere quired if the Chinese intervene . Army Position on NSC
Action No . 1074-A (1.mdatecl)................ .... ..............

332

The President I s Special Committee stud.ies the problem to
secure the defeat of Communism and establish a "\'Iestern
ori ent. ed complex" in Sout.heast Asia. i-Tithout resort to
over t combat operations by U. S . forces . The r eport
r ecolnrllcmds irnplementation of courses of action previously
r ecomr.12nded by the JCS (i. e ., augment the French Air
Force , assign CIA offic'ials to Indochina, and a llocate
additional funds to Indochina); and that selective poli tic a l, military, and psychological steps be taken as a
ma-l,ter of priority (i. e " e).'P&l1d N. .lI.AG , expand use of U,S.
covert assets in unconventional \mrfa.re field) develop
fore ign i nfornw.tion ce.m:paign , etc .). Part I, "Indochina"
to the President ls Special Committee Report on Southeast
Asia Clulda.te9. ).................. . ........... ... ............ ..

333

The President I s Special CO!tlnittee submits r ecommendations
concerning longer range policy and courses of action for
possible future contingencies jn Southeast Asia not
cov el·ed. by NSC 5l~05 . It is recor:unended that the U. S .
accept nothing short of mi lit m'y victory, oppose a negotiated settlement at Geneva , pressure the Associated
states to continue the "Tar vrith U. S . support even if
n egotiat ioI"!s succeed , and seek payticipation of other
n ations . :Regardless of the outcome of current op erations
in I ndochina , the U. S. in all prudence should develop c.
r egional defense pos"uure incorporating all. the Southeast
Asian stat es . Part' II , Special Co:.:n."li ttee Report on
Southeast Asi a , 5 April 1954 ...........................

346

0

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'.'

72.

73 .

7L~.

75.

76 .

IIU. S. is doing everything possible .... to prepare public,
Congressional, and constitutional b'3.sis for uJlited action
in Indochina. 11 Hm·.' ever , such action is considered
rr
II impossible except on a coalit.ion basis Hith British
COrrimom,rcalth participation . Du~les 3L~82 to Paris,
5 April 195L~ .. ..................... ~ ......... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

359

Fra...>J.ce feels that the time for formulating coalitions has
passed as the fate of Indochina ,'Till be decided. in the next
ten days at DieD Bien Phu. Dj.llon ( Paris ) 3729 to Dulles,
.5 April 1954 ••...................... :........................

360

The National Security COlmcil receives recommendations of
the Planning Boarel on NSC Action 1074-A . The Board reCOTil. mends that the U. S. i ntervene if necessary but continue
to pressure the French and to S1.lpl")ort a regional defense
grouping in Southeast Asia Hi th maximum. Asian participa-·
tion. The KSC 8.lso r eceives a..11 assessment of risks in
i ntervention and alternative policies . JI1SC 1920. Neeting
( Item 1) , 6 A}?ril 1954 ......... . .. ... ....................... .

361

Eden.feels the seriousness of the French military situation is exaggerated -- "French cannot lose the I'Tar beb:een
no,·r and the coming of the rainy season hOlTever badly they
may conduct. it . II London L~382 to Dulles, 6 April 1951.1........

366

Dulles emphasizes that Unless·a ne": element is int erject.ed
into Indochina situation, such as an ad hoc coalition of
n ations pre ared. to fight , the French ,.Jill II sell-out II at
Geneya. The U. K ., Austrc:.lia, and Ne",; Zealand at.tit.ude is
the key to " united action ll and it is believed. that Red
China 'would not int ervene . Dulles 163 to Canberra,
6 ApTil 1954 • •. .................................

367

0

77.

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

The ',IaJ.:oney mission , ...,hich revie\·red the Indochina cost
. st.udy ,,·ri th the U . S . Country Team in Saigon, concludes
that tlit is not possible ... to arrive at any reasonable
estimate of cost" to the U. S . of TIlat.erials for the Indochina 1'7a:' . The "crash requirenents " and the French irnpr ession ( from visiting U.- S. officials ) that all requests
wil.l be gra.n.ted he,s kept the HDAP program i n a II constant
st ate of flux . 11 Naloney Henorand1.1.r.J. to Deputy Defense
Comptroller, 7 April 1951~.; .
<

78 .

•

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•

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•

•

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•

•

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•

Should Con':mnist China intervene in Indochina I'Ti th comb at aircraft" the .Joint Chiefs of Staff recoill1'lend that
.t aL1{.s should. be initiated to provide for irnpleI0.enta.tion
of nili t.ary a.ctions 8.S outlined in NSC 5405 . JCS NemorandwJ. for S;:;cretrlry of Defense, 8 Apr:\l 1954 ....
0

xii

0

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•

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•

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370

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79.

It is noted by the l'TSC Planning Boa,rd that france has had
the loan of U. S . carrier HB elleau Vloocl ll for nearly 8.
year 'Hi thout USe in the Indochina ". iar . Further, the French
I'urgent recll,lests " for U. S. aircra.ft appear contradictory
i n l ight of' the sale of " 0uragon" jets to Ir..-d,ia a.nd use of
t he HBelleau \'Tood" as a "delivery \'l8.gon. " Ge11e1'8.1 Bonesteel
Hemorandum for Robert Cutler" Presidential Assi stant ,
1 0 April 1951.[ ............
0

80.

•••••••

•• ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

82 .

83.

8 l f.

•

•

•

•

•

•

••••

0

In vieH of the NSC actions on 6 April ( 192d Neet :Lng)and
s ubsequent Presid.ential 8.:pprovEd, the Secretary of Defense
directs the JCS to "prcrnpt ly prepare the milita.ry plans"
for the cont.ingency of intervention at Dien Bien Phu . He
also notes that the Presidential directed. the state Department to concentrate i ts efforts prior to Geneva on organizi ng a re(~ional grouping for the defense of Southeast Asia .
SecretarY of Defense Memorand:l.1:m to the Secretaries and JCS ,
15 April 1954 ........................
0

81.

'.

•••••••

0

•••• ' ••••

0

"

380

382

'l'he Dep artl~lent of Defense indic at.es concern over the lack
o f U. S. policy and pressures the State Depart.111ent to
c ome up Ylith a U. S. position for the Indochina phase of
t he Geneva Conference . The Defense version of 8. draft
position recor~nends a positive and definite stance that
D. S , obj ectives in Southeast Asia not be compromised and
t hat. if France does not accept t.his position the U. S.
should not participate at Geneva . Defense Foreign Mili tary Affairs Letter to U. Alexis Johnson, 'C oordinator of
U. S . Delegation to Geneva , 15 April 1954 ........ ..... ...... .

384

Eelen info:cms Dulles that Britain is strongly opposed to
i ntervent.ion at Dien Bien Phu al1d, intends to lend only
diploraat ic suppo:ct to Fre.nce at Geneva in search of a
s ettleraent . ,DUL'J'E 5 ( Geneva) to Hashington , 25 April
1 951.:· ... , .. . . • .....•.•.......... ; , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . .

388

Dulles expresses " dismay that th e British are apparently
encouraging the French in a direction of surrender ;.rhich
i s , in conflict not only I·,ith our interest but i'That I
fj5ullei/ conceive theirs to be. II DULTE 9, 26 April 1951.f .. . .

39'0

The Joint Chiefs of Staff r e j ect a, French proposal for
additiona,l aid 'because of the I!lajor milita.ry consequences
of involving U. S. plane s 2J.1d C1'e\·:s i n t.he Indochina
a ction as well as the little v alue of t.he project to
r elief of Dien Bien Phu. JCS l·IemormlCil.IDl for Secretary
of Defense , 27 Apr'il 1951.~ .•...........
0

xiii

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•

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85.

Dulles and Eden exchange fre.nk and' beated vwrds ove r the
British pressuring Frc.nce for a ceG.se-fire . The U. S .
i ndicates that the trip e.rtit e position is poor , i. e .. ,
not "v ery impress ive or cohesive" and the.t lIthe other
side ll \·: as liorried -- bert not a.bout Br it a in . The U. S .
i s also concerned over the affects on I~jI_'i.'O , EDC and the
entire d efense stn:ctu.re in E1.1.Yope . DillJTE 13, 27 April

1954 . , ", , , , , ,

II

,

,

,

"

,

,

,

f

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

"

,

,

,

:

,

,

,

,

,

"

,

,

"

,

,

,

"

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

"

,

395

86.

Dulles makes an estimc.te of r a.p idly moving developments :
( 1 ) vThen Dien Bien Plm falls , the French Government viill
c h 2.nge , probably to the l eft , c Olnmitted to liquidate
China . A \.T i thclra,Bl of forces to defensible enc l aves
under U. S. protection \dth s ubsequellt U. S . training of
. n a.t ive annies is c onsidered . ODen i nt.ervention at this
point Iwuld be ans'..:erei py Chin~se i ntervention , ( 2) U. K.
attitud.f! is one of i ncreasing "lTeakness, (3) "the decline
o f France , the great ',:eakness of Italy , and. the consider -able \'Teakness of England create a si tua tien '.-,here ... vie
must be p repared to t a ke the .leade rship .... " DUIE~E 21 ,
29 April 1954 ................. ... .......... '................ . .

87 .

In t he event of a c ease ·- fire in Ind.ochina , the J'CS
r ecorrrrnend that shipment of U. S. military aiduncler
}.lDAl' be iIm'ledi2.tely suspended and the entire progr::ml
of e.icl t.o Indochina. b e re-·ex8mined . J CS Memo randum
.
for t he Secretc,ry of De:'ense , .30 Apr il 1951~ ................. .

399

'l'he Intelligence Advisory Committ ee concludes that the
. f a ll of Dj.ea Bien Phu l{Quld h ave fc~1'- r e2"ching Gond ad ver se repercussi ons , but 'Iwuld not signal t he colla.p se
of the Frenc h Un ion political '3.nd ;r1ilitary situe.tion i n
I ndochina , nOT \Tould it subst~.mtially alter r e lative
milit~ry c a.papili ties o f French and Viet [·iir:h forc es .
The French UnioCl. could ret a in control of th e cities
though Ghel'e ";'!ould b e a ser i ous decline in the Vietn amese 'dill to continue the -,:C.T. I~IE 63·-51.~ , 30 April
1951~ .. ..' .................................................. .'. . . . .

L~OO

88 .

89.

Me.joT General 'l'ho,Ilas J. H. Trapne ll, former Chief of
MA.i\G , Indochina CeTG.l11e nts in hi s debriefing on the French
situation in Indochina . His cormnents cover i n d etail
t he str ategic posit ion. of Indochin2. , the goverm:lent C'...'1Q
i ts prosecution of the \ T~r , the performance of I·lOAF sup_·
port ed forces, the obj ect i ves of the opposin ~ forc es ,
the or ganization and t ac tics of both the French and
Vi et 1-:;:inh forces . . In Tr2.pne ll I s vi e ~'T , i'el'T or the B.ims
o f the l';avarre concept are progressing s2vtisfactorily .
I'Dien Bi en Phu i s not only another lIa S c:.n , but Go grave

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tactical and strategic error." On the political aspects
of the war, Trapnell feels that "a strictly military
solution to the war in Indochina is not possible...It is
doubtful if the ordinary people understand the issues at
The solution in Indochina requires a strong French assault
on the Viet Minh, training of National armies, a defensive
alliance of Asian nations, and a guarantee of the Associated
States borders. Trapnell recommends a U.S. training mission
for Indochina, and concludes that victory in Indochina is
international rather than local and essentially political as
well as military, Major General Trapnell Debriefing, 406
3 May 1954............
90. Indochina is the only nation that has the highest MDAP
priority and thus has precedence over every other
nation for allocation of critical military equioment.
The JCS have completed a plan for military intervention
in Indochina and, as well, planned for resumption of
hostilities in Kores. CINcPAc has directed that other
plans be prepared, i.e., blockade of China coast, evacu-
ation of French forces from Tonkin, etc. Joint Subsidiary
Plans Memorandum for OCB, 5 May 1954............ 421
91. General Smith reviews the French proposal which has been
sent to the Cabinet for aoproval. France proposes a
cease-fire take place when "international" control
machinery, based on Laniel's 5 March conditions, is in
place. Regular troops would be regrouped into delimited
areas and all other forces disarmed. France assumes that
the Russians would propose a follow-on political settle-
ment (coalition) and immediate elections. SEcTo l06,
5 May 1954................ 423
92. The NSC l95th Meeting considers Secretary Dulles pessi-
mistic report on Geneva to the President: (l) there is
no responsible French Government to deal with, (②) the
British reject the "regional grouping," (3) the British
want secret talks on Southeast Asie, (4) the exoected
communist proposal is for foreign troop withdrawal and
elections, (5) and the U.K. wants a settlement based on
partition. LSC 195th Meeting, 6 May 1954.............. 425
93. Dulles briefs Congressional leaders on the Geneva Con-
ference and reviews the weaknesses of Britain's position.
Congress members comments are adverse. Dulles states
three conclusions: (1) U.S. should not intervene mili-
tarily, (2) U.S. must push rapidly for a Southeast Asia
community, (3) and the U.S. should not "write ofr" the
British and French in spite of their weakness in Asia.
TEDUL 37, 6 May 1954......... 426
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......

9~· .

95.

96.

The JCS fori,ard their vieHs on negotic.tions -flith respect
to Indochina to the Secret2..YY of Defense for tJ.'snsmi ttal
to t.he Del)artment ot stb.te in rega.rd to SECTO 106 . The
J CS fee l that , based on the Korean e~:perience , and as a
mini.i'ilwll , the U . S . sl:.ould not 'l associat0 itself vTith any
. French }1ropose.l directed tO~.;[i.rd a cease-fj.re'in 8.<ivD.nce
of 8. satisfactory politice.l settlement . " JCS Memore.nduYtl
to Secret e.ry of Defens e , 7" f.'l&y 1954 ...................... . ...

if30

President Eisenho,·.'er Tfl2Jees it clear the.t the precondi tions for U. S . i ntervention in Indochina are th2.t the
"u. S . \'Tould never intervene alone , tha.t the indiGenous
peop le must invite intervention , and that there must be
r egional or collective action . The TlSC action of the
meet ing on 5 AQril as pert3.ins to po.re.gre.ph l. b . of the
r ecord (or g:::nizing a regional grouping) is approved by
t he Pre.sident . I-!emor2...."'ld.lllTI by R. Cutler, SpcciE',l Assist ant , for Secret:.ry of Defense and CJCS and Eeeting
Hinutes , 7 t,:ay 19 5!.~ ......................... . ............... .
HE'cy 8 - July 21 : Geneva Conference on IndocJ.'1ina. . The 1st
Plenary Session convenes on 8 ]/lay and heal'S propose.ls by
France and the Viet 1I1inh for ce ss:::.tion of hostilities and
participation in the confer ence . '(Excer'pts ) The 'delegates
to the conference 2.re from Gre at Britain 2.!ld the USSR
( joint chairmen ), :France, t he Uni ted St8.tcs , Com..r n:u.l1ist
China , Cembo:Ua , L2.os , and Vietn e.m, and the Viet l·:inh
r egime . (Final e.greements are signed on July 20 and 21 ,
and the main provisions concerning Vietn2.r.l are the.t (1)
Vi etnalll is to be partitioned along the 17th parallel i nto
North and South Vietnam. , ( 2 ) regula tions 2.re imposed on
f oreign mili t8.ry br"ses and personr:el cc.nd on i ncreased
armaT'.J.ents , ( 3) country-Hide elections, lec.ding to the
r etm:Lfic2.tion of l'Jorth a.nel South Vietna.rn , are to be held
by July/20, i956 , and (4) 2,n Intern2.tionc.l Control Coa-mission' ( ICC) i s to be established to supe::.'vise the lin ..
plementat ion of the aereem2nts . The Uni t",d StC'.tes and
Vietnmn eTe not signatories to thesgl' eements . The
United States i ssues a ll..'1ilater2.1 declarc.tion stE'_ting
that it ( 1 ) r\rill refr a in from the threat or t he use of
fo rce to disturb" t he Geneva agreements , ( 2 ) '\r01).ld vie,"
a.ny rene,Tal of the aggression i n violation of the afore-·
s aid a.greements '.,-ith grave conc el'n and as seriously
t hre e.tening interT2ationa l :?e2ce a.nCl. secuTi ty , If ard (3 )
II shall continue to seek to achieve tmit~r th:COllgh free
el ections , st.:.:perviseJ by the UE to insure th £'tt the ~r C'.re
conducted fa.i rly . "") Excer::.ts froill 1st Plene.ry Session
o f the Gen eva Conference , 8 May 1954 ...... ........ ...........

.,

1

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97.

98.

99.

100.

101.

The Defense meP.lber of the NSC PlaIi..Yling Boaid . indicates
the options available to the U. S . l'Tith rega.rd to the
Geneva results . General Bonesteel suggests that the incre ased rj~l~s e.ssociated ,·,ith pressuring France to continue the 'iiar and possible U.S . intervention to stop the
conmmnist advance ca..rl rt more surely a...n.d safely be accepted
nOH than ever again . II On the othel? hc:ma., a coc..'1p romise at
Geneva 'I,ould l ead to cOl!n:mnist subversion at a l at.e date
and U,S . involvement then might be i nhibited by an in c r 'eased Soviet nuclear capability , IIAsia could thus be
lo st . II General Bonesteel Memoranclu."YTt for Secretary of
Defense , 9 Nay 1954 ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41+2

The draft instructions for the Geneva Delegation , ,.,rhich
have b een approved by the President are sent to the
Defense Department for cornment . Accordjng to the i nstructtons , the UoS . is !lan int erested nation \'ThiGh ,
hOi·rever , is neither a belligerent nor a principal in
the negotiation . 11 Sta.te Department Letter to R. B.
Anderson , Deputy Secretary ;f Defense, 10 Nay 1951.~. ..........

l.llf3

France is con-,rinced i t is facing Commu..r:tist China at
Di en Bien Phu not Viet Minh rebels. The French reques t
th e aid of 'competent U. S . milit ary aclvice , i. e ., a U.S.
General to confer "[ith General Ely on regrouping forces
in Indochina . Paris 4287 to D1J.lles, 10 May 1951.~ .............

1~46

'1'he United States " posture ll . at Geneva is i nterpreted as
" to cheer the ple.yers II r ather than " to pitch. II 'rhe
dr aft in structions to the Geneva delegation inrply a
Ilprofou,,'1d point " - - i'iill the U. S . adI:1i t diplomatic
d efeat and cease to use the conference tov:ard its ends
i f th e conference appears to go against the U.S.?
General Bonesteel Memora.."'1du.m for Deputy Secretary of
D efensr:~ 10 }.lay 1954 ...... , ... , . . ......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

L~Lf9

The President approves info rming the French of his con ditions for U. S . int ervention in Indochina . Even though
'pl;emature , the decision to int ernationalize the "rar must
be mB.de. Pr esident Eisenhov!er loJQuld ask CongressioD3.l
authority to conlTJi t U. S . forc es provided : (1) there 'ioTaS
a Fr ench request, ( 2) that other nations 'lioulo. be requested and ...;ould accept , ( 3) that the UN 1,'lOuld be n otifi ed , ( LI_) the.t Fra.nce guarantees independence in the
Fr ench Union to the Associated States , including the
option to Kithdra';'.' at any tille, (5) that Frcmce \Tould
not withdraw i ts forc~s after the intervention , and
(6) thf!.t an au'cecl on structure for united action i s
r eached . Dulles L~023 to Paris, 11 liiay 1954 ...........

l.t51

0

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103.

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Sensitj ve

The . President approves HSC Action No . 1111 recor;l.mende:i
by the Joint Chiefs of Staff l·ihich iI{h,";lediate ly suspends
" shipment of military en:i-it ems u nde r U.S. j·1Dilp tI to

(Text continues in the original file: 495 pages.)

## Pentagon Papers Part V B 3c

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-3c
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-3c
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

1954 policy memo: the only thing hotter than the draft was the French wine reference.

- Pentagon Papers Part V B 3c, a 2011 declassified PDF from NARA.
- Reports 1954 U.S. internal analyses on Geneva Accords, Indochina policy, and South Vietnam support.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Full text

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET$13
See Det Cotc k 0295
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2
V.B.3.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE WAR
- INTERNAL COMMOTMENTS -
The Eisenhower Administration, 1953 - 1960 .
BOOK III: Geneva Accords - 15 March 1956
0295
Seo Def Cont Nr. I-_

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V.B.3. (Book III)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Geneva Accords - 19~0

The State De-oartment expl~ins the rationale of 'iby the
United State; issued'a unilateral declaration instead'
of signing the 1954 Accords on Indochina. Secretary
Dulles ,·ras unwilling to even consider signing accords
on Indochina of the type concluded a~ Gen~va,and hence
was not~"alternatlve to issuing a unilateral declaration but l .... as a s-ubstitute suggested by the French
leaders.. The declaration was based on the understandings
of the 14 July Franco-flJnerican Six Point position paper.
state Dep~'tment . Analysis - Geneva Declaration ••••• ~ •••.•••••

J..86. The NSC adopts the JCS recommendation that the possible

use of ROK forces in Indochina be kept uncler review.
Secretary of Defense lvIem.orandum to JCS, 30 July 1954 •••••••••

679

Dulles revie"Hs the occasions "Then French officials· suggested U.S. armed intervention in Indochina and the
. parallel U.S. efforts to orge...Tlize "united action."
The possibility of "united action" lapsed in mid-June
1954 with the French decision to obtain a cease-fire
at Geneva. Dulles 689 to London; 3 August 195L~ •••••

680

o ••••••••

188. The CIA assesses the probable outlook in Indochina in
the light of agree.ments at the Geneva Conference. The
conclusions are:(l)that the communists ivill continue to
pursue their objectives in South Vietnam by political,
psychological and. paraill~lttary means; (2) that if
elections are held in 1956, the Viet Minh ';rill "Tin;
(3) and that the events in Laos and Ca~bodia depend
on the developments in Vietnam. Nation8.1 Intelligence
Estimate, NIE 63-5-54, 3 August 1954 •••••••••••.••••.••••••••

691

1.89: The French vie"YT of Diem Government is that i t does not
qualify In three major points: (1) fully representative
of the population; (2) prepared to carry out land reform;
and (3) prepared to ~epose Bao Dai. Diem is seen as
valuable for '"his high moral chara.cter but his mandarin
background precludes his qualifications on the three
points. Pari~ 481 to Dulles, 4 August .1954 ••••••• ~ ••

• >

o •••••••

190.

r'
!

l.;

699

The Joint Chiefs of Sta.ff recoI!lTll.end that before the U.S.
assume responsibility for training the Vietnamese Army
that fom- preconditions be rr.et: (1) "it is absolutely
essen.tial that there be 8. reasonably strong, sta.ble
civil goverp~ent in controllf; (2) each government concerned should formally request the U. S. to aSSUille the
responsibility; (3) arr&ngements should be m.ade for

. xxxi

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granting full indepen¢!.ence and provide for phased 1vithdraw'al of French forces; and (4) the force structure.
should be dictated by local military requiY·e ments.
.
JCS Memorandum for Secretary of Defense, 4 August 1954........ 701
1910

The Chief'lI~ outlines his point of view ; of the U.S.
part in the fut-are of VietneJU. His mission is t1-rofold:
establish U.S. courses of action to insure survival of
Free Vietnam as a nation and develop Vietnam as an
effective barrier to Communist expansion. Saigon 302l~A,
8 AugUst · 1954 ..
e" ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0

192~

•

0

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

0

••••••••

0

• • •0

• • • •

0

• • • • • • • • - • • • • • • • • • • • •. • • • •

0

•••••••••••••

Dulles has "no recollection vThatever of the alleged
Offer" of atOJ!i1ic bombs to the French ano. indicates
"it is incredible that I should have made the offer
" Dulles 501 to Paris, 9 August 1954 ••••••••••..•••••..•
On the offer of atomic ":bombs, the French agree that
there has been a complete . misunderstanding, possibly
based on language difficulties. On the da~r of Dulles.
"alleged" offeT, Bidault he.d been !! ill, jittery J
overvrrought tt and, even to the French staff, II incoherent . II
Paris 576 to Dulles, 10 August 1954 ...••.•••••••.••.•••......

195.

703

The French have been lead to believe that Dulles made
an offer of the use of atomic bombs at Dien Bien Phu
and . that Bidault vTaS "much upset" by the offer and felt
that they 1-rou1d have done no good. tactically. There is
. concern that Bidault -- "ill, nervous, hypersensit'ive
and bitter" might attempt to publicize his version and
take credit. for preventing the use of atom bombs as
"suggested by the U.S." Paris 558 to Dulles, 9 August

1954 ..
193.

• • • • • • e" 0

I

The JCS revi~w U.S. policy in the Far East - NSC 5429.
They recommend that NSC 51.~29 be returned to the Planning
Board for lIaxposition of U.S. objectives!! and IIdel:Lneation of broad courses of action ll in the Far East. Extensive COIOments by the Army Chief of Staff on NSC 51.~29
. ('f It is not a cOll}?rehensl,ve revie'iT of the entire problem •••HE DO NOT ¥.AVE EITHER TO APPEASE COMl·1.UNIST CHINA
OR TO DESTROY IT.") are included. JCS Memorandum for
Secretary of' Defense, II -August 195 q·•••••••••••••••••••••••, ••
The JCS COTILrnent on a draft State Department message for
. the French Prime Minister rega:cding U. S. policy to"\'ra.rd
Indochina. They feel the me ssage should state clearly
that the assum~tion of training responsibility in Vietnam by the: U.S. is contingent on the pre conc1itions sta.ted
in their 4 Augtlst n emOr QnQUlli (see DoctLQent 185). JCS
.
Hel:norandum tor Secreto.?:y of Defense, 12 August 1954 .....••..•
C>

. xXxii

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705
I

706
I;

;708

I.

709

714

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.

.

197. Regarding ••• the assumption by the U.S. of the responsibility for training the Vietnamese Army, Secretary Hilson
forwards the JCS vie-;'l as representing the Defense Department position to Secretary Dulles. Secretary of Defense
Letter to Secreta ry of' State, 12 August 1954.................
198~

199;

200.
,

717

The JCS concur ~_n the vie';V' that a statement of intent
to conclude a treaty establishing a collective security
arrangement in the Far East should be issued by the
countries ,·;hich intend to be treaty members. The JCS
list the provisions which the treaty should incorporate.
JCS Memorandum for Secretary of Defense, 13 August 1954 ....••

719

Secrete.ry Hilson expresses the Defense vievls on the draft
"Southeast Asia Collective Se'c urity Treatyl! ,,,hich include
theJCS position. In his vie,,, , "the recent developments
in Geneva and Indochina increases the urgency for a
"comprehensive United States policy with respect to the
Far East region as a ,,,hole. IT Secretary of Defense Letter
to Secretary of State , 17 August 1954 .•...••.....•.•.•...... :

725

Secretary Dulles rep lies to the JCS: 4 preconditions with
the assertion that "one of' the most efficient means of
enabling the Vietnamese Gover~ent to become strong is to
assist it in reorganizing the National army and in training that army." Even though Vietnam could not meet the
U. S. prerequisites, Dulles believes that strengthening the
army was a. prerequisite. to political stability. Secret.a.ry
of state j,lemora.Tldum. to ' Secretary of Defense, 18 August

i

/

1954.- •••.•••••••••• ~ ••••• '........................... '.. • • . . . • • . • .• 728

201.

The U.S. policy w'ith respect to Southeast Asia provides
for negotiating a collective security treaty-, considers
appropriate action in the event of' local subversion,and
outlines political and. covert action. NSC 5429/2,

20 AUgtlst 1954 ~ .............................................. '.

202.

The President has approved the policy that henceforth
aid to Indochina vmuld be direct rather than through
. the medium of the French Government. . Further, State
feels the Government should respond affirmat ively to
Cambodia.' s request for assistance in training the Royal
Cambodian I\rmy. Secretary of state Letter to Secyetary
of Defense, 26 August 1954 ...................................• I! 74?
. ,

.

203. . AU$tralia vrelcomes establishment of SEATO and is prepared to 'make an increased military contribution to'
the defense of the area. Australian A ide-}.~emo ire,

31 August 1954.0 •••.•••.••.•.. : ...• ~ ...•..• -.••••••.•..•.•...•
.'-,

·L

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. I

Sensitive

The Manila. Conference. deTega.te submits comment on the
SEATO treaty articles of special concern to Defense.
Among these are: "Article IV is the heart of. the
treaty" -- and provides that aggression ag2.inst any
member, or, by agreement, any nation in the area, would
be met by.ac;tion in accordance ,'lith '''constitutional
processes" ·; Al'ticle V establishes a council ,·rhich provides for "machinery" to achieve Treaty objectives;
and Article VII provides that other nations may be
invited to accede to the Treaty. ISA lvIemorandum for
SecretarY-of Def'ense, 14 Septe"nber 19-51~ .......
0

205~

•

0

/

•••••••••

0

•

•

Diem has not demonstrated the necessary ability to deal
with practical politics and adIninistrati6:n. France,
apparently ,nth no :policy tm·rard South Vietne.,"D., has
failed to support Diem.
Trends indicate enhanced
. prospects of COrruiluni st control over the area. SlUE
63-6-54, 15 SeptE:Illber 1954 ..........•.•....

0" 0............ ....

-'

746

751

206. Ambassador Heath goes on record "rith a strong criti-

°

cism of' General 'Daniel's "impetuous action" in
contacting Ge...neral Hinh concerning the political
crisis in Saigon. O'Daniel prefer s Hin...h. to Diem and
rejects the exiling of Hinh to the United States as
requested by Diem. Ambassador Heath Letter to State,
16 September 19540 .....

,. \ ~

\-

e ' ••••

207·

"

208.

209·

e ,••••••••••••••••••• 0

•••

0

••••

The JCS see the Geneva ·cease-fire agreement as a major .
obstacle to the introduction of adequate U.S •. ~AAGper­
sonnel and of additional arms and equipment. 'Further;
because of Tfuncertain cape.bili ties of the French and
Vietnamese to retrieve, retain, and reorganize the
dispersed forces of Vietnam," U.S. support to the area
should be accm11plished at "lmr priority. If JCS Memorandum for Secretary of Defense, 22 September 1951~ •..••.....

0

•

•

•

0

•

••

The JCS recommend against the assignment of a training
mission to lt~A..G, Saigon in vie"r of the unstable political situation in South Vietna.m. JCS Nemarandum to
Secretal'y of' Defense, 22 September 1954 ....••...•.....•......

753

.756

759· .

Tctal tonnage of MDAP material delivered to Indochina
since December, 1950, is 737,000 tons. Prior to termination of hostilities, ·there Here 500,000 tons of eq1,lipment ~~d 20,000 vehicles in N01~h Vietn~"D.. As of'
13 September, there are 450,000 tons of equipment to
be evacua.ted. from North Vietn2I:1. Hili tary Assistence
Memol'311dun for ISA, 24 September 1951~ ...
0

••••••••••••••••••••

"

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2~Oo

211.

765

Secretary Dulles feels that U.S. policy on the magnitude
of force levels and costs for Vietnam should be based on
NSC 5429/2 ..Thichprovides for internal security forces
under SEATO: " •••• it is imperative that the United
States GGver~Jment prepare a firm position on the size
of forces we consider a minimum level toa~sure the
internal security of Indochina. t! Dulles Letter to
Wilson, 11 October 1954 ........... ,...........• ~ ..•. .- ........ .

768

212. . Defense fon.,rards Secretary Dulles letter (Document 20Lf,
page 746 ) to JCS and requests the JCS to reconsider their
previous estimates (Document 202, page 742) in light of
the more recent vievTs of Dulles. - ISA Memorandulll for JCS,
ll~ October 1954 •••.•...................
~ ......•..............
.
.

I

\ --

2i3.
~-

\.

The U.S. and France agree to support Diem in the establishment of a strong, anti-Communist nationalist government. The five key elements recognized which can provide
a chance of success are: Bao Dai, General Hllh~ and the
National army, and the three sects. The Binh Xuy-en sect,
which controls the police and is tied to Bao Dai, is to
beisolated ·from Bao Dai and their strength minimized. '
.
TOSEC 9, 30 Sept.ember 1954...................................

211~ ••

\ .

-. i

The JCS, in reply to the Secretary of State1s letter of
11 October (Document 210, page 765), persist in their
view that the U.S. should not participate in the training of Vietnamese force.s. However, if Ilpo1itical con..:.
siderations" ere overriding',11 then the JCS agree to
assignment of a training mission to :l'-1AAG Saigon IIvTith
safeguards against French interference •.•. 11 JCS,Hemorandum for Secretary of Defense, 19 October 1954 •••••••.•••••
Dulles reports on a conversation with l'-iendes-France on
the critical situation in Vietnam. The French position
is that plans should be laid for another government
st'ructure in the event of a Diem. failure. They stre.ss
the importance
of utilizing the Ilthread of legitimacy
"..
deriving from Baa Dai •••. " Dulles requests the State
Department estimate on the political situation.
PULTE 5,.· 20 October 1954 .•......••.•

215.

0

••

~

•••••••

0

•••••

0 · •••

771
.-

I,

0

•••

A neVI approach to leadership training and "cross-

fertilization bet\'!een \ojest~rn and Asiatic ideas" is
proI)osed in a psychological operations concept entitled "Nilitant Liberty." The llllplement '.:'.tion of
"Hilitant Li berty" -- a concept "Thich "motivates indi-: ~
genous people to. vrork to,vard a COlILmon goal of individual freedom" -- is proposed on a test basis in Indochina as a joint milite.ry-CI.A venture. Deferlse Memo
for th~ CIA (Dr aft), 20 October 1954 ••...•••.••.••..•••••.•.••

776

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216 •

; 217.

The State Department's estirp.at.e of the political si tuation is that Hinh holds a veto pOl·rer over Diem; "jockeying for pOl'Ter and stl~uggle for cabinet positions is
resulting in paralyzing impasse"; French reference t'o
"another structure of governm.ent" implies a "hankering
to reestD,blish a political system" which might involve
direct C!o~onia.l-ty'pe controls by France; and,. UJlless
Diem receives U~S.-French support, his chances of
success appear slight. Paris TEDUL 11 NIACT, 21 October ;L954 •••••••...•.........................••...•.... o • • • • • •

780

This messc,gecontains the policy of the U.S. Government
and instructions to the Ambassador and Chief of IvIAAG in
Saigon necessary to carry out the provisions of NSC 5429/2
perte,iriing to training of Vietnamese armed. forces.
Draft Joint State-Defense Message, 21 Octbber 195~·...........

783

218 . . The aCB draft recommend.ations on training in Vietnam
outline the U. S. role in assisting the reorganization
and training of the Vietnamese 'armed forces and
specifies the coordination required ' betl-leen the A:ro.I
bassador and Chief, t.1AAG. The question of ultimc.te
size of the Vietnamese forces and U.S. support is left
for "later determination·." NSC 218th Neeting, 22 October 1954.. ~ .
0

219.

0

••••••

CI

•••••••••••••••

0

•••••••

0

0

•••••••••••••••

789

0

The Re'port of the Van Fleet I-lission to the Far East is
discussed w'ith President Eisenhmler. General Van Fleet's
vie1'Ts are "some'\'rhat d:lffE7-Tent from present policie s ."
As Va.Yl Fleet states the problem: "The problem before u,s
is the failure of U.S. leadership in the Far 'East ... . the
future "rill reveal other prices lie must pay for the free
world defeat in Indochina." White House Hemorandum for
General Bonesteel, 25 October 1954...........................

..

792
.f

I

\.

'220.

Diem is insisting on getting rid of General Hinh.
Eisenhower's letter to Diem is being interpreted as
superseding '\-iashington agreements, ' that Diem has "full
rein" 1dthoUt meeting the precondition of "forming a
strong and stable government. 11 The President's letter
can all;)o be exploited by the Viet Minh a.nd is ce,using
the French concern. Stat·e Hemorandum of Conversation,

26 October 1954 ...........................................
221.

0

••

:

798

Secretary Dulles fOrl'iards the main points of General
COllins' recor~endations regarding force levels in
,V.ietnam. In sum.lnary, the 'points are: (l)ft "Tould
be 'disastrous if the French Expeditionary Corps (FEC')
were ,'rithdrmm prematurely; (2) the U.S. should continue
to subsidize the FEC; (3) the Vletnamese ATIIlY should be

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doWn to 77,000 and under Vietnamese co~~and by July 1955;
(4) the U.S. should ass~e training respons ibility by
1 January 1955; and (5) the French a re agr eeable to a· slOvT
build-up of HAAG. Dulles Nemorandum for the-'President,
17 Novem..oer 1954 .........................
~
~

800

The' Fre~c):1 Ambassador is ' informed by thetOA that, subject to agreement, the U.S. contemp lates $100 million
support for the FEC in Indochina for CY 1955. The
Defense Department h as "never agreed to the origina l
.posi tion paper ~" )-lhich i .s based, on Gene.ral Collins I
recommendations, vTi thout details of nis c a lculations.
ISA Hemorandum for Record, 24 November 1954 ........•....••...

802

Senator Mansfield st ates his conclusions based on
• General Collins I analysis of the Vie tnam situation:
(1) prospects for Diem "look very dim," elections in
1956 ''lOuid probably f avor the communists ; (2) the. U. S.
should continue to support Vietnam as long as possible;
(3) he sees no alternative to Di em ; (4) he is cert ain
refugees, Catholic bishol)S and church officia ls ' -lould
oppose replacement of Diem ; (5) Paris should urge
Bao Dai cease his interference ~nd . support Di em; (6)
and Diem should be encouraged to compromise on issues.
State Memor andum of Conver sation, 7 December 1954............

806

The French Government is considering the decision to
acceler at~ ,d thdr e.Hal ·of the FEC and evacua.tion of
civilians as a direct result of the U.S. decision to
provide only one-third the amount request ed for
maintena...l1ce of' the FEC in 1955. Paris 2448 to Dulles ,
9 December 1954 ......................... .°...................

809

0 • • • •

...

222.

223..

L.

221.~.

••

• • • • • • • • • • • •

0

225.
I .

\ .

o

Diem "passe s the buck" of convincing the sect leaders
n.otto oppose the appointment of Dr. Q,uat as Defense
Minister to the U. S.Collins is ·convinced . that Diem
and his brothers,Luyen and Nhu, are af'raid of Quat
or any strong man in control of the armed forces
since vrith Ifspineless General Ty" as Chie f' of St aff,
Diem has effectively sei zed control of the army.
Further;Colllns coments on the alternatives to D'i em
Government; though the alternative of gradua l vTi thdrm-lal from Vietnam "is le as t des irable, in all honesty,
and in vie", of what J have obs erved here to date it is
possible this may be the only sound solution." Collins
. (Saigon) 2250 to Dulles, 13 Decenber 1954 ................••...
0

226.

L

"

J

,

,

I

I\..,

The Def'ense Depe.rtment revi e'l{s the military aid si tuation in Indochina including the value of ~mAP shipments ($1,085 million) and los se s of equipment at Dien

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BienPhu ($1.2 million) \·rhich included 8 tanks, 24
howitzers, and 15,000. sma ll arm.s. Defense Letter to
Senate Foreign Relations Cornmi ttee, 14 Dec ember 1954 •.•••.•.•.
227·

..

Collins is convinced that "Diem does not have the
capacity to unify divided factions in Vietnam il and
unless deci~iv'e action or dramatic leadership galvanizes the cOlliltry into unified action "this
country vTill be lost to cormnunism. "Apparently, the
only Vietnamese ,·rho might be comp etent .•• is Bao Dai'."
It is recommended that the U.S. nO.t assume responsibility for training on 1 January 1955, or give direct
military aid. Collins 2303 for Dulles, 16 De cember

1954 .. ,.............. ~ ....................... ; ........ : ...... ,

820

228 •• Ambassador Heath suggests that General Collins' recommendations ignore the basic factor that withholding aid
from Diem v."Ouldassist a commun ist t akeover. .D ulles
.
has analyzed our situation in Vietnam as a "time buying
operation" a..l1d Heath r ecommends continued support of
Diem in sp ite of a r:Bao Da i solution." The fear that
$300 million plus our n ational prestige ,-[ould be lo s t
in a gamble" is a legitimate one, but "dthholding our
support ,-[ould "have a far ''iOrs e effe ct. rr Heath Memo randum to FE, 17 Dec ember 1954.,.............................

824

229.

Tripartite discussions on Indochina are surmnarized.
To Secretary Dulles d~sire to continue strong support
of Diem, Ely indicates ·.that he and Collins have exerted pressure vTithout ' re ~;ult and ~\.;re re nOlo[ convinced
that it ';[as hopeless to expect anything of Diem. rr
Ely feels that he and Collins must decide nm-! "Hhether
Diem "Tas ree.llY the man capable of n a tiona l union."
Four points are agreed up on: (1) support Diem, (2)
study alternatives, (3) investigate timing of repla cement, &....id (4) (added by Dulles) hov much more U. S.
investment should be made in Indochina if it is decided there is no good alternative to Diem? Paris
26~1 to state, 19 December 1954..............................

826

' 230~ . The President a.pproves NSC5429/4 as amended and . .
adopted by the COlLTl.cil as ~:SC 5429/5. 'l'his statement
. on current U. S. policy in the Far East deals with the
primary problem of the threat to U.S. security resul.ting from cOI!I!!l.lmi·st expo.ns ion in China , Korea,
and North Vietnam.. NSC 5l~29/5, 22 Dec ember 1954 ....... •.. • . . .

835

231.

Dulles spells out guidelines for future U.S, actions
in Indochina: (1) 'Ire must create ' such a situ2.t ion

.)

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·

that .the Viet MiILh. can take. over only by internal
violence; (2) investment "in Vietnaffi is jus~ified
even if only to buyt'ime, 'tIe must be flexible and
proceed carefully by stages; (3) '\<[e have nQ. choice
but to continue our aid to Viet nam and support of
Diem fl ; (4) Bao Dai' s return "Iould not solve the problem; (5) reyitalization of National army is hope for
an improved security condition; (5) and flsomething
should be done on our side" to exploit land reform
issue. Dulles 2585 to Collins (Saigon), 24 December

.

1954 ... .............. ......... , .... .

232..

:,

.'

853

Collins refutes most of the comments of Ely and Mendes
made at the tripartite discussion and is disturbed over
some of the susgestions and attitudes of Mendes and
Eden. He feels that he should be in Vlashington in January if the NSC is to re-evalu8,te U. S. policy to avoid
misunderstandings. Collins 2455 to Dulles, 25 December
1951~ •..••..•..

233.

eo • • • • • • • • • • • • " • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0

••

•

'• • • • • • • • • ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • - • • • •

~

••••••••••••

•

:.

856

Secretary Dulles decides that the U.S. should proceed as
scheduled and "take the plunge" and begin direct aid to
Vietnam on 1 January and move ahead on ~i~G negotiations
in Cambodia. Dulles feels that the JCS prere iIuisite on
eliminating the French from Cambod.ia is "too legalistic
and unrealistic." state Memo:::-andU1l1 for the Record,

29 December 1954 .......... "......................... '.. . . . .. ..

859

"

,...

'.

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Sensitive

In light of the unstable situation in South Vietnam and
conflicting viel'rs bet'.·reen General Collins ~n.fl the State
Department, Secretary Wilson requests the JCS to
"reconsider" U.S. military programs in Southeast Asia..
. Secretary of Defense Memorandum for JCS, 5 January 1955 ••.•••

860

e'

235.

The JCS provide additional cours es of action in Vietnam
to the Secretary of Defense. Specifically, (1) to continue aid; (2) tou-nilatera lly institute an "advisory
systemll ; ' (3) if (1) and (2) fail, to deploy unilaterally
or with SEATO; ( 4) or to wi thdra'1T all U, S. support from
. South Vietnam and flc oncentr ate on saving the remainder
Southeast Asia." JCS MemorandUm for Secretary of
. Derense, 21 January- 1955 .............. "
...................... .

of

862

236. . General J. La"rton Collins reports on the situation in

237·
238.

South Vietnam. The major factors \'i'hich ,,;ill affect the
outcome of U.S. e:ff'orts are: (i) Viet Minh strength· and
intentions; (2) French attitude and· intentions; (3) sects
attitudes and intentions; (l~) Vietnamese armed forces
loyalties; (5) free Vietnam economy, and (6) Diem's
popular support. There is no guarantee that Vi etnam
~Till'remain free ~"ith U.S. aid -- but \-rithout it,
"Vietnam \-Till surely be lost to communism. II HemorandtLfU
for the National Security Council, 2L~ J8...nua ry· 1955 .......... .

864

The Planning Board rec9~ends approval .of the Collins
Report. NSC234th Nee'ting, 27 January 1955.,.; •. ,o • • ~ • • • • ' • • • • •

883

The JCS recommend a concept and plans for the implementation, if necessary , of Article IV.1., of the Manila
.. Pact (SEACDT). e The primary objective is deterrence of
"overt aggression 'by China or other Communist nations,"
The concept relies on development of indi genous forces
and readiness to retaliate \-Tith U,S. power on the aggressor. JCS Memorfu"1dum for Secretary of Defense,
11 February~1955 ..........................
0

"

!
'885

••••••••••••••••••••

239. · Thismemorandurn describes the Department of Defense con- .
. tribution to and participation in the Bangkok Conference
on SEACDT " DOD Hemorandum, for'irarded 29 Narch 1955.......... . 888
240.

The U.S. 'proposal on elections is b ased on Eden's :plan
at Berlin, i. e" Free Vietnam \vill insist to the Viet
Minh ·that no discuss ions on the tY.ge, issues, or other.
factors of elections are possible unless the Viet Hinh
accept the safe guards spelled out. Dulles 4361 to
Saigon', 6 April 1-.955 ...... ~ ...................
0

. XL

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

:

I.

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

892

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241.

General Collins submits a .seven step recommendation vThich .
centers on getting rid Of Diem and reorganizing the government structure. Collins 4448 to Dulles, 9 April 1955 ......... 89 4

242.

Diem exist.s by reason of U. S. support des:pi te French reluctance. If the French vie"T prevails, I1removal of Diem ...
may "Tell.be interpreted in Vietnam. and Asia. .8.san example
of U.S .. paYing lip service to nationalist cause, and then'
forsaking a true nationalist leader vlhen 'colonial interests'
put enough pressure on us. 11 Dulles. 4438 to Saigon, 9 Apr 55 •. 907
I

.'

I

. . 243.

Bao Dai 'recommends that the U. S. agree ITi th the French to
·create a "Supreme Council" or "Council of Elders ll to govern
in pla~e of Diem. The Binh Xuyen could have been used in
the common effort if "Diem had not blLTlgled matters. 11 Ba.o
Dai cannot rule for Diem by decree and ~onsiders Diem's
strength' as a "mockery." Pa.ris 4396 to Dulles, 9 Apr 550 •... 910

2l~lf.

Ely disagrees w'i th the U. S. on maintaining Diem in office .
The worsening situation is attributed to Diem by the
French and "only by surgery, that is removal of Diem,
can the count'ry be saved." Ely feels that if Diem is
retained, he could not be the responsible French representative or remain in.Saigon. Saigon lf661 to Dulles
(Excerpts) 19 Apr 55 ......................................... 912

245.

Diem is seen as a barrier to for.ming an interim govern- .
ment and the gap betvTeen him and other elements in the
society is becoming "'iI'.id~r. The U.S., however, warns .
Vietnamese leaders that if Diem is removed as a" sect
victol'Y" it lioulcl be "difficult to obtain popular support
in the U.S. for continuation of U.S. aid." Saigon 4662
to Dulles, 20 Apr 55 ............ ·........................ ~ . . .. 915

21f6.

Diem annOlLTlCeS to the U. S. his. willingness to accept a
coali + i on in the government but on hi s terms. Thi s'
. uncompromising attitude leads Collins to remark: III see
no alternative to the early replacement of Diem."· Saigon
~663 to Du.'lles, 20 Apr 55.................................... 918

247.

Conclusions . and recommendations are offered as a: basis
for future Department of Defense positions on the subject of South Vietnam. Key recorrunendations made are:
to determine U. S. military action 'Hithin the scope of
SEACDT to prevent the loss of Southeast Asia as a
re~ult of the loss of South Vietnam, and to postpone .

(Text continues in the original file: 403 pages.)

## Pentagon Papers Part V B 3d

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-3d
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-3d
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 memo: because the only thing clearer than Vietnam policy is the filing date.

- Pentagon Papers Part V B 3d, NARA PDF, 2011 memorandum authored by NWD.
- Reports intelligence estimates and policy considerations for Vietnam in 1956‑1957, including DRV actions and aid strategies.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 3

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V. B. 3.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE WAR
- INTERNAL COMMITMENTS -
:The Eisenhower Administration, 1953- 1960
BOOK IV: 1956 French Withdrawal - 1960
0 2.9.5
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V.B.3. (Book IV)
JUSTIFICATION OF THE WAR -- INTERNAL COMMITMENTS
The Eisenhower Administration, 1953 - 1960
Contents and
Chronological List of Documents
1956 French Withdrawal - 1960
1956 (cont'd) Page
ing that TERM personnel will perform functions of train-
ing which are inseparable from tasks of recovering and
maintaining MDAP equipment. Only formal approval by
the ICc is necessary for the TERM to arrive in Vietnam..
State Letter to Secretary of Defense, 1 May 1956.......... 1057
270. The Army states its position on the Southeast Asia issue.
·Specifically, the U.S. should qualify its position with
neutral nations, should allocate the major proportion of
U.S. resources into economical and technical assistance,
should assist indigenous forces to provide internal
security, should prepare to intervene against aggression,
and should oppose continuance of colonialism. Army
Memorandum for NSC Planning Board, 20 June 1956......... 1060
Vietnamese military planning for defense against exter-
nal aggression and to manifest other ways to assist
Vietnam to defend itself in accordance With the Manila
Pact. Secretary of Defense Memorandum for JCS,
16 July 1956.......... 1034
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The intelligence estim2.te ,01 the political, economic ,
allo. mili tary situation i n Vietnam through mid- 1957
concludes that : (1) DRV vTill not attempt an inv2.sion .
of South Vietn.s.m; ( 2) the trend to\1e.rd ~tability in
South VietnC'Xl will cont inue barring i nvasion, Guerrilla
action , or death of Die,n; ( 3) basic economic procress
VTi ll. b e slOI,t; a.nd (L~) significant sect resistance has
b een ' eliminated;- but 8-10,000 armed communists pose a
serious internal security problem . NIE 63 - 56, 17 July

1956 ..........

(I

•••••••

10

••••••••

0

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0

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•

•

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•

1066

••••

1082

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273· ' The Pr esident approves NSC 5612 statement of U. S, policy
in mainland Southeast Asia, This policy treats the Viet
Minh as hot constituting 2. l egitimate ,government and
s ets forth actions to p:cevent the Viet Minh , fr'om expanding their polHical influence and territorial control
in Free Vietnan and ?outheast Asia . NSC 5612/l,
.
'5 Se p .~I.J (!Ill
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The JCS recOYGh'lencl that the Unitecl States make no specific
force cOlinnitments to the SEATO, bVt that the fUli tary
Advisor infonn SEATO nations of the U. S. forces deployed
<'.ncl available t o the. Pacific for contingency planning.
JCS l-Iemol'andum :for Secretar~r of Defense, 16 November 1956 ....

.

,

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1957 - 1 958
De fense urges the State Department to seek int.ernationa.l
concurrence i n the abolition of the ceiling on llAAG personne l in Vietnam in ordeT to fulfill increas ed tTaining
re(J.uirements r esulting from ,,"ithdl'Cl.I·ral Qf French training missions~ ISA l,lemorandmu to State, 15 ApTil 1957 ....... .
Vietnam. seems clearly p ers uaded that its inte rests lie
in strongeiaffi}-iation ,,'i'i th the }TTec Horld . TheArrn.y
in Vietnam is ncii,r ca?able of insuring internal security .
321st NSC Meeting, 12 May 1957 .. ..•.•..•.....•...•...........
277·

The prospects ror North Vietn run for t4e next yeaT are
estimated . · Essentially, it is concluded that th e DRV
r emains in firm conb'ol even though the:ce have been outb Tea.ks o f sporadic violence , that the DRV '.JOuld · attack
only if 1,_o sco\l ancl Peiping '..rere sure that .the U. S . v.'ould
not i ntervene, and th a t the DRV \vi J~ continue it s t a ctics
of "peacefu1 co.mpeti tion . 11 NIE 63. 2 ·· 57 , ll·i Eay 1957 .......•. • 1101
PTesiclent Diem. discusses his plans and pTogrorr.s Hith
Deputy Secretar y Don a ld Quarle s . PJJ10ng thes e are the
resettlement programs ) ro a d bu:i..lding, the SEATO plELD ,
and Teorgani zing the Army stnicture to i nclude an increase in strength to 170,000. ISA· r·lemol'anc1um for
Record, 15 Hay 1957.·· ....... . ...... •. ........... . ....

279·

28J..

28 2.

1100

••••••

1103

Progress is Teported. in developing a representative
gov8nunent in Vietn32TI. . Executive l eadership is strong
but effective c01mtel' measures a8ains t non··violen t
c ommunist S1.1DVers ion remains a priol'ity reql-:..ireme nt .
NSe Planning Boe.rd l'l!3eting , 26 November 1957 ...•.. ~ ......... .

1108

'J'he NSe consider s a progress Teport. on U. S . policy on
-mainland Southeas t Asia (NSC 5612/1) "'T hieh is essentially the S8llie as the Plmming BoaTel r-eport .
3Lf7th NSC Ne eting , 5 December 1957 ...... •• · .•.•.... ··•······ •

1111

NSC 5809 reaffirms th2.t the n2-tiona 1 inelepenclcnce of
southeast Asia is im:.oort2nt to the s e curity interests
of the Uni t e d_ states . lwe 5809 contains draft revi -sions of ESC 5612/1. A st ater1ent of policy on the
/SDecial situa.:~i on in North Vietnam i s inclucicc1 'trhich
c;ntinues to trecl.t t he Viet Hinn. as not constitutinc;
a legit D:late g0ve rnm 2nt . Nse 5809, 2 April 1958 ...•.........

1113

In geneTal) the U. S . is [3,chie-vinc: its obj ectives in
Vi etn'::L1 . f.Iajo:!.' }J:coblc}~s \·rhich e:dst consist of the
cont inued dependence on for-oi[,.)1 aiel , political and.
s ecu:city pro'ol_E::'·,:s of the Die};]. Govermilf;nt . Both mili ··
t ary and e.:: onor:lic assistance "I-:ill be red.ucsel in FY 58
ancl FY 59, c oo-,1parecl to Yi 57.. OCB Repod. on Scuthc;C'.s t
lor8
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---------._--_.('

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1959 Page
283. Draft editorial amendments of NSC 5429/5 are forvarded
to the National Security Council for consideration.
Substantive change in U.S. policy is noi intended but.
elimination of ambiguity in use of the term "hot pur-
suit" where doctrinal meaning in international law
conflicts with use in NSC 5429/5. JCS study on "hot
pursuit," 23 October 1958, is included. Memorandum
for the NSC, 5 January 1959.............. …………1148
284. Vietnam displays serious concern about developments in
Laos, Cambodia's recognition of Communist China, and the
U.S. position in the Taiwan straits. Major problems
facing the U.S. are Diem's internal political position,
internal security, and economic development. cIA analy-
sis and financial summaries of assistance.programs to
Southeast Asia are included. OcB Report on Southeast
Asia, 7 January 1959............ ….…1156
285. Defense (ISA) suggests that it is advisable to withhold
the replacement of F-8F aircraft in VNAF with AD-l type
aircraft. Defense Memorandum for JCS, 22 January 1959....... 1183
286 The JCS recommends improvement of Tan Son Nhut Airfield
and Tourane Airfield be improved for jet aircraft
"under the guise of commercial aviation." Jcs Memoran-
dum for Secretary of Defense, 19 March l959.................. 1184
287. Responsibilities within the Defense Depariment are
assigned for the twenty courses of action in the OCB
"Operation Plan for Vietnam." Among the courses of
action are: popularize the image of Vietnam among
neutralists, probe weaknesses of the Viet Cong, develop
maximum combat capabilities of RyNAF, and encourage GVN
to maintain an effective Self-Defense Corps. ISA Memo-
randum for JCS, 20 May 1959........... 1185
.
estimates of probable developments conclude that (i) the
prospect of reunification of DRV and GVN is remote,
(2) Diem will be President for many years by repressing
opposition via the Can Lao political apparatus, (3) in-
ternal security forces will not be able to defeat DRV
supported guerrilla and subversive forces, (4) GVN will
continue to rely heavily on U.S. aid, (5) and DRV is in
full control of North Vietnam and likely to continue
harassment of GVN and Laos. NIE 63-59, 26 May 1959.......... 1190
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289. The Department of State submits a draft revision of NSC
5429/5, U.S. policy in the Far East. The printiple
objectives of U.S. policy should be: (1) preservation
of territorial and politicel integrity of Asian nations
against communist expansion, (2) deterrence of local or
general war, (3) bring about desirable changes in the
Communist Bloc, (4) strengthen the economic, political
and military position of the Free Far East, (5) promote
Free World unity, and (6) identify the U.S, vith Asian
aspirations. NSC Memorandum for the Planning Board,
29 June l959..............
290. The JCS submits their and the Services' views on U.S.
policy in the Far East. "The U.S. faces a delicate
problem in presenting its Far Eastern policy to the
world. A U.S. policy will not be very sympathetically
received if it is presented in the purely negative
terms of preventing communist expansion or the redue-
14 July l959.......... 1211
291. A resurgence of tensions between Vietnam and Cambodia
threatens to frustrate U.S. objectives in Cambodia.
In Vietnam the Diem Government continues its strong
controls vhich antagonize the Vietnamese elite.
"Vietnamese military forces have inproved under the
MAAG training program." OCB Report on Southeast Asia,
12 August 1959.......... 1236
intentions in Laos concludes that the Communist resump-
tion of guerrilla warfare in Laos is a reaction to
initiatives of U.S. support of Laos. The chances of
Communist success are high at a low risk. Non-Asian
forces intervening in Laos increase the likelihood of
Communist invasion, but preference would be to diplo-
macy, propaganda, and guerrilla action to cause the
West to back down. SNIE 68-2-59, 18 September 1959.......... 1242
.
sonnel before furnishing the Icc with plans for with-
drawal or phase-out of TERl. ISA Memorandum for Joint
Starf, 20 October 1959............. 1248
. .
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a
294. The evolution of politicaI conditions necessitates that
policy guidance should be directed at the problem of
dealing with Sihanouk of Cambodia, '"by all odds the
major single factor in Cambodia and the principal target
of U.S. policy." Further, the guidance of Nsc 58o9 is
not adequate to cope with the situation in Laos. OCB
Special' Report on Southeast Asia, 10 February 1960........... 1249
the current security situation in Vietnam. "...the
rural population is generally apathetic towards the Diem
Government and there are signs of considerable dissatis-
faction and silent opposition." Without support of the
rural population, no final solution can be found to the
internal security problem. Militarily, the GVN organi-
zation lacks unity of command. The situation is summed
up.". .the government has tended to treat the population
with suspicion or to coerce it and has been rewarded
with an attitude of apathy or resentment." Saigon 278
to State, 7 March 1960......... 1254
296. Williams testified that he was vorking "MAAG out of a
job" and this is impressive to Senator Mansfield and
the Foreign Relations Committee. Mansfield requests
information on the situation which now requires "the
addition of 350 men to the MAAG." Mansfield Letter to
It General Williams, 5 May 1960.......... ... 1276
297. Williams replies that the 350 spaces referred to are the
TERM personnel now in deactivation. The turnover of
TERM spaces to MAAG ends the "subterfuge as actually
TERM has had the undercover mission as logistical advi-
sers since activation." Williams MAGCH-CH9l to OSD
(for Mansfield), 20 May 1960.......... 1279
298. The President approves changes in NSc 58o9 and directs
inplementation as NSC 6Ol2, "U.S. Policy in Mainland
Southeast Asia." Policies toward Vietnam are essen-
tially unchanged. NSC 60l2, 25 July 1960...............
and if they remain unchecked will almost certainly cause
the collapse of President Diem's regime. SNIE 63 l-60,
23 August 1960........... 1298
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peasants, communists, labor, students, Catholic refugees,
sects, police and Army) and concludes that long term :
effects of any demonstration depends on the attitude of
the Army. Saigon 538 to State, 5 September 1960............. 1302
30l. Lansdale offers.several proposals to meet the threat to
security posed by the Viet Cong in Vietnam. Specifically,
he recommends shifting the MAAG function emphasis to
assistance on tactical operations, increasing the MAAG
staff, priority be given to furnishing selective equipment,
more emphasis on counter-guerrilla intelligence training,
and certain actions on activities of the Civil Guard,
civic action, and MAP requiring interagency coordination.
Lansdale Memorandumn for ISA, 13 September 196O............... 1307
302. The Diem regime is confronted by two separate, but related
dangers -- a non-communistic coup attempt in Saigon and
gradual Viet Cong extension of control in the countryside.
U.S. objectives rest on a strongly anti-communist but
popularly supported government; continued failures by
Diem is cause to seek alternative leaders. Saigon 624 to
State, 16 September 1960............. .............131]
303. The U.S. suggests numerous political actions to President
Diem, among them are Cabinet changes, more responsibility
for Cabinet members, alteration of the Can Lao Party from
a secret organization to a normal political party, in-
vestigation of Government departments by the National
Assembly, freer press functions, and measures to enhance
the Government's support in rural areas. In addition, it
is suggested that Ngo Dinh Nhu, the President's brother,
be given an ambassadorial post outside the country.
Saigon 157 to State, 15 October 1960............ .…·1317
304. Diem's responses to the suggestions for political action
and removal of Nhu outwardly show no resentment. Saigon
802 to State, 15 October 1960................ ......... 1323
305. The U.s. urges preparation of an over-all plan, accep-
table to GVN, for integration and centralized direction
of maximum resources to combat the insurgency. DOD-State
306. U.S. urges Diem and the coup leaders to reach a quick
agreement and avoid further bloodshed. Herter 775 to
Saigon, 1l November 196O................. ........ …............1327
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against Diem, General McGarr's role should be expanded.
to permit freer contact with President Diem. Ambassa-
dor Durbrow has apparently lost "personal stature" with
Diem and should be removed. Lansdale Memorandum for
Secretary of Defense, 1l November 196O....................... 1328
:
there are similarities to the circumstances of the 1954
attempt. Also Diem is probably now very suspicious of
Ambassador Durbrow. State Cable 775 invited Durbrow to
affairs." Lansdale Memorandum for Douglas, 15 November
1960.......... ... ...... 1330
309. The JcS consider that there is a valid requirement to
increase the helicoyter lift capability of the Viet-
namese armed forces at this time, in view of the
deteriorating internal security situation in Vietnam.
JcS Memorandum for Secretary of Defense, 1 December 1960..... 1332
310. Nhu and Diem are rankled by American press stories on
"autocratic regime." There is below the surface talk
of another coup. The coup has increased chances of
neutralism and anti-Americanism among GVN critics.
It is recommended to continue to urge Diem to adopt.
nam is highly dangerous to U.S. interests. Saigon ll5l
to State, 5 December 1960........ ………..…1334
i present trends continue, it will remain one of
"confusion, drift, and disintegration....Laos is head-
ing toward civil war." SNIE 68-60, 6 December 1960.......... 1340
cal problems in the continuing Laos situation. Immed-
iate matters of concern are to bolster Phoumi forces,
forestall Nehru on reconstituting the ICC, and assump-
tion by the U.S. of primary advisor status. 47oth NSC
Meeting, 20 December 1960............ ………. 1346
Diem states also that corvee labor is the only way to
collect "equivalent taxes" fron peasants. Durbrov
urges adoption of liberalizing programs. Saigon l2l6
to State, 24 December 1960.........
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. 314.

J\.rnbassc..dor DurbrOiv h ands a rnemor2.ndum on liber a li zation
to President Diem. Specifica lly, suggestions are made
to: (1) publicize budget heavings , ( 2). authorize the.
Assembly to conduct investigations , (3) 'I,lOrk. out an effective p ress co.::le , (It) and grant broad er credit to the peas ants . Sa igon 26~: to State , 27 December 1960 ............... .

...

1353

/

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1961 Page
315.
with State concerning Defense requirements for facilities
in Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. No requests for facili-
ties in Laos or Vietnam have been made to State except for
1356
. .
316. The Counter Insurgency Plan (cIP) for South Vietnam is sub-
mitted for approval to Washington. MAAG prepared most of
the CIP which is based on State and DOD guidance. Some of
the recommendations set forth have already been communi-
cated to GVN. The Country Team is not unanimous, however,
on the recommended 20,O00-man increase in RVNAF -- Durbrow
maintains reservations. The CIP, which is an enclosure to
Tele 276, is not reproduced here. Saigon 276 to State,
4 January 196l.......... ....... 1357
President Eisenhower meets with President-elect John F. .
317. Kennedy on the subject of Laos. Attendees are Dean Rusk,
Robert McNamara, Douglas Dillon, and Clark M. Clifford.
Eisenhower gives the impression that if Laos applies for
SEATo aid, the obligation of the U.S. and other signa-
tories is binding. Eisenhower says that "Laos is the key
then all the area is written off. Kennedy asks "how long
it would take to put a U.S. division into Laos." Memoran- 1360
dum of Eisenhower-Kennedy Conference, 19 January 196l........
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--- se
SECRET
DEPARTMENT OFSTATE O/OUD (I)
WASHINGTON
SECRET
May 1 1956
.
Dear,Mr. Secvetary:
I1737115
11 I refer both to your letter to the Secretary dated Decembar 13,
-1955,, on the subject of dispatching additional military training
parsonnel to Viet-Mem, and to your letter to the Secrotary dated
Jamuary 3l, l956, boaring more specifically on the problon of recover-
ing and maintaining MDAP-origin equipment in Viet-Ham. -
As you are aware, our two Departmsnts have been studying and
discussing these related probloms for several months, 'On Februery 25,
1956, during those discussions, the Department of Stats initiated no-
gotiations with other govermments principally concerned with a view to
obtaining their acquiesconse to our joint projoct of sending a Temporary
Equipmenb Mission to Viet-llam. These negotiations have now been favor-
ably completed, leaving only the fommal approval of the International
Control Commission.in Viat-liaus still to be obtained. We are now seeking
this approval uhich we hope can be given in time for the first TERM
elements to arrive in Saigon on May 9, the date mutually agresd ucon for
initial arrivals.
Neanwhile, with our conourrence your Departmont has begun inplemen-
tation of this project. Accordingly, it mey be sppropriate for no to
elaborate the State Department's understanding of certain aspects of the
TEri opsration thich are only briefly alludcd to in the Joint State/Dsfensa
message to Saigon numbered State 343o, dated Ayril 12, 1956, in which you
concu-red. .
1. It is our lunderstanding that the TrM operation hes the d uble,
purpose of (a) suparvising the recovary (identifiontion, inventory and
accounting control) and outahipmant of excass lDaP equipment; and (b)
of ass sting
The Honorable
. Charles 3. Wilson,
. Secretaly of Dofense.
SECHET
1057 1

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2
of assisting in the improvement of Vietnamose logistical capabilitios.
:
. The TErM opsration was originally conceived to implement the
decision of the Secretary of State, dated Febrtary 3, i956, to explore
with other governments concerned the possibility of sending additional
of Viet-lam. It is on the basis of this understanding that the
tion will not contribute to the growth of the nilitary potential in the
zone south of the l7th parallel.
-.
While it is understood, therefore, that TElM personnel will perform
single or even the primary duty of TErh (as distinquished from NAG)
in Viet-Hah should be shipbed out of the country, so as to implement in
acquiescence to the operation we have obtained.
2. In regard to the clothing of the nilitary personmel involved,
and as indicated in our joint nessage of April 1z, i956, to Saigon this
involved, civilian clothing be used whenever possible by Tarli personne)
period of assignment in the country.
3. With respect to adninistrative supgort services for TirM, it is
difficulty
.
.
SHOEE
1058

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-3
difficulty over the past several years in perforning adocuate
nont will now establish a complete eduinistrative unit for TR:,
it would be appropriate to consider the transfer of all support
and I would like to urge that the appropriate adminisirative units
of our two Departments begin forulating definite plans for such a
transfer.
I shall appreciate your views as. soon as it is convenient and
hope that you will concur in the points expressed above. A copy of
this letter is being sent to Mr. Allen Dulles, Director, Central
Intelligence Agency, Washington, and to the Anerican Ambessador to
Seigon.
Sincerely yours,
Robert D. Murphy
Deputy Under Secretary
SECRET
1059

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20 June 1956

NEMORA.lIJIlUM FOR:
SUBJECT :

THE DEFENSE MEMBER OF THE NS C PLANNING BOARD
THE SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE JCS FOR NSC AFFAIRS

Tent ative Army Position on "United States Policy in Southeast
Asia,11 dated 15 June 1956 (u)

The subject document has been reviewed and the following Department
of Army comments thereon are submitted.
a:- Add the follm-ling course of action : I1Insofar as possible,
grant US economic assistance in accordance with a definite plan for
economic development, avoiding the scattering of economic aid over a large
nwnber of isolated projects. 11
REASON :

To increase the effectiveness of the US economic

aid program.
b. Add the follmving course of action: I1Encourage the conditions
necessary to develop a v.Testern Pacific collective defense arre.ngement
including the Philippines, Republic of China, J apan , and the Republic of
Korea, eventually linked vTi th SEATO. II
RE_ASON : To improve the collective defense arrangements in
Southeast Asia and the I'i"estern Pacific.

L. Co SHEA
for EARLE Go WlIEEIJER
Major General,GS
Director of Plans,

ODCSO~3

Regrading data cannot be predetermined.

Reproduction of this docwne nt
in whole or in part is prohibited except "I-lith permission
of the issuing office.

1060

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,
20 June 1956
MEMORANDUM FOR :
SUBJECT:
1.

THE DEFENSE ME1I.1BER OF THE NSC PLANNING BOARD
THE SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE JCS FOR NSC AFFAIRS

Tentative Army Position on "Issues in Southeast Asia" (U)
Allied vs Neutral Countries.

a. Question : To vlhat extent should the degree of alignment
with t he Free World determine the U. S . attitude toward the countries
of Southeast Asia, particularly as r egards economic, technical and
military assistance?
b.

Answer:

(1) U. S. attitudes toward the countries of Southeast
Asia should be governed by U. S. national objectives . U. S. objectives
must be based upon what is obtainable and therefore v611 va.ry from
country to country. These objectives range from retention of positive
support for U. S . positions to the prevention of any additional Cormnunist
i nfluence in neutral nations .
(2) The above notwi thsta.nding , it is generally in U. S .
interests to give preference to Allied nations who share in the belief
that r egional alliances are the only effective way to deter further
Communist aggression . This should include special considera.tion for
U. S . allies in the granting of econorni c, military and technical assistance.
However, this should not preclude the granting of a substantial amount of
aid to a neutral nation in preference to an allied nation, when it has
been determined to be in the national interest to do so . In granting aid
to neutral nations the US should declare it s r espect for the opinions of
those nations , bu' the US should at the same time make clear that it does
not agree 'H i th the logic of their positions .
2.

Relative Hel.ght of Assistance P,rogr~ .

a. Question : "\Alhat proportion of U. S. resourc e-s available for
a ssistance to Southeast Asia should be allocated to economic and t echnical
a ssistance as against military assistance? Should greater emphasis be
placed on operating an expanding nwnber of technically-competent, pro' 1 war f-are " aC'lvlties,
t "
Hestern l eaders an d on II po l l' t lca
at t h e expense of
economic assistance , if necessary?
Regrading data cannot
be predetermined .

Reproduction of this document
i n whole or in part is prohibited except "lith permission
of t he issuing office .

Copy

1

of

10

Page 1 of 3 page s.
1061

copies .

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b . Ansi·rer: A major proportion of U. S. resources available
for assistance to Southeast Asia should be allQcated to economic and
technical assistance. Greater emphasis should be placed on creating
an expanding number of technically competent., pro-western le aders and
on "political vrarfare" activities, at the expense of economic assistance,
i f necessary . . Grant military assistance should, in general, be limited
to those nations which either are threatened by COIT@unist aggression or
are willing to provide forces for collective defense measures in support
of common· commitments. Reimburseable military assistance should be
extended to allied nations capable of be aring the cost and to other
nations which are ineli gible for grant assistance but are willing to
develop their ovm capabilities to resist Corr@unism .

3. Absolute Level of Assistance
a. Question : Should the absolute level of U. S . economic ,
t echnical and military assistance to Southeast Asia be incre ased,
decreased, or maintained at pre sent levels in the light of the current
Soviet campai gn of political and economic penetration?
b . Answe~: The absolute level of U.S. economic, technical
and military assistance should be mai ntai ned at present levels in the
l ight of the current Soviet campaign of political and economic penetration .
However, in neutr alist countrie s , military assistance should be decreased
vihere it is in excess of the needs for maintaining int ernal security.

4.

Functions of Indigenous Military Forces

a. Question : Should indigenous milj.tary farces in Southeast
Asia be designed (a) solely to maintain internal security, (b) to maintain internal security and assist local external Communist aggression,
or ( c ) in addition to ( a ) and (b), to contribute to collective defense
efforts in the area?
b. !::.nswer : Indige nous military forces in Taiwan , Thailand
and the Philippines should be designed to maintain internal security, t.o
resist lo r'll external Communist aggression and to cont.ribut.e to collect.ive
defense efforts in the area. Indi genous military forces in Sout.h Vietnam
should be designed to maint ain internal security and re sist Viet Ninh
overt Communist. aggression. Milit ary forc es of other Southeast Asi an
natio'ns should be designed solely to maintain internal security.

5.

U. S . Response to Aggression

B. .
Question: "'That political and military action should the
U. S . be prepared to undertake alone or in cooperation with allies in
t he event of Communist seizure of control vlit.hin, or overt aggression
. against, a Southeast Asian country? What vlould be the role of SEATO
in these eventUalit.ies?

-2-1062

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b. Ans\"Ter : The U. S. should be prepared to intervene, prefer ably i'Tith other SEATO nations, in the event "of Communist overt aggression
against Southeast Asia. SEATO military forces should function under a

(Text continues in the original file: 329 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-4-Book-I — [Part V. B. 4.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Kennedy Administration. Book I · Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-4-Book-I

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-4-Book-I
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-4-Book-I
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 2011 declassification is older than the Vietnam strategy it describes.

- Pentagon‑Papers‑Part‑V‑B‑4‑Book‑I pdf, NARA, declassified 2011, Kennedy Administration documents.
- Contains memos, reports, recommendations on U.S. policy and counterinsurgency in Vietnam Jan 1961‑Nov 1963.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

#### Page 3

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~~~--

----~-----

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v. B.4 .

u. S. TNVOLVEMEN'f I N THE WAR
- I]\.1']'EHNAJJ DOClJ'JvIEl'lTS -

The Kennedy A&ninistration :
J·anuary ~961 - November 1963.
BOOK I

Sec Der Cent For. X-___

95

______ _

~~_c

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v.B.4.

U. S • INVOLVEMENT IN THE WAR - - INTERNAL DOCill.fu"'NTS

The Kennedy Administration:

J anuary 1961 - November 1963

Forevrord
This volume contains a collection of internal U.S. Government documents and :position :pa:pers regarding U.S. :policy towG.Td Vietnam. The
volume of materials for this :period is so large as to :preclude the
'inclusion in such a collection of more than a sam:ple of the documents in the fi les. Those classified materials that are i nc luded,
however, were circulated at the highest levels of the Government and
ei ther bore directly on the :process of :policy formation or ,,,ere
decision-making in struments . The collection is orga.nized chronologically and devoted exclusively to the Kennedy years. A se:parate
volume covers the Jom1son Afutlinistration.
BOOK I

January thru December 1961

BOOK II

January 1962 thru October 1963

a

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v.B.4 .
U. S • INVOLVEMENT IN THE WA."R
The Kennedy Aaministration :

INTERNAL DOCUMENTS

January 1961 - November 1963

Contents and
Chronological List of Documents

1.

Gene ral Lans dale reports on his January visit to Vie"tnam :
tiThe U.S . should recognize "that Vietnam is in a critical
condition and should treat it as a combat area of the col d
IvaI' • •• tI He recommends strong support for Diem personally
as the best available South Vietnames e leader, and the
prompt transfer of Ambassador Durbrow, vlhose relations vli th
Diem .are poor. Memo for Secretary of Defense , 17 J anuary

1961 .... . ........ "........ .......... . . . ........ . ........ .
2.

<)

4.

5.

......

..

........

......

..

..

..

1

:Embassy Saigon is advised th'a t Kennedy has approved CounterInsurgency Plan ( prepared by previous Administration )
calling for increase s in U.S . support for Vietnrunese al~e d
forces , contingent on reforms by Diem . State to Saigon
105 4, 3 .February 1961 ... .... .. ......... . .... ........ .... .
..

14

The President requests the SecDef to examine means for
placing more emphasis on the development of counter guer.rilla forces . NSl\.M 2, 3 :F'ebruary 1961. •• ••• • • • • • • •• • • .• • ••

17

The Secretary of Defense i s instructed to report his views
on actions in the near future to launch guerrilla opera tions in Viet Minh territory . NSAM 28 , 9 March 1961 .......

18

0

3.

......

....

..

....

..

....

............

..

..

The JCS comment on the recommendations of Lt Gen Trapnell.
I n addition t o the Trapnell recommendations , the J.CS suggest
that the U. S. provide Defense support funds on· the srune
basis for 170, 000 forces as for 150,000 ; that the U. S. pro vide M..AP support for the entire 68,000 -man Civil Guard ; and
that the U. S. exploi t these contributions to induce the GVl\ t o
accept the Count er Insurgency Plan . Memorandum reflects
conflict of vi e,vs between MAAG and Embassy in Saigon . J'CS
Memorandum for Secretary of Defense , JCSM 228 - 61, 11 Apri l

1961 ..... . ... . .. . .

Q

•••••••••

•

•••••

i

•

••••

•

•••••••••••

o.. ......

19

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6.

7.

8.

Unsigned paper, apparently by Lansdale , proposes a Pi~esi ­
dential directive organizing a Task Force to come
with an
approved plan of action in Vietnrun. The goals of U.S. policy
in Vietnam fall into three interrelated parts : (1) pacifi cation, (2) stabilization and (3) unification of Vietnam .
under anti -c ommunist government . Tasks are outlined in this
memorandwn to accompli sh these three goals . Paper in Deputy
Secretary of Defense Task Force file, 19 April 1961........

22

G€neral Lansdale provides a detailed description of President Diem and his frunily apparently intended for Vice
President Johnson's use. Lansdale first met Diem in Saigon
in 1954. "Here is our toughest ally ••• a 60 -year old bachelor vrho gave up romance with his childhood sweetheart •.• to
devote his life to his country." Lansdale Memorand-G....l for
Deputy Secretary of Defense., 25 April 1961.................

36

up

In view of the serious military deterioration ,vi thin South
Vietnam and in order to accomplish the U.S. objective of
preventing communist domination of the South, this first
draft of the Vietnam Task Force report calls for a comprehensive political, economic and military program of U.S.
support . Among other recommendations are an increase in
MAAG and lvi.AP and a visit by the Vice President in the near
future . Task Force Draft flprogrrun of Action,fI 26 April

1961 ....
9.

10.

11.

0

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

..

•

•

•

•

1~2

The effect of a political settlement in Laos vould be (1) to
inhibit U.S. assistance in preventing a COIl1.Illunist take-over
in SVN; and (2) to permit an expansion of the VC effort in
SVN owing to the greater possibilities for uninhibited infi ltration ; and (3) give complete control to the North
Vietnamese of the "three passes through the Annamite Mountains . Wi th an expanded training program in SVN, hm-rever,
the GVN should be able to defend itself even in the event
of a Laotian settlement. Second Draft flLaos Annex fl to Task
Force report, 28 April 1961................................

58

Attorney General Kennedy asks the question I!lmere would be
the best place to stand fu'1 d fight in SEA -- vlhere ·-to draw the
line?" Secretary McNamara thinks the best place to take a
stand is in 'rhailand and SVN. General Decker thinks there is
no good place to fight in SEA. State Department Memorandum
of Conversation, 29 April 1961.............................

62

Secretary Rusk decides at this meeting at the S~ate Department that flT,-le should not place combat forces in SVN at this
time.!! Colonel Robert M. Levy Memorandum for Record, 5 May '

1961 .......................... ao.o.........................

ii

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120

13.

Final Draft of the Ta sk Force Report recommends sending
U. S. Battle Groups and an Engineer Battalion fo r training purposes; the assignment of coastal patrol missions
to ClllCPACFLT; and the air sU.rvei llance and close-support.
role to CINCPACA~ . It also recommends the Vice-Pres idential trip, a letter to Diem from Kennedy , increased
MAP and other assistance , and a general U. S. commitment to
support of Diem. Final Draft Task Force Report llA Program
of Action ,11 6 May 1961 •.•• . 0 ............••.•..•..• 0.0 . • . 0..
OSD requests the JCS to review and study the military
advisability of possible commitment of U. S. forces to SVN .
Deputy Secretary of Defense r,iemorandum for Chairman, JCS ,

8 l\~ay 1961 ....... ".
14 .

COl

ell

'

•••••••

II

••

II

•

Cl

•

"

0

160

17.

•

0

•

"

"

••••

"

•

•

•

0

c

•

0

•

•

13l

President Kennedy provides Vice President Joh..l1son vTith a
personal letter to present to President Diemo Kennedy suggests that, in addition to act ion s in .the Counter-Insur gency Plan, the U,S . is prepared to: ( 1 ) augment the
personnel of 1':lAAG , ( 2) expe..nd t'iA..AG ' s duties, (3 ) provide
l'filiP SUIJport for the Civil Guard, and ( 4 ) provide support
fo r the Vietnamese Junk Force . Presic.ent Kennedy letter
to President Diem, 8 1'~cW 1961..0 . 0. 0..
00 .. 0. , 0 •• , . . •

132

The President makes the follmving decis ions: ( 1) the U. S~
objective is to prevent conmunist domination of SVN and to
cr eate in that country a viable and increasingly democrc.tic
society , ( 2) the President directs full eX~lination of the
size and composition of forc es which ,wuld be desire.ble in
the case of a possible con®itment of U. S. forces to Viet nru~, ( 3) finally , the l~esident approves continuation of
the special Task Force on Vietnam . The decisions of this
HSAM are based on the report I1A Program of Act ion to Pre vent Co:rmnunist Dominatio; of SVN . 11 NSAJv1 52, 11 l-'lay 1961. 0 .

136

President Diem asserts that the recent developments in Laos
emphas ize the grave Vietnamese concern for the security of
their country with its long and vulnerable frontiers .
President Diem states that lias a small nation vie cannot hope
to meet all of our defense needs alone •• 011 and'expresses
confi dence that the Vietnamese needs ,viII be given consideration in VJashingtono President Diem letter to President
Kennedy , 15 l/iay 19610 •.. 0 ••. 00 ........•.••..• 0, •.••.• 00.0..

155

0

15.

69.

••• ••

•

Lansdale slLrnmarizes informat ion on the poss ible .deployment
of U. S. combat forces in VN . He r efers to a conversation
between Di em ~l1d Vice President Johnson on the subjecto

ii i

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"Much of the thinking has been on stationing U. S. combat
force s in the high plateau .•. however , General ~{i lli ams
has vlri tten a brief memorandum to me recommending such
U.S . forces to be stationed on the coast ••• " Lansdale
Memorandum for Deputy Secretary Gilpatric , 18 May 1961.....
18~

The Vice President r eports on his miss ion to SEA. Johnson
feels , on the basis of his visit , that the situation in Laos
has created doubt and concern about U.S . intentions throughout all of SEA . "No amount of success at Geneva can , of
. itself, erase this ." It is Johnson's impression that his
mission arrested the decline of confidence in the U.S. "He
didn 't buy time -- we '\o{ere given it. If these men I saw
at your request were bankers, I would know -- vTi thout
bothering to ask -- that there would be no further exten sions of my note ." The fundamental decision required of
the U. S . is vihether '\o{e are to attempt a major effort in
support of the forces of freedom in the area or "thrmo{ in
the towe l." Johnson recommends "we proceed ,d th a clearcut and strong progr am of action ." Vice President Johnson
Memorandum to President Kennedy, 23 May 1961. ............. .

;19.

President Diem sends the U. S . a study on Vietnamese need s
to meet the i nsurgency situation in the South . Diem sug gests that , in light of the current situat ion, an additional 100,000 me n above the new force level of 170,000
vTill be required to counter the threat of cornmunist domi - .
nation . Diem recOlmnends a considerable expansion of the
U. S. Military Advisory Group in SVN as an essential requirement , and , finally , Dier)1 expresses his mistrust of
Sihanouk ' s cornmunist s~npathies and antagonism of SVN .
President Diem letter to President Kennedy , :; June 1961. ...

20 .

President Kennedy requests that the Secretary of Defense
estimate requirements and make recOlmnendations with respect
to the anticipated future U. S . needs in the fie ld of unconventional warfare and paramilitary operat i ons . NSAM 56,

28 June 1961...............................................
21.

157

159

174

Lansdale relates a conversation between Vice President Tho
a nd Colonel Black . In discussing the Stal ey Mi ssion , Tho
concedes that it is impossible for the U.S. to provide SVN
with piastres. The GVN feels an increase in piastre return
per dollar would cause inflation and , in turn, an inevitable
demand fo r wage increases. Tho further concedes that the
basic problem in VN is more political than economic . Tho 's
impression of the current situation in SVN is more pessimistic

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22 .

'23 .

24.

25 .

than that of the Americans . Lansdale Memorandum for
Deputy Secretary Gilpatric, 12 July 1961...................

175

Mr . William P . Bundy fOri-lards the joint action program proposed by the GVN-US. Special Financia~ Group to the
Assistant Secretary of Defense . The report prepared by
Dr. Eugene Staley, Chairman of the Group, has been submit ted to President Ngo Diem and President John F. Kennedy,
and includes the fiscal and economic implication s of in creasing the Vietnamese armed forces to 200 ,000 strength.
The mili tary portions, in addition to the requirements
already planned , vouldrequire approximately $42 million,
during the 18-month period, July 61-December 62 . Bundy
Memorandum to Gilpatric, 25 July 1961, (Staley Report
attached ) ................................................. .

177

General Lionel C. McGarr, Chief, MAAG -Vietnam, reviews the
military situation and offers recommendations fo r continued
improvement of the situation in SVN to President Diem . Among
the recommendations made .by McGarr are: (1) that a national
internal security council be established to prepare and
execute the Vietnamese National Counter Insurgency Plan;
(2) that effective border and coastal surveillance capabilities be initiated; (3 ) that U.S. advisers be more
effectively utilized by accompanying ARVN units on combat
operations ; and (4) finally , that the reorganization of the
mili tary command structur'e and establishment of a single
chain of command be i mplemented as recommended in the
Counter Insurgency Plan . Aide-Memoire for President Diem,
received Secretary of Defense , 2 August 1961 ..•..•..••.••.•

227 '

The JCS do not believe that an a lt ernat e force of 270,000
vould be required to enable the RVNAF to conduct counterinsurgency operations and, concurrently, be prepared to
meet overt aggression . They recommend that the strategic
force objectives for VN remain at the 9 division level
(200,000) subject to further assessment . JCS Memorandum for
Secretary of Defense , ~CSM 518-61, 3 August 1961. •.••••••.•

239

The President approves the Staley recommendations and decides
that the U.S. will provide equipment and training assistance
for an j_ncreased RVNAF from 170,000 to 200,000. It is hoped
that President Diem will get the maximum mileage in terms of
internal political support from this nev commitment, and
that he 'I.ill involve more elements of the non-cormnunist
political opposition in the civic action program . NSAM 65,
11 Augu_s·t, 19610 ...•.....•.................. • ..............

241

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26 .

The situation in North and South VN is analyzed and the
scope of the communist threat to SVN is estimated for
the following year . The analysis concludes that the
DRV is in thorough political control in North VN and
''vThen Ho is no longer active, there ,Till probably be a
struggle for power betvTeen the MoscO\ol - oriented and the
Peking-oriented elements of the Party." Dissatisfaction
conti nues in South VN vi th Diem ' s leadership . The Array
continues to be a major factor in future pol itical developments in the South . The outlook is for a prolonged and
difficult struggle behleen the VC insurgent s and the GVN .
NIE 14 . 3/53 - 61, 15 August 1961.
0

0

0

0

0

•

0

•

0

••

0

0

0

0

0

000

0

••••••••

27 .

The President approves the following actions : (1) inten sification of di plomatic efforts to achieve Souvanna ' s
agreement to the Pari s proposals j ( 2 ) authorizati on t o
undertake conversations with SEATO allies on an enl arge ment of the concept'of SEATO Plan 5 j and ( 3 ) an increase
in U. S. advisors in Laos . NSAM 80, 29 August 1961 . . ... . .. .

28 .

The JCS sends the, Secretary of Defense a draft memorandum
for the Pres i dent on military ' intervention in Laos . The
JCS suggests that if the President decides that U. S . force s
should be employed in Laos , that SEATO Plan 5 is the
proper bas ic vehicle for the contemplated action . The
poli tical objec'ti ve of the intervention is to confront the
Sino-Soviet Bloc wi th a mi l itary force of Asian and West ern powers capable of stopping the cornmunist advance . JCS
Memorandum for Secretary of Defense , JCSM 661-61, 20 September, 1961 . . ..... .. .......... . ............................. . ...... .. . .. .. .. .. .

29 .

The Bureau of Intelligence and Research assesses the crisi s
in South VN and anal yzes the short term prospects . The
study recogn i zes that cOIrIflunis t progress toward i t s objec t i ve of overthrowing Pres i dent Diem has been substantial.
Since 1960, more than 6, 500 ci viliails , offi cers , and
military personnel have been killed or kidnapped . Recent
U. S. support has rai sed Diem ! s politi cal stature , but there
has bee n no conc l usi ve. reversal of deteriorati ng trends .
The security s i tuati on remai ns unimproved . Howeve r, the
Government! s comprehensive CIP, supported by U. S. a id, is
beginning t o show f avorab l e resul ts . Over the next year,
devel opments i n Laos may have more i nfl uence on VN t han a ny
improvement i n the Diem Government . Department of State
Resear ch Memorandum RFE - l , 29 Septembe r 1961 .............. .

30 .

I t is estimated that present armed , full-t i me VC strength
is about 16,000, an i ncrease of 12 , 000 sinc e April of 1960,

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and of 4,000 in the past three months . While only 10 - '20% ,
of this strength consists of cadres infiltrated from North
VN, the remaining 80 - 90% includes remnants of the approximately 10,000 stay -behind personnel who went underground
duri ng the 1954-3.-955 regroupment and evacuation of Vietnamese communist army units following the Indo - China vlar.
Though some vleapons and equipment have been infiltrated
into South VN, there has been no positive identification
of Communist Bloc-manufactured mi litary equipment in South
VN . SNIE 53 -2~6 1, 5 October 1961..........................

31.

The JCS fee l the time is now past \-Then actions short of in tervention by outside forces can reverse the rapidly
vlOrsening situation in Southeast Asia . They consider the
execution of SEATO Plan 5, or a sui table variation thereof,
to be the military minimum commensurate i"i th the situation .
JCS Memorandum for Secretary of Defense , JCSM 704 - 61, 5

October 1961 . . .......... . ......... .. .......................
32 .

33 .

34.

291

295

It is the opinion of the JCS that the use of SEATO fo r ces
at the greatest possible number of entry points along the
,"hol e South Vl'J border, i.e ., over several hundred miles , is
not feasible . Further, the alternative of using SEATO
forces to cover solely the 17th paralle l is militarily un sound . ""lrJhat is needed i s not the spreading out of our
forces throughout SEA, but rather a consoli dated effort in
Laos where a firm stand c'an be taken •.• " A l imited interim
course of acti on is provided herewith in the event SEATO
Plan 5 is considered politically unacceptable . JCS Memorandum fo r Secretary of Defense , JCSM 716 -61, 9 Octobe r

1961. . . ............................... . ... . ................

297

IIFor \-That one man ' s fee l i s worth, mine -- based on very
close touch id th Indo - China in the 1954 war and c i vil i-lar
afterwards until Diem took hol d -- is that it is r eally
now or never if we are to arrest the gains being made by
the Vietcong ." Bundy suggests that an early, hard - hitti ng
operati on has a 70% chance of suc cess . "'rhe 30% is that we
woul d wind up like the "French i n 1954 ; whi te men can ' t win
thi s kin d of f i ght . On a 70-30 baSiS , I would, myse lf,
favor going i n ." Bundy memorandum for Secretary McNamara,
10 Oct obe r 1961............................................

312

It is estimated that the Communi st Bloc vlOuld not commit
North Vietnamese or Chinese Communi st f orces to a l argescale military attack agai nst South VN or Laos in response
t o an assumed SEATO acti on t o patrol the GVN coast

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and secure the border involving about 25,000 men . Neutral ist governments in SEA lvould be most concerned at the
increased tension and danger of general hostilities .
Nationalist China would be elated with the SEATO action .
SIDE 10 - 3 - 6 , 10 October 1961. .... . . .. . . . . . .. . .... . . . .......

313

35 .' At a meeting "Tith President Kennedy, the follmving actions
were agreed upon: (1 ) the Defense Department is authorized
to send the Air Force Jungle Jim Squadron to VN; ( 2 ) Gen eral MaxvTell Tayl or vill leave for SVN on a Presidential
mission; and ( 3 ) the State Department will pursue specific
political actions, i. e . , protest to the ICC on North VN
support of the VC ; table a v.7hi te Paper at the UN ; and con sult vith our SEATO allies regarding support in VN . Gil patri c Memorandum for Record , 11 October 1961........ . .....

322

36 .

37 .

38 .

39 .

"'\!J'ith respect to training the Vietnamese Army for the ',,'Tong
var ', i t seems clear that.in recent months the insurgency in
South Vietnam has developed far beyond the capacity of polic e
control. All of the Vietnamese Army successes this past
swmner have met Viet Cong opposition in organized battalion
strength ... This change in the situation has not been fully
understood by many U. S . officials . In this regard , there i s
some concern that the Thompson Mission may try to sell the
Malayan concept of police control without making a ' sufficient l y careful evaluation of conditions in South Vietnam ."
JCS Memorandum for General Taylor , CM - 390 - 61, 12 October

1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

324

The President requests that General Taylor proceed t o
Saigon to appraise the situation in South Vietnam and to
report his views on the courses of action which the U. S.
might take to avoid further deterioration in the situati on
and eventually to e1imiriate the threat to the independence
of South Vietnam . President Kennedy l etter t o General
Taylor, 13 October 1961 •• •

0.• ••.•.• 0•• 0•.• 00••• ••0. ..... ...

327

The President direc t s the follovling actions be taken : (1)
make preparat i ons for the publ ication of the White Paper on
Nort h Vi etnamese aggression ; ( 2 ) develop plans for presen tation of the VN case in the UN; (3 ) introduce the Jungl e
Jim Squadron into SVN for the purpose of training Vietnamese
forces . He indi cates that General Taylor shoul d undertake
a mission to Saigon . NSAM 101+, 13 October 1961............

328

It is the conc l usion of the DoD General CotL"lselt~lat the pro posed introducti on of U. S . combat and logistic forces i nto
VN voul d consti tute violations of Artic l es 16 and 17 of the '

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Geneva Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in VN of
July 20, 1954. Introduction of U. S. troops even for pur poses of f l ood control would still constitute a violation
of the Geneva Accords by the Government of m~ . If a deci sion is made to send U.S . troops into ~, the U.S . should
justify it on the ground of collective self -defense.
"Nothing in the Geneva Accords should be read as abridging
the inherent right of Vietnam and the United States to
take actions in collective self - defense . 1f DoD General
Counsel Memoranqum for Mr . Hadyn Williams , 26 October 1961 .•
40.

41.

42.

. 329

General Taylor surnmarizes the fundamental conclusions of
his group and his persorial recommendations . Taylor con cludes there is a double crisis in confidence: doubt that
the U. S . is determined to save SEA, and doubt that .
Diem's methods can defeat the Communist purposes and
methods . Taylor recommends that the U.S. Government JOln
Vlith the GVN in a massive joint effort as part of a total
mobi li zation of GVN resources to cope I-lith both the VC and
the ravages of the flood . Specifically, the U.S . Govern ment will provide individual administrators , conduct a joint
survey of conditions in the provinces, ass ist the GVN in
effecting surveillance and control over the coastal waters ,
and finally , offer to introduce into South VN a military
Task Force to operate under U. S . military control. General
Taylor telegram (cite BAGI00005 ) for President Kennedy,

1 November 1961...............................................

331

Taylor presents his reasons for recommending the introduction of a U.S . milit ary force into South Vietnam . "I have
reached the conclusion that this is an essential ac tion if
1-1e are to reverse the present downward trend of events •.•
there can be no action so convincing of U.S . seriousness
of purpose and hence so reassuring to the people and govern ment of S~ and to our other friends and allies in SEA as
the introduction of U.S. forces into S~ .1f Taylor suggest s
that the strategic reserve of U. S. forces is seriously weak
and that U. S. prestige vlOuld be more heavily engaged in
S~ by this action .
He-mever, the size of the U.S. force
introduced need not be great to provide the mi litary pres ence necessary to produce the desired effect . General
Tayl or telegram (cite BAGIOoo06 ) for President Kennedy,
1 November 1961. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . •• . . . . •• . . . .

337

The JCS and Secretary McNamara do not believe major units
of U.S. fo:cces should be i ntroduced in SVN unless the U.S.
is willing to conuni t itself to the clear objective of pre venting the fall of S~ to communi sm and to support this

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commitment by military action and preparation for pos sible later action . 'l'hey recommend that the U. S commit
itself to this objective and support the recommendations
of General Taylor tOlolard its fulfillment. Secretary of
Defense Memorandum for the Pres ident : 8 November 1961. • .•••

43 . . The head of the British Advisory Mission submits to Diem
his plan for clearing the VC from the Delta . The central
idea is the creation of a nehlOrk of "strategic hamlets" akin
to those employed successfully by Thompson in defeating the
communist guerillas in Malaya . R. G.K . Thompson letter to
Diem, 11 November 1961 ..••.•••••.••.••••••...•••••.••••..••
Reversing the Novembe r 8 Defense recommendation for a commitment of substantial U.S. ground forces to South Vietnam
this November 11 Rusk-McNamara memorandum to the President
(perhaps prepared at Kennedy's specific direction) escalates
the rhetoric regarding U. S. interest in a free South Viet nam, but restricts the military recommendation: (a) employ
only support forc e s now ; (b) defer any decision to send
"larger organized units with actual or potential direct mil itary missions ." VIhether Kennedy fully accepted the highblmID statements of U. S . interest and connni tment to the
GVN is not known . State/Defense Memorandum to the President ,

45 .

46 .

11 November 1961 .......................................... .

359

The Joint Staff submits to the Chairman, JCS , briefs of the
military actions contained in the draft National Security
Action Memorandum resulting from the Taylor Mission Report .
The rnili t ary actions ind~xed pertaj.n to the use of signifi cant and/or substantial U.S. forces, provision of increased
airlift, provision of additional equipment and U.S. personnel, provision of training and equipment for the Civil
Guard and SDC, and finally , overhaul of the GVN military
estab li shment and command structure . In connection 'I·1i th the
draft memorandum, the Joint Staff considersit militarily
desirable to pre -position forces and equipment and is cur rently considering augmentation of U. S. Army Forces Pacific ,
with one infantry division plus appropriate logistic and
combat support units . Joint Staff Memorandum for the Chairman of the JCS , 14 November 1961...........................

368

Rusk instructs Ambassador Nolting to seek an i mmediate ap pointment vri th President Diem to inform him that President
Kennedy has decided that the Government of the U.S. is prepared to join the Government of VN in a sharply increased
joint effort to avoid further deteriorat~on in the ~ituation
of SVN . The joint effort requires certaln undertaklngs by

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both governments. On i ts pa~t} the U . S. "/Quld immediately
support the GVN ,'Ti th increased airlift, additional equipment} U. S. personnel, expedited training and equipping of
the Civil Guard and increased economic aid . The GVN} however, "Tould nave to initiate the follmTing actions : (1) begin
prompt legislative and administrative action to put the
nation on a wartime footing to mobilize its resources;
(2) give governmental ,-Tartime agencies adequate authority
to perform their functions effectively; and ( 3) overhaul
the military establishment and command structure to create
an effective milit13.ry organization.

(Text continues in the original file: 456 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-4-Book-II — [Part V. B. 4.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Kennedy Administration. Book I · Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-4-Book-II

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-4-Book-II
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B-4-Book-II
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET#13
Seo Det Cont lbv
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v.B.4.
U. S. INVOLVEMENf IN THE vlAR
- INTERNAL DOCUMENTS The Kennedy Administration:
January 1961 - November 1963
BOOK II

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v.B.4.

u.S. INVOLVEMENT IN THE WAR -- INTERNAL DOCUMENTS
The Kennedy Administration:

January 1961 - November 1963

Foreword
~'his volume contains a collection of internal U.S. Government documents and position papers regarding U. S. policy tOl-lard Vietnam. The
volume of materials for this period is so l arge as t o preclude the
inclus ion in such a collection of more than a sample of the documents in the files. Those clas sified materials that are included,
however, were circulated at the highest levels of the Government and
either bore directly on the process of policy fonnation or were
decision-making instruments. The collection is organized chronologically and devoted exclusively to the Kennedy years. A separate
volume covers the Johnson Administration.

BOOK I

January thru December 1961

BOOK II

January 1962 thru October 1963

I .
I .

,i
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v.B.4.
U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN 'l'HE 11M -- I NTERNAL DOClJ'MENTS

The Kennedy Administration:

January 1961 - November 1963

Contents and
Chronologi cal List of Documents

1.

General Lansdale reports on his J anuary visit to Vietnam:
"The U.S. should r ecognize that Vietnam is in a critical
condition and should treat it as a combat area of the cold
·war ••• " He recommends strong support for Diem personal~
as the best available South Vietnames e l eader, and the
prompt transfer of Ambassador Durbrow, ,.hose relations with
Diem . are poor. ~1emo for Secretary of Defense, 17 January

1961 .................................. .
2.

3.

4.
5.

01 •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Embassy Sa.igon, is advised that Kennedy has approved CounterInsurgency Plan (prepare d by previous Administration)
calling f or increases in U.S. support for Vietnamese armed
forces, contingent on reforms by Diem. State to Saigon
1051t, 3 February 1961......................................

1

14

i

The President requests the SecDef to examine means for
plac ing more emphasis on the developme nt of counter guer.rilla forces. NSAM 2, 3 February 1961. ••••••••••••••••••• ~

17

The Secretary of Defense is instructed to r eport his views
on actions in the near future to launch guerrilla operations in Viet Minh territory. NSAM 28, 9 March 1961 •••••••

18

j

Ii
.'

The JCS comment on the recommendations of Lt Gen Trapnell.
In addition to the Trapnell recommendations, the JCS suggest
that the U.S. provide Defense support funds on the same
basis for 170,000 forces as for 150,000; that the U.S. provide MAP support for the entire 68,000-man Civil Guard; and
that the U.S. exploit these contributions to induce the GVN to
accept the Counter Insurgency Plan. Memorandum reflects
conflict of views between MAAG and Embassy in Saigon. JCS
Memorandum for Secretary of Defense, JCSM 228-61, 11 April

1961.......................................................

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6.

Unsigned paper, apparently by Lansdale, propos es a Eresi~ .
dential directive organi zing a 'rask Force to come up "d. th an
approved plan of action in Vietnam. The goals of U.S. policy
in Vietnam fall into three interrelated parts: (1) pacification, (2) stabilization and (3) unification of Vietnam
under anti-communist government. Tasks are outlined in this
memorandum to accomplish these three goals. Pape r in Deputy
Secretary of Defense Task Force file, 19 April 1961. •••••••

22

General Lansdale provides a detailed description of President Diem and his f amily apparently intended for Vice
President John son's use. Lansdale first met Diem in Saigon
in 1954. "Here is our toughest ally ••• a 60-year old bachelor who gave up romance with his childhood sweetheart ••• to
devote his life to his country." Lansdale Hemorandum for
Deputy Secretary of Defense,' 25 April 1961 •••••••••••••••••

. 36

"

I

7.

I

8.

In · view of the serious military deterioration within South
Vietnam and in order to accomplish the U.S. object ive of
preventing communist domination of the South, this first
draft of the Vietnam Task Force report calls for a comprehensive political, economic and military program of U.S.
support . Among othe r recommendations are an increase in
MAAG and MAP and a visit by the Vice President in the near
future. Ta sk Force Draft '''Program of Action,1I 26 April

1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.

10.

The effect of a political settlement in Laos would be (1) to
inhibit U.S. ass istance in preventing a communist take-over
~ in SVN; and (2) to permit an expansion of the VC effort in
SVN owing to the greater possibilities for uninhibited infil trat:ion; and (3) give complete control to the North
Vietnamese of the three passes through the Annamite Hountains. With an expanded training program in SVN, however,
the GVN should be able to defend itself even in the event
of a Laotian settlement. Second Draft IILaos Annex" to Task
Force report, 28 April 1961................................

42

/

58

Attorney General Kennedy asks the question "Where would be
the best place to stand and fight in SEA -- where to draw the
line?1I Secretary HcNamara thinks the best place to take a
stand is in Thailand and SVN. General Decker thinks there is
no good place to fight in SEA. State Department Memorandum
of Conversation, 29 April 1961 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Secretary Rusk decides at this me eting at the State Depart. ment that "We should not place combat forces in SVN at this
time." Colonel Robert H. Levy Memorandum for Record, 5 Hay

19 61 ._....•.•.•.• ·t· · · · · · .. · · · . · · · · · · .. · · · · · •.... · .......... .

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12.

Final Draft of the Task Force Report recommends sending
U.S, Battle Groups and an Engineer Battalion for training purposes; the assignment of coastal patrol missions
to CmCPACFLT; and the air surveillance and close-support
role to CINCPACAF. It also recommends the Vice-Presidential trip, a letter to Diem from Kennedy, increased
MAP and other assistance, and a general U.S. commitment to
support of Diem. Final Draft Task Force Report "A Program

/

of Action, ft 6 May 1961 .................................... .

'69.

13 . . OSD requests the JCS to review and study the military
advisability of possible commitment of U.S. forces to SVN.
·Deputy Secretary of Defense Memorandum for Chairman, JCS,
8 Nay 1961 ........ ".......................................

. 131

14. President Kennedy provides Vice President Johnson ,.,ith a

15.

16.

personal letter to present to President Diem. Kennedy suggests that, in addition to actions in the Counter-Insurgency Plan, the U.S, is prepared to: (1) augment the
personnel of MAAG, (2) expand MAAG's duties, (3)) provide
~ffiP support for the Civil Guard, and (4) provide support
for the Vietnamese Jw1k Force. President Kennedy letter
to President Diem, 8 Nay 1961..............................

132

The Presid.ent makes the following decisions: (l} the U. S.
objective is to prevent communist domination of SVN and to
create in that country a viable and increasingly democratic
society, (2) the President directs full examination of the
size and compo sition of forces which would be desirable in
the case of a possible commitment of U.S. forces to Vietnam, (3) finally, the President approves continuation of
the special Task Force on Vietnam . . The decisions of this
NSM1 are based on the report "A Program of Action to Prevent Communist Domination of SVN .~r NSAM 52, 11 Nay 1961...

136

President Diem asserts that the recent developments in Laos
emphasize the grave Vietnamese concern for the security of
their country with its long and vulnerable frontiers.
President Diem states that "as .a small nation we cannot hope
to meet all of our defense needs alone ••• l1 and expresses
confidence that the Vietnamese needs will be given consideration in Washington. President Diem letter to President

Kennedy, 15 J:ilay 1961.......................................

17.

155

Lansdale summarizes information on the possible deployment
of U.S. combat forces in VN. He refers to a conversation
between Diem and Vice President Johnson on the subject.

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"Much of the thinking has been on stationing U.S. combat
forces in the high plateau ••• hO'lfever, General Williams
has written a brief memorandum to me recommending such
U.S. forces to be stationed on the coast ••• " Lansdale
Memorandum for Deputy Secret·ary Gilpatric, 18 May 1961.....
18.

19.

20.

The Vice President reports on his mission to SEA. Johnson
feels, on the basis of his visit, that the situation in Laos
has created doubt and concern about U.S. intentions throughout all of SEA. "No amount of success at Geneva can, of
itself, erase this." It is Johnson's impression that his
mission arrested the decline of confidence in the U.S. "We
didn't buy time -- we were given it. If these men I saw
.at your request were bankers, I would know -- without
bothering to ask -- that there would be no further extensions of my note." The fundamental decision required of
the U.S. is whether we are to attempt a major effort in
support of the forces of freedom in the area or "throw in
the towel." Johnson recomme nds "we proceed with a clearcut and strong program of action." Vice President Johnson
Memorandum to President Kennedy, 23 May 1961. ••••••••••••••
President Diem sends the U.S. a study on Vietnamese needs
to meet the insurgency situation in ~he South. Diem suggests that, in light of the current situation, an additional 100,000 men above the new force level of 170,000
will be required to counter the threat of communist domination. Diem recommends a considerable expansion of the
U.S. Military AdviSOry Group in svn as an essential requirement, and, finally, Diem expresses his mistrust of
Sihanouk's communist sympathies and antagonism of SVN.
President Diem letter to President Kennedy, Y June 1961....

159

167

President Kennedy requests that the Secretary of Defense
estimate requirements and make recommendations with respect
to the anticipated future U.S. needs in the field of unconventional warfare ' and paramilitary operations. NSAM 56,

28 June 1961 ....... "."." ..... "." .. ".... "."".""""." .. ".,,",,..
21.

157

174

Lansdale relates a conversation behreen Vice President Tho
and Colonel Black. In discussing the Staley Mission, Tho
concedes that it is impossible for the U.S. to provide .BVN
with piastres. The GVN feels an increase in piastre return
per dollar would cause inflation and, in turn, an inevitable
demand for wage increases. Tho further concedes that the
basic problem in ~VN is more political than economic. Tho's
impression of the current situation in SIiN is more peSSimistic

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22.

23.

24~

25.

than that of the Americans. Lansdale Memorandum for
Deputy Secretary Gilpatric, 12 July 1961 •..••••••••••••••••

175

Mr. Hilliam P. Bundy forwards the joint a(:tion program proposed by theGVN-US. Special Financial GrclI.lp to the
Assistant Secretary of Defense. The repOl' t prepared by
Dr. Eugene Staley, Chairman of the Group, has been submitted to President Ngo Diem and President J( JIm F. Kennedy,
and includes the fiscal and economic impl.l.cations of increasing the Vietnamese armed forces to 200,000 strength.
The military portions, in addition to the requirements
already planned, would require approximat(:ly $42 million,
during the lS-month period, July 61-Decem),cr 62. Bundy
Memorandum to Gilpatric, 25 July 1961 , (Staley Report
at.tached)..... .......................... ..... ...... ........

177

General Lionel C. McGarr, Chief, MAAG-Vie'[na.m, reviews the
military situation and offers recommendatJ ons for continued
improvement of the situation in SVN to Prenldent Diem. Among
the recommenda tions ma de by McGarr are: (1) that a national
internal security council be establish,e d 'to prepare and
execute the Vietnamese National Counter Illuurgency Planj
(2) that effective border and coastal SU1've illance capabilities be initiatedj (3) that U. S. advj.licrs be more
effecti vely utilized by accompanying AR'VIIT units on combat
operationsj and (4) finally, that the reol'e;anization of the
military cOnLmand structure and establishtIl, :nt of a single
chain of command be implemented as reCOlmll( 'l\ded in the
Counter Insurgency Plan. Aide-Memoire fOr' President Diem,
received Secretary of Defense, 2 August l~)G l...............

227

The JCS do not' believe that an alternate force of 270,000
would be required to enable the R'VIIIAF to <: onduct counterinsurgency operations and, concurrently, be prepared to
meet overt aggression. They recommend tb1lt the strategic
force objectives for VN remain at the 9 dLvision level
(200,000) subject to f.urthe.r assessment. JCS Memorandum for
Secretary of Defense, JCSM 51S -61, 3 AUgUllt 1961. •••• ,......

~ 39

The President approves the Staley recommendations and decides
that the U.S. will provide equipment and training assistance
for an increased RVNAF from 170,000 to 200,000. It is hoped
that President Diem will get the maximum IIlileage in terms of
internal political support from this new commitment, and
that he will involve more elements of the non-communist
political opposition in the civic action l)rogram. NSAM 65,
11 August 1961 .•......................•....• e o • • • ~ • • • • • • • • •

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26.

The situation in North and South VN is analyzed and the
scope of the communist threat t~ SVN is estimated for
the following year. The analysis concludes that the
DRV is in thorough political control in North VN and
"when Ho is no longer active, there ·..rill probably be a
struggle for power between the Moscow-oriented and the
Peking-oriented elements of the Party." Dissatisfaction
continues in South VN with Diem's leadership. The Army
continues to be a major factor in future political developments in the South. The outlook is for a prolonged and
difficul t struggle behTeen the VC insurgents and the GVN.
NIE 14.3/53-61, 15 August 1961. ...........................•

27.

The President approves the following actions: (1) intensification of diplomatic efforts to achieve Souvanna's
agreement to the Paris proposals; (2) authorization to
undertake conversations with SEATO allies on an enlargementof the concept of SEATO Plan 5; and (3) an increase
in U.S. advisors in Laos. NSAM 80, 29 August 1961. ••••..••

28.

The JCS sends the. Secretary of Defense a draft memorandum
for the President on military intervention in Laos. The
JCS suggests that if the President decides that U.S. forces
should be employed in Laos, that SEATO Plan 5 is the
proper basic vehicle for the contemplated action. The
political objective of the intervention is to confront the
Sino-Soviet Bloc with a military force of Asian and Western pOiverscapable of stopping the commlmist advance. JCS
Memorandum for Secretary of Dei'ense , JCSM' 661-61, 20 September, 1961 .... e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

I

249
I

29.

The Bureau of Intelligence and Research assesses the crlSlS
in South VN and analyzes the short term prospects. The
study recognizes that cOlluTIlmist progress toward its objective of overthrOYTing President Diem has been substantial.
Since 1960, more than 6,500 civilians, officers, and
military personnel have been ki lled or kidnapped. Recent
. U. S. support has raised Diem t s political stature, but there
has been no conclusive reversal of deteriorating trends.
The security situation remains unimproved. However, the
Government's comprehensive CIP, supported by U.S. aid, is
beginning to ShovT f avorable results. Over the next year,
developments in Laos may have more influence on VN than any
improvement in the Diem Government. Department of State
Research Memorandum RFE-l, 29 September 1961. •••.••.•.•••••

30.

It is estimated that pre sent anned, full-time VC strength
is about .16,000, an increase of' 12,000 since April of 1960,

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and of 4,000 in ' the past three months. While only 10 -20% .
of this strength consists of cadres infiltrated from North
VN, the remaining 80-90% includes rerrmants of the approximately 10,000 stay-behind personnel who went underground
during the 19.54-::"'955 regroupment and evacuation of Vietnamese communist anny units following the Indo-China War.
Though some weapons and equipment have been infiltrated
into South VN, there has been no positive identification
of Communist Bloc-manufactured military equipment in South
VN. SNIE 53-2-61, 5 October 1961 ......•...................

31.

291

The JCS feel the time is nOVl past when actions short of intervention by outside forces can reverse the rapidly
worsening situation in Southeast Asia. They consider the
execution of SEATO Plan 5, or a sui table variation thereof,
to be the military minimum commensurate with the situation.
JCS Memorandum for Secretary of Defense, JCSM 704-61, 5
October 1961 ..•.•............•.•......•...............•.••.

295
/

32.

33.

34.

It is the opinion of the JCS that the use of SEATO forces
at the greatest possible number of entry points along the
whole South VN border, i.e., over several hundred miles, is
not feasible. Further, the alternative of using SEATO
forces to cover solely the 17th parallel is militarily unsound. "What is needed is not the spreading out of our
forces throughout SEA, but rather a consolidated effort in
Laos where a firm stand can be taken~ •• " A limited interim
course of action is provided herewith in the event SEATO
Plan 5 is considered politically unacceptable. JCS Memorandum for Secretary of Defense, JCSM 716-61, 9 October

1961. , .................................................... .

297

"For what one man's feel is worth, mine -- based on very
close touch with Indo-China in the 1954 war and civil war
afterwards until Diem took hold -- is that it is really
now or never if we are to arrest the gains being made by
the Vietc:ung." Bundy suggests that an early, hard-hitting
operation has a 70% chance of success. "The 30% is that we
would wind up like the French in 1954; white men can't win
this kind of fight. On a 70-30 baSiS, I would, myself,
favor going in." Bundy memorandum for Secretary McNamara,
10 October 1961 ...•.............•.......•.......•..........

312

It is estimated that the Communist Bloc would not commit
North Vietnamese or Chinese Communist forces to a largescale military atta.ck against South VN or Laos in response
to an assuJned SEATO action to patrol the GVN coast

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and secure the border involving about 25,000 men. Neutralist goverrunents in SEA would be most concerned at the
increased tension and danger of general hostilities.
Nationa list China would be elated with the SEATO action.
SNIE 10-3-6, 10 October 1961...............................

313

35. At a meeting with President Kennedy, the following actions
were agreed upon: (1) the Defense Department is authorized
to send the Air Force Jungle Jim Squadron to VN; (2) General Maxwell Taylor will leave for BVrlon a Presidential
mission; and (3) the State Department will pursue specific
poli tical actions, i.e. J protest to the ICC on North VN
support of the VC; table a White Paper 'at the UN; and consult with our SEATO allies regarding support in VN. Gilpatric Memorandum for Record, 11 October 1961. ••...........

36.

"With respect to training the Vietnamese Army for the 'wrong
war', it seems clear that in recent months the insurgency in
South Vietnam has developed far beyond the capac ity of police
control. All of the Vietnamese Army successes this past
swnmer have met Viet Cong opposition in organized battalion
strength ••• This change in the situation has not· been fully
understood by many U.S. officials. In this regard , there is
some concern that the Thompson Mission may try to sell the
Malayan concept of police control without making a sufficiently careful evaluation of conditions in South Vietnam."
JCS Memorandum for General Taylor, .CM-390-61, 12 October
e ' ...................... .

324

The President requests that General Taylor proceed to
Saigon to appraise the situation in South Vietnam and to
report his views on the courses of action which the U.S.
might take to avoid further deterioration in t he situation
and eventually to eliminate the threat to the independence
of South Vietnam. President Kennedy letter to General
Taylor, 13 October 1961 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

327

The President directs the following actions be taken: (1)
make preparations for the publication of the White Paper on
North Vietname se aggreSSion; (2) develop plans for presentation of 'the VN case in the UN; (3) introduce the Jungle
Jim Squadron into SVN for the purpose of training Vietnamese
forces. He indicates that General Taylor should undertake
a mission to Saigon. NSAM 104, 13 Octobe~ 1961 •..••••..••.

328 .

1961 .................................

37.

38.

39.

It is the conclusion of the 'DoD General Counse that the proposed introduction of U.S, combat and logistiC forces into
VN would constitute violat ions of Articles 16 and 17 of the

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Geneva Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in VN of
July 20., 1954. Introduction of U.S. troops even for purposes of flood control would still constitute a violation
of the Geneva Accords by the Government of VN. If a decision is made to send U.S. troops into VN, the U.S. should
justify it on the ground of collective self-defense .
"Nothing in the Geneva Accords should be read as abridging
the inherent right of Vietnam and the United States to
take actions in collective sel.f-defense." DoD General
Counsel Memoran~um for Mr . Hadyn Williams, 26 October 1961..
40.

General Taylor summarizes the fundamental conclusions of
his group and his personal
recommendations. Taylor con,
eludes there is a double crisis in confidence : doubt that
the U.S. is determined to save SEA, and doubt that ~
Diem's methods can defeat the Corununist purposes and
methods. Taylor recommends t h at t he U.S. Government JOln
wi th the GV1i in a massive joi n t effort as part of a total
mobilization of GVN resources to cope with both the VC and
the r avages; of the flood . Specifically, the U. S. Government will pl~vide individual administrators , conduct a joint
survey of conditions in the pr Dvinces , assist the GVN in
effecting surveillance and control over the coastal waters,
and .finally, offer to introduc e into South VN a military
Task Force t o operate under UM S. military control. General
Taylor telegram (cite BAGIOOOO5) for President Kennedy,
1 November 1961 ..................... Ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

329

, --

331

,'.

41.

Taylor presents his reasons f o r recommending the i ntroduction of a U.S. military force into South Vietnam. "1 have
reached the conclusion that t h is is an essential action if
we are to r everse the present downward trend of events ..•
there can be no action so conv incing of U.S. seriousness
of purpose and hence so reas suring to the people and government of SVN and to our other t'riends and allies in SEA as
the introduction of U.S. force s into SVN." Taylor suggests
that the strategic reser ve of' U.S. forces is seriously weak
and that U.S. presti ge would be more heavily engaged in
SVN by this action. HOYTever, the si ze of the U.S. force
introduced nee d not be great t o provide the military presence necessary to produce the des ired effect. General
Taylor telegram (cite BAGIOOOO6) for President Kennedy,
1 November 1.9 61 ................... .~ .......................................................... ..

42.

337

The JCS and Secretary McNamara do not believe major units
of U.S. forc es should be introduced in SVN unless the U.S.
is willing to cO!luuit itself to the clear obj e ctive of preventing the fall of SVN to communism and to support th~s

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commitment by military action and preparation for possible later action. They recommend that the U. S commit
itself to this objective and support the recommendations
of General Taylor toward its fulfillment. Secretary of
Defense Memorandwn for the PreSident, 8 November 1961. ....•

43.

The head of the British Advisory Mission submits to Diem
his plan for clearing the VC from the Delta. The central
idea is the creation of a network of "strategic hamlets" akin
to those employed successfully by Thompson in defeating the
communist guerillas in Malaya. R.G.K. Thompson letter to
Diem, 11 No,:~emb·er 1961.....................................

44.

345

Reversing the November 8 Defense recommendation for a commitment of substantial U.S. ground forces to South Vietnam
this November 11 Rusk-McNrullara memorandum to the President
(perhaps prepared at Kennedy's specific direction) escalates
the rhetoric regarding U.S. interest in a free South Vietnam, but restricts . the military recommendation: (a) employ
only support forces now; (b) defer any decision to send
"larger organized units with actual or potential direct military missions." Whether Kennedy fully accepted the highblown statements of U.S. interest and oorrimitment to the
GVN is not kno\-m. State/Defense Memorandum to the President,
11 November 1961...........................................

359

45.

The Joint Staff submits to the Chairman, JCS, briefs of the
military actions contained in the draft National Security
Action Memorandwn resulting from the Taylor Mission Report.
The military actions indexed pertain to the use of sign if icant and/or substantial U.S. fo rces , provision of increased
airlift, provision of additional equipment and U.S. personnel, provision of training and equipment for the Civil
Guard and SDC, and finally, ove rhaul of the GVN military
est ab lishment and command structure. In connection with the
draft memorandwn, the Joint Staff considers it militarily
desirable to pre-position force s and equipment and is currently considering augmentation of U.S. Army Forces PacifiC,
with one infantry division plus appropriate logistic and
combat support units. Joint Staff Memorandum for the Chairman of the JCS, 14 November 1961...........................368

46.

Rusk instructs Ambassador Nolting to seek an immediate appointment with President Diem to inform him that President
Kennedy has decided that the Government of the U.S. is prepared to join the Government of VN in a sharply increased
joint effort to avoid further deterioration in the situation
of SVN. The joint effort requires certain undertakings by

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both govermnents. On its part, the U. S ••Tould immediately
support the aVN with increased airlift, additional equipment, U.S. personnel, expedited training and equipping of
the Civil Guard and increased economic aid. The GVN, however, would have to initiate the following actions: (1) begin
prompt legislative and administrative action to put the
nation on a wartime footing to mobilize its resources;
(2) give governmental wartime agencies adequate authority
to perform their functions effectively; and (3) overhaul
the military establishment and command structure to create
an effective milit?-ry organization. "President Kennedy contemplates ail inunediate strong affirmative reply to satisfactory letter along indicated lines from President Diem,
which will simultaneously be made public." Rusk NIACT 619
to Saigon, 15 November 1961................................

47.

j
! .

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## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B1 — [Part V. A.] Justification of the War. Public Statements. Volume II: D--The Johnson Administration

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-V-B1
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 -1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET#13
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See Def Cont Hr. X-e

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V. B . lo

JUSTIFICATION OF THE WAR -- INTERNAL COJolMITMENTS

THE ROOSEVELT ADMINISTRATION, 1940 - 1945

Foreword
This portion of the study consists of a collection of
U. S. Government documents which set forth the rationale of
U. S. policy toward Vietnam. The collection represents the
internal commitment of the U. S, as expressed in classified
documents circulated at the highest levels in the gover nment . The documents are organized chronologically within
each Presidential aQ~inistration . This volume covers the
Roosevelt years , 1940- 1945 .

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V.B.l

JUSTIFICATION OF THE WAR -- INTERNAL CO!1MITMENTS

The Roosevelt Administration , 1940 - 1945
Contents and
Chronological List of Documents

1.

2.

3.

U. S. views on Japan ' s demands concerning French Indochina are
given to the French Embassy . Memorandum by Mr . Dunn (Poll tical
Adviser) to Under Secretary Helles, 6 August 1940 •..... • • . . • •.. . .

1

Welles instructs Ambassador Grew to convey to the Japanese that
the U. S. was "seriously perturbed" over Japanese demands concerning Indo china . Welles 293 to Tokyo , 6 August 1940 . • . . .. . •...

3

Mr . Cecil Gr ay , Assistant to the Secretary of State, reports on
Secretary Hull ' s view of the Japanese occupation of Indochina .
The occupation was seen as a threat to trade routes of II supreme
importance to the United States . " Secretary Hull also remarks
to Sumner vTelles that "the J apanese are seeking to dominate
militarilY'practically one- half the world . • .. II and will continue
"unless something happens to stop her . II Two metloranda by Mr .
Cecil Gray, 24 and 25 July 1941. . .. . . . . • . • . . • .. • • . • • • . • . . • • . • . . • .

4

4. President Roosevelt proposes to the Japanese Ambassador to
neutralize Indochina , creating in effect an Asian "Switzerland ."
Memorandum by Sumner Welles of conversation between Roosevelt
and the Japanese Ambassador , 24 July 1941 • • .. •• . • •• . •. • •..•..•. • • 8
5.

U. S. publicly declares that the agreement between France and
J apan regarding Indo china was unjustified . State Departmen~
press release, 2 August 1941. •.....•..•...••• . • , . •• .••.•••.•..•.. 11

6. u.s. proposes to Japan that the tvl0 countries endeavor to concl ude a mul~ilateral non - aggression pact ~ong Britain, China,
Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Thailand, and the United States
which would respect the territorial integrity of Indochina.
Cordell Hull to ~bassador Nomura (Japan), 26 NoveDber 1941 ..• •• • 13
7.

•

President Roosevelt expresses to Emperor Hirohito that continuance of the Japanese troop movements into Indochina is "unthinkable ." }.lessage from Roosevelt to Hirohito, 6 December 1941. •• .. . 14

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8.

9.

u.s. assures France that she will be restored to full independence "in all the greatness and vastness" which she possessed
before the war in Europe and in her colonies overseas . Lettev
f rom r1r. f.1urphy to General Giraud, 2 November 1942 . (Other
U.S. pol icy statements for 1942 are quoted 1n Document No . 11,
page iv, fo110\<o·1ng).. ................ .......... . .... .. . ... ......

16

There follows a series of commuications concerning the use of
Chinese troops in Indochina . The U. S. r ejected the French
protestations and contended that the problem was primarily
military. (President Roosevelt ' s decision was influential
in t he eventual Chinese occupation of Tonkin and their subsequent replacement by the French . ) • . •. . •• .......•.... ••• .......•.

17

a.

b.

c.

Expressions of concern over Chinese participation in the
l iberation of Indochina by the French Committee of National
Liberation . M. Henri Hoppenot memorandum to Mr . Adolph
Berle, Assistant Secretary of State , 20 October 1943 ...•...•

18

Nr. Berle expresses to the French that i t is a mili tary
problem but privately expresses the fact that Chinese
intervention forces the issue of vlestern colonialism
versus Eastern liberation as a policy . Memorandum of
Conversation by Mr . Berle , 21 October 1943 .. ............. . ..

18

Berle writes to Edt-lard Stettinius , Under Secr etary of State ,
t hat military matters must predominate because if the
Chinese do not i ntervene, then the U. S. must r econquer
I ndochina single- handed and later police and protect it
against the Chinese . 1-1emorandum by Berle to Stettinius ,

22 October 1943. .. . .. .. ............................. .... . . . . 19
d.

e.

f.

Mr. Jo hn Carter Vincent , Assistant Chief of Far Eastern
Affair s , views tbe post-war status of Indochina as a matt er
of speculation but does not r ule out the influence of the
Chinese . Memo r andum by Vincent to Berle , 2 November 1943 •••

20

Stettinius r ecommends to the President that the problem
is primarily military. Memorandum by Stettinius to
Pres ident Roosevelt, 8 November 1943 •.• . •.. . •.....•.••••••••

21

President Roosevelt defers judgment on Chinese involve ment and leaves the whole matter to the "discretion of
t he Joint Chiefs of Staff" as e ssentially a military
problem. Memorandum by Pr es ident Roosevelt to Stettinius,

9 November 1943 .......................... ... .. . .. ... . .. .....

iii

21

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g.

10 .

11 .

12 .

The French offer a renewed expression of concern over the
apparent intent to use Chinese troops in Indochina and a
last minute warning of dire consequences to the Allied
cause if the Chinese ....'~re used. Letter from M. Hoppenot
to Berle, 13 December 1943 .. . ..... . .................. ... .. . ..

22

President Roosevelt conversation with Narshal Stalin on the
possibility of a trusteeship for Indochina which he had dis cussed with Chiang Kai - shek . Extract fram Tehran Conference,

28 November 1943 .......................... . .....................

24

Secretary Hull conveys British interest in U.S . policy on
French Indochina to Roosevelt with summaries of stated U. S.
and British positions . The U. S. had continuously promised
to restore to France its independence and sovereignty over its
territorial possessions . The British, on the other hand ,
avoided guarantee s of "French Empire Tt integrity but alluded to
the "greatness of France" and the lack of British designs on
French territory, 14 January 1944 ....................... . .......

26

Roosevelt reiterates his opinion to the British that Indochina
should not go back to France and that he was supported by
Stalin and Chiang Kai- shek in this view . Memorandum by
Roosevelt to Secretary of State, 24 January 1944 . . ......... . ....

30

13 . Stettinius seeks approval from Roosevelt to assume that French
armed forces or French nationals would be used in the liberation of Indochina without prejudicing the question of ultimate
status . Memorandum by Stettinius to Roosevelt , 17 February

1944. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . • . . . . . • . . ..

31

14. Views of President Roosevelt "'ith respect to setting up a
trusteeship for Indochina and expressions of these views to
the British are' summarized . l-1emorandum by l>1r . Grew , 'Far East

Affairs, 10 July 1944. ..................... .. .............. .. .. .

32

15 . Cordell Hull seeks a decision from Roosevelt on the French
r ole in the Far East military operations . The British had
requested of Hull affirmative answers on the attachment of
a French l·1ission to f.iountbatten and the establishment of a
Corps in India . l.{emorandum by Hull to Roosevelt , 26 August

1944 ... .. . ... . ........ ...... .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

16. Roosevelt defers decision on French role in the Far East until
after the Second Quebec Conference, 11-16 September 1944.

t.lemorandum by Roosevelt to Hull, 28 August 1944 .... .... ........ .

35

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17 .

18 .

19 .

20 .

21.

22 .

23 .
24.

.25 .

Hull follo.,s - up with a new request to Roosevelt for decision
with the information that the British were going ahead with
bringing a French Mission into South East Asia Command (SEAC)
and other activities to get them installed. Memorandum by
Hull to Roosevelt, 10 October 1944. .... .. ... . ..... . ...... .. . ...

35

Secretary Hull requests Roosevelt's decision on rendering
support to resistahce groups , both French and native, in
Jndochina. Memorandum by Hull to Roosevelt , 13 October 1944 .. .

36

Roosevelt decides that the U. S. "should do nothing in regard
to resistance groups or in any other way in relation to Indochina." Memorandum by Roosevelt to Hull, 16 October 1944 ......

37

Anthony Eden ' s views on the question of trusteeship for Indochina . Memorandum by H. F. Mathews, Office of European Af fa.irs, 2 November 1944 ..... . .. .... . .. . .... . ......... . ..........

3.7

Stettinius summarizes recent developments in relation to
Indochina for President Roosevelt . Among the points covered
was that the O. S. S. representative in SEAC reported that
British, French , and Dutch strategy appeared to be to win
back control' of Southeast Asia with U. S. r esources but "foreclosing the Americans from any voice in policy matters ."
Memorandum by Hull to Roosevelt, 2 November 1944 .. .. . ... . ..... .

38

Roosevelt appears adamant in a four point reply to Secretary
of State; it was to be made clear that the U. S. had made no
final decisions on, and expectej to be consulted by the
British, Dutch and French with regard to any future of Southeast Asia . Memorandum by Roosevelt to Stettinius , 3 November
1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

France expresses strong interest in participating in recovery
of Indochina . Caffrey 316 to Hull, 4 November 1944... .........

40

British aide-memoire covers proposals for the use of French
forces in pre- operational activities in I ndochina . Halifax
l etter to Stettini us , 23 November 1944. . ... . ... .. .. .. .. ........

41

Stettinius informs Roosevelt of British impatience over lack
of U. S. r eply to aide-memoire; the British were concerned
that the U. S. had not determined an Indochina policy and
coul d hardly keep the French out in light of their increas ing strength . t-1emorandum by Stettinius to Roosevelt ,
27 December 1944 ...............................................

43

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26 . Stettinius notes Roosevelt 's refusal to get "mixed up in any

military effort" in Indochina -- with the rejoinder that
action at this time was premature . Extract from Stettinius
diary, 1 Ja'1uary 1945 ...... . ......... ..... .. •. .... .......•.....

45

27. Stettinius informs Halifax that Roosevelt did not agree with

sending French agep.ts to Indochina. Memorandum of Conversation , Stettinius -Halifax , 2 January 1945 .• •. . • . ... •. •. .... .•. ..

28 .

46

Secretary of Har Stimson replies to state Department query
whether U. S. actions in Indochina were consistent with Roose velt's instructions . stimson letter to Stettinius, 2 January

1945 . .... . .. . ....•..... . . .. .......• . . • .. . . .. ..•............. • ..

29· Harriman reviews Soviet attitudes ("hostility to colonial

exploitation and domination of native peoples by foreign
imperialism") and assesses intentions in Russian relations
("not to consent cheerfully to any further establishment of
He stern military and naval power in that area") regarding
French colonialism and the future of Indochina . Harriman
(Noscow) 118 to Stettinius , 13 January 1945 .................. ..

48

30.

Patrick J . Hurley reports on Indochina situation ; General
Wedemeyer has maintained a "non- ccmmittal policy vis - a.-vis
Indochina . 11 Hurley 177 to Stettinius, 6 February 1945 ........ .

31.

Roosevelt discusses Indochina trusteeship with Stalin at
Yalta . Extract of Roosevelt-Stalin Yalta Conversations ,
8 February 1945 . ........................... . .......... ......... .

59

Hurley forwards a "note" from the French Provisional Government concerning de Gaulle ' s position on Indochina . Hurley
despatch 111 to Stettinius , 31 January 1945 (State Department
14 February 1945) ........................•.•...•.....••... . ....

60

Caffrey reports Generai de Gaulle's distress over the lack
of U. S. support to French resistance in Indochina. ''\'That
are you driving at? ..• We do not want to become Communist •.• .
I hope that you do not push us into it . 11 Caffr ey 1196 to
Stettinius, 13 March 1945 . . . '.. .... . ......... . .•..... . •.... . ..

65

Stettinius seeks Roosevelt ' s approval o£ a proposed state ment to the effect that the U. S. "Will do all i t can to
support resist:ance groups . " Memorand'JlIl by Stettinius for
Roosevelt , 16 March 1945 ..... .. . .. . . .... . .. . ...........•.......

66

Roosevelt declines to issue the statement proposed by
Stettinius (on U. S. support of resistance groups) as '
' ''inadvisable . '' MemorandU!ll by Leahy to Hull, 17 ~1arch 1945 . ....

68

32 .

33 .

34 .

35 .

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36 .

37 .

38 .

Admiral Leahy authorizes the War Department to give General
Wedemeyer approval to send whatever assistance Ilcan be
spared without interfering with the war effort ll to the French
resistance forces in Indochina . Hemorand1.Dl1 of Conversation ,
Assistant Secr~tary Dunn, 19 f.iarch 1945 . .......... . ............ .

69

u.s. assistance thrQugh 14th Air Force to French resistance
in Indochina is approved provided such assistance does not
interfere with planned operations . Paraphrase of Hedemeyer
to Chennault message , 19 March 1945 ..•..•.....•.•....•.•..•• .. • .

71

Stettinius relates U.S. policy to the French Ambassador on
furnishing assistance to resistance groups in Indochina .
Stettinius to Bonnet, 4 April 1945 . . . ............. . .......... . .

72

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75 1G

.9V8l

'nIE VlDVISER ON POLITICAL RELATIOnS (DUllN·)· to THE .
.
.\ UNDER SECHE'I'AHY~OF-S1'ATE (HELLE$)1

\'lash1ngtcn, August 6, 1940,
STRICTLY CO NFIDSNTIAI,

Acting upon your instructions , I called on the
French AI,l bassador this morning and gave htm the oral
r eply \'lhich you have for mulated to the Ambassador's
aide-me'mo:tre of August 6th, on the subject of t he demands
made 15y--€he-Japanese Government upon the French
Governhwnt \lith regard to authorization to send t roops
across Indochin::t, to use the loc al air fields jn Indochina, to station forces at the air fields for the
purpose of assuring their security, and to send planes~
munitions, and all necessary materlal through Indochina
dest!.ned to the J apanese ArillY.
I tol d the French Ambassador that I're have been
doing and are doing everyth~_n~ possible Nithin t he fraruowork of our esteollehed policies to keep the situation
1n the Far East stabilized; that \·Ie hav~ been p!'ot;ressive. ly taking various steps, the effect of . .!hieh has been
to exert economic pressure on Japan; that our Fleet
1s nO\>I bas ed on Ha\'12i~ I and that the course \:hich we have
be en follo"ding J as indicated above , gives a clear
indication of our intentions and activities for the
fut ure . I also ratsed "11th t he French Ambas$ador the
qttestion whether it would be practicable for the French
to delay discussions ",ith the Jap anese \'lith r'e~;pec t
to Indochina f or a period . I further'more told the
Ambassador that the British A!i1'::>assador had been info rmed of this matte r by y ou in a most str5_ctly
confidential manner and that if the British bad any
observations or COlTlments to make ,'w would transmit
them irru"lled12 te ly to the French Ambas sador .
c ount de Saint - Quenti n stated that h e felt that
this reply to the French request for as sistance and
support 1n her n ezotiations ,': lth Japan "/Quld very

ITa t<en fro r:i HSS . for Fore i gn Rela t lo:1s of the United
states, ].g}j.O ; net yet cle ar-·ed f'or puoliCEl:tion .- -

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STRICTLY CONf'rDENTIA[,

probably not be considered by his Government as sufficient
prospect for s\~pp o rt to enable them to \>1ithstond the
pressing demands made by the Japcll1ese Government for tr.e
establisr.ri1 ent of certain ri ghts in Indochina in addition
to the econori1tc demands · accOln9anyJ.ng the foriiler . He
said that he did not think i t would be practicable for
the French Government to delay th~ neeo·tiations because
t he Japanese had themselves stated at the time of
making the demands that if the French Government did
not acquiesce in the grant ins of these rights, the
Japanese Government had every intention of taking the
necessary action to acquire them. He \-lent on to say
t hat in his opinion the phrase "within the framework
of our established policies " , \'/hen associated \'lith the
apparent r eluctance of the American Government to
consider the use of military force in the Far East at
this particular ti me , to mean that the Uni ted States
would not use military or naval fo rce in support of
any position which might be taken to resist the
J apanese attempted ag;2;r~ssion on I ndochina , The Ambassador
asked me to convey to you thus his construction of your
oral r eply conveyed to him through me this morning and
his fe ar that the French Government \'! Quld, under the
indicated pressure of the J apanese Government, be
fo rced to accede to the demands set forth in h is
atde-memo ll'e.
J AI1ES CLEHENT DUNN

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751G.94/14a: Telegram
THE ACTING SECRETARY OF STATE TO THE AMBASSADOR
IN JAPAN (GREW)I
Paraphrase7
Washington, August 6, 1940
1 p.m.
293. News agencies have carried reports that Japan has
made secret demands on France regarding French Indo-
china. As reported, these demands includo right on
part of Japan to move arned forces of Japan through
that French possession, the right of armed forces of
Japan to use air bases at certain points there, etc.
The statements given by the Secretary cf State to
the press on April 17 and May li, l94o, set forth this
Government's belief that (l) intervention in the domestic
affairs of the Netherlands East Indies, or (2) any
alteration, by other than peacerul processes, in their
status quo would be prejudicial to the cause of security,
stability,"and peace in the entire Pacific area, not
just in the region in question. Also, there was set
forth tne observation of the Government of the United
States that the belief restated in the preceding sentence
was based on a doctrine of universal application and
that it is a doctrine unequivocally supported by this
Government. The same belief and the same observation
naturelly apply to French Indochina likewise. This
Government is seriously perturbed, therefore, over the
demarche whioh it is reported that the Government of
Japan has made to the French authorities.
If no objection is perceived, it is my desire that
at your early convenience you call upon fe Minister
for Foreign Affairs and that you express to him, as
under instruction frcm your Government and along the
lines above indicated, the concern felt by the dovern-
ment of the United States regarding the reported
developments.
W/WELLES
1
"As printed in Foreign Relations of the United States:
Japan, 1931-1941, v01.II, pp.289-290.
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of the Chinese Embassy on a routine matter, Mr. Tsui repeated sub-
tantially the same question asked by Mr. Liu. My reply was the
ame as given to Mr. Liu. After some hesitation and speaking in
Chinese, Mr. Tsui said that the Embassy was very much concerned
ver these reports. He said that the Central Government felt
t... Lung Yun (Chairman of Yunnan Province) . . . might be
exted to be subjected to great Japanese pressure. ...
The foregoing situation would seem to be an additional reason for
the taking of strong action in the event of the Japanese occupation
ef the French colony.
:40.0011 P. W./420
Memorandum by Mr. Cecil W. Gray, Assistant to the Secretary
of State
[WasHINGToN,] July 24, 1941.
In a telephone conversation with Acting Secretary Welles at 12:30
p. m. on July 23, there was considerable discussion about the Far
Eastern situation. The Secretary spoke of the latest venture of
Japan toward acquiring bases in Indochina in the face of the fact that
.Japan was not threatened by any nation on the globe. This south-
"ard movement, he said, stemmed from a policy of force and con-
ue-t. He referred to the friendship of Darlan and Hitler and of the
elements in the Freneh Government who were in favor of turning all
France over to Hitler.
The Secretary said that, of course, our own Government would do
its utmost to earry out any understanding that might be arrived at
with Japan, and that Japan was not in danger in the South Sea
area. Hence that country must be bent on conquest, in which case
the future Japanese Government would take the final steps toward
domination of that entire region.
There followed an exchange of views as to what Mr. Welles should
.y to the Japanese Ambassador later in the afternoon when he kept
appointment with Mr. Welles.52 4
The Secretary's general idea was that if the Japanese Ambassador
Mitemnpted to explain away the Indochina move by saying that it had
·en brought about by peaceful means, then such "peaceful means"
-ere completely contrary to the spirit of the discussions between the
United States and Japanese Governments looking toward a friendly
"Adin. Frangols Darlan, French Minister for Foreign Affairs and Vice Presi-
g f the Council of Ministers (Vice Premier). e memorandnm by the Aeting Secretary of State, July 23, 1041, Foreign.
rstions, Japan, 1931-1941, vol. 1, p. 522.
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----.
~jRf.IGX p.f.T,ATrO.xS,

191 1, VOI,U).fF.

rv

settJerueat in the P acific. The United Stntes Go.cfmncnt, Mr. Hull
said, could on ly b2 driven to the conclusion tl' ut OUf discussions lor
a. f riendly sdtlemcnt had been "iped out by the I ndochinn dc,elop_
ment, The Seen:.tr.ry snid that if wc waited until hI) came home to tell
Amb~ss!ldol' ),Iornu ra the foregoing, then it would come too late as a
w:lrni llg to J ap:m, 'Ye Jnust let them SCQ the serio1l3nes5 of the step
they l1t'1\'e td;:e:l and let them know that such cO!lstitutes an unfri clldl r
act because it helps H itlel' to conquel' Britain . T he Secretary said tha"t
if ..... e did not tell the AmbassadOl' all this, he would not sit down with
Acltniral NOlntl\'n. ,yhen he came b!!.ck to Wash ington. I t ,,"ouM be a
f:trce to do so,
There followed quite a bit or discussion about counter meilStil'e3 on
the part of thc Un ited State3, with ~fr. Well es explain ing what the
British propos.ed to do, what our Army and Navy boards fa.vol'cd,
"hat the PresHicnt f avored, ct cetera, and, as I understood It, the
Secretlu'S lelL the decision 011 these quest ions to tho judgment of
those on the ground.
_
Secreto ry Hull then cnme buck to the subject of :MI'. 'Yelles' forthcomillg talk with Admiral Nomura, and he said that Ml'. Well"s
might begi n the cOlln'l's:l.tion by spea.king to Admiral Nomura COIlcel'ning a readjustment of the United Stales position vis-a·vis J a.pan
some\\'hnt as follo',s : T here is a. profound belief evcl'Y\\'hcr,:::, ill
,-jew of mnny reports from many sources, that the J apnne3c movcmel:t
into I ndochina has two probnble purposes, or at least two possibilities
this Go\"erlilllent cannot ignore : (1) if this GO" erlilllent is to be s.lfc,
it is bound to nsstune that this nct constitutes definite notice of the
launching of a policy of force and conquest on the part of the Jap:\I\e5C
Go\'Crnment j (2) this Go,emment, in the interest of its own s:tf(·ty
and in the light of nIl J apancse utterances and nets, must assumc
th nt by its actions and prcparat ions J apan may bc taki ng onc
more vital and next to the final step in occupying all the South S,;o;\
area. Such n st:ltement to the , ,Ambassador ,,·;ould lay the basis for
our own f uturc acts and would lct the J apancse understand f ully our
posit ion.
It was agreed between the Secretary and ~Ir. Welles that there ":;L5
no use to pur3uc our discussions for a fri endly sett.lement with th ~
J npaues2 unle':;3 the J apanese policies arc to coincide \\'ith their pre"
fessions. 'We could get any kind of an agreement f rom the 13ri.l:=]:
and other go\'ernments looki ng to the sa fegua rding: of J npanesc l l'~i·
' timnte il,tere3ts so that thero is no re.\l basis for J apanese cbin~"
of being thrcntened 01' in danger.
It was agreed between the Secretary and Mr. Welles that st.we·
thing must bo said to the'press along the lines of the foregoing p:n,l'

,
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graphs." ~his would b~ for the purpose of m:lld.r.g a. record !1.b~ut
the real sigmficftllce or the J apnncse movement nnd li kewIse to ncqufunt
the public with the fnct that we Imew wh:l.t wus going on. ~11'. Welles
then read to the Secreta ry n. draft of n. statement prepared by the
Far Eastern Di-xision. The Secretal'Y made specific comment ns
follow s : make clear tha fact thnt the occupation of Indochina by
Japan pOESibly means one imthcr important. step to seizing control
of the South Sen. are:l, including trade routes of supreme importance
to the United States controlling snch products as I'tlbbr:r, tin and other
commodities. This was or vital concel"lt to the U nited State;;. The
~crctary said that. if we did not bring out this point om people will
not understand the significance of this movement into I ndochina .
The Secretary mentioned anothcr point to be stI"2::sed: there is no
theory on ' I"hi ch Indochina. could be fl ooded with nt'med forces, nit'craft, ct cctern , f or the <lcfense of J np~n . The only alternative is that
this YCJlturc into I ndochin[t has n. close r eln.tion to the South Sen
Drea and its ynlue fol' ofi'enso against that area.
The Secj:ctal"Y closed by suggesting that Mr. Welles mal.e clear to
Admiral Nomur a that we arc l"e ~\ dy and desirolls of going fon\"(!rcl
with out' discussions shouM circumstances permi t, and that if an
Dgreement wcre reached betwccn our two countries, it would s.n.teguu l'd
J apan far marc secm'ely than taking oycr Indochina. H e s:l ic1 :fOl'
~rr. ' VcIles to ask the .A.mb(i::;sador to send this to his Goyernment.

C, W. Gr..AY
140..0011 P. W'/421

Memoranduin by J1l-r. Oecillf'. Gray, iJ.ss1·stant to the Secretary

01 State ·
[ W ASllING"IOX, J uly 25, 19H,]
EXCEI'J'"TS Fno)[ SEcm;TAR1- HOLL'S R ":)c,\I:;Ii.S L.... TCLEPuo::-.r; CoxYF.n-

5.ATION " 'Inc ACf[XG ~ EC.:r:-l".... r:").' iVu.u:s ox J ULY 2.), 19-11

" "e have had cOll\'ersations [or severol months with the Ambussndor
nnd his assoc!ates coverip.g this matter compl etely and 'we couldn't
Ilave offel"~d mote aSSlI l'rtnee to Japan fol' hel' entire satisfaction from
e¥ery stnndpoint than "We did in those discussions. I told him (lho
Ambassador) l'epea tedly that if this matter progressed I expected to
get a simib.l' agreement with the British, the Dutch, et cetera. W e
have foll o'wed that up as th e Indochina ph nse developed_ You will
I'ememb~ l' ~:e first considered sending a cable. of inquiry to J apan
o.bout tllO I rdochina matter. Then "\";e scm HamiVon to see the ..:"U n·
.. For l)teSS ret!!:!,e Issued by tlla Dcp:lrtment of Stllte on July 2·1, 1941, lIee

Forei!Jl~ R~ICltionll, Japan, I031-1!Hl, vol. If, p. 315.

I
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FOREIGN RELATIONS, 1 941 , ,VOL,IDre IV

-

,

bass!ldor 'When I didn't see him here to go oyer the whole situution.
Then we sent H nmilto!\ ngnin to see his two associates for the purpose
of keeping (dh"e. the whole sitlmtion th::lt we had under discussion.
Then fin ally, before they got to n fnce·sn ....ing stage, after it was npparent that they \\C1'O prep!lring tlle Indochina moye, this 'W.\5 followed
up by n fin al step of slimming up io1' the record the p)'os and cons
nnd llutklng :'. fiord nppeal to the Japs before it was too hte. That
is tlle record we made. I think it ought 0.11 to be kept in mind. It is
a fact tlmt , in justice to the Ad ministration, thQ Goycrnment and
tIle Stato Departmen t, ns the Chine50-.Tnpan':!sa difiicli ltics d(l".elopcd,
"0 not only oxprcs2ed opposition and condemnation nt appropriate

(Text continues in the original file: 89 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-A — [Part V. B. 4.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Kennedy Administration. Book II

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-A
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-A
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

2011 filing finally caught up with a war that started decades earlier.

- Declassified PDF titled “Justification of the War… Book II,” NARA, dated 2011, Kennedy Administration.
- Reports 1963‑1965 diplomatic attempts, French and UN peace proposals, U.S. rejection, North Vietnam conditions.
- Concludes U.S. decided to increase military involvement in South Vietnam.

### Full text

#### Page 2

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TOP SECRET - SENSITIVE
UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET13 0295
Seo Def Cont Nr. E-_._
TOP SECRET - SENSITIVE

#### Page 5

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TABIE OF CONTENTS
Page
l. Public Attempts Toward a Negotiated End to Conflict
in Vietnam........ 1
November 1963 - September 1964....... 1
February 1965 - June 1965...... 2
July 1965 - December 1965........ 11
February 1966 - June 1966.......... 18
July 1966 - December 1966............. ......... 24
January 1967 - May 1967........ 42
July 1967 - September 1967...... 64
2. Chronological Details of Publicly Disclosed U.S. and
Third-Party Vietnam Peace Efforts (The 27 Initia-
tives)......... 68
3. Summary of Negotiation Points..... 77
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I'

1.

PUBLIC ATTEMPTS TOWARD A NEGOTI..4TED END
TO CONFLICT IN VIETNAM

November 1963: FRANCE proposed talks l ea ding toward the establishment
of a neutral, independent South Vietnam . According to the New York
Times of 9 March 1965, Ha noi was then willing to discuss the establishment of a coalition, neutralist government in Saigon . But the US rejec tion of de Gaulle ' s proposal is as understandable as Hanoi's interest .
Diem had just been assassinated, the political and military situations
were chaotic.
20 May 1964: FRANCE proposed the 14-nation Laos Peace Conference of
1962 be reconvened in Geneva to discuss events in Southeast Asia . The
US and UK turned dOlm this offer; Russia, Poland, Cambodia, India and
Communist China accepted .
May 1964 : THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL considered a Cambodian complaint of
South Vietnamese armed incursions into Cambodian territory . The United
States and South Vietnam s uggested a UN-sponsored peacekeeping or observation group be created to stabilize conditions in the . border area .
A Mission of the Security Council visited Cambodia and South Vietnam and
. reported such a group might prove useful . Hanoi and Peking condemned
this UN involvement in the Vietnam situation .
July 1964 : U TI~NT called for reconvention of the 1954 Geneva Conference.
The US decl ined to participate .
August 1964 : THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL, spurred and pupported by the US,
invited Hanoi to join in discussions of the Gulf of Tonkin incident
and/or other matters . North Vietnam ' s foreign minister restated his
government ' s position that the UN had no competence to dea l ,.,rith the
Vietnam s i tuation and said any dec i sions taken by the Council would be
considered "null and void."
September 1964
NORTH VIETNA.M relayed an offer through U TMNT to meet ,·rith US
officials in Rangoon to discuss ways of ending hostilit i es in South
Vietnam . The US waited unt il late November -- after the presidential
elections -- to rejec t the of fer .

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-

.

U THANT continued to try to arrange a cease-fire on any terms the
US might want to propose (including extension of a truce line through
bothlYietnam and Laos). The Administration did not pick uptnis offi~
cer._
ERIC SEVAREID commented on thes e peace feelers on 28 July 1965
(CBS Radio London) and again in Look Magazine, 15 November 1965. The
New York Herald Tribune of 10 August 1965 also speculated on the story .
Official acknowledgement did not come until 17 November at a press
conference. State Department spoke sman Robert McCloskey said we had
refused to talk with Hanoi because "vle did not believe North Vi etnam
was prepared for ser ious talks." Dea n Rusk elaborated on this a '-leek
later during a 26 November news conference. Mr. Rusk exp." 3.ined that
in the autumn of 1964, it seemed. clear "beyond a peradventure of doubt
that Hanoi was not prepared to discuss peace in Southeast Asia based
upon the agreements of 1954 and 1962 and looking tOl-lard the lifting of
aggression against South Vietnam ."
February 1965
INDIAN PRESIDENT SHASTRI asked Russian and mnerican leaders to
discuss the problems of Southeast Asia; the Indian foreign ministry
suggested the Geneva Conference be reconvened.
PRESIDENT DE GAULLE, reportedly at Hanoi's urging, suggested a
new Geneva Meeting to discuss ~he future of both Southeast Asia and
the United Nations. The Soviet Union and Bulgaria supported the French
idea; there were indications of Commun ist China's willingness to attend
such a conference. (Yet on 19 February, Chen Yi reportedly said there
vlOuld be no negotiatioris until the US withdrew from South Vietnam; he
ridiculed the US insistence that a cease-fire come first.)
HANOI said (25 February 1965) negotiations vlOuld be considered if
American troops were I-lithdrawn from South Vietnam. (Drew Middleton
reported US withdrawal was not a prerequisite to talks if eventual evacuation of US military forces from South Vietnam would be stipulated in
a final settlement. ["New York Times , March 1965J . -.
The US suggested the French had been given no mandate to act as
mediator and said it was not interested in a return to the conference
table at this time. The New York Times (17 February) reported both
President Johnson and Vice President .Hlllnpbrey publicly indicated they

.l:/ According to UN sources, the US did not see an active rol~ for

U Thant until 1965, when Assistant Secretary H. Cleveland suggested
his "good offices '! be used. to secure a settlement.

\

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'.

saw no alternat ive now but to support South Vietnam militarily . Officials r private reply to appeals for negotiations was "when and with .
whom?1J
U TRANT called for international negotiations on Vietnam, within
or without the UN; he suggested prelnninaries to a Geneva-style Conference might include "interlinked dialogues" among those directly in··
volved in the war or an informal, seven-nation conference of the US,
USSR, Britain, France, Co~munist China, North and South Vietnam ( or,
all 1954 Geneva participants except Laos and Cambodia).
L1itial US response was negative . The White House said there were
"no authorized negotiations underway '\{ith Mr . Thant or any other government" ( New York Tnnes , 25 February 1965 ). Dean Rusk said the US would
agree to no conference until after North Vietnam stopped sending men
and arms into South Vietnam; he. insisted a peace settlement had to
ensure the "s ecurity and indEfpendence" of South Vietnam. ( Press Conference, 25 February 1965 ). g;
On 10 March the US formally rejected U Thant rs repeated proposal
for a seven-power conference insisting there could be no negotiations
until North Vietnamese aggression stopped . SOUTH VIETNAM deferred a
direct ans,ler, asking U Thant for clarification.
North Vietnam first apparently notified U Thant that it would be
. receptive to informal negotiations, then showed little interest in the
proposal. The National Liberaiion Front refused to negotiate as long
as US forces remained in South Vietnam ( New York Times , 9 March 1965 ).
The military situation in South Vietnam continued to deteriorate
in February and March 1965. On 7 February, guerrillas attacked an
American outpost at Pleiku, killing eight men and wounding 62. This
was follOl{ed by Viet Cong raids on a military barracks at Qui Nhon,
villages, government buildings, roads . Terrorism in rural and urban
areas i ncreased . The US retaliated to Pleiku as it had to the Tonkin
Gulf incident by bombing military targets in North Vietnam. It was
announced that limited air attacks against northern military installations would continue. Adlai Stevenson explained the . objectives of the

'5.1 On 29 February, the State Department '\{hite paper "Aggression from
the North " was published, documenting Hanoi r s control and support
of the National Liberation Front, infiltration of North Vietnamese
Army regulars into South Vietnam - some 400 NVA troops were said to
be part of the 140,000 estimated enemy force - and other evidence
of foreign aggression.

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bombing in a 7 February letter to the President of the UN Security
Council to "arrest. reinforcement of the Viet Cong by infiltrators
f:som North Vietnam, to bolster the morale of the South Vietnamese
arid support their war effort , to resist systematic and continuing
aggression, to help bring about a negotiated settlement to the conflict.1I

.

On 6 March, two Marine Corps battalions (3,500 men) were sent to
South Vietnam for a IIlimited " support mission . North Vietnam called
Marine Corps landings and bombings in the North an open declaration
0 "" war .
Peking (13 March 1965) said the deployment of more US troops
blocked a political settlement to the Vietnam situation, charged the
US planned a "Korea-type" war and said China was not afraid of any
US bombing of her land. Jenmin Jih Pao (People ' s Daily) called the
ICC an instrument of the US. Five days later, the newspaper called
US talk of peaceful settlement "flagrant shameless blac:kmail" and
said North Vietnam would not be bullied. The Chinese position that
US troops must withdraw prior to talks was emphasized.
I

March 1965
POLAND, CANADA and INDIA called for an expanded international
' peace-keeping agency. They map.e no headvray.
PRESIDENT JOHNSON, at. a 13 March press conference, barred negotiations until North Vietnam halted aggress ion and said there had
been no such sign to date. He conceded a change in US strategy and
tactics, but not in basic policy.
PAKISTANI PRESIDENT AYUB KHAN visited Peking (4-8 March) and
urged Chinese l eaders to accept a negotiated settlement. He made no
progress.
On 17 March, Foreign Ministers GROMYKO and STEWART met in London
to discuss a UK appeal of 20 February that Britain and the USSR work
together as Geneva Co-Chairmen to find a common ground for negotiations. The US supported the British proposalj for some weeks it
appeared that Russia would agree to it. But in April, Stewart announced the UK alone would canvass opinions of countries represented
at Geneva because the USSR had declined to participate. Moscow felt
it was not her position to arrange an international conference and as
long as US air attacks on North Vietnam continued, any conference would
be impossible anyway.

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Communist China ( 6 April ) rebuffed the UK effort , attacked Britain's
"dirty role as an accomplice of US aggression" and renelled h~r opposition
to any talks before the US had pulled out of South Vietnam .JV
April 1965
On 1 April, diplomats of unnamed NON-ALIGNED NAT IONS reported the
DRV had indicated a willingness to agree to a new C~neva Conf erenc e without demanding prior withdr8'\val of US troops or other pre-conditions .
They reported the North Vietnamese felt b omb ing attacks damaged their
prestige and had to be ans,\·l ered by counter - blmvs ( apparently in South
Vietnam ). The report indicated Hanoi I-ranted to avoid direct USSR or
Chinese intervention on their soil and said the Russian offer of volunt eers had been turned dOlln.
LABOUR MPIHLLIAH vJ.ARBEY, in a letter to The Times of London,
1 April 1965, reported on a Harch meeting with Ho Chi Minh and Pham Van
Dong. Warbey said they indicated only one pre-condition to negotiations
on Ilhich North Vietnam would insist: cessation of the bombing. He said
Hanoi seemed Ililling to accept an autonomous regime in South Vietnam if
it "genuinely represents all major sections of the southern population, "
and that both governments should have the right to "enjoy economic ,
cultural and fraternal relations" Ilith countries of their 0\(11 choice .
PRESIDENT JOE}JSON said the US had no information that North Vietnam
. Ilas "ready and Ililling" to negJ)tiate under "productive conditions "; he
said bombing Ilould continue and stressed US eagerness for an honorable
settlement.

]/ Jenmin Jih Pao announced on 25 March that Communist China was ready
to intervene with men and mat eria l if the Viet Cong Ilanted it, said
the USSR would not be allolled to demonstrate more militancy than
China and charged the US could not stop the South Vietnamese from
fighting by escalating tpe war. (A Brezhnev statement of 24 March
that the Soviet Union would send volunteers to Vietnam probably inspired Peking I s blast.) The next day, Chou En-lai rejected de Gaulle I s
February call for a five-pol-ler Paris Conference and repeated his Ilarning that intensification of the Ilar could not force North and South
Vietnam
into negotiations. Chou said the US was violating the
Geneva agreements and felt Britain. and the USSR should ask the US to
halt aggression . In a subsequent statement reportedly delivered to
U Thant by Algerian diplomat Bouattoura, Chou said the US must talk
directly with the NLF, not with Communist China or North Vietnam.

t

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IT NON-ALIGNED NATIONS meeting in Belgrade appealed for a peaceful
solution in Vietnam through negotiations without pre-conditions (1 April ).
The US (8 April ) welcomed the appeal, ' expressed agreement "\Vith the
principles and r eadiness "for unconditiona l discussions." The US note
"\Vent on to say the war should end by ensuring the i ndependence of South
Vietnam, that the "basic cause of the conflict .•. is the attack by North
Vietnam on the independent nation of South Vietnam, or that we "seek only
the security and peace of South Vietnam and we threaten no regime" in
"answering the plea of South Vietnam" for assistance .
Hanoi rejected the IT-nation appeal on 20 April, terming inappropriate any approach other than one based on the Four Points enunciated
by Premier Pham Van Dong on 8 Ap~il . Demands. for US withdr8\{a1 jnd
4
enactment of the NLF program of lnternal affalrs were repeated.PRESIDENT JOHNSON first made public the US negotiating position in
a T April speech at Johns Hopkins University. The Administration's
attitude toward negotiations had been prixqte until this time -- the
official policy stance had been "secret . "2/ President Johnson's statement included these points:
The "first reality" is that "North Vietnam bas att acked the

, ~/ Pham Van Dong did not clear~y demand prior US withdrawa l nor recognition of the NLF. ' He did demand recognition of the NLF Program, a
broad call for civil rights independence, freedom, neutrality and
so on.
TheDRV Four Points:

r:

1.

The basic rights of the Vietnamese people to peace, independenc e,
unity and territorial integrity must be recognized; the US must
withdraw troops, dismantle all military bases in South Vietnam
and cease acts of war against North Vietnam;

2.

Pending the peaceful reunification of Vietnam and while the
country is still temporarily divided into tvlO zones, military
provisions of the 1954 Geneva agreements must be strictly respected. Thus there can be no foreign military bases, troops or
military personnel in either N9rth or South Vietnam.

3.

~1e int erna l affairs of South Vietnam must be settled by the South
Vietnamese people themselves in accordance with the program of the
National Liberation Front of South Vietnam and free from foreign
interference.

\.c

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indep endent nation of South Vietnam". Some South Vietname se
are pa rticipating in the attack on their mm government but
"trained men and supplies, orders and a rms flow in a constant
stream from north to south. This · support is the heartbeat of
the ,.,ar."
The US is there ''b ecause vre have a promise to keep" and to
strengthen world order. To l eave Vietnam to its fate would
shake world confidence in the value of an America's word.
"The r esult would be increased unrest a nd instability, and
even ~ider war."
The US is prepared to ent er into "unconditional discussions"
with the other goverllments concerned in the Vi etnam problem.
Our objective in Vietnam is the "independ ence of South Vietnam and its freedom from attack."
We ,.,ant nothing for ourselves but will not withdraw "under the
cloak of a meaningless a ggression."
South Vietnam should be fr e e from outside interference, tied
to no alliance, a military base for no other country.
Allied reaction: France welcomed Johnson's proposals -- "lith
reservations. Britain, Austra lia, Italy, Japan and Indonesia supported
. them. U Thant called the spe ech "for.-rard looking and generous."
Opposition reaction: MAl VAN BO, senior Hanoi diplomat in Paris
said negotiations in the pres ent situation '1lould amount to surrender,
that any settlement must involve an end to US aggression, withdrmral of
US forces and recognition of Vietnam's right to settle her own problems.
He said Johnson cannot "buy" Hanoi ,.,ith an aid project. Bo also rejected
the 17 non-aligned nations plea. (New York Times, 10 April)

V (Continued)
4.

Peaceful reunification of Vietnam is to be settled by the Vietnamese people alone, free from foreign interference.

But the public call for "unconditional discussions" did not represent
a major change of policy according to Dean Rusk (25 November 1965,
Press Conference). Mr. Rusk said we have consistently welcomed
"discussions without conditions, without pre-conditions ", adding
"there has never been any lack of opportunity to bring this matter
of peace to the conference table if the other side is prepared to
stop trying to impose their will by force on South Vietnam. "
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'.

The National Liberation Front rejected the Baltimore proposals .
The President had labeled Hanoi the principal antagonist, tenned support
from North Vietnam the heartbeat of the war and offered to negotiate
with other "governments " concerned in the conflict, statements interpreted as proof of US refusal to deal with the Front.
Peking called Johnson's offer a "trick ... full of lies and deceptions" designed to induce the Viet Cong to disarm while the US prepared
for var. Conditions proposed by the US were called "complet ely unac·ceptable II the aid offer an att empt to "buy over the Vietnamese people; ','
Pravda (11 April) called Johnson's offer "noisy propaganda" which
changed neither US policy nor US determination to continue aggression
in Vietnam.
Also in April 1965
U TRANT was report~dly eager to visit various foreign (mainly
Southeast Asian)capitals to explore prospe cts for a negotiated settlement. Hanoi refused to meet with U Thant, terming any UN injection into
the Vietnam issue "inappropriate".
Peking 's J enmin Jih Pao agreed: "The Vietnam question has nothing
to do with the United Nations ..• no meddling by the UN is called for nor
will it be tolerated •.. "
British statesma n PATRICK GORDON-WALKER visited several Southeast
Asian nations to talk about an end to war. Hanoi and Peking refused
to meet with him.
Jenmin Jih Pao (13 April ) lauded a statement attributed to Ho Chi
Minh in the Japanese Communist Party publication, Akahata, which called
for the vlithdrawal of US forces as a condition for any settlement and
called US talk of negotiations "meaningless". But on 14 April, North
Vietnam asked the US to recognize its Four Points as a basis for an
international conference. prior US withdrawal was not made a condition
for negotiations.
On 18 April, BREZHNEV and LE DUAN, First Secretary of the Vietnam
Workers Party, in a coramunique reporting on recent Moscow talks, said
the Soviet Union would send volunteers if North Vietnam requested them
and if the US intensified aggression. The communique demanded an end
to the bombing, withdrawal of US forc'es and declared the NLF the only
legitimate representative of the Vietnamese people.

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PRESIDENT JOHNSON (17 April ) rejected proposals that he suspend
bombings over North Vietnam to enhance peace prospects. He said he
would ,{illingly hold "unconditional discussions" with any government
inLrnediately, but \.;rarned North Vietnam and the NLF that there is no
'huma n power capable of forcing us' fr om Vietnam and said the US aim
to make South Vietnam free vTaS unchanged. The next day, propaganda
leaflets dropped over North Vietnam carried excerpts from the President's Johns Hopkins speech as well as a Saigon statement rejecting
recognition of the National Liberation Front.
The INDIAN GOVERNMENT suggested both sides cease fire and an AfroAsian force be created to police the borders which would not change
until the Vietnamese people elected to do so. The US expressed interest in the proposal and discussed it with the Indians. Hanoi and Peking
rejected it.
A CONFERENCE on CAMBODIA was discussed seriously in April. The US
was interested, thinking it might l ead to talks on Vietnam; Moscow and
Saigon showed some interest initially. But Sihanouk announced he vlOuld
not participate in any confe rence convened as a pretext to discuss
Vietnam and saw no need for the US, Thailand or South Vietnam to attend .
China also opposed the idea -- and it died. On 3 May, Cambodia broke
diplomatic relations with the US.

TITO and NASSER urged an end to US air raids and negotiations to
end the conflict. FRANCE and RUSSIA called for an end to foreign interventj_on. U THANT felt the s ituation was worselilling and asked for peace
talks. SAIGON began a diplomatic offens ive to garner support for both
war and peace from non-aligned nations (although on 29 April, Premier
Ky had called for an immediate invasion of the DRV by South Vietnamese
forces). ALGERIA and the UAR advocated Hanoi's acceptance of US proposals. Calling again for lli1conditional peace talks on 13 May,
PRESIDENT JOHNSON charged China's opposition to a political solution
-- which would be in Hanoi's' int erest -- was meant only to discredit
American ability to prevent Communist ' Chinese domination of Asia.
From 13 to 17 May: US bombing of North Vietnam was halted (five
days, 20 hours). At the time i t was knmm that some US effort to find
a way out of the conflict was underway but few details were revealed.
In an editorial of 30 December 1965, however, the New York Times reported Secretary Rusk had sent a message to Hanoi through the North
Vietnamese Embassy in Moscow, explaining the bombing suspension could
or would be extended if there were "significant reductions" in Corrnnunist

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armed attacks in South Vietnam. A !!permanent end!! to the bombing, it
was said, could come only through a permanent end to armed attacks by
Viet Cong units in South Vietnam.
One day before air attacks were resumed, Hanoi reportedly asked
the French Government to tell the US that Hanoi would negotiate on,the
basis of the Four Points -- without demanding prior withdrawal of US
forces. ( New York Times, 19 November 1965; State Department Press
Conference, 17 November 1965 )
Apparently, France was given a letter
from Rusk to Hanoi, but never relayed it. Sources in both the State
Department and French Governnlent say the North Vietnamese message was
not transmitted before bombing was resumed, that Hanoi ' s word got
through a few hours after air action had been resumed . Other sources
say the !!harsh reaction!! by Hanoi to the US offer ,,18S !!fully known
before the air operations Ivere resumed . !! France maintains that bombing could have been halted again after Hanoi's message became available .
On 18 May ( the day boniliing resumed) Hanoi Radio broadcast a DRV
Foreign Ministry statement calling the bombing pause a !!trick !! meant
to !!cover up (America ' s ) extremely dangerous acts intensifying the war
in Vietnam ... and to deceive world opinion .!!
June 1965
The CANADIAN r epresentative on the ICC discussed prospects for
peace with a North Vietnamese representative . According to the
Canadian Foreign Minister's report, prospects were not good.
The BRITISH COMMOMfEALTH PR]ME MINISTERS meeting in London (17-25
June ) formulated a plan -- and a four-nation mission ( Britain, Ghana,
Nigeria, Trinidad-Tobago) -- to visit countries involved in the war and
!!expl ore the circumst ances in ,vhich a conference might be held to end
the fighting in Vietnam.!! Prime Minister Wilson said their objectives
were to achieve : (1) a . suspension of air attacks on North Vietnam;
(2) a halt in North Vietnam's movement of military forces and materia l
to South Vietnamj and (3) a-total cease fire.
Washington and Saigon rea cted favorably to the proposal and welcomed any visit from the Commonwealth Miss ion.
The NLF rejected a Carrmonwealth vis it on 27 June. Hanoi refused
to admit the representatives on 1 July. Hanoi Radio sa i d North Vietnam 's leaders doubted the goodwill of the group , considering it "only
a repetition of I{yndon Johnson's peace negotiations swindl e ." Peking

10

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called Prime Minister Wilson a "nihTit for making trouble for himself"
and refused to meet i-Tith the mj_ssion (25 June). MOSCOl-l at first seemed
receptive, then rejected the Commonwealth idea on 24 June 1965. Kosygin
said he would conduct no negotiations or efforts to get them started;
he sg~gested the British delegation consult directly with Hanoi or the
NLF.July 1965
HAROLD DAVIES, a junior l eft -wing Minister of the British Government, visited Hanoi in July (9-13) to discuss the Commonl-lealth Ministers
plan. Wilson reported (15 July) that Mr. Davies had been unsuccessful
and that part of Hanoi's disinterest stemmed from what Davies termed a
conviction among the leaders that victory was imminent: to leave the
battlefield for a conference table would be senseless.
DEAN RUSK, on a Voice of America broadcast of 4 July, said the US
had asked through intermediaries, "What i-ToVld be stopped if we stopped
the bombings .•. I-Ie I ve never had a reply ••• "
In mid-July, Governor HARRJMAN and Premier KOSYGIN held "informal"
talks about Vietnam in Moscow. Results were not announced . (Harriman,
interviewed on television during Au~ust, said the Soviet Union and
Yugoslavia believed North Vietnam would negotiate if the US halted air
. raids. Harriman said he saw no sign this ioTas Hanoi's position and
urged the US to stand firm. Harriman said the USSR wanted an end to
the war but did not l-lant to seem "soft" in Communist China's eyes.
Tito was said to be sympathetic to the US position. Harriman added both
the USSR and Yugoslavia would retain the division of Vietnam at the 17th
Parallel. LNe'-l York Times, 8 August_7
On 28 July PRESIDENT JOHNSON announced an additional 50,000 men
would be committed to Vietnam, raising the total to 125,000 men. Also
on 28 July, President Johnson asked U Thant to employ all his "resources,
energy and immense prestige" in finding a way to "halt aggression and
bring peace in Vietnam." He asked UN members, singly or jOintly, to try
to "bring to the table all governments involved, in an attempt to halt
all aggression and evolve a peaceful solution."
On 30 July, ARTHUR GOLDBERG wrote to the UN Security Council. He
emphasized the Council's particular responsibility to persist in the

6/

-

\.

Patrick Gordon Walker urged the US to negotiate with the NLF a month
later; the Administration reportedly held Hanoi responsible for the
war and was unmoved by pleas to deal with the Front.

.

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search for peace, said the US "ras ready -- as always -- to collaborate
unconditionally with members of the Security Council in searching for
an acceptable formula to restore peace and security in Southeast Asia.
He.' said the US hoped the Council "somehow finds the means to respond
effectively to the challenge raised by the state of affairs" in that
area . On 11 August, the Soviet Union rejected any participation in UN
efforts to exert influence in Vietnam. 'Hanoi, Peking and the NLF
f llo,ved suit, revoicing opposition to any UN intervention in the
Vletnam situation.
~ gust

1965

,
NASSER reportedly sounded Communist China and North Vietnam o~
prospects of negotiations. Also ' reportedly, China and the Viet Cong
were confident of victory and barred talks; North Vietnam was allegedly
willing to talk at one time, then announced firm opposition to the idea.
,

SHASTRI and OBOTE (Uganda); NASSER and TOURE (Guinea) urged all-

~ut peace efforts, an international conference and cessation of the
bombing.

An INDIAN-YUGOSLAV communique called for a conference of parties
concerned in Vietnam
including the NLF -- and a cessation of bombing while efforts to find peace in the UN continued.
Nhan Dan condemned the con~unique, leveled heavy criticism at
Tito and said UN efforts to find peace would fail.
LeMonde'(14 August) quot ed an interview with Ho Chi Minh at which
he ruled out negotiations until the US gave tangible proof that it
accepted the Four Points as a basis for negotiations.
DEAN RUSK (22 August) said the US would agree to a pact restoring
the military balance called for in the 1954 Geneva agreements; he suggested this would involve the withdrawal of North Vietnamese forces
from below the 17th Parallel and a halt to infiltration. Rusk indicated the US might be willing to end direct military involvement and
make other concessions. Rusk also said the US made regular soundings
to see if -- or how -- North Vietnam would respond to a new halt in
bombing.

(Text continues in the original file: 86 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-B — [Part VI. A.] Settlement of the Conflict. Negotiations, 1965-67: The Public Record

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-B
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-B
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### Full text

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TOP SECRET - SENSITIVE
UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SETH13
Beb Det Gont ve
TOP SECRET - SENSITIVE

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VI. B. NEGOTIATIONS 1965_- 1967:
ANNOUNCED FOSITION STATEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page
1. U.S. POSITION STATEMENTS..... 1
1963...... 1
1965.... 3
1966. . . . . . 30
1967........ . 35
+
2. NVN POSITION STATEMENTS.... 98
Extracts from NVN Statements 1962-1965....... 100
April-October1965........... .... 133
1967........... 177
3. NFLSV POSITTON STATEMENTS.... 188
1961.......... .... 189
193
1966....... .. 28
1967....... 222
4. ADDENDA..... 235
Hanoi Attitude on Bombing 10 September 1967.......... 236
Chronology of Viet Peace Efforts Dec 1966-Feb 1967... 237
The Ashmore Letter to Ho Chi Minh 5 Feb 1967......... 238
Publication of Ashmore Peace Feeler Attempts:
New York Times..... 239
Washington Post..... 241
Comparison of Ashmore-LBJ Letters,... 244
..
New York Times Account of State Department Denial of
Ashmore Charges......... . . . . . . 245
State Department Comment on Ashmore Episode (Bundy).. 246
State Department Press Conference Held by Wn. P.
Bundy on Ashmore Episode............
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1. US POSITION STATEMENTS
(UNCIASSIFIED)
INDEX
Subject . Page
Statement by McGeorge Bundy, September 30, 1963......... 1
White House Policy Statement, October 2, 1963........... •. •• • •• 2
Rusk's News Conference, February 25, 1965....... 3
Pattern for Peace Address by President Johnson, April 7, 1965...... 12 :
Speech, "Day for International Aid," June 22, 1965................. 16
White House Press Conference.......
Letter from President Johnson to U Thant, July 28, 1965............. 20
Letter from Ambassador Goldberg to Security Council,
July 30, 1965............
Correspondence with Foreign Minister Fanfani, Nov-Dec 1965.......... 22
Statenent Concerning 1964 Peace Overtures,.....
Secretary Rusk's News Conference, November 26, 1965................. 27
.
Letter from Ambassador Goldberg to U Thant, January 5, 1966......... 30
State Department Press Release (14 Points), January 7, 1966......... 31
Extract from State of Union Message, January 12, 1966............... 32
Address by Ambassador Goldberg to United Nations,
February 10, 1967........... .…… 35
Ho Chi Minh's Reply to Johnson's Letter, Febiuary 10, l967.......... 47
Secretary Rusk's News Conference, March 28, 1967....,....i.. 49
"The Path to Vietnam," August 15, 1967......... 72
Ambassador Goldberg's Speech to the United Nations,
September 21, 1967.,......, .........74
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THE :0IEXT STEPS TO\Y:\RD PE--\CE: Statement by I"IcGeorge Dundy, Special Assistant to the President} September
30, 1%3 (Excerpts) 1
0«

The difficult sitlntion in the troubled country of South Yi eL-i'lam.
is one \yllich I kne e'; en less c1 esire to discuss, in substanti I'e tcrms,
tktn th e other questions I kHe t~,ken as examples. The illlpor tant
mi ssion of Scc r2(;\l'Y [of Defellse Houert S.] 'Jlc2\am:1 !'" and Gellcl'al
[.l\ bx,ycll D,] Tayl or is ollly jusL elld in.;, and it I\'ou ld DC \\'h olly innpprop.riate f~r me to C~)ln:l~en.t on tI le course of ~cli?n \dlicl.l may, bs
cl losen In tlt e ]l''rht of thIS mtS:31011 and of the cOllttnUln.; cOllstderallCn
whi ch is "'oinlJ' fo ['\;'a rd in Saigon under the leadership of AmD~\Ssador
[H enr,¥ ~\lU OEJ Lodge, ancl.'l. lso in ,r:\shinglon ..
.'
. '
Yet It IS not \\'rong, I th tnk, to suggest tlw,t In thts case agaIn th ere
are t,yO propositions, both of th em tru e, and b l'o kinds of err'or \';hi ch
ca n result from an ullIyillingne::s to :tccept them Loth , And again Loth
propositions ha ve been stated c1eirly Ly the President. The first is
th at th e object of American policy in this part of the world is to assist
in a most difficult and important struggle ag~1inst Commun ist subl'ersion-m ilitary, p~l. nlm ili tary, and political. Th e- commitrr:ent of th o
United States to the independence of Sout h Yiet-l\am goes L::-,ck lllany
years, This commitmcnt \\as intensifeu and reinforced :2 years a!Zo,
llnd sin ce then a ma jor cooperati\'e effore has Leen carried fo['\rard
with increas ing energy--alld at leilst until recently with incr2:l.sing suecess--by Americans \\'ork ing c1 o~e ly "'ith the people and GoverIlll1ent
of South Viet-Nan1. I t is tIt e policy of th e united States to sustain
that elTort.
Yet it \\'ou ld be folly for the rnited States to neg1ect, or to rl'0':1ro
' }1 . 1' !!'
'
b
l'nt
mc.lllcrence, po I'"
Itlcal' d'~\'e 1or:nents OT" recent mont 1\S l
".\lel!
mi::a
qu estions about the auility of the Gover:1ment and people or S,)uth
Viet,K am to support each other effectively in th eir contest with communi sm. The President has made it cl ea r th at the Uni ted Stales
is no t ind iJTeren t to these events 8.nd regards th em \\"ith great concern.
It is a.nd .must be .th e ~olicy of. the 'Gnitecl Sti:te~ Government to m~,ke
cl ear Its mterest 111 v;natever ImprOYemcnts It Judges to be r.ecess~lry,
Rhnl.Ys or course \\"it11 a proper regard for respon3ibilities \\'hiclt rest
in th e first instance up on th e peorle of South Viet-:::-;-am .
It is no sec ret tl lilt ob3cr,;, ers of tI le scene in South Viet -Xanl hJve
often d i IT ered sha rp 1.1 in the i r int erpretat ion or el"cn ts, From t11 e33
di fferences there h ~l.\'e comt; divergent recomm2nd~,tions for policy.
T here is noth ing discreclit8.ble in the existe~ce of such cli!';ercnces.
In [t situat ion in ,dlich easy solutions do not exist and in ,,-hi ch C0:11mitments of pur p;:)sc and hope are hi gh, it is or,iy l1::t t'..l ra l that there
sh ou ld be a ter-deiley in each obsen-er to empha.3ize tl ~e p:l,rt of tl:e
truth to \\"hich he is nearest. If n. D:l.rticuli1r ant i3:1o,er::i,e e,;orc
is goi ng \\"ell , th e man who is \,;,o1';.;:;n; on th at effor t is oound t!) sea
tlt n.t PJ.ft of. fe<lli~'y ~'.3, very brge. If in ~;,1e. citi:s there is y ~!,t::::;.3!,Oil
un d alt en,1t,o:1. ot puollc support . n:cn Itn~g- In thO~0 cl~le~ , '.';'1<-11
responsibilities more civil tkl:1 milit~,F , "ill fed a 5Decial :lr',,J i..!lt~:1Sc

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u.s. POLICY O~ YIET-N.Ul: WHITE HOUSE
STATE:JLE?\T, OCTOBER 2, 1%3 1
Secret2.ry [of Defens~ Robert. S.] ::'fcX :'.m2.nt and GC':1er:ll (::\1:1x"e11
D.] T:lyl or ]'epo.rtecl. to the Pn:.siclent tJ~is mornin.g :ln~ to the i\ntion:ll
S ecurity Coullcll tlllS afternoon. Th elr repolt mc1uCJ.ed n. number of
cbssifiecl findings ancl rccommend:ltions \rhich "ill ue the subject of
further r e\-ie\l' and action. Their b:lsic presentation W[lS entlor-sed by
ull members of th e Secur'it), Council and the follo \ying ::l:2.temcnt of
Unit ecl Sta~cs policy \\"as appro\'ed by th e Prc.sident on the b:l::is of
recomme]1(hlions rcc~i\'ecl frOIll thClJl and frOIll .:\.mbassndor [Henry
Cabot } Lodge.
1. The security of South Viet-:\"a m is a ma jor interest of the 'Uruted
Stat es as other fr ee n:ltions. ,\Ye ",-ill adhere to our poliey of 'workinN "ith the people and Goyemment of South Yi et-Xam to deJlY this
co~ntry to .eommunism :md t.o ~upprc.s.s the extern:l]]Y stim.l~h(cd :lJl~
supported ll1surgency of the Vlet Cong n.s promptly as posslble. EIr ectiHl performance in thi's llllcleTLaking is the ~ntra l oojectiye of our
policy ill South Vict-XfuD.
.
2. The rnilitrrI'Y program in South Viet -::\nm has made progress and
is sound in principle) though impro,ement.s are being energeticalJy
souO'ht.
'
3~ lIhjor U.S. assjsl:lDCe in support of this militrrry effort is needed
only until the insurgency has been suppressed or until the llntion:J.l
security for ees of the GO'i'(;rnmcnt of South Viet-:\"am are c:lpable of
suppres.'3ing it.
Secretary :\fcXamar:1 and Geneml Taylor reported their juclg111ent
that the major part of the U.S. milit:cry t~~k can be completed by the
e.nd of 10GJ , although there may be a continuing requirement for !l.
li mited number of U.S. training personnel. They rep orted th:lt by
the end of this year, th e U .S . program for lmining Vi etname.3D shou ld
h ave progres3ed to th e point ,,-here 1,000 U .S. lllilitary personnel assi n-ned to South Vi et-X:lln can be "i(hdrnwn.
°4. The political situ:ttion in South Yi et-Xam rem:J.ins deeply serious.
The United States 11:1.S made cle:lr its continuing op positi on to any
r eprcssi\'e actions in South Yi et-X:lm. ,\YhiJ e such actions haYB not
yet significantly aflected the milituJ eiIort, they c.')uld do so in the
future.
5. It remains th e policy of the United States, in South Viet-Ram
us in other parts of th ~ ,Yorld, to support the euorts of the peorle of
th:lt country to defeat. aggrc::sion and to build a pe:lceful ane frc~
society.
1 Dep2It1l1Cnt or Stc.te Bul!!:i.... } Oct ~1, 1863. p. 623.

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SITUATION Ii\," SOUTHEAST ASL\.: Secretary Rusk's Nc\ys
•
Conference of Fcbrucll'Y 25, 1965 3

Good aftemoon,. lndies and gentlemen . I shoulcl like to take a few
moments of your tune to ~ry to dun\" togcth~r in the simplest and most
. ilmd amental \Iay our atutude tOY\·:.nd the sItuation in Southeast. Asia.
Some of the thinfTs which I sh~ll say \rill repeat what has been said
<;>
•
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befoi'c) but memoncs
.here and abroad
seem to be somctmles
S,l~IT .
And it is im norlant to repeat and Cll·.lW toge.ther those matters \v]ll ch
are at th e center of tho problem, heCatECl th'~re i'l a great deal elsCl
which is pCl'i}!hcml and tmnsitory :
.
. .. .
1. The nr.tlons of Southeast Asm kn-e a nght to liye In peace) free
from ao-~n:t'3sion directed rrgainst them from outside th61r bordel'5,
Now, tl~~ is not all empty th eory ; it is a point of vital irnport:mcc to
the sdet\' and, indeed) the .-ery e:,istence of more than a hundred
smaller nQtions all oyer tIle. wor1d.
Z. North Vi et-Xam ) in c.l11ous disrccrard of the agreements of ID5:!:
and 1962, and of in ternatiol18.1 lnw) lHls dircded and supplied the
essential milit8.rY personnel and amlS fora systematic eampai[>"ll of
terror and guen:ilb action aimed at the oyerLh~·o'i'.,r of the Goyer~nent
of South Viet-X[lm and ::1.t tho iml?o.3ition by force of a Communist
regime. The eyjc10nce of North VIet-X am's direc.t responsibility for
thIS aggression hfiS beon r epeatedly presented by the GOl'ernment. of
Viet-:.\ am) the United Strrtes Government, and th e I nternationa l
Control Commission . A full and up-to-date s,;mm::1.ry of the e\-iclence
establishing this re.3ponsibilily ·will be available to you ...-ithin a \'Cry
fe\y day s. It. is now being processed for publication. '
3. Tho 8.ttitude of the United Sta~es toward threats to the peace
in Southeast .Asia has. been made clear many times and in the most
serious and formal ,\·::1.:ys:
. (a ) by the rat ificatIOn of the ::\Ianila Pact in February 19,55) which
includes South Yiet-::\::un as a protocol state; (This treaty was approved by the S~l:ate b~' a yo~e of 8:2 to 1.)
.
.
(b) by a d eCISion ot PreSIdent EEenho\\-er m 1954 to extend aId to
South Yietnam, \\'ho sCLid in a letter to the President of South VietNam:
T he implications of th e agrecment concerning l'i et,Xaru have ca used gra,e
concern regarding the future of 11 country te::uporarily di,ided by :m artificial
military grouping, weakened by a long and exhausting war and faced Iyitb
enemies "ithout and hy thei;: sub,ersi,e collaborators "ithin.

and he "ent on to SCLY that
The p'ur pose of this oITer is to ass ist the Go,ernmeDt of Viet-Xam in de>eloping
Bnd maintaining a strong, ,iable state, capable of resisting attellJpted sub,ersion
or aggression through militnry me:l.ns.

and th en again ( c) by the joint resolut ion of the Cono-ress of the
United States, p::t3:'3 ed in Au.;'Ust 19Gi: by a combin ed vote of 502 to
2) i\"hich stated, among other things :
That tbe Con;ress appro,es and supports the determinatior! of th e President,
as Comm ander in Chief, to take allnecess:J.r; measures to repel any armed attack
a gainst the forces of th e l.'nit-=d States and to pre,e::lt further aggressio::!.

and that
.,
;

Th e united States regards as .ital to its natiOll3.! interest and to "orId peace
the maiutenance of international ~ace and securitr in southeD.st .isia.

and that
o 0 • the l.'nitw Stltes is, therefore, prEplred, as the Pri:'Sident dete:-r:::liDes,
to tlke all ne-~(-ss:J.!:'Y st"ps. in cludin.:; Ute use or D.rmE'd tocC'?, to assist any
member or protocol state of the S01:nhC'D.s: .isia Collecti.e Dei'eD~ T:-e.c.ty requesti ng a'3~ist.1nce in derense o~ its frC'C'do:n.
"

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(d) and then you ;:houJd remind y om,ehes of the statement made
by President Joh n30n on the occasion of signing that joint re.:;olution :
To allY :nn:M attack Ur'111 our forces, lye sball reply.
To any in Southeast _-\' ~ia 1\"110 as_- our belp ill defending their freeclolll, lYe shall
giYe it.

In tu at r('~ion, tbere is nothing lye cont, notllillt; v;e st:(:];-TIO territory, no
military position, no political arubitio:l. Our one clesi re---<)Clr Olle delerruinationis that the people of ;)ourh":J.st Asia be ldt in peace to \I'ork out their o'.n desUnies
in th eir o\l'n ,my.

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4. i\o\\, it has Loen "rated onr and on' l' ag-;lin that the key [0 peace
in Southe~lst _-\:-:ia i~ the readiness of all thoEe in that are;, to 1i\-e at
peZlce and to lean their neighbors alene. XO\" there is no my'stery
about that fOl'muhtion; those \\'ho are 'llOt lea \-ing their neighbors alone
know exactly \"hat it means. It is an obligation lUlder the 1934: agreem ents: under the 186:2 accords on Laos, and under gencral intt'l1l<l tJOlhll
]a,\,. The ill ega l infiltration of military personnel and arms cannot be
de.scribed as "le<wing JonI' neighbor alone.::
5. There han been negotiatHl settlements in Southe~lst Asia, the
most r ecent one as late as IDG:? Those :3e\-eral agreemcnts \,-ere intended to establish peace in th at area; compliance ,,-itll them by all
concerned can achieH:' that result.
6. 1\'0\"'-, since the Gene\-a conference of 19G:?, the United States has
becn in acti\'e and continuous consultation ,,-ith other gO\'ernlllcllts
about th e danger created by aggression in Southeast Asia _ It h[(.3 been
discussed in the LJnited Xatiom, in the SE-ATO and X_-\'TO Councils)
and on innumerable occasions directly \\'ith other goycrnments thi'ough
diplomatic channels. , Ye han had direct discussions \\'itll almost
e\~ery sio-natory of tho agreements of 1954: and 19G:2. , '{hat is still
~lli ?sing. is any illc1ica~ion that rr~noi i_ s prepayed !D stop doing -;:l,l8.t
It IS domg and \\-ha t It 1.01 0 \\' 5 It IS dOlllg agall1st lts neIghbors. I he
absenco of this crllci.-\l clement affects the cun'ent discl1sslOn of :'negotiation.:' Political cl1<1llnels ha,-e been and are open, and a cDl1siderable
--llumber of ~O\-ernn:,e~~s _ are acti\'ely interest.ec~ in ke<:>.ping them. oren
to explore tile POSSIl)lhtJes of a, peaceful solutlOn. But a, negOtlrrtlOl1
aimed at the accep~rrn.ce or t!1C c?llfirmation .of ~ggrc...."-Sion is not P?Ssible. AJld it negotwLlOll "l11ch sllnpl} enels m blltemess and hostIlJty
m erely adds to the dangeT.
---------7. Let. me remind you that on February 17 th e President said, and
I
quoting:

am

As I bn. ye said so many, many times, and other PresicJer.ts ahe.1d of me ha,e
said, our purpose, our objectil'e there is cle:J.r. Tn:J.t purpose and that objectiYe is
t o j oin in the defense :J.nd protection of freedom of a braye people "ho are under
. attack that is controlled :J.ud that is dirc-cted from outside their country.
lYe ba,e no ambition tbcre for oursell-es. " -e seck no domiuion_ ' 'Ie seek no
conquest. l Ye seck no wider "ar, But "e must all understand that we will persist in th e defense of fre"dom and our continu ing- actions will b0 thoS<? which are
j ustified and those that are made necessary by the continuing- aggression of others_
These actions [he added] "ill be lllc:J.sured and fitting and adequate. Our
stamina and the sl:J.mina of the American people is equal to the task.
_ L et. me conclude b~- re~'1ffinning, still once more, that the central obj ect of ..:-\.mericrrll policy and action in peace in Southerrst Asia and the
srrfet)' of the independent states in that region_ Mans of the peoples
of that area 11a\-e been subjected to 25 years of turmoil and \'i olence ;
the} are entitled to peace. l Ye our;:ehes much prefer tD use our resources as a part of rrn ill terna tional eIT ort to assist the economic ancI
social c1e\-elopment of the peoples of thrrt- area. than to ha\'e them
divert ed into the harsh necessities of resi~tino- aggres.:;ion.
I am ready for your qye.stions, gentlemen.
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Q. Nr. Secretary, l.chat ls the association of t1!e United States Government 1cith the acl,iuities of tlLese nations you referred to 'which are
trying to keep open the channels of dipl.()mocy?
A. '\Yell, we are ou'rseh'es in regular contact with many goni'nments in all parts of the world, through diplomatic means. 'Ye have
not seen any basis on 'which ~'e C<1n ask anyone else to spe::tk for us, and
we do not know of anyone else 'who is pUi-porting to speak for us,
But let tne come back again with great emplwsis--because I do think
tllat it is central to this question of negotiation. And that is that the
missing piece----the missing piece is any indication tklt Hanoi is pre.pared to stop doing what it is doing against its neighbors.
Xow, in many of these postw,n negot.iations in the last 20 years, as
you know, the negotiations ha\'e been, frequently and most often preceded by some ind ic~l.tion that those negotiations might h::tve some
chance of success. ~ ow, that is the missing piece here----that is the
. "
missing piece.
The object is the safety and security of these smaller countries of
'Southeast Asia. In that issue all of the smaller countries of the \,orlel
have a "ital stake. It is at the heart. of'the very structure of international life, of the internation al state system. A.nd it is the missing
elenlent, the unreadiness of Hanoi to stop doing what it is c1oingthat is the problem in this thing called negotiation.
.
Q. 1.111-. Secl'etm'y, did YCI![' giue that '/ne·ssage to Hanoi by l.cay of the
Chinese Communists in tlte TV a!'Sa1,1) meeti.ng the other day?
A. We had a talk-I think it "as yesterday. That talk rei"ealed
nothing new in the known position.s of the two sides. That talk did
not supply the missing piece that. I am talkin~ about. There was no
indication in that talk that Hanoi is prepared to stop doing what they
.are doing.
.
'.
.
Q. 1Vell, dit! you 1lse that clwnnel to get this l.cord dlrectly to them!
1\.. Our policy, along the lines that I ha i'e summarized here, was
made clear there; it is made clear repetiti\'ely with govemments all
over tho world, time and time again, and this was done yesterday .
. Q. J.1h. Secretary, there ls speculation here that the United States
iy now in the process of expanding its military role in Viet-Nam in
.hopes tha t this might convince the Han oi gO'!,'ernment to provide tit-is
' m~~g~L
.
A. I wouldn~t specuhte on that f rom that point of view. I would
UI'O'e you to look at whrrt I han s::tid in my opening statement. Look
at ~n of it-look at all of it taken together. That is the policy-that
is the policy. HOi\, you feel you must act at a particular time and
under particular circumstanc.:s under that policy and within that
policy-for example, within the joint resolution of the C<>ngressdepends upon circumstances from time to ti.me. But the policy is to
act to support the independence and safe.ty of these countries of South-.
~'1st Asi;l . . That is the policy.
. ..
And I would urge you to gii'e serious consideration to all of the
ele. ents that I h[1, ve indicated in my opening statement.
.
Q. Mr. Secretary. Secretary-General U Tlwnt; ~:n New York yesterday, in ·urging the beginning of some kind of informal discussion.') to
restore peace in Viet·!I-a.m: said, "/ am sure that the great American -people, if tMY only knOl.c the true jacts and the background to the developments in South Viet-Nam, will agree w£th me that furtlcer bloodshed ~ unnecessary." ~row, a.Te you hiding any true jacts from the
A mencan peopld
.
'
A. Well, I don't want to comment on that particular statBment in
any personal sense. I believe that there has been some clarification
of that statement since then. But, as I ha\'e said to you O'cntlemen
before, I don't know of any situation anywhere in the "or1d~ on which
the Am eric~n people hn.ve. been bett.:r L"1~Orme?, in more detap, on a
current baSIS, both by offiCIals and by the mt.enSIye effort of a VlO'orous
and free pr:ess, that is th~ ca~e with ~.eo;pect to So_uthViet-Nam.':>

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Q. Mr. Secrctary, perhaps, sir, tlien you could cl.al'ijy this point.

The're h,rzs been a noti.cea.bZe~ con.s-idcm.ble. difference of emphasis in
oj the general oojcctiues oj United States policy in
these te}'ms. There h,n'e been times v;l,cn the United States poUcy
has bcen said to be to defend the freedom of the people. of VietNam . T1Ie1'e have been other times 1chen the policy of the United
States has been said to be to 1'esist the. c;;.:pansion of Chinese Communist agg?'ession. Cou7d you cl{Irijy that.'?
.'
t1~e state-nwnts

A . I think those t,yO me:J.l1 exactl)- the same thmg. The e:s:panslOn
of Communist aQ'PTE'5~ion inyolles the atteml)t to take oyer South VietNam. I think fl~at is looking at the same voin from both its sides.

Q. Mr. SeC7'etQ?'y~ the Secrciary-General said he had 1W1de a proposal to the United States. The White House said no SIWh. proposaZ
h as been presented to the President. Do you. l~n.ow of any such proposal.'?

A. "\VeU, lYe have talked over the past 2 years inform::tl1y and on
a number of occasions with the Secrctrrry-General, "ho carries a very
h eavy responsibility in his role flt the United Kations, as ",elIas with
many O'onrnment.s in ,",uious parts of the wodd. 2\011, during that
2-year"'period, various suggestions h2.\:e been discussed-sometimes by
us sometimes by others. But the proposals that I k..1l0W about thus
fa~ ha,-e berm procedural in nature. The missing piece continues
t o be t he absence of any indication that Hanoi is prepared to stop
d oinfY II hat it is doing aQ'Jinst its neighbors.
2\;11, these suggestions and procedural questions haye been discussed, many of them publicly. This question of calling a conference,
under "h,lt circumstanccs--these iLre procedural matters, "\Vhat "e
are interested in, "hat is needed to restore peace to South~'lst Asia,
is substance, content, an indication that peac.e is possible in terms of
the appetites and the a ttitudcs of the other side.
Q. lIfr. Secretar'y, v)ould you evaZuate the sitwztion, the political
situation in 8011th Yiet-.Na7n, in the light of the recent clv:mges of
government a.nd 1Dhether OJ' not yon feel that an effective government
is now possible thel'e, and i,s that one. of the m.issing pieces'!

A. "\VelJ, we havo be~n ,-ery deeply concerned, as you knOll, for
some time about the question of the c,ssential unity and solidarity of
t he Gon.rIlll1ent in Sfugon. Confusion on that matter--or the absenec
of unitY-l'llmifies in a variety of directions and, of c.ourse, makes it
that much more difficult for them and for us t..o act effectively to
insure tho independence. and the safet.y of South Viet-Nam. And
undoubtedly disunity and confusion in Saigon ine-reases the expect~·
::on of the other side that, if they per.:;ist, they ha.n a chance of
_:Jcce:3S.

- So "e attach the h ighest possible priority to unity and so1ida.rity
~ mong the South Vietnamese leaders and its Government.
1 can express 1113:' bel)e£, as well as my hope, that at least some of
th ese problems of cllsumty hase been resolved.
The recent so-called coup that illyo1Yecl-"hat-:-s-omethin a like three
p;1ttalions again, similar to the one of last September, did n;t intedere
lfi th the operation of the ci,'ilian gonrnment, or d id not create (1.
si tuation 01 bloodshed IYithin the country.
But we are moying IYith hope and e:mectation and in the closest
working relationship with the present Go~ernr[lent in that country .
Q. lIi?'. Secretary, your statemcnt seems to suqgest that only Hanoi}s

ant

?Wljor dan']81' to 1chat some have also
a:;gl'ession gives any body
described as th,e coincident c/"l:il war h1 South Yi.d-Nam. Did yon
mean to suggest, s?'r, that if yo'U ootain elJidence that Hanoi stops doin']
what it i8 doing, the United Statr;.) aiel and assi:;tance to the South
rietnamese Governmcnt wou?d 110 lon;;er be 11egessary to handle the
local problem?
.

6

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A. "\Yell, let's be a. little careful abo c'l t this '\lord "indigenous element." 'l'herQ arc those \\-ho llse that term, particularly ill the C.ommunist world, becausQ the Xorth Vietnamese are Vietnamese and the
SouLh Vietnamese arc Yietnarnese and they 'wouldlike to hav3 enryone belieye that that is what is meant by leLting the Vietnamese settle
their o"n problems_ But an attack by North Yiet-Xam on South
Viet-X fUll by military per::on_nel and arms is ftggression contrary to
established agreements. 'IYithout the control of these operations from
the North, without the manpo\\'er, the trained manpower sent from
the North into the South, \YIthout. the supply of aDDS and other key
items of equipm.ent from X orth to South, the indigenous a::pect of
thi s problem, the genuinely indigcnou5 aspect of this problem , woulc1
be quite a difi'el'fnt matter. It was this external a::ped of the matter
which expbuls thE> pre~ence of the American milital,}' personnel in
th at area, the rapid increase in . American personnel since 19G1. It
was tIle esc::t1ation of that in.filtration. So I think 'we need to sep~trate
'very carefully that part "'hich is local,. that part which is e:rternal;
and the e)..-ternal part oi it is the crueial aspect in terms of the pacification of the country and in terms of the establishment of peace in
Southeast Asia.

Q. You mean then, also, sir, the 'l.cithdralcal of sllch monp01cer as
may have infi-ltmted as beinq part of stoppinq, doinq-- .
A. "Wel1, that is what they are doing; that is what they must stop.
Q. llh-. Secretm'Y, do you expect more active and perhaps collective
support from othe7' parties than Asians to the Am erican effort in
South Vie t-iram , and could you. describe 'l.chether they have qiven
any fo rllw..l pledges?

A. '\-Vell, -;ve h ave been discussing with other gOlerriments, as you
know, :for some tim e no\" increased assistance to South Yiet-i\' am ,
political, through personnel, economic, in other v;ays. We have beea
encou raged in some ca::es to see that that ulcreased assistance is forthcomillg. 'IVe know th at there are other governments that are considering now whether they might not be able to do more than they
Ita ve been doing, not just those in Asia. 'lYe ,,;ould 'welcome additional
suppoi:t, and we think it is ,ery important, both as an encouragement
and practical support for South Yiet-Xam and :ll::o as an indication
t o th e, other sisJ,e of the international objection as to what the other
side is trying to do here.

Q. Ah. Sec),etary , in OI·de~' to intCi'pi'ct you)' statC'IIlCllt correctly,
could you te1l1(s 1chetlieJ' 01' not you mean to suggest that ·it 1could be
a precondition of any negotiation 01' conjei'C71Ce that thei'e must be
an actual ceswtio7i of this penetration, 0)' lllo'(:ly an indication of that?
A. K o. I think that it is well for us and for eyerjone to concentrate on the meat of the matter. The meat. of the matter is thftt Hanoi
is sending these people and the~e arms into South ,-i et-Xam contrary
t o eyer} agreement and contrary to intemationa lJaw. Xow', if that
problem is grappled with: then we can get Ulto deUtiIs. We can consieler \\'hether the meat in'l'olYes ~ little salt and pepper and a dash of
garlic, but h ere is the me8.t of the matter, and 1. think we ought to
keep our eyes on that. That is the central, all-important element in
t.h is situation.
.

Q. 11fT. Secl'etm'y, l.u71Ot !..·i1id of legal uasis did the CnitecZ States
lt ai'c to bomb the tm'gets of :"oi'th ViekYa))&!

A. Self-defense of South Yi et -Xam and the commitments of the
l7nited States ",ith re.::pect to the security and the self-defense of
So uth Yiet-Xam.
.
Q. :lh. Secl'eto)'Y, if 1.ee cou7d turn [tOin T'iet-:Yam_. ui'ieflYl I '[con-

dei' if 1/;e could go to the .lIiddle East. 1 1.condeJ', Sii\ 'dwt 'l.WS the
reason jOi' OUI' appi'oval oj the shipments of tanks to Israel? And,
secondly, 1101C that the Gei'7iVJ.n shipments have cca.-~ed) 1.chat plans
does the United St.ates ha[% to see that lsmel gets the n;liwining ]Ja7't
of th e ai'ms sllipm-ent?

A. On th e first part of your qllestioll, we han been in tere;:ted in
'some sort of l'easonab1e balance in the armed fOl'ce s in th:lt are8.. As
yon kno\\-, ,Yestern 1-;:'nrope h~s been the priJ1):\l'~- .supp1i\::~' of arms!o
I srae1. , Ye ol1l':::eh- es h<1\'e tued not to ue ftctIn 111 the ?\ear East m
the arms field, although \'.-e han ta1;:en some steps in that. regard because for some years \\'e h ,1\-e been trying to find "Ollle \ra y in \"hich

(Text continues in the original file: 282 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-C-1 — [Part VI. B.] Settlement of the Conflict. Negotiations, 1965-67: Announced Position Statements

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-C-1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-C-1
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### Full text

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 -1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET#13
Sec Dof Cont Er. X. 0295
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2.

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}1EGOTtAT!ONS, 1965-1966

This book includes five negotiating tracks:

,

I

(1)

Seaborn Missions (Canadian ICC Delegate Periodic
Visits to Hanoi), June 1964 - June 1965.

(2)

Project Mayflower (the First U.S. Bombing Pause),
May 12-18, 1965.

(3)

XYZ (U.S. Contacts with Mai Van Bo in Paris),
May 19, 1965 - May 6, 1966.

(4)

Pinta-Rangoon (the Second U.S. Bombing Pause),
December 24, 1965 - January 3l, 1966.

(5)

Ronning Missions (Canadian Ambassador Extraordinary
Visits to Hanoi), March and June, 1966.

Each section has a summary and analysis followed by a chronology
(except Project Mayflower, which is told narratively).

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THE SEABORI{ MISSION TO HANOI, JUNE 1964-JUNE 1965

This paper considers US/DRV communications passed via the
Canadian ICC Delegate, J. Blair Seaborn. It is in three parts:
(1) a discussion of principal topics; (2) a summary description
of Seaborn's main visits to Hanoi; and (3) a more detailed
chronology extracted from cables, reports and memoranda~
Part 3 contains the references underlying part 1; they are
keyed in Part 1 by dates, in brackets.
Discussion
The messages carried by Seaborn were unusually substantive
and dramatic. Possible (but quite different) settlement terms
were Rketched by both sides, but the main subject stressed
repeatedly by each was its determination to do and endure whatever might be necessary to see the war to a conclusion satisfactory to it.
To the extent they believed each other, the two sides
were amply forewarned that a painful contest lay ~~ead. Even
so, they were not inclined to compromise their way out. They
held very different estimates of the efficacy of US military
might. We thought its pressures could accomplish our goals.
The Communists did not.
Resolution to Win
Both sides gave strong warnings as early as June 1964.
On Seaborn'S first visit to Hanoi, he conveyed US determination
"to contain the DRV to the territory allocated it" at Geneva
1954 and to see the GVN's writ run throughout SVN. US patience
was running thin. If the conflict should escalate, "the greatest
devastation would of course result for the DRV itself."a He
underlined the seriousness of US intentions by x'eminding his
principal contact, Phfu~ Van Dong, that the US commitment to SVN
had implications extending far beyond SE Asia. (6/20/64)

aAs reported in another study, Seaborn'S was not the only warning
given the DRV that June. , Dillon also told the French Finance
1v1inister, on the presumption it would be relayed to Hanoi, that
we would use military force against the North if necessary to
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Pham Van Dong laughed and said he did indeed appreciate the
problem. A US defeat in SVN would in all probability start a
chain reaction extending much further. But the stakes were just
as high for t he NLF and its supporters, hence their determination
to continue t he struggle regardless of sacrifice. (6/20/64)
He did not specifically deny that there was DRV intervention
in the South and said of the war in SVN, "We shall win." (Emphasis
added. ) But he also said "the DRV will notenter the war . . .
we shall not provoke the US." (6/18/64) Perhaps he drew a distinction
bet1feen exist ing levels of DRV intenvention and "entering the war."
He also warned that "if the war were pushed to the North ,. 'nous
sommes un pays socialiste, un des pays socialistes, vous savez, et
Ie peuple se dressera. ,,, (6/18/64) This is quite ambiguous, but
does threaten further consequences should the DRV itself come under
attack.
Although he clearly did not consider the DRV under attack at
that time, he complained that "US military intervention" in Laos
in the wake of the April 1964 coup was spilling over the frontier.
"There are daily incursions of our air space across the Laotian
border by ove-rflights of military aircraft and by commando units
bent on sabot age." (6/18/64)
Their positions stiffened after Tonkin. When Seaborn saw
Pham Van Dong on August 13, he transmitted a blunt US refutation
of the DRV's Tonkin Gulf account and an accusation that DRV
behavior in t he Gulf saught to cast the US as a paper tiger or
to provoke the US.
Pham Van Dong answered angrily that there had been no DRV
provocation. Rat her, the US had found "it is necessary to
carry the war to the North in order to find a way out of the
impasse • • . in the South." He anticipated more attacks in
the future and warned, "Up to now we have tried to.avoid serious
trouble; but it becomes more difficult now because the war has
been carried to our territory . . • If war comes to North Vietnam,
it will come to the whole of SE Asia. . ." (8/13/64)
He was t hus ambiguous about i"hether he considered the war
already carried to the North or ·yet to come and of course about
th~t the consequences would be.
As indicated in another studYj
however, it is now believed that the first organized· NVA units
infiltrated i nto SVN were dispatched from the DRV in August, 1964.
(These units were being readied as early as April 1964. The date
of the deciSion t o dispatch them is, of course, unknown.)
Meanwhile, Seaborn observed the North Vietnamese to be "taking
various precautionary measures (air raid drills, slit trenches,
brick bunkers) e t c. and, reportedly at least, preparation for
evacuation of women and children.)" (8/17/64)

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The DRV position stiffened further after Pleiku. Seaborn
returned to Hanoi in December, 1964, but at our request did not
actively seek appointments with ranking leaders. He was to leave
the initiative to them, but they did not seek him out either and
he returned to Saigon without significant contact.
When he visited again, March 1-4, 1965, he was given a US
message to convey to Pham Van Dong. The latter was "too busy",
and he had to settle for Col. Ha Van Lau, NVA liaison to the ICC,
who received him March 4. (3/5/65)

I .

From Lau and others, he gathered that Hanoi was not seriously
concerned by the US air strikes, considering them an attempt to
improve US bargaining power at a conference the US strenuously
desired. Hanoi's interpretation, he believed, was that the US
realized it had lost the war and wanted to extricate itself;
hence it was in Hanoi's interest to hold back -- a conference
then might, as in 1954, deprive it of total victory. (3/7/65)
DRV interest in Seaborn as a channel of communication with the
US seemed to him virtually to have vanished, whereas it had been
underlined by Pham Van Dong both in June and August. (3/5/65)
On March' 3, Mai Van Bo told the Quai in Paris that "while
previously the DRV had been ready to consider negotiation of
some sort, US actions had changed the situation. Negotiations
(were) no longer a matter for consideration at this time." (3/4/65)
The May 1964 Bombing Pause brought no softening . The US/DI~Y
impasse ~as again reflected in Seaborn's May 31-June 6 (1964)
visit to Hanoi. On the one hand, Embassy Saigon expressed
reservations about a passage in his instructions because it
might "lead us towards a commitment to cease bombing simply
in return for a cessation or reduction in VC armed actions in
SVN." (5/28/64) On the other, Seaborn returned from Hanoi
persuaded that the "DRV is net now interested in any negotiations."
(6/7/64)

OppOSing Proposals for Settling the liar
The toughness of the two sides was reflected by large
differences in their proposals for settling the war. The US
wanted Hanoi to bring an end to armed resistance to the GVN
in SVN. In exchange, it was willing to co-exist peacefully
with the DRV, extending to it the possibility of economic and
other beneficial relations enjoyed by Communist countries . such
as Poland and Yugoslavia. The US sought neither militar,y bases
in the region nor the overthrow of the regime in Hanoi. (6/1/64)

3

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7

Pham Van Dong replied that a "just solution" in Indochina
required (1) US withdrawal from Indochina; (2) the affairs of
SVN to be arranged by the SVN people) with NLF participationj
(3) "peace and neutrality for SVN) neutrality in the Cambodian
manner"; and (4) reunification. He said that the idea of
coalition government was snow-balling in SVN and that the Laos
pattern of 1962 should serve as a guide for SVN.
When Seaborn expressed the fear that the NLF would take
over any coalition in which it participated) Pham Van Dong said
"there was no reason to have such fears." He also said that .
neutrality for SVN need not .be considered only as a first step
toward reunification. SVN would remain neutral as long as the
"people of SVN" wished. (6/18/64)

"

These opening positions) sketched by the two sides during
Seabornjs June 1964 visit) were swamped then and subsequently
by the discussion of military measures and their possible consequences. The two sides were never close in their proposals)
though in both cases their initial language was sufficiently
flexible to permit subsequent bargaining and compromise. But
their differing estimates of what would be accomplished in
battle kept them from focusing the Seaborn exchanges on settlement terms) and no reduction in their differences over settlement
occurred after the first visit.
The Laotian Problem
Seaborn expressed US concern at DRV intervention in Laos
on his June 1964 visit. Pham Van Dong replied) "'We do not send
units to the Pathet Lao." He leveled charges of US military
intervention there and demanded a "return to the situation
which existed prior to the April coup." To restore peace and
neutrality in Laos) "a new conference of the 14 parties is
nE.cessary..
Only the 14 nation conference is competent
to deal with the Laos situation."
The problem of Laos was not pursued in subsequent contacts.

4

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Summary

1964 Seaborn Conversations a
June 1964. In his (June 18, 1964) meeting with Pham Van Dong
(which took place with no one else present) Seaborn communicated a
US message (a) emphasizing US determination to contain the DRV to
the territory allocated it by the C~neva Agreements (1954), (b) reassuring the DRV that the US did not seek to overthrow the DRV or
want military bases in SVN, (c) noting that the US was aware of
Hanoi's control over the Viet Cong, (d) indicating that the US stake
in resisting a DRV victory in SVN was increased by the relevance of
this type of struggle to other areas ' of the Free World, (e) noting
that US patience was growing thin, and (f) hinting at the benefits
of '~:peaceful coexistence" to other Communist regimes.
Pham Van Dong clearly understood the message but declined "at
present" to send any formal reply. He emphasized the key points in
a "just solution" for the DRV were (a) a US withdrawal from SVN,
(b) the establishment of a neutral "Cambodian-style" regime in SVN,
in accordance with the NFL program, and (c) NFL participation in the
determination of the fate of SVN when SVN was ready for negotiations.
Pham emphasized the DRV's determination to continue with the struggle
if the US increased its aid to the GVN and that the ultimate success
of the Viet Cong was not in question. Pham denied that SVN's neutrality
was only a first step, stating this was up to the people of the region.
Pham did not specifically challenge Seaborn's observation that,
while the NFL would have to be in a SVN coalition government, it
did not represent all or even a majority of South Vietnamese. Pham
added that there was no reason to fea= that the NFL would take over
a coalition goverr~ent.
Pharo told Seaborn that the DRV would not "force" or "provokel!
the US. He concluded by stating that he looked forward to further
talks with Seaborn and that the next time Seaborn could also see
Ho Chi Minh.
Seaborn concluded from the conversation that one could not count
on war weariness, factionalism, or the prospect of material benefits
to bring the DRV to an accommodation with the US. H~ emphasized
Pham's confidence in ultimate victory and conviction that military
action could not bring the US success.
TOP
a

SECRET/NODIS

This paper was drafted for State Department use by P.R.Kreisberg
November 20, 1965.

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l

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- 2 -

Comment: My impression is that the general tone of the conversation did appear to offer some grounds for believing that at a
subsequent discussion additiona~ progress might be made toward preliminaries for concrete discussions. It should be noted that neither
our message nor Pham's remarks raised the question of any direct
contact or discussions between the US and the DRV.

I

I

l.

'-

August 1964. The key theme at the next meeting between Seaborn
and Pham Van Dong on August 13, 1964 (this time in the presence of
two other DRV observers) was . the Tonkin Gulf incident. The US message
conveyed by Seaborn rejected the DRV version of the incident, charged
the DRV with deliberately planning the attack, and stated that as a
result the US was increasing its military forces in SVN. The message
also once more referred to possible economic and other benefits for
the DRV if it halted its expansionism.
Pham's reaction was extremely angry. He said the US was seeking
a way out by expanding the war to North Viet-Nam and that the US election
campaign was also responsible for the stronger US line. He stressed the
"very dangerous" nature of the Situation, said the US might be led
to "new acts of a ggression", and warned that the DRV would fight a
war if it came and that this would spread ·to all SEA and possibly
further. He referred to support from other countries including
Peking and Moscow. At the same time he said the DRV had tried for
peace but the US did not want it. He urged the ICC to take a more
important role and seek a solution "on the basis of the Geneva Agreements." He emphasized that he found the Seaborn link useful and wanted
to keep the channel open.
Seaborn commented on the meeting that Pham Van Dong's reaction
was not surprising in view of the blunt US rebuttal of the official
DRV position and that the DRV might actually believe there was a
chance of new US attacks. He found no evident DRV concern over the
firmness of the US message, however, and noted that Pham's reaction
had been one of anger rathe.l.' than of seeking a way out. Seaborn was
encouraged by Pham's desire to keep the channel of communication open
but thought Pham continued to be "genuinely convinced" that things
were going the DRV's way and there was no need to compromise.
Comment: The negotiating content of this meeting was totally
barren as a result of its timing and its complete focus on the events
immediately preceding it rather than on broader issues as had been
adumbrated at the June meeting. Pham made no effort to develop his
remarks in June or to bring Seaborn together with Ho. The participation
of other DRV observers, including a note taker, in the meeting may also
have forced an increased formality, coldness, and rigidity in Pharo Van
Dong's remarks as compared with those in June. There is no question,
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- 3 however, that there was no indication of "give" in Pham's position
and that the only note of "encouragement" was his continuing desire
to keep lines of communication open.
December 1964. On Seaborn's visit to Hanoi in December he carried
no US message, it having been agreed that it was now up to Hanoi t o
take some initiative. Seaborn did not actively seek appointments
with any ranking DRV leaders but did make it clear that he was available
if anyone he had seen earlier wished to see him again. He saw Pham Van
Dong informally at a social gathering but Pham did not use the opportunity
to discuss substantive matters or seek a further appointment with him.
Seaborn was told other DRV leaders were away or unavailable. Seaborn
told junior DRV officials of continued US firmness and of the possibility
that further US counteraction might be taken.
Comment: The complete aridHy of this visit suggests that the
DRV had changed its mind about using Seaborn as a channel of communication, was not prepared to make any new or forward proposals on ne gotiations, or--contrary to our own conclusion--believedthe initiative to
make some new offer lay in the US court and that if Seaborn was carrying
no new message there was no point in carrying on the exchange at that
time.
Over-all Comment: I believe that the August and December meetings
support the tenor of your memorandum to Mr. Ball but that this is less
certain in the case of the June conversation. I also believe specific
note should be taken of the fact that Seaborn did not specifically
request an interview at a high level in December. It might be put
that Hanoi made no effort in December when Seaborn was thereto renew
its discussions or put forward any new proposal for negotiations or
meetings.
The Seaborn Approach to Hanoi b
March 1965: At our request, Blair Seaborn, Chief Canadian
representative on the International Control Commission in Vietnam,
gave the Hanoi authorities on March that portion of Ambassador Cabot's
February 24 statement to WANG Kuo-chuan in Warsaw dealing with Vietnam.
We hoped thus to convince the North Vietna~ese that the United States
has no designs on their territory nor any desire to destroy them.
Seaborn, at our suggestion, sought an appointment with the Prime
Minister, but was obliged to settle for a meeting with the chief of
the North Vietnamese Army's Liaison Section, to whom he read the

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b This paper was prepared for State Department use. Its date of preparation and drafter are not indicated. Sub-headings have been supplied.

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'roP SECRET/ NOD IS

- 4 statement. This officer commented that it contained nothing new and
that the North Vietnamese already received a briefing on the Warsaw
meeting from the Chicoms. The Canadian Government publicly noted in
April that Seaborn had two important conversations with DRV officials
in recent months, but did not go into details.
June 1965. In May we again asked Seaborn to seek an appointment
with Phan Van Dong and on our behalf reiterate the March message and
U.S. determination to perSist in the defense of South Vietnam, to regret
that Hanoi had not responded positively to the various recent initiatives,
including the bombing pause, and to state that, nevertheless, the
United States remained ready "to consider the possibility of a solution
by reciprocal actions on each side." If the Vietnamese brought up Pham
Van Dong 's four points, Seaborn was authorized t o endeavor to establish
whether Hanoi insisted that they be accepted as the c ondition for
suspension, that we planned to inform Hanoi separately, and that we
expected Hanoi would find easily detectable means of displaying that it
understood the message.

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May 1, 1964
STATE 1821 (S/EXDIS), Priority, to AmEmbassy Saigon, Sent 1 May 1964.
FOR THE AMBASSADOR FROM THE SECRETARY
I flew up to Ottawa yesterday to talk with Mike Pearson and
Martin concerning the Canadian presence in Hanoi.

They readily agreed that Seaborn should plan to spend much more
time in Hanoi than have his predecessors in this assignment. They
also accept as part of his mission an effort to establish ready
. access to and close contact with senior authorities in Hanoi, beginning
with Ho Chi Minh. .

1.'
-

Following are some of the matters which we roughed out in Ottawa
and which I will have further developed here .

,.

1. Seaborn should start out by checking as closely as he can
what is on Ho Chi Minh's mind. We want to know whether he considers
himself over-extended and exposed, or whether he feels confident that
his Chinese allies will back him to the hilt. We want to know whether
his current zeal is being forced upon him by pro-Chinese elements in
his own camp, or whether he is impelled by his own ambitions.
2. Seaborn should get across to Ho and his colleagues the full
measure of US determination to see this thi~gthrough. He should
draw upon examples in other parts of the world to convince them that
if it becomes necessary to enlarge the military action, this is the
most probable course that the US wotud follow.

3. Seaborn should spread the word that he is puzzled by Hanoi's
intentions. The North Vietnamese should understand that the US wants
no milita~J bases or other footholds in South Viet Nam or Laos. If
Hanoi would leave its neighbors alone, the US presence in the area
would diminish sharply.

4. The North Vietnamese should understand that there are many
examples in which the Free World has demonstrated its willingness to
live in peace with communist neighbors and to permit the establishment
of normal economic relations between these two different systems. We
recognize North Viet Nam's need for trade, and especially food, and
consider that such needs could be fulfilled if peaceful conditions
were to prevail.

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Pearson also agreed to instruct Seaborn and his people in
. general to work more actively on trying to break the Poles off from
constant and active espousal of North Vietnamese aggression. He
felt, however, that the Poles are playing something of a middle
role in Sino-Soviet matters these days and doubted that there would
be much profit in this.
Sullivan/RUSK
May 15, 1964
- AmEmb Saigon 2212 (S/Nodis), Rec'd 15 May 64, 7:2 A.M.
FOR THE PRESIDENT FROM LODGE
(

3. If prior to the Canadian's trip to Hanoi there has been a
terroristic act of the proper magnitude, then I suggest that a
specific target in North Viet Nam be considered as a prelude to his
arrival. The Vietnamese Air Force must be made capable of doing
this, and they should undertake this type of action.
4. I much prefer a selective use of Vietnamese Air power to
an over U.S. effort perhaps involving the total a~~ihilation of all
that has been built in North Viet Nam since 1954, because this would
surely bring in the Chinese Communists, and might well bring in the
Russians. Moreover) if you lay the whole country waste) it is quite
likely that you will induce a mood of fatalism in the Viet Congo
Also, there will be nobody left in North Viet Nam on whom to put
pressure. Furthermore, South Viet Nam's infrastructure might well
be destroyed. What we are interested in here is not destroying Ho
Chi Minh (as h.is successor would probably be worse than he is))
but getting him to change his behavior. That is what President
Kennedy was trying to do in October with Diem and with considerable
success.

6. This is a procedure the intensity of which we can const~~tly
control and bring up to the point to which we think the Communist
reaction would cease to be manageable. It should be covert and
undertaken by the Vietnamese, but) of course) we must be clear in
our own minds that we are ready and able to take care of whatever
reaction there may be.

7.

It is easy for us on the one hand to ignore our superiority
as we did at the time of Berlin in 1948 (when we still had sole
possession of the atomic bomb). It is also a relatively simple
concept to go out and destroy North Viet Nam. I-Jhat is complicated)
l

.

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but really effective, is to bring our power to bear in a precise
way so as to get specific results.
8. Another advantage of this procedure is that when, as and
if the time ever came that our military activities against the North
became overt, we would be in a strong moral pOSition both with
regard to U.S. public opinion, the U.S. Congress, and the U.N. I
say this because we would then have a record to show that we had
given Ho Chi Minh fair warning to stop his murdrous interference
in the internal affairs of Viet Nam. Not only would we have given
him fair warning, but we would have given him honest and valuable
inducements in the way of some withdrawal of American per~onnel
and in the way of economic aid, notably food.

cI
\

\

.
.

LODGE

I .
'-

May 22, 1964
STATE 2049 to Anillnb SAIGON (TS/NODIS), Priority, Sent 22 May 64, 7:40 P.M.
LITERALLY EYES ONLY FOR AMBASSADOR FROM SECRETARY
r
I.

2.
in light of present Canadian attitudes we tend to
see real difficulty in approaching the Canadians at this time with
any message as specific as you suggest, i.e., that Hanoi be told by
the Canadians "that they will be punished." But we are keeping
this in mind and will See whether we can go further when we consult
them next week than the more general type of message stated in my
1821. As you can see, the more specific message might lead us
into a very difficult dialogue with the Canadians as to just what
our plans really were.
3. On the othe question, whether initial substantial attacks
could be left without acknodledgement, it is our present view
here that this would simply not be feasible. . •. Once such
publicity occurred, I think you can see that the finger would
point straight at us and that the President would then be put in
perhaps a far more difficult position toward the American public
and the Congress.

4. Thus, we are using a GVN- or US-acknowledged enterprise
as part of our main planning track at the present time, although
we do recognize that something a little stronger than the present
OPLAN 34-A might be carried on on the basis you propose.

BUNDY

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May 25, 1964
AmEmbassy SAIGON 2305 (TS/Nodis), Rec'd 25 May 64, 5:22 AM.
LITERALLY EYES ONLY FOR THE SECRETARY FROM LODGE
1. It is not rpt not at all necessary that the Canadians either
agree or disagree. What is important is that the Canadian transmit
the message and be willing to do that and report back accurately what
is said.
2. The Communists have a, great advantage over us in that they
do things and never talk about them. We must not rpt not let them
continue to have this advantage.

LODGE

,May 26, 1964
AmEmbassy SAIGON 2318 (TS/Nodis), Rec'd 26 May 64, 3:30 A.M.
LITERALLY EYES ONLY FOR THE SECRETARY FROM LODGE
1.
2. I am coming to the conclusion that we cannot reasonably and
prudently expect a much better performance out of the GVN than that
which we are now getting unless something new of this kind is brought
into the picture.

LODGE
May 30, 1964
STATE 2133 to Amembassy SAIGON (TS/Exdis), Priority, Sent 30 May 1964,
10:40 A.M~
FOR THE AMBASSADOR FROM THE ACTING SECRET&~Y
President and Mac Bundy met May 28 in New York with Canadian
Prime Minister Pearson. Simultaneously Sullivan met in Ottawa with
Foreign Minister Martin, Deputy Under Secretary Smith, and ICC
CommisSioner-Designate Seaborn.
President told Pearson that he wishes Hanoi to know, that while
he is a man of peace, he does not intend to permit the North Vietnamese
to take over Southeast Asia. He needs a confidential and responsible
interlocutor to carry the nessage of US attitudes to Hanoi. In outlining the US position there was some discussions of QTE carrots and
sticks UNQUOTE.
.

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Pearson, after expressing willingness to lend Canadian good
offices to this endeavor, indicated some concern about this nature
of the QTE sticks illIJ"QTE. He stipulated that he would have great
reservations about the use of nuclear weapons, but indicated that
the punitive strik ing of discriminate targets by careful iron bomb
attacks would be QTE a different thing UNQTE. He said he would
personally understand our resort to such measures if the messages
transmitted through the Canadian channel failed to produce any
alleviation of North Vietnamese aggression, and that Canada would
transmit messages around this framework.
In Ottawa Sullivan found much the same disposition among Canadian

officials. While Foreign Minister Martin seemed a little nervous
about the prospect of QTE expanding the war UNQTE, External Affairs
officials readily assented to the use of Seaborn as an interlocutor.
Seaborn, who struck Sullivan as an alert, intelligent and steady
officer, readily a greed to these conditions and has made immediate
plans for an accelerated departure.

f

BALL

June 1, 1964
Memo To: G - Mr. U. Alexis Johnson, from S/VN - Joseph A. Mendelhall,
dated June 1, 1964 (TS)
Subject:

Instructions for Canadian Interlocutor with Hanoi.

I am enclOSing a copy of the· "Outline of Subjects for Mr. Seaborn"
which Bill Sullivan prepared prior to departure for Honolulu. He gave
a copy of this general paper of instructions to Mr.

(Text continues in the original file: 195 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-C-2 — [Part VI. C. 1.] Settlement of the Conflict. Histories of Contacts. 1965-1966

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-C-2
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-C-2
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Ten‑point proposal, but nobody counted the missed deadlines.

- 2011 declassified PDF report, NWD project NND 63316, archived by NARA.
- Details Polish rep Lewandowski relaying Hanoi’s 10‑point proposal; US accepted with reservations.
- Conclusion: DRV probably consented to Warsaw meeting, but talks collapsed after renewed US bombing.

### Full text

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET#13
Sec Def Cont Nr. X-
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MARIGOLD
Tnis study consists of tl-To parts, a chronology of the principal
events in the negotiating initiative known as Marigold (Part II), and
an analytic discussion of some of the principal questions raised by
Marigold (Part I). Part I is based on Part II, with citations to it
indicated by date. While Part I can be read without reference to
Part II, it may be easier going with just a few of the main dates and
happenings in mind:
Late in June 1966, the Polish ICC Representative, Lewandowski,
returned to Saigon from Hanoi with some ideas he felt could serve as
a basis for negotiations. These were comnunicated to the US through
the Italian government and followed up by discussions in Saigon with
Lewandowski, D!Or.landi (the Italian Ambassador) and Lodge participating
in various combinations. In addition, Le.-mndowski made several visits
to Hanoi. On November 30, he presented a 10 point formulation, reflecting
his understanding of the US position, -which he s13.id Hanoi would accept
as a basis for direct IIconversation ll betl-Teen US and DRV representatives
in Warsaw. On December 2; Hanoi l, which had not been bombed since midAugust, was hit by US airstrikes. On December 3, the Poles protested
the attack as endangering the prospective 1<TarsavT meeting; and the US
officially accepted Lewandowskils 10 points, subject to lIimportant
differences of interpretation. II On December h, Hanoi was bombed again.
During the next 10 days, the Poles and Americans argued about the pattern
of US bombing and the IIdifferences of interpretation ll clause. In the
interim (December 6), however, Hanoi was officially informed of the US
acceptance, as qualified. On December 13 and 14, Hanoi was bombed again;
and the DRV inst~Ll.cted the Poles to end all conversa.tions about the
proposed contact. On December 24, the US inforilled t!1e Co...'Ulllunists that
it would refrain from bombir~ within a 10 mile radius of Banoils center,
expressing the hope that this would permit the Harsaw meeting to take
place; but the offer was not accepted.

-1-

Strictly, the 3.rea within 5 miles of the cer.ter of Hanoi

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The Role of the Polish Intermedia~J
The part played in Marigold by the DRV is veiled in mystery,
because all US transactions in the matter passed through Polish hands.
The initiative for the contact can only be traced back as far as the
Poles. It begins with Lelmndowski's return from Hanoi iu late June
1966. Whether he acted on Hanoits reque stjon Soviet urging, or his
own sense of enterprise is not known. The subsequent flow of information on DRV viel-Ts and reactions came almost entirely through the Polish
~hannel, and the Poles were, intentionally, ambiguous in distinguishing
between the ir own thoughts and Hanoi .' s •
Drawing conclusions from the story is a compounded problem because
the Poles, by their own account, conceived of their function as quite
different from neutrally passing messages:
--They acted as brokers, probing us (and perhaps Hanoi) to find
elements of "give" that would narrow the gap between US and DRV positions on the terms of s ettlement. Their most inve ntive act in this
role 'lias producing a Polish formulation of the official US position as
a starting point for US-DRY talks. In this ','lay) each side had a
glimpse of possible areas of negotiation, without first committing
itself to specific language or firm concessions.
--They tried to steer the exchanges al-Tay from topics W2 preferred
(especially de-escalation) toward those they said had greater chance
of acceptance in Hanoi (the terms of an overall settlem2nt).
--Tney acted as friends of Hanoi, not neutrals.
--Most importantly, they applied pressure on the US to participate
in good faith, by the ever present threat of disclos ing their version
of the matter to influential world leade rs or the public at large. T"us
our first inti.rnation 0:' M,:'l.rigold came via the Italian Government, which
had been informed in Saigon and Rome by the Poles. We k..l1ew immediately,
and Viere forc efully reminded at critical moments later, that US responses
which might be Viel-led by others as reluctance in the pursuit of peace,
skepticism about finding a "political ll solution, or intransigence on
matters of substance, might be used against us.
The only tenable working assumptions on the US Side, therefore,
were that the Pole s p ursued at least three objectives in Marigold __
and most likely a fourth a s Viell: (1) Ending the violence in Vietnam.
(2) Doing so on terms relatively favorable to the Communist side.
(3) Building a case that could be used against the US, as pressure
during the de velopment of the contact or as a source of embarrassment
to the US should the whole venture fail. (In addition , the Poles no
doubt sought to cast themselves in a role of historica l i.rnportance.)
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As so often with multiple oojectives, none seems to have been maximized. For example, if the Poles were concerned solely with ending the
war (regardless of the terms), they should h::l.Ve acted Vlith greater
discretion after the contact broke Gown, because this would better preserve their usefulness as an intermediary in the future. On the other
hand, had they been concerned solely with discomfitting the US, they
could have used their ammunition to greater effect by leaking earlier
and more sensationally to the press. Perhaps different individuals on
the Polish side gave differing priorities to this objective or that.l
In any case, the fact that none of the objectives was p·i.lrsued to its
logical maximum must mean that, in some larger Polish scheme of things,
all were accorded considerable importance.
This is critical in interpreting the episode as a whole, because it
implies that, with whate ver degree of imprecision, the Poles were in fact
trying to find areas of compromise between the DRV and US on acceptable
outcomBs to the war. Their effort was taken seriously enough in Hanoi to
result in DRV agreement to meet with a US representative in Warsaw·. 2 T1is
in turn must mean they received some serious guidance on policy from the
DRV) even though it is quite unlikely that they were privy to Hanoi's
minim~~ bargaining positions.
What they conveyed to us about promising
directions for ne gotiations, therefore, should reflect something of Hanoi1s
considered judgments, but cannot of course be read as a map of firm and
final DRV posit ions.
It "laS apparently not until after the Warsaw contact was canceled
that the Pole s were asked to specify those messages they had passed on
explicit instruction from Hanoi. There \{ere three, they said: LewandoVlski IS
message to Lodge expressing DRV agreement to the "I.J"arsaw talks; the warning
after the December 3 (sic) bombing of Hanoi that the contact was being
reassessed by tl1e DRV; and the decision to cancel the 'i-J"arsaw meeting afte:r.'
the Decenber 13-14 bombing of Hanoi. In addition, the Poles said they had
numerous exchanges with Hanoi durj_ng the period of Gronouski IS contacts
with Rapacki in Ttlarsaw (i.e., after December 5) and claimed that they "\{ere
therefore able to reflect Hanoi t s views accurately even ,Then speaking on
their own ini~iat~ve.

IFor example, the cable traffic conveys a picture of Lewandowski as more
detached than Rap2.cki, more concerned simply YTith bringing the contending
partie s together t han "Tith exacting concessions from the US or throwing
the onus for failure upon it. On the other hand, this m3.Y reflect differences bet"Yreen the US reporters in Saigon and Warsaw as much as actual
differences behieen the two Poles.
2We do not Y..n01-1 ~That the DRV expected from the T{arsa"T meeting nor how its
prospects W2re rep re s ented to Hanoi by the Poles. The evidence that the
DRV cid in fact agree to the meeting is examined in another section.

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How accurate and explicit they were in transmitting US views to
Hanoi is not known. They seem to have made at least one major blunder
(described in the next section), and may well have made others.

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Did the DRV Agree?
It is at least possible that the Poles had no commitment from the
DRV at all, but on balance this seems highly improbable. By the beginning of December, they had gone far out on a limb in their contacts and
arrangements with at least the Americans, the Italians and, apparently,
the RusSians. It is hard to see what could have motivated them to go '
this far purely on speculation, given the conseq,uences for them of a
revelation that the whole venture was built on air.
The eVidence that the DRV did in fact agree to a meeting in Warsaw
is:
(1) Rapacki's statement to Gronouski that Lewandowski was acting
on DRV instructions in lithe message he gave to Lodge . . . upon his
return from Hanoi expressing NVN positive response to the Warsaw talks"
(12/21/66);
(2) Zinchuk's statement to Bundy that l1the Polish effort was
serious and that the Soviets ' "Tere fully with it and that l1he had been
surprised, in discussing the Polish initiative in the Department . . .
to see that it 'Has treated as doubtful l1 (12/22/66);
11

(3) Burchett1s statement to Isham that a DRV official had actually
been en route to 'VTarsaw for the proposed meeting when l1the US resumed
bombing Hanoi l1 and the contact was canceled (12/6/67).
If Burchett1s information is accurate, it would mean that Hanoi
had been informed by the Poles of US acc.eptance of the LewandO',vski formulation and 'Ivas satisfied 'I-lith the US response. The US formally accepted
Lewandowski's 10 points on December 3, with the q,ualification that l1several
specific points are subject to important differences of interpretation. l1
If the Poles accurately conveyed the US position, therefore) j_t ,VQuld also
follc;W' that the DRV had acq,uiesced in this extre.ra.ely broad reservation .
Here, however, some further questions arise. Rapacki, in a meeting
with Gronouski, indicated that Lodge had confirmed Lewandowski1s formulation on December 1, introducing the l1important differences of interpretation l1 clause as a further condition two days later. (12/5/66)
This
would imply that Lodge accepted LewandQiolSki I s 10 points without referring
them to Wa.shington; which seems extremely urLlikely. Apparently the Poles
informed Hanoi prematurely of US acceptance, omitting the q,ualification
about interpretation . (12/6/66)
But by December 6 they had conveyed
the US message j.n its final form. (12/7/66 )
If the DRVofficial was
en r oute when the bombing of Hanoi resumed--December 13-14--the interpretation clause must have been transmitted and accepted by the North Vietnamese.
11

4

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Tnis would mean that the content of the interpretation clause did
not in itself cause the contact to abort. However, three days (December
3-9) may have bE.en lost iolhile the Poles urged us to withdraw the clause
and we demurred . Would the ~varsaw talks actually have begun before the
December 13-14 bombing if this time had been saved? Would they have been
continued if the bombing occurred after the first meeting or t wo?

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The Polish Vision of a Vietnam Solution
At four point s during Marigold) Lewandowski offered sketches of
a negotiated outcome to the war. None of these is precise or complete.
None is an authoritative statement of what would be acceptable to the
DRV. They differ in content) each serving a different purpose in his
development of the contact. All) however, are consistent with each
other) suggesting they derive from a single set of concepts. They are
consistent) t oo) with several key planks of the revised NLF Program,
released in August 1967 -- in particular) the call for new elections
with universal surferage and the establishment of a government with
Communist participation.
His revelations have a pattern: The first was the come-on, couched
in the most attract ive but vaguest terms of all. The second and third
were explorations Qf how much the traffic would bear) testing in turn the
reactions of the Italians (perhaps as bellwethers of "w-orld opinion!!)
and of official Washington . The last was the most serious) his OvTn
formulation of the US position) designed to provide a substantive basis
for direct tal ks between the US and DRV. Its language had therefore to
encompass the ninimum outecmes acceptable to both sides) using amb:i.guity
to cloak the diffe:rences his brokerage could not eliminate.
Apparently, t he best terms he hoped to obtain were eventual US
military withdrawa.l base d on US acceptance of the NLF in a coalition
governm.ent) along "With a sharp reduction in the role played in that
government by militant anti-communists . The mini.mUlu he felt acceptable
as a basis for talks is) naturally) harder to discern. It seems to have
been less a final solution to the conflict than a change in the ground
rules under \{nichthe struggle to rule SVN would continue. The principal
elements seemed to be acceptance of the Communists as legitL~ate contenders
for power j and the sUbs-titut:i.on of internationa l machinery of some sort
for US armed parti.cipation in regulating the outcome. .L eft open is the
question of what; if anything , the Communists would give in exchange (e. g .,
1TVA iVithdravTal, etc .)
LewandQl-lski rs thoughts on settlement are described briefly below.
More detail is giVen in the chronology, for which the relevant dates are
also indicated below .
(1) The Teaser . US interest (and Italian) was first aro""J.sed
by a statement of things the DRV did not demand as part of a final
settlement . I.ewandc",ski) just back from a trip to Hanoi in June
1966) billed this negatlve list as !fa very specific peace offer,!f
even thou~h it lacked the positive demands that vrould inevitably be
in a fina_ settlement. Hhat Hanoi did not demand included:

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immediate reunification; socialism in SVN; a change in SVN
relations in foreign affairs; neutralization; immediate withdrai-Tal of US forces; DRV interference in the SVN government.
The last point, however, '-las modified to the extent of asking
for a government led by "someone other than Ky."
On the positive side, Hanoi!s demands seemed to concern
negotiation procedures. It would enter negotiations if the NLF
could "take part"(though not as sole representative of SVN)
and if the bombing of the North were suspended. The first of
these demands, of course, is not purely procedural, since giving
the NLF a formal role in negotiations would move it toward a
position of legitimacy in SVN politics, whatever the outcome of
the negotiations.
Lewandowski, then, seemed to suggest that the war could be
brought to an end by strengthening the position of the NLF)
weakening that of Ky (and) no doubt) the anti-communist tendency
in SVN he represented)) fudging all other issues over at least
the short run. (6/27/67)
(2) Ruminations. During September) Leviandowski com.rnuned
with D!Orlandi in Saigon on possible solutions. All of his
thoughts) howe ver) returned to a single theme: coalition
govern.111ent. The bulk of the ministers could be "sensible SVN
politicians," \oTith a man or two from the right (meaning the Ky
government) and a man or two from the left (meaning the NLF) in
"unimportant ministries," Of perhaps even greater significance:
he firmly opposed any development designed to reinforce the
status quo with respect to the then existing G~~ -- including)
specifically) measures for mutual de-escalation of the war .

(9/ 4/ 66-9/ 1 4/66)

.

Later, D!Orlandi outlined a settlement package that he
thought "ould get immediate J serj.ous consideration in Hanoi.
It included US withdrawal "eventu.ally"; internationally controlled elections "after one or two years"; leading to a
neutral, coa.lition government. Coalition, in his mind) was
"not a Imust.!" Whether this package reflected l.ewandowski IS
appraisal, or D10rlandi!s softening of the Pole1s view) is not
clea.r. (10/16/66)

(3) Probing the US. Just before visiting Hanoi in mid November) Lewandowski tried to take a serious reading on US
attitudes. His questions were so phrased as to make the response
desired by the com.111unist side apparent. They dealt with pro cedures that mig.h.t follo," a ceasefire and were no doubt an effort

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to find a set of actions which) if accepted by the US, would
ultimately result in a situation in SVN acceptable to the
communists.
Specifically, he wanted to know if US troop withdrawal
depended on GVN control over areas then governed or contested
by the VC; if the US vrould withdraw from combat areas and not
interfere in the creation of a nevrgovernment in SVN; if the
US would oppose progress tovrard peaceful reunification; if the
US would accept the ICC as the machinery for bringing peace to
SVN.
All but the third of these questions boil down essentially
to one: to vrhat extent would the US remove itself from the
conte st over who should rule in SVN? All were framed without
indication of a quid pro quo. Thus they reveal nothing of DRV
willingness to remove itself from the contest. (11/14/66)

(4) Speaking for the US. When Le,oTandowski returned from
Hanoi at the end of November, he brought along his own formulation of the US position on a final settlement . The critical
points on the future of SVN include: US military IoTithdrawal
after the restoration of peace; US acceptance that "the present
status quo in SVN would be changed in order to take into account
the interests of the parties presently opposing the policy of
the US in SVN"; and US acceptance of the results of "free and
democratic elections)" held "with the participation of all,"
under "the necessary control machinery ." (12/7/66)
The political complexion of the new status quo is left
open) but clearly SVN comnunists '\.JQuld be entitled to contend
for pOl-rer. Clearly) too, the phrase "necessary control machinery"
could not refer in Communist minds to the US presence or the
existing GVN. On the other hand, no piece of "machinery" less
forceful than these could be expected by the communists to enforce
an electoral outcome regarded as unacceptable to the armed parties
contending in SVN . Thus t!1e formulation does not provide a peaceful solution to the problem of who shall rule SVlT. It offers a
way for the US to end its part in the I-rar. It leaves open the
question of what the communist side would do in return. This,
presumably, is what the fOlmulation left as the subject of negotiation.

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Unilateral Conces sions
Lewando"trski probed for US concessions on the terms of final settlement beyond previously stated official positions) such as'the Fourteen
Points and the Manila Communique. His method of operation vras such as
to conceal what reciprocity (if any) might come from the DRV. In the
end) however) he got virtually noconcessibns of substance. As a result)
it might be argued the greatest unilateral movement away from previous
positions was on the DRV side) which a greed to meet with the US without
a cessation of the bombing of the North. While the nature of the prospective contact remained in total obscurity -- we had no indication of
what matters the DRV representative would be prepared to address -- the
DRV must have hoped for something of value and was prepared to probe for
it while the bombing continued. In effect) this meant tacitly accepting
the bombing as an American blue chip in the bargaining process) some thing
the DRV had sought tenacious ly to avoid in the past. (See) hOl·rever) the
XYZ episode.)
,
In response to the four questions Lewandowski posed in mid-November)
the US replied: the Manila formulation spoke for itself with respect to
US troop withdrawal; the US supported the constit~tional processes then
emerging in Saigon as the route to representative government in SVN; the
US would accept peaceful) freely chosen re-u.nification (as already indicated
in the Fourteen Points); the machinery needed to enforce and supervise a
final settlement should be decided by negotiations) taking account of
problems re vealed in the recent past -- Le., with the ICC. Nothing vras
conceded at all. (11/14-15/66)
Tne US accepted Levrandowski r s final 10 Point formulation as broadly
reflecting its pOSition) but qualified this by stating) "We must add that
several specific points are subject to important differences of interpretation. II The qualifier was not elaborated) even though the Poles urged
that the specific points at issue be indicated or that the formula.tion be
revised to eliminate the need for this s'Heeping reservation. The point
which raised the sharpest apprehension in Washington vras that indicating
US acceptance that the "status quo in SVN 'dould be changed" to take
account of commu.nist interests. Even this language, however) as State
pointed out, was broad enough to mean an~~hing from putting the NLF into
the government forthHith to a simple endorsement of the electoral processes then being elaborated in Saigon. US troop withdrawal is explicitly
linked to the ~.:ianila Communique) though the ' specific conditions of the
Manila offer are not repeated. Levrandovrski rs fifth point) however) may
have added something to the previous US stance) by calling for a GVN
based on "the participation of all through free democratic elections,"
held under "the necessary control machinery." The US seemed to be
accepting unive r sal suffrage (no exclusion of cO~llunists and neutralists)
as later specified in the R~~ constitution) and supervisory machinery not
controlled by the non-Communist side, though what all this could mean in
practice would have eme r ged only through negotiations. (12/5/66, 12/7/66 )
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Given the suspicion with '\{hich the DRV undoubtedly vie.rs US
intentions, the Lewandowski formulation, especially when seasoned with
the "important differences" clause, is unlikely to have struck the
North Vietnamese as at all forthcoming. In spite of this, they agreed
to meet. While they may not have intended to offer much at Warsaw,
their willingness to come while the bombing continued undercut the
seriousness .Te .Tould attach from then on to their declarations of
negotiating preconditions, their confidence about their miiitary
progress, etc., etc. These factors are weighty enough ·to give
importance to the question: why were they willing to meet at all?
According to the reasoning above, the answer does not lie in our
responses to Lewandowski. If not, we should look for factors external
to Marigold -- the rising confusion in China, perhaps, or a pessimistic
estimate of Communist military prospects in SVN, or ....
Furthel'flore,
if we did not lure them toward the conference table with the attractions
of our offer, the possibility arises that the other preSStITes pushing
them in that direction were sufficient to induce significant conceSSions,
had the contact occurred.

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The Soviet Role

in_~~rigold

In the ~~terials available for this study, tne first explicit
discussion of ~rigold between US and Soviet officials does not appear
until yTell after the Warsaw contact had been canceled: On December 22,
the Soviet Charge in Washington, Alexander Zinchuk, called on "l<Tilliam
Bundy to express Soviet support for the Polish initiative and to discourage the US from seeki.ng a "militaristic" solution in Vietnam.
Zinchuk indicated that the matter had been discussed with DRV leaders
visiting Moscow in late November and again in early December. He
implied that the Soviet Union had felt ·unable to encourage the DRV to
continue I'Tith the contact because of the bombing of December 2 and 4.
The lateness of Zinchu.kts approach to Bundy and the content of
his message would suggest the Soviets played at most a passive role in
Marigold. This would be consistent with their abandoning sponsorship
of the prospective Conference on Cambodia in ~y 1965, their refusal
to transmit the US letter to the DRV Embassy in MoscoyT during Mayflower
(VlaY 1965 )) and their freCIuent rebuffs thereafter of US efforts to
invoke their mediation.
On the other hand, the Italians on several occasions early in
indicated th8.t they unde:rstood the Poles to be acting on
So·.riet instructions. D !Orlandi also CIuoted L€vTandOYTski as saying that
Hanoi lvaS "tightly controlled" by the Chinese and hence prel:L.'1linary
talks would have to be be-cI{een Washington and Moscow, ';lith overt DRV
participa.tion only as an acceptable basis for negotiations emerged.
(6/29/66, 7/9/66, 9/14/66) There are no further references of this
sort, however, after mid-September.
~rigold

It is at least possible, then, that the R.J.ssians yTere the principal
sponsors of IvT.arigold. If so, they minimized their vj.sibility when
Marigold appea.red to be succeeding, emerging to express their interest to us
only after the bombing of Hanoi and the collapse of the "l<7arsaw contact.
This is follOl{ed chronologically by tne unusually active Soviet role in
Sunflower. Given past Soviet reluctance to mediate, it is notevrorthy
that. the Russians would come to the fore at a time when conditions seemed
relath-ely unpropitious.
This raises at least t,m Cluestions:
(1) As noted a"oove (under "Unilateral Concessions") the DRV may
have had reasons external to the Marigold exchanges for wanting di:rect
talks with the US at just this time. Did the Russians receive encouragement from Hanoi to try fur·ther?

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(2) Or was it the December bombing of Hanoi that stimQlated the
Russians? Zinchuk expressed apprehension both to Bundy and Harry N"laCPherson that Hanoi might call for Soviet volunteers under the terms of .the
Bucharest Declaration ("if the war escalates and if help is necessary").
Tae Russians no doubt ·Hished to avoid such "escalation)" whatever Hanoi's
feelings in the matter.
TI1e Trinh formula (of January 28) 1967) made theSe two possible
motives compatible) by tying US-DRV talks to the "unconditional cessation
of US bombing and all other acts of war · against the DRV." At this point)
the DRV attitude had hardened in one important respect) softened in
another.
It officially closed t~e door on the possibility of talks
while the bombing continued) but it implied publicly (and made explicit
privately) its willingness to talk if its conditions on bomoing were met.
This at last gave the Russians a license to try on Hanoi's behalf) even
though worsening the chances for success because of the stiff conditions
demanded of the US.

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Leaks and Pressures
From the beginning, Lewandowski stressed the importance of secrecy
to the possible success of Marigold, the reason given being opposition
by co.l1L'llunist hardliners, especially the Chinese. In spite of this, the
Poles leaked portions of their version of the episode at strategic moments
during the contact in a relatively obvious effort to put pressure on the
US.
The US responded in part, as the Poles wished, by cooperating with
Lewandowski's initiatives. ~fuere this proved i~Bdequate, we took counter
measures which combined the defensive leaking of the US version of p~r­
tions of the episode on the one hand with incentives and exhortations
intended to induce other participants to maintain the privacy of the contact on the other.
The first Polish approach to the US in Marigold was conveyed through
the Italians : D'Orla ndi contacted Lodge in Saigon; F'enoaltea contacted
State in Wash ington . Meanwhile) Fanfani described the matter to U Tnant.
Somewhat late r, Saragat took it up with Goldberg. It was immedi.ately
recognized in Washington that any indication of US reluctance to res~ond
would quite soon b.::: widely interpreted as lack of interest in a peaceful
end to the war. Tfle therefore undertook to develop the contact, eYen
though skeptical about the real promise it held forth. At the same time)
we protested polj.tely to the Italians about trying to do business in this
manner. (6/27-30/66, '7/6-10/66)

(Text continues in the original file: 161 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-C-3 — [Part VI. C. 2.] Settlement of the Conflict. Histories of Contacts. Polish Track

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-C-3
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-C-3
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Polish pressure in 1967 – even the Cold War needed a garden.

- 2011 classified PDF report, NWD (Project NND 63316), archived at NARA.
- Details 1967 Sunflower diplomatic talks, DRV demanded unconditional bombing halt, Polish pressure stalled negotiations.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 - 1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SET$3
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Eet Def Cant Er. E- 0295

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. SUNFLOWER

This study has three parts: (1) a very brief list
of the most important dates in SunflovTe r ; (2) an analytic
discussion of the major questions vThich arose; and ( 3 ) a
detailed chronology of events and communications. Part 2
is keyed to Part 3) using date s to indicate the source
material on vThich the discus s ion is based .

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Part I
Principal Dates During Sunflower
(January-April 1967 )
Jan.

5

Embassy Warsaw is told to cease contacts on negotiations with
the Poles; Embassy Moscow is told to attempt de liver a message
directly to the DRV Embassy, proposing confidential US-DRY
exchanges "about the possibilities of achieving a pe aceful
settlement" in Vietnam.

Jan . 10

The message is passed in Moscow.

J an . 17

The DRV Embassy in Moscow seeks clarification: ~mat i s meant
by "secure arrangements? " ~mat is the US position on settlement terms?

Jan. 20

T'ne US replies that its posHlon on settlement vrould be the
appropriate topic for tvro-way discussions , and suggests possible subject heading's for such talks. "Secure" means that no
other parties ,wuld be informed .

Jan. 27

'I'he DRV replies with an Aide-Memoire denouncing US aggression
and stating that "The unconditional cessation (of US attacks
on the North ) being materialized , the DRV could then exchange
vievTs wj_th US concerning the place or date for contact " as
proposed by the US message of Janl1ary 10.

Jan. 28

Burchett ' s intervievT vlith Trinh is broadcast by Hanoi, saying
that "it is only after the uncondHiona l cessation (of US
attacks on the North ) . . . that there could be talks."

Jan. 31

T'ne US replies in writing, objecting to the broadcast of the
"essence " of the confidential cominunicat ion to it, offering
to di scuss mutua l de-escalation or to hold secret talks on
settlement t erms before finding a formula for stoppi.ng the
bombing.

Feb. 6

Kosygin arri ves in London for a week 's visit. He and the
British immediately turn to the :prospects for negotiations
on Vietnam.

Feb. 8

President Johnson's letter to Ho) proposing mutual de escalatj_on , is delivered i n Mascolo] .

Feb. 7-13

An intense round of UK-USSR talks occurs in London. The
British ",ork closely with US representatives on the scene.
There are nwnerous communications bet"Teen London and Washington, on the one side , and betvTeen London 'and Mosco", and
London and Hanoi on the Cormuunist side . The US advances
various de-escalatory proposals, none of'which is accepted.
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Feb. 13

The combing of the DRV, which had :)een suspended for the
Tet truce and the balance of Kosygin's visit to London,
is resumed immediately after his departure.

Feb. 15

Ho replies to the President, rejecting his proposal and
re-iterating the Trinh formula about talks. The DRV
terminates the contacts betvTeen Thlbassies in MoscovT.

Mar. 21

The DRV broadcasts the Johnson-Ho letter exchange.

Apr. 6

Embassy MOSCOl'T delivers another note to the DRV Embassy
proposing that contacts be resUJ.'Ued. It is returned the
same day, opened but marked "unac ceptable ."

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I.

How Sunflower Came to Focus on De-Escalation

At Polish insistence, the Marigold exchanges ( roughly JuneDecember 1966 ) tended to focus on possible terms for a final '
settlement in Vietnam . The US had preferred, and several times
proposed, mutual de-escalation as the first issue for considerat ion, on the grounds that this would produce a favorable atmos phere in which to discuss final settlement terms . The Pol es
resisted this approach, arguing that the Vietnamese Communists
vi ew'ed de-escalation as preserving the SVN status quo, "Thich they
were fighting precisely to change . It would be easier to bring
t he DRV to the conference table , they argued , by first addressing
the new status quo.
With the collapse of Marigold in December 1966, SunfloYTer
became the primary vehicle for US negotiating efforts , as the US
attempted to deal directly with the DRV . Gronouski was instructed
to take no further initiative in Wars a", . (Marigold 1/ 6/67 )
Guthrie "\-Tas instructed to seek dire ct contact with the DRV Embassy
in Mosco"" proposing the establishment of "compl etely secure
arrangements for exchangj,ng communicat ions " bet"Teen the two governments in "any capj,tal where we both maintaj,n posts . " The proposed
subject matter was extrernely broad, tithe possib:i.lities of achieving
a pea ceful settlement of the Vietna..'Tlese dispute . It Discussions
could have begun '\-lith settlement terms or de - escalation . (1/ 5/67 )
This message,"Tas passed on January 10 . (1/ 10/(;7)
The DRV responded first informally by asking " clarification"
of the US position on terms of settlement . (1/ 17/ 67 ) On January
20, we replied that the DRV already had considerable information
on the US position; further elaboration should now occur through
t he t"io- way discus sions we ;,Tere proposing. Illustrative agenda
t opics were suggested. (1/17/ 67, 1/20/67 )
The DRV then replied formally on January 27 in a stiffly 'l-Torded
Aide-Memoire which ( 1 ) denounced the US for "intensifyj_ng the 'l-Ta1' in
South Vietnam and escalating the bombing of North Vietnam"; ( 2 )
:ddicul ed US proposals for "condj.t ional suspension of bomb i ng" and
"conditiona l 'l-Tithdral-Tal of troops " as schemes to prolong US dominance of SVN; (3) insisted that the US "recognize the 4 po i nt stand
of the DRV' and the 5 point statement of the NLF " if i t "re,ally
',Tants peace and seeks a political solution" ; and (1+ ) demanded the
unconditional end of attacks on the DRV as the condition for the
contacts proposed by the US note of January 10 . (1/ 27/ 67 )
Tne last point contained the obstacle to the further development of Sunflo.rer. Tne operational pas sage reads ( in Hanoi r s
"unofficial translation" into English ): "'llie unconditional cessation of bombing and all oiher acts of war against the DRV being
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materialized, the DRV could then exchange views with the US concerning the place or date for contact behleen the t1-l0 parties as
the USG proposed in its message handed over on January 10, 1967."
On the follow'ing day, January 28, the DRV Foreign Minister,
Trinh, made a parallel statement in an "interview" with Burchett .
As broadcast by Hanoi in English, he said, "It is only after the
unconditional cessation of US bombing and all other acts of 1-lar
against the DRV that there cou~d be talks between the DRV and the
US . " (1/28/67)
There are several notable features of the DRV response :
--It gives nothing al'lay with respect to terms for closing
out the war. These remain US recognition of the DRV 4 points , etc.
--It identifies a new stage in the negotiating process-"talks"
(Trinh) or the "exchange (of) views with the US concerning the place
or date for contact" (Aide-Memoire )--which is different from, and
hence undoubtedly less than, a ful1fledged negotiation.

--It makes "unconditional cessatj,on" of attacks on the DRV a
prior condit ion for even this level of contact.
- - The language of the Aide-Memoire, a private communication,
holds forth greater promise that contact would indeed follow the
cessation of attacks on the North than does Trinh speaking publicly,
but even it is not without 'ambiguity . Washington is given very little
notion of what it would get in exchange for a bombing cessation. l
As compared with Marigold, this surely amounted to a major
hardening of the DRV position on the matter of establishing contact
with the US . At the same time, by making its position public, Hanoi
added to the considerable pressure already felt by the US to push
toward negotiations . Although the Trinh interview, the Salisbury
visit to NVN, and the diplomatic campaign being vraged by the Poles 1-Tere
all designed to increase US embarrassment over the outcome of :Marigold,
they could also be interpreted as reflecting grO'tling DRV dj.scomfort
under the impact of the bombing. It seemed possible, therefore, that
Ha.noi 1-ras more desirous than forrnerly of getting the bombing stopped
and perhaps even of ne gotiating an acceptable end to the war .
The problem for Washington was demonstrating its responsiveness
to any opportunity to negotiate a settlement, without throwing away
its blue crip, the bombing campaign . Ou,,:, solution I-TaS to ask again
for military reciprocity as well as talks in exchange for a bombing
halt .

IOn February 6, Kosygin told Wilson in London ·that he had just been
in direct contact with Hanoj. and could confirm that Hanoi would talk
if the bombing stopped. (2/6/67 ).
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In one sense, then, Sunflower may have seemed a step backward
from Marigold , in that it focused on conditions for starting talks
to the exclusion of further consideration of settlement terms. On
the other hand, it tur ned attention back to de-escalation, the US
preferred topic.
It should be noted, hO'i-lever, that the U.S. alone was hot
re sponsible for turning the play back to military reciprocity and
de-escalation. Hanoi's January 27 message and January 28 Trinh statement were as much, if not more, the cause of the shift. The U.S. message of January 10 was so general as to alloH Hanoi to respond either
with settlement t erms or de-escalatory proposals. The fact that Hanoi
chose the l atter , probably recognizing that neither side was prepared
to make further military concessions at this point, may indicat e that
North Vietnam was not anxious for or desirous of talks or negotiations
except on its O'im terms in the first part of 1967.
The U. S. seemed to understand the SunflO'iver contacts in just this
light . Referring to the Trinh statement and SunflO'lver, one of the
U.S. principals wI'ote :
"Yet it may not be enough to say that Ha,noi has simply
been engaged in thi s public campaign. In order to make its
olm position effective, Hanoi has had to weaken and almost
to eliminate its previous stress on the four points and
recognition of the IlliF . Its propaganda. suggests that i t
has been somel-That pressed to expla in this shift to its own
people and the NLF . In short , Hanoi took some risks and
perhaps, 'in the eyes of its people, made a significant change
in its position.
"Against this background, Hanoi's rejection of our proposal, on February 14, was hard.1y surprising. As we lr,ne\v
at the time , the proposa.l was extremely unfavorable to them
although also the only one we could have made in this area.
Moreover, Hanoi had only five days to weigh this concrete
proposal, and had to do so under 'I-That may ,ve1l ha.ve been
the worst possible circums tances from their standpoint -with the high probability of our resumption hanging over them.
In other ,'lOrds , the firm and sharp l'ej ection was almost what
we had to expect at this stage. It vTas not a clear indicator
that Hanoi is dug in."
In short, neither side expected to enter talks at thi s time.

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II.

IIUncond itional ll and "Permanent"

There is, and perhaps will always remain , some confusion as to
.lhether Hanoi's condition for talks during Sunflo.ler was an lIunconditional" or a "permanent and unconditional ll cessation of the attacks
on NVN .l
In trying to sort out this question, it is useful to
distinguish four kinds of DRV demands:

(1) Demands .lith nothing offered in exchange . These reflect
ult imate DRV obj ectives , no doubt, but they are non-operat ional , in
that there is no consequence for non-c ompliance , no r eward for compliance. As they are essentially statements of principle, they are
the toughest of all .
(2) Demands posed as conditions for "establishing peace."
Here, peace is the quid pro quo. It wouJd .be a Jarge re"rard if
earned, but it is a long vlay off because so many steps must be taken
first. Tnese rank second in toughnes s, therefore.

(3)

Demands posed .to provide a "basis for negotiations . 1I

( 4) Demands posed as conditions for "talks. It From the Trinh
intervievl on, these became the operatioJ:1...al eJements in the exchanges.
Sometimes more than one kind of demand is posed in the same
or statement , with the result that varying degrees of toughness are reflected in different connections.

docL~ent

--The DRV Aide-Memoire demanded US recognition of the DRV 4
p oints, etc ., "if the US really wants peace" (1/2'7/ 67 , para C); blit
i t demanded the "unconditional ces sation" ( not "permanent and unconditional" ) of attacks on the DRV in exchange for talks. (1/27/ 67 ,
para D.)
--T'n e Trinh intervj.ew demanded at one point that US attacks
"stop definitively and unconditionally," offering nothing in exchange
(1/30/67 , response to question 2); but it said at another that "only
after the unconditional cessation of the bombing . . . could there be
talks." (1/30/ 67 ) response to question 3) ( Emphas i s supplied)
--Ho Chi Minh ' s February 15 letter to the Pres ident contains
parallel formulations : for the "restoration of peace ll attacks "must
stop definitively and unconditionally ,1I the US must recognize the
NLF, etc ; 1mt it is "only after unconditional cessation . . . that
the DRV and the US could enter into talks." ( 1/15/ 67, para F . ) . .
In Hots February 13 l etter to the Pope, he says the US must "end '
unconditionally and definitively the bomb ing • . . , withdraw from SVN

lIn some texts, especially DRV traDslations into English) the term
"definitive" is used instead of "permanent." The meaning is almost
certainly the same , both terms being English equ i valents of the French
"defini ti ve . "
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. . . , recognize the NLFSV . . . . Only in such conditions can
r eal peace be restored in Vietnam ." (2/ 13/ 6, ) Comparing this with
Trinhts statement, l~i Van Bo explained to the New York Times that
Ho t s. "message referred to the terms of a settlement and not to the
process of gett ing peace talks started . Therefore it did not constitute a change over the Vietnamese position." (2/23/6, ) Bo vrent
on to make clear that he and the Times corresponde nt vrere having a
"conversation ," not an "interview ." For an "intervievr ," he "Tould
have insisted on "Tritten questions and vrould have g i ven written '
a nS'·lers. The point here is the emphasis l aid on textual precision.
Bo complained that neither President Johnson nor Secretary Rusk had
ever quoted Trinh t s statement fully or 'accurately , proof, he said ,
of bad faith since Hanoi I s real position i-laS fully kno"Tn and understood in Wash ington .
Bo may ~el l have been vrrong about Washi ngton 's understanding .
Unfortunately, he did not spell out the distortions he thought had
oc curred . Unfortunately , too, his "conversation " added to the
ambiguity , since he is described ( but not quoted) as arguing that
"any cess at i on of bombing that "ms not clearly labeled lpermanent
and unconditi onal I "70uld l eave the ' threat of bombing I in tact and
thus would constitu-te an unacceptable interference ",j.th the negotiation." Since he had not ans",ered in vrrj.ting, it i s not clear if he
i ntentionally introduced a ne"T formulation or if the Times synthesi zed his vie ..7s in a .my he vrould not have done .
None of the official DRV texts examined for this study ( letters
fr om Ho , "intervie\oTs " with DRV offic:ials, Hanoi broadcas ts, AidesMemoire, etc. ) demand a "permanent " halt to the attacks as a condition
fo r talks. ~ese materials c;jer the . period J:nuary-A~r~l 196, : It
s eems most l 1.Kely, therefore, that thJ.s ",as nov a condl tlon durlng
the period in vrhich Sunflovrer vras active .
Inexplicably , the U.S. did not seem alive to the distinctions
b eing made by Hanoi . He persisted in read ing the terms as demanding
both t:unconditional and permanent ." We also sho.·red no a,·rareness of
the difference betvleen fltalks ,fI "negotiations,t: and "settlement ll
or IIpeace. " Whether having b een alert to these di stinctions vlOuld
have a l tered our behavior is problematical.

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III . Reciprocity
Whether or not the DRV was demanding a "permanent " halt in the
bombing) it is entirely clear that their demand from January 27 on
vTaS for an "1L'1conditional" one.
Hanoi was explicitly refusing the
milita~J reciprocity the US had repeatedly asked for if the bomb~ng
were to stop. At the very outset of Sunflower) then) the issue vTaS
firmly joined between the tvTO sides on this matter.
DRV intrans igence may have received some encouragement from our
unilateral suspension of bombing within 10 miles of Hanoi's center
on December 24) 1966 . From the Communist vantage point) this may
have appeared as a response to pressures on the US generated by the
collapse of :t<larj.gold) the Salisbury reportage) messages from U Thant
and the Pope, etc. If we would give this much to ke ep the prospects
of US-DRY contacts alive) perhaps we cou~d be made to give much more .
On the other hand ) we had indicated at the outset that our action
l{aS t aken unilaterally) but in the hope of seeing a reciprocal gesture
from the other s ide . Harriman made clear to Dobrynin on January 17
that we did not feel bound to maintain the sanctuary indefinitely in
the absence of some response from Hanoi.
The r esponse ) when it came ) had a little carrot) "there could be
talks)" and a lot of stick) "there would be no reciprocity . " Our
response vTaS to probe for concealed reciprocity . Perhaps the other
side would give something in exchange ) if not forced to do so openly .
One point should be made clear -- the DRV has never stated that
it would not reciprocate militarily at some future point . Hanoi ioTas
stating simply that it \lOuld not reciprocate prior to or in exchange
for a U. S. bombing cessat ion. Its objective seems to have been (and
still is) to remove the bombings as a "blue chip . "
From our vantage point , we were vlOrking two different strategies.
The first strategy wa,s that we vlould not stop the bombing in exchange
for talks alone; there had to be reciprocity , preferably a DRV infiltration stoppage. The second strategy was to circumvent the reciprocity
issue entirely and to concentrate on getting "discussions " started
'vrithout any de-es calatory act by either side . This was embodied in
the statement that the U.S . was prepare d for "unconditional discus sions" at any time.

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Specific US Proposals for De-Escalation

I-lhen SunflmTer .Tent active) early in January) the US· already
had several de-escalato~J proposals outstanding. During Sunflower)
several more vlere made.
Earlier Proposals

(1) Goldberg's UN Speech . (September 22) 1966) The US
offered "to order a cessation of all bombing of NVN--the moment
vle are assured ) privately or otherwise) that this step will be
answered promptly by a corresponding and appropriate de-escalation
on the other side ." (lI.arigold) 9/22/66) This proposal invited
the DRV to suggest its own matching action--which would have to be
accepted by) or renegotiated .'ith) the US ., Upon agreement) the US
step would be taken first.
The offer .TaS repeated in more general terms on December 31)
when Goldberg -wrote U Tnant) ".Te are ready to order a prior end to
all bombing of North Vietnam the moment there is an assurance)
pri vate or othervrise) that there 'Iwuld be a reciprocal response
tOvTard peace from North Vietnam ." Goldberg specified that he was
r eaffirming his September offer and indicated that the NVN response
should be "tangible." HO'Hever) this time he did not use the terms
"promptly" and Ilcorresponding and appropriate de- escalation."
(12/ 31/66 ) Carefully read, the proposal was unchanged ) but an
impression of greater liberal ity on the US side may have been given .
(2 ) Phase A-Phase B. This "Tas an elaboration of the Goldberg
proposal sent on a highly confidential basis to the DRV in November
1966) via the Poles and quite independently via the British (Hilson
and Ermm ) by way of the Russians. It was intended as a face .-s aving
package) "which in its totality represented 'Ivhat both vle and Hanoi
would agree to as a reasonable measure of mutual de-escalation) but
whi.ch '.vQuld have hro separate phases in its execution. Phase A
would -be a bOt'Ubing suspension) .Thile Phase B) which would follow
after some adequate period) 'Iwuld see the execution of all the
other agreed de-escalatory actions . Hanoi's actions taken in Phase
B vould appea.r to be in r esponse to our actions in Pha.se B rather
than to the bombing suspension. " (Marigold 11/13/66) 11/16/66 )
'll}:!,e steps to be taken by both sides in Phase B 'I·Tere aga.in left open
for discussion with the DRV.

( 3) The Hanoi Sanctuary : On December 21f) 1966) we informed
the DRV via the Poles that US aLe strikes .lithin 10 nautical mi:J-es
of the center of Hanoi ,'Tould be stopped and that the US would be
impressed by some reciprocal de-e scalatory step on the Communist
side . ( Marigold 12/21f/66) lie suggested the cessation of VC
t errorist activity .,ithin 10 miles of 'S aigon ' s center 'as such a
step and set up a vTatch in Saigon to see if' the other side responded.
No po.sitive response ) verbal or de-escalatory vlaS forthcoming.
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Subsequent Proposals
As SunflQYTer unfolded .) the earlier proposals were re-iterated
and some new ones advanced :

(4) Expanding on the Hanoi Sanctuary . On J anuary 31) the
US through secret channels drew DRV attention to the bomb i ng
sanctuary around Hanoi and offered litO . implement additional measures
to de-escalate the bombing of the North to create conditions conducive to the success of talks with the DRV . We ) of course) would
be impressed ",ith similar acts of restraint on the part of the DRV) II
"mich) if forthcoming ) need not be publicized. (1/31/67 ) This
l eaves i t to the DRV to suggest reciprocal acts and suggests that
the US would be willing to act first . ( In this note) we a l so urged
the DRV again to consider the Phase A-Phase B f ormula .)
(5) President Johnson Ts February 3 Press Conference. In
response to a question asking IIwhat kind of other steps the other
side should take for this suspension of bombing) II the President
re sponded) IIJust almost any step. . . . . We vould be glad to
explore any reciprocal act:lon that they or any of their spokesmen
"TOuld care to suggest. II The language j.s forthcoming in tone) but
makes no cormnitment to do more than lIexplore ll suggestions of the
other side. ( Marigold 2/ 3/67 )
( 6 ) Baggs-Ashraore. On February 5) Harry Ashmore vrote Ho Chi
Minh ) conveying a message he had drafted "rith State I s cooperation.
He described US officials as interested lIin your suggestion to us
that pri vate talks could begin provided the US stopped bombing your
country and ceased introducing additional US troops into Vietnam .
They expressed the opinion that some reciprocal restraint to indicate
that neither side intended to use the occasion of the talks for
military advantage "TOuld provide tangible evidence of the good faith
of all parties in the prospects for a negotiated settl ement. 1I The
l etter then asked Ho to respond to this point . (2/5/67 ) 'l'hus it
offered no US action until Hanoi I s reciprocation "laS i nd icated) nor
did it specify US vill ingness to stop the bombing firs t . The reciprocal act vIaS to be a IItangibl e evidence of good faith) II but one
sufficient in magnitude to indicate that neith~ r side intended to
gain a military advantage .
(7) President Johnson t s Letter to ·Hilson. On February 6 or 7)
the President "T.'cote confidentially to I-Tilson that we planned lito
inform Hanoi that if they "rill agree to an assured stoppage of
i p..f'iltration into SVN) "7e vill stop the bombing of NVN and stop
further augmentation of US forces in SVTlT. II This ylaS based on the
understanding that a bombing suspension yTaS unacceptable to Hanoi
and the US had to lI accept an unconditional and permanent cessation
of bombing. II It is not really explicit about which side is to act
first) though it may have read to· Wilson ) vTho had previously passed

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the Phase A-Phase B proposal , as if we i.;auld step bombing i-lhen the
other side "agreed ll to stop infiltration.
( 8 ) Pres ident Johnson1s Letter to Ho . On February 8 , the
President sent a cOYl..fidential letter to lIo in which he offered to
stop bombing the DRV and stop augmenting US forces in SVN lias soon
as I am assured that infiltration into SVN by land and by sea has
stopped. II This , for the first time , spelled out a measure of
reciprocity the US i-lould cons ider acceptable . As with the l etter
to Wilson , this proposal was based on the understanding that Hanoi
re~uired a permanent and unconditional end to attacks before talks.
As compared i-lith earlier US proposals , it clearly r eversed the order
of events : infiltration would stop first, then the US i-Tould stop
bombing and augmenting force levels. Embassy Moscow was instructed
to deliver this message on February 7, but i-TaS unable to do so unt il
the 8th . The date of its drafting is not available in the materia)..s
used for this study.

(9) Revised 14 Points. On February 9, Secretary Rusk drew
attention to a nei-lly annotated statement of the US 14 Points For
Peace , of which the fourteenth i ncluded the folloi-ling : l'We are
prepared to order a cessation of all bombing of NVN) the moment we
are assured--privately or otherYlise--that this step will be answered
promptly by a corresponding and appropriate de-escalation of the
other side . (2/9/6'7) Here; again ) the US offers to act first and
t he nature of the reciprocal action i.s left open .
(10) Goldberg1s Howard University Speech. On February 10)
Goldberg stated ) liThe Uni.ted States remains prepared to take the
first step and order a cessation of all bombing of NVN the moment
i-le are assul'ed , privately or othendse , that this step will be
ansi-Tered promptly by a tangibl e r esponse toward peace from IITVN . II
(2/10/67 )

.

(11) US Vers ion of Bri.tish Proposal. Late on February 10, t he
British pas sed Kosygin a draft proposal, cleared by Washington . It
i ndicated that the US would order a cessati.on of bombing as soon as
l~ was assured that infiltratien had stepped; within a few days, the
US would stop further augmenting its force in SVN . The deal was to
be communicated confidentially to Hano i, and DRV acceptance could be
kept secret as well . (2/12/67 )
(12) EKtension of Tet Truce. Late on February 12, the President
wired 1-lilsen, authorizing him to approacL Kosygin i-Tith thi s proposal:
IIIf you can get a North Vietnamese assurance --·coilli11Unicated either
direct to the US or th:r'ough you--before 10:00 a.m. British time tomOrrOi-l
that all movement of troop s and supplies into SVN will stop at that
t ime) I i-rill get an assurance from the US that they will not r esume
bombing NVN from that time . Of course the US build-up would also then
stop within a matter of days ." (2/12/ 67 )

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As the US had already stopped bombing for Tet) the sequence ..Tould
in effect be: US bombing halt; DRV infiltration halt; US build-up
halt. At British request) the time limit was later extended by six
hours) to 4 p.m. British time. EVen"Tith this) the time allowed for
a DRV response was short) and the problem of actually stopping the
movement of men and supplies in that period would have been sub- .
stantial.

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0-,;:,

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US De-Escalatory Proposals
Proposal

Date

Channel
Parties

Sequence of Steps
Public or
Confidential

First

Second

-----

l.

Goldberg's UN Speech

9/22/66

Public Pronouncement

US stops bombing

Corresponding , appropriate
de-escalation of other side

2.

Phase APhase B

mid-Nov. 66

Poles

Confid ential

US stops bombing

Both sides de-escalate further after adequate period

3·

Hanoi Sanctuary

12/24/66

Poles

Confidential

US had already
stopped bombing
near Hanoi

Some reciprocal step hoped
for

Z

80
>-OP5

~. [
()
(t

_.

'"

.... :l

4.
5.
I-'
I-'

Expanding on Hanoi
Sanctuary

1/31/67

President's Press
Conference

2/3/ 67

US-DRY

Confidential

Public Pronouncement

(Text continues in the original file: 143 pages.)

## NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-C-4 — [Part VI. C. 3.] Settlement of the Conflict. Histories of Contacts. Moscow-London Track

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-C-4
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NARA-Pentagon-Papers-Part-VI-C-4
- Agency: NARA
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Five tracks, but none led to a shortcut home from Paris.

- 2011 declassified PDF report by NWD, archived at NARA, titled Settlement of the Conflict.
- Describes 1964‑1968 diplomatic tracks—Romanian, Swedish, Norwegian, Paris, Italian—aimed at ending U.S. bombing.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Full text

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UNITED STATES - VIETNAM RELATIONS
1945 -1967
EVIETNAM TASK FORCE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
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Bev Det Cant Ne. E- 0295

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THE SE'.rTING

I.

I NTRODUCTION

Since mid-J.964, there vTaS a halting but gradual diploma.tic move ment by both NVN and the U. S. tOHard a negotiated settlement . Hanoi
had b een. insisting previously on U . S . ."ri thdrm-ral from SVN, accepta.nce
of the Four Points as t he only correct solution , the NLF as the sole
legi timate representative of the South Vjetnamese people, and a perma -·
n ent. as "lell as unconditional ce ssation of U. S . action against IWN,
prior to beginning either t a lks or negotiations. In other vlOrds, Hanoi
vTaS demanding that the U.S. make all the requisite concessions before
the b'lO sides even sat daim at the t able . By mid-1967, it seemed cle3.r
t hat th e only condit ion for t alks vTaS the cessation of U. S . bombardment
and all other acts of Hal' against l\flT.N . I'mile the U. S . repeatedly maint ained the position of either "unconditional discussion s " at any time ,
or de-escalation, or both, it too gradually lllodified it s stand . By the
end of 1967, the U. S . no longer pressed for a virtua.lly immediate ,·rithdral·ral of North Vietnames e fo:cces or for " assurances that infiltration
has stoppe d. " The San A'ntonio formula I'TaS a. recognition that the v~ar
in th e South might continue ·~t about the present rate, even if negotiations were in process .
,

v·

Diplomatic differences \-Tere narrol·,ed to th e point vlhere though
t here will be real disputes at the bargaining table, initio.l contacts
. l eading to negotiations could readily begin . ·All these diplomatic moves
served as a quiet backd:cop to the ,-rar in Vietnam its elf . Th e figltting
·in South Vietne.m stepped up as both sides increased thej.r force J ;vels
and amhi tions . The U. S . bombe.rclrn.ent of North Vietnam e scala ted C!.o '" nevr
t argets \-iere struck throughout 1967 .·
I

I I. . 'l'HEINTERHEDIARIES
From t he close of SUNFLO\·lER in September 1 967 until Pcesident
J ohnson ' s dramatic speech of March 31, 1968 , diplomatic activity to
bring the opposing sides to th e conference table ,,:a s carried on essentially through five djfferent and sorEetimes overlapping channels l
F'irst, there Has th e R1.unanian track ( to become IIpACKEHS " in
Decen~be r 1 9(7 ) Hhich extended i'roHl OctobeT 196G thTough February 1 968 .
Periods of intensity in this tract: ,·.'ere J9>nuar:y 1967, October and

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-----

November 1967, and December 1967 through January 1968 . Private
exchanges 'in this track \'Tere being confirmed by public statements on
both sides.
Second, the Government of SHeden ,C'ASPEN" ) played a continuing
though mino::c role from November 1966 through Februa:cy 1968 . SHedishDRV contacts "Tere intense in Hovember of 1966, February 1967, I'Ti th
contact,s, occurring throughout th e 'vhole 1967-68 timef::C2.me.
Third, there ''lere infr equent and lm·r-key contacts b et"Teen the
NOYl<regians and the DRV (" OHIO") Hhich lasted from, June 196'{ through to
March of 1968 : There vms not much activity in OHIO, since "Te preferred
to use other channels, but the key messages in this cham1el Here passed
in Ju.l1e 1967 and Narch 1968 .
Fourth, there vJaS a contact in Paris ("PJ<;NWSYLVANIA"), \-lith great
intensity and frequency of exchanges in September and Octob er of 1967.
Private exchanges in this track Here b e ing confirmed by public statelnents .
Fifth, the Italian-DRV track (" KIU,Y ") Has seemingly being considered a prime chamlel by both sides' in February and the beginning of
March 1968 . This \-las the l ast contact pl"ior to P.cesident Johnson's
speech of March 31, 1968 .
The difference in th e q1.1.ality of reporting and intermedi2,tion in
th ese tracks is, in retrospept, quite pronounced . Since very fel'T
"Tritten messages -vIere exchanged, \'/e vere 'continually relying on the
ear, predilections and p::cejudices of the 'i nt er:mediary . Since all the
intermediar j.es , in one ";e,y or another , h2,d a definite interest in the
succ ess of their role as \'7ell as in bringing the opposing sides to the
conference t able , all transmissions from them 'have to be vie'l'Ted \'lith some
skepticism. All of' their effort.s seem to focus on one issue--the cessation of U. S. b ombing . It must be assumed the,t in addition to good
offic':Os and good "Till, all of these interElediaries ,'Tant ed us to stop
the bombing . Since Hanoi 'I'laS Q,ppe.rently representing to them the,t
nothing else could occur unless th e b omb :i..ngs '\-Tere stopped, they tended
to take this de clara t:i.on as a given. All 'Iver e ,in one uay or another,
'\'7ary of th e, spread of the \-1ar , int ernatiol1a,l t ensions , and eSPecially
of the' i mp.3,Ct, of the vTar on theil' domestic policies.
Tb e - Rmn:o.nians conste,ntly pressured us on the bombing is sue . At
one time , theY-~~T-ei:;-e clalin.ing they he_d recd ved the "sj gnal" f:com Hanoi
in re sponse to Goldberg's UN speech in the fall
1966. (Goldberg
had stated that Hanoi only needed to give "an indication as to 'I'That
jJ.j:]\'7ouJs.1 do in response to a 1?!,io~ cessation of bO!!'.bing by th e U . S. " )
Later, they ac1niitted t hat t hey had received no specific " signal. 11 The

of

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R'Ji!!,mians "Tcre quite frank about admitting tha.tthey "I'rere on.ly interested in the stOppil1[,; of the U. S. bombing . They accepted tha.t the
t;;-TO sides \-Tere noi'T far apart, but argued that .once they sat dO"lm a.t th e
table "then the other nations desirous of seeing an end to conflict
v70uJ_d try to push the hTO sides together ." Terms of final scttlement ,
they be.lieved , should not be discussed before the bombings stopped
since it "Tould only drive the parties fu.rther apart . The Rwna.ni ans
vTere also saying that they did not blame. either party for the Vi etna.rn
situation , and that they \'Tere only inter ested in B. pee.ceful settlement .
It s'eem~r from hindsight the/c. th e Rumanians Here very poor r eporters :
they did not pick up distinctions such teS talks, n egot j.8.tions, and settlement terms.i and they repeatedly claimed that the DRV "I'r anted to talk djrectly
vTith US; and, after all signs pointed in the opposite direction , they iIere
still rel1resenting Hanoi ! s demand for.a U. S . b ombing cessation 8.S poth
unconditiona l and p ermanent . It is like ly that Hanoi did not take the
Rumanians seriously . Despite these indi cations a.bout th e Hwn.anians , tHO
GOR envoys Vlere u sed by th e U. S . to tra nsmit · and r ece ive messages during
.-..., the crucial Dece:mber 1967 through February 1968 period. Arnbass8.dor Suu
( in K:i..l.ly ) l aughed ,'rh en d ! Orlandi suggested that serious exchanges Here
taki ng place through th e RlLrnanians .
The S\'Tedes \'Tere more active ove:r - time than any other int ermediary- and produced the l eEest amount of inform8,t ion. The i nlportant point to
note about the Si'Tedish role vTas that the S'I'Tedes seemed to have more
ready and frequ,ent access to the DRV (b oth in Hanoi and in \'Ta.rsavl ) t han
any other nation . Th e SI·redes were u nabashedly anxious to be the successful
go-behTeen. On May 9, J.967 they even Hent so far as to say that they
\"ould "take re spons ibi.lity for a position yh:[ ch /J.hei/ felt convinced
about . !1 I n other \'lord s , they ,'Tere i'Tilling to be a 1?rok~r as vTell as a
message carrier .
The vlholeS\ledi sh role vas very much domina.ted by th e ir domest ic .
. politics : ther e uere fr equent press · le8.ks on .GOS-DRV cont8.cts ; Vietnam
policy Har frequently and vituperatively discussed in th e S\ledish Parlia,l1ent ; the Russell I'!a:c Crimes Tribune,l b egan to hold its h earings i n July
1967; and' the GOS k ept hinting about est8.blish:i.ng consular relations Hi th
Hanoi ,. S,'rec1ish GVN relations began to strain , and in the spring and Surllmer of' 1967 , S..'reden r educed the leve l of its diplomat ic r epresentation in
Saigon . Fina lly , on November 1.f, 1967, the GOS publicly d enounced U. S . Vietnam p olicy. · .
The U. S ., bece.use of th e above , never put much stock in the S'\'Tedish
messages, cmd this track never became an import8.nt one .
\

The NOl'\'reK~:E. r ole 'I'Tas hot treated Hi th great i mportance by Hash:i.ngton, and the t rack vas never a very active one . Nevertheless , in r etI'o spect , th e exchanges beh~ cen the DHV Arnbe.ssador and Pek i ng ( Loan ) and

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t he NOrl'regian Am1:;'8,ssador 1n Peking (Algard ) Here probably the most
r eliable of all. Alga rd seems to have be en a c8,refll.l note-ta.ker, and
h is messe.ges l ook like he ,'las 1).s ing Hanoi turns of phrases. Many of
the points' made by Algard Here sl.1.bsequentl y borne out by other contacts
and by public DRV statements .
Beca'll.se Norw8Y, u nlike S,'reden , ,'ms not visibly rwre friendly to
th e DRV th~m to t,he U. S ., Hanoi did not seem really comfortable in
activating this C'.hanneJ_ into a maj or one. On November 2, 1967 , Loan
hinted to Algard that Norl,ray ' s roJ.e Has Itnot neutral lt and that Noruay
vias Itindirectly involved . It NOrl'lcgian dO,mestic pol itics 'Ivere , like those
in SI'Teden , vehemently anti -American on the Vietnam issue , b ut this never
seeme d to get i n the 'I'ray of obj ect i ve Nonregian Government report inc; .
Unlike th e S,'TE;des , the NonTegians did not press u s h a rd on the bombing
i ssue .
The exchanges amonc; the PENHSYINANIA ]xn'ticipants ( hTO unoffici8J,
l<' rencbmen , Mai Van Bo and Henry Kissinger ) seE:med to have been handle d
vlith great care and accuracy . 'Hhile the h;o FrencrJ1Een , Marcov:i.ch [md
A'll.brac, Here clearly committed to gett:i.ng th e U.S. to stop th e bOlEbing ,
th ere i s no evidence that their reporting, or message car rying , ",-las
adversely affected . Kissinger for the U. S. he.ndled th e play "lith consummate sk:i.ll, clarifying points and mo.\ing interpretations that could le8,d
to a cont:inuinc;: dialogue . Both Hanoi and He.shington treated this cha.nnel
as a ma j or one ~md yet little vas accor!lplished except the cle.rif'i c9.tion
of th e U.S. fi no advantage fl f'ormula . ~L'hjs cle,r ification ;'T·3,8 to be l ost in
sub sequent reform1.JJ.8,t ions o f th e U. S . position on fi no adve.ntage . II
j

."

~.

The Italians "1ere old he.nels at playing th e r ole of i ntef.';necl.iary .
T,he ir role i n l,j[\.BIGOLD had be en respected' by both sides . Th ~y ,'rer e not
p ushy about interposing thems e lves b eti-reen Hanoi and Has hington and al'<Tays
stood ready t o bTeak off' conta.cts if the U. S . so des:i.red . It i s iIaportant
. to rememb er that i n Killy the North VietnaJrlese ' sought out d' OrJ.andi
( according to d'Orland i) and not the r everse . The Killy contacts ,'Tere
b ehTeen d ' Orland i c,nd the DEV jlJabassador in Prague , Suu , It i s also
important to r emem.ber that d ' Orlandi he.d a very i"pecial viei" about the
r ole of intermedia t iOll . Unlike all the other go - behleens v110 Here intere s t ed C',l1n.ost solely in a cessa.tion of U. S . bomb ing, d ' Orlandi ' s approach
"las t o focns on terr!'.s of fina.l settlement. Only vThen the future of
'Sout.h Vjetn~.i.n could be foreseen , d' O:clanc1 i arg1.J.ed, ,-rould the hlO sides
sit dOi'J:n and' genl,1ine ly and ser:i.ously n egot iate .

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------~-----

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I II . NORTH VIETNi',J·1ESE STRtlTEGY
. It ha.s 8.1uays been clear t hat insofar as Hanoi i s interested in
n egotia.tio11S , i t i s only as another ,·my of achieving its objectives .
Since the ec'.rliest months of 1966 , ])3.rty: leaders i n Hanoi have b een
p reparing the i r people for a " fight e.nd negotiate policy ." Captured
docwnents ha ve reaffirmed the prevalence of this policy .
Hanoi frame'S its strategy i n terms of two st8.ges : " decisive
v ictory" and "" final v ictOl'Y '" "De cisive victory" is defined in terms
o f b reaking the U . S. Hi l l to persist -.- nawe ly , \'Tben the course of I'r ar
i n t he South reaches e, " deadlock ." The U . S . r ecognition of this " deadl ock" and its \'lillingness to negotiate on H2,noi I s terms then I'lould b e
t ested at the 'barga,ining table . More~ver, ,·rhen neer,otiations ,>.re in
p rocess , H2.noi says that it ,·]-ould cres,te "another front " i'lith Hh:Lch to
"d isintee;rate" South Vietnamese arme d fo:C'ces and exa.cerb8,te "contra dictions " ,dthin the Saigon GoVeTilment and beti-ree n U. S . al1d So,igon .
" Fi nal vi ctory" c01..l.1d come Hhen all Vietnam ,-;as effectively under Hanoi I s
control .
Seen :in this light , Hanoi I s failure to assUJ' e mili t8,ry recipl'oci ty
f or a bombing cess at ion in advance of ta,ll~s could be ( a ) a rna tter of
pr i nciple , as t hey assert , or (b ) 2. question of strategy - -- t hat is , a
test of U. S . ,·,ill to p e rsist , or ( c ) simply 8, tactic , a ,·ray of concealing
t heir I'l illingness to retrea t until convince d that the U. S . has rna c1e i ts
b est offer .
~

Hanoi ' s designing o f the t hree stages of b argaining ( talks , nego -tiat:ions , scttleJ:Qent ) can be viel'red as P2.:t't o f this same f8.b~:i.c . Each
s tage i s so constructed th2.t i t depends on t he successful completion of
t he preceding stage . Hanoi recogni zes its Dim mora.le problem and does
.not .i·rant to risk creating eA'1x~ctations of a settlement until it is
p retty sure that t he settleme nt Hill accord \'lith i ts ob j ectives .

5

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~TO])IS

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THE U. S. AND DRV COflIDI'J' IONS FOR " TALKS" CONVERGE

As of SUl\'VLOi-T.ER (February , 1967 ), the DRV position on conditions
for "t-alks "-;,i ti-:-Ule u. S . had been conveyed as follOl"s:
(1) Publicly, Trinh had said, "It is only after the uncon~
di tional cessation of US bombing and all other acts O[""Tar against the
DRV tha.",,; there could be talks beb-reen the DRV and the US ." (Tri nh
i ntervieH i"itl1 Burchett of 1/28/67, as broadcast in English by Radio
Hanoi. )
( 2 ) Privately, in I'lriting, the DRV said , " The unconditional
ce ssation of b ombing and all other acts of ,-rar against th e DRV being
materialized , th e DRV could then exchange vie,'!s ''lith the US concerning
the place or date for contact beb·reen the tHO pa,rties as the USC; proposed in it s me ssa,ge h a,nded over on Janua,ry 10, 1 967 ." ( DRV AideMemoire e;i ven us i n Mosco;'! , 1/27/67, in Hanoi ' s " unofficial trans lation"
i nto English. This replied to our Aide-r.1cmo ire suggesting exchanges on
t'the possibilities of achieving a p ea ceful settlClrlent of the Vietnamese
di spute .")
(3) Kosygin privately told the British (they said ) on 2/6/67,
that he had been in dir ect conta,ct l'Tith Ha,noi and could confirm tha t
Hanoi I-lould t alk if th e bombing stoPIJe d . He repeated this i n ess ence to
Thompson in MOSCOH on 2/ 18/67. (See London 6316, 2/7/67 , and Mosc(;>i'1
3562,2/18/67 .)
Our position lTas that vTe viOuld enter 'talks "Iithout cOlldi tions , or
\'Tould stop the bombing in return for some recipr6cal ' act of military
restraint but that ''le "Tould not stop bomb ing simply in exchane;e-fOrtalks .

vIe

Aft er SUNFID~'!ER, the b'lo sides bounced varying formulations back
C),nd forth, eventu8,11y inching tOi·;ard each other. The U. S : posi tiqn relilained
. essent~a11y unc}1angec1 until August 25, 1967 , . "Ihen the San Antoni c . fOl'lEUla tion Has privately passed to the DRV. The llleaning of this proJ:.;0sal
seems to have b een obscure to Hanoi . Several l ater messages passed in
clarificat ion varied C'-!rlong themselves , and the DRV persisted i n seeing
"conc1i tions" a ttachec1 to the San Antonio formula, making it UDO,C l ptable
by Hano i l. S lie;hts . The U. S. Has' probing to see i f Hanoi underst ood our
"assumption"; and this probing ",as app3.rently interpreted by theDRV as
asking 8.c1vance C),s.surance tha.t the " no advantage 11 ,,!ould in fact be taken,
a condition. By the end of l~ILLY ( 3/1/68), hel\·rever , \'Then d t Orla.r~d i ( as
he report e d ) vrarned that. " if bombing stopped and .talks began, adaulting
Khe Sanh , invading or trying to det8.ch the tv.'o northern provinces of SVN,
l aundJing a second ,·rave of attacks 2.gainst one or more . cities or, cl'ea.ting
a sensation with something else li ke an a ssault on C8~~ Carrol , would sink
t.h e I1hole thing," DRV Ambe.ssac1or Su gave his "1)e1'sona1" vicl'T : " Fro:-a t.he
moment the hTO sides meet, i t I-f8.S obvious ~10 such thing could h appc::n ."
( Rome lf590 , 3/~/68. )
.

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At this point Hanoi prooD,bly felt i t had replied affirma,tively and
o fficia,lJ.y to the "prompt" and "productive " conditions . ( In public sta.tements, the DRV· had indi cated that talks could begin " as soon e.s " the
.
bomb ing and all other acts of I·mr stopped, and that the subject of the
talks \wl.1.ld be " Cluestions related to a settlement of the Vietnam problem
on the bas'js of th e 195 Lf Geneva agreements on Vietnam .... also Cluestions
vrhich could be raised by either side. ") Assuming Su ,"Tas accurately
reported , it had a,lso gone part of the vlay on "no e,dvantage ," though
not so far as to acknm.'lec1ge it had troops in the South or to give us
an official pledge aga.inst I'Thich vTe could allege violations, r eSlJ..1..lle
bombing or brea.k off talks.
In early April, Hanoi indicc1.ted it s representative at the contact
vlOuld have ambe,ssadorial rcmk and 1'!Quld be empOl-!ered to agree on a date,
place and l evel for "fonnal talks" after the bombing cessation . In the
event , the DRVrepresentative Xuan Thuy, has ministerial r ank and his
propo sed conta.ct vrith us in Paris h as been described by Hanoi (in English )
as " formal talks ."
Hhat fol101-T are th e Ina jor statements, public and private , made by
th e tHO sides since SUNJi'JJo\-lER .

la

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/1 ,

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CHRONOLOJY
DRV ( f~./.JJ+/ 67 )_. The DRV Ambas sador to Peking, Ngo , told the NOrl'regie,n
Ambassador .there that the cessation of U.S. bombing is the· only condition
for their coming to the confereilce table .
OSLO lf53l to SecSt-?te ( SECHET-EXDIS ), l.~ Jun e 1967:
"2. Follm·jing is my inforIc.al r endit ion Algard f s report ,
tr ansposed ffOt;l ,first· to third person:

"3. Ambassador !'lSo underl j.ned strongly Horth Vi etnauese
Govt. dispo sed to'.,ard nee;otiC'.tions : At S2.lJ.e t ime th ey '1(lere deeply
mistrustiul of' P..mer ica:ls I • int entior!s in ' Vi;;tri.am. . . Stead y escalation and senc1ing of new t.roops indica t ed fl.!llericans had int ention
of' sta yi ng p erwc.ncn tly in Vi etnarJ .
"!~.
J.fgo underlined Horth Vi e tn2.mese Covt i mposed only -one
c ondition for p.egotiations , n amely that b O!£l.bing of north Vi etnam· be i:d:,OPIJcd .
Cl eCl.rly having in mind the Chinese , h e lient
to lenGth s to underline the.t speec{-!cs fro!:;t other qual'tel's I,;hicn
i mposed other c onditions including full .l\I1erican Hi thdl'e.':ial fro!]!
South Vi etnam did n o t RPT not J' eflect f';o:cth Vietnan Govt ' s tho'J.Zht .
On N9l'th Vietnc'::l~se side one' gave d ecisive Height to stop i n bOClbi ng b ec2.use t hisH2.S yi cHed as respect for-Eorth Vi etn2.El2sc
sovere i gnty c.ad suc!! a respect I'las C.n 2.bsolute c ondi tior! fo r
c o::ling to con. ference t able , b ut \·;8,5 2.180 the only c ondition .
'Y:"'1 en th ey h a d c o;;~e to c~!1l~(:rence t. f~ble , North Vietnan posi t:i.cn
TTo'
e> v :.........
,-,ry ""1",
b,7
' C'1 A"""')"s'''']or
'l '!G
{(70 ). 'l'
-' ~ C'lY
,', \..lla
_ 1 b c...
.1..
I....~' .' ib1
~
~._ e .
\ 1. e." c~r'"
:._ ....... ,) f
1.s',,]
.: '-....
u.b ...... ~::':'L
·
fo r very fa r re2.cili r.g c o~pi-onises to get an end to th e \'tar . f ;
N !lDaSS2,c1or Alga.rc1 ·no t ed t hat r ecently one h 8.d i~0.9rcssion t liE~t
North Vi etEar,lC3e sid e I,as ' c ooley' tOi·i2.:!'c1 ne;otiD.tions . A:::lbass9.d ol' Hgo d en i ed this strongly. He s e.id th-?t for;~lerly \'ihen £ic'r th
Vi etn.8.!G. sho.·red an i nterest in n eGot i 8.tions Ar;,<::ri car',s h ad t 8.Y.;en
such int erest as a sign of Heakness and with r es ult s of sty Dee r
esca l ation . 'Thi s Has b2~d~~r ourA aGainst \·;h ich o ne !"lust judge
'some re ccnt speec'hes on Horth Vietn2nese side . Provid e d th ere
'vlou.ld b e a stop i n b ODb j.ng } Eorth Vi etnam I:as ready at any tir;;c
for n egot i at i ons an.d f 8.r r e2.ch i nG C O~o.p:co~ i ses .
t,..;::..

......

~.

~U.6/?0/6rd. ,
The U. S . r epeated t hat it r eq,uired "at l east som.e
private assure.nce of ~J.l1propriate r eciprocal action by North VietnaTo. ." .

I

Sta t e 213389 to Os lo (SECRET -EXD IS), 20 J une 1957:
·1I2.c. Expressed ~ oncern that U.S, int ends to stay perma n ently j n Vi etne.m is of intcres L
'He 2.S.sl,-,")~e G O~'-T is ful l.y a:. iare

2

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12
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of our repeated stateme nts of intent to withdraw and most speci fic ally the precise \'rording used in the Manila Communique, which
your should furnish them.
" d . Discussion of cessation of bombing of only condition
f or talks fits with other private readings as well as TrinhBurchett intervie\v and appears t o us highly plausible .
" c . USG accepts that ' cessation ' of the bombing of the
North and military action against the North is only NVN condi t ion f or holding talks . NVN has referred to cessation being
on 'unconditional ' basis: What is meant by this? ( Purpose
h ere is t o clarify whether there may be any distinction between
usual NVN statements that bombing must be stopped ' indefinitively
and unc onditionally' --which we have construed t o mean permanently -- and occasional other statements that stoppage of bombing must merely be 'unconditional .' We ourselves have assumed
that no difference is intended betvreen these tvlO formulations,
but direct inquiry could be useful in nailing this down .)
" d . Assuming that NVN condition calls for, in effect,
permanent cessation of bombing, USG position remains as it has
been stated throughout and part icularly by Ambassador Goldberg
in September 1966 at UN and by Secr'eta ry Rusk in J anuary . U.S
view is that cessation of bombing, without at least some private
assurance of appropriate reciprocal military action by NVN,
would create situation of major military advantage to NVN and
would not be conducive t o fruitful talks . USG has put forward
several general sugges tion"s for timing and nature of NVN reciprocal actions , and President ' s letter to Ho contained one specific
proposal that added the element of stopping of reinforcement
by USG in the South . Canadian proposal of April called for link
bet\,reen cessation of bombing and restoring demilitari zed status
of DMZ under effective supervision, but Hanoi rejected this .
Hhat is present Hanoi vie\v on these proposals, or do they ba.ve
any other sugge stion to make?
0

DRV (7/27/67) . Pram Van Dong told Aubrac and MarcQvich (PENNSYLVANIA)
that the DRV would settle for a de facto stoppage , though it preferred a
public statement .
"NOIv I shall talk to you about negotiations and
solutions . We have been fighting for our independence
f or four thousand years . We have defeated the Mongols
three times . The United States Army , strong as it is,
is not as terrifying as Genghis Khan . We fight to have
peace at home; we have no 'Vlider aims . We have made

3

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clear our position in our four points and in the interview
of January 28 , 1967. LRham Van Dong'did not explain
what this intervie,v was ; Aubrac and Marcovich did not
knm-T, nor do 1..:.7 We are ready t o talk at any time
provided that actions against the North are unconditionally
ended. I want to repeat what I said yest erday : we are
willing to settle for a defacto stoppage ." Marcovich
interrupted to ask whether he correctly understood that
no public acknowledgment of an end of bombing "laS needed .
Pham Van Dong repli ed that he would prefer a public
statement, but "muld settle for a de facto cessation.
£There was disagreement between Aubrac and Marcovich
about the meaning of de facto cessation . Aubrac thought
that a bombi ng pause could be followed vIi thin a few days
by an invit ation to negotiate; Marcovich "laS of the view
that Hanoi rrLi. ght want a more forinal--though secret-assurance ·7
UoS. (8/25/67). The "no advantage " formulation vlaS passed to the
DRV via Kissinger and Mai Van Bo in Paris . (PENNSYLVAJilIA )
Messrs A and M rc.et with Bo in Paris to inquire
why their visas had not be en received . Bo
t old them it Ivas too dangerous to visit Hanoi
due to the bombing. M and A then informed Bo
they had assurances in that respect, without
i dentifying the nature of the assurances, which
",Tould be effective until September 4.
Messrs M and A then presented the US message
as set forth belmv to Bo for the first time .
He read it "Ti th interest and observed that it
was "clearly significant ". Bo queried them
about the si gnificance of para. 2 of the message.
He "laS informe d that it expressed US doubt that
the existence of US/DRV discussions could be
kept secret Lf bombing ended , and Bo recognized
that this would be a problem. Bo was i mpressed
and was told that the message was authorized by
top levels of the USG. M and A gave Bo a
writt en description of the ir contacts with
Kissinger . Bo agreed to cable the message to
Hanoi and t o report their desires to visit Hanoi

4

TOP SECRET - NOD1S

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14 TOP SECRET - NODIS
to discuss the message. Bo believed a reply
should be available by August 29.
The English text of the message given to Bo
in both French and English is as follows:
"The United States is willing to stop the aerial and naval bom-
bardment of North Viet-Nam with the understanding that this will-lead
promptly to productive discussions between representatives of the Uniz
"States and the Democratic Republic of Viet-Ham looking toward a
resolution of the issues between them. While discussions proceed
,either with public knowledge or secretly, the United States .
would assume that the Benocratic Republic of Viet-Nem would not
take advantage of the bombing cessation. Any such move on the
part of the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam would obviously be
inconsistent with the movement toward resolution of the issues
bewecen the United States and the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam
which the discussions are intended to achieve.
. •
The United States is prepared to enter into discussions
either openly or secretly. It would seem, however, that a
total cessation of the bombing is inconsistent with keeping
secret the fact that discussionsiare taking place. Accordingly,
the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam may prefer to consider the
alternative of a cutback in the magnitude or scope of the bombing
while secret discussions are in progress. .
.
:The United States is ready to have immediate private contact
with'the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam to explore the above
approach or any suggestions the'Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam
might wish to propose in the same direction." .
DRV (9/ll/67). A number of neW, sensitive DRV targets were struck
on August 21-22, I967, but restrikes and strikes near Hanoi were sus-.
however, to both the gesture and the "no advantage" proposal, terming
them threatening, conditional, etc., in line with the general DRV objec-
tive of removing the bombing as a bargaining blue chip for the U.S.
(PENNSYLVANIA)
' In response to a phone request from Bo at
6:0o p.m. (Paris time), Sunday, September 10,
Marcovich called on Bo at 9:30 a.m. After
5 TOP SECRET - NODIS

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an exchange of pleasantries.Bo handed to M the
following text of Hanoi's official 'reply to the
August 25 message: .
"The essence of the American propositions.
is the stopping of the bombing under conditions.
The American bombing of the Democratic Republic
of Viet-Nam is illegal. The United States any
.should put an end to the bombing and cannot pose/
conditions. .
.
"The American message has been communicated
after an escalation of the attacks against Hanoi
and under the threat (menance) of continuation
of the attacks against Hanoi. It is clear
that this constitutes an ultimatum to the
Victnamese people.
"The Government of the Democratic':
Republic of Viet-Nam energetically rejects
the American propositions..
-Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam is that the
United States shbuld cease definitely and WEL.
without conditions the bombing and all
other acts of war against the Democratic
Republic of Viet-Nam. It should withdraw

(Text continues in the original file: 301 pages.)

## NASA-UAP-D001 — Apollo 12 Transcript, 1969

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D001
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D001
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1969
- Location: Moon
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing escaping the Moon in 1969 was the astronauts' patience.

- NASA-UAP-D001: Apollo 12 transcript, NASA, 1969, Moon location
- Astronauts reported particles, flashes, and illuminated debris outside the lunar module
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Apollo 12 was the fourth crewed U.S. mission to the Moon and the second to land astronauts on the lunar surface. This document is an excerpt from the Apollo 12 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription, November 1969, highlighting two periods in which astronauts reported observing unidentified phenomenon: a one hour period on the fifth day, and a two minute period on the sixth day. These transcripts contain contemporaneous observations by the flight crew reacting to unidentified phenomenon.
•	Day 05, Hour 19, Minute 14, Second 58 through Day 05, Hour 20, Minute 12, Second 14:
o	At 05:19:27:25, the pilot of the Lunar Module (LMP-LM), Astronaut Alan L. Bean, described observing particles and flashes of light “sailing off in space” via the onboard Alignment Optical Telescope (AOT). He characterized these phenomenon as “escaping the Moon.”
•	Day 06, Hour 00, Minute 21, Second 42 through Day 06, Hour 00, Minute 23, Second 33:
o	Mission Commander, Charles “Pete” Conrad, described observing floating debris outside the lunar module, which had been illuminated by the module’s onboard tracking light. At 06:00:21:51, Conrad assessed that the tracking light had burnt out because he could no longer see the debris from the module.

### AI summary

This is a transcript from the 1969 Apollo 12 mission, containing communications between the spacecraft "Intrepid" and NASA's Houston control center. The document includes routine mission updates, technical discussions, and a brief mention of the lunar module pilot observing "particles of light" flashing in the dark quadrant, which he initially thought might be related to the water boiler but later considered escaping from the Moon. The text does not identify the lights as anything other than unexplained phenomena.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Tape 90/3

Page 742

05 19 14 58

cc

That's affirmntive .

05 19 16 31

cc

Intrepid, Houston.

05 19 16 35

CDR-I.M

Go.

05 19 16 37

cc

If you will give us P0O and ACCEFT, we'll give
you a CSM state vector and RLS update.

05 19 16 45

CDR-l.M

You have POD and ACCEPT.

05 19 20 05

CMP

Hello, Houston; Yankee Clipper.

05 19 20 09

cc

Yankee Clipper, Houston.

05 19 20 14

CMP

Well, hello there, stranger.

How are you?

05 19 20 22

cc

Morning, Dick.

How are you?

05 19 20 27

CMP

Well, pretty good. I hope you would like to have
some company for a change.

05 19 20 31

cc

Roger.

05 19 20 36

CMP

As a matter of fact, I just finished that. I
sure do; got everything in order; ready to go
towards the LM and bring back . . . That's quite
a chore; keeping this thing clean.

05 19 20 53

cc

Roger. You got a couple of coal miners coming
up to see you.

05 19 20 59

CMP

That's oka,y.

05 19 21 10

cc

We're ready for the E-M0D.

Loud and clear.

We are fine.

Got the house clean?

I'll be glad to see them.

Intrepid, Houston. The computer is yours.
Yankee Clipper, if you will go POO and
ACCEPT, we have an uplink.

Break.

05 19 21 20

CMP

All yours.

05 19 23 14

CDR-IM

Houston, you got the lift-off time for me?

05 19 23 20

cc

Stand by.

05 19 23 39

cc

Intrepid, Houston.
142:03:47.

05 19 23 52

CDR-LM

I copy 142:03:47.00,

05 19 23 57

c~
cc

Affirma.ti ve.

05 19 24 05

)

Clipper, Houston.

Your lift-off time is

Computer's yours.

#### Page 2

Tape 90/4
Page 743

05 19 24 11

CMP

Okay. And Jerry, will you find out what they
want to do about this battery charge, be~~use
. I'm using the bus tics during the rendezvous?

05 19 24 23

cc

Roger.

05 19 24 43

cc

Yankee Clipper, Houston. Why don't you figure
on terminating the battery charge at LOS?

05 19 24 52

CMP

All right; I could let it go until I
just
before lift-off. That way it might take it
all the way up.

05 19 25 33

cc

Clipper, Houston. We prefer that you terminate
at LOS on this pass.

05 19 25 40

CMP

Roger.

05 19 25 41

cc

Roger. That would be one less thing for us to
keep track of prior to lift-off.

05 19 25 48

CMP

Okey.

05 19 27 17

CDR-IM

Say, Houston, Intrepid.

05 19 27 20

cc

Intrepid, Houston.

05 19 27 25

IMP-LM

Roger. When you look out the AOT in the dark
quadrant? You can see these lights - particles
of light. flash~s of light just seem to come
from - in this case, I'm looking in quadrant 1
which is the left one. It's coming :from behind
me, the left, and they're just sailing off in
space. I was thinking they're dropping from my
water boiler. but it looks like some of those
things are escaping the Moon. They really haul
out of here and just press off at the stars.

05 19 27 56

Roger.

05 19 28 25

cc
cc

05 19 28 42

CMP

Go ahead.

05 19 28 44

cc

Roger.

Go.

Yankee Clipper~ Houston with a P22 tracking PAD.

Your target is LM; T1 is 139: 57:39;

T is 140:02:38; ~outh 05; latitude is
2
minus 3

05 19 29 10

CMP

Hoger.

T 112 -

#### Page 3

Tape 90/9
Page 748

)

05 20 08 23

cc

Clipper, Houston. We'll give that data a good
evaluation before we do anything with it.

05 20 09 25

LMP-IM

Houston, Intrepid.

05 20 09 30

cc

Intrepid, Houston.

05 20 09 34

IMP-1..M

Got sort of an interesting thing going on AGS
right now. I didn't notice earlier, but it may
just be because the lights i:,.re brighter now.
I'm getting an all 8 1 s flash on both the address
and the information registers at about onefifth the brilliance of the normal numbers. And
a - It's pulsing every second.

05 20 10 00

CC

Roger, Al.

05 20 10 06

LMP-IM

If I turn dmm the illumination level just a
little bit, it's not noticeable.

05 20 10 52

LMP-LM

Hello, Houston ; Intrepid.
hot fire?

You ready for my RCS

05 20 10 59

CC

Intrepid, Houston.

Fire aw~.

05 20 11 03

CDR-LM

Okay.

05 20 11 32

CC

Intrepid, Houston.

05 20 11 37

LMP-LM

Go.

05 20 11 39

cc

Roger, Al. Fredo is here. He and I have both
seen that phenomena on your DEDA during t estin :',
of most a.11 the spacecrafts up at Bethpage, and
it's probably an EMI.

05 20 11 56

CDR-LM

That's what ve' ve been talking about, but we
thought we'd just tcucb in on it.

05 20 11 59

IMP-IM

When you go to your roll rate, roll lef't, pitch
up - -

05 20 12 01

cc

Roger. I think TRW's got a v0rkup on this
problem.

05 20 12 08

CDR-IM

Okay?

05 20 12 11

CDR-IM

_)

GO.

Roger.

Here yo~ go, Houston, with roll, pit ch, and
yav.

05 20 12 14

cc

Roger, Pete.

)

-~---·- ··•···•- · -------- ----

---.--·- -- --···----- -·- -··---·-

#### Page 4

Tape 93/8
Page 778

.
06 00 21 42

CMP

But I don't have you in the sextant, That's
okay. Your blinking light's Just not blinking,
that's all.

06 co 21 51

CDR-IM

Hey, Houston. It looks like our tracking
llght's burned out. Dick hasn't been able to
find us in this sextant. And on the first
nightside pass we had little bits and pieces
floating along vith us and we could tell that
the tracking light va.; flashing on them. And
we still have, I've presumed to think, bits
and pieces floating along and nothing' s flashing
on them, so I'm pretty sure it burned out.

06 00 22 11

CC

Roger, Pete.

06 00 22 22

LMP-LM

Yes, sir.

06 00 22 26

CC

Hi, Intrepid.

06 00 22 27

LMP-LM

Okay.

06 00 22 28

cc

This is Houston.
and aft go?

06 00 22 33

CDR-LM

It's getting much cleaner in here running this
way; and, also, Yankee Clipper informs me he
bas the television all set up. When we come
around the hor~1, ·we' 11 come around with the
television on in VOX.

06 00 22 47

CC

Roger .

.06 00 22 53

CDR-IM

Who knows, you may get to see the first
wbiffer<l.ill.

06 00 22 59

CC

Roger, Pete. Our electrical watchers say that
the current indicates that your tracking light
is on.

06 00 23 11

CDR-IM

Okay. Now ve just turned it off.
current show that?

06 00 23 19

cc

It - It sure does, Pete.

06 00 23 26

CMP

You're - they're - You're flying thr0ugh the
air b~ckward3, then, Pete, because I don't see
it.

06 00 23 33

CDR-LM

(

)

Okay.

How'd your sweepdown fore

How does the

Well, my ball tells me I'm pointed at you, Dick,
• and so does my radar.

## NASA-UAP-D002 — Apollo 17 Transcript, 1972

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D002
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D002
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1972
- Location: Moon
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

Apollo 17 was the ninth crewed U.S. mission to the Moon, and the sixth to land astronauts on the lunar surface. This document is an excerpt from the Apollo 17 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription, December 1972, highlighting three periods in which astronauts reported observing unidentified phenomenon: a nine minute period on the first day, a three hour period on the second day, and a six minute period on the third day. 
•	Day 00, Hour 03, Minute 34, Second 10 through Day 00, Hour 03, Minute 42, Second 29:
    o	Command Module Pilot (CMP), Ronald Evans, reported observing “very bright particles or fragments” drifting and “tumbling” near the spacecraft as it maneuvered. Lunar Module Pilot (LMP), Harrison “Jack” Schmitt, described the phenomenon as looking “like the Fourth of July.” The astronauts speculated that the phenomenon may be attributable to ice or paint fragments dislodging from a separated component of the spacecraft (S-IVB) but characterized that assessment as a “wild guess.”
•	Day 02, Hour 18, Minute 42, Second 34 through Day 02, Hour 21, Minute 07, Second 05:
    o	Mission Commander, Eugene A. Cernan, reported difficulty sleeping and described having observed “some sets of the streaks.” He also described an intense light flashing between his eyes, describing its intensity as comparable to that of a train headlight and characterizing it as “imposing.” Over the next three hours, Cernan described observing several flashing, rotating phenomenon that he assessed as corresponding to physical objects in space rather than a purely optical phenomenon. LMP Schmitt also reported observing similar phenomenon, though he again assessed the source of his observation to be a separated rocket stage (S-IVB). At 02:20:55:22, Cernan reported observing two additional distant flashing objects, though he assessed them as Spacecraft/Lunar Module Adapter panels (SLA panel), another separated component of the Saturn V rocket.
•	Day 03, Hour 15, Minute 33, Second 25 through Day 03, Hour 15, Minute 39, Second 46:
    o	At 03:15:38:09, LMP Schmitt exclaimed that he had observed a flash on the lunar surface north of Grimaldi (crater).

### AI summary

This document is a transcript from the Apollo 17 mission, dated 1972, containing communications between the crew and Mission Control. It includes discussions about bright particles or fragments observed during a spacecraft maneuver. The crew describes the fragments as bright, jagged, and tumbling, with some appearing to move slowly and others at higher velocities. They speculate that the fragments might be related to the S-IVB stage of the rocket, possibly ice chunks or paint. Later, the commander mentions seeing a bright, rotating object in the distance, which he describes as not being a nearby particle but something physical and distant. The transcript ends with the crew preparing for a separation maneuver.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Tape 5/2
CC

Yes, we copied your VI and your EMS numbers, and
we've got a number for you. Maneuver start time
will be at 03 plus 33 plus 27.

LMP

Okay, we got you.

cc

That's affirmative, Jack.

LMP

You guys didn't tell us we couldn't see anything
going through the sunrise.

cc

(Laughter)

cc

17, Houston. We're making plans here for a space­
craft SEP time of 03 plus 43.

LMP

03 plus 43.

Roger.

cc

17, Houston.
time.

We're copying cabin press of 5.9 this

CMP

Roger.

cc

Okay.

CMP

Thank you.

00 03 31 55

LMP

Frame 65 for the LMPs mag November November.

00 03 34 10

LMP

Okay.

We - we are maneuvering, Houston.

cc

Roger.

We're watching it.

CMP

Now we've got a few very bright particles or frag­
ments or something that go drifting by as we
maneuver.

CC

Roger.

LMP

There's a whole bunce of big ones on my window
down there - just bright. It looks like the
Fourth of July out of Ron's window.

CMP

Yes. Now you can see some of them in shape.
'They're very jagged, angular fragments that are
tumbling.

00 03 25 01

00 03 27 27

Maneuver at 03:33:27.

Roger.

We - we just got it, Bob.

Understand.

#### Page 2

Tape 5/3

CC

Roger.

They look like fluid of some sort?

CMP

Not to me.

CC

Roger.

CMP

They're very bright.

CC

Jack, we'd like OMNI Charlie.

CMP

Bob, for the most part, these fragments are not or are tumbling at a very slow rate. I tried a
couple of pictures of them - different settings.
You may get an idea of what, at least, the patterns
look like.

CC

Roger. I've got you. We're all ears on these frag­
ments. Do you think you can figure out what they
might be?

CMP

Well, you know I - I don't know. There are a num­
ber of possibilities. If you had some kind of a I got the impression maybe they were curved a little
bit, as if they might be - off the side of the
S-IVB. And that's a wild guess

CDR

Okay.

CMP

- - ice chunks, possibly.
coming off of it.

00 03 37 34

cc

Roger. I noticed on one trip up the elevator last
weak near one of the flags. I thought it was on
the S-II, but it might have been on the S-IVB.
Looked like it was peeling. Maybe that's what
you've got.

00 03 37 45

cc

And the S-IVB maneuver is complete.

00 03 37 46

LMP

They look like pieces of something.

RCS LOGIC is ... - Or maybe there's paint

in 1 minute.

CDR

Okay.

We'll set the old clock.

CMP

Okay. And the - with the maneuver complete, the
fragment field is essentially static, except for
very slight tumbling within the fragments.

#### Page 3

Tape 5/4

00 03 38 01

00 03 39 35

00 03 39 53

00 03 39 57

cc

Roger.

CMP

Every once in a while, a fragment of considerably
higher velocity than the others goes across my
window. But that's very rare.

CC

Roger.

CMP

Hey, that's that field of view I saw out my window.
Jack, do you see it now?

LMP

Yes.

CMP

And, Bob. At least, there - there's no apparent
relative motion between fragments.

CC

Roger.

CMP

I'll take two pictures about a minute apart if I
can. And it'll be Frame 70.

CC

Okay.

CDR

And, Bob. This is Geno. My impression is that
they are - flat, flakelike particles. Some may
be 6 inches across. And, although there's no
relative motion between the two, most of them seem
to be twinkling. And I think, for the most part,
they're all moving away from us.

cc

Roger, Gene.

CMP

Okay.

LMP

Okay.

cc

Roger, Ron.

CMP

Okay.

LMP

. . . two ARMED.

CMP

CONTROLLER number 2 is ARMED .

LMP

... SECS LOGIC

Cut in.

Understand.

Frame 70.

Thank you.

We've got 0180 and 0 on the old thumbwheels.

TRANS CONTROL is ARMED .

...

#### Page 4

Tape 5/5
00 03 40 01

CMP

Okay. SECS LOGIC is CLOSED; SECS ARM are CLOSED;
LOGIC POWER is ON.

LMP

Okay.

cc

17, Houston.

CDR

Okay.

00 03 40 38

CMP

Okay. We'll ARM the PYROs.
ALIGN.

00 03 41 00

CMP

And maneuver's complete.
GDC? No. It's just ...

00 03 41 19

CMP

Okay.

00 03 41 42

CMP

S-IVB, okay.

LMP

Okay; 59 : 30 .

00 03 41 55

CMP

Okay.

00 03 41 59

CDR

Tickity-tick-tickity, Houston.
at 59: 30.

cc

Roger.

CMP

Okay.

CMP

Okay.

LMP

Okay.

CMP

MC in AUTO.

CMP

Next?

CDR

SEPARATION, Houston.

CMP

Okay, check the covers.
other ones off.

LMP

They're all ...

CMP

Okay, I'm going to start the - My gr.,sh, look at
the junk! Okay; there's 15 seconds. Pitch her
up. Okay, we'll PROCEED on the - -

00 03 40 13

00 03 42 12

00 03 42 19

00 03 42 29

You have a GO for T&D.

A GO for T&D.
And we'll hit the GDC

And 0180 and O? On the
It's kind of diddling.

DELTA-Vin NORMAL.
Okay, switches are all set.

Let's start the DET.
We're running

That's LAUNCH VEHICLE SEP, push button.

Okay.

And check the

#### Page 5

Tape 46/4
02 18 4111

02 18 41 59

02 18 42 34

CDR

Okay.

Is that it?

Yes, I can get that, Gene.

CMP

Okay, you want to take a picture of it first?
Okay, POWER ... Okay, stand by. 3, 2, 1 -

CMP

MARK it.

CDR

Say, Bob or Stu.

cc

Roger.

CDR

Okay, add - to ad to today. Not last night, but I guess the first night I was in bed - I definitely
saw some of these - because I had a hard time going
to bed, to start with - I saw some of the same
peripheral horizon-type things you said were not
the type of data you were looking for; but I also
saw a - some sets of the streaks. And probably
the one most imposing thing I remember is - and the
last one I remember before falling asleep - was
the fact that there was a very bright spot that
flashed right between my eyes like a very bright
headlight - like a train coming at you, only with
a flash. It's difficult probably to estimate the
frequency of any of those because I was in a sort of a sleep-hazy mode.

CC

Roger.

CDR

But then, as today, I saw some that flashed and
lit up the horizon and some that lit up peripher­
ally; and I guess, as you say, that's a different
kind of data, but I did see them there and they
impressed me.

CC

Okay.

CDR

Okay.

CMP

And it might be interesting to know I've never
seen it before today.

CC

Hey, Gene, we appreciate all the data. We were
just trying to make the data fit the curve; you
know the old trick.

POWER switch OFF.

Go ahead.

We got all that, Gene.

#### Page 6

Tape 46/5
02 l8 44 40

CDR

Okay, I just wanted you to - just told them like
we saw them. That's all.

CC

Roger.

CDR

I will say one thing, though; no question in my
mind but that they're there. Last trip I took,
I guess I just wasn't looking for them or paying
any attention to them. Maybe they were there and
I ignored them because of other things. But they're
there.

LMP

Okay, all you flash bugs down there - or flash­
bulbs I guess is the word - frame 50. I just took
four pictures to show - two on the side and two
on the bottom - to show the position of the ALFMED,
and one of them of each set was focused on the
ALFMED. The others were focused on the - the
other set was focused on the struts.

CC

Roger, Jack.

LMP

And when you don't have anything else to do, why
don't you have somebody predict where the S-IVB
is. I think I've got her spotted - behind us and
above us with respect to the Earth and our travel
from it.

CC

FIDO just went out and shot himself, but we'll
get working on it.

LMP

Oh, don't worry about it. Shoot. I thought you
guys might have an idea off-the-cuff there.

CC

No, what's humorous on this, Jack, is they have
really been working on that S-IVB impact point and they've really been - it's been a - a real
difficult problem for them so far.

LMP

I'll tell you, I bet you Ron could give a star
sighting on it (laughter). I looked at it through
the monocular and sure looks like the S-IVB.

CC

Jack, we're not doubting you at all. We could
probably start cranking it right now.

#### Page 7

Tape 46/6
02 18 46 46

02 18 47 51

cc

Jack, are you sto - you all stowing the ALFMED
now or are you done?

CMP

What's that, Bob?

CC

Are you all done with the ALFMED now, Ron?

CMP

Yes, I've got to get it to - get the plate moved
back down there yet.

CC

Okay, Ron -

CMP

get the blindfold off first so I can see what
I'm doing.

CC

Roger. I just want you to know. We've got a real
long update coming up to you here on the LOI abort
charts and that - and it's going to be, probably,
a difficult readup. And you're the most familiar
with the charts; you probably would want to take
them. But whenever you want to take them, they
are on - charts on page 3-81, 3-82, and then the
cue card for LOI limits. Whenever you want to
take them. It will be a lengthy one.

CMP

Stand by, Bob. Let us get squared away from the
ALFMED; then we can get going on that.

CC

No, I don't want to hurry you, Ron. I just want
you to know what - when - just get yourself com­
fortable and be ready to take them whenever you
want them. It's going to be a lengthy time,
though.

CMP

Okay.

CDR

Hey, Bob, I'm looking at what - what Jack was
talking about; and it's definitely not a particle
that's nearby because there is another one I can
look at and get a three-dimensional comparison
with. It is a - it is a bright object, and it's
obviously rotating because it's flashing. It's
way out in the distance, as I say, because there
are particles that are close by and it's obviously
not one of those. It's apparently rotating in a

#### Page 8

Tape 46/7

very rhythmic fashion because the flashes come
around almost - almost on time. And it's as we
look back at the Earth, it's up at about 11:00
about - oh, maybe 10 or 12 Earth diameters. I
don't know whether that does you any good, but
there is something out there.

02 18 49 02

02 18 50 13

02 18 50 58

CC

Roger. We don't doubt it, Gene. And we might
work out a set of gimbal angles or something here;
maybe we can get a look at it through the optics.

CDR

Okay. And I - I
I just want to emphasize that
it's definitely not - not one of these particles
that tends to look like a star out there. It's
something physical in the distance. (Laughter)
Oh, yes.

SC

thing off.

CMP

Yes, guess I am.

CC

Okay, Gene. If you can call up a NOUN 20 so we
know the spacecraft attitude, and if you can
reference the object you're looking at out of your
window, with - with respect to body axis and let
us look at your - your - give us a mark, somehow,
and give us your NOUN 20s, we can try and get a
tie-in and start locating - locating this object
down for you.

CDR

Okay, I'm looking it out - looking at it out the
center window - the hatch window - and I'll give
you a hack when it crosses the XX axis at the
center window; and I guess it's up maybe 45 degrees.

CC

Okay, give us a hack and we're copying your
NOUN 20s right now.

CDR

Okay, Jack says pitched up about 30 degrees but - -

LMP

No.

CDR

Yes, he agrees. It's 45 degrees pitched up, and
I'll give you a hack when it crosses the XX axis.

CDR

Okay -

45, because -

#### Page 9

Tape 46/8
CDR

MARK it.

CC

Mark.

CDR

let's call it the XZ plane of the spacecraft.
One unique thing about it, Bob, is that it's got
two flashes. As it comes around in - in rhythmic
fashion, you get a very bright flash; and then
you get a dull flash. And then it'll come around
with a bright flash, and then a dull flash.

LMP

That's the side and - of the S-IVB - and then the
engine bell, Gene.

LMP

The commander doesn't think that I can see the
engine bell on that thing.

cc

Roger, Ja.ck. Is that with the monocular you're
looking at it?

CDR

He couldn't see the engine bell if he had 10 monoc­
ulars.

CMP

Okay.

cc

Say again, Ron.

02 18 53 10

CMP

And, Gene, where's your blindfold? ...

02 18 55 24

LMP

Bob, couple of revolutions ago when I was looking
at it, I had a much brighter view and I believe
I was looking at it broadside. It looks to me like
it may be flashing more or less end-on now. It's
much, not - not as bright, although it's getting
brighter. But it's not as bright now as it was
awhile ago.

CC

Roger, Jack.

LMP

... we've been noticing that, I think, for about
24 hours or so. I just - hadn't put it together
as maybe being the S-IVB. I thought it was just
some other particle out there.

cc

Roger, Jack.

CDR

Hey, Robert, what's the final Cowboy score?

02 18 51 32

02 18 52 18

02 18 56 27

It just crossed through the - -

We got it.

I've got the cable restowed now.

#### Page 10

Tape 46/9

02 18 56 53

02 18 58 27

CC

Okay; I was just going to update that. The Cowboys
won it 34 to 24. And by winning it, they wrap up
the wild-card slot in the NFC; and so both Wash­
ington and Dallas will be in the playoffs.

CDR

Sounds good.

LMP

Bob, that line of clouds I called a fir-tree pat­
tern that swings up towards Hawaii: Hawaii, if
you will - has - also has a mushroom pattern on
the top. It has the appearance as if tvo major
air masses - one going from west to east and the
other form east to west - have converged along
that line, and the joint movement of air at the
interface being south to north. And up in the
area of Hawaii, I think, it tends to mushroom so
that the pattern then goes back to flow from west
to east on the east side and from east to west on
the west side.

CC

Roger.

LMP

In a little while, we'll probably get a pretty
good look at a - what looks like a very concen­
trated intense storm that, I think, is just - east -

CMP

*** And then we' 11 put them. once we get updated a
little bit. Yes, I'll get out of VOX in a minute.

LMP

I was looking for the Flight Plan and stuff.
the little books.

LMP

Say, Bob.

CC

Go ahead.

LMP

Houston, 17.

CC

Go ahead, Jack.

CDR

Okay, Bob, you want to update the LOI card and
Flight Plan 3-82 and 3-81; is that right?

CC

That's affirmative.

CDR

Which one do you want to start on?

And

How do you read?
Read you loud and clear.

#### Page 11

Tape 47/14
And I'll just confirm that the - that disturbance
over the So - Solomon Islands is an awfully tightly
wound little storm system. And right now, I finally
have see New Zealand for the first time in a couple
of days, for sure. And the South Island's got some,
probably high cirrus over it. North Island looks
pretty clear. That's the end that I can get right
now.
CC

Roger. We saw you looking at Regulus there; we
didn't realize you were looking at the Earth
instead.

LMP

Ron's been looking for the booster. And he called
me down and asked me to look at the Earth. He's
been holding out on me.

CC

Roger.

LMP

Pass the torch of weather forecasting to Ron.

cc

Hey, Jack. I also have some words for you and
Gene. Got some advice from the home front. The
thing to do with Ron in the future is to hook up
a Baby Ben and a metal dishpan. It works every
time, if you want to wake him up.

CMP

No.

CC

Ron, everybody I s fine over at El Lago.
doing great. Listening to every word.

CMP

Very good, Bob.

CDR

Hey, Bob. We got two of those flashers out there.
They could be SLA panels. I don't know. They're
alike in intensity and pretty regular in the - in
the intensity, bright and dim flashes they come
out with, and they're widely separated. One is
about the position we called at the first time;
the other one is - oh, as I'm looking at the Earth,
far to the left. Closer to the center window now.

02 20 56 52

cc

Roger.

02 21 01 07

LMP

Houston, 17,

02 20 55 22

I think that's not a good way.
They are

Thank you very much.

#### Page 12

Tape 47/15
CC

Go ahead.

LMP

Yes, Bob, what is your - analysis chart, if you
have it - surface tenns analysis chart show for
Hawaii today?

CC

Stand by on that.

CC

Jack, according to the - -

LMP

The reason I ask is that for using your term Go ahead.

CC

No, go ahead on that, Jack.

LMP

I was going to say, using your terminator time as
a partial - mark for where Hawaii ought to be,
Hawaii ought to be, it looks like that cyclonic
circulation at the north end of the cloud bank I
described, approaching that area, would be Just
about on the Hawa - Hawaiian Islands. I'm curious
if they're getting some weather down there now.

CC

Stand by right now; I've got my weathennan right
beside me here.

LMP

Also, that major front we talked about last night
as being east and south of Japan has progressed
even farther and is, oh, maybe 20 degrees longi­
tude - about 20 degrees longitude from the Hawaiian
Islands. And I'm making some guesses on exactly
where Hawaii is.

CC

Roger, Jack. We've got nothing adverse in the
Hawaiian area at all. Just a lot of winds , high
winds and surface winds and surface roughness,
but we don't have any bad cloud area in the
Hawaiian area. I'll get the Hickam sequence re­
port here shortly, Jack.

LMP

Okay, ... a little bit. The - our zero-phase
point is now centered just a little south of the
disturbance near the Solomon Islands. And I see
no distinct change in the intensity of that zero­
phase point over what I had talked about a couple
hours ago.

#### Page 13

Tape 47/16

cc

Roger, Jack. The Solomon Islands disturbance
and everything is confirmed on this chart that
I've got. It's very definitely confirmed in there.

LMP

Okey. Well , it's a lot more obvious todey than
it was yesterday; but even then it was showing
pretty strong circulation. It is starting to
wrap up, look very much like Therese did yesterday.

CC

Roger. I'm sure of that. The one right off of
Vietnam is also pretty tight, isn't it still?

LMP

Well, we can't see that one yet.

CC

Okay.

LMP

Australia in general is still very clear except
in the northeastern portions where it looks like
they have got scattered clouds; but it looks like
a pretty night - over Australia.

CC

Roger. Looks that way from the satellite photo
from the last couple deys. Looks pretty nice
down there.

02 21 05 34

LMP

Right.

02 21 07 05

cc

Jack, in looking at the sequence reports for
Hickam and Hilo and that area, it looks like they
just got their standard 3500 scattered, 4500 broken
clouds , maybe a rain shower or two. But just
their standard tropical fluffy clouds.

02 21 04 23

END OF TAPE

#### Page 14

Tape 59/19
mare. Still looking at Oceanus Procellarum. And
now, out window 3, up to the northwest, Grimaldi
is starting to show up - a very obvious dark area
within the highlands of that part of the Moon and one of the darkest mare regions that we have
seen on the - on the Moon. It I s comparable, at
least in the photographs, to that of Tsiolkovsky.

03 15 33 25

cc

Roger.

I.MP

Normally, of course, we think of the dark mare as
being the younger basalt flows that - on the Moon,
but in our case, of course, young means something
on the order of 3 billion years or older.

END OF TAPE

#### Page 15

Tape 60/1
APOLLO 17 AIR-TO-GROUND VOICE TRANSCRIPrION
03 15 33 44

03 15 35 50

03 15 36 35

cc

Roger.

LMP

For our interp - If we can extrapolate from the
samples returned by other missions.

LMP

Amazing how far over - now the highlands to the
west of Procellarum are - still are bright, and the
contrast between fresh craters and the normal high­
land are very - are very obvious still in earthlight,
particularly along the zero phase point with respect
to the Earth. Rima Gamma now is - is coming a lit­
tle bit closer to our oval track in the horseshoe
in the - larger and more western end of it; the
dark horseshoe is quite clear in this light. It's
a west - or northwest-pointing horseshoe, as is the
complete trend of that strange feature. I think
Ron is going to have an excellent chance to study
these light-colored swirls within the mare and
other parts of the Moon. We had some good views
of them and Mare Marginis and to the east of
Crisium - Mare Crisium, and he should - if there
is anything to be seen, he should be able to see
it for - during the next few days.

CC

Okeydoke.

CDR

Say, Gordo, something I just noticed here in work­
ing with the GDC what-have-you. I - looked at the
Pc gage, and in the Pz - Pc position, there is a
continuous bias on it now of about, oh, 7 percent,
and if I switch to ALPHA, it goes to zero. We never
saw that bias before this last burn.

CC

Roger, Gene.

LMP

Hey, Gordy, I'm looking right up the western edge
of the Procellarum mare where it contacts the the - the high - western highlands of the Moon, and
we're just about to fly a little bit south of
Grimaldi. That edge is very irregular. There is
no obvious indications that it - there are large
basins that have been flooded by mare that have
formed that edge, but, again, the topographic dis­
tinction's possible in this lighter small. Now I'm
starting to see that there are shadows in the craters.

#### Page 16

Tape 60/2

03 15 38 09

03 15 39 46

CC

Roger.

LMP

That's the small craters. There, in the Mare
Procellarum closest to Grimaldi, there are two
arcuate rilles. Look like they are probably
V-shaped in their cross section. I'm sure we've
seen those on the photographs much better than I
can see them here. Those - the rille patterns,
though, do seem to project over into the highlands.

CC

Okay.

LMP

To the north of that - to the north of that bay
of mare. Just interrupt.

LMP

Hey, I just saw a flash on the lunar surface!

CC

Oh, yes?

LMP

It was just out there north of Grimaldi. Just
north of Grimaldi. You might see if you got any­
thing on your seismometers, although a small impact
probably would give a fair amount of visible light.

CC

Okay.

LMP

It was a bright little flash right out there near
that crater. See the crater right at the edge of
Grimaldi. Then there is another one north of it.
Fairly sharp one north of it is where there was
just a thin streak of light.

CC

How about putting an X on the map where you saw it.

LMP

I keep looking occasionally for - yes, we will.
I - I was planning on looking for those kind of
things. Starting to see the edge of Orientale,
Gordy. Way off to the west. Hey, just yell,
Gene, anytime you - -

LMP

Gordy, to the north of Grimaldi there is a large
basin that is about the same size but only incom­
pletely filled with mare in its northeastern
quadrant. The rest of it looks like a fairly ir­
regular and hummocky floor material of some kind.

CC

Roger,

We'll check.

## NASA-UAP-D003 — Gemini 7 Transcript, 1965

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D003
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D003
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 12/5/65
- Location: Low Earth Orbit
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Trillions of particles, yet still no free laundry service in orbit.

- NASA-UAP-D003 transcript, Gemini 7 mission, NASA, 12/5/65, Low Earth Orbit
- Astronauts Borman and Lovell report a “bogey,” debris field, and a brilliant body with trillions of particles
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Gemini 7 was the tenth crewed American spaceflight. This document is a transcript of communications between the flight crew, Astronauts James “Jim” Lovell and Frank Borman, and the Manned Flight Center (now known as Johnson Space Center) in Houston, Texas. The transcript begins with Borman’s report of a “bogey,” contemporary nomenclature for an unknown aircraft, as well as a debris field. Borman described the debris field as consisting of “very, very many […] hundreds of little particles.” He estimated the particles’ distance from the spacecraft to be four miles. Lovell described observing a “brilliant body in the sun against a black background with trillions of particles on it.”
This document also includes handwritten notes documenting the encounter, annotated with the phrase “UFO Sighting by Borman” in the top right corner.

### AI summary

This document is a transcript from the Gemini 7 space mission, dated 1965, prepared by the Public Affairs Office (P.A.O.). It includes audio recordings of communications between the Gemini 7 crew and Mission Control in Houston. The transcript reports that astronauts described a "bogey" at ten o'clock high, later identified as debris and a booster, with references to an unidentified object and particles moving past the spacecraft. The text mentions the object was ahead at two o'clock, slowly tumbling, and was observed against a black background with trillions of particles.

### Full text

#### Page 1

.
TAPE No. T-00763(Rlb)
"P.A.O. RELEASE COMMENTARY OF THE GT-7/6 FLIGHT."
P.A.O.

SINCE THEN WE HAVE DUBBED THE TAPE OFF. THE MASTER TAPE HERE IN THE CONTRO
CENTER AND WE ARE NOW PREPARED TO PLAY IT FOR YOU - IT CDNTAINS REFERENCES
TO SIGHTING NOT ONLY SOME PARTICLES BUT AS WELt AS AN UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
PLUS THE BOOSTER HERS THAT TAPE WE'LL PLA.Y IT FOB YOU NOW----

s/c

GEMINI-7 HERE HOUSTON-- HOW DO YOU READ?
LOUD AND CLEAR SEVEN - GO AHEAD.
(BORMAN) A BOGEY AT TEN 0 1 CLOCK HIGH.
s/c
THIS IS HOUSTON, SAY AGAIN SEVEN?
HOUSTON
(BORMAN) I SAID WE HAVE A BOGEY AT TEN O'CLOCK HIGH.
s/c
HOUSTON
ROGER. GEMINI-7 ISTHAT THE BOOSTER OR IS THAT A NATURAL SIGHTING?
A WHAT?
s/c
SAY AGAIN SEVEN.
HOUSTON
(BORMAN) WE HAVE DEBRIS UP HERE - THIS IS AN ACTUAL SIGHTING.
s/c
HOUSTON
YOU HAVE ANY MORE INFORMATION - ESTlMATE DISTANCE OR SIZE?
(:BORMAN) WE ALSO HAVE THE BOOSTER IN SIGHT.
s/c
UNDERSTAND YOU ALSO HAVE THE BOOSTER IN SIGHT.. ROGER.
HOUSTON
(BORMAN) WE HAVE VERY, VERY MANY A - IT LOOKS LllCE HUNDREDS OF LITI'LE
s/c
PARTICLES GOING BY TO THE LEFT OUT ABOUT THREE OR FOUR MILES.
HOUSTON
UNDERSTAND YOU HAVE MANY SMALL PARTICLES GOING BY ON THE LEFT AT WHAT
DISTANCE?
s/c
(BORMAN) •••. GARBLED ... FOUR MILES. OH, ABOUT - GARBLED - IT LOOKS LIKE A
PATH OF THE VEHICLE AT 90 DEGREES.
HOUSTON
ROGER. UNDERSTAND THEY'RE ABOUT THREE OR FOUR MILES AWAY
s/c
(BORMAN) THEY'VE PASSED NOW. THEY'RE GOING INTO POIAR ORBIT.
HOUSTON
ROlER. UNDERSTAND THEY WERE TimEE TO FOUR MILES AWAY.
s/c
THATS WHAT IT APPEARED LIKE. THATS ROGER.
HOUSTON
GEMINI-7 - HOUSTON - WERE THESE PARTICLES IN ADDITION 'ID THE BOOSTER AND
THE BOGEY AT TEN -O'CLOCK HIGH?
s/c
(LOVELL) ROGER. I HAVE THE BOOSTER ON MY SIDE.ITS A BRILLIANT BODY IN THE
SUN AGAINST A BLACK BACKGROUND WITH TRILLIONS OF PARTICLES ON IT.
HOUSTON
ROGER WHAT DIRECTION IS IT FROM YOU?
s/c
(LOVELL) ITS ABOUT AT MY TWO O'CLOCK POSITION.
HOUSTON
DOES THAT MEAN ITS AHEAD OF YOU?
s/c
(LOVELL) ITS AHEAD OF US AT TWO O'CLOCK, SLOWLY TUMBLING
ROGER.
HOUSTON
•••••••••• LONG PAUSE ••••••••• DUAL TRANSMISSION•....•••
P.A.O.
THIS IS GEMINI OONTROL AGAIN THE REFERENCE IN THAT CONVERSATION TO THE
THIRD AND UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT OF COURSE WAS OR THE THIRD OBJECT WAS A JBiB1r
BOGEY. THERE WERE SEVERAL REFERENCES TO THE BOGEY. AT 4 Hrs 24 MIN into
THE FLIGHT THIS IS GEMINI CONTROL.
HOUSTON:

~

- l -

#### Page 2

T-00763(R1B) "UFO SIGHTING.
Sue thme hane dublel thotryeoff BY BORMAN
GT-7
themante tape beren tho Contul ante andene
ane nan peepaned to play et forya itontn
Ufeunces to sghtngsatonly sonepartils let.
asmellanan indentfi objed a plus thy boonte
hve thal topeaelll play tfou you now-
te: gemny 7hee Fouston haudoyan sed?
Ae: a bogey t joococ lil (Bomen) .
7
Hanetoni- Poger genye 7u thef tte boostuis thet
s/ci- auhat'
Havstoy! - Say agan. seven.
roge
uey
ogoing latty a partile going ly of thobffoutobant
3 to 4mils

#### Page 3

Havaton1 oy tho bft atalat distane?
s/c bormon
petid foulle pantefod of abot gure
t looks bhea path of thphicb atpodgas
Haustoz goger: undutn thaj ofaut to fmleawy
S/ci fhatwbatet appendab. thalrog
Haustesi gemne-7 Hanator ee there pastileen
s/c1- Conel Pogr Ibone thy booiton yn
boclgraund ntt tutton of fortile onit.
Hanstoys day thalween thaft aheal ofyau?
Lauston -frogri, tumblig
Henstoy cogay
.
in thol Commenatiors to tho thidandemdentifel
a bogey

## NASA-UAP-D004 — Apollo 11 Technical Crew Debriefing, 1969

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D004
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D004
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1969
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Page 21‑1 claims a laser—maybe they just forgot the flashlight.

- NASA Apollo 11 Technical Crew Debriefing, July 31 1969, Apollo 11 mission.
- Reports outbound object, cabin flashes, and bright return‑trip light possibly a laser.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Apollo 11 was the third crewed mission to the Moon and the first to land Astronauts on the lunar surface. This document is an excerpt from the Apollo 11 Technical Crew Debriefing (Volumes 1 and 2) from July 31, 1969. The document highlights three observations: one, an object on the way out to the Moon; two, flashes of light inside the cabin; and three, a sighting on the return trip of a bright light tentatively assumed by the crew to be a laser.

•	Page 6-33 (Vol. 1). [Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 11, Buzz Aldrin]: “The first unusual thing that we saw I guess was 1 day out or something pretty close to the moon. It had a sizeable dimension to it, so we put the monocular on it.” The crew speculated that it could have been the S-IVB stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle.
•	Page 6-37 (Vol. 1). [Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 11, Buzz Aldrin] “The other observation that I made accumulated gradually. I don’t know whether I saw it the first night, but I’m sure I saw it the second night. I was trying to go to sleep with all the lights out. I observed what I thought were little flashes inside the cabin, spaced a couple of minutes apart…”
•	Page 21-1 (Vol. 2). [Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 11, Buzz Aldrin] “I observed what appeared to be a fairly bright light source which we tentatively ascribed to a possible laser.”

### AI summary

This is a classified technical crew debriefing document from NASA, prepared on July 31, 1969, for the Apollo 11 mission. It details discussions among astronauts Michael Collins, Neil Armstrong, and Edwin Aldrin about visual observations during their flight. They describe seeing a bright object that they initially thought might be the S-IVB stage of the rocket, but later concluded it was not. They also discuss unusual flashes inside the cabin, which they considered possibly related to static electricity or cosmic rays. The document was downgraded at 3-year intervals and declassified after 12 years.

### Full text

#### Page 1

DENTIA 94
25/pgs
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
APOLLO 11
TECHNICAL
CREW DEBRIEFING
(U)
E.0.11652 JULY 31, 1969
LABSIFICATION
PREPARED BY:
DATE MISSION OPERATIONS BRANCH
FLIGHT CREW SUPPORT DIVISION
VOL. I
GROUP 4
Downgraded at 3-year
intervals; declassified
after 12 years
This material :United States
within the me and 794, the
transmission NOTICE: This document may be exempt from
prohibited by public disclosure under the Freedom of Infor- person is
mation Act (5 U.S.C. 552). Requests for its re-
lease to persons outside the U. S. Government
should be handled under the provisions of
NASA Policy Directive 1382.2. CENTER
CONFIDENTIAL
INDEXING DATA
DATE OPR I PGM SUBJECT SIGNATOR LOC
07-31-69 MSC APO (Jitle) MSC

#### Page 2

CONFIDENTIAL 6-33
COLLINS I think particularly when you get into the later flights
of extended EVA's and lunar activity, somehow the crew
must place themselves in a frame of mind of looking on
the separation of the LM as the beginning of the flight
plan and to relax, get plenty of sleep, and conserve
their energies in all the events leading up to that
point. To arrive in lunar orbit tired can create prob-
lems and it's possible to do that if you don't approach
it in the right frame of mind.
ARMSTRONG I think Mike's hit the nail on the head. We did precisely
that. We got a lot of rest and got into lunar orbit eager
to go to work and that's a particularly fortunate position
to be in.
COLLINS This is something we've talked about before the flight
and I don't know how you can get yourself in that frame
of mind but I think it is a frame of mind. You have to
get yourself convinced that there will be a nice relaxing
couple of days going to the moon.
ALDRIN The first unusual thing that we saw I guess was l day out
or something pretty close to the moon. It had a sizeable
dimension to it, so we put the monocular on it.
ONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 3

6-34 CONFIDENTIAL
COLLINS How'd we see this thing? Did we just look out the window
and there it was?
ALDRIN Yes, and we weren't sure but what it might be the S-IVB.
We called the ground and were told the S-IVB was 6ooo miles
away. We had a problem with the high gain about this
time, didn't we?
COLLINS There was something. We felt a bump or maybe I just
imagined it.
ARMSTRONG He was wondering whether the MESA had come off.
COLLINS I don't guess we felt anything.
ALDRIN Of course, we were seeing all sorts of little objects
going by at the various dumps and then we happened to see
this one brighter object going by. We couldn't think of
anything else it could be other than the S-IVB. We looked
at it through the monocular and it seemed to have a bit
of an L shape to it.
ARMSTRONG Like an open suitcase.
ALDRIN We were in PTC at the time so each one of us had a chance
to take a look at this and it certainly seemed to be with-
in our vicinity and of a very sizeable dimension.
CONFIDENTTAL

#### Page 4

CONFIDENTIAL 6-35
ARMSTRONG We should say that it was right at the limit of the reso-
lution of the eye. It was very difficult to tell just
what shape it was. And there was no way to tell the size
without knowing the range or the range without knowing
the size.
ALDRIN So then I got down in the LEB and started looking for it
in the optics. We were grossly mislead because with the
sextant off focus what we saw appeared to be a cylinder.
ARMSTRONG Or really two rings.
ALDRIN Yes.
ARMSTRONG Two rings. Two connected rings.
COLLINS No, it looked like a hollow cylinder to me. It didn't
look like two connected rings. You could see this thing
tumbling and, when it came around end-on, you could look
right down in its guts. It was a hollow cylinder. But
then you could change the focus on the sextant and it
would be replaced by this open-book shape. It was really
weird.
ALDRIN I guess there's not too much more to say about it other
than it wasn't a cylinder.
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 5

6-36 CONFIDENTIAL
COLLINS It was during the period when we thought it was a cylinder
that we inquired about the S-IVB and we'd almost convinced
ourselves that's what it had to be. But we don't have
any more conclusions than that really. The fact that we
didn't see it much past this one time period - we really
don't have a conclusion as to what it might have been,
how big it was, or how far away it was. It was something
that wasn't part of the urine dump, we're pretty sure of
that.
Skipping ahead a bit, when we jettisoned the LM, you know
we fired an explosive charge and got rid of the docking
rings and the IM went boom. Pieces came off the LM. It
could have been some Mylar or something that had somehow
come loose from the LM.
ALDRIN We thought it could have been a panel, but it didn't
appear to have that shape at all.
COLLINS That's right, and for some reason, we thought it might
have been a part of the high gain antenna. It might have
been about the time we had high gain antenna problems.
In the back of my mind, I have some reason to suspect that
its origin was from the spacecraft.
EONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 6

CONFIDENTIAL 6-37
ALDRIN The other observation that I made accumulated gradually.
I don't know whether I saw it the first night, but I'm
sure I saw it the second night. I was trying to go to
sleep with all the lights out. I observed what I thought
were little flashes inside the cabin, spaced a couple of
minutes apart and I didn't think too much about it other
than just note in my mind that they continued to be there.
I couldn't explain why my eye would see these flashes.
During transearth coast, we had more time and I devoted
more opportunity to investigating what this could have
been. It was at that point that I was able to observe
on two different occasions that, instead of observing
just one flash, I could see double flashes, at points
separated by maybe a foot. At other times, I could see
a line with no direction of motion and the only thing
that comes to my mind is that this is some sort of pene-
tration. At least that's my guess, without much to sup-
port it; some penetration of some object into the
spacecraft that causes an emission as it enters the cabin
itself. Sometimes it was one flash on entering. Possibly
departing from an entirely different part of the cabin,
outside the field of view. The double flashes appeared
to have an entry and then impact on something such as
the struts. For a while, I thought it might have been
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 7

6-38 CONFIDENTIAL
ALDRIN some static electricity because I was also able, in moving
(CONT'D)
my hand up and down the sleep restraint, to generate
very small sparks of static electricity. But there was
a definite difference between the two as I observed it
more and more. I tried to correlate this with the direc-
tion of the sun. When you put the window shades up there
is still a small amount of leakage. You can generally
tell within 20 or 30 degrees the direction of the sun.
It seemed as though they were coming from that general
direction; however, I really couldn't say if there was
near enough evidence to support that these things were
observable on the side of the spacecraft where the sun
was. A little bit of evidence seemed to support this.
I asked the others if they had seen any of these and,
until about the last day, they hadn't.
ARMSTRONG Buzz, I'd seen some light, but I just always attributed
this to sunlight, because the window covers leak a little
bit of light no matter how tightly secured. The only
time I observed it was the last night when we really
looked for it. I spent probably an hour carefully watch-
ing the inside of the spacecraft and I probably made
50 significant observations in this period.
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 8

CONFIDENTIAL 6-39
ALDRIN Sometimes a minute or two would go by and then you'd see
the two within the space of l0 seconds. On an average,
I'd say just as a guess it was maybe something like one
a minute. Certainly more than enough to convince you
that it wasn't an optical illusion. It did give you a
rather funny feeling to contemplate that something was
zapping through the cabin. There wasn't anything you
could do about it.
ARMSTRONG It could be something like Buzz suggested. Mainly a
neutron or some kind of an atomic particle that would
be in the visible spectrum.
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 9

216Pg5
CONFIDENTIAL 94
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
APOLLO 11
TECHNICAL
CREW DEBRIEFING
(U)
-
JULY 31, 1969
DAYE
PREPARED BY:
MISSION OPERATIONS BRANCH
FLIGHT CREW SUPPORT DIVISION
VOL. II
GROUP 4
Downgraded at 3-year
intervals; declassified
after 12 years
This material c NOTICE: This document may be exempt from Jnited States
within the mean and 794, the
transmission or public disclosure under the Freedom of Infor- erson is
prohibited by la mation Act (5 U.S.C. 552). Requests for its re-
lease to persons outside the U. S. Government
should be hancled under the provisions of
NASA Pclicy Directive 1382.2.
CENTER
CONFIDENTIAL
INDEXING DATA
DATE OPR PGM SUBJECT SIGNATOR
07-31-69 LOC
APO (Jitle) MSC 078
DUP?

#### Page 10

CONFIDENTIAL 21-1
21.0 VISUAL SIGHTINGS
ARMSTRONG Most of the items in Section 2l, Visual Sightings, have
been previously reported.
21.4 TRANSLUNAR AND TRANSEARTH FLIGHT
ALDRIN There was only one minor observation returning from the
Moon. Looking back at it, at a time after Mars had passed
behind the Moon, there was one time period where I imagined
that the image of Mars was coming from a region where it
couldn't come from, because it was in a dark portion of
the Moon. This obviously was an optical illusion of some
sort.
ARMSTRONG I suspect that it was, in fact, just immediately adjacent
to the horizon.
ALDRIN We must have looked at it immediately after it had come
from the back side.
ARMSTRONG Yes.
21.5 LUNAR ORBIT
ALDRIN In lunar orbit, following ascent, we did note and mention
to the ground that approaching CDH when the Earth came up
above the lunar horizon, I observed what appeared to be a
fairly bright light source which we tentatively ascribed
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 11

21-2 CONFIDENTIAL
ALDRIN to a possible laser. That seemed to be the best possible
(CONT'D)
explanation until we were coming back in the command module
approaching the Earth and were able to observe something
that gave about the same appearance. When putting the
monocular on the light source, it appeared as though it
was the reflection of the Sun from a relatively smooth body
of water such as a lake. I think we've revised our initial
conclusion as to what the source of that light was that we
saw coming from the Earth. If no one owns up to having
beamed the laser toward the Moon at that time, it was more
probably a reflection off a lake. I still think it's an
unusual phenomenon, at that distance, to see so bright a
source of light. In the film, it didn't appear as though
this was going to show up at all. The Earth was too bright.
CONFIDENTIAL

## NASA-UAP-D005 — Apollo 17 Crew Debriefing for Science, 1973

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D005
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D005
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1973
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The UV background was so bright, even the dark current needed sunglasses.

- NASA debriefing transcript NASA‑UAP‑D005, Apollo 17 crew, Jan 8 1973, NASA
- Reports unexpected ultraviolet background spectrum at high galactic latitudes, possible reflected starlight or extragalactic source
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Apollo 17 was the ninth crewed U.S. mission to the Moon, and the sixth to land Astronauts on the lunar surface. This document is an excerpt from the Apollo 17 Crew Debriefing for Science on January 8, 1973, in which Dick Henry, co-investigator on the ultraviolet experiment on Apollo 17, discusses seeing results that were unexpected. 
•	Pages 119-120. “One of the most exciting results of X-ray astronomy was the fact that an X-ray background was observed over the sky that nobody had expected, and part of this is the gamma-ray background that Dr. Trombka talked about. In the UV, nobody knows, but you never know until you look. You do have to deal with this background of stars that we know is there. So, we did look at a large number of different points at high galactic latitudes, both north and south. The spectrum that we see is above this dark count. In other words, this abnormally high dark current did not, in fact, interfere with that experiment. The spectrum that we see looks like the spectrum of the hot star; however, we know that there were no hot stars within our field of view. Therefore, the most conservative interpretation, I think, is that what we're seeing is light from hot stars in the galactic plane going up out of the plane and reflecting off interstellar dust. There are certain characteristics of the spectrum, though, that don't fit that theory, and it's at least possible that this is extragalactic radiation. I'm looking forward very much to the detailed computer study of this, but it's going to take a long time.”

## NASA-UAP-D006 — Apollo 17 Technical Crew Debriefing, 1973

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D006
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D006
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1973
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Blindfolds killed the flashes, but only for a few minutes.

- NASA-UAP-D006, Apollo 17 Technical Crew Debriefing, NASA, Jan 4 1973, Houston
- Schmitt reported continuous light flashes during dark adaptation, absent during blindfolded ALFMED experiment, resumed later
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Apollo 17 was the ninth crewed U.S. mission to the Moon, and the sixth to land Astronauts on the lunar surface. This document is an excerpt from the Apollo 17 Technical Crew Debriefing on January 4, 1973, in which astronaut Harrison Schmitt reported seeing light flashes.
•	Page 24-4. [Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt]: “We had light flashes just about continuously during the whole flight when we were dark adapted. I had one which I thought was a flash on the lunar surface. That one period of time when we had the blindfolds on for the ALFMED [Apollo Light Flash Moving Emulsion Detector] experiment there were just no visible flashes, although that evening, that night, before I went to sleep, I noticed that I was seeing the light flashes again.”

### Full text

#### Page 1

264μ
MSC-07631
HASA NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
APOLLO 17
TECHNICAL
CREW DEBRIEFING
(U)
JANUARY 4, 1973
PREPARED BY
TRAINING OFFICE
CREW TRAINING AND SIMULATION DIVISION
This document will automatically become declassified
90 days from the published date.
NOTICE: This document may be exempt from
public disclosure under the Freedom of Infor-
mation Act (5 U.S.C. 552). Requests for its
release to persons outside the U.S. Govern-
ment should be handled under the provisions
of NASA Policy Directive 1382.2.
MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
HOUSTON.TEXAS
INDEXING DATA SUPJECT SIGNATOR LOC
OOR #: PGM
DATE
3 M M:.-07631 DECLASSIFIED
E.O. 13526, Sec 3.3(a)
NASA Declassification Guide
Date of Guide: (M) 05 (Y) 2026
Reviewer:
Date5/6/2026

#### Page 2

24-4 ECONEIDENT ;
EVANS after the brightness of the fireball decreased, I could look
(CONT'D)
back up through the rendezvous window and see what to me was
kind of like a tunnel with a bright spot in the middle of the
tunnel. Way down the tunnel, way back behind, I could see
the fireball.
CERNAN The only unusual sighting I can recall during landing or
recovery is when the CMp looked out the window and saw the
superstructure of an aircraft carrier and said, "Oh, we've
got a tin can with us."
EVANS Well, it was kind of foggy on the windows.
SCHMITT Transearth we had only a small crescent of an Earth and it was
not feasible to do any extensive weather observations. We
had light flashes just about continuously during the whole
flight when we were dark adapted. I had one which I thought
was a flash on the lunar surface. That one period of time
when we had the blindfolds on for the ALFMED experiment there
were just no visible flashes, although that evening, that
night, before I went to sleep I noticed that I was seeing the
light flashes again. So, it just seemed to be that one
interval either side of it where the light flash was not
visible to myself or to the other two crewmen.

## NASA-UAP-D007 — Skylab Technical Crew Debriefing 1973

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D007
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D007
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1973
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The 1973 red object outshone Jupiter, yet still couldn't signal a space traffic light.

- NASA-UAP-D007 PDF, Skylab technical crew debriefings, authored NASA, June 30 1973, updated Oct 4 1973, Feb 22 1974.
- Crews described night light flashes, a bright reddish object in similar orbit, and flashing lights moving nearby.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Launched on May 14, 1973, Skylab was the United States’ first laboratory in space. From 1973 to 1974, the station was visited by three crews. This document contains excerpts from all three crews to visit the station. In the first excerpt taken from Skylab 1/2 [first crew] Technical Debriefing from June 30, 1973, highlights crew observations of light flashes. The second excerpt taken from Skylab 1/3 Technical Crew Debriefing from October 4, 1973, highlights two observations—a satellite in similar orbit and another object with a “reddish hue to it.” The final excerpt taken from the Skylab 1/4 Technical Crew Debriefing from February 22, 1974, highlights an observation of flashing lights outside Skylab.
•	Skylab 2 crew observation: 
o	Page 23-20. [Science Pilot for Skylab 2, Joesph Kerwin] “We saw light flashes. I think all of us saw them. I saw them most often when I was in the sack at night with my eyes closed but awake naturally. They tended to wax and wane in frequency.”
•	Skylab 3 crew observations: 
o	Page 7-4. [Science Pilot for Skylab 3, Owen Garriott] “We saw that satellite about a week before splashdown. That was one of the most unusual things that we saw and I guess Jack [Lousma] noticed it looking out the window. This bright reddish object was out there and we tracked it for about 5 or 10 minutes. It was obviously a satellite in a very similar orbit to our own.”
o	Page 20-1. [Science Pilot for Skylab 3, Owen Garriott] “Jack [Lousma] first noticed this rather large red star out the wardroom window. Upon close examination, it was much brighter than Jupiter or any of the other planets. It had a reddish hue to it, even though it was well above the horizon.”
•	Skylab 4 crew observation 
o	Page 7-8. [Commander for Skylab 4, Gerald P. Carr] “One other area of unusual events that we reported on the dump tapes was that on occasion we saw some lights flashing outside with very a definite motion relative to ours. We presumed that they were other pieces of Skylab, or possibly other satellites.”

### AI summary

This is a technical crew debriefing document from NASA's Johnson Space Center, prepared by the Training Office, Crew Training and Simulation Division. It was created on June 30, 1973, and later updated on October 4, 1973, and February 22, 1974. The document includes discussions from astronauts about unusual visual phenomena they observed during Skylab missions. Crew members reported seeing light flashes, bright reddish objects, and other satellites, some of which they could not identify. They noted the objects' brightness, movement, and timing but did not conclude what the objects were. The document also covers technical issues like medical supplies, ammonia odors, and equipment malfunctions.

### Full text

#### Page 1

JSC-08053

SKYLAB 1/2
TECHNICAL
CREW DEBRIEFING
JUNE 30, 1973

PREPARED BY
TRAINING OFFICE
CREW TRAINING AND SIMULATION DIVISION

NOTICE: This document may be exempt from public disclosure under
the Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S. C. 552). Requests for its
release to persons outside the U. S. Government should be handled
under the provisions of NASA Policy Directive 1382 .2.

Natwnal Aeronautics and Space Administration

LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER
Houston, Texas

#### Page 2

KERWIN

Unusual or Unexpected Visual Phenomenon.

We saw light flashes.

(CONT'D)

I think all of us saw them.

I saw them most often when I was

in the sack at night with my eyes closed but awake naturally.
They tended to wax and wane in frequency.

Someone asked me if

that was in conjunction with the South Atlantic anomaly.

It

may have been.

I didn't have the pad with me at that time and

I don't know.

They were numerous at times - two or three per

minute.
CONRAD

Some of them to me were a spot or sunbursts.

Some were streaks.

The streaks, in my case, were less frequent than the bursts.
Most of them were in my peripheral visual field.
the central visual fieJ.d.

Very few in

I don't know why.

Q,UERY

You could isolate them to one eye, couldn't you?

KERWIN

No, I couldn't.

WEITZ

I would say mine were primarily in the left eye for some
reason.

:::oNRAD

You have to concentrate but you can determine they are in one
eye.

:IBRWIN

I did not.

That was foolish of me but I didn't try.

they are in one eye.

23-20

I'm sure

#### Page 3

CONRAD

Sometimes I'd be lying there with my eyes half closed, and I'd
see a fire sensor wink.

KERWIN

And you'd have to be careful that you weren't confusing that
with the fire flash.

Once you've seen a few of each, there is

question of which is which.

KERWIN

They're not an hallucination.

We didn't feel it was operationally necessary for anybody to
know about it right now.

WEITZ

I had a couple that I thought were cosmic particles.

I saw

an entrance streak and an exit streak.
CONRAD

Yes, I did too.

WEITZ

Where, bing-bing, it seemed like it was one side of the eyeball,
and then the other side.

CONRAD

One night I remember that there was a long shot then it was
blank then there was a long shot in rapid succession, of
course, but very definitely in and out - or across the eye.

KERWIN

Medical Kits and IMSS.

As far as adequate quantity of medica­

tion and supplies, I would guess we used about 0.01 percent
of the available medication.

I think this is something for

me to sit down with the doctors and talk about.

There is

plenty of medicine up there for the Skylab missons.

23-21

There is

#### Page 4

JSC-08478

SKYLAB 1/3
TECHNICAL
CREW DEBRIEFING
PREPARED BY
TRAINING OFFICE
CREW TRAINING AND SIMULATION DIVISION

NOTICE: This document may be exempt from public disclosure
under the Freedom of Information Act (5 U. S .C. 552). Requests
for its release to persons outside the U.S. Government shou Id be
handled under the provisions of NASA Policy Directive 1382 .2.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER
Houston, Texa,s

OCTOBER 4, 1973

#### Page 5

BEAN

I did too.

LOUSMA

Things we saw out the window.

GARRIOTT

For example, we saw that satellite about a week before splash­
down.

The sack would move over in the corner.

That was one of the most unusual things that we saw

and I guess Jack noticed it looking out the window.

This

bright reddish object was out there and we tracked it for
about 5 or 10 minutes.

It was obviously a satellite in a very

similar orbit to our own.

It was rotating and had a period

of almost exactly 10 seconds because you could see the bright­
ness vary with that period.

We followed it until sunset and

it went out of sunlight just about 5 to 7 seconds after we
did.

It held its position nearly the same, in the wardroom

window for that 10-minute interval although we could see it
drift in relative positions slightly, maybe 10 to - 20 degrees
during the course of that 10-minute interval.

It was reddish

in color even when we were well above the horizon.

As we

approached sunset, it turned more reddish, presumably because
. of the sunlight change.

What satellite it was and how it

happened to end up in such a similar orbit, no one ever explained
to us.

And I would like to hear a few words from someone about

that satellite.

7-4

#### Page 6

BEAN

You bet.

We never saw it again.

You'd think we would have

seen it the next night or it would cycle by another time.
Maybe it did and we weren't looking out the window.

LOUSMA

You might point out that it never did take the shape of an
object but it was always brighter than any other star or
planet in the night sky.

BEAN

It was much brighter.

We tried monitors and everything on it but we could never
make it into anything other than a bright light.

LOUSMA

In doing T002, I had on other occasions, at least once or
twice, seen other satellites although they appeared as star
points of light.

BEAN

Let's talk about caution/warnings at night and in the daytime.
I noticed at first when we did have caution/warnings in the
daytime we all whistled up there real quick to see what was
happening.

Then as the mission wore on, we tended to just let

whoever was closest take a look.

Without the TACS on, there

isn't a lot that can go on exc~pt rapid DELTA-P which sounds
different than any of the other caution/warnings, particularly
just a caution.

I recommend to Jerry and his crew, and I'm

sure that this recommendation will be hard to live by, that
caution/warnings don't appear to be anything you have to hurry
and resolve or stop doing your tasks to race up to the panel

7-5

#### Page 7

20.0
LOUSMA

VISUAL SIGHTINGS

Let's talk about visual sightings.

Any comments on countdown.

You saw your way to the booster or you didn't see that.
Visual sighting no problem there.

BEAN

You might want to talk about the visual sightings on that
orbit when Owen and Jack saw the satellite.

LOUSMA

Yes, let's go through countdown.

Any visual sightings on

countdown that were significant?

We saw the swing arm go

away and all that kind of thing.
Powered Flight:

I watched the booster protector cover go

off and lots of flashes and debris and everything in every
separation, but that's all norminal.

During orbit: -

GARRIOTT

Do you want to talk about that satellite?

LOUSMA

I saw a couple of satellites that appeared like a satellite
would on the Earth.

I saw one that was not like one you

would see on Earth, so why don't you mention it.

GARRIOTT

Okay, about a week or 10 days before recovery and we were
still waiting for information to be supplied to us about the
indentification.

Jack first noticed this rather large red star

out the wardroom window.

Upon close examination, it was much

brighter than Jupiter or any of the other planets.

20-1

It had

#### Page 8

GARRIOTT
(CONT'D)

a reddish hue to it, even though it was well above the
horizon.

The light from the Sun was not passing close to

the Earth's limb at the time.

We observed it for about

10 minutes prior to sunset.

It was slowly rotating because

it had a variation in brightness with a 10-second period.
As I was saying, we observed it for about 10 minutes, until
we went into darkness, and it also followed us into darkness
about 5-seconds later.

From the 5- to 10-second delay in

it's disappearance we surmised that it was not more than 30
to 50 nautical miles from our location.

From it's original

position in the wardroom window, it did not move more than
10 or 20 degrees over the 10 minutes or so that we watched it.
It's orbit was very close to that of our own.

We never saw

it on any - earlier or succeeding orbits and we'd be quite
interested in having its identification established.

It's

all debriefed in terms of time on channel A, so the percise
timing and location can be picked up from there.
LOUSMA

Okay, other visual sightings was the one out the wardroom
window.

That sunrise or sunset which finally led us to the

RCS leak in the command module.

It disappeared like

thousands and thousands of stars out there; all of them
different sizes and drifting along the X-axis.
we already mentioned.

The one that

The one right after insertion where

we saw the leak in the same manner of the RCS streaming towards
20-2

#### Page 9

JSC-08809

SKYLAB 1/4
TECHNICAL
CREW DEBRIEFING
FEBRUARY 22, 1974
PART

I

PREPARED BY
TRAINING OFFICE
CREW TRAINING AND PROCEDURES DIVISION

I

NOTICE: This document may be exempt from public
disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act
(5 U.S. C. 552). Requests for its release to persons
outside the U. S. Government should be handled under
the provisions of NASA Policy Directive 1382 .2.

National Aeronautics and Space Adminutration

LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER
Houston, Texa,s

#### Page 10

GI:E,SON
are still on the windows. Just what that material is, I'm not
( C(,NT 'D)
sure. But the remaining pieces should be useful for contamination studies.
CA:E:R

One other item is the ammonia odor in the head which we discovered about the last week in the mission.
was causing it.

We weren't sure what

Bill had changed out the charcoal canister.

We disconnected the boot between the charcoal canister and the
blower above it and took a sniff of that.
there.

We smelled, no ammonia

When we connected the boot back up to the blower, a

very strong ammonia odor came from the blower output.

Thus it

appears that the source of the smell was the blower unit itself
and not the charcoal canister.

As we said in our report of it

to the ground, we decided that it was tolerable for the rest of
the mission.

Therefore, we didn't get into the mode of finding

another blower to put in there.

I feel that the odor very

definitely increased in intensity during the final week of the
mission.
CA1R

One other area of unusual events that we reported on the dump
tapes was that on occasion we saw some lights flashing outside
with very a definite motion relative to ours.

We presumed that

they were other pieces of Skylab, or possibly other satellites.
We reported our two or three sightings of that kind as soon as
they occurred.

We have no special comments concerning them,

7-8

#### Page 11

CARR

but we did find it very interesting to be able to see other

(CONT'D)

objects up there with us.

The fact that one or two of them

appeared to be tumbling was apparently due to the oscillation
of the light flashes that we were getting from them.

POGUE

The OWS Heat Exchangers:

There's a major design flaw there in

that filters were not installed upstream of the OWS heat exchanger
vanes.

When we first arrived, the vanes were so uniformly coated

with lint that I thought there was some kind of anodized surface
on them.

I was never fully convinced that I had done the

vacumming job properly; therefore, I fabricated a special tool
that fit flush against those surface vanes so that I could
exert a good vacuum.

Though they are not supposed to be con­

densive heat exchangers, I sucked quite a bit of condensate water
out of them.

I tried the best I could to keep those things

clean, yet I never did get all that lint pulled out of there.
That is why I think we needed a filter in the system.
GIBSON

EVA anomalies might also be mentioned here.

For example, you

had the water leak outside, and I also got a water leak.

POGUE

One thing that was not mentioned on air-to-ground as a possible
cause of the problem was the single-point failure that exists
in the mechanical way that the PCU composite connector is
hooked to the PCU.

I was able during EVA, maneuvering through

the clothesline ropes, not only to open the lock but also to
extend the arm which pulls the PCU composite connector off.

7-9

## NASA-UAP-D015 — Astronaut Scientific Debriefings, 1962-1963

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D015
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D015
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1962-1963
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even in February 1962, NASA’s brightest idea was blaming its own booster.

- NASA-UAP-D015, NASA PDF, 1962‑63, astronaut debriefings for Glenn and Schirra
- Reports luminous particles seen on orbit, linked to spacecraft or booster, not extraterrestrial
- Conclusion: particles likely spacecraft‑related; recommends further scientific study

### Official summary

This file contains memoranda, correspondence, reports, and other materials relating to contemporary scientific interest in investigating the nature of luminous phenomena reported by astronauts John Glenn and Walter Schirra during spaceflight. This collection includes transcripts from NASA interviews and debriefings with both astronauts regarding those observations. It also contains details relating to scientific observations of atmospheric phenomena, including brief descriptions of luminous particles, experiences while aboard spacecraft, and circa 1955 theoretical analysis of meteoric particles entering the atmosphere. Pages 34-35, 55-56, 57-63, 64-113, and 122-127 feature content relevant to the PURSUE initiative.

### Full text

#### Page 2

draft
…... a little bit, my skin waswet and it didn't atick the way it had stuck
when we tried it out in the trainer and in the cepsule on the pad and I finally
gave up on it and just kept one eye shut. This is marginally satisfactory, I
guess, but I was not well nighted after coming up to the first night. There's
a redundancy here but you sure do have the right information or cases so a
few of these will be repeats. Now lets start out with the eonditions of
dark adaptation.
Well, most of these things that we had planned to look into if we could
on Astronomy sort of went by the board,aaid I spologize to the people at the
Cape that we dian't get age more(done /that we had pLanned to do but as I
think most of you are aware, at the end of the first orbit we start having ee
some difficulty with control system gha from then on it was pretty much systems
monitoring with some looking around outside and that was it. So a lot of the
things that we had pLanned to do and a lot of the things I had hoped to bring It
About
back just had to go down the drain, but becoming night adapted--the first
time around I did get the eye patch out that we had gad /this was not a very
satisfactory eye pateh. I was going to try to use it over one eye so that
coudbecome
I was night sdapted. I was sweating a little bit, my skin was wet, it didn't
stick the way it had stuck when we tried it out in the trainer and in the
capsule on the pad, gnd I finally gave up on it and just kept one eye shut.
This is marginally satisfactary I guess but I was not well night adapted
coming up to the first night. Mhat it boils down to is that my dark adaptation
was just a result of the sun going down and amk norwal dark adaptation from not
being on red light and dim light, which takes some 1o to 15 minutes to get any

#### Page 3

degree of adaptation out of. I could notice a difference in the mumbers of
stars I could see first goingdater the aun fiat went down gd Later on then leist conpanid to
when I'a be well night adapted at the end of the perioe. This is some i 37
mimutes later when you're approaching sumrise so you'a have a -- I suppose
actual
hour, 33 mimutes, something of that order.
Did you have an opportunity to count the stars?
No, this is one of those things that went doum the drain. I thought
about this on a subsequent orbit but I didn't spend any time on it. I feel
that my vision, the mumbers of stars I could see was not appreciably increased.
Now, I had expeeted to see a lot more stars. I had thought they'd really a
jump out once you got above the atmosphere but I--like it was in debriefing
I think is the being out on the desert on a dark night in sumer when the of
air is very clear and ary, and You know what it is like out around Reno and
some of those places; how the sky really comes out sad night and you can/see at just
a million stars. aat khats what it looked like. It didn't look like any more
than that.
This was a general impression but not anything you can put yoad your
finger ont
Thats right.
You had planned at the end of the seeond and third orbits--during the
second and third orbits to run the star counts and ve had the areas lined up
Wo-RI-AN, CAs-I-o-FIA, and what was the other one--it was off a little
triangle area by SErIous off O-RI-AN. We had those three areas lined up and
it was just--I was doing systems monitoring at that time rather than counting

#### Page 4

stars. But a general impression of looking out at these areas was that the
mumbers of etars I could see vas not greatly increased.
You mention the transmission through the glass be comparable ... to the
atmosphere. That's something you people can check.
That's right.
MeDonald, through their studies of the window had felt that we probably
vould not see too many more stars because the trenmission of light through
the window is cut down by 27 per cent or something like that. The figure
that they came up with was almost identieal to what people have computed the
atmospherie attenuation of light is. So they felt that when we got above the
atmosphere it would probably be about the same looking through the window as
it is looking through the atmosphere here, and I think they were just about
right. It looked to be about the same to med.
I think it might be wise for you to read the next 3 or 4 paregraphs.
I think a lot of these are going to be real quick answers, so why don't u
you get to it.
Did you see Megellanie Clouds? No. Androueda Nebula? No. How much
did the moonlight affect your ability to see faint surfece areas?
I Tremendoualy. We had moon out--almost full moon. You can look at this
2 ga ways, ) it was a tremendoual aisadvantage or it vas a tremendous tw0
advantage. I prefer to think it was an advantage because it did provide a
visual capability on the elouds--on the dark side which was suffieient that
yaw
I could use it for a Kar reference where it might have been questionable
whether I could do that otherwise.

#### Page 5

Was this bothered or being bothered by moomlight on the windows or
was the sky actually bright?
No. The sky was not bright. I didn't notice the sky being bright at all
nor was it moonlight bothering on the window of the capsule. It was moonlight
on the surface of the earth back from the clounds when I looked down that
Yaw
direction I could use as a YAR reference.
Yes, but I heard you say that the moonlight very definitely did bother
your ability to see faint areas. I'm trying to find out in what way.
Well I don't--perhaps that wes a misstatement. I don't think it really
hurt on seeing fainters I don't believe. I was thinking of the more complete
night adaptation ve would have wi thout any moonlight at all. This is so
slight you couldn't--I doubt if you could pinpoint agakanng differences.
What about daytime stars?
Daytime stars I couldn't--if I was going along and looking down at the
horizon, the area behind the capsule and would look up, I eouldn't see any
at all. But when we had the small end of the capsule up above the horizon
and over to the right where it was shaded from the sun, then if I stayed in
that position for, oh, anything over a minute, I guess, then I could see the
brighter stars start coming out. I never remained in that position long anangoe
MaMEcx enough to become night adapted where I could identify constellations or
pick out pecifie stars but I wanted to see whether we could pick up stars on
the daylight side and you could after about I guess a minute adaptation.
Perhaps we had better move on then to the question of stars very near
the moon.

#### Page 6

This didn't seem to be any problem. Looking up fairly close to the moom,
I would guess a--counting a number degrees probably, you could see right up
to the edge of the moon. The stars would be visible right up--very elose, its
not Ilke it is whe- you ohserve th moon Suom Lh caths dufac ]
Fatly faint stars?
Yes, I think so, just like the other--the whole field of stars you're
looking at, you come up and--the only way, when you swing the capsule around
and you'd be spprosching zdkx area where the moon was, you could tell it
because there would be moonlight coming in the window and you would see the
light moving aeross on the capsule. nad Thats the only way you would know
that you're really coming elose to the mocn. You didn't know it by the sky
getting I real light as you come to the moon like you do here. There was a
little area around it where this vas true. It vaan't just/complete cutoff,
but it was nothing Like the buildup we have here where you are looking through
the atmosphere and get all thts. acttom)
Any Cometa?
No. Ho comets. I used the first sunset. I had this little poloroid
filter out were were going to use so that we could look direetly at the sun.
This, while I think of it, this was another thing that was rather surprising
to me. The sun is not as blinding as I thought it would be. I told the people
in debriefing dowm there after experimenting very earefully with this a
little bit, I looked direetly at the sun wi th the naked eye just as you would
do here. You've Looked up and squinted so that you have really shielded your
and
eyes and looked directly a t the sun/a little aliver of light through. And

#### Page 7

this was very similar. You do the same thing there and I had no--there was
no problem with the eyes. The light though, it was very noticable. The
light was a very brilliant clear, white light and what it looked like coming
in the window and the way it Looked on the suit--the best thing I could
relate it to were the are lights, the brilliant search light are lights that
they have doum at the Cape that are out on thehad at night. Its that type
brilliant white light coming in--very bright. And it was warm enough that
I remember commenting, I put it on the tape I believe at one time that riding
along the sun was coming in and it was over on my right arm and I commented
sbout my right arm getting apprecially warmer than the lef't when the sum was
on it. It was a very intense light but as it ceme in the window and wes
on your arm here thats just what it looked Like. It looked Like being on the
pad at night vith these real bright search lights on. Sane type light, it
wasn't any of the orange-ish yellowish light.
....(Insudible).......... in size from the W?
On, yes.
This is the difference.
Any unanticipated dlestial featurest
The comets I--to get back to comehs here a minute--I guess we didn't
completely cover that one. See any cometst Mo. Not at all. When the sun
goes down its a--vell this was a very brilliant brilliant thing and the light
was spread out much more in a much broader band out toward the horizons than
I had anticipated. I had thought--I don't know why, no one had ever briefed
me on this particularly--I thought the sun down. It would be a little bit of
light right on the .......... and bang, thats it. There are nothing but stars

#### Page 8

from there on. Thats what I was prepared to see, I guess, but this wasn't the
way it was at all. The sun goes down end its a brilliant display. Theres all
the spectrian lined up here almost. Just as the sun goes dow--well before the
aun goes dowm you have a broad band ..a...... dowm in the atmosphere that we
show on the pletures that I took too and I'm sorry we don't have those Shere
to brief you with those but you'll see those later where starting with the sun
dowm on the horizon there a great band thnt runs way out here maybe I think
I estimated sone 45 to 6o degrees on sach side of the sun, way out. And it
gradually sak goes dowm to a point out here like that. Starting from a
very bright white band elose to the earth and going out to a point out here
and the other bands of light going from, oh, yellowish and orenge color
on up into the blues as you get off toward the black of space. Just as the
sun sets that last little sliver of light where I was looking for the green
flash that everyone has been looking for, that I had been briefed on, Just
as I'm watching for that, just as the aun gets doum on the horimon, why it
joins this long sliver. So you don't actually see that Last little sliver of
sun. It goes dow, you can tell when it goes dowm but its not a clear ball
just going below the horizon like that. Its out in this broad aliver that
goes out towerd the horizon.
This band is primarily a horizon phenomena. It doean't run
paompaatanx perpendteular vise?
No. Its in the atmosphere. Very definitely.
Its shows it quite well on that photograph there.
The zodiacal light I locked for and I never was night adapted enough to see it.
Solar Corona?

#### Page 9

8
Solar Corona. No. This--once sgain I think to obeefve these things
properly we are going to have to be night adapted before we get there and
thats what we lost by having other coaplications on the second
To get back to the unanticipated celestial features.
Well, unanticipated celestial features--the little light spots, luminous
spots that I saw--I don't think these are celestial features. I don't know
what they are. Can we get back to that later?
Un huh.
celestial
I think unantieipated/features, another one to do with sunset is that the
sunset lasted--the lightness mueh longer than I had antieipated. This went
on for some 4 or 5 minutes that you could still see bright bands and they then
they would gredually go to a more dim condition but this occurred--this vas
over some qui te remaght lengthy period of time--about 5 mimutes. I had expected
the light to Just go down very shortly after sunset. But it didn't, it was
quite brilliant, quite bright for a long period of time.
Would you concentrate on It woula be a concentration
over the horizon but vere there many
No. Another unanticipated celestial thing at anight though was this cloud
that I deseribed, the haze layer or whatever it is. I notice this at first
because as the stars were coming down toward the horizon they move rather
rapidly dowm toward the horizon at first. I was watehing one partieular star
and it got rather dim and I thought well its going behind the horizon and then it
got brighter sgain as it came dow closer to the horizon and then went out of
sight. Well then when I looked very carefully I could see/thanen a band that here is
was some--I think we estimated about 6 to 8 degrees above the horizon and was

#### Page 10

9
probably a degree and a half to two degrees wide and it was quite visible
onee you start looking for it. It meapannsx seemed to go out and taper out.
No, it didn't taper as much as the light at the horizon aid during sunset.
It was more of a solid type Im band. It looked like the color of it would be
sort of a buff--Look like a buff light color--I don't know, something like
this rether then a pure white, be sort of an off color, just not a pure white.
(Question by Dr. Roman inamdible)
No. All these thinga you see are things that ve had planned to use at
firat orbit, miibx mainly Just hold position, get all the redar date, all
the tracking, monitor systems closely and thats what we were doing and then
we flew the first orbit then we were going to broaden this out a little bit
on the second and third orbit and thats as where we got trapped because the
second and third orbit kept right on doing what we were doing on the first orbit.
We over time in Astronomy. Lets try to finish up real fast and come back
Any phak planets?
Yes. Venus, I believe it was--I identified it on the tape, on the chart.
Wasn't it Venus that went down just above the that particular day.
the
Vemus was very visible immediately after/Egd sunset. The sun would go dowm.
Just as quick as the last light was gone I could see that very elearly. In
faet I believe on the tape I identified that before the sunset. I coula see
up that close to it.
(Statement by Dr. Roman, inaudible)
That will come up on the star chart that day. Ies, and we had them all
plotted where they should be. You may be right. I'll have to check the
chart on that. Venus and Mercury had been right--closer. Me had them

#### Page 11

10
identified by the previous shot. I think maybe this one Mereury. Lee shade
check the chart on it.
Bee any stars
Zodical Light. Mo. Solar Corona. No. I was not vell enough adapted
to patterns along that line.
Shadow of earth of sky?
No.
To photograph the Orion region, it looked about the sane as it does from
the ground. This area in the center of the Orion that I was trying to use
as a target area, the center star in the belt--we got several pietures of
that. These were taken with different drift rates on the capsule. We tried
to press the capsule on manual control and get it right on very aceurately
and is then use the cmmera but there was still some drift in the capsule at
that time and I had to keep for it. This is not a stable a
platform as you would like for this type photogrephy. Made exposures of about
15 to 18 seconds. I was counting off the seconds myself wi thout explosion.
Thats about it. I been interested though to see whether those came out.
I did see some prints and I don't know enough about evaluating those prints
to know what we got.
(@uestion inaudible)
Well, we discussed this curing debriefing some, I think ve must have had
spitting
some tkithng thrusters that weren't cutting off absolutely clean, that would
add just a hair of thrust in one axis or another at a time because I would
have the rates zero-ed completely and be sitting right on the spot with

#### Page 12

u
rate
of magno control inputs and you'd shart a little drift temw very slow.
Probably the drift rates want out over a quarter of a degree per second
during the time that I was trying to make the pletares. But thats enough
if you drift off and you have to correct back the line you drift off a line
correet back line, you do this for 15 or 20 seconds, its rather a crude way
to take pictures.
Question inmgible)
Yes. Hand held and had it up against the visor to steadiness and turn
it very alowly. We had the loose site on the topp of it. A loose site wi.th
a cross hair and so that I could keep that right on the--lined up on the stars.
It will de interesting to see if we came out with anything on that.
Make any other comments about our
No. It looks about like it does on the desert on a bright sumers night.
M Twillight. Did the twilight bother you at all? Can you tell us anything
about that.
You mean the light I described as after sunset?
(Statement by Dr. Roman, inmudible)
The only time twilight bothered ei ther wey was when you
because sumrise is the--the early pickup sumrise coming up is in the scope
facing backvards, of course, to the direetion of motion and you see the sum
come up and this would--thisgeeconnm twilight, you watch it ineresing in the
seope,meamwhile we're holding mamal control most of the time and this was very
difficult. For some reasons, this was more diffieult to hold accurate control
on the periseope at sunrise that it was to look back out the window and hold

#### Page 13

12
it visually or on instrument. And since we were having automatie control
trouble presentation on the attitude, I wes trying to maintain control
looking back out the window and to check back and forth between the very
brilliant and bright light coming in at sunrise through the seope and
look back out into the dark sgain, I finally just put filter over the seope
and go back to looking out at the stars and what I x could see on the clouds--
moonlight eoming off of them thm and that seemed to be essier to hold the
position.
The moon look any different to you?
No. Not aypreciably. It was brighter--a lot brighter. Just very clear.
Once again, clearer than it is around here, brighter than it is around here.
and Once again, out on the dnsert on a real clear night, its very similar.
Lets push on to the earth questions on your next page, Joim. You said
you hed never used the interference filter.
Ho.
Bay, haze and airglow band at night?
Yes, I did try the sirglow band at night and I eould see nothing. This
may have been the lack of night adaptation--I don't know. I wesn't too
concerned about the night adapting so perfectly to that. I tried the sirglow
particularly on the storm areas over the Indian Ocean. There was a very
large storm there to the North, of course, snd a snaller one to the South
of ceourse, over about the first third of the Indian Oeean. We had wondered if
we could see lightening from above and lightening from above is very, very
visible. Theres no problem at all on that. You can see the flashes--you don't
see individual flashes Like you see a lightening bolt hit the ground here

#### Page 14

13
but you see a whole thunderhead light up and
and another one would aighrkuqganenn Light up over here and there would be some
Light go back and forth from here Like this very horisontally. And then you
would see another one light up and there was a att lot of thmnderstorm
activity particularly in the storm that was to the north, of course. A little
Less to the one south but the lightening was very visible.
Pretty mich the same thing you see frem a high flying jet, imn't it?
Yes. You're a little farther away, of course. Its similar to that
If you've been up above the--4o or 50,oo feet Lm at night and there is some
little low thunderheads_ vhore you have the--naybe some of the flashing
a little bit down at low altitudes, it would be a similar type thing. You're
just farther away from it but there's to problem at atacativaemh all seeing
flashes. It was on that area to the North, of course, in partieular that
I tried to use this airglow filter for a period of time but I didn't get any
pattern out of it at all. This may have been my lack of night adaptation.
At twilight did you see the shadow of the earth on the atmosphere?
No.
Last of these. Cam you deseribe how the atmosphere changed during the
twilight processt You've already gone over this, if there's nothing you can
add--
Well, I think that about describes it. One thing I was surprbsed at
were the
during the twilight period that might be of some interest xtth little
they were
discontimuities in it but I think mzxctitn just weather build-ups and high
I
cLouds off on the horizon. though the horizon would be extremely even and

#### Page 15

14
that the weather would be so that you wouldn't
see any of this but you could see little bumps along in the twilight glow
after the sunset and this shows up in some of our pietures. I You can see
these little bumps along. Do you have copies of those up here?
Not up here. I saw some that were first run yesterday down at the Cape.
We had a first Look at these out at Grand Rurk. I think the copies we
got were not the best in the West. They seem to be a little rough. They
had a lot of spees on then and I'm looking forward to getting back down
there and going over them again. But you could see some of these. You
could see a little bump out here, there would be a little diseontinuity.
.......... angle or altitude........... (question, partially inaudible)...*
No. They were in the Lower part of the light bend so I assenne that they
were veether build-ups.
What did you estimate the height of the ataosphere to be under daytime
conditionst In fact, this angle of the horizon business?
Well, estimates on the angle, saying that this was some 6 to 8 degrees
wide, up to this layer for instance vas about 6 to 8 degrees wide and It wes
maybe a degree and a lats half or two degrees think. This sort of an estimate
of the size of the over here. We're about 30 degrees in the window
our angle we ean at lock out and a little less mn than a quarter, maybe a fifth
of this business of--say if you estimate about 6 degrees. When I say é 6 to
8 degrees this is not an aecurate protractor type measurement.
Could you use a spacecraf't as a protractor?
Well I used the window, just the vindow area
…. (@uestion,- Partially. inaudible).... from the top of the window from the
horison up to the top of the ataosphere? ....... read it ofr
from the atopilot?

#### Page 16

1.5
You might be able to try thia. I didn't try it that way. You might
be able to, holding your headals fix you might be able to do something like
that. This vould be fairly necurate. This vould put it down, I think, where
you could pick it off within a--our gradations on that attitude eontrol system
are fairly fine--about, I guess, three sixteenths of an inch is lo degrees
but you y could pick it off to within a degree and a half or 2 degrees with
pretty fair accurecy.
I notice in some of the plotures there is a image of the sun
about lo degrees from the primary image apparently due to the 2 thicknesses
of glass.
Yes. I think thats what it was from. I don't recall seeing any of those
at all. I notice them in the same pietures and there was another phenomena
them
in the pietures you may have noticed. In quite a mmber of tise--I think Bob
noticed it first before I had-wup sbove the horison some 15 or 20 degrees
there appeared to be a green band go aeross that perallel the earth's surface.
Did you notice that in thepietures? And this vas in quite a mmber of them.
And I never saw any band Iike that at all. I don't know whether it was
actually there and just showed up on the film and I just aldn't see it or
couldn't see it or whether it wes always when the sun was at a particular
area out here and it wns just a certain reflection off the window or refleetion
off the lens of the camera but I think we should probably take those pietures
and try to analyse what angle the sun was to them as well as we possible can.
I think John is doing that right now.
Is he? Because this green band is a new one on me. I never anw that
until we got the pietures and I imagine its just a refleetion on the U lens.

#### Page 17

16
through the window like 2 suns or satellite......?
Md. you. see.any multiple inages. .... (question partially inaudible.........I¤
No, no.
Could I a question here on the surface?
Go aheed.
I notice on the pieture here and also the comet the deseription of the
on the horizon in the daytime.
aroumd thehorizon near the sun.. Was this a wniform thing
No. It comes out even in brond daylight. It seems to go out to a little
more of a pointed aree out--way out the horizon if you leened over and Look
out the nhmderwindow way out toward the North, for instance. This would not
be as broad a band as it appeared to be when we're x looking back direetly
on the flight path, for instanee.
It does appear to exist 35o degrees?
On yes.
Were there any appreciable irregularities in it or was it completely smootht
Smooth. These are very-there are fuzzy edges. You don't run up like you
see on the speetrum to this color and to that color. They all fade into each
other Like a rainbow but its a--there are no shatm discontinuities where a
yellow band vas more thick than a blue band here or something Like that. They
all just ran out even.
Are you referring now to the sunset phenomena?
That true then too. I was speaking primarily Just during broad daylight.
Do you get aifferent colors in broed daylight other than the blues?
Just the Blues and whites during broad daylight. Yes.

#### Page 18

17
You notice any--very maryelouds or any peculiar cloud formationnt
Yes. We got quite a mmber of cloud phsdks pietures and you can pick
out the relative types of elouds. We did wonder whether you eould tell
vertical clouds from Ser-Os clouds. You can tell vhat elouds are vertical
development and you get a three dimensional effeet. Looking at then you
can tell that some are higher than othere.
with
Comparing what you said mid what the pieture showed, is there snything
partieular noteworthy that you might have seen that the pietures might not
shou?
I don't think so other than the things we have mentioned here.
(Question, inaudible)
Is what Now?
Does your window produce any pormek polorization?
We have a real limited degree of polorization in the window.
How many do you have in form?
I will make a note on that one and check the exact polorisation of it.
We had--this was checked at the time that we ran some star studies in
when
St. Louis wud I took the capsule out
The reason I asked
The exact figure on that I ean't give you.
Did you pass over any snow propagations, mountains
No. I could see out in the West looking way up Morth from the area right
over--well the South of San Diego at the end of the second orbit. There was
so much eloud cover up to the North that I couldn't be real poeddix posi tive.

#### Page 19

18
It ran up and looked like it ran off the edge of a Then there
were some white areas way up to the North and I imagine these were probably
snow flelds. I thought at the time they probably were but I eouldn't be
sure. I didn't speeifically go over any area where I could look right dowm
at this eloud and that anow. I was surpoised at my--and another thing, as
far as the weather goes, and that is what a trenendous area of the earth
was
is covered by elouds that day. I don't know whether ve're going to find
that this is customary or not. But I vas surprised. I had very little view
of land. Le giens
x .... (Statement, inmudible).........
Yes. The intertropical We had been briefed on that
and, of eourse, that toak care of things all the way across the Pacifie.
There vas eloud cover all the way across there. There was eloud cover over
all Eastern Africa. I never saw the Lake Chad area that I was looking for.
It was covered. The only part of Afriea we really sot a good look at was
Western Africa in the desert regions. You could see the big a dust mmt storms
blowing and these vere very visible. I eormented on it and Kenye came back
and said yes that they had been having these dust storns for about a week.
Frenendous blowing clouds of dust that obscured large--very large areas of
the ground. Coming across the states end, this whole area scross WI-NAs
and Northern Mexico, Southern California and that area had very large cloud
deels vision
and high BR-OS clouds obscured aladin from above. There were
some breaks in it and you could see through momentarily.
What color were the dust elouds?
They just Looked Like dust. Broumish. Iaqy Just Looked like a dust storm
you've seen out on the a desert. Seme color. The colors from above looked--

#### Page 20

19
I could see no difference in flying in an airplane at 50, ooo feet and locking
down and seeing colors on the ground tham there is from the capsule.
Lets
rasnsiswiteh the subject again. Did you have an opportunity to try
closing your eyes and seeing the Sorenboff Radiati on flashes?
Seeing what?
Radiation flashes from energetie particles fastened to your eyeballs.
Is that another First time I heard of it.
What do you call this again now?
Sorenkoff Radiation by a good Russian friehd of that name.
Golly, theymissed that one on briefing.
(statement, a inmudible)
When a cosnic ray passes through a material in which the--its veloeity
exceeds the velocity of light in the medium you have this redlation given out-
Sorenkofr Radiation and John Winckler of Minnesota thought that you might be
able to observe this if you shut your eyes when the heavies came through.
(statement, inaudible)......
Are these suppose to be very viaible, very bright or just--
Bo cne knows because they never get down to the carth's surface. They
would have been in the blue light.
We didn't ride around for any period of time with the eyes closed. There

(Text continues in the original file: 216 pages.)

## NASA-UAP-D016 — Preliminary Gemini 4 Crew Debriefing, Part I, 1965

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D016
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D016
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 6/9/65
- Location: North Atlantic Ocean
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Those “sparkles” were probably just the ship’s disco night mode.

- NASA-UAP-D016 pdf, Gemini 4 crew debriefing, USS Wasp, June 9 1965, North Atlantic
- Ed White mentions observing “sparkles” while orbiting
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a preliminary transcript (Part I) derived from voice recordings of the Gemini 4 flight crew debriefing taken aboard the recovery ship, USS Wasp, on June 9, 1965. Astronaut Ed White recounts seeing “sparkles” during the flight.

### Full text

#### Page 1

DECLASSIFIED
Authority:

82

NW 91526

CLASSIF!CAT:ON CHANGE

I

o_ _ __
38

By authority of--~4,...L.11.1-...___.~~L--L-....t.-e=---1

hanged by U~1:i:.~1 LDate

1973

42,
/0 0

/ /4-

PRELIMINARY
GT- 4 FLIGHT CREW DEBRIEFING TRANSCRIPI'
PART I

Prepared By
Spacecraft Operat ions Branch
Flight Crew Support Division
June 16 , 1965

This material contains information affecting the
national defense of the United States within the
meaning of the Espionage Laws , Title 18 . U. S . C
Section 793 and 794 , the transmission or revel a ­
tion of which in any manner to an unaut horized
person is prohi bi ted by law .

f

I

Group 4:

Downgr ade at 3 year intervals
Declassified after 12 years

NOTICE: This document may be exempt from
public disclosure under the Freedom of lnfor•
rnation Act (5 U.S.C. 552). Requests for Its ra•
lec1~e to persons outside the U. S. Government
should be handled under the provisions of
NASA Polley Cir-ecti11e 1382.2,

#### Page 3

COI\JFIDENTIAt

PREFACE
This preliminary transcript was made from voice tape recordings
of the GT-4 flight crew debriefing conducted aboard the recovery ship,
the USS Wasp , on June 9, 1965 .
Although all the material contained in this transcript has been
edited, the urgent need for the preliminary transcript by mission
analysis personnel precluded a thorough editorial review prior to its
publication.

Errors in this transcript will be corrected as soon as

possible and an official transcript will be published at a later date.
This document contains a transcript of the first part of the
debriefing, during which the crew described the mission generally
from an operational viewpoint .

A preliminary transcript of the re­

mainder of the debriefing will be published by June 23, 1965.

It

will cover systems operations, operational checks, visual sightings,
experiments , pre-mission planning, mission control, and training.

#### Page 5

CONFIDENTIAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraph Page Number
1.0 COUNTDOWN
1.1 Crew Insertion..
1.2 Communications..
1.3 Crew Participation and Countdown 6
1.4 Comfort..... ..7
1.5 Environmental Control System ...
1.6 Sounds .....
1.7 Vibrations ..13
1.8 Visual 13
1.9 Crew Station Controls and Displays 15
2.0 POWERED FLIGHT
2.1 Lift-Off Cues ....17
2.2 Roll Program . . . . . 19
2.3 Pitch Program ...…..19
2.4 Aerodynamics . ..…..20
2.5 Environmental Control System ...... .....20
2.6 Maximum g .... ...21
2.7 Windshear ..21
2.8 DCS Update
2.9 Engine l Operation ..22
2.10 Engine 2 Status ..23
2.11 Acceleration g's ..23
2.12 BECO ..24
2.13 Staging ..25
2.14 Engine 2 Ignition ..25
2.15 RGS Initiate -..26
2.16 GO/NO GO ... ....28
2.17 Systems Status ....28
2.18 Acceleration
- 2.19 SECO..
2.20 Steering .
3.0 INSERTION
4 3.1 Post-SECO
34
3.2 SECO + 20 Seconds 35
3.3 Insertion Activities 38
4.0 ORBITAL FLIGHT
4.1 Station-Keeping .50
4.2 Extravehicular Activities .87
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 7

CONFIDENTIAL
- 4.3 Other Orbital Operations ..186
4.4 Preretro Preparations ..250
5.0 RETROFIRE
5.1 36 Events ..259
5.2 22 Events ..260
5.3 13 Events ..260
5.4 12 Events ..261
5.5 Events .. ....265
5.6 Events ...270
5.7 Events ...273
5.8 Retropack Jettison .. ....280
5.9 Communications 281
6.0 REENTRY
6.1 Reentry Parameter Update ...282
6.2 400 K ..282
6.3 0.4 g.. ...284
6.4 Acceleration Profile .290
6.5 Spacecraft Control .296
6.6 100 000 Feet .... .....296
6.7 50 000 Feet ... ..299
6.8 Main Chute Deployment ..302
6.9 Communications .... . ….303
6.10 Single-Point Release ...305
6.11 Postmain Checklist Items 306 .
7.0 LANDING AND RECOVERY
7.1 Impact ..310
7.2 Checklists ..313
7.3 Communications .…314
7.4 Systems Configuration ..316
7.5 Spacecraft Status .320
7.6 Post-Landing Activities 325
7.7 Comfort . ... 325
7.8 Recovery Force Personnel . 326
7.9 Egress ...
7.10 Survival Gear
7.11 Crew Pickup .328
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 9

CO ►~FIDE►~TIAb.

1.0 COUNTDOWN
1.1 Crew Insertion
White

The only problem during insertion was that I
fogged up again in my suit before we got the fans
on.

I think I'm just going to always fog up in

that suit of mine.

We turned the fans on quick,

but with the visors closed it doesn't go out.
McDivitt

We did have a problem with crew insertion on the
Wet Mock and I think we had that probably pretty
well taken care of.

They put us on the suit

loops and didn't turn the fans on.

Normally you

wait for a clearance from the 1:t>acecraft Test
Conductor before you throw any switches. Well,
after we almost "died" of carbon dioxide poison­
ing during this +,est~ we got this
clarified.

matter

As soon as we got in the spacecraft

and one of us was on the suit loop, we would go
ahead and cut the switches on to put us on two

White

fans.

We did this during insertion in the Wet

Mock.

It really went well.

We really went for a long time in Wet Mock.

I

was beginning to wonder if I was going to have to
open my visor.

I was really uncomfortable.

COt74 FIDEt~TIAsb-

#### Page 10

2

McDivitt

But everything worked out okay on this one .

White

Yes.

McDivitt

The timing was excellent , I thought .

I didn't

think we had any prob l em at all .
White

No.

I don ' t believe they missed a stroke on the

insertion.
1 . 2 Communications
White

I think the communications were pretty well
worked out, Jim?

McDivitt

Right .

One thing, the last three minutes or four

minutes, we got a little confused about who was
talking to who .

I was getting the Spacecraft

Test CJnductor , the Booster Test CJnductor and
the CAP COM at the same time .
White

We got a split count , too, on lif't--off.

McDivitt

The f irst three or four minutes I was hearing the
B)os ter Tast C?nductor .

I heard what was going

on on his loop , and I was listening to him get
checks in f r om all of the guys .

I really wasn ' t

getting a clue a s to what was going on .

I was

supposed to be getting the booster clues from the
test conductor .

I was supposed to find out when

the engines were going to gimbal and when they

-€9·NFl9E~TIA;t

#### Page 11

COl>J~IDENIIA~

3

were going to open the prevalves and stuff.
wasn't getting it from him .

I

We were getting a

lot of other information that made a lot of sense
to the Booster Test C :>nductor, but not an awful
lot to us .

There were cal l - outs l ikeVSequence

05003 complete." Well, thi s just didn' t mean any­
thing to us .

On top of this we had the Spacecraft

~es t Conductor calling out the times , and super­
imposed on all of this was Al Shephard , the Cape
CAP COM , calling out events that he was reading
off that went on at certain specified times .

He

called out','Stage 1 prevalves Vand we could hear the
fue l gushing downstairs and the whole booster
rumbling.

He called out ','Stage 2 prevalves','and

you could hear the same thing all over again.

I

thought t hat was a lot more meaningful than the
test conductor comments.
White

I think that was wrong, the way they were doing it .
I think we weren't supposed to be on any loop
except CAP COM at that time .

McDivitt

Well, I think what happened was that we got this
thing over-coordinated.

Al was going to give us

all this information, but then as a result of
GT-3, (Gus and Jolm said they didn ' t get enough

-t:ON FI0 Er\JTl~L

#### Page 12

r<3 e I<i Flt Et>I TI Rt

4

information about the boosters) they put this in­
formation on the test conductor ' s loop too .
ha.d too many guys talking .

We

I think if just CAP

COM talked from thr ee minutes on down we would
be all right .
White

This is the way I thought it was going to happen,
and then from three minutes on down it really got
busy with the yak , yak, yak of everybody talking .

McDivitt

I don't lmow whether we got off the Booster ~st
C)nductor's loop or not, but at final countdown ,
2 minutes , 1 1/2, 1, 30 , 20 , 10 , 9 ,

Al gave me

8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 , 1 .

I got a similar count

from the Spacecraft Test C~nductor but it turned
01 ·. t that they were a second out of sequence on
the countdown and Al was giving me 10 and our
Spacecraft Test Conductor was giving me 9.
went ten- nine , nine - eight, eight - seven .
were at the same t ime .

So it

They

All I knew was that we

were getting close to engine ignition and then it
started .

So , we got a little over-communicated

there .

I think t hey kept us adequately informed

on the hold .

As a matter of fact , I ' d say we got

over- informed there at the end .

We had too many

guys keeping us informed and I t hink the pendulum

<Ol<:JFIDel'4TIAl

#### Page 13

5

swung from the GT-3 flight where nobody got in­
formed of anything over to our flight where we
got i nformed by three different people about the
same event .
White

On our flight, too, we were really more
aware of t he problem than those people were.

We

could sit right here and see the gantry come
down and stop, that was r eally the only problem
they had in the whole count .
McDivitt

I don't think radio discipline is a problem, Each
guy was disciplined on his own channel .

They were

conducting their tests on their own channel .

But

we were lis tening to three different communica­
tors at the same time.
one .

We should have had only

I think probably what we will need to do is

to get to about T-3, and then just cut in the

CAP COM.
White

That was the way it wa.s planned to be, I thought .
That's the way Al planned it.

McDivitt

That's correct.

I think, because there had been

some lack of information on GT-3, that it some­
how had been written into the SEDR so that we
were also on the Booster Test Conductor 's MOPS,
so that we were also getting his countdown.

COrq--pf0f:Nfl1tt

I

#### Page 14

6

think CAP COM, 'alone, would have been sufficient .
One further comment , I had to turn my ·11HF volume
all the way up to hear anybody .

I was at max .

There we were sitting right on the pad , talking
to a gu:y two miles away, and there I was with the
volume full up .

It didn ' t give me much confi ­

dence as to reception I was going to get when I
was 200 miles away , or three or four or five
hundred miles away .

I thought that the volume

control on the radio was inadequate.
White

We were wondering what we were going to have when
we got up a hundred miles .

McDi vitt

That's right.

At max volume we didn't have enough

and at minimum volume it didn't shut it off.

We

will cover this later.

1.3 Crew Participation and Countdown
McDivitt

I think it was just about right .

I don' t think

we were over worked and I think we had enough to
do to keep us busy.
White

Actually, all we really made was a check of
switches .

There wasn ' t really too much else .

Having the back-up crew run that midcount was the
the right solution.

I wouldn't have wanted to

participate in anymore of t he countdown than I

-COt<JFtDEt'4flJ<l

#### Page 15

€O ► 4FIDE ► ~TI/>,~

7

did.
McDivitt

That's an excellent point.

The flight crew's

participation should be the final count, not the
midcount and precount.

It doesn't tire the prime

crew out doing a lot of chores that they don't
really have to do.

I think this is a good pro­

cedure.
1.4 Comfor t

White

Initially, the first 20 or 30 minutes, I was
squirming around and I felt a little uncomfor­
table.

But after I had been in for 30 or 40

minutes I didn't feel there was a real restric­
tion on staying for several more hours.

I would

have been very disappointed if they had said,
"Well you have been in there long enough and we
will work on this gantry and try it again tomor­
row."

I would have been happy to stay there

several more hours while they fixed the gantry
instead of pulling me out.
After an hour and 40 minutes,which is the end of
the normal countdown,I didn't feel uncomfortable.
We sat in the simulator and were a lot more un­
comfortable than this.
table.

I didn't feel uncomfor­

I had a chance to take a couple of little

CO ► 4FIDE~~TIA~

#### Page 16

COl'IFIDE~4TIAt

8

McDivitt

naps .

I noticed Jim was napping too .

Yes .

I concur with F.d, although I don't want

to get carried overboard.

We shouldn't scrub

due to crew fatigue .
White

I think it is up to the crew.

If the crew is un­

comfortable they should come down.

But I don't

think he should say, "Okay, two hours and 30

minutes .

You cut this off. ", because it is an

operational procedure.
McDivitt

When I first got assigned to the crew I always
fe l t one of the toughest things to do would be
laying back for an hour and 40 minutes or so
prior to launch .

The time we spent in the simu­

lator laying on our back, I thought to be a very
uncomfortable position.

As we went through all

the training and testing at McDonald , and again
at the Cape ,

;ny back got more callouses on it.

I got used to laying with my feet over my head .
At launch time I wasn't a bit tired from laying
on my back .
White

This is brought out in one of our last simulations ,
where we ran the whole four hour simulation and
we forgot to have them tilt us up to 30 degrees.
We just got used to running that way,

COl"I P"te E~~Tl,\l

#### Page 17

€Otr4FIDEttftAl
McDivi tt

9

That ' s right, I just don't think we should
scrub the flight because of fatigue.I don ' t think we
should do that.

White

We weren ' t approaching this point.

We had a long way to go.

1 . 5 Environmental Control System
McDivitt

I think we ought to get this water management
panel squared away and everybody figure out what
we are supposed to do with those switches.

I

don ' t think we should be arguing about where the
switches are supposed to be on the launch pad.

If

I hadn't asked somebody where the waste manage­
ment switches should be we would have probably
launched with it in · EVAPORATOR.

I knew that

i t wasn't supposed to be in the evaporator .

At

one of the ten thousand briefings we got on it, we
were told it shouldn't be there .

We ought to get·

this kind of stuff squared away before launch day.
Thirty minutes before lift-off we were arguing
about where that switch was supposed to be.
White

I wasn't confident that they knew where they
wanted that switch to be.

McDivitt

Well, I didn ' t think we should have it in the eva­
porator.

So, I think that water panel could have

cost as much as a wee~s slip on our launch because

coNFIDENTIAt-

#### Page 18

10

€01'1FIE>Et<ITtAt
they didn't know where to put those valves and
it's only got three valves on it .
made much simpli er than it is .

It ought to be

I think they

should get that squared away before the next
flight.

F,d and

I knew where we wanted it.

We

wanted it off and the other two switches in
NORMAL and leave it alone .
with .
White

That's what we flew

That's the way it ough t to be fixed .

We can get canned , though, for not flying with it
in the right position by the checklist .
didn't say that on the checklist

It

Every check

list we got was different .
McDivitt

That ' s right! Fach one was different .

Fi nally

we decided we were going to do it as w.e did and
left it thr ough out the whol e flight .
thing worked fine .

We had ECS briefings by a

mul titude of peoples from MAC
guys who designed it.
agreed ,

Evel;'y­

including the

Everyone of them dis­

It probably started out to be one of the

simplest things in the whole spacecraft .

By the

time they got t hrough confus ing us with it, I
got the feeling nobody knew what was s_i,,.pposed to
happen to it .

I consider this the most danger­

ous of all.

'€ 0 l<I F' IE> Et-q ftAt

#### Page 19

11

White

I was convinced of that, too, after the mix-up
in putting all the water in the lithium hydroxide
tan.ks.

McDivitt

There would have been about a 30 minute four-day
mission.

McDivitt

The people that built the thing don't know how
it is supposed to go .

They had better decide

this and let us know.

I felt that George Roe at

the Cape knew what was going on except the Cape
personnel got the valves in the wrong position and
almost lost the lithium hydroxide canister full
of water with no water in the tanks.

I ' m not

pointing a finger at George Roe • I think he' ·s
pret.ty knowledgeable about the system.. Maybe
somebody just wasn't following directions.

But

somebody ought to find out about the water
management system and make it clear to everybody
how it is supposed to be operated.
1.6

Sounds
McDivitt

You can hear the prevalve~ both first and second
s tages.

The prevalves and the fluid gushing are

very loud noises comparable to the engine gim-baling. I wasn't really aware that they were
going to be that loud.

C-0t~FIDf~qflAb

~

#### Page 20

'COI\IFIDE~◄ llAl

12

White

I got that feeling when I read Gus and John ' s
debriefing .

McDivitt

Did you?

I didn't .

I got the impression that it

was going to be a much quieter noise .
White

McDivitt

Well, the whole noise level of the engine girnbal­
ing

was louder than I thought it was going to

be.

It surprised me .

Yes . Engine gimbaling was much louder than I
heard before .

We heard this during Wet Mock and

during precount and at midcount.

You can hear

those engines gimbal around; they really shake t he
spacecraft .

But, I really wasn't prepared for

the big noise that the prevalves make, and such
a long noise as that fuel gushed down to the
bottom.

I guess that was what it was.

I didn't like t he sounds and vibrations we got
when they raised and

lowered the gantry.

White

It shook the whole spacecraft .

McDivitt

It shook the whole spacecraft--did you notice how
it never came up straight?

The spacecraft was

supposed to line up kind of like this and then
wham!

I had visions of them knocking us off and

laying us flat on the ground before we were
launched ,

co~,Fl0Et'4TIAI:

#### Page 21

13

cor:,-~FIDEl'~TIA I
1 , 7 Vibrations
White

Those are closely associated with the sounds.

McDivitt

Yes .

I think that the engine gimbaling makes a

tremendous vibration in the spacecraft and pre­
valves on opening and make a tremendous vibration.
The gantry going back and forth vibrated the
spacecraft.

I don ' t think there is anything else ,

do you?
White

No.

1,8 Visual

White

Well, you can sure see the gantry lower and the
whi te room disappear.

That is about all you can

see besides the sky.
McDivitt

That's pretty impressive.

That's when I sort of

got excited,when the gantry went down.

That ' s a

new realm.
White

I thought they were going to launch me.

McDivitt

You're sitting there by yourself

then, instead

of all those people milling around.
I do want to make one other comment on this visual
thing .

We did Wet Mock about one or two o'clock

in the afternoon.

The sun was shining right in

the window, almost straight down, such that the
sun came across my visor from about just at the

GOt~FIDEMTIM

#### Page 22

t:Ol-<IFIDEt'4T IAt

14

bridge of my nose on down .

I had a tremendous

amount of reflection inside the helmet, and I had
a great amount of difficulty seeing the instru-­
ment panel .

As a matter of fact, I'm not sure I

could have seen the instrument panel at all .
~ose first few seconds there are extremely cri­
tical on launch.

You have to be able to see those

tank pressure

We ought to keep this in

sages .

mind for those late afternoon launches .
White

That is a problem , but the g loads are so small
at this time you could a l most forget ab1ut look­
ing up .

McDivitt

Did I fly like this for

awhile during l aunch?

White

I don't think so but you could have, The g load is
so small.

McDivitt

I'm not sure whether I did or not.

White

"'his is what we had to do during Wet Mock.

We

had to put our hand up and cover the window to
look down at our instruments to see them ,
McDivitt

I 'm not sure I didn ' t launch that way .

White

I wouldn't be surprised if you did .

McDivitt

I don't think I launched that way, but as we
tilted over and we got in the sun, I think I put
my hand up for awhile .

COMftDEl'1 I IAI.

#### Page 23

15
White

Well, if the g's are so low that--

McDivitt

When sun gets in your face you can't see the in­
strument panels because they are just too dark .

White

The sun gets in your eyes.

The point that Jim

was making is towards a late-in-the-day launch,
which we might have later in the program , there
might be a bit of a problem of seeing the instru­
ments during launch.

Unless they put something

up, which I really don't think you want to d~ You
are just going to have to put your arms up and
shield the sun out and concent~ate on your in­
struments or you won't see them .

They are just

gone.
There is probably a point even in an early morn­
ing trajectory as you start to pitch over where
the sun will come right in your window and you
won't be able to see your instruments unless you
shield your eyes.
1,9

Crew Station Controls and Display
White

I found the switches all where they were supposed
to be and the cockpit all set up.

McDivitt

So did I, except the comment I made on the water
management system.

They didn't have the control

where it was supposed to be.

At least, they had

#### Page 24

16

~CNFIOEt~TIAt
it in the place where everybody was arguing about
whether or not it should be ,
White

I certainly appreciated the work the backup crew
did getting the cockpit all set up fo r us .

Every­

thing was ready to go when we stepped in.

That ' s

the way it should be.

COl<:tll10E~4TIA L

#### Page 25

€Ot◄ Fl9ENllAl

17

2.0 POWER FLIGHT
2.1

Lift- Off Cues
McDivitt

CAP COM gave lift-off, about as good a cue as you
can get .

White

Wasn 't any question either.

Boy, you could feel

the first little motions of the booster as it
went up .

McDivitt

It was really great!

I think you could feel the acceleration at re­
lease.

There wasn't a doubt in my mind that we

were loose.
White

That 's right.

I don't know if I could feel the

bolts or hear them .
McDivitt

As a matter of fact, it seemed to steady out a
little bit.

The vibrations seemed to decrease

a little. Pretty impressive!
Not much vibration at lift-off.
White

Very low.

Very low.

I got vibrations later on , though,

didn't you?
McDivitt

Yes .
Noise.

There wasn't much noise, was there?

White

No.

There was less than I had expected.

McDivitt

Noise wasn't a cue to lift-off.

Noise was there

#### Page 26

18

if you were bolted down all day long.

I don't

think the noise changed a bi t at lift- off.
White

You could see the visual cues out the window .
You were watching your gages, Jim .

McDivitt

Were t here clouds out there?

White

No, but I could see it in the clear blue sky.

McDivitt

Could you?

White

Yes .

I could see the motion.

McDivitt

Okay .

Wel l, I couldn't.

White

I was looking out ,

McDivitt

I saw a little cloud go by and then I didn ' t see
any more clouds at all,

White

It was beautiful!

McDivitt

The event timer s t a rted just like it should,

Of

course , that 's the best display inside the space­
craft for lift-off.

The event timer starts , and

it did,
White

We got both clocks started with the t ime hack.
had a watch hack on lift-off and the ...
going.

I

handle

I knew when the engine ignited , within

half a second accuracy.

Three seconds later I

was waiting for the lift-off and it came right at
three seconds ,
McDivitt

We could tell ignition , too .

'€0 ► ~FIDEJ>1TJAL

We could hear the

#### Page 27

19
things go.
White

I agree with you.

I knew we weren ' t going to hold

it when that lift-off went.
2·. 2

Ro ll Program
McDivitt

Roll program came in at ten seconds just like it
was supposed to.

I t was smooth, and it was just

the way it was planned, on at ten seconds and went
out at twenty seconds.

Could you see it roll

out the window?
White

You can see everything out the window, I think.

McDivitt

You can probably tell by the way the sun rays are
moving, can't you?

White

Yes, by change in lighting.
a better view.

The right seat has

You have to wa tch the guages so

closely.

2. 3

McDivitt

I didn ' t even look out the window.

White

I know you didn't.

Pitch Program
McDivitt

Pitch program started just like it was supposed
to, at twenty three seconds.

Pitched over the

proper amount, the pitch needles looked like
they were hanging in there all the way.
White

You could see the booster pitch definitely, and
that was mainly due to a change in the lighting.

#### Page 28

co~~FIDE~~TIAt:

20

2 ,4

Aerodynamics
McDivitt

We were getting aerodynamic noise, which built up
to max q .

We got some pretty good vibrations at

max q .
White

That's where I had the most vibrations .

It was

just shaking like this .
McDivitt

It was vibrating and noisy.

White

That was the loudest noise we received the whole
flight.

McDivitt

Right after max q it got very qui et .

White

This is where I had the most vibrations .

There

were more than I expected.
McDivitt

Yes, me too. You can ' t simulate this in a simula­
tor .

You get more vibrations than you do noise .

The only thing they have in the simulator is
noise, they don't have vibrations .

It was pretty

loud and the spacecraft was actually shaking
around a lot. It was really vibrating.
White

Yes, it was .

McDivitt

The whole thing was really going at it .

More than I expected .

like a F-80 or a T-33 at a.bout
Whi te

Almost

0.8 Mach.

Very good analogy .

2. 5 Environmental Control System
White

The cabin started venting shortly after lift-off

~O~◄ FltJEf<tftAL

#### Page 29

21

and continued so until about 40 seconds and sta­
bilized out at 5. 5 and I made my call in.

I

think I might have called i n on RECORD .
McDivitt

You did.

White

I switched and made the final call at about 1: 10,
I realized I called on REDORD and switched over,

McDivitt

How high did it go? Did it go to 5.5?

White

5. 5 and it stayed right there .

And then I

noticed later on it progressively leaked off until

it got to 4.9 where it st ayed.

The suit? There

really isn ' t anything to say about the suit.
McDivitt

No, I

don' t have anything to say about the suit .

It oi:erated like it was supposed to .

2.6 Maximum....q
McDivitt

The noise built up gradually until we got to max
q , then it just dropped off.

White

The deterioration of the noise was almost instantaneous.

McDivitt

Very quick,

It wasn ' t instantaneous , but it was

very quick.
White

In fact, it startled me when we separated .

2 . 7 Windehea.r

McDivitt

I didn't notice anything on the rate needles that
had anything to do with the windshea.r

I couldn't

#### Page 30

eot~FIDE~~"f1At

22

pick out windshear • on them.

2. 8

How about you , Ed?

White

No .

McDivitt

Did you see any attitudes?

White

No .

McDivitt

No big divergences from windshea r .

DC~ Updates
White

We got both of our ros updates right on time-­
H'45

a.nd 2 : 25 ,
Ed is in charge of ros updates .

McDivitt

No comment .

White

I ' m the button pusher.

I do everything about

pushing the buttons .
McDivitt

I can do this with this little stick.

White

You can do it unless I have my knee over it .

2. 9 Engin,®. 1 Operation
McDivitt

They operated the way they were supposed to as
far as I could tell .
up fi~

on both

The tank pressures stayed
Engine 1 and Engine 2.

There

was never any doubt in my mind that they were
going to stay up there .

There weren't any of

those things like we saw in those simulations
where they came on down pretty low on the gages
when they were supposed to be at 18 or 15. There
wasn't anything like that .
up there .

€0t'1Flf7ENf 1Al

They just stayed on

#### Page 31

23

White

Just where they were supposed to be.

McDivitt

Yes.

I followed them a couple of times and said

they were staying up fine.

They were way up.

There wasn't any problem there,
2.10

Engine 2 Status
McDivitt

Second stage pressure stayed right on up there
very high.

Just the way they were supposed to.

There wasn't any problem there,

They didn't

decay all during the first stage.
2.11

Acceleration g's
McDivitt

They weren't bad and I don't know where they went
to on the g meter.

White

Just like riding in an old saddle.

McDivitt

That's right.

It's very comfortable .

Steady on-

set .
White

Not very long.

Gee, we were below--

McDivitt

Wait a second.

This might be a good place to

cover the pogo.

I felt the pogo just prior to

staging, from about 2:15 on to 2:30 .

I could

feel pogo.
White

How much were you getting?

McDivitt

Very little,

I could just feel it pull like this.

Did you feel it at all?

#### Page 32

- COt~FIDEt ◄ TIM

24

White

No .

McDivitt

I could feel it .

It wasn't uncomfortable enough

where I had to l ift my head or anything.
wasn't thinking about a pogo at all .

I

It wasn't

like I was trying to sit there and think about it.
But as we were going along I could feel this vi­
bration.

And then it just crossed my mind, well

t here is pogo, and then we went on to staging.
But it wasn ' t bad at all .

The amplitude must

have been-White

You were paying more attention to your clocks
while I was watching the system ,gages and I
wasn't really aware of the times that were going
on.

McDivitt

I had my eyes- -

It came around 2: 15 or so and lasted to about 2:30.
Maybe it was 2: 10 or 2:05 , but it wasn't bad .

White

We had one area that I will get into later that I
haven't told you about and that I didn't like.

McDivitt

Oh .

So , I think we hit the pogo and the g ,.s .

2.12 BEX;O

McDivitt

Engine shut down properly.

The lights came on.

Engine~- 2 light went out and the Engine 1 lights
went out.

Just the way it was supposed to at

B~O and staging.

Two Stage 1 lights ON , Stage 2

EOt<I flf)Et ◄ Tl1'c b

#### Page 33

COt ◄FIB~1'1llAl

25

light OFF, Stage 1 lights OFF.
White

At that time I realized that we were going to
feel the pyros and stuf'f--feel the separation.

It

was a very distinct feeling when we sepa r a ted .

Of

course, we immediately dropped in the thrust .
There wasn't any question,we had a good separation,
in my mind .

This is just the way it was for all

of our separations.

Ev-erytime we separated, it

was very clear that was what had happened.
McDivitt

Oh, yes, there wasn't a:ny doubt about it when
that first stage shut off--Voom!

2. 13

Staging
McDivitt

Staging was just as it should have been.

2. 14 Engine 2 I gnition

McDivitt

Engine 2 started right on up.

Like I mentioned

earlier~the light went out and the tank pressure
went down just a tad, but it stayed way up there,
about two or three times as high as was necessary
for staging.

It never really did decrease.

It

(Text continues in the original file: 340 pages.)

## NASA-UAP-D017 — Preliminary Gemini 4 Crew Debriefing, Part II, 1965

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D017
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D017
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 6/9/65
- Location: North Atlantic Ocean
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

June 9, 1965: even the USS Wasp wished for clearer windows.

- NASA-UAP-D017: NASA preliminary transcript, Gemini 4 crew debriefing, 6/9/65, North Atlantic aboard USS Wasp.
- Astronauts James McDivitt and Edward White recount visual sightings during Gemini 4 mission.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a preliminary transcript (Part II) derived from voice recordings of the Gemini 4 flight crew debriefing taken aboard the recovery ship, USS Wasp, on June 9, 1965. Part II of this document contains the “Visual Sightings” section of the debriefing (pages 196-224), where astronauts James McDivitt and Edward White describe their observations while aboard the spacecraft.

### AI summary

This document is a preliminary transcript of the Gemini 4 crew debriefing, prepared by the Spacecraft Operations Branch on June 18, 1965. It details discussions between astronauts James McDivitt and Edward White about systems operation, including the spacecraft's platform alignment, OAMS thruster checks, and propellant usage. The transcript was made from voice recordings taken aboard the USS Wasp and at the Manned Spacecraft Center in June 1965. It notes challenges with platform alignment, especially at night, and describes the crew's use of ground and star references. The document is classified and restricted, with a declassification schedule of 12 years.

### Full text

#### Page 1

•
Authority:

65

NW 91526

To

l

ur

tfFj~f

r{ft~E

- - -- - -- -- - - " - = = -- - - - ~

By authority of-E---'-:---'--'-=--::....-~-=-__,___.c.....:::=---1
Cha nged bY--..£:::%:.:~~!l"~~==--

PRELIMINARY
GT-4 FLIGHT CREW DEBRIEFING TRANSCRIPT
PART II

Prepared By
Spacecraft Operations Branch
Flight Crew Support Division
June 18 , 1965

This material contains information affecting the
national defense of the United States within the
meaning of the Espionage Laws , Title 18. U. S. c.
Section 793 and 794 , the transmission or revela­
tion of which in any manner to an unauthorized
person is prohibited by law.

I

Group 4:

Downgrade at 3 year intervals
Declassified after 12 years

NOTICE: This document may be exempt from
public disclosure under the Freedom of Infor­
mation Act (5 U.S.C. 552). Requests for its re­
lease to persons outside the U.S. Government
should be handled under the provisions of
NASA Policy Direct:ve 1382.2.

#### Page 3

PREFACE
This preliminary transcript was made from voice tape -recording3
of the GT-4 flight crew debriefing conducted aboard the recovery ship,
the USS Wasp, on June~' 1965, and concluded at the Manned Spacecraft
Center on June 12, 1965.
Although all the material contained in this transcript has been
edited , the urgent need for the preliminary transcript by mission
analysis personnel precluded a thorough editorial review prior to its
publication.

Errors in this transcript will be corrected as soon as

possible and an official transcript will be published at a later date.
Thia document contains a transcript of the second part of the
total debriefing.

A preliminary transcript of the first part was

published on June 16 , 1965 , and it contains the crew ' s description
of the mission from an operational standpoint.

#### Page 7

8.0 SYSTEMS OPERATION
8. 1 Platform
McDivitt

Actually , the first portion of any alinement is
to cage the thing.

The case of caging the thing

is much more important than the alinement itself.

In the daytime I felt that I could cage the plat­
form to a reference with an error plus or minus
about 3 or 4 degrees in all axes .

Did you think

we could do that wel l?
White

Only in the daytime.

McDivitt

The yaw was a little problem.

It took longer

to get it, but if you kept after it for awhil e ,
I felt that you could get down to just a few
degrees.
White

Within a couple of degrees .

McDivitt

The big thing is that you have to stop your yaw
rates, and then sit there and look outside for
awhile and see which way you're going, straight
ahead or sideways .

If you are going sideways

you rotate around for awhil e and stop the rate
and then look out a gain.

Ri ght?

get the thing ca ged quite well.

I felt you could
We. didn ' t do it

BEF at all, did we? We never did cage in BEF.

#### Page 8

--,

2

White

I ' m not sure.

McDivitt

The caging of the thing with small- end-forward in
the daytime was r elative ly easy .

At night I don't

think it would be quite tha t simple .

I think what

you would have to do at night time is to point
the spacecraft down at the ground pretty much so
you can see the track ac ross the ground,

I could

see which way the land was moving under me .

I

felt--although I never did this --that if I could
do that and then roll around to where I had no
bank angl e , and fac e in my yaw directi on, either
small-end or blunt-end- forward , stop t he ro l l t her e
and pitch up to the horizon I could cage there
withi n plus or minus 10 degrees for sure .

It was

much less accurate at night, I fe lt, than in the
daytime .
White

You aren' t kidding!

We both felt that on those

dark nights when you really couldn ' t see anything
on the ground, pure star reference for yaw was
pretty rough .
McDivitt

Pure s tar reference for yaw was almost impossible
to use.

That was the only place where that thing

we decided not to take with us--the view of the
stars through the window--might have been of some

#### Page 9

3

use to us.

We knew the stars along our track but

you couldn't see enough of them.

The quickest

way to get the yaw reference was to look down at
the ground.

Once we got the platform caged, aline­

ment was quite simple .

All you had to do was just

hold the needles at zero and the platform alined
itself.
on ,

Of course you had to have the scanners

The modes--the SEF and the EEF wer e identically

the same except the spacecraft is pointing in

different directions . You tended to null the
needles by using pulses and just hold the needles
very close to null and the platform alined itself
through the horizon scanners .

Orbit Rate was a

satisfactory mode, I thought.

As a matter of fact,

it was very good.
White

I liked that Orbit Rate,

McDivitt

Yes, because we finally had a reference where we
didn't have to look out and s ee the ground .

It 's

like having the old altitude indicator back in an
airplane .

The only thing was, we had the wrong

orbit rate in the spacecraft because it was s e t
for an orbit rate t hat was to take care of, I
think, a 60 nautical mile circular orbit.

This

was to take care of the short period of time between

~~ SQ -lii4Q"itsll-lM.- .

#### Page 10

4
going to Orbit Rate at T- 5 and firing the retros
at TR.

We wanted to have exactly the right rate

in there so when we did our closed-loop reentry
we wouldn ' t have an error.

As I said , I had the

most accurate platform in the world with nothing
to do with it .

I think the displays were adequate

and the controls were adequate .

After t he first

couple of revs I really didn ' t have any confidence
at all in the platform.

I had done nothing to

establish any confidence in it .

I really didn't

get the chance to get the thing alined, and I
real ly didn ' t have the view out the window to check
it with.

We were hurrying and scurring through

there .

We finally shut the thing down before I

really got a chance to use it very much .

When we

powered it up there on the third day and we saw
that thing coming around there• -and cage properly,
we compared the out- the- window attitudes and that
old a ttitude reference was right there.

That's

when I got some confidence in the platform.
White

This is where we lost a couple of bets .

McDivitt

That ' s right .
platform .

We lost a couple of beers on that

At retrofire

I had a lot of confidence

in the platform , but the first two and a half to

#### Page 11

5

three days I really didn't have anything with
which to establish any confidence.

It was just

an unknown.
White

Jim did the majority of the work in this area and

I think his comments reflect my opinion also .
8.2

OAMS
McDivitt

On the pad we did the thruster check that we
wanted to.

We went around one whole cycle and

got nothing.

We went around another whole cycle

and got nothing until we got to the l ast one.
We were going yaw left pitch-down, yaw right
pitch-up, yaw left pitch- down, yaw right pitch­
up .

When we got to that second pitch-up, I heard

the thrusters fire for the first time . ·
White

You can hear them.

McDivitt

That's right.

It was very distinct.

And then we went around and yawed

left and they fired again.

We -waited 20 seconds

and fired a yaw left again, and they fired again .
These were the bottom manifold jets.

We said,

"Okay, we're ready to go.", and that was the end
of it.

So, it -was a pretty straightforward check.

The inflight checks--I got my operational checks
on the OAMS systems while chasing the booster
around.

I had Direct, Pulse, and Rate Command in

Le !~FllffiPMxMii t a

J

#### Page 12

6

there as I chased it around, and those were the
only modes I intended to use right then .

Later

on, I checked out the Reentry Rate Command and I
checked the Rate Command before we thrusted .
did seem to be operating fine .

It

Why don ' t you go

through the next part , Eli?
White

All right .

We 're going to get into the source

temperature and pressure , the regulated pressure ,
and the prope llant quantity .

temperature first .

Let ' s take the

The temperature of our OAMS

was 75 degrees all the way down the line .

The

i nit ial indications on the pressures were approxi­
mately 2800 psi for the source and 320 psi for the
regulated pressure .
McDivitt

The quantity gage operated all right except that,
as I mentioned earlier , the thing seemed to wander
up and down somewhere between 2 and 4 percent ,
depending upon where you were in the mission .
You ' d read it one time and it would be 60, and
you'd read it a little while later and it would
be 62, and you 'd r ead it a little while l ater and
it 'd be back about 60 .

The greatest variation in

that thing that ever occurred was when I went to
sleep one time with it reading 60 and woke up and

#### Page 13

7
it was reading 56.

Another hour or two after that

it had climbed slowly back up to 60 again.

I

had a long time to look at it in the same position.
When we ended the cha.sing-around at the end of the
first hour, we were down to 70 percent indicated
and we never got below 50 percent in four days.
White

I'll tell you, the position it seemed to stay
for days and days was 59 to 60 percent.

We fired

in Pulse Mode for a long time with the gage at
that position, and all of a sudden that one time
it dropped down to about 55 percent .
McDivitt

But then it came back up to 60.

White

I guess it did , didn ' t it? The temperatures all
stayed fairly constant.

If I

recall .right, they

dropped down to around 70 degrees.

It seemed to

me they continually decreased throughout the
flight.

I noticed this particularly in the RCS,

but I guess we'll get to that later.

The propellart

quantity though , I think we mentioned earlier ,
ended up on our gaging at about 3 percent at the
end .

We got a little bit of ground information on

the 0AMS propellant.

I felt a little suspicious

of the gage when it kept staying there at 59 to 60

#### Page 14

8

percent for so long.
McDivitt

We were pretty miserly with that OAMS fuel .

We

set out to save the fuel and we sure did it .
White

I think that in future missions , if they permit
the crew to use the Puls e Mode in a saving-manner
they could do a lot more with the mission--if you
could use Pulse Mode instead of just free-drifting
around.

In other words , line yourself up so you

can make some decent observations.
McDivitt

Shoot!

We were in Horizon Scan Mode when we got

the last data, and I don ' t think we used any more
fue l than we were when we were in free drift.
White

That ' s right.

We certainly got more out of the

orbit than we did when we were just drifting free.
McDivitt

I 'll tell you one record that we ought to hold .
We've looked at the earth from more different
angles than anybody else in the world .
maybe not .

Well,

I guess the Russians did , but we sure

got a lot of different views of that earth as we
rotated around.
White

I thi nk the ground information that they called up
on the status of our OAMS wasn't as much as they
could have called up to us, but I 'm really satis­
fied that our OAMS was staying pretty constant .

#### Page 15

9

McDivitt

So did I.

The way I felt was that I knew that we

had to be as miserly with the fuel as we possibly
could, so we got as much out of as little fuel as
possible .

There wasn ' t going to be anything to

change that velocity.

We just went along and I

really didn't care how they were plotting that fuel
on the ground.

I knew that we were starting to

get ahead of the schedule, because I was plotting
it roughly onboard the spacecraft .

I could see we

were ~p above the line that we needed to remain
above to handle our OAMS retrofir~.
White

Actually , we followed the profile rather closely,
We leveled off there at first, and then when we
started using it , we we~c right down the profile,

McDivitt

We were a little below the line and we just held
the same fuel level until we walked out across it
and got up on top of i+

Then, we went on down

above it.
White

I think the controls and the switches were all
satisfactory.

McDivitt

I think so too.

The attitude controller worked

fine and dandy.

We didn't have any trouble with

it.

The stick forces weren't too high.

We didn't

get a chance to use it in any other mode besides

#### Page 16

10

Pulse .

It seemed to wor k all right in Pulse.

I

don't really have any comments to make on the atti ­
tude controller .
White

As a matter of fact, I didn't ~se any Rate Command .

McDivitt

Didn't you really?

White

We didn't use the Rate Command .

I got to use

Direct a couple of times . I used Pulse a lot .
Everytime you 'd go to sleep, I ' d rea lly have a bal]
McDivitt

I could tell that by the wiggling.

White

No . That was real ly great--flying that spacecraft .

McDivitt

That ' s right, and I think Pulse is the mode .
ca.n do a lot with it .

You

With a little bit of planning

you could get to the attitude--if you start out 5
or 6 minutes ahead of time.
doing.

That's what we were

At 10 minutes before I was supposed to be

at a certain atti tude I ' d start, and one or two
little pulses and you'd--boop, boop, boop, boop-th€ bad thing was if you were in an attitude where
you couldn ' t see the horizon and didn ' t know where
you were.

You would give it a couple of pulses

and nothing would happen, and you ' d have to give
it a couple of more pulses.

It ' d t ake a long time

sometimes before you would get to where you could
see .

As a matter of fact, if at 5 minutes be fore

@i~FfDENTI>4ct

#### Page 17

11

we were supposed to be at a certain attitude we
weren't approaching it, I 'd start pulsing a little
harder.
White

You'd hear a series of about five quick pulses.

NcDivitt

It was a very economical control mode.
The ma.ne·,..;ver controller worked the way it was
supposed to.

White

What about the deadband?

Did you think the dead­

bands and breakouts were all satisfactory?
McDivitt

Yes, just like the one we used in the simulator.
You've got a lot of slop in it when you're making
gross maneuvers because you're not fixing your
elbow and manipulating around tmt point.

You're

fixing your shoulder and your whole arm, and
it's just like shoveling coal--you've got about
that much finesse to it .
much you can say about it.

I don't think there's
The controls weren't

too gross and they weren't too minor.
thing was adequate.

The whole

We did have an inflight mal­

function, or irregularity.

We were in Horizon

Scanner Mode one time and Fd wanted to yaw around.
He started to yaw and the thing rolled.

The

Horizon Scanner Mode fired the roll thrusters to
level it back off--

#### Page 18

12

White

I couldn ' t get the yaw .

We had a circui t breaker

off.
McDivitt

Finally , after you did that a couple of times I
looked up and saw we had knocked a circuit breaker
off.

That was one thing that we didn't cover in

EVA that I should have mentioned .

Ed was a real

hazar d to the switch positions in that he was all
over with his feet, arms , and hands - - .
White

I don't think I threw any though .
on now.

McDivi tt

Did I? Come

You ' re not guilty until you ' re convic ted .

I don ' t know .

You kept putting your foot on the

HF Reentry Antenna Switch and stepping on it .
Ha . Ha . Ha .
McDivitt

As for the a tt i tude control modes --I mentioned
the Rate Command in OAMS seemed to be tighter than
the Rate Command i n RCS , a l though t hey use the
same electroni cs, the same gyros , and the i,,rhole
thing .

It might ha.ve just been my imagination,

but I felt that the Rate Command system in RCS was
a lot looser than it was in OAMS .

The Reentry

Rate Command operated just the way it should .

It

had a 4 degree dea dband , and handled the spacecra ft
very well during reentry .

Direct had a lot more

a uthor ity than I thought it would, but it was

#### Page 19

~IDE►~llM.
pretty straightforward.

13

I think Pulse was the

best mode on the spacecraft for the orbit phase .
We were able to save all kinds of fuel, it worked
fine, and it was just about what the doctor ordered .
We didn't use the Horizon Scan Mode during about
the first three days of flight, except for the second
orbit when I think I \\18.S in Horizon Sca.n so that I
could have the freedom to help Ed prepare for his
EVA.

The last day we used the Horizon Sca.n Mode,

and I found it to be an excellent mode .

There was

only one case when it broke lock and didn ' t recover.
Wasn't that it, F.d.?
White

You've got it in the book .

McDiYitt

We've got in the book and we'll check on that .
The Ho~izon Scan Mode worked essentially for 24
hours without any problem ~and I think it' s an
excellent control mode,
economical on fuel .

It seemed to be very

We were doing a lot of

yawing around and right at sunrise a.nd sunset it
seemed to get a l ittle nervous , especially if we
had the horizon scanner pointed within about plus
or minus 45 degrees of the sun.
seem to affect it at all.

The moon didn ' t

I noticed that, occa­

sionally, we would ~et some thruster blips with the sun

n&Q·tslfiO EtslltAIA ·

#### Page 20

:i Ob JFIDE1'4 Tf,t(ilf r

14

pointed toward the hori zon scanner although we
never got an unlock light .

We wouldn ' t get an

unlock light , but we 'd ~et a bunch of maybe four
or five thruster blips right there.
White

Particularly at sunrise .

McDivitt

It would hold .

Whi te

It was definitely getting some spurious signals

I thought the Ho rizon Scan--

through but not enough to break it out all the way .
McDivitt

I thought the Horizon Scan Mode was an excel l ent
attitude-hold mode.

White

Did you notice the water boiler venting, Jim?

McDivitt

Yes, I did.

We kept yawing around to the left .

I believe it was left.

I did notice the fact

that we were yawing , but not very much .

We were

yawing a t rates that we r e extremely low and it just
took a pulse every once in a while to handle the
thing.

As a matter of fact, when we were chasing

the booster around a lot a t the beginning, I never
even noticed.

It was when we were i n the Pulse Con­

trol Mode for a period of time,when we didn ' t do much
thrusting in yaw, that I noticed
off in yaw .

we did start drifting

So I did notice the water boiler venting.

#### Page 21

15

•
White

I didn't think you noticed it earlier when we
were working.

McDivitt

Well, I did notice it a little bit in that first
orbit, but it wasn't distracting at all.

It would

just drift off a little bit and I'd whop it
it would be back .

and

At SEX:;0 + 30, I used the trans­

lation thrusters to damp the booster-spacecraft
rates .

One of them was a little higher than the

other, although they were both down in the order
of a half of a degree/second.

I did fire one

thruster one time or possibly two times to damp
the rate.

I don't know if it was pitch or yaw .

You know, you are working in spacecraft pitch and
booster yaw and spacecraft yaw and booster pitch.
I was getting my coordinate system transformed
around in my mind, going from booster coordinate
system to the spacecraft .

I don't remember

whether it was yaw or pitch, but I did thrust
once or twice.

By the way , I could hear those

thrusters fire.

At

SEC0 + 30 I said, "Thrusting, "

and I started thrusting.

"Separate" , and Fd

punched the SPACE.CRAFT SEPARATE.

We were in Direct

and I thrusted straight ahead for about 5 seconds.
Then I went back into Rate Command.

Separati on was

#### Page 22

16

just smooth--we didn ' t come off with a rotational
rate .
White

I think one of the things you mi ght commant on , Jim ,
is that you fired most of those thrusters during
that initial time .

McDivitt

I ' m sure I fired the upward-firing thrust ers a
number of times .

That isn ' t any more difficult

to control than t he other one .

Actually you can

fire these thrusters whether you are in Rate
Command, Direct or even in Puls e .

When you fire

them, you get a rate and you just damp t he rate
out with the a ttitude controller .

When you are

firing the translation thrusters , th0 things t hat
you r ea lly hear are not the trans lation thrusters,
but the attitude thrusters .

Those translation

thrusters are really tough to hear , but the a tti­
tude thrusters a re very easy to hear .
understand why.

I doh ' t

They must be mounted differently

because their location isn't that much different.
I think I fired the aft-firing thrust ers a couple
of times and they didn ' t make any more noise than
the f orward-firing thrusters, that I could tell .
The up and down and left and right ones were just
as easy to fire as t he other ones .

Our OAMS retro

#### Page 23

•

17

was 127 feet/second which, incidently, happened
to come out exactly 2 minutes and 40 seconds.

I

suspect that we selected OAMS retrofire on the basis
of time, rather than on the basis of t::,.V.
White

Very convenient , wasn't it?

McDivitt

Very convenient.

It -was obvious there is no more

difficulty in timing 2 minutes 40 seconds during
our OAMS retrofire than it is during any other
thing.

We had no trouble with it .

I was convinced

that when we got through with it, that was really
the proper conversion factor between t::,.V and

t::,. T.

We had exactly 127 feet/second, and we sure had
the time nailed down.
8.3

RCS
McDivitt

The operational checks that we did on the RCS
occurred at about TR minus an hour.

When I checked

the system out it seemed like I had a lot less
authority and a lot sloppier Rate Command than I
had in OAMS .

The operational check consisted of

pitching up and down , yawing left and right,
rolling lef+ and right on each ring in Rate Command
and Direct.

Direct worked as I expected it to.

In Rate Coremand, however, as I pitched up and down
I noticed that my top left yaw thrus ter was doing

#### Page 24

18

a lot of firing , too.

I started out checking the

Rate Command , so I thought I might possibly have
one bad pitch thruster that was causing a rolling
moment that was bei ng counteracted by the yaw-roll
jets.

When I did it in Direct, however , it wasn' t

doing that . It wasn't rolling either , so I felt
that it must just be a very tight deadband that
was trying to hold us in there .
checks were all right .

So , the operational

The only thing we had to

monitor on the system was the temperature and the
pressure of the propellant .

It seemed to hold

pretty well .
White

I have some comments on that.

I kept a running

log of them as we went along .

The tempera ture

started out at 75 degrees and 3000 pounds .

It held

that way pretty well until about the 65th hour , when
the temperature gradually went down.

The temperature

decreased to a point where we started getting the
RCS heater lights that we noted earlier.

We got

about eight series of RCS heater lights .

It took

about 5 minutes to extinguish the light .

It was

t he A-ring,then the B- ring, and then the A-ring.
I t s eemed to alternate each time back and forth and
it came on for about 15 to 20 minute periods of

#### Page 25

19

time .

It started right after a night cycle .

It

seemed rather natural to me that there wasn't
really something wrong, but that we actually had
a cold RCS thing out there and it did need some
heat .

After heat was applied it did appear to go

away.

I decided to go ahead and set up a slow roll

rate in the daytime, and I kept that roll rate in
for several orbits.

Whether this actually helped

to get the light off or not, I don 't know.

We

didn't get anymore lights after this time . I think
there ought to be one other comment on the RCS ,
and that is the temperatures and the pressures
stayed up pretty well except when we actuated the
system.

The pressures then went down further than

we had expected them to go .
2400 to 2500 p~i.

They went down to

This was a little lower than I

expected to see.
McDivitt

I think the pressures in the RCS A and B dropped
by about 100 pounds throughout the four-day period.
They were slightly over 3000 pounds and they got
down to slightly under 3000.

White

The lowest temperatures I noted were in the neigh­
borhood of about 63 to 64 degrees.
out at 75 degrees.

They started

#### Page 26

20

McDivitt

Let me ask you a question?

White

Yes.

McDivitt

When you turned on the RCS heaters , did you turn
on the heater s on both r ings , or did you turn on
the RCS Heater Swi tch and then turn off the cir cui t
breaker on the ot her ring?

White

I turned the heaters on and then I checked to see
which ring it was that was ac tually heat ing up by
using the circuit breakers .

The first time I went

ahead and left them on and then the other ring
came on .

I fel t that one of them was about as

cold as the other, so I left the heaters on both
rings throughout the heating cycles .
McDivitt

Good.

White

They were in perfect sequence--A and B, A and B,
and about 15 minutes apart .
surprising.

The regulari ty was

The temperatures at the time when

these lights came on were indicating about 63 or

64 degrees and it seemed like it would come up a
little bit, and then come right back down and pop
back on again.

I felt it was not an actual

temperature problem .
McDiv.itt

I used Rate Command, Reentry Rate Command and Pulse
c ontrol modes.

I didn ' t use Direct .

They a ll

#### Page 27

'-OtslF-tD-E~.l lA:L:;;.

21

operated as I thought they should.

I've already

mentioned I thought Rate Command was a little
sloppier in RCS than it was in OAMS .

It certainly

did a fine job of holding the retro attitude during
retrofire.

Retrofire attitude control was excellent.

We didn ' t deviate more than about a degree from
the attitude we were supposed to hold, and I had
plenty of authority there .

From my standpoint

it couldn ' t have been any better.
happy about it.

I was really

I used the Reentry Rate Command

with roll rate gyro off, so that I had essentially
Direct in roll and Reentry Rate Command in pitch
and yaw axes.

It had the typical 4 degree deadband

that it was supposed to have.
as it was supposed to.
it should.

It did do rate damping

It performed just the way

Fd, you want to cover that heater-lights

thing again?

I think you've already got that thing

pretty much in detail.
White

I have the precise times at which the lights came
on.

It started at about the 64th or 65th elapsed

time hour .
came on .

At 06:47, the first light, in the A-ring,
At 08:23 the A- ring light came on again .

That was the last time .

During that period of time

the A and the B-rings cycled on and off inter-

MWfiO,ftSl;QAJ•

#### Page 28

22

mittently .
McDivi t t

During descent , we turned the power off to see if
t he drogue chute was unstable . It wasn ' t .

We

turned the power back on and the propellant valves
of f and burned up a l l of t he fuel i n the manif olds .
We had no fumes after impact .

8.4 Environment a l Control ~ystem
McDivi tt

I thought the suit mobility was as good in the
s pacecraft as it is anywhere else .
sui ts a re pretty good suits .

I think these

I didn' t f i nd any

trouble with them whatsoever i~ the spacecraft
that I wasn ' t a lready awar e of .
up good .

The pressure held

I did a pressure check on the suit .

It

bled down about 0. 2 or 0 . 3 psi in about 30 s econds ,
which real l y wasn ' t too bad .
a lways good.

The temperature was

It ran between about 50 and 55

degr e es diring the entire flight except when we

I don ' t think it ever got up

really worked hard .
over 60 .

Do you , Ed?

White

No.

McDivitt

We had reasonably good temperature contro l .

Whit e

The ca bin temperature got up pretty high one time
and then it came back down .

McDivitt

Yes , on about the first orbit .
_ _ w , f _ . . , .....

I

'

#### Page 29

23

White

That's r ght .

It got up to about 90.

McDivitt

100, it was.

We turned the cabin heat exchanger

on for just a short time and it went right back on
down to 80 degrees.
White

It stayed in the area of 82 to 83 degrees the whole
flight.

McDivitt

The humidity in the suit must have been pretty dry
because rrry foot dried out.

I didn't take any wet­

bulb readings inside the suit.
zero all the time.

The CO stayed at
2

It never did go up except when

we'd go to o High Rate, when it would bound off
2
the top peg and fall back down again. The comfort
The o
2
demand regulator seemed to work all right . My

and suit controls were pretty reasonable.

umbilicals were short.
lousy.

My fingertip

lights were

Before _launch I only had one that worked.

On rrry right-hand glove one of the bulbs obviously
didn't work.

One of them did work.

On rrry left­

hand glove the switch on the batteries would only
turn the lights on if it was in one exact position,
vh.ich wasn't full throw in either direction.

So I

found out I had only one fingertip light that
worked.

However, during the flight I didn't use

my' fingertip lights except one time when I used ·

#### Page 30

24

them for a flashlight. I had my gl oves off and I
reached over and got my gloves and turned the
fingertip lights on and shined the gloves on some­
thing .

I didn't use them a lot .

I do want to

comment on one thing , though , since we ' re talking
about the suits here .

I launched without the plug

that goes in the blood pressure port in the suit .
I don ' t feel we should launch these things with
no plug to plug up the blood pressure port in the
suit , especially when we ' re going EVA .
that was a mistake .

I think

The only pressure points I had

in the suit were in the helmet .

Those were just

above my ears where I tended to move my head back
and forth within the helmet.

I finally rubbed up

a ll the hair so that it was going in the wrong
direction .

When you press against hair for a long

time in the wrong direction it becomes very uncom­
forta ble.

At about the end of 2 3/4 days I took

my helmet off for a couple of hours, and it felt a
lot better.

The only problem is that when you have

your helmet off there is no place to stow it.

We

had the foot wells full of gear , so when I had the
he lmet off I just let it float around on my lap ,
and over in Ed' s l ap .

There wasn ' t any place to

#### Page 31

25

put it.

The micro-meteroid blanket that I had

strapped under my right leg wasn't a detriment.
As a matter of fact since we had no place to stow
it , I just left it strapped to my leg until reentry.
Then, I felt that if we had to get out in the water

(Text continues in the original file: 290 pages.)

## NASA-UAP-D018 — Gemini 4 Experiment Debriefing, 1967

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D018
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D018
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: June 3-7, 1965
- Location: Low Earth Orbit
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out the bright particles were just the 1965 mission's overdue paperwork sparkling.

- NASA-UAP-D018, Gemini 4 Experiment Debriefing, NASA, 1967, covering June 3‑7 1965 Low‑Earth‑Orbit mission
- Astronauts reported bright particles outside the spacecraft; transcript appears on pages 78‑81 and 101
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Gemini IV was the second crewed mission of the Gemini series. Astronauts James McDivitt and Edward White successfully completed the four-day flight between June 3 and June 7, 1965. The mission included the first American spacewalk. This collection of documents contains a transcription of the astronauts recounting their observations of bright particles outside the spacecraft, dated circa June 25, 1967, on pages 78-81, and page 101.

### Full text

#### Page 1

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATlo-1
ROUTING SLIP
Action

MAIL CODE

NAME

Approval

Call Me
Concurrence

file
Information

Investigate and Advise
____.l ,Nmote and Forward

Note and R_e_hl_rn___
_
,P •;;, -;R;:e::q::-u•=s�I::::.::_ ___

_ __jL
Per Teleph one Conversation
_

I

R..e,.c,ommendation
_ __J__:
_
See·Me
Signature
Circulate and DesIroy

(fL J
1

'I,

h'.C.9--

�

TEL. NO · (or ,ode) & EXT.

NASA FORM 26

APR 69 PREVIOUS EDITIONS MAY BE USED

#### Page 2

Mission Operation Report
No. M-913-65-04
MEMORANDUM

June 1, 1965

To

A/Administrator

From

M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight

Subject:

Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) Additional Flight Activities

Subsequent to the preparation of the GT-4 Mission Operation Report several
new procedures and items of equipment have progressed to a stage of flight
readiness. Consequently, three significant additional flight activities are
now possible and have been included in the mission. These activities are:
extra vehicular activities (EVA); extra vehicular propulsion; and demonstration
of rendezvous with the booster second stage. Additional details of these
flight plan activities are provided in the attached supplement to the basic
report.

Enclosure:
MOR No. 913-65-04
Change 1

FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

#### Page 3

M-913-65-04
ADDITIONAL GT-4 FLIGHT PLAN ACTIVITIES
Three additional special engineering and operational objectives are now
planned for the first four orbits of the GT-4 Mission:
1.

Demonstration of extravehicular activities (EVA) using a 25 foot
umbilical. Potential future application includes crew transfer, in­
flight repair, and inspection of orbiting objects.

2.

Demonstration of extravehicular maneuvering using a simple, one­
man propulsion unit. This device could be used with or without
a spacecraft tether on future missions.

3.

Demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. This
activity wilI provide valuable early information and maneuvering
procedures necessary to rendezvous with a target vehicle. Flashing
lights identical to those designed for the Gemini/Agena Vehicle
have been instaIled on the booster second stage for this test.

The Flight Plan sequence involves post-launch separation from the launch
vehicle, then maneuvering to stop the spacecraft separation velocity. The
first two orbits wilI be flown with the spacecraft at distances less than one
quarter of a mile from the launch vehicle.
Nighttime separation will be
sufficient to prevent the flashing lights from disturbing the pilot's visual dark
adaptation. The first orbit will be occupied with operational checks of the
spacecraft guidance, maneuvering, and environmental control systems. The
pilots will utilize the second orbit to prepare for the extravehicular activity.
This procedure involves unstowing and assembling a 25-foot umbilical, the
emergency oxygen pack, a maneuvering unit, and the cameras. Over Hawaii,
at daybreak, near the end of the second orbit, the cabin will be depressurized
and Jim McDivitt will maneuver to within close proximity of the booster. At
this point, the right hatch will be opened and Ed White will climb out and
hold on the right forward portion of the spacecraft untiI McDivitt gives him a
release command. Upon command, White wiII push off slowly and reorient
himself with the hand-held maneuvering unit to face the booster. A 35-mm still
camera (Zeiss-Contarex) mounted on the maneuvering unit will be used to photo­
graph the booster and spacecraft with various earth/sky backgrounds. After
testing his ability to maneuver in a zero gravity environment, White will
maneuver back toward the spacecraft and ingress. The total time separated
from the spacecraft will be approximately 10 minutes. He will be inside
with the cabin repressurized by the time the spacecraft posses over Ascension
Island on the start of the third orbit.
Shortly ofter passing Ascension, McDivitt wilI maneuver ahead of the booster
with 5 feet per second separation velocity. Because this maneuver places the
spacecraft in a higher altitude and longer period orbit than the booster, it will
rise above and fall behind the booster. One orbit later, the spacecraft

6/1/65

Page 1

#### Page 4

M-913-65-04
will trail 16 miles behind the booster. At this point, a spacecraft retardation
maneuver of 13 feet per second will initiate the visual rendezvous sequence.
The spacecraft will approach the booster from behind and below. Because of
unknown variation in the atmospheric density and drag of the slowly tumbling
booster, the exact approach trajectory cannot be predicted. The flight crew
will measure elevation angles of the booster and wil I initiate rendezvous
maneuvers when the booster is approximately 45 degrees elevation angle a bove
the spacecraft. By observing the movement of the booster with respect to the
star background and with respect to the spacecraft inertia l platform display , the
crew can determine the proper lateral maneuver to null the lateral component
of velocity thereby resulting in a spacecraft velocity vector which is directly
toward the booster. After removing the lateral velocity difference, the pilot
will apply a series of breaking maneuvers with the forward firing thrusters to
reduce the closing velocity. The flight crew will measure with onboard
instruments the total maneuvering velocity required for the rendezvous procedure.
The spacecraft should be back in close proximity of the launch vehicle over
the Northeast coast of South America at the beginning of the fifth orbit.
After the rendezvous operation is complete, the spacecraft will again separate
from the booster - this time using a maneuver which will place the Gemini
spacecraft on an orbit with a predicted lifetime of four days.
The EVA suit is the new G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used so
successfully by the GT-3 flight crew. The G4C suit has the following new
features:
a.

Helmet - incorporation of triple lens shield (visors) for visual, thermal,
impact, and micrometeorite protection.

b.

Torso 1.
2.
3.
4.

Change to Nomex (HT-1) 11 Linknet 11 in restraint layer for increased
structure I strength.
Incorporation of strain relief zipper in sealing closure.
Incorporation of redesigned ventilation inlet and outlet fittings with
automatic locking and redundant sealing features.
Replace Nomex (HT-1) coverlayer with integrated thermal and
mi crometeori ty cover layer.

c.

Gloves - Incorporate new design with increased mobility, abrasion
resistance and thermal protection.

d.

Bio-connector - Self-alighment, pin protective design.

6/1/65

Page 2

#### Page 5

M-913-65-04

Figure 1 depicts the
principal physical
differences between
the old G3C suit
and the new EVA
G4C suit. Figure
2 shows that with
one visor down on
the new G4C helmet,
there is practi ca I ly
no attenutation of
Ii ght entering, whereas
Figure 3 shows that
with two of the visors
down there is a
noticeable difference
in the amount of
light that enters the
astronaut's eyes.
With the third visor
down, there would
be a similar decrease
in the amount of
I ight al lowed to enter
the helmet.
The multivarious layers
of materials used in
the EVA G4C suits
are delineated in
Figure 4. It should
be noted that the old
G3C suit consisted
only of the pressure
and restraint layers
of Figure 4 with the
HT -1 nylon outer
protective layer.

FIG.

G-4C
OVER VISOR
SPACE

HELMET

The EVA spacesuit
has received the
following qualifi­
cation tests:

6/1/65

Page 3

#### Page 6

•

M-913-65-04

G-4C
OVERVISOR
SPACE

HELMET

FIG. 3

G-4C EXTRAVEHICULAR SUIT

HH NYLON OUITR

~6~~ T~~~~~} ~~~;:)
USE: WEAR AND

THERMAL AND
MICROMETEOROID
LAYERS

PRESSURE AND
RESTRAINT
LAYERS

SOLAR REFLECTANCE

COTTON CONSTANT "[AR

~Ng~~;:r~~m
OXFORD NYLOt-i
COf.JORT LAY.R

11 oz,vo 2 swu

PRCSSURE LAYER

_ _ _ _ NEOPRE~E COATEO NYLON
11-1·2ozvo21

r----7 LAYERS ALUMIN IZEO
MYLAR SEPARATED BY

RESTRAINT lAVlR
UM( NH DACRON
Al.;Q HflO~
u-J 4 oz vo 21

7 LAYCAS UNWOVEN
DACRON SPACERS

HH NYLON INNER MICROr,,'tn OROID
STOPPER LAYERS
!EACH 6. 8 OZ/YD 2 WH IT[ I US E: WEAR

ANO MICR0~,1£TEO ROI D PRO TE CT ION

FIG. 4

6/1/65

Page 4

#### Page 7

M-913-65-04
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

Leakage
Proof pressure
02 compatibility
Ejection envelope
Cold temperature
Rapid decompression
Life cycling
Visor testing

Should the 25-foot long tether fail in some manner, the pilot will be carrying
a chestpack that has been compatibility qualified with the G4C suit and con­
sists principally of an emergency oxygen bottle with automatic valving.
It should be emphasized that both the primary and backup flight crews have
undergone 40 minutes cabin depressurization with the hatches open at a
simulated altitude of 150,000 feet in the chambers at McDonnell, St. Louis
during which time they practiced opening and closing the hatches, taking
pictures, and other actions that will take place during EVA.
The extravehicular maneuvering will be accomplished using a zero g Integral
Propulsion (ZIP) Unit as shown in Figure 5. This device is handheld and
accomplishes propulsion by jetting oxygen out through a single forward firing
nozzle and two aft firing nozzles as selected and aimed by the operator. It
includes a camera mounted for convenient extravehicular photography.

FIG. 5

6/1/65

Page 5

#### Page 8

Mission Operation Report
No. M-913-65-04
MEMORANDUM

May 24, 1965

To

A/Administrator

From

M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight

Subject:

Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4)

GT-4, the fourth in a series of twelve planned Gemini flights is scheduled to
be launched from Complex 19 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on or after
3 June 1965. This wi 11 be the second manned Gemini mission and the longest
ever attempted by a two-man crew. The purpose of the mission is to further
demonstrate manned space flight for a period of four days.
The nominal launch time is 10 a.m. EDT (1400 GMT). The space vehicle is
to be launched on an azimuth of 72 degrees and the spacecraft wi 11 be inserted
into an initial orbit of 87-161 N.M. at an orbital inclination of 32.5 degrees.
The 62 revolution mission will have a duration of approximately 97 hours and 50
minutes. The primary and backup flight crews are of the "new generation, 11 being
members of the second group of astronauts. James A. McDivitt will be the
command pilot and Edward H. White, II will be the pilot. Because the duration
of the flight is one of the most significant aspects of their mission, the postflight activities will involve expanded medical evaluation as compared with
previous missions, including at least 24 hours aboard the recovery aircraft carrier,
the USS WASP.
After conducting various orbital maneuvers and the thirteen experiments during the
four-day mission, the spacecraft wi 11 reenter and touchdown approximately 400
miles southwest of Bermuda for a water landing and carrier retrieval.

Enclosure
MOR Noo M-913-65-04

FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

#### Page 10

FOREWORD

MISSION OPERATION REPORTS are published expressly for the
use of NASA General Management as required by the Administra­
tor in NASA Instruction 6-2-10 dated August 15, 1963 . The pur­
pose of these reports is to provide NASA General Management with
timely, complete and definitive information on flight mission plans
and results from launchings with Scout class or larger vehicles.
Initial reports are to be prepared and issued for each flight project
just prior to launch. Following launch, updating reports for each
mission will be issued to keep General Management currently in­
formed as provided in NASA Instruction 6-2-10.
Distribution of these reports has been specifically directed by Gen­
eral Management and they are not available for additiona l or general
distribution . The Office of Pub Iic Affairs pub Iishes a comprehensive
series of pre-launch and post-launch reports on NASA flight missions
which are available for general distribution.

Pub Iishec and Distributed
by
OFFICE OF PROGRAM REPORTS
OFFICE OF PROGRAMMING
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Washington, D. C. 20546

#### Page 11

M-913-65-04
GENERAL
Rtndczvous guidance
& recovery system _ _ __

_,

11 Ft

8 Ft

Separation point
Oxidizer tank
•Equipment bay

27 Ft

Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) is the second
manned orbital flight in the Gemini Program and
the fourth flight in a series of twelve planned to
develop long-duration and rendezvous capability,
docking techniques, extra-vehicular activities,
and controlled reentry. The first three Gemini
flights demonstrated: orbital insertion capability;
spacecraft structural integrity; and spacecraft
systems performance and crew accommodation
qualities, respectively. This GT-4 mission is
intended to further demonstrate manned space
flight for a period of four days, the longest
ever flown by two astronauts. The space vehicle
is depicted in Figure 1.

Stage 11 engine
thrust chamber

MISSION OBJECTIVES
108 Ft

10 Ft

Oxidizer
tank

Stage I engine
g1mbal point

•Equipment bay contains:
• Batteries·
• Malfunction detection system IMOSI units
• Range safety command control system
• Programmer
• Three-axis reference system !TARSI
• Radio guidance system IRGSI
• Autopilot
• Instrumentation and telemetry system

FIG.

5/24/65

PRIMARY
•
Demonstrate and evaluate the performance of
the Gemini spacecraft systems for a period
exceeding four days.
•
Evaluate the effects of prolonged exposure
to the space environment on the two-man
flight crew in preparation for missions of
longer duration.
SECONDARY
•
Demonstrate OAMS capability to perform retro fire
backup.
•
Demonstrate the capability of the spacecraft and
flight crew to make significant in-plane and
out-of-plane maneuvers.
Conduct further evaluation of spacecraft
•
systems as outlined below:
1 . Structure and thermo I protection
2. Environmental Control Systems (ECS)
3. Crew stations
4. Guidance and Control System
5. Orbital Attitude and Maneuver System
(OAMS)
Execute the fol Iowing experiments:
• D-1, Basic Object Photography
• D-6, Surface Photography
• D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft
• D-9, Simple Navigation
• M-3, In-Flight Exercises
• M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram
• M-6, Bone Demineralization
• MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge
Page 1
•

#### Page 12

M-913-65-04
•
•
•
•
•

MSC-2, Proton Electron Spectrometer
MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer
MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's Limb Photos
S-5, Synoptic Terrain Photography
S-6, Synoptic Weather Photography
UNUSUAL TASKS OF THIS MISSION

One of the interesting tasks of this mission is the duration of the flight. It
will be the longest ever to be conducted by a two-man crew . Another highly
interesting item is that control of the mission for the first time wil I be from the
Mission Control Center (MCC) Houston. Some elements of the Mission Control
Center at Cape Kennedy and the GSFC computing facility will be standing by as
a backup during the launch phase. The computing facilities at GSFC will also be
used as a backup to MCC-Houston during the orbital phase. Flight controllers will
man the MCC in three shifts to give complete round-the-clock coverage of the four­
day mission. Crew control of reentry will be ac~omplished by tracking the roll
needle rather than nulling the down-range and cross-range needles as on GT-3.
The experiments will, of course, contribute much information for the scientific
and medical communities. The G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used on
GT-3 has the fol lowing new featu res: a triple overvisor, a redundant pressure
closure seal (zipper), and thermal and meteoroid protection integrated in the
outer cover layer. Abort procedures to be utilized by the astronauts in the
unlikely event it becomes necessary for them to terminate. a mission before orbital
insertion are different from those used in the Mercury program . In that program,
the fireball that would have been created had a conflagration occurred on the pad,
would have been large enough to
ABORT PROCEDURES
engulf an ejecting astronaut, so
MOOE I - EJECT AfTEll SHUTDOWN
it was necessary to add an escape
MOOE ll - SALVO RETROS AFTER SHUTDOWN
rocket to Iift the entire spacecraft
MODE ID - SHUTDOWN, SE PARATE, TURN AROUND,
RETROFIRE
free of the area. The GLV, on
the other hand, uses self-igniting
fuels which, upon mixing, create a
fi reba II sma II enough so that the
astronauts can eject from the
spacecraft in much the same man­
ner as is done in today's high
performance jet aircraft. This
is called the Mode I abort pro­
OEIAYEO
MOOE
cedure. The three abort modes
n
(WA IT 5
SECS )
are more fully defined by the
altitude and elapsed time-after­
15,000FT. _ _ _ _ __.__ _ _~--'<-+--~launch parameters depicted on
Figure 2.

-□~

FIG . 2
5/24/65

Page 2

' ~'

MOOE

I

50
SECONDS

SEA LEVEL- - - - - - - - - - - ' ' - -- - L - - ' - -

#### Page 13

M-931-65-04
LAUNCH VEHICLE DESCRIPTION
The Gemini Launch Vehicle (GLV) has been modified by man-roting an Air Force
Titan II missile. The GLV has two stages, the first 71 feet long and the second 18
feet long; both stages have a diameter of 10 feet. The gross loaded weight of the
two stages is 337,521 pounds and they both burn storable hypergolic (self-igniting
upon mixture) propellants. First stage thrust is approximately 430,000 pounds at sea
level. Second stage thrust is approximately 100,000 pounds. The various systems of
the GLV have been detailed in previous Gemini MOR 1 s and what follows is additional
information concerning modifications made to GLV-4. The fuel dampener and oxidizer
standpipe used to suppress longitudinal oscillations have been redesigned. Butt welding
vice lapped joints have been utilized on the fuel tank conduits to eliminate minute
cracks. Malfunction Detection System circuitry has been redesigned to provide separate
indications of the subassembly thrust level and additional insulation has been applied to
provide increased fire protection. Sixteen T/M readout points have been removed
from the GLV because they are no longer required and one range safety circuit has
been added to the destruct system interlocking AGE and the GLV motor driven switch
control. This circuit will prevent switch cycling in the event that both set and reset
signals are inadvertently applied during checkout.
TABLE I
PROJECT COST
(In Millions)
FY 62

FY 63

FY 64

FY 65

FY 66

FY 67

Total

Spacecraft

30.3

205. 1

280.5

165.3

122.7

19. 1

823.0

Launch Vehicle

24.4

79. 1

122.7

115.4

88.6

8.5

438.7

1

4.9

15. 7

27.7

30.8

13.0

92.2

54.8

289. 1

418.9

308.4

242. 1

40.6

1353.9

Operational
Support
Total RD & 0

0

This level of funding will provide for twelve Gemini Launch Vehicles, twelve space­
craft, seven Agena Target Vehicles, six Atlas booster missiles and the operational costs
of flight testing and the associated Ground Support Equipment.
SPACECRAFT
The spacecraft is 18. 75 feet long and its two sections, a reentry module and an adapter
section will weigh 7799 lbs. fully loaded with the astronauts onboard. The configuration
will be the same as was flown on GT-3 except for the following: minor changes have
been made to switch positions and nomenclature, three additional (total of six) adapter

5/24/65

Page 3

#### Page 14

M-913-65-04
batteries will be required, radial thrusting TCA's and burst diaphragms in the 11 811
package that were removed for GT-3 are both installed on GT-4, and will act
through the Spacecraft Centers of Gravity. An HF antenna has been added to the
adapter section for orbital use and the HF transciever there has been removed.
The C-band phase shifter now has its own inverter, the recovery flashing light
can now be turned off during day I ight hours, the HF antenna on the cabin section
has been redesigned, and the adapter $-band transponder in the adapter section has
been replaced with a C-band transponder which will have a different pulse spacing
from the one in the spacecraft. In the GT-4 mission S/C, urine wi 11 be dumped
directly overboard from the urine bellows through a shut-off and selector valve, a
solenoid valve and a heated line. Redundancy is provided by the capability to
dump urine through the launch cooling heat exchanger (water boiler}. The main
chute disconnect cartridge has been changed from a 22-second time delay to a
zero second delay and new long-life attitude thrusters have been installed.
EXPERIMENTS
The 13 experiments are depicted and described on the following pages:
1. D-1, Basic Object Photography
In conducting this experiment, the as­ D-1 BASIC OBJECT
tronauts will employ elaborate photo­
PHOTOGRAPHY
optical equipment to investigate the
technical problems associated with
observing, evaluating, and photo­
graphing objects in space. These
objects include the 2nd stage of
the launch vehicle and natural
celestial bodies such as the moon.
Data from this experiment will be
used to evaluate the astronauts'
ability to view and track objects,
and to maintain object-camera
orientation by maneuvering the
spacecraft. Equipment which wi 11
be used is illustrated in Figure 3.
FIG. 3

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Page 4

#### Page 15

M-913-65-04
2. D-6, Surface Photography
This experiment wi 11 investigate
the technical problems associated
with an astronaut's ability to
acquire, track, and photograph
terrestrial objects from a space­
craft with more elaborate photo­
opti ca I equipment than that used
previously. The astronaut will
photograph selected series of
objects during day-side and
night-side intervals of the flight
using specified Iens-fi Im combi­
nations. The resulting data wi 11
be used to eva Iuate the astronaut's
ability to maintain object-camera
orientation by maneuvering the
spacecraft. Figure 4 shows the
camera mount installed on the
spacecraft window.

0-6 SURFACE PHOTOGRAPHY

FIG. 4

3. D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft
Data from this experiment will be
used to supplement external radi­
ation measurements in studying
the dose levels within the space­
craft resulting from passes through
regions of varying radiation
intensity. Two tissue-equivalent,
current-mode ionization chambers
wi 11 be used to measure the
variation of absorbed dose-rate
inside the spacecraft. Five
small packets containing radia­
tion detection and measurement
devices will be placed at
various locations in the cabin
to ascertain their suitability as
convenient dosimeters of space
radiation and measure total
accumulated dose. Figure 5 shows
some of the equipment to be used
for this experiment.

5/24/65

D-8 RADIATION IN SPACECRAFT
(PORTABLE UNIT)

FIG. 5

Page 5

#### Page 16

M-913-65-04
4. D-9, Simple Navigation
This experiment is designed to
develop and test navigation pro­
cedures which employ a simple
stadimetric device and a sextant
to make sightings and measurements
in space using the horizon and
stars as references. Data from
sightings wi 11 be used in compu­
tations to determine orbital
parameters. These results wi 11
be compared with actual
parameters to determine the
accuracy of the procedures.
The hand held sextant to be used
is shown in Figure 6.

0-9 SIMPLE NAVIGATION

HAND HELD SPACE SEXTANT

MG5-8097

FIG. 6

5. M-3, In-Flight Exerciser
The purpose of this experiment is
to assess the astronauts' capacity
to perform physi ca I work under
spacecraft conditions. Monitored
exercise wil I be performed by the
astronauts prior to the flight to
establish control data. l·s otonic
exercises employing a bungee
cord and involving the arms and
legs wi 11 be taken prior to and
a.fter exercising. Pulse rate wil I
be monitored continuously. The
inflight data obtained wil I be
compared with the control data
to determine the· capacity for
work in space. Figure 7 shows
the manner in which this exercise
wi 11 be performed.

5/24/65

M-3 IN-FLIGHT
EXERCISER

FIG. 7

Page 6

#### Page 17

M-913-65-04

6. M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram
The purpose of this experiment is
to measure the fatigue-stage of an
astronaut's heart muscle during a
long-duration flight. A microphone
wi ll be applied to an astronaut's
chest wal I at the cardiac apex.
Heart sounds detected during the
flight will be recorded on an on­
board biomedical recorder. The
sound trace wi 11 be compared to
the waveform obtained from a
simultaneous infl ight electro­
cardiogram to determine the time
interval between electrical
activation of the heart muscle
and the onset of ventricular
systrole. Figure 8 illustrates the
method of installation of the phono­
cardiogram transducer.

7. M-6, Bone Demineralization
The purpose of this experiment
is to establish the occurrence
and degree of bone demi nera Ii­
zati on resulting from prolonged
weightlessness during spaceflight.
Spec ia I X-rays wi 11 be ta ken of
an astronaut's heel bone and the
terminal bone of the fifth digit
of the right hand. Three pre­
flight and three postflight
exposures wi 11 be taken of these
two bones and compared to
determine if any bone deminerali­
zation has occurred due to the
space flight. Figure 9 i 11 ustrates
the laboratory procedure which will
be used for this experiment.

M-4 IN-FLIGHT
PHONOCARDIOGRAM

PROTOTYPE PHONOCARDIOGRAM
TRANSDUCER AND
SIGNAL CONDITIONER

FIG . 8

GEMINI EXPERIMENT NO. M·&

BONE DEMINERALIZATION
PURPOSE

ESTABLISH DEGREE
OF BONE
DETERIORATION

EQUIPMENT STANDARD X-RAY
WEIGHT

N/ A VOLUME N/ A

PROCEDURE

PRE AND POST
FLIGHT x-RAY

LOCATION

N/ A

"

i

'

MG4-1886

FIG. 9

5/24/65

Page 7

#### Page 18

M-913-65-04
8. MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge
Before rendezvous missions are
attempted, an investigation
must be made of the possibility
of inadvertent ignition of
pyrotechnics and other detrimenta I effects due to discharge
of electrostatic charge potentials
during rendezvous. In this
experiment, an electrostatic­
potential meter, which protrudes
through the wa 11 of the spacecraft adapter assembly, wi 11 be
used to detect and measure any
accumulated electrostatic charge
that may be created on the
surface of the spacecraft by
ionization from engine exhaust.
This do ta wi 11 be a no Iyzed to
determine if the charge is adequate
to create a rendezvous hazard. Fig­
ure 10 shows the detector instal lotion.

MSC-2, Proton Electron
Spectrometer
This experiment is designed to
measure the quantity and energy
of protons and electrons present
immediately exterior to the
orbiting spacecraft. This wil I be
accomplished by means of a
scintillating-crystal, charged­
particle analyzer mounted on
the adapter assembly of the
spacecraft. Data from this
experiment wil I be used to
correlate radiation measurements made inside the space­
craft and to predict radiation
levels on future space missions.
The proton electron spectrometer
instal lotion is shown in Figure 11 .

MSC-1
ELECTROSTATIC
CHARGE

FIG. 10

9.

5/24/65

MSC-2
PROTON
ELECTRON
SPECTROMETER

FIG. 11

Page 8

#### Page 19

M-913-65-04

10. MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer
In this experiment, the
direction and magnitude
of the earth's magnetic
field with respect to the
spacecraft will be measured.
A tri-axis fluxgate magnetometer, mounted in the adapter
assembly of the spacecraft wi 11
be used. The equipment instal lo­
tion is shown in Figure 12.

MSC-3 TRI-AXIS
MAGNETOMETER

FIG. 12

-

11. MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's
Limb Photos
The astronaut wil I obtain photo­
graphs of the earth's limb using
a hand-held camera, black and
white film, and a special filter
mosaic which will allow each
picture to be taken partly
through a red filter and partly
through a blue filter. After
the flight, the negative will
be subjected to careful measure­
ments, and the resulting data
will be used in statistical
analyses to evaluate the limb
radiance. These studies will
be used to determine if the
sun-lit earth's limit can be
reliably observed in the short­
visible or near-ultraviolet spectral
region. The camera to be used for
this experiment is shown in Figure 13.

5/24/65

MSC-10 TWO-COLOR
EARTH'S LIMB PHOTOS

MG5·8105

FIG. 13

Page 9

#### Page 20

M-913-65-04

12. S-5, Synoptic Terrain
Photography
The objective of this experi­
ment is to obtain high quality
photographs of selected parts
of the earth's surface. The
spa1.,c:craft will be manually
oriented from an orbit mode
attitude to a moderately high
camera depression angle attitude.
After a series of photographs
has been taken, the spacecraft
will be reoriented to the orbit
mode attitude. Four spacecraft
orientation maneuvers will be
required during which approxi­
mately 40 pictures will be
taken over areas of the
United States. Figure 14 shows
one of the photos taken by Gordon
Cooper which is similar to the
terrain photographs planned .

13. S-6, Synoptic Weather
Photography
The objective of this experi­
ment is to learn more about
the earth's weather systems by
obtaining high quality photo­
graphs of selected cloud for­
mations. As in experiment
S-5, the spacecraft will be
oriented from an orbit mode
attitude to a moderately high
camera depression angle attitude.
After a series of photographs
has been taken, the spacecraft
wi 11 be reoriented to the orbit
mode attitude. Approximately
10 orientation maneuvers will
be required during which
approximately 40 pictures will
be taken. The photograph shown
in Figure 15 taken by Gordon
Cooper is similar to those planned
on this flight.

5/24/65

GEMINI DPEltllfNT NO. S.5

SYNOPTIC TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY

PURPOSE

OITAIN HIGH QUALITY PHOTOGIAPHS
Of THI EARTH'SSUlfACf

EQUIPMENT 70MM CAMERA AND fllM
WEIGHT I LI.

VOlUMI 0.036 CU. n.

PROCEDURE POSITION sm1mn, TAIi
PICTURES

LOCATION

,.,.

PRISSURIZID CAIIN

.:t

PMOTOGUIH Of THI HIIAlAUS IN THI NIDIA, IIIPAl, 11111 IOROII AHA, THIN IT ASTRONAUT
l. GOIDON C00,11, JI., DUIING HIS 22-01111 IA-f IIISSION.

MC4· 1768

FIG. 14

GOIN OPIIIIINT NO. S-6

SYNOPTIC WEATHER PHOTOGRAPHY
PURPOSE

OITAIN HIGH QUALITY aoue
PHOTOGIAPHS

EQUIPMENT 10 11 CAMDA Me ,u

WEIGHT

I LI. YOlUMl

0.036 cu. n.

PROCEDURE POSITION SPACKWT Me TAIi
PNOTOGIAPIIS

lOCATION PIISSUIIZED WIN
PIIOIOGUPH Of ClOUDS AND lffl IUIIIA 11S1 COAi!. WIST Of UNOOII. TWI 1Y
ASIIOIIAUI l. IOIDOII COOPII, ll, DU- HIS 22-11 IA•t IIISSIOII.

MC4· I767

FIG. 15

Page 10

#### Page 21

M-913-65-04
ASTRONAUTS
The Command Pilot for the GT-4 mission will be James A. McDivitt and the Pilot
will be Edward H. White, II. The backup flight crew will consist of Frank Borman
as Command Pilot and James A. Lovell, Jr., as Pilot. Their pictures and biographies
follow:

FIG.

16

FIG.

(Text continues in the original file: 224 pages.)

## NASA-UAP-D019 — Gemini 5 Technical Debriefing, Part I, 1965

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D019
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D019
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: August 2 - September 2, 1965
- Location: Cape Kennedy, Florida
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only thing fogged faster than the windows was the debrief schedule.

- NASA-UAP-D019, Gemini 5 debrief, NASA, Aug 30–Sep 2 1965, Crew Quarters, Cape Kennedy, FL.
- Crew recount mission procedures, sounds, vibrations, visual observations, system performance, fogged windows.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a preliminary transcript (Part I) derived from voice recordings of the Gemini 5 flight crew technical debriefing. NASA conducted this debriefing between August 30, 1965, and September 2, 1965, at the Crew Quarters, Cape Kennedy, Florida.

### Full text

#### Page 1

. -

,.

19

Y authtrity of E. c 1 1 G
hanged by C4?1 • 'o <<=­

/

GEMINI V

TECHNICAL DEBRIEFING (U)
Part 1

NOTICE: This document may be exempt from
public disclosure under the Freedom of lnfor•
mation Act (5 U.S.C. 552). Requests for its re­
lease to persons outside the U.S. Government
should be handled under the provisions of
NASA Policy Directive 1382.2.

THIS MAT E RIAL CONTAINS INF'ORM.ATION AFl"IECTING
THE NATIONAL OEFENSE OF THE
UN I TEO STATES
WITHIN THE MEANING OF' TH£ £8P'IONAGIE LAW 5 ,.
TITLE 11. U . S.C, SE CTION 793 ANO 794 . T HE TRANS­
M I SSION OR REVELAT I O N Of' WH IC H IN AN Y MANNER
TO AN UNA UTH ORIZED PERSON IS PR OHIB ITE D av L AW.

GROUP 4
OOWNCiftAOEO AT ) V EA R I NTFRVALS,
OECL ASSI F'IEO AFTER 12 VE ARS

t
" 6 () t JF18Er4TI;\ b

#### Page 2

PRELIMINARY
GT- 5 FLIGHT CREW DEBRIEFING TRANSCRIPT
PART I

Prepared By
Spacecraft Operations Branch
Flight Crew Support Division
September 1 , 1965

This material contains informati on affecting the
national defense of the United States within the
meaning of the Espionage Laws , Ti tle 18. U. S. C.
Section 793 and 794, the transmission or revela­
tion of which in any manner to an unauthorized
person is prohibited by law.
Gr oup 4 :

Downgrade at 3 year intervals
Declassified after 12 years

#### Page 3

PREFACE
This preliminary transcript was made from voice tape recordings
of the GT-5 flight crew debriefing conducted August 30, 1965 thru
September 1, 1965 at the Crew Quarters, Cape Kennedy , Florida.
Although all the material contained in this transcript has been
edited, the urgent need for the preliminary transcript by mission
analysis personnel precluded a thorough editorial review prior to its
publication.

Errors in this transcript will be corrected as soon as

possible and an official transcript will be published at a later date .
This document contains a transcript of the first part of the
debriefing, during which the crew described the mission generally
from an operational viewpoint .

A preliminary transcript of the re­

mainder of the debriefing will be published by September 3, 1965.

It

will cover systems operations , operational checks, visual sightings,
experiments , pre-mission planning, mission control , and training.

a

i eJ~FIDff:!TIAL

#### Page 4

CONFIDENTIAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraph Page Number
1.0 COUNTDOWN
1.1 CrewInsertion.
1.2 Communications.
1.3 Crew Participation and Countdown. . .1
1.4 Comfort. . . .1
1.5 Environmental Control System . . .2
1.6 Sounds 2
1.7 Vibrations . . 2
1.8 Visual M
1.9 Crew Station Controls and Displays 4
2.0 POWERED FLIGHT
2.1 Lift-Off Cues. 6
2.2 Roll Program 7
2.3 Pitch Program ...
2.4 Aerodynamics.
2.5 Environmental Control System.
2.6 Maximum q . .
2.7 Windshear
2.8 DCS Update. . .
2.9 Engine 1 Operation. ..
2.10 POGO. o
2.11 Engine 2 Status . . 12
2.12 Acceleration g's ... 12
2.13 BECO . . . . . .
2.14 Staging ·· ·. 3
2.15 I Engine 2 Ignition . . 13
2.16 RGS Initiate . 14
2.17 Fairing Jettison 15
2,18 GO/NO GO 20
2.19 Systems Status . 21
2.20 SECO 21
2.21 Steering. .. 22
3.0 INSERTION
3.1 Post-SECO N
3.2 SECO + 20 Seconds
3.3 Insertion Activities . . 30
4.0 ORBITAL FLIGHT 38
CONFIDENTIAL

#### Page 6

1

1 .0 COUNTDOWN
1.1 Crew Insertion
Cooper

The crew insertion , I thought, went very well .

Conrad

Yes , we had the suiting thing down on my cuffs and
everything so that we got right ou t t here and, boy,
th& Gunter was ready for us and i n we went .

Cooper

They were all set .

There were no delays and every­

thing went exceedingly well on t he gantry.
1 . 2 Communications
Cooper

Communications , I thought were good and no probl em at
all on communications, and everything went real well.

Conrad

Yes , Stoney handled that whole thing real well .

Cooper

All right, volume was still down on the little comm
sets in the transfer van there .

That ' s Stoney' s

little improvement .
1 . 3 Crew Participation
in Countdown
Cooper

Crew participation in the countdown was good .

I

didn ' t see anything at all wrong.
Conrad

Yes , we weren ' t rushed .

We felt t hat we had enough

time to get the switches in the right position and
just ever ything went real good.
1.4 Comfort

Cooper

Comfort was real fine .

We went on to two suit fans

#### Page 7

2

right away.

I thought we felt plenty cool the

whole time.

Cooper

ECS was good.

Never any problem with it .

1.6 Sounds
Cooper

Sounds , I thought the only sounds tha·; we had that
were abnormal we'd been warned about.

When the

prevalves opened, they were fairly loud and when
the engines gimballed they were quite loud , and
both of those we were aware of the fact that they
would cause a lot of noise and vibrat:.on.
Conrad

There is something that really dings t he booster
too when they start .. . .

I don ' t--whet her they

drop a platform away.
Cooper

It ' s before they start moving the gant ry.

Conrad

Just before they start lowering that erector.

Boy,

something really, like it really bangs tha t booster ,
I thought.

I still don't know what it is , but , of

course, we ' d been up there with the erector down
twice before that so we were sort of e~tting used
to those kind of sounds.
1. 7 Vibration

Cooper

Okay , vibrations we already covered tr.at .
vibrations.

Sounds ,

#### Page 8

3

,.

1.8 Visual
Cooper

Visual .

Nothing....

Conrad

Oh , yes , wait a minute, I started getting this win­
dow fogging .

Cooper

Well, let ' s cover that under the right area .

Conrad

Well, it was actually in the countdown when the
erector went down before liftoff .

Cooper

Well , okay , allright .

Conrad

I mean we still had it later .

Cooper

Well, you want to cover that now then in systems .

Conrad

Well, is that what this means , is visual, or does
that just mean something else?

FCSD REP

Yes, that ' s before liftoff.

Conrad

Yes , well t lri,s-tra-,:5pened 6e:f'1

Cooper

/

Powered flight is next .

Allright , even before liftoff ,
really is completely unforgiveable.
was filthy.

hat this
Each window

Just fogged completely over, and it was

on the inside of the outer pane of glass .

It was
I

within the sealed unit of glass , and it was so
foggy when they lowered the erector that it
it was frozen over solid,

I

d neither could
Conrad

Well, it had fogged over before they lowered the

(j()tqflDENTIA[ ,.

#### Page 9

4

erector and then the guys heated it w:.th hot air to
make it go away and that just made th:.ngs wor se when
they lowered the erector .
Cooper

It didn't make it go away all the way.

Conrad

That I s right it made'"it- ~ actually.

Cooper

/

L

my side in my window ~etweer. the inside

pane and the two outside panes of\\8-~s , I had a
sma ll bee , and I had a fly, and I had\several
flecks of things that I had written u~ before and
never got corrected, and they were the whole flight,
and I ' m sure they will show up on all the films
and everything.

Now between the outer sealed panes

of glass there were numerous little specks and
of stuff and throughout the flight as . .. well , we ' ll
cover that later, but that was even 7rore the flight
started .

The windows were not pla/n a nd were not in

good shape to go forthe--f~.
1 . 9 Crew Station Contr ols
and Displa_ys
Conrad

I think the Gemini cockpit is a pretty good cockpit .

Cooper

I think in general that crew stations eontrols and
displays were pretty adequate .

Conrad

I 've got a couple comments on switches and things,
but these are . . . .

~FIDENTIAL -

#### Page 10

5

FCSD REP

Okay , how about the time you spent in there on
prelaunch .

Cooper

Do you think that this is about right?

Yes , yes , I think that this is just about right .
I think that if you cut it down too much more
than that you are going to be ....you could cut it
down some more , there's no doubt . .. .

Conrad

It ' s that cabin purge cycles when you ' re not doing
anything really , and that ' s excellent time .

Cooper

... that you can cut it down, but that ' s the thing
that takes the time for both the ground crews ...
and that ' s lost time.

Conrad

I don ' t know . ...

I don ' t think you want to rush the crew and now
our count that second day went by the clock, boy.
We got in there at the right time .

We counted down

and lifted off on, and I didn ' t feel that I was
rushed , and I didn ' t feel that I sat in there for
an excessive amount of time .
Cooper

No , I didn ' t either.

I thought that it went just

about right , time wise .

,.

Conrad

Long as there ' s no holds in the count everything' s
great .

#### Page 11

FtE>ENTI L

6
2.0
2.1

POWERED FLIGHT

Lif t Off Cues
Cooper

Okay , lift- off cues , CAP COM .
into the act until later .

CAP CO~ didn ' t come

Stoney counted us down

thru ignition and lift-off and then CAP COM picked
us up at l ift- off .

Motion is an excellent clue .

There ' s doubt in your mind when you ljft- off .

You

know, the second you lift- off that yot .' ve lifted .
Vibration was very low.
Conrad

It had dropped out almost completely a.t lift- off,
felt that shaking was very l i ght.

Cooper

There was very little vibrati on at all .
vibration , very l ow.

Okay,

Noise I thought, was quite

low .
Conrad

I was particularl y aware of the noises of goi ng
through the max Q regionar y thing .

Oh , t his is

lift-off again .

I thought the noises were very

well at l iftoff .

You know the engines were

running from the outside before , you know, and man
they really make a racket , but from where you are
it's pretty quite .

You know there running.

You

can here them , there's no doubt about that , but .. .
Cooper

Okay , on visual I don ' t . . . .
day .

~

We had a very cl ear

There weren't even any clouds in sight on

IDENTI~

#### Page 12

C.(&)Hft0ENTI:,\~~

au,

7

!to

our sight as we were lifting off, and I couldn't
tell any visual cues to lift- off, could you?
Conrad

You had the feeling that you were moving visually.
After you get your ro ll program you see it visually
and you can see the pitch program starting visually,

but just at first

l ift-off you don't really have

any visual cues .

Cockpit displays are just l ike

advertised .

The two stage - one lights go out, and

. .. just l ike the simulator.
2 . 2 Roll Program
Conrad

Yes , I watched roll program on the gyro, I was
watching for it to come i n on time and in glancing
up when the roll program started I was still
looking at nothing but blue sky, but I was aware
visually as you say that the booster was rolling.
Yes , you can have a airplane when you are looking
at nothing but blue sky and start a motion and you
may not know exactly what the motion is, but you
know t hat you are moving.

Cooper

Now on this cockpit display, something that I got two
different answers to from different people on how the
gyro and the actual case was going to be set and it
suddenly dawned on me that they actually set the gyro
so that you are launching down the 90 degrees.

You're

#### Page 13

8
progressi ng down to 90 degrees line , e. la the
simulator, although the booster sets on 85 degrees
and when you turn to 72 degrees launch azimuth
you are rolling clockwise so far as tr.e crew is
concerned .
Conrad

You roll to zero .

Cooper

But you are rolling to is real ly to O on the gyro
as precessed around so that you are net really
setting on the actual launch azimuth, you are
actually setting so that when you stai§'e on over i n
yaw then pitch over then in your yaw your on the in­
plane line.

FCSD REP

You ' re coming down the zero line .

Y01.:. 1 re yawing

down the zero l i ne .
Cooper

That 's right , and I kept getting diffe.rent answers
on this and this is in fact the case.

Roll program

was exactly right on time and ended e>:actly on time.
2 . 3 Pitch Program
Cooper
2. 4

Pitch program started exactly on time.

Aerodynamic
Cooper

Aerodynamic was nothing new or differE:nt about it .
It was just standard.

We build up to the noises at

max Q; the noise built up to gradual level and the
vibration and quantity built up to ma>:~ and then
dropped off very rapidly J.1'd:i!Jitely thereafter.

FlDENTIAL

#### Page 14

CONFICtleNTIA~ •
2. 5

9

ECS
Conrad

Right on the button.

Cooper

ECS was right on the money , no problem at all .
Max Q we ' ve already stated .

Conr ad

The cabin s ealed a little bit high like they said
it would .

I forget the number.

It was about 5.8.

Cooper

About 5.8 or 9 and just gradually dwindled back down .

Conrad

And just after we got in there by the time I looked
at it again after insertion everything it bled down
on our gage to 4.9, our gage read a little low .

I

think the actual reading , you will pr obably find
the cabin actually was 5.1 1 but the whole rest of
t he flight the gage never budged off the 4.9.
Cooper

The gage stayed right there like it was glued .

2 . 7 Wind Shear

Cooper

The wind shear , we had none and , certainly nothing
that we could

tell , but as I understand we ' ve been

told that for that day anyway we had almost negible
wind shear.
2 . 8 DCS Updates
Cooper

DCS updates were right on time .

FCSD REP

You had two updates?

Conrad

1 plus

45 , 2 plus 25 .

2 , 9 Engine 1 Operat i on
Cooper

The engine 1 operation couldn ' t have been better,

----~~K)ENTIAL

#### Page 15

..

10

It was beautiful.

Just now in between engine 1

operation and engine 2 here we have t wo items we
will insert in here .
2, 10 POGO
One was POGO..

Cooper

At 2 mi nutes and 5 seconds we started

picking up POGO and I got a fairly gcod amount of
POGO on through , stopping just at abcut 5 to 7
seconds before staging.

POGO dropped. cl ean out

exactly the same time there that we programmed POGO
on the early days.
Yes, that one surprised me .

Conrad

We ' d he1:.rd and read

tbat both John 8{!.d Gus ' s and Jim and Ed ' s f l i ght
that they were hardly even aware of IDGO and boy
when it came in on us it was loud anc. clear and ,

-------

well Gordon , neither one of us could talk hardly;

(

we were really vibrating with it and I was hard
pressed to read the displays.

By golly , if I had

to re ad
__:-t-;-:h;--e- -num;-er
--:b- _ on
__ _ , e ·a:-i~-s p~r-ays
___ I.,,. think I woul d
have been hard pressed to do it, because we really
had it pretty good.
Cooper

Yes , the rate ... the amplitude of them were such
. . . 11 cps frequency and the ampl itude of them was
such that you were on -- you were on the marginal

#### Page 16

11

edge of reading of any large gage and any fine
reading that you had to read, you would never be
able to read any numbers.

It was exactly like

the POGO we did all along on the program up at
Ames and as the exact amplitude , I don ' t lmow, but
i t was , . . . . .
It was no

I think we don ' t want that ~

POGO.

par icu ar y upsetting to me , because I

really was fai rly familiar with POGO having been
through a ll that POGO program, but this thing kind
of t i ckled me that we got it to see that we had
still hadn ' t solved it , but I don ' t think . . .
its something you don ' t want because if you had ot~er
things going wrong during that period of t i me it
would make it vecy difficult to say what you had
wrong or what
Conrad

It didn ' t upset me , but it surprised me , you lmow,
because I just wasn't expecting POGO.

RCSD REP

Wbat g- level would you estimate it to be?

Cooper

Well , we were sneaking right up there .

FCSD REP

I mean the POGO .

Cooper

Oh, it was right at about 5 g ' s .

FCSD REP

Well , I mean plus or minus amplitude .

Cooper

Well I , my estimate on it was that it was something

·\ 1•

#### Page 17

12

on the order of maybe three quarters of a g .

Well, I

don I t !mow whether it was that high c,r not .
Conrad

I thought it was at least a half , if not better .
Apparently it wasn't that high .
surprised.

Like I say, we were really getting the

--

ramrod out of it.

Cooper

I ws.s really

s beyond what we selected as we th~ht
should be the cutoff.

It was more tr.an wh~ we

l

had selected at Ames as being max acc 7.
in this.I passed up ver

b •

there one of

the first things that happened immediately about
the time that we got the pitch program was the
IGS Stage 2 fuel needle failed in thE full -max
deflection position.

And it came back on and was

reading after staging briefly and thEn failed again
during staging.

It was intermittent .

2 . 11 Engine 2 Status

Cooper

Engine 2 status stayed ... was perfect .

There was

not anything wrong at al l.
2 .12

Acceleration G' s

Cooper

Acceleration g ' s were right on the piofile , were
certainly very pleasant.

2 . 13 BECO

Nothing wrong at all with them.

#### Page 18

13

Cooper

.
2 . 14

BECO was right on the money .

Staging
Conrad

Boy, that staging was smooth too .

Cooper

They told us that BECO was going to occur early , but
it was

Conrad

We did loft a little bit apparently like they said
we woul d because, right a fter staging ....

2. 15

Engine 2 I gnition
Conrad

Well , Engine 2 ignition, I wasn't even hardly aware of
that other than we jus t started to get a little , yc,11
know, we just sort of went off the peg at 6 g's and
Gordo said s t aging OK and Engine 2 is good and I
wasn ' t even aware that Engine 2 had lit .

You

can ' t hear it, to speak of, but you can feel the
acceleration slowly building up .
FCSD REP

Did you see anything visually?

Conrad

No , I didn't see anything.

I heard the other guys

talking about s ee the flash at the brig.

Never

saw a thing and I wasn't aware of any flash out
there either .
I\

Cooper

J didn ' t

see anything at all at BEDO.

The best clue

that I have on my side , is that I see the Fuel
and Oxidizer needles start coming down as the engine

#### Page 19

•

14

starts burning.

And then they coming c.own fairly

rapidly at first, I mean you get a very definite
motion on them right at first there and. they kind of settled
out.
2.16

Engine 2 ignition we've already covered.

RGS Initiate
Cooper

RGS initiate right on the money.

Conrad

I was going to mention that we had l of t ed and
that we were expected to pitch down a.nd we did when
it picked up RGS.

Cooper

It smoothed in very smooth, and the fading was
just right.

Conrad

The IGS needle really deflected and I ~as , you know,
I don't think it pitched, it didn't peg- out , but it
did make a large dip and then when the booster
came down just pitched down very smoottly down to
about 75 or 80 degrees, I guess it pitched down
almost 10 degrees.

FCSD REP

What rate did it pitch over?

Conrad

Very slow, but steady, at just

Cooper

It took about 20 seconds I guess to fade it in there .

Conrad

The needle came in and made a big deflection and
right after that the booster started pitching and
the needle started back and boy the needl e was

•

#### Page 20

CQ~ElDEhJIJA

15

back and thing was right on the money at about 80
degrees.

It was a very smooth transition and then

do you remember they were telling, us to look
for this one cps oscillation? Well, I didn't have
rate needl e s like Gordo did, but I wasn't aware of
any oscil lations at any time.

That booster was in

pitch and yaw as far as that went
Cooper

Those rate needles were like they were glued .
There was never through boost or second stage was
there ever any rate except that one tiny little
rate , one teensy little rate just at when we were
in POGO we got one tiny little longitudinal rate,
'

just one tiny little fleck on a rate, and was the
only one .

Otherwise it was just smooth as silk,

the whole time, rate wi se .
2.17

Fairing Jettison
Cooper

Fairing jettison.

We jettisoned fairings at 3:25

and man do they ever go .
Conrad

I counted Gordo down to them.

Okay, yes, that ' s

a good point .
Cooper

Beside the scanner fairing and the nose fairing go
and when the nose fairing went it went with all
kinds of debris .

There were pieces flying all

#### Page 21

16

over.
Conrad

Yes , and I don't think it went right .

I don't

believe it went right , because the Rand R can
was ripped up in the front , and I can show you on
my side the nose went like that and there was some
tape or fiber glass that goes around t he . . ..
It was fiberglass cloth and it was a ll broken loose
in jagged flaps sticking up t hat, you lmow, had
broken loose from a long in here when i.hat cover
went I had decided impression that the cover went
off askew, that it didn 't jettison t he: way i t should
have.

And this could be a good point of putting

it back to a fter insertion.
Cooper

Well, it ' s supposed to go off askew.

Conrad

Yes , well, it just di dn ' t go off clean .

That 's why

this was ripped up, see .
Cooper

Well , it something somebody might look into , but
you don ' t want to recommend that they put back to
after insertion , because your taking a weight
penalty to carry that all the way up.

Conrad

Yes, I realize that , but . . . .

Cooper

It was designed to go off ... .

Conrad

That was the reason in the first place that they

WIDE

#### Page 22

17

moved it up there anyhow, because they weren't ....
Cooper

No , the reason they moved it up there was because
they didn ' t have strong enough propulsion on those
squibs and spring combinations or whatever they use .
We never did get a reading on that, but whatever
the total propulsive expulsion system wasn't kick­
ing, the scanner fairing wide enough but what they
would come back into the booster.

But didn't you

have the distinct impression that the nose fairing
broke into j illions of pieces when it blast .
Conrad

I certainly, I certainly , yes .

That ' s why wh~n

I say askew , I mean something didn't look right.
I can't put my finger on it, but -Cooper

It came off in many pieces anyway.

There were many,

many pieces and the whole area was just filled with

debris .
Conrad

Yes, and then , I 'm not sure that that's when we got
all that gl op on our windshiel d, the spots ...

Cooper

Well, I noted exactly at that time immediately
after the fairing went, I noted about 5 or 6 , I
saw them hit , 5 or 6 gray splots, just small ones ,
very small little gray- type splots and I was
distinctly looking for that and watching for it and

#### Page 23

18

they were not there before they were t'nere and I
;

saw them when they hit.

They h it duri:'.l.g all this

debris flying around period .
Conr ad

I think that you can s ti11 f i nd them o:'.l. the
windshields .

Cooper

They didn ' t burn off during reentry.

But they ' re not bad and there are just a few little
scattered ones and I think it might be interesting
t o compare how many you get there vers us and how
many you get when you jettison them in orbit .

It

may wel l be that jettisoni ng in orbit would be pre­
ferab l e , but I didn ' t f i nd anything objectionable
t o jettisoning where they went , they wenm fine.
It did add a lot of debris and I agree with Pete
there was a big torn something or other out there
which may just be a fiberglass thing that is kind
of . .. ,.

Conrad

Yes , I want to get down and look at the R and R and
and I can tell you what it was , describe it a lot
better.

We ' ll probably have some pictures of it

too in the camera somewhere.

I know it ' ll show

up in some film .

FCSD REP

How l ong was this visible?
bunch of stuff out there .

ONFIDENTIAL

You say there was a big

#### Page 24

19

Cooper

There ' s a whole fly .

Oh, you mean the debris .

It

was gone .
Conrad

It was gone like that, but it just looked like the
whole darn thing exploded.

Cooper

It looked like it just flew into a jillion pieces.
It was all around you for maybe a period of a
second or two .

Conrad

I didn't think it was that much , i t was just gone .

Cooper

But it was a defininite period of time when you
were aware of all this debris all over and then
clear .

Okay, enough for fairing jettison.

#### Page 25

20

2 . l8 GO/NO GO
Cooper

GO/NO GO:

We never got a GO/NO GO beeause we lost

our number 1 radio in about 4 minutes s ometime just
prior . . . let see we got a . 8 . . . .
over VR of . 8 .

Wti got a V

We got a GO/NO GO of , ..

FCSD REP

You did get a , 8?

Cooper

We got a .8 .

Conrad

Yes , that comes much later - that com(!S after the
GO/NO GO.

Cooper

Yes, that ' s right , okay, well I don ' t remember
ever getting a ... yea , we did, we go·~ MCC GO.
Right we got a GO/NO GO , okay, but then
immediately after . 8 we never got any·':hing at all
from there on until aft er we were insi~rted and gone
to UHF No . 2.

Conrad

I think it must be in the antenna problem, I really
do .

Cooper

Well , there 's some problem there because the same
thing happened on one of the previous flights and
we definitely and completely lost radio and I
swi tched over just before we inserted,

I switched

over to number 2 and then when I call1~d but the
IVI's we were back with them then .

#### Page 26

21

2. 19 Systems Status

Cooper

System Status everything .. . .

Conrad

We did have ...
lights .

Let me describe the delta P

Shortly after liftoff I got the number 1

fuel cell delta Plight and I reported i t and just
about t he time I reported it , then the number 2
fuel cell delta Plight came on .

They s tayed on

all the way through boost and they were on aft er
insertion for ten , fifteen seconds and after that

\

they went right back out again and that) i s it .
It didn't effect anything on the fue y e11 operation,
tn

currents , the voltages , / t h i n g stayed fine

other than

• bein

n----tliere was no other way of

telling the~ was out of tolerance so I don ' t think
it is a problem.
Cooper

We expected it.

I ' m glad that we had them changed to orange rather
than red .

Conrad

Yeah, yeah .

Cooper

Systems status in addition to that I don ' t think we
had any systems that were exactly right , except
the radio and the acceleration as we had expected
it . We were right on the profile.

2. 20 SECO

!Oa!IIAL

SECO was ...

#### Page 27

22

Conrad

I think we burned out at, Gordo, 7 anc. 1/4 g's.

Cooper

Right.

SECO was exactly on time, just exactly on

time and IVI's read 002 AFT.
2. 21

Almost ierfect.

Steering
Cooper

Steering was ... there was no steerine· accelerations
or velocities that we could tell.

Steering was

just smooth as silk , apparently they :t.ad us going
right down the slot .

And when we came off, apparently

we were lined up well because there weren ' t any
rates because when we came off and wajted our 20
seconds there were no rates whatsoever and it was
just setting there just . . . . as smootr.. as
Conrad

As stable as a rock .

Cooper

As smooth as silk so that and when we started
thrusting and separating we came off :ust right
straight forward .
or anything.

Conrad

No deviation , no skidding around

Just right straight off,

I thought the IVI's were plus 2 .
written down here.

That ' s what I haVle

Plus 28 right , 3 t.p.

Cooper

I guess that's what it was.

FCSD REP

This velocity you read?

Conrad

I was going to cover that in your ... ,

Cooper

Your right, plus 2, it was -- that's :r·ight .

Plus

#### Page 28

~IE>l!NTtAE

23

002 .

3 ,1

Conrad

I have al l the computer readouts .

Cooper

008 right and how many up?

Conrad

3 up .

Post SECO
Cooper

MANEUVER CONTROLLER worked fine .

We went right

through ....
Conrad

Wel l, l et ' s go through t hat.

The way we had practice

SECO, Gordo, got SECO and Gordo unstowed the
CONTROLLER and I armed the BUS ARM Swit ch so that
we get the MSC- 1 doors OFF.
Cooper

Brought the propulsion power ON.

Conrad

Brought the ATTITUDE CONTROL Elect ric Power ON.
Went from RATE COMMAND to DIRECT.
switch and hit the computer.

Armed the

Armed t he sep

spacecraft thing and Gordo and I counted the
seconds down .

I n the meantime , I punched off

address 72 so that it was reading and then in 20
seconds we had SEP s/c . ...
Cooper

In 20 seconds I start ed and I called it out and
started thrusting and Pete would hit the sep
spacecraft ... .

Conrad

The reason we did that was so that we would have

#### Page 29

the inertial velocity readout on the ga.ge and that
was ·beautiful 25,808 and nominal was S-.lpposed to be
25,807.

You can't ask for a better calculation

from a computer than that, and a lot of people
don ' t have much faith in that thing but, I think
that I'll bet that the computed MCC figure isn't
more than a foot or two off.

I t couldn ' t be

because everything was nominal for hours and hours
in the past,

Day's it went that way where we

stayed on the flight plan to the minute, to the
second so I know that it was a good computation,
and I have the five address readouts that we read ,
We read out address 72 as 25,808; address 94 which

was R dot for gamma was plus 20 feet which is
pretty darn small so we must have almos t a zero
gamma address 97 which is the forward IVI was plus
2 feet; address 52 was perfect , it was zero.

So

there was no adjustment needed and if there had
been an adjustment needed that would ha:ve come
at 3 , 042 seconds on the computer if tbere had been
an address .

52 correction and nominal 3,008

seconds so the computer computed the nomi nal thing
off only by less than a minute, about a half a

#### Page 30

25

minute of what the actual nominal value

/een , s o I think thats pretty darn good
ascent routine in that comput er, and I think hat
(
now that we have Math flow 6 in there t his i

why I

think the guy shouldn't get so darn worried in MCC
underspeeds and giving them burn co/rections
t his Mickey Movse.

I' ve been

t rying to make tbis pein-t-ewe· since we got
associat ed with . . . .
Cooper

I think we had better immediate data avail abl e on
board than people have been giving it credit for .

Conrad

Tha t ' s right , and it really pleased me to see it
come out on the computer this way.

Cooper

And had we never gotten our communications back
we would have known tha t we were i n good shape
because of the data we had on board, we didn ' t
have to worry about the ground readouts and
what to do ; we would have known what to do whether
we had been under or over or anything else .

Cooper

Attitudes and rates , t here weren ' t any rat es .
The thing was steered right down the s lot .
came off smooth .

Conrad

Spacecraft separation

NflD~NTlAk

We

#### Page 31

CONF:10ENT-IA

26

Cooper

We separated as smooth as silk just r i ,5ht straight
ahead

Conrad

Well, we counted down and Gordo said h? was
ready and I SEP spacecraft and he thru3ted and I
went back to RATE COMMAND for them and we came
straight off .

I didn't even feel it .

The first

(Text continues in the original file: 223 pages.)

## NASA-UAP-D020 — Gemini 5 Technical Debriefing, Part II, 1965

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D020
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D020
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: August 30 - September 2, 1965
- Location: Cape Kennedy, Florida
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the glitter couldn’t outshine the September 2, 1965 declassification countdown.

- NASA-UAP-D020, Gemini 5 Technical Debriefing Part II, NASA, 1965, Cape Kennedy crew quarters
- Astronauts Cooper and Conrad report debris, “snow,” and glittering pieces during visual sightings
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a preliminary transcript (Part II) derived from voice recordings of the Gemini 5 flight crew technical debriefing. NASA conducted this debriefing between August 30, 1965, and September 2, 1965, at the Crew Quarters, Cape Kennedy, Florida. Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles “Pete” Conrad described observing debris and “snow” and “all sorts of glittering pieces of this, that and the other thing” in the “Visual Sightings” section of the document (pages 157-220).

### AI summary

This document is a classified technical debriefing transcript from the Gemini 5 mission, prepared by the Spacecraft Operations Branch, Flight Crew Support Division, on September 2, 1965. It details discussions between astronauts Cooper and Conrad about systems operations, particularly platform alignment procedures during day and night. The transcript includes their observations on using window references, the effects of roll and yaw, and the performance of SEF and BEF modes. The document was marked as confidential and contains information affecting national defense, with a declassification schedule of 12 years.

### Full text

#### Page 1

22

Authority:
NW 91526

GEMINI V

Technical Debriefing
Part ~I_I__________________

j

CLASSIFICAT:ON CHANGE

L~A

o_~

o_
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:...::...,::.
1E
-=-=
By authority of • o I G !>- .2.
- / - ? "'t..
Chanied by C ' ~ ~
, Date NOV 2 0

NOTICE: This document may be exempt from
public disclosure under the Freedom of Infor­
mation Act (5 U.S.C. 552). Requests for its re­
lease to persons outside the U. S. Government
should be handled under the provisions of
NASA Policy Directive 1382.2.

THIS MA TE ,-IAL CO NTA I NS INF09'MATION AFl"£ CT IN G
THE NA TION" L DE FENSE OF TH t:
U NITED STATES
W ITHI N THE MEANING OF TH£ ESPIONAGE LAWS . .
TITLE 18. U .S.C. SECTION 793 AN D n• . THE T9'AN S­
MISS IO N OR REVELATION OF WH ICH IN "N Y M"NNIEl'I
TO AN U N ....UTHORIZ£D P'E ASON IS PIIOHIB IT E D BY LAW.

GROUP 4
DOWNGRADE D A T J YEAR I N TF RVALS
CECL ASS IFIEO AFT£9' 12 YE ...,,-5

l

973

#### Page 2

COt~FIDEt~TIAL

PRELIMINARY
GT- 5 FLIGHT CREW DEBRIEFING TRANSCRIPT
PART II

Prepared By
Spacecraft Operations Branch
Flight Crew Support Division
September 2, 1965

This material contains information affecting the
national defense of the United States within the
meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title 18. U.S . C.
Section 793 and 794, the transmission or revela­
tion of which in any manner to an unauthorized
person is prohibited by law.
Group 4:

Downgrade at 3 year intervals
Declassified after 12 years

co~~FIDEt'4TIAL

#### Page 3

('

PREFACE
This preliminary transcript was made from voice tape recordings
of the GT- 5 flight crew debriefing conducted August 30, 1965 thru
September 2, 1965 at the Crew Quarters, Cape Kennedy, Florida .
Although all the material contained in this transcript has been
edited , the urgent need for the preliminary transcript by mission
analysis personnel precluded a thorough editorial review prior to its
publication.

Errors in this transcript will be corrected as soon as

possible and an official transcript will be published at a later date .
This document contai ns a transcript of the second part of the
total debriefing.

A prel iminary transcript of the first part was

publi shed on September 1, 1965 , and it contains the crew' s description
of the mission from an operati onal standpoint.

#### Page 6

1

8.O

SYSTEMS OPERATIONS

8.1 Platform
Cooper

By day we used standard procedure of finding a
zero yaw, which is a little easier to do down at
about retro position.

The nose is a little bit

in the way for determining zero yaw unless you
pitch down just a little past nose low in zero­
zero- zero position.

When pitched down just a tiny

bit, zero yaw was very readily apparent to within
a fairly reasonable degree of accuracy, and then
ease it right on up .

We had lines for the zero­

zero position to give us our pitch and roll on the
horizon.

This was the regular day alinement.

Night was pretty much the same except we 1 d get
zero yaw by a star, get roll and pitch by the zero
lines on the window (or knowing where they were
approximately) line this with the top of the air­
glow or the horizon.

At that point you'd go into

Cage, hold it there at that position until it
caged) then uncage the platform to BEF or SEF
whichever the case might be, and then to to Plat­
form and Attitude on the FDM and FDI's.

Then

aline the platform fine aline SEF or BEF by keeping

,

#### Page 7

2

the needles zeroed.

It would slowly gyro torque

itself and correct out the small errors for fine
alinement.
Conrad

Anything to add, Pete?

Well, I didn ' t hear all of that, but I think the
alinement is straightforward.

One thlng I had not

read in either the GT- 3 or GT- 4 debriefings on
this subject on out the window alinement was that
we have a window gage that you can us1i t hat will
put you right on in roll and pitch ancl, of course,
for yaw you still have to use the same out the
window reference.
Cooper

One thing that I think that should very definitely
training wise be readily available anc. we looked
and looked and looked and couldn't fir..d any was an
actual scale picture of the left hand wi ndow and
the right hand window with what the hcri zon should
look like at zero-zero-zero and at retro attitude
and at minus 90 degrees left and 90 degrees r ight
and at 60 degrees left and 60 degrees r ight and
this type thing .

I've never seen an a~tual drawing

showing the horizon line on a window a·'ld what i t
should look l ike .

#### Page 8

3
Conrad

Yes

Cooper

I think this would be a tremendous benefit and
shouldn't be difficult to come up with.

Conrad

If you place your eye so that it goes through the
lower left corner of the right window or the lower
right corner of the left window and run that eye
position right through the front RCS yaw thruster,
the lower yaw thruster in the front ring, I guess
that's ring A, anyway, you take a line between
your eye, the corner of the window and the front
RCS yaw thruster, right through the middle of it,
and put that line on the top of the airglow or the
horizon.

Then the spacecraft, and this looks like

an excessively nose up attitude, but it's not,
you're zero degrees in pitch then the window frame
is just about vertical to the horizon and it forms
a perpendicular angle.
Cooper

The inside edge of the frame .

Conrad

The inside up and down edge of the window corner
makes a perpendicular angle to the horizon and you
can use that as a roll gage.

If you set it up

#### Page 9

4

that way that platform isn ' t off 4 or 5 degrees
i n roll or pitch.
Cooper

So, i t r eally looks like, when you fir3t start
lining it up, it appear s to you that f ::-om the
left seat that you ' re actually rolled l eft ,

Conrad

Yes, that's right .

Cooper

And f r om your seat it would look l i ke j t was
actuall y r olled right .

Cooper

It doesn ' t look horizontal at al l, but that ' s due
to the fact t ha t you 're sitting off by thi s offset .

Conrad

One other thing that you might say about platform
alinement is that if you ' re not on in roll and
pi tch, mainl y roll, t his really will ea t you up
in alinement time .

Cooper

Roll and yaw are t he bad errors creator:, .

Pitch

you can be off a l ot i n and it' 11 corr ec:t r ight
out.
Conrad

Not if the other two (roll and yaw) are off .

Cooper

But if you 're off in roll and/or yaw th€n it
really takes a long time and its real rcugh .

#### Page 10

5

Conrad

You don't want to be deceived by the fact that
the needles are holding in the center pretty well.

Cooper

That's right, one thing that we found when we
were going through this real, real long platform
alinement prior to getting all l i ned up for retro­
fire was that we had the needles all alined, t hey
were sitting all glued out .

But you have to s i t

there with them for a little b i t glued out .

They

sit there all zeroed out, it looks like everything
was all alined and al l of a sudden yaw begin to
ease off quite a bit showing that we weren ' t
alined.
Conrad

At one time we went to Orbit Rate when we had not
pulled the yaw all the way in and, boy, it showed
up in r oll as we started moving around.

Cooper

Orbit Rate and Horizon Scan.

Conrad

I mean it shwed up in the roll axis .

Cooper

Oh, yes.

Conrad

You have to take t he time and be careful with the

Right .

platform alinement, no doubt about i t.

° CSf*fDEt◄ TIAl

#### Page 11

,

6

Cooper

And i t takes t ime to do it and do a r ~ally good
job on it .
Modes .

The only thing I can say about Cage is

that it takes an excessively long tim1; to Cage .
Conrad

I ' ll comment on this even though we d:i. dn't get a
chance to do the rendezvous , but even in simula­
tion, it was apparent and the l i ttl e bit t hat
we did in flight caging the ~latform, getting
ready for alinements and t hings l ike -;hat, it
was very time consuming .

I think tha ·; you could

find use for a f ast slave cycle .
Cooper

Very much so.

Conrad

Fast Cage cycle is what I should say.

I 'll say

it's a luxury item but it sure could be helpful .
Cooper

SEF and BEF worked j ust like advertisEid .

SEF

for fine aline and small- end- forward, BEF for
reYersing your phase angles so that you ' re still
steering to and fine alining blunt encl forward .
Conrad

J i m and Ed made the comment that t hey never alined
BEF, that t hey a lways alined SEF.

We alined SEF

normally through the flight and when ,:e were ready

60 ►◄~ ~

#### Page 12

7
to retro, we wanted to save as much fuel as
possible, so we alined BEF and I think alining
BEF is easier than in SEF.
Cooper

Yes ,

Conrad

I think you can tell yaw better going backwards
than you can going forward.

Cooper

Yes.

Conrad

I don't know why, maybe it was just psychological .

Cooper

I agree with you, I really think you're right.
I think you can tell it better.

It streams away

from you a little more .
Conrad

Yes.

It was easier to pull in in yaw .

I thought

it was a little more comfortable feeling .

I

enjoyed the riding around alining the platform
BEF much more than when we alined it SEF, and I
felt we were closer to being on most of the time
when we pulled it in in yaw.
Cooper

Of course, we had a little better control system
there, it does help.

Conrad

Yes .

Mt ◄ FIDE►~TIAL •

#### Page 13

~NftDE~~TIAt·,_

8
Cooper

I think either way (SEF, BEF) is good, both worked
very a dequately and it just depends on which way
you want to aline for what you ' re going to do .
BEF is certainl y a t least as acceptable as SEF.
ORBIT RATE was not bad off a t all .

We di dn't

have any l arge errors in it due to t he f a ct that
we had more nearly circulari zed our oroit from
t he burns that we did .
Conrad

We were about at 171- 60 at that time p<=:riod .

I

don't know what t hey ha d picked as an orbit rate
number at the end fina lly for the REP .
Cooper

We were about 107, 166 .

Conrad

Yes .

I was really surprised with how ,..,ell the

platform stayed on after just t a king a quick look
at zero- zero- zero, not even trying to ali ne these.
We j u st passed freely through this in dr ifting
flight and uncaged the platform right into Or bit
Rate, and it didn't get off five or ten degrees
in any of the three axis .
Cooper

For about 20 hours .

'i0 ►~FIDE►~TIAL

#### Page 14

G©t◄ FIDl!~~TIAL
Conrad

9

Yes, for about 20 hours that we drifted around .
It was finally off the most in roll.

It got about

15 degrees off in roll .
Cooper

Orbit Rate worked very well .

Conrad

Other than inertial work, I just didn't see any
big advantage in free.

You'd still think in

terms of the local horizon up there most of the
time.
Cooper

Yes .

Conrad

We just never had much occasion during the f light
to use FREE.

Cooper

Platform displays .

Conrad

Bal l oper ation through the poles was just
fantastic!

It was so smooth.

The only way you

could tell that you were going through a pole
is you could see the roll index, vehicle is on the

,,

roll gimbal, flip .
Cooper

Yes.

This is something we had trouble finding

out, whether this was the case or not and we
deliberately ran several specific checks of this.

<!rJ~~FIDEt~TIAL

#### Page 15

10
Regardless of which way you approachec. it from,
whether you approached i t fast or slm.- or whether
you 're going through the 90 or 270 pojnt on the
ball, you can go right smack through the middle
of it, you can sit right in the middle of it,
you can move up or down, r ight or left and the
ball doesn 't jump, doesn't j itter, doesn't do
anything .

It's just beautiful .

Conrad

Yes .

Cooper

We did a burn right through each one of the poles .
I think the controls are pretty simila-r to what
they are in the s imulator .

There are t wo

exceptions, one of which I think i s valid and
which I think may be influenced by the fact that
we had a lot of s low degredation in ou:~ OAMS
system.

I thought that the PlJISE system in the

spacecraft had a lot less torque, a reasonable
amount less torque and it got a lot leBs, as we
went along it got less and less and leHs .
Conrad

Yes .

Cooper

But even i nitially, it felt like thP- PlLSE system

#### Page 16

11

had less authority in the spacecraft than it does
in t he simulator.

On the other hand, I felt the

RATE COMMAND system had a heck of a lot more
authority in the spacecraft than it does in the
simulator .
Cooper

That RATE COMMAND just flat snaps you in.

In the

simulator, when you come around in RATE COMMAND
and you let off it will go through 5 to 10 degrees.
You have to let off on it 5 to 10 degrees early.
By golly, in the spacecraft you didn't have to

let off even a degree early.

When you let go,

it stopped right there jus t like you put on the
brakes.
Conrad

Yeah.

Cooper

It was so tight that you almost had to - -

Conrad

That was OAMS Rate Command.

Cooper

You almost had the feeling that the OAMS Rate

It was good and it was tight .

Command was almost bending the Adapter Section .
I t had such high torquing rate .
Conrad

On day 2 and 3, our OAMS system was working
completely correct.

I was extremely impressed

#### Page 17

•

12

with how nice a control system i t was.

We made

several maneuvers using this control Eystem and
didn 't have any gripes on that sys tem at all .

As

Gordo said we were really impressed wjth the
Rate Command system.
FCSD REP

When you turned around 90 degr ees in crder to get
rid of the REP, did you use the 8-ball ?

Cooper

Yes .

Conrad

FDI 's are on this Gimbal flip bus i ness too, you
see .

They do that in the trainer, but they were

steady as a rock in the spacecraft .
Cooper

Yes, we used the FDI's for t he fi ne al ine .

Al­

though to get there we used the 8- ball .
Conrad

We had trained to use the IVI ' s .

FCSD REP

That 's right.

Cooper

We used the IVI ' s , not t he FDI' s .

We used t he

I VI ' s as the real fine measure of being l i ned up .
We used the FDI 's too .
Conrad

You can use anything in the spacecraft.

#### Page 18

•
Cooper

13

You can't use the FDI 's or the 8- ball as a
reference in the mission simulation because you
have this gimbal flip which just gives you fits .

..

We didn't use Ra te Command very much, mainly just
for the burns .

In fact, t he burns are the onl y

times we used Rate Command.

I used the Dir ect

system several times and I thought the Direct was
really good.

It was good and crisp and you had

good authority with it.
Conrad

I had the impression that the spacecraft was a
lot more stable vehicle in Di rect than it was in
the simulator .

Cooper

Tm t' s right .

Conrad

In t he simulator you tend to sit there and go
too much and go too much .

When Gordo'd stick a

shot of Direct in to go someplace, it never
showed up in another axis .

An equal shot i n the

other direction would stop it r i ght now .
Cooper

Yes.

Conrad

The effects momentum of the spacecraft didn ' t seem
to be as great in flight as they were i n the

~f:HDEt◄TIA ~

#### Page 19

"t OMFtDE~ ◄ TIAL

14

simulator.
Cooper

You didn ' t have to lead a :, much.

That's right .
The Direct system was a much more precise system
in the spacecraft than it i s in the s ' mulator .

Conrad

I thought it was quite easy to fly, but there's
no doubt about it, boy, that Rate Corrunand eats
up the fuel .

#### Page 20

•
Cooper

Direct uses quite a bit of fuel also.

Conrad

We did use a little fuel t hat one day.

15

We were

doing so many experiments in a row that we had to
very rapidly get the spacecraft back to a zero­
zero- zero or a pitch down 30 posi tion.

When you

track one of these targets and come through the
nadir and keep on going, boy, you're really smoking
towards a rearward direction.
Cooper

You're sitti ng i nverted BEF.

Conrad

That's r i ght, you ' ve got rates built up going away
from you and you ' d have to use Direct to stop those
rates, get yourself moved all the way back up here
and s top them again.

Maybe it'd be so tight that

you'd use Di rect to get down and start on it, and
then switch to Pulse and track in Pul se and then
r i ght back up and start doing something else.

Well,

we di d eat up a lot of fuel that day, but we got
everything done that day.

We hit darned near all

targets.
Cooper

Di rect i s a real responsive , real fine way to
maneuver.

60t~Fl0Et.t:tAt

#### Page 21

16

•i Q:M f~Cf1stI IAla
Cooper

..

Platform controls were very straight fc,rward.

I

thought they all functioned as expected.
Conrad

The Platform took the full 25 minutes to go through
the fast heat, and the first time on it was really
cold and took another 3 minutes worth before start
of the Cage Cycle.

After that, it seemed to stick

right around 25 minutes to get the platform up and
on the line and start into Cage .
Cooper

Right now, I've got extreme confidence in that
Platform.

Conrad

I really think it does well.

'.Ihe platform did an outstanding job during the
entire flight.

Cooper

I t sure did.

8. 2 OAMS
Cooper

We fired the OAMS on the pad and it was mushy.
couldn't hear them fire just gas mainly,

You

About

the third round of firings however, you could really
feel them fire off, they were all good.
Cooper

During flight the OAMS started out very good and in
about the third day began to degrade.

~:he f i fth day

#### Page 22

~ l i U iiAL

17

i s when we found the two thrusters that were not
operating correctly.
Conr ad

'Ille number 8 thruster was working real good when we
found that the number 7 thruster was out.

So we

shut the sys tem down again and had a big talk with
Houston about this .

We went one more revolution

and they gave us some tests to perform on 7 and
that 's when we di scovered 8 wasn ' t working.
Conrad

'lwo of them quit , within an orbit of one another.

Cooper

We had already run complete tests on it and
number 8 had been working on the previous tests and
quit on the next one.

'Ille story of the old OAMS

inflight system was that gradually as the days went
by there was more , and more that went wrong with
it unti l f i nally at the end we had less than half
the thrusters left and they were pretty bad.
Conrad

I realized a couple of heater blankets were probably
out on the OAMS system, but I'm still convinced
unt i l somebody convi nces me otherwise, that the
thing that shot the OAMS system down, was the
decision to turn off the OAMS heater.

I had ques­

ioned the decision in the air to only point that

#### Page 23

18
I could.

I didn 't think we were in that much

trouble for electrical power.

I still think it

was a mi stake be cause I think even with a couple
of blankets out, if we'd have kept the ,3ystem warm
wi th the rest of the heaters, we'd have never froze
them up.
Cooper

'llie thrusters themselves were actually ·vorki ng
because you could actually get a glow off of them.
There was a little bi t of fuel or oxidiier coming
out of it and burning , but it wasn't getting the
proper amount of mi xture ratio.

Conrad

Now, they could have been dirty.

That :ould be it,

but it was purely in the valves i n the thrusters
themselves because they were putting out thrust
even at the end.

I f you wanted to hold it i n full

D:Lrect wi th 7 and 8 circuit breaker e ngs.ged , you
were getting wet f uel thrust.
Cooper

Yes .

You were getti ng a little wet thr~st.

Conrad

let's go into how the whole thing occurred.

We

had shut the heat er down a long time ago and we
really hadn't agreed wi th that, but there wasn't
much we could do about it.

We were i n the mi ddle

#### Page 24

,

19

of doing experiments on the fifth day, and we had
had a little trouble alining the platform.

What

was happening, apparently was the number 7 thruster
was getting cranky, but we also knew we were vent­
ing hydrogen and we knew this because we were
getting some torqueing out of that .

At the t i me

Gordo was having trouble ali ning the Platform, we
thought it was because the hydrogen was venting.
Finally Gardo said, "There's something wrong with t
the control systems. "

Once we deci ded there was

something wrong wi th the control system, that ' s
when it went just like back i n the simulator.

We

shut everything down, went to Direct, thought about
it for a second and turned off all the circuit
breakers , turned them all back on one at a time ,
tested all of the thrusters and, sure enough , when
we got to number 7, it was out, completely out.
Conrad

So then I tri ed secondary ACME bias power.

We

tried the seconday yaw and the secondary attitude
drivers with no effect so we were relatively as ­
sured that something had happened in either the
hand controller or the fuel was not feeding.

We

decided to power down r i ght there , which we did ,
and we advised flight of what the problem was .

£ 8.M&HW~Jl~i

I

#### Page 25

20

think that's about the time we really decided the
s canner wasn' t a ny good , or had we already tol d
them about that?
Cooper

Yes.

We 'd already t old them about that.

Conrad

Yes , you ' re right.

I know what it was .

That's

when we discovered that the voice tape was out.
We were right i n the middle of s everal experiments
and it occurred

approximate l y like 16:30: 54 on

the f i f th day.

We r eported to Houston that the

voice tape was out, the number 7 yaw L~ft thruster
was out and that I had turned the OAMS heater back
on.

I was suspicious of that all the ·;ime .

That's

when they called up a nd gave us this m:i.nimum power
down.

Why did we go i nto that?

They had us power

down everything.
Cooper

At about the same time that we came up with this,
they came up with this idea that the hrdrogen was
boiling off s o fast that we were going t o be out of
hydrogen by about the end of the f i fth day at the
rat e we were goi ng i f we d i dn't power down and stop
the usage of i t .

.iO~~FIDEMTfffl:

•

#### Page 26

21
Conrad

Yes.

That's when we came around on the next

revolution.

'Illey had us fire up everything again

to take a look at i t and that's when we found out
number 8 had just gone down the tubes too.

But

number 8 was still givi ng us something; number 8
was stil l burning, but it was burning off mi xture.
You could see a flame .
Cooper

You could see a glow out of it.

Conrad

You couldn ' t hear it like you could hear the other
thrusters, but you could see lights on the ni ght
side so you knew something was coming out.

'Ille

drivers j ust weren't openi ng all the way or some­
thing.
FCSD REP

The fifth day at 16:30 is the first problem you
had with the OAMS, is that right?

Conrad

No, earlier.

When we first powered the system

up, we were having trouble with that very f irst
platform alining and we felt we were having some
hydrogen venting problems.

'Ihat's when we drifted

way off, and Gordo said, "'Ille Pulse system isn't
going to hack this hydrogen venting. "

He went

t o Di rect and blipped the yaw l eft thrusters .

•

#### Page 27

22

All kinds of garbage came by the spacecraft.

It

looked like we blew a whole bunch of junk out of it.
I remember distinctly seeing gold balls .
Cooper

Great b i g balls of l iquid.

Conrad

So it must have been raw fue l .

Something at this

time wasn 't working right , but I guess number 8
was putting out full thrust and number 7 was still
work i ng but not all the way.

Now mayb<? right then

and there if we'd have really worked that system
over; fired all the thrusters in Direc1; and a
couple of good healthy loads throug it ,., and put
the h eater s back on the line, we might have sal­
vaged thew
vaged the whole system. It must have been right
at the point of freezing up.
Cooper

This was early i n the fifth day.

.£:Obi:EIOEttllAL

#### Page 28

23

Conrad

We didn't hit the direct thrusters long enough to
heat them I don't think.

I do distinctly remember

saying to Gordo "We blew all this junk out of there . "
Conrad

We ' d never seen anything like that before and we'd
been up there 5 days and seen all sorts of things .
We could see liquid oxygen when we vented it, if we
vented i t under the right light conditions .

We

could see when we vented hydrogen under the right
lighting conditions.

It would all float by the

spacecraft and at low sun angles, either at sunup
or sundown any one of these quantities, ECS o ,
2
CRYO o2, or RSF hydrogen, you could see it come
whistling by the spacecraft.

We were continually

floating around in these old silver balls of either
hydrogen or oxygen.
Cooper

Okay, well that was pretty well the background of
what happened.

Some thrusters that had checked

out good would subsequently check out bad or be
completely inoperative as the days went by.

So

finally we wound up with maybe half of the total

OAMS thrusters still operating properly.

#### Page 29

24

•
Conrad

We had some thrust remaining in every axis but yaw
l eft .

We had some in yaw left if you just wanted

to dump raw fuel overboard .

I don ' t know whether

it was fuel or oxidizer.
Cooper

Generally, what we'd do is roll and pitch to get
our yaw left .

Conrad

I f we were tumbling and wanted to damp we just
waited until we translated into the right axis in
whi ch we had some authority .

Cooper

The one axis that always seemed to work pretty good
so far as control authority was pitch.

Conrad

Yes

Cooper

Pitch up and pitch down seemed to work reasonably
well all the time.

Conrad

Yes .

I wonder i f that had something to do with the

pitch thruster lines on the manifold being close
to the source.

Pitch was always good .

Our trouble

was mainly coupling in the yaw thrusters both right
and left.
Cooper

Source pressure was easy to monitor .

SJurce temper­

ature we could monitor and it was too CJld .

#### Page 30

25

Conrad

It ran down in the 48 degree area .

Cooper

It showed that it was running too cold .

That's why

we questioned turning the OAMS heater off ,
Cooper

Regul ated pressure was fine .

Conrad

Right on the money .

Cooper

Propellant quantity seemed to read r easonably good
until it got down towards the end.

At that point

(from about 10 percent on down) the propellant
quantity just went on down to the bottom of the
scale .

It was reading below zero and yet ground

readouts indicated OAMS propellant quantity remaining .
Cooper

Monitoring of OAMS propellant r emaining onboard
information was fairly good .

Conrad

Yes.

I thought we were fairly close.

Cooper

Gr ound i nformation agreed fairly good with onboard
information in general .

Conrad

The whole OAMS sy stems got to be reviewed .

I

think that they think we wasted a lot of fuel and
I think that on day 3 we probabl y were a little
overgenerous with our fuel usage.

ret◄ FtE>Et.~TIA ~

I

But I ' m still

#### Page 31

COt--1 FID Et◄ :r IA~

26

,;

convinced that because we went so long with the
OAMS heater off that we were not burning a nominal
fuel to oxidizer ratio.
Cooper

Yes .

Even though we were in a

rush to get a lot of
...

these things done, I was still extremelr conscious
of fuel usage .

Although I'd used Direct to get

i t started, I wouldn't just fire all the way around
in Direct input, let it coast around, a~d then stop
it right there.
Conrad

Yes.

I never saw fuel usage in the sim1lator like

we saw in flight .
Cooper

I t just seemed to go down very rapidly on the gauge
during that one period of time.

Conr ad

And yet we went night after night all night long in
Horizon Scan or in Pulse and would hardly use any
fuel at all .

As a matter of fact, the ground gave

me the figures.

Thi s was when we were ::unning all

ni ght long in Horizon Scan so that we had a nice
reference .
a night.

11

They said "You' re using about 2 pounds
Now, that seems like a r easonable amount

for what we were doing.

•

#### Page 32

27

Cooper

We were using it for Attitude Hold and for getting
pictures and to get through the day side .

Conrad

Oh Yes.

We never used Rate Command except for the

maneuver burns.
Cooper

We were tracking the missile using Diredt.

Had to

get on it in a rush so I went to Direct .
Conrad

I questioned propellant quantity prior to lift- off.
It was 87 percent at lift- off,

I thought we were

supposed to be 100 percent on the gage at lift- off .
I thought we had propellant quantity loaded to the

maximum?
Cooper

Well, they said we were about 50 pounds under .

Conrad

Yes, they said we had about 50 pounds less fuel
than we were supposed to have.

Cooper

We asked them about this before we l ifted off,

Cooper

At about 4 or 5 minutes before lift- off, we asked
them about this.

Conrad

We got a "We ' re checking" and that's the last we
heard from it.

And off we went .

#### Page 33

28
Cooper

So then we asked again when we wer e in orbit,
"About this under load on GA.MS fuel" .

I su spect

t hat something was fouled up because we didn ' t get
a full 0AMS load .
Cooper

That was pretty bad .

I think monitor ing onboard of propell~mt r emaining
t o compl et e the mission was pretty good.

The fore­

cast fuel for mis si on completion of GE,m ini V ought
to be reviewed because somebody didn ' t quite come up
with the right fuel figures .

Twenty- six percent

remaining after the REP would not havE been nearly
enough to have ~one the r emainder of the mission .
Conrad

Yes .

I t hi nk t hat in computing the a.mount of fuel

used t o perform a maneuver, they figure out how much
to get the r ates going but they must s top there .
They must not f i gur e how much fuel it takes you to .
get back to, say, zer o- zero- zero .

Appirentl y t hey

assume that whenever you get done with a tracking
maneuver, you j ust drift to get back to zero- zero­
zero.

Over the U. S . we had maybe 6 or 7 minutes be­

t ween a 30 degree pitch- down target to the next
30 degr ee pitch- down target .

You ' ve got to t r ack

it all t he way through, bing the spacecraft all the
way back up and then go to and track the next target .

#### Page 34

29

Cooper

And stop your rate at the back .

Conrad

As a matter of fact, that's about twice the fuel
usage .
it.

Cooper

They may take this into account, I doubt

They're very conservative on their estimates .

Selector controls and switches were all right .
Attitude controller was fine .
(

Maneuver controllers .

We had every intention of checking the right one and
we never did check it because of other problems .
Inflight malfunction irregularities we've already
covered pretty well .
Cooper

Attitude Control Modes, Rate Command was excellent .
Reentry Rate Command we never checked .

Conrad

I don't even think you need it .

Cooper

And I think it could be removed from the spacecraft

(Text continues in the original file: 325 pages.)

## NASA-UAP-D021 — Gemini 7 Technical Debriefing, 1965

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D021
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D021
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: December 19-21, 1965
- Location: Cape Kennedy, Florida
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Turns out the only thing they couldn't see were the minutes after sunrise.

- NASA-UAP-D021 pdf, NASA, debriefing Dec 19‑21 1965, Cape Kennedy, Florida.
- Crew notes lights, flashes, docking illumination, Mercury, meteors, aurora, lightning, no stars after sunrise.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a preliminary transcript derived from voice recordings of the Gemini 7 flight crew debriefing conducted December 19-21, 1965, at the Crew Quarters, Cape Kennedy, Florida. Lights and flashes are mentioned and there is discussion about having proper illumination for vehicle docking. Borman and Lovell discuss celestial and terrestrial observational anomalies and note sightings of Mercury, meteors, aurora, and lightning. They also discuss not being able to see any stars once the Sun comes up.

### Full text

#### Page 1

I
Authority:
NW 91526

\

GEMINI
TECHNICAL

VII

DEBRIEFING

December 23, 1965

NOTICE: This document may be exempt from
public disclosure under the Freedom of lnfor•
mation Act (5 U.S.C. 552). Requests for its re­
lease to persons outside the U. S. Government
should be handled under the provisions of
NASA Policy Directive 1382.2.

#### Page 3

PREFACE
This preliminary transcript was made from voice
tape recordings of the Gemini 7 flight crew debriefing
conducted December 19 through December 21 , 1965 at the
Crew Quarters, Cape Kennedy, Florida.
Although all the material contained in this transcript
has been rough edited, the urgent need for the preliminary
t ranscript by mission analysis personnel precluded a final
edit prior to its publication.

#### Page 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraph Page Number
1.0 COUNTDOWN
1.1 Crew Insertion....
1.2 Communications... ....l
1.3 Crew Participation in Countdown.... ...l
1.4 Comfort..
1.5 Environmental Control System..... .2
1.6 Sounds........ .2
1.7 Vibrations..
1.8 Visual..... .2
1.9 Crew Station Controls and Displays.. 3
2.0 POWERED FLIGHT
2.1 Lift-Off cues.... .3
2.2 Roll Program... .4
2.3 Pitch Program..
2.4 Aerodynamics..
2.5 Environmental Control System..... 5
2.6 Maximum Q......... . 5
2.7 Windshear.....
2.8 DCS Updates.....
2.9 Engine l Operation..... ....6
2.10 Engine 2 Status....... ...7
2.ll Acceleration g's..... .. .7
2.12 POGO........ ..7
2.13 Guidance Initiation.... ...7
2.14I BECO....... ....8
2.15 Staging... .8
2.16 Engine 2 Ignition..
2.17 RGS Initiate...
2.18 GO/NO GO....
2.19 Systems Status..
2.20 Acceleration.... .10
2.2l Fairing Jettison.. ..10
3.0 INSERTION
3.1 Post-SECO....... .....10
3.2 SECo plus 30 seconds.. ....ll

#### Page 6

14.0

TRAINI NG
14.1
Gemini Missi on Simulator ...........•••••••185
14. 2
DCPS (Launch abort simulat or) ....•.••••••• 191
14. 3
MAC Engineering Simulator ........••.••.••• 191
Translation and Docking Tr ainer ...•.•••••• 192
14.4
14 . 5 Planet ari um. . ........................••••• •193
14. 6
Systems Brief inga ...............•.•••••••• 194
14 . 7
Flight Experiments .............••.•••••••• 198
14.8
Spacecra f t syst ems tests .......••.•••••••• 202
Egress t r aining....................••.•••• 204
14.9
14.10 Parachute Tr a ining..•.........•...•.•••••• 205
14.11 Launch simulationa .................••••••• 206
14.12 Reentry simulations ..........•........•••. 206
14.13 Simul ated net work simulations ...•..••••••• 206
14.14 Ne t work s imula tions .............•..••••••• 206
14.15 Fl ight Plan t r a i ning...............••.••.• 207

15.0

CONCLUDING COMMENTS ...•....••........•........... 208

#### Page 7

SIDENTIAL
7.0 LANDING AND RECOVERY
7.1 Impact...... 54
7.2 Checklists.... 55
7.3 Communications..
7.4 Systems Configuration....
7.5 Spacecraft Status......
7.6 Postlanding Activity....
7.7 Comiort. .....63
7.8 Recovery Force Personnel.... ...63
7.9 Egress..... .63
7.10 Survival Gear.. …63
7.ll Crew Pick Up. ..64
8.0 SYSTEMS OPERATION
8.1 Platform......
8.2 OAMS. . . ... ......65
8.3 RCS...... .73
8.4 ECS... ...75
8.5 Communications... ....91
8.6 Electrical. ....95
8.7 Onboard Computer.... .99
8.8 Crew Station.... ..101
8.9 Biomedical.. .115
9.0 OPERATIONAL CHECKS
9.1 Apollo Landmark Investigation.... ..122
9.2 Cabin Lighting Survey.... .....130
9.3I HF Test... 130
10.0 VISUAL SIGHTINGS
10.1 Countdown. .131
10.2 Powered Flight.. ..131
10.3 Orbital Flight.. .132
10.4 Reentry.... .138

#### Page 8

3.3 Insertion Activities.. ..15
3.4 Post Station Keeping.... ..17
4.0 ORBITAL FLIGHT....
5.0 RETROFIRE
5.1 T_-2:0O Power Up and Alignment Checklists.......32
R
5.2 Tp-26 Events.. R ...33
5.3 TR-5 GMT Stop Clock. R 34
5.4 ..34
5.5 ....34
R
5.6 ER .35
5.7 Retropack Jettison. ...40
5.8 Communications.
5.9 Updating..... ..41
5.l0 Post Retro Jettison Checklist. .42
6.0 REENTRY
6.1 Reentry Parameters Update...... .42
6.2 400 K...... ..43
6.3 Acceleration Profile.... ...47
6.4 Spacecraft Control.... .....47
6.5 100 K.... ...48
6.6 50 K.
6.7 35 K Checklist.... .49
6.8 Communications.... .49
6.9 26 K Checklist..... .49
6.10 10.6 K Barostat.. 50
6.ll Main Check Deployment... 51
6.12 Post Main Checklist..... 51
6.13 Single Point Release....
6.14 2 K Checklist....... ..52
6.15 Landing.... .52
6.l6 Postlanding Checklist...... .52
6.l7 Blood Pressure Measurement.. ..53

#### Page 9

11.0

EXPERIMENTS
11.1 Celestial, Space, and Terrestrial Radiometry
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

(D-4/D-7)•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••140

Star Occulation Measurement (D-5) •...•.....•146
Simple Navigation (D-9) .....................148
Visual Acuity and Astronaut Visibility
and Vision Test (M-9 ) .......................154
Synoptic terrain (S-5) and weather (s-6)
photograph.y••••..••.••.•••....••••.•••••••••158

11.6

Proton Electron Spectrometer and Tri-Axis
Flux-Gate Magnetometer (MSC-2 and MSC-3) ...•160
11.7 Optical communications (MSC-4 ) ..............161
11.8 Landmark Contrast ..•....•........•..........165
11.9 Cardiovascular reflex conditioning (M-1 ) ....166
11.10 In-flight exercises (M-3) ...................167
11.11 In-flight phonocardiogram (M-4) and
In-flight sleep analysis (M-8) ..............167
11.12 Bioassay body fluids (M-5) and
calcium balance study (M-7) .................168
11.13 Miscellaneous ......•.......................•172
12.0

PREMISSION PLANNING
12.l Mission Plan (trajectory) ...........•.......175
12.2 Flight Plan.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••175
12.3 Spacecraft Changes •..•...................... 176
12.4 Mission Rules ............. .. ......•. .. ......177
12,5 Experiments ••.•..•••••.•...•......•...•....•177

13 .0

MISSION CONTROL
13.1

GO/NO GO' s ••••••••.••.••.•••••.•••....••...•179

13,2
13 . 3
13.4
13. 5
13.6

PLA and CLA updat es•••••••••••••••••••••••••l79
Consuma.bles .............•.•...•..........••.180
Flight Plan changes.••••••••••••••••••••••••181
Systems . ....................•.............. . 182

Experiments real-time updatea ...•......••.••184

#### Page 11

....
1.0 COUNTDOWN
1.1 Crew Insertion

I thought it went ve~y well.

Borman

I have no comment.

Lovell

Likewise, no comment on crew insertion.
quite a. bit done.

Borman

I think we got

It was very orderly.

Timing was good and it was done properly.
1.2 Communications

I had no troubl e at al l.

Borman

Communications were good.

Lovell

I had no trouble with communications in the cockpit or the
spacecraft, but the communications in the va.n from the
suiting area t o the other area a.re rather poor.

Maybe we

should try to get that improved sometime.

1.3 Crew Participation in Countdown
Borman

Again, I think they have been used on 4 or 5 l aunches, and

I thought they were fine.
Lovell

Right.

Countdown procedure and crew participation is just

what you expect now.
1.4 Comfort

Borma.n

Comfort was fine.

No problems?

Lovell

No problems for comfort , but I was surprised when I got in
the cockP i t, because there was a lot more there than there
was when I got in it for the stowage review.
turned out for t he best.

No problems.

But, it a ll

#### Page 12

2

1.5 ECS
Borman

ECS worked fine.

We had no trouble with ECS at all during

prelaunch or launch.
Lovell

That is true.

The purge was a lot slower and it was just

perfect for the final countdown.

It was too fast for the

SIM Flight, which we went through, a.nd I got an ee.:r block­
age.

For the countdown, it was ju.st r ight.

Very slow.

1.6 Sounds
Borman

We had been well briefed on a ll the soundsz the gimbaling,
pre- valve, a.nd erector.

As a matter of fact, when the erec­

tor started down there was no sound.

We had been told that

probably there might be a clanking or something.

I hes.rd

nothing.
Lovell

All I saw was the sky.

1.7 Vibrations
I had no problems.

Borm8ll

Vibrations.

No comment.

Lovell

Is this liftoff vibrations?

Borman

No, this is countdown.

Vibrations of the spacecraft during

coun tdown.
Lovell

No, nothing we had not heard before.
1 .8 Visual

Lovell

The windows were perfeot.

Borman

No fogging.

We had no fogging.

#### Page 13

---

.
Lovell

3

The windows were heated previousl y as a result of 51 s pro­
bl ems, and our windows, I t hought , were perfectly clean.
Didn 1 t you?

Borm8J'l

Right.

1.9 Crew Stati on Control s a.nd Displays
Lovel l

No comment .

Exactly how we had pl anned it for months.

Borma.n

Exactl y t he way that we had seen it, and no probl ems.
2 .0 POWERED FLIGHT
2.1 Liftoff Cues

Borman

Stoney came in loud e.nd c l ea.r, counting the countdown.

Lovell

Cs.me in loud and c l ear.

:Borman

We lmew exactly when i t was, and I for one had absolutely
no question in my mind when we lifted off.

It felt like I

had been t ied back, a.nd someone cut the string a.nd there
was a slow but definite acceleration at lift-off.

Lovell

I thought you could just about put 01P COMM, V1bration, and
noise together, because the motion, vibrati on , and noise all
contributed to a definite knowledge that you were going
somepl ace.

Borman

In other words, what you are saying is that you had no pro­
blems determining lift-off.

Lovell

No, it went.

Borma.n

Okay vibration wa.s nominal during l ift-off.

Again, perhaps

#### Page 14

4

it is because we were so well briefed on the simulations
we have run, but I had no problems.
Lovell

There was a little more noise than I expected, but a little
less vibration.

Borman

Jim said there was a little more noise than he expected.

Even so,, it was not oppressive, or a problem at all. Visual.
I did not have any visual cues.
ments.
Lovell

1What about you, Jim.

I was watching the instru­

Did you pick up any?

I had the clouds, end there was a visual cue.

Just normal

cloud cues .
Borman

Cockpit displays were good.

The fuel pressure and oxidizer

pressure were nominal the whole flight.

Just perfect.

2.2 Roll Program
Borman

The roll program, was so short it was almost like a spike•
We hardly even noticed the roll program.

Lovell

I did not notice it at all.

Did you Jim?

I heard you call it out, but I

did not notice it.
Borman

I called it out , but we only rolled,I think,about 2 or 3°.

2.3 Pitch Program
Borman

The pitch program started just as in the simulator, which
is very accurate on this.

It looked exactly the same on the

ball, and there wae no problem.
Lovell

The pitch program for the RGS followed exactly what the IGS

'

-~
..... --

-...

,

.

#### Page 15

5

was giving for the entire l aunch.
matched perfectly--nulled.

The needles were just

I did not see any unusual

attitudes that some of the other people commented on.

2.4 Aerodynamic
Borman

Age.in, we had had this described to us ma.ny times, and it
seemed to follow right along.

In the maximum q region we

got some vibration and noise, but after we got through
maximum q it was just like going supersonic in a fighter.
You just slip through, and from then on it was just l ike
riding on a train.
Lovell

I don't think it was bad either.

2.5 :ms
Lovell

Pressure went up to 5.5 in the initial stoppage, and it
slowly leaked down to 5.1, and stayed there.

Borman

I was cool during lift-off.

Lovell

I was too.

Borman

Comfortable.
table.

Comfortable.

I mean cool in the sense that it means comfor­

Of course we can not very well comment on the cabin

atmosphere because we were sealed.
2. 6 Maximum q

Borman

We ha.ve already discussed this.

There was some noise build

up and some vibration, but nothing to worry at all about or
even discuss .

#### Page 16

6

2.7 Wind shear
Borman

Wind s hear.

I did not notice any.

Lovell

I did not notice a:ny wind shear either.

Borman

You could not see any on you attitude gauges either, could
you?

Lovell

No, that is what I mean.

Borman

The a tti tude gauges stayed pegged.

Lovell

They stayed nulled throughout the entire flight.

Right?

I was

a.ma.zed a t the accuracy with which the RGS was following the
IGS program.
2.8 DCS Updates
Lovell

Ca.me through on schedule .

Borman

No problem?

Lovell

No trouble.

Borman

Have any trouble punching the light ?

Lovell

After the second upda.te, about 2:23 ,the g 1 s are too ~igh
to let you punch off the l ight.

So , you have to wai t for

staging, and t hen punch the l ight.
2.9 Engine 1 Operation
Borman

Engine 1 opera tion, I thought, was norma.l.

But I did noti ce

a s l ight hint of a POGO a.round a.bout, I would esti mate, two

minutes.

The slightest, faintest hint.

even noticed it.

I do not think J im

#### Page 17

7

Lovell

I did not notice any POGO.
2,10 Engine 2 Status

Borman

It seemed to me that from about 3 minutes and 30 seconds to
a.round 4 minutes, the noise and the feel was a little bit
different than it was a.fter that, as if it was vibrating &
little bit more.
type thing,

But this was sort of, a.gain, a sensing

The inatrwnents were all nominal, a.nd it may

have just been me,

I certainly ca.n not complain about the

operation,
2.11 Acceleration g's
Borman

J.ny- problems, Jim?

Lovell

No problems.

They were pretty nominal, weren I t they?

I

could not see the g meter.
Borma.n

They were right on the money.
ha.ve are all

And, of course, the g's we

experienced in the centri.fuge , and so on.

One

thing, when the g's dropped a t staging and at SECO I had
no sensation of tumbling and no sensation of disorientation.
Nothing at all.
2.12 POGO
Borman

I 've mentioned that I detected a slight hint of one tha.t was
so smal l we cannot even really discuss it.
2.13 Guidance Initiation

Lovell

We had a guidance initiation.

It was in the form of booster

#### Page 18

8

yaw deflecting downward, more so than booster pitch deflec­
ting. Booster pitch deflected sl i ght ly t o the right, indi­
cating, at guidance initiation, a booster-high trajectory.
But, they both came right back to null just after guidance
initiation, and that was it.
Borman

We did not have the feeling that we were lofted, and then
a sudden pitch down.

Lovell

No , th9re was no change of booster performance at all.

It

was just t hat the needles deflected a t guidance initiation
to say that we had gui dance initiation, and after that they
nulled and stayed that W83' from there on.
2.14 BECO
Borman

At BECO, the whole spacecraft was engulfed in a red flame .
I noticed that out of the corner of my eyes.

Jim, you

probably had a better view than I did.
Lovell

Yes .

Flames came up thP. side there to the window .

Borman

There was a definite, very brief instant of it, probably
in the order of milliseconds , but it did envelope the space­
craft and I, in my own mind, wonder if this is not the place
where we are picking up some of the smudge on t he window.
2.15

Lovell

Stagins-

Well, I did not notice any smudge at the time of staging.

Slayton You did not notice any?
Lovell

I did not notice any .
fast.

Of course, things were going pret ty

I did notice it after we got into o=bit, but not at

#### Page 19

9

that particul ar time.
2.16 Engine 2 Ignition
Eorma.n

Again, it is so well simulated that-­

Lovell

It is very smooth.

:Borman

It is ve:ry smooth, a.nd away you go.
2.17 RGS Initiate

:Borman

We l l, we have talked about that.

Lovell

Yes, that is what I was talking about back p.!'eviously.

2.18 GO/NO GO
:Borman

GO/NO GO.

Houston, on the ground, came through great.

We

got a GO/NO GO before the 30 seconds we were waiting £or
spacecraft separate.

So, we knew we were in good shape

before we ever had the possibility we would have to burn.
Of course, we also had the IVI's onboa.rd and they are very
good also.
2.19 Systems Status
Borman

The systems were all great.
flight.

No problem, during powered

We got two delt a Plights.

Lovell

Oh, yes, that is right.

:Borman

We are talking about spacecraft systems.

We got delta P

light on BECO in the first stage that went off at staging,
then came back on during second stage flight, and then the

#### Page 20

10

:::action 2 delta Plight did not go out a.nd it was •••
Lovell

No, J:ection 1 went on and out again during the £light.

It

went out a t, I think it went out at SECO.

Borman

That is right.

Lovell

But 'Section 2 came on and we saw that one £or the next 14
days.
2.20 Acceleration

Borman

Acceleration during stage 2 was right on the money, right on
the program.
I

I read of£, I

half g a maximum.

think i t was about six a.nd a

We read this off after SECO.

2.21 Fairing Jettison

Borman

Fairing Jettison, I did not even hear it.

I was concentra­

ting on the horizon , trying to get set for turning around.
Jim j ettisoned the fairing and punched the Spacecraft SEP.

I did not see a.nything or hear a.nything.
Lovell

I saw debris and heard it and had a definite knowledge that
a squib had gone off.

There had been an explosion.

3.0 INSERTION
3.1 Post SECO
Borman

Maneuver controller was easy to reach.
there was no problem.

I had it out, and

It came out and was ready to go.

Attitudes and rates, there were none.

The thing was as

solid a.a a rock as far as I could determine.

I was watching

#### Page 21

11

the horizon, and the attitude remained constant a.nd the
rates were so minimal you could not even pick them up.

I

noticed no transients, we experienced no·•·•••••~•• as
far as I know that was discernible.
Lovell

Did you try to damp out the ..

Borman

There was nothing to damp out.

Lovell

Okay.

:Borman

In fact, I did not use the thrusters at all for that.

It

just sat there.

3.2 SECO pl us 30 seconds
Lovell

I have the IVI readings on a. ca.rd.

Do you have those- cards

that we took off?
:Borman

Yes.

Lovell

I am sorry. We did not get forward-aft, left-right, u.p or
down because they were so quick, and I was trying to get the
camera.

But it was 17 1n the fore and a.ft wmdow, 13 in the

left-right, and up and down was 20.
Borman

What do you mean. you did not get them?

They a.re there.

Lovell

No, I did not know a.ft or forwa.rd, or left or right, or up
or down.

:Borman

Oh, I see.

Lovell

I just saw th&t they were so small tha.t I just wrote down
the numbers as a ...

#### Page 22

12

Borman

17, 30, and 20.

There might have been a 13, 17, a.nd 20...

Lovell

About what the numbers ca.me up with.

Borman

Spacecraft separation. We separated with minimum delay be­
tween thrusting and Spacecraft SEP.
craft separation.

Jim actuated the space­

I did not hear the thrusters firing. I

could not hear them; and I did not even helU' spacecraft
separation, but -Lovell

I heard Spacecraft SEP, but I o·o uld not hear the thrusters

firing. But you told me you were firing the thrusters-Borman

I ea.id th.rusting a.nd SEIP Spacecraft a.nd we did it and away
we went.

I thrusted for about 2 seconds.

Almost immedi­

ately, as soon as we had £inished thrusting, I started a
yaw right 180°, and the rates were right around, I think
a.round --Of course, you should be able to pick this up off
telemetry, but I would estimate they were 3° to 4° per
second turning around.

As soon as I ha.d the booster in

sight, I thrueted be.ck 5 seconds.

This is the way we tried

in silllulations, The simulations in St. Louis were excell ent.
Lovell

Turned out that was the best technique to use, 2 seconds
for the 2 seconds forward a.nd a 5 second return.

Borman

We turned around a.nd there it was, bigger than the devil!

Lovell

At that distance there was no problem staying in there.

Borman

Now, I did have some problem because the booster was bending

#### Page 23

13

so rapidl y.

It wa.s tremendous.

It looked like one of the

autogenous lines ha.d been cut.

I guess it was cut with a

pyro, a.nd it was really bending and this was causing it to
translate as well as rotate.

And in order to stay with it,

I was having to use quite a bit of fuel;
certainly a nominal task.
trol modes switchings.

although it was

I also went through severa l con­

I sta:rted out in PULSE and I could

not get around fast enough, so I went to DIRECT a.nd then
slowed it up in RA.TE COMMAND. Slowed up the direct rate I
was using with RATE COMMAND, a.nd left it in RATE COMMAND
without using the h&nd controller for a while.
went to l'LATFOBM.
to

Finally

When I went to PLA.'f.E'OHM~ we had been off

one side of the booster.

~

. L went to PLATFORM, · it

yawed me back around, and I lost sight of the booster . .SO
we went out of PLATFORM· and flew t he rest of it in PULSE
Mo~e using the reticle on the horizon for stabilization and
using the maneuver controller for thrust.
onboard tape,incidentally.

This is all on

The air to ground communications,

throughout the f light were superior.
Lovell

I was really a.mazed a.t the communications, especially the
primary station.

Borman

The UHF was outstanding.

We have already discussed GO/NO GO.

They came through loud

and clear before we ever SEP spacecraft.

We had no need for

#### Page 24

14

a velocity correction.
Lovell

As a matter of fact, right now would be a good time to men­
tion that address 72 read --

Borman

Nominal was 25 804 and address 72 read 25 804.

Lovell

Can you imagine that? Right t o th~ · foot!

25 804.

I could

not believe it when I punched it up.
Borman

The orbit quantities were given to us, I think,by Bermuda..
0£ course, at this time we really were not interested in

them , although they were sort of nice in.formation.

We had

a GO/NO GO.

Lovell

It was 87-178

the initial forward quantity that was

ca lled up to ue.
Borman

Tha l'!1JU readouts : Jim read 72 and when he saw it was 25, 804,

we had a GO/NO GO from the ground.

I do not believe you

even rea4 the rest of them out, did you?
Lovell

No, I did not bother reading out the rest of the addresses

94, 97, 52, or 73, because I saw the 72 nominal. I saw the
IVI's were right in there so we did not bother reading out
anything else.
Borman

Debris • I did not notice a:ny debris.

Lovell

I noti-od debris.

I was looking out at Spacecraft SEP and

Jet Fairing, and noticed debris.

I also noticed debris be­

t ween the spacecraft and booster when we first turned around.

#### Page 25

15

Borman

Could you identify any type of the debris?

Lovell

No, pieces.That is all I could tell.

3.3 Insertion activities
Lovell

We followed the regular procedure.

Borman

We did not have s;ny problem with safing our switches.
No problem.

I did not even stow my D-ring at insertion.

I

was too busy trying to stay on the booster, and I did not
get it stowed for the first orbit,I guess,or half an orbit.
Lovell

What we planned on doing was getting pictures of the D-ring.
I got the br&cket up at staging, and I actually had a minute
after guidance initiate to reach back there and get the
bracket and stick it up.

It worked out very nicely before

the g's started building up again on second stage.

The

bracket was up and in place s;nd no problem a t all.

Then at

SECO, I went around to pick up the camera, because we had
the camera. stowed where the Agena control bq..x ie l ~oated.,
I

managed to get the camera up, and it was already plugged

into the electric&l wire.

ill I had to do was turn the

auxiliary switch on, put it on the bracket, and push the
button, and it started taking pictures.

Just about that

time, Frank mentioned be was going to start thrusting pretty
soon so I had to go back and punch off the spacecraft.
I read up address 72.

So , I hope the pictures come out.

Then

#### Page 26

16

:Borman

We were looking right into the sun; I hope they do too.
drogu.e pins were no problem.

The

Jim got them, but again, not

until well into the first orbit.

As a matter of fact, I

pulled my own yesterd.a.y morning there.

The problem is

solved; I think they a.re easy to get to.
Lovell

Yes. They a.re easy to pull out.

Borman

I think that we have covered station keeping wi th stage II
booater,partially.

I will mention that the booster, being

without attitude control, translating also with this im­
pul se it was picking up from the venting, is definitely an
order of magnitude more difficult than station keeping with
a

stabl e vehicle like Spacecraft 6.

First of a ll, you do not have. anyone

control ling the thing;

you do not exactly know where it is going to go, and it
might translate because it is venting and ha.a a slight
thrust.
Borma.n

I know a couple of times we got in a little too close

and

I backed out, because you just do not da.re get as close as
you do the way this thing is spewing.
picture, a good l ook at the nozzle.

We got a real good
I thought that it

looked like the nozzle was bent in on two places on the
booster engine.

It l ooked like the nozzle, the ablative

skirt had been bent in.

But then, it may have been just a

#### Page 27

17

shadow, because the next time I looked at it, it looked just
like a new engine.
mage.

The booster itself had no apparent da­

The only thing we could see was this big spewing

where the venting was coming from.
ing from the roll nozzle at all.
Lovell

I did not see any vent~
Did you?

No, the venting ca.me from some line right along the bottom
edge, near the engine section of the booster.

Borman

That is right.

Lovell

It was a line of some sort that was open, and fuel was
spewing out of it.

Borman

I hope

they got the data they wanted on the D-4 and D-7

Experiments. It wa.s,again,a very uncomplicated maneuver, one
that we practiced many times, and it worked just lik~ it
does in simulation.

Had no difficulty at all. Toe lights

on the booster worked fine.
3.4 Post station-keeping
Borman

We did not do anything with stowage on the first orbit at
al l .

D-ring, pins

I have already mentioned, we did not

get those in at all.
Lovell

Arm restraints went down at 55 seconds.

Belts- We did not

even loosen them until after we had done D-4, D-7.
vests

The life

we left right on the harness for the entire flight,

but the ha.mess did not stay on us for the entire flight.

#### Page 28

18

The sequence light test. This was done after the first orbit.
We really had this insertion checklist in two phases, one
at insertion and then one after D-4, D-7.

4.0 ORBITAL FLIGHT
Borma.n

We have already disou.ased the station-keeping.
problem.

That is no

I think the situation that we used,going off with

about 2 seconds--2 to 3 seconds--a.nd thrusting back with 5
seconds while you a.re still on your side getting back to the
booster as quickly as "POssible ,solves the problem and takes
a lot of the orbital mechanics out of the situation.

hope the film comes out.

I

The one thing that did make it &

little difficult on this one is when we looked back, we
were looking back into the sun, and the booster was right in
line with the sun.

It was ju.at like flying formation when

the leader makes a. turn, a.nd you are down,..sun.

It is dif­

ficult to see, and I tried to move off to one side and
swing around and look a little bit more to the north.
think it was north.

I

I guess I was trying to look to the

south where I could get the sun out of my line of sight.

I

also had a cut-off on the booster at station-keeping at 88%
fuel, so that at 88% fuel we were already in darkness, al­
though we had not reached the time for the D-4, D-7 separa­
tion which we.a to ooour a.too, 25.I think it was about '00: 23 or

#### Page 29

19

00,21. So when we reached this limit and we were in darkness,
I ~~nt ahead and separated, thrustil:lg dawn.
Lovell

We actually separated earlier than 00: 25. We actv.ally separa­

ted at 00:-21.
:Borman

That is right.

So we separated because we were in da.rlmess

and because we had reached the limit on fuel.

We had been

in darlmess for awhile. One thing I di d notice was that the
docking light was not particularly helpful on that stage of
the business.

I guess it is because we were not close

enough to the booster.
Lovell

We tried but the docking light just did not work.

:Borman

I suppose because,a.gain,we were looking at a lighted horizon
with the docking light , and it did not work as well as it
did l ater on with Spacecraft b, The booster measurements
went off.

We got

indications on the needle ,on the measure­

ment needle ..
Lovell

The recorder did not get on until 27 minutes.

That is a

guess. I am not too sure, but as I understand it, they had
live transmissi ons up until th.at time, to Bermuda, 8Jld An­
t i gua., wherever it is, so we were okay there.
Borman

The booster measurements were normal.
was perfect for that.

Again, the simulator

The lights. Jim McDivitt had made

some comment about not being able to judge distance because

#### Page 30

20

they only had two l ights on there.

We had four lights

on and I will be darned if I will try to judge distance
by four lights or fifty lights.

You have got to have

illumination or you have to have a stable vehicle.
Lovell

You have to have something tha t illuminates the vehicle,
not a light that flashes because you cannot tell from a
flashing light.

Borman

Especially on vehicles rotating.
possible to control them.

I do not think that i t is

You have to have a controlled

vehicle before you can judge distance from it, as far
as I am concerned.
problem.

The GO/NO GO, 17-1 TR were no

We ran through the platform-off post station­

keeping checklist just the way it is listed.
Lovell

Yes, that is where we caught most of the things.

Borman

That is where we caught most of the things like putting
the D-ring away and the drogue pins and so on.

Only one

time in flight did we require attitude control fuel to
change attitude for critical delay time playback.
was no problem.

There

Communications, as always, were superior.

The D-4/D-7 Void Measurement was again no problem;
just lined up on the black and ran for t wo minutes.
Purging of the fuel cells.

This is the first of a long--

#### Page 31

21

Lovell

Yes , but we did not do it then,did we?

Did not we wait

until we powered down and then waited two hours?
:Borman

Tha t is right .

This is one of the things t h&t they

had in the f light plan that we asked them to change
because
Lovell

Yes, we did not purge the f'uel cells then.

:Borman

Originally, this came right after power down e.nd all
of the f'uel cell people recommended that you purge
before power down , or wait until two hours after power
down .

So we did not do it at this t i me in the flight.
D-4, D-7 star measurements.

This was changed.
was no probl em.

There

The eta.rs were well selected, and we

were right on them.

Right Jim?

Jim copied down, on

the procedures book, a check where we got the maximum

(Text continues in the original file: 222 pages.)

## NASA-UAP-D022 — Gemini 9 Debriefing, 1966

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D022
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D022
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: June 3-6, 1966
- Location: Low Earth Orbit
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

June 21 memo: Peru’s uncharted lights still outshone the paperwork.

- NASA PDF debriefing, Gemini IX-A astronauts Stafford & Cernan, dated June 16 1966, Low Earth Orbit
- Astronauts describe flashing lights, sparkles; memo notes zodiacal light, micrometeorite, Peru images
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Gemini IX (renamed Gemini IX-A) was the seventh crewed flight of the Gemini series, launched on June 3, 1966. The mission’s primary objectives included a spacewalk and multiple scientific and medical experiments. This document, dated June 16, 1966, is a transcript of a NASA debriefing of astronauts Thomas Stafford and Eugene Cernan. Pages 2-5 of this document contain the astronauts’ accounts of their observations of “flashing lights” and “sparkles” during the mission.

### Full text

#### Page 1

NASA ROUT
CODE

NAME (if 11tm1ary)

SLIP
ACTION
APPROVAL
CURRENCE

1.

INFORMATION

2.

INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE
NOTE AND FORWARD

3.

NOTE AND RETURN
PER REQUEST
RECO-ENDATION
SEE ME

s.

SIGNATURE
REPL y FOR SIGNATURE Of:

6.
7.
REMARKS:

FROM:

CODE :

NAME:

NASA Form 26 ( Rev. Jan. 1963)

DATE: /C,

/

JJ

U. S. GOVERNMENT PR I NTIN G OFF ICE : 1963 OF-671845

#### Page 2

7/7/66
Gerial IX Debriend 277, June 16, 1966
Attbodenc8 a0but 40 off and on
Eeperiments:
S-5:(from Mr. Undervood while waiting for the session to begin.)
300 or more pictures were obtained on Geminf 9.
Peru was alnost completely covered because it vas CleaR. A new lake(t)
was seen on one picture which did not appear on wry existing map. Peruvian
Enbassy was called and they sent a nilitary plane to investigate this
lake which could be a possible bazard to villages below by producing
an avalanche.
Wm. Fisher,UsoS, has put out a small technical paper on the GT-4 pictures.
S-l2: Eememvay and Gene Flaherty. Mierometecrite Collection on Gerini ,Agena.
S-lo: The astronauts reported they could see the colleetion box. Sorry they
coudd not go to it to cpen it. But there it vas bright and shiny.
S-l2: Biolcgical analyais
(2) Swabe- taken both pre-flight and poet-flight
Fre-flight were dirty
Post-fiight" sterile.
3 locations inside the 8/c
(2) 5 orguniams teated
2 did not survive
2-penicillium and T-i(r) survived/ bacteriophages
The biological reaults are sasier to get at and so the results will
come out earlier.
Micrometeroite collection had l8hrs. vith two expoeures-two openings and
closings of the box from the panet and final recovery by EVA.
The S/c was in drifiing flight, locking in all directions, but sctually
not so such yaw as pitch to gucte the astronauts.
Scme artifacts were present -how made is beyond our understanding.
You've done for us a really fine job."
Astronauts-
No problem in recovering S-l2. Had to pull it off, but it didn't stick.
Didn't use lanyard (meaning!) We heard the squib when it closed.
We were quiet one day and didn't fire the thrdsters.
Zeitler has the times of opening and closing the control box which were
called down from the S/c
Hemerway to astronauts: Can you tell me about tke any discarding of material?
Astronauts- At end of first day we bad used 8o% of fuel(6oo#).
We kactocsed purged the fuel cells and had a urine dump which gave
anowballs
- During EvA I noticed that the S/C was clean
Stafford raye estimate vas that for 3o mins it was abeolutely clean.
in?

#### Page 3

p.2
We sav a very bright meteor- way, way out (going) from left to right,
whitish-green in color.
Material vas dunped between exposures-- mass of vater and urine- ve know
the mass to barely and ounce--
Hemenway- To assume that all the holes are real- we count 9 holes in
5 sq. cm. in 7x lo secs with no corrections.. this gives a point on
the curve (see file) in the middle of mry other results.
Serious diffenence vith Pegasus.
Stafford- Is the pressure suit ve have adequatet
Hemenway- the velocities range from O to 70 ka/seci those recorded hits proably
were not very high.
Dubin- (this) is a porticn of saple wa've looked at, the scanding prodess is
slow..
would like to inveetigate the gcld visor--gold is soft..
Lumdnous particles... at sunrise on blunt end (s/c) they alwaye show at
sunrise.
Roach- Could they cause what S-l2 sees?
Hemeoway- Stains show when we open the collection box.
Much more was collected (guest investigator portions) and we are
worried about contamination between thess separate portions.
Stafford- At one time there. was an N2O, yellow drop right on y window..
Go to p.3.

#### Page 4

Gemini 9 Debrief 2.73
Hemelway- About s-lo, we feel it is very important todo thie because of the
length of exposure. Agens 8 would really be worthwile to get at-
*****
S-1 Zodiacal Light, Ney and Huch and John Lintott (tech. monitor)
Astronauts to Ney- We have a message- we did the expt instde..
Ney to astronauts- How did you hold (gddde) it so vell:
Ciernan- We felt there would be a problem in holding 30 secs. in EVA.
I had practiced leaning on a car and 30 secs, was tocumich!
During EVA - drifiing so much..
During EvAa just maintaining position is dur most difficult taak...
restraining the feet.
Stafford- Gene produced sop mch torgue when he stepped out of the s/c,
that he rolled me l50 degrees,ete...
I don"t think ve could do it(the exept) qutside..
Cierman- We turned out all the lights except 3 red ligits inside the S/c.
I put the camers again the(t) and slid it against the frame so
I could hold it hard against the frame and then fom went for the
The pitch was diffioult- to sight the horizon ovep the nope) (proper) past of the horiaon..
and vertieally to get the Milky Way on the window.
sav a very pright beteorg way,vew out (going) fromieft topig
waigish-graen in/color
t pried wes durped betyeey
we know the toluges(mse)
We tock 18 pix, Moon on the last one; then suesise..
17 vere godd..
The first picture was taken tovard the north.
15 secs, 30 secs in center
(Your) vorst holds only represent l or 2 degrees. ..are the mull rates for
orbital or inertial?
How well did you think you held??? and then I'll show you the pictures..
Ciernan- Didn't need a handle on the camere- it's on right and dowm. I feel camers
was held real well. Problem was rates were even harder than in S-ll..
Ciernan- It was still difficult to lipe up the camera with the black horison,
ete. I. concentrated on leoking in the right direotion. (o. 8 deg.
in each direction.)
Problem- the vindwo is at an odd angle

#### Page 5

Ciernan- I cleaned my vindow-
mine had clear area in center but ridge all around-
Stafford- I couldn*t even sew
Ciernan- A world of stars when put out all the lights--
THere is alight leak inside the capsure from the attitude control..
LIgats oi to see the picturss and it io diffieult to read the
They aaw the zodiacal light visually notes
Day after full moon
Lightningt
Mogellanie clouds! (I think the ans. was not.)
Stafford- When the sun goes down, you see the lightning everywhere.
Ciernan- the top edge of the airglow is sharper (than the lower edge)
Pictubes #9,12 were shown.
Camere was turned off between each exposure
Twilight and zodiacal light in the sunrise photos (Vepus). ..like Gordo Cooper's
description of visual view.
Roach- Could you hold on a bright start
Stafford- If could use a reticle and a boresight, could really be on the needle.
Ney- Should ve never think of a 2 minite exposarel
Ciernan- 30 secs seems a long time.
Ney- Voice tape? Are time hacks on eacht Ans/ NO.
Zeitler- I dian't see anything on that.
Ciernan: Maintaining position was a magor problem.
Ney: How to do it outside?
Stafford: Mount camera clamped to forvard hatch.
(Did you see the ATDA?)
THe A DA vas 20 mins. away, about lOx diam. of Vemus.… -never saw any flashing
lights.
Roach: Did you ever see "sparkles" condng of the ATDA?
Stafford: No, none..
WHitish-blue and then whitish-orange..(t)

#### Page 6

John Lintett: a boresight wolld cut down the field of view..
Ney: the velcro was a dight light trap..
and he erded his remarks with "It was a great job!"
Ciernan: We d like some picturea..
Wey: We"ll gat you some
S-ll: Martin Koomen, NRL
Koomen: "After hearing the voice tape, I van't sure whether to come vithout my
hard hat!"
Cernan: We haven't heard them yet..
How good were the ratesl
Koomen: I thought they were very good.
cerpan: the pcints about boresighting would be the same as for S-l.
Stafford: The platform was up all the time.
Cperpan: the sigbt would give you nore control
C: lost..
S: lost..
CAernan: We took the "timer" off as it wasn't working. -used time hacks..
Stafford: It was a very difficult oferation and (he) was in a terriile pbsitiom..
--our hands were cramped and sweaty afterwards(from the effort).:
Kooment the control was too coarset
cHernan: Make lever arm as short as possible on the pitch control..
Hard to get in these positions in zerc G.
Koomen: You were holding on to what you were supposed to guide..
cfernan: No finger prints because of way things were handled..
Koomen: Was bracket on the window from orbit to orbit?
DIdn't get the last 2 pictures because the camera was stowed before S-I and
timey

#### Page 7

Koomer- (on ttne pletures) the airglow is someitmes sharper than other
tines. There are 35 good pietures; the thruster frame is black.
Cierran- Does the bright moon help the airglowt
Koomen- We don't think the moon affecte the airklow at all.".
- There is evidance of differences in inteasity ond altitude ueing
(comparing) the two filters.
Stafford- Dr. Ney's experiment (is) learning turve for S-ll.
-lightning flashes
Koomen- Last 4 pictures/ 2 extra sets of exposures, 5 and l0 secs. with eilters
Stafford- Decision not to go
We had 6 (oumbers) of frame(panelt) left
Cierman- Just 2 dote were what you need, not 3 (on camera. og papel or what?
Koomen- Could you adjust brightness of pointel
Ciernen- Not as fine as I'd like-- I'd like to go dimmer..
Koomen- Did you use ring on shaft?
Ciernan- Ees. with zy fingermail..
Koomen- Were you pressed for time?
Ciercan- As a matter of fact we had time to wait for sunrise..
- It vas slovr because we" were saving fuel.
Stafford- Boresight would redule time by 25%.
Koomen- Was the eatimate to take the twildght pictures ok?
Ciernan- We took what you gave, and apparently they were..
Koomen- Would it be better just to use your own judgment?
Clernan- No, I was glad to have the times.i
- We were glad to hive the time so we knew what to shoot at..
Koomen- Did you see and cclor in the twilight airglow
Clernan- No, just zeey or No CoLOR.
- I would use milky to describe the appearance.
(Koomen showed sildes of maty of his pictures which vere very good.)
Koomen- Ne filter and minus Na filter show somewhat differeent levels
Lintctt- Wbat about boresighting?
Ciernan- Yes, it could bring yaw on

#### Page 8

7.
Discussion on Soll wes folloed by a film showing (@uick Look at Gemini IX).
15 mine.
UHF-veF Polarization experivent:
51/2 orbite of data.
*.***
11:40 A.M.M-5 Rioassays
Hiomedicals A"alysis of Body F uids.
GENERAL SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATTONS
11:45 A.M.
Ney: Any stars in the daytime?
: No
Stafford: In twilight as we crossed the sun line, (saw) Antares.
Ciernan: Sunrise on the adapter and on the nose are quite differeat for
the two of us (two different windows,two different views):
: e could see stars while I was in daylight
Stafford: (Schitra saw) 3 stars in Orion's Belt during Cemini VI, and
Sirius and Rigel.
Lowman: 50 or 60 useful pictures of S. America; only had a few before.
Ciernan: Could only see streans fligkering through (thp Jumglet)
Very dark above the rain forest.
"Greens," no.Black tempered with green.
Lowman: Any blues off the M coast of S.Americat
Stafford: C n't answer.
Cierman: Hasselblad with filter..
Stafford: Maurer (camera)..
Did not have the (r-lo (tarrain photography) fligth plam, no onboard
data (to direct this picture taking).
: Maurer worked well, better than the Hasselbled. A stfip over Africa
was taken.
Dunkelpan: Use faster speed, 1/5ooth sec. why not try?
Towering decks of cloude..
MSC ques. re STRAPS
Ciernan: I'n against straps, lanyarde and tethers..
If have to get up, you vill need restraint becaise, your feet will
start f;oating...

#### Page 9

8.
Ciernar: Couldr't see out my window obliquely..
Stafford: Window tovers did help some (protected onlaunch and jettisoned in
flight did help cleanliness of windows).
Roach You did see the zodiacal light several times? How close to the Sun?
Ciernan: No chance to look for these phenomena as such because ve had to sleep
or look for ATDA.
Underwood
Color PICTuRES: Sone good limb shots.. (notonmm)
Dubin: Moon?
Ney: Could you occult the moon behind the ATDA?
Roach: Could wash out stars with the moon..
Underwood: ATDA and moon in some pictures..
Ciernan:I had a plan to observae a mumber of things, but when the timey came
(during EVA) I was so fogged up that I couldn't proceed ( with the plan.)
Roach: It is important to find out whether the problem is with stuff"in space"
or whether it is on the window..
Stafford: It't my impression that it's something outside.·
Ney Was sun ever occulted by the ATMA?
Stafford: WE didn't stay with it too long..
Ciernan: WE closed hatch while outside (during EVA).
Ney: Did you see stars as well then (Sun visible to Clernan) as at hight?
Stafford: As black then as ..
Ney: Earthlight might cause the problem..
We are trying to distinguish between
1. Daytime with earthlight
2. Daytime without earthlight
3. Nighttime
Dunkelman: We need to undesstand each other and for others to undestand what
ve mean . W need to clarify what is misaet by VIocal daytime."
(question often of semantics..)
Roach: Will you see stars on the moon tript
Stafford: (When) black I aaw 5th or 6th mgnitute stars
Sun was 2 or 3 degrees above the horizon.
Open the itnd Ido out (Bod @tb pDyitdend.
Stafford: I could not see through Gene's hatch ( when be emerged for EVA)
E N D of this section/ Lunch.

#### Page 10

NASA ROUTING SLIP
CODE NAME (if necessary) ACTION
APPROVAL
CONCURRENCE
1. Gemin. TX FILE
2. INFORMATION
INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE
3. NOTE AND FORWARD
NOTE AND RETURN
PER REQUEST
RECOMMENDATION
5. SEE ME
SIGNATURE
REPLY FOR SIGNATURE OF:
6.
7.
REMARKS:
1. AGENDA f . Newell Briefin
2
FROM: CODE: NAME: DATE: 7/12/66
NASA Form 26 (Rev. Jan. 1963) U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1963 OF—671845

#### Page 11

Yower2
25 sothat Da Cil
AW0O038-H0B456 know abnt
PP NASAHQ NAGSFC the
DE H0UMSC 003 1601458 Thuy
ZNR UUUUU
P 381530Z ZEX
FM NASA MSC HOUSTON IEXAS NASA Cowmuieatiozs Seo
TO NASAHC/NASA W O ARMSTRONG CODE MB WASH DC Code BAC-3
NASAHO/NASA R O ALLER CODE MGO WASH DC SM
NASAHV/NASA N P FRANDSEN CODE MGS WASH DC
FOR ACTION FOR INFOSLATEON
NASAHVNASA COL J BOLLERUD CODE NM WASH DC
ACTION COPY TO
NASAHG/NASA J R GILL CODE SM WASH DC INFORMATION COPY TO
NASAND/NASA H J SMITH CODE SG WASH DC
NASAH/NASA DUBIN CODE SG VASH DC
NASAHO/NASA M TEPPER CODE SAD WASH DC
NAGSFC/GSFC P D LOWMAN CODE S4I GREENBELT MD
NAGSFC/GSFC L DUNKLEMAN CODE 613 GREENBELT MD
NASA
BT
UNCLAS CF322-T25-65.
THE SCIENTIFIC DEBRIEFING FOR GEMINI IX WILL BE HELD ON
JUNE 16 CMM 1966 CMM STARTING AT 8.38 A.M. CST AT MSC-HOUSTON CMM
BUTLDING 4 CMM ROON 277. ALL PARTICIPANTS ARE REQUESTED TO BE AT THE
MEETING AT S.3S A.M. CST TO PRECLUDE REPETITION OF THE QUESTIONS TO THE
CREW.
THE SCHEDULE F OR THE DAY WILL BE AS FOLLOWS-
8.30 A.M. - 9.50 A.M. - S-IO AGENA MICROMETEORITE COLLECTION
S-12 MICROMETEORITE COLLECTION
9. 30 A.M. -IC. 38 A.M. - S-1 ZODIACAL LIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY
PAGE 2 RUWGHO C83 UNCLAS
S-II AIRGLOW HORIZON PHOTOGRAPHY
D-14 UHF-VHF POLARIZATION
10.30A.M. -II.OW A.M. - M-5 BIQNEDICAL ANALYSIS OF BODY FLUIDS
11.00A.M. -12.00 M. GENERAL SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS
12.00 M. - 1.O0 OP.M. - LUNCH
1. BOP. M. - 3. DO P.M. - D-12 ASTRONAUT MANEUVERING UNIT
ANY QUESTIONS AND/ OR REPLIES SHOULD BE DIRECTED TO JOHN W. MCKEE CMM
TELEPHONE NU 3-309I (AREA CODE 713).
SD DONALD K SLAYTON DIRECTOR FOR FLIGNT CREW OPERATIONS.
BT
NNNN100339-

#### Page 12

7 /6/66
Memorandum to the File
From: J. R. Gill
Subject : Experiments Debfiefing of Gemini IX held in Bldg . 4, MSC at
8:30 A.M. June 16,1966 .

Gemini IX ' s performance on the 0SSA experiments was impressive .

The guiding

performed for S011 and S001 was the best that has yet been done on a manned
spacecraft .

In all 40 usu.able pictures of the airglow were made with the

2- filter (split field) arrangement attached to the wide angle Maurer lens
( NRL' s experiment) .

8 ee1 : was done inside the capsule since it was not possible to attempt it

during the EVA .

THey got pictures of the zodiacal light and the Milky Way

and the guiding was good even for the 30 sec sweeps .

On Tri-X these are the

best pictures yet of the zodiacal light surpassing the results achieved on
Gemini V.
S011; About 40 usable pictures of the airglow were obtained.
of the same star fields pictured in S00l.

THese contain some

Guiding was very good even though

Cernan had to do the experiment from a very awkward position .
Hemenway showed several pictures which were enlargements (up to 35 , 000
exposed
times) . Only a small portion aJf the/ surface has been a.na.lyzed, but on this portio
S012 :

portion 9 impacts are recorded .

Hemenway is investigating possible "contamination

between experiments before sending the individual sections to guest investigators .
On the biological experiments where the results come ou:b faster (a) 3 swabs
taken inside the s/c

re- flight were dirty ; post-flight these same areas

were sterile . ( b ) the T-4 bacteriophages and t he penicilliumspeciroens

#### Page 13

2.

survived the spaceflight; two other sp eciment.

The 30-day report on this

experiment will contain more results, but the full micrometoerite analysis
will take some time.
S-5 and S-6: These experiments were not officially carried, but nonetheless it
was done as "operational procedure."

In all some 300 color pictures were taken

with the Hasselblad and Maurer cameras both of which were carried (for the first
time.

The Maurer is eventually planned to replace the Hasselblad, but this has

been slow in evolution.)
excellent.

A strip was taken over Peru where the weather happened to

Features show up in these pictures which do not appear on any existing

map; for example, a glacial lake in the Ange~ which do not appear on any existing
maps.

The Peruvian Embassy has been informed of this lake which may portend

an avalanche hazard for villagesilocated below,
military p-l,ane into the area to investigate .

The Peruvians have sent a

THis indicates the possible current

use of such pictorial information .
THe AMU exercise was unsuccessful.
present arrangements.

It proved to be too Im.lCh "work" under the

It takes two hands just to control the body peeitionang .

Hand-held photography during EVA for experiments looks "out of the question"
at pres ent.
J oc elyn R. Gill

#### Page 15

File Gtmini-X. 7/12/66
arell' Cand. Km.
(AGENOA) Briefing fer Aewell: Astro hant Adin 9:304.m.
stahlit d 5/C EVA
Scasteet lisht + aatemong
Astronants as scientitic investirators
tone at defifing
1 " Morctent
Paradoe 7T8 : Senini Seime Fet.
W.B.
Dr. Newell will plan to athend an tstranant's
can't attand Seini I

#### Page 16

Newell
1. T017/5010 what sfate? (ATM)
Twex Fhath to Mneles
2. sfarein daytie x20157
mishtte
Need jen mnd- brafin Centerence took
2 ante. in Jeninai Mid-Praf. Conf.
a.Je-atrm.ote. 2a-1
(nat sceenplibed on Rreny)
b. D. Lipht Pltfuphy 2b
apone & ATDA
S12,51,-10 5-11
Exferient 5iladule 0 78: 51, S10, 11,512
3. Erfe-ento 0n X S1,55,56,10, 12,=13,526 29,0
4. ~ : S4,-5,5-6,89S11513,526
5 x1: S3,5556, S1,S13 S2q, 530
(Amv) 5-29
7×: 4 XI 7+20p.
X: 7 X15 6+828 ()

#### Page 17

OPTtONA.L FORM NU. 10

•

MAY INZ. EDIT(ON
GSA P'PMR (,t CFR) t01-11 .f.

-

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

Memorandum
TO

SM/ DirectoJ , ~ ~
Manned Fli k-'t' 1~ periments Office

FROM

SM/Jocelyn R. Gill

SUBJECT:

Report on Gemini 9

DATE:

June 21 , 1966

\)

Gemini 9 -

n~e,ct:xon on our experimen

was impressive .

a

S-1 - Zodi~al Light Experiment (N ) - This was done inside
the capsule . Pictures were taken of the zod~cal light and
the Milky Way . Guiding was quite good even for the 30 second
sweep . Tri - x film was used , and best pictures yet of the
zodi~cal light .
S-11 - Airglow Horizon Photographic Experiment (Koomf n) Naval Resear ch Laboratory - About 40 us~ble pictures of
the airglow with a split field picture were obtained . Some
of the same star field were shown in S-1 . Guiding was very
good even though Cernan had to take pictures in a very
awkward position .
S-12 - Micrometeorite Collection (Hemenway) - Showed several
pictures which were greatly magnified - enlargement of the
micrometeorite experiment . Only a small portion of the
exposed surface has been analyzed . Nevertheless 9 important
ones are recorded on these films . Hemenway is investigating
possible contamination between experiments before sending
individual portions to guest experimenters .
Biological Experiments - Results of these come . out faster .
Part A: 3 swabs were taken inside of spacecraft .
Preflight were dirty .
Postflight : Some areas were sterile .
Part B: Penicillium and T- 4 bactericidal specimens survived
the spaceflight . Two other specimens did not .
30 day report
may have more results but micrometeorite experiment will
take some time .

Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan

#### Page 18

2

S- 5 & s - 6 - These were not officially carried , but Stafford
and Cernan took over 300 colored pictures using the Hasselblad
and Maur er camera .
A photographic strip was taken over
Peru where weather was excellent . Some features show up ,
for example , glacial lake in the Andes which do not show on any
existing map . Peruvian embassy has been informed of this lake
which may portend for avalanch hazard to villages located below
this lake . Military plane was sent into area to investigate .
AMU - This was unsuccessful .
Proves to be " too much work"
under present arrangements during EVA .
It takes two hands
to control the body positioning . Hand held photography during
EVA for experiment looks out of the question at present time .

Jocelyn R. Gill

#### Page 19

U . S . NAVAL RESEARCH L AB O RATORY
WASH INGTON , D. C. 20390

Code 7020
21 June 1966
Dr . Homer E. Newell
Associate Administrator
Space Science and Applications
National Aeronautics and Space Ad.ministration
Washington, D. c. 20546
Dear Homer :
Fir st, in behalf of the NRL- GSFC collaborators in Gemini Experiment S- 9,
I want to express deep gratification at t he strong int erest in and conc ern for
the success of our experiment shown by you and by Dr . George Mueller . The
substantial help that both of you and your associates in NASA have given us
is much appreciated.
The proposal to include two high- altitude orbits in the flight plan for
Gemini mission XI has been carefully examined by physicists at MSC Houston,
as well as by our joint NRL- Goddard group . At a meeting in my office yester­
day with officials from NASA Headquarters and from MSC , Houston, we agreed
that the S- 9 experiment would not be hurt if the flight plan included t wo
elliptic orbits bavine an altitude of 75 0 nautical miles at apogee (approxi ­
mately over Australia ) during the 26th and 27th orbits . Our emulsion stack
apparatus would be retrieved from the retroadapter se ction during the first
EVA , and stored inside the Gemini capsule in a manner suggested by Messrs .
Joseph Lill and Peter Higgins of MSC, with an orientation that would minimize
the effect s of background radiation incident on the window face of the package .
In short, we believe that the proposed high- altitude orbits are compatible
with the S- 9 experiment .
May I digress t o say that we in the NRL group are looking forward to
favorable consideration by the Manned Space Flight Experiments Board of our
recent Apollo proposals for cosmic- ray studi es outside the magnetosphere , and
for observations of cosmic y- rays in earth- orbiting Apollo vehicles .
With warm regards ,
Sincerely,

J.><urice

1:!

3 h ief Scientist

Laboratory for Cosmic Ray Physics
Principal Investigator, s- 9)

P . S. A list of those attending the meeti ng in my office yesterday is attached.
In an earlier meeting several weeks ago , we benefited from participation by ✓
Astronauts Charles Conrad and William Anders .
)\ ~
I

~ff'
cc : Dr . George Mueller
Mr . Leroy To.y

~

• ~

r<"
,

#### Page 20

In attendance at meeting in Dr . Shapiro ' s office
U. S . Naval Research Laboratory

,

20 J une 1966

NASA Headquarters, Washington
Eldon W. Hall
Vearl N. Huff
MSC , Houston
Wyendell B. Evans
Joseph C. Lill
Peter W. Higgins
GSFC , Greenbelt
Carl E. Fichtel
Donald V. Reames
U. S. NRL
Maurice M. Shapiro
Bertram Stiller
Francis W. 0 1 Dell
Rein Silberberg
Chen- Hsiang Tsao

#### Page 21

LABSTRACTS
No. 23

U. S. NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, WASHINGTON , D.C.

USRL Joins

RL

June 10, 1966

Chair of Cosmic Ray Physics Established

Effective July 1 the Navy Underwater Sound Ref­
erence Laboratory (USRL) in Or land o, Florida,
will be disestablished and become a di v i s i o n of
NRL. It will be designated as the Underwater Sound
Reference Division (USRD) . As a division of NRL,
USRD, in its program of standards and instrumen­
tation development for imderwater sound measure­
ment, will be re-enforced by the spec i a 1i zed
capabilities of related elements of the NRL research
staff. The f i n an c i a 1, management, and support
services requirements will be backed up by the
service organizations of NRL.
The new division will continue under the imme ­
diate supervision of the Chief Scientist, Mr. O. M.
Ows ley. Mr. Owsley will report directly to Capt
T. B. Owen, Director of NRL, for the management
of the operations and the effective prosecution of
the program. He will be guided as appropriate and
in their resp ective areas, by NRL's Director of
Research, Director of Support S e r vi c e s, and
Comptroller.
continued - page 2

NRL Signs Labor Contract
for Guard Unit
The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory and Colum­
bia Lodge No. 174 of the International Association
of Machinists and Aerospace Workers have nego­
tiated a comprehensive agreement covering all non­
supervisory security guards in the Laboratory's
Security and Administrative Services Division.
Following a grant of exclusive recognition to the
Union on January 19, 1966, negotiations began on
March 31, 1966, and were concluded on May 26.
The Laboratory's negotiating team was beaded by
Capt J. C. Matheson, Director of Support Services,
and inc luded LCdr J . H. DalPian, Se c u r i t y and
Administrative Ser vices Officer, and Mr. T. F.
Garnett, Jr., of the Personnel Division . The chief
negotiator for the Union was Mr. R. W. Fauntleroy,
Business R epresentative of Columbia Lodge No .
174. Mr. Fauntleroy was assisted by Mr. R. E.
Bunner and Mr. H. B. Brooks, both members of the
Laboratory's guard force.
The completed agreement was signed at 3:00
p. m. on Wednesday, June 1, in the Office of the
Director of Support Services. The effective date
of the agreement is June 2, 1966. It is anticipated
that the agreement will remain in effect for one
year with the possibility of its subsequent extension
continued - page 2

Effective May 11 the Laboratory established a
Chair of Cosmic Ray Physics for Dr. Maurice M.
Shapiro, who recently r esigne d from the Superin­
tendency of the Nucleonics Division after 12 years
in the latter position. The post of Chair of Science
was c r eat e d by the Laboratory to confer special
recognition on the incumbent as a distinguished
scientist of exceptional accomplishment.
The staf.f of the former Cosmic Ray Branch,
which Dr. Shapiro organized and led since 1949,
will constitute the L ab oratory for Cosmic Ray
Physics , with Dr. Shapiro as Chief Scientist.
The Laboratory for Cosmic Ray Physics is en­
gaged in studies of the primary cosmic radiation­
its composition, energy spectra, and other proper­
ties. This group of physicists composing the Lab­
oratory has become especially well-known for its
significant contributions to our knowledge of the
helium component and the heavier primary nuclei
of the cosmic radiation, as well as for its earlier
work on elementary particles. Dr. Shapiro is also
Principal Investigator for the Gemini Cosmic Ray
Experiment S-9, a collaborative enterprise of the
Laboratory and the Goddard Space Flight Center.
The emulsion stack designed for this experiment
was lost on the ill-fated Gemini VIIl but, the ex­
periment is re-scheduled to be flown on Gemini
Flight XI.

Savings Bond Campaign Extended
The Federal Savings Bonds Chairman, Postmas ­
ter General Lawrence F. O'Brien, has announced
that he is extending the 25th Anniv er sary Savings
Bonds Campaign for F ederal Employees through
continued - page 2

#### Page 22

2
USRL - continued

As a part of NRL, the new division's work will
remain essentially unchanged. Its mission, now
incorporated into the mission of NRL, is to conduct
research and development furthering the science of
underwater sound measurement, to provide to other
naval activities the resulting scientific knowledge,
new or improved t e c h n i q u e s , and standardized
instrumentation, and to provide facilities and ser­
vices for the accurate calibration of standard in­
strumentation and the wibiased determination of
performance characteristics of development, pro­
totype, or operational underwater sound devices
used by the Naval Establishment.
Several of NRL's key personnel, including Capt
T. B. Owen, the Director, and Dr. C. E. Cleeton,
the Associate Director of Research for Electronics,
have visited tbe facility to arrange for the transition.
The 10. 5 acres of LabOratory ground occupied
by USRD are located alongside Lake Gem Mary,
one mile south of the city limits of Orlando. It has
a personnel complement of 98 people: 97 civilian
and 1 military.
The Laboratory extends a hearty "Welcome
AbOard" to its new staff members and looks forward
to publication of articles about the new di vision.
CONTRACT SIGNED - continued

for one additional year. Significant provisions con­
cerning promotion, s c he du ling of annual leave,
hours of work, and a grievance procedure with pro­
visions for advisory arbitration, are among the
seventeen articles included in the agreement.
This is the second agreement covering Labora­
tory employees negotiated within the framework of
the F e d e r al Employee-Management Cooperation
Program as set forth in Executive Order 10988.
The first agreement, covering all wigraded non­
supervisory employees at the Washington complex
of NRL, became effective on December 21, 1964.
Re-negotiation of the latter agreement is expected
to begin in the early fall of this year.
SAVINGS BOND CAMPAIGN - continued

June. He said that the additional month is needed
to assure that every civilian and military employee
of the Federal Government throughout the world is
given an opportunity to sign up for regular pur­
chases of Savings Bonds through the Payroll Savings
Plan.
The Postmaster General expressed confidence
that the campaign goal of 75 percent participation
by Federal employees will be achieved.
So far in NRL' s Savi.n gs Bond Campaign 94 people

(Text continues in the original file: 78 pages.)

## NASA-UAP-D030 — STS-80 Unidentified Object Image 1, 1996

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D030
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D030
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1996
- Location: Low-Earth Orbit
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

1996 photo's biggest mystery: why the border got red numbers.

- NASA image NASA-UAP-D030, captured by Space Shuttle Columbia astronauts, 1996, Low-Earth Orbit.
- Shows three photos; first includes a small white object near Earth's limb.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

During STS-80, between November 19 and December 7, 1996, astronauts aboard Space Shuttle Columbia captured a series of three images of an unidentified object in low-Earth orbit. In the first photograph, the object is visible near the center of the frame, to the right of the limb of the Earth.

### AI visual description

This is a photograph showing a view from inside a spacecraft. The left side of the frame is filled with a bright, light blue and white scene, likely the Earth. The right side of the frame shows a dark interior space with indistinct shapes and a window frame. A small, thin, white object is visible near the center of the frame, to the right of the Earth's limb. The image has a black border with red numbers along the left edge, and there are reflections and other markings visible on the window.

## NASA-UAP-D031 — STS-80 Unidentified Object Image 2, 1996

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D031
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D031
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1996
- Location: Low-Earth Orbit
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Even the astronaut’s reflection looked more grounded than the mystery triangle.

- NASA-UAP-D031 image from STS‑80 crew, 1996, low‑Earth orbit
- Shows a white, triangular object tumbling near Earth’s limb in the second frame
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

During STS-80, between November 19 and December 7, 1996, astronauts aboard Space Shuttle Columbia captured a series of three images of an unidentified object in low-Earth orbit. In the second photograph, the object is visible near the center of the frame, to the right of the limb of the Earth. It appears to have rotated or tumbled about its major axis, which is consistent with the behavior of a free-floating object.

### AI visual description

The image is a photograph taken from inside a spacecraft. The curved window frame is visible on the right side of the image. Outside the window, the Earth's limb fills the left side of the frame, appearing as a bright blue and white half-circle. A small, white, triangular object is visible in the distance, near the center of the frame, to the right of the Earth's limb. The object is positioned against the blackness of space. The window has a reflection of the interior of the spacecraft, including a person's face at the bottom.

## NASA-UAP-D032 — STS-80 Unidentified Object Image 3, 1996

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-D032
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-D032
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1996
- Location: Low-Earth Orbit
- Released: 2026-07-10
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Those red numbers read '56 0 35 56'—NASA’s secret parking spot code.

- NASA-UAP-D032, STS-80 Unidentified Object Image 3, 1996; NASA; 1996; Low‑Earth Orbit
- Astronauts photographed three objects; third shows white circular object centered, moving between Columbia and Earth
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

During STS-80, between November 19 and December 7, 1996, astronauts aboard Space Shuttle Columbia captured a series of three images of an unidentified object in low-Earth orbit. In the third photograph, the object is visible near the center of the frame, superimposed against the Earth. It appears to have continued along a trajectory passing between Columbia and the Earth.

### AI visual description

This is a photograph taken from a space shuttle. The curved horizon of the Earth fills the frame, with a blue sky and white clouds above and a black space below. A small, white object is visible near the center of the frame, superimposed against the Earth. The object is roughly circular and has a smooth, reflective surface. The photo has a black border on the left and right sides with red numbers and letters printed vertically. The numbers '56 0 35 56' are visible on the left side.

## NASA-UAP-VM001 — Apollo 12, 1969

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-VM001
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-VM001
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1969
- Location: Moon
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Even in 1969, NASA needed a highlighter for lunar doodles.

- NASA image NASA-UAP-VM001, Apollo 12, 1969, Moon landing site
- Photo shows highlighted yellow rectangle containing a vertical blue oblong shape above horizon
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This archival photograph depicts the lunar surface as viewed from the landing site of Apollo 12. This image features a highlighted area of interest slightly to the right of the vertical axis of the frame, above the horizon, in which unidentified phenomena are visible. 

This image has been modified from its original state to assist viewers in identifying specific areas of interest. These highlights are provided for contextual purposes only. Such alterations do not constitute an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the nature or significance of the subject matter.

### AI visual description

The image is a photograph with a highlighted area. The photo shows a lunar surface with shadows of two people and equipment in the foreground. The horizon is visible, curving slightly upward. The highlighted area, marked by a yellow rectangle and lines, is above the horizon and to the right of centre. Within this area, there is a vertical, blue, oblong shape with a lighter blue area at its bottom. The highlighted area is shown enlarged in a smaller inset image. Thin, black crosshairs are visible in the main photo.

## NASA-UAP-VM002 — Apollo 12, 1969

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-VM002
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-VM002
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1969
- Location: Moon
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

1969 moon photo: the only place where "highlighting" doesn't need a highlighter.

- NASA image NASA-UAP-VM002, Apollo 12, 1969, Moon landing site
- Shows two highlighted areas where unidentified phenomena appear
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This archival photograph depicts the lunar surface as viewed from the landing site of Apollo 12. This image features two highlighted areas of interest, labeled “Area 1” and “Area 2,” slightly to the right of the vertical axis of the frame, above the horizon, in which unidentified phenomena are visible.

This image has been modified from its original state to assist viewers in identifying specific areas of interest. These highlights are provided for contextual purposes only. Such alterations do not constitute an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the nature or significance of the subject matter.

### AI visual description

The image is a composite of a photograph and an annotated overlay. The photograph shows a lunar surface with a horizon line, a textured surface, and a dark area above. A person's silhouette is visible in the bottom-right corner. The overlay features a dark background with two yellow-outlined boxes labeled 'Area 1' and 'Area 2', connected by lines to a smaller box near the photograph. The boxes contain small, faint, white dots against the dark background. White text labels the boxes, with no other visible text or markings.

## NASA-UAP-VM003 — Apollo 12, 1969

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-VM003
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-VM003
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1969
- Location: Moon
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Turns out the Moon's most mysterious object is a highlighted pixel, not a UFO.

- NASA image NASA-UAP-VM003 from Apollo 12, 1969, lunar surface
- Shows highlighted area near right edge with small bright spot, identified as unidentified phenomena
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This archival photograph depicts the lunar surface as viewed from the landing site of Apollo 12. This image features a highlighted area of interest near the right edge of the frame, above the horizon, in which unidentified phenomena are visible.
This image has been modified from its original state to assist viewers in identifying specific areas of interest. These highlights are provided for contextual purposes only. Such alterations do not constitute an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the nature or significance of the subject matter.

### AI visual description

The image is a photograph with a highlighted area. The photo shows a lunar surface with a shadowy figure in the foreground and a dark sky above. The highlighted area is a yellow-outlined rectangle in the top-right corner, containing a small bright spot. The photo has a grayish tone and appears to be taken from a low angle. There are grid lines and crosshairs overlaid on the image. The highlighted area is zoomed in and presented in a smaller inset box at the bottom-right corner of the rectangle.

## NASA-UAP-VM004 — Apollo 12, 1969

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-VM004
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-VM004
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1969
- Location: Moon
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Even in 1969, NASA liked to point out the Moon’s brightest tourist attraction.

- NASA image NASA-UAP-VM004, Apollo 12, 1969, taken on Moon surface
- Photo shows highlighted light-colored spot near top‑right, with shadows and crosshairs
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This archival photograph depicts the lunar surface as viewed from the landing site of Apollo 12. This image features a highlighted area of interest slightly to the left of the vertical axis of the frame, above the horizon, in which unidentified phenomena are visible. 
This image has been modified from its original state to assist viewers in identifying specific areas of interest. These highlights are provided for contextual purposes only. Such alterations do not constitute an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the nature or significance of the subject matter.

### AI visual description

The image is a photograph with a highlighted area. The photo shows a lunar surface with a person's shadow in the bottom-left corner and a long shadow extending to the right. The surface appears rocky and barren. A yellow highlighted area is in the top-right, showing a small, light-coloured spot. The highlighted area is also framed by a smaller yellow square on the left. The image has a dark background and includes thin black crosshairs.

## NASA-UAP-VM005 — Apollo 12, 1969

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-VM005
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-VM005
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1969
- Location: Moon
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Even the 1969 Moon selfie got unsolicited bright spots trying to steal the spotlight.

- NASA-UAP-VM005 image, NASA, 1969, Moon landing site of Apollo 12
- Shows five highlighted sky areas with small bright spots above horizon
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This archival photograph depicts the lunar surface as viewed from the landing site of Apollo 12. This image features five highlighted areas of interest, labeled “Area 1” through “Area 5,” above the horizon, in which unidentified phenomena are visible.
This image has been modified from its original state to assist viewers in identifying specific areas of interest. These highlights are provided for contextual purposes only. Such alterations do not constitute an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the nature or significance of the subject matter.

### AI visual description

The image is a composite of a black and white photograph of the lunar surface and five zoomed-in sections. The photograph shows a barren, rocky surface with shadows cast by an unseen object. Above the photograph, five yellow-outlined boxes labeled 'Area 1' through 'Area 5' contain zoomed-in views of the dark sky with small, bright spots. The background of the image is dark, and there are no visible text or markings except for the area labels and thin grid lines overlaying the photograph.

## NASA-UAP-VM006 — Apollo 17, 1972

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAP-VM006
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAP-VM006
- Agency: NASA
- Incident date: 1972
- Location: Moon
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Three lunar dots—NASA’s version of connecting the constellations on the Moon.

- NASA-UAP-VM006 image, NASA, December 1972, Moon
- Shows three bright dots in triangular formation in lunar sky inset
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

As part of the review of historical UAP materials under PURSUE, DOW has opened a case to investigate the accompanying NASA photograph from the Apollo 17 mission, taken December 1972. The image contains three “dots” in a triangular formation in the lower right quadrant of the lunar sky that is clearly visible upon magnification of the image. While this photo has been previously released and discussed by keen observers, there is no consensus about the nature of the anomaly. New preliminary US government analysis suggests the image feature is potentially the result of a physical object in the scene. Additionally, as part of this investigation, the government has obtained the original film from the Apollo 17 mission and the results of the full NASA and DOW analysis will be released when completed.

### AI visual description

The image is a photograph of the lunar surface with a zoomed-in inset. The main photo shows a gray, rocky surface with a shadowed area in the bottom-left corner and a grid overlay. The surface has several small craters and rocks. In the background, there are several hills. The inset photo, outlined in yellow, shows a dark sky with three small, bright dots in a triangular formation in the center. The dots appear blue and white. The dots are positioned in the lower right quadrant of the inset.

## NASA-UAPISTTermsofReference_Signed — UAP Independent Study Team — Terms of Reference

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-UAPISTTermsofReference_Signed
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-UAPISTTermsofReference_Signed
- Agency: NASA
- Released: Apr 2023
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

May 2022 charter: NASA’s road map to study what’s up there.

- NASA Terms of Reference PDF, signed May 2022, establishing UAP Independent Study Team (June 2022‑Mar 2023).
- Defines team scope, scientific methods, data analysis, deliverables, and public report requirement.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

Signed charter establishing the UAP Independent Study Team. Defines scope, deliverables, and the 9-month study period (June 2022 → Mar 2023).

### AI summary

The document is a NASA internal policy statement titled "UAP Independent Study Team — Terms of Reference." It was written by NASA officials, including Dr. Karen St. Germain, Dr. Daniel Evans, and Dr. Thomas Zurbuchen, and dated May 2022. It establishes the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Independent Study Team (UAPIST) under the Earth Science Advisory Committee. The document outlines the team's purpose to examine UAP using scientific methods, analyze available data, and provide recommendations. It details the team's structure, tasks, and reporting requirements, and notes that the team will produce a public report.

### Full text

#### Page 1

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Headquarters
Washington, DC 20546-0001

Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Independent Study Team
Terms of Reference
Preamble
NASA hereby establishes the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Independent Study Team (UAPIST)
as a subordinate group of the Earth Science Advisory Committee (ESAC), a standalone advisory
group established under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA). The Subcommittee has been
established at the discretion of the Director, Earth Science Division, following consultation with
the Assistant Deputy Associate Administrator for Research, Science Mission Directorate, as well
as the Associate Administrator, Science Mission Directorate.
Principles
NASA leads the world in exploration and is committed to rigorous scientific inquiry. Consistent
with NASA’s principles of openness, transparency, and scientific integrity, NASA is
commissioning the UAPIST in order to examine Unidentified Aerial Phenomena from a scientific
perspective, focusing on how NASA can use data and the tools of science to move our
understanding forward.
The UAPIST is established as a means to secure the counsel of community experts across diverse
areas on matters relevant to potential methods of study of unidentified aerial phenomena. The
UAPIST serves as a community-based, interdisciplinary forum for soliciting and coordinating
community analysis and input and providing advice. It provides advice to the Earth Science
Advisory Committee (ESAC).
Background
On June 25, 2021, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence issued the unclassified report
Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena. That report concluded that:
•
•
•

The limited amount of high-quality reporting on unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP)
hampers our ability to draw firm conclusions about the nature or intent of UAP.
In a limited number of incidents, UAP reportedly appeared to exhibit unusual flight
characteristics. These observations could be the result of sensor errors, spoofing, or observer
misperception and require additional rigorous analysis.
There are probably multiple types of UAP requiring different explanations based on the
range of appearances and behaviors described in the available reporting.
1

#### Page 2

•
•

UAP may pose airspace safety issues and may pose a challenge to U.S. national security.
Consistent consolidation of reports from across the federal government, standardized
reporting, increased collection and analysis, and a streamlined process for screening all such
reports against a broad range of relevant USG data will allow for a more sophisticated
analysis of UAP that is likely to deepen our understanding.

Statement of Task
The UAPIST shall report on the following questions:
1. What types of scientific data currently collected and archived by NASA or other civilian
government entities should be synthesized and analyzed to potentially shed light on the
nature and origins of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP)?
2. What types of scientific data currently collected and held by non-profits and companies
should be synthesized and analyzed to potentially shed light on the nature and origins of
UAP?
3. What other types of scientific data should be collected by NASA to enhance the potential for
developing an understanding of the nature and origins of UAP?
4. Which scientific analysis techniques currently in production could be employed to assess the
nature and origins of UAP? Which types of analysis techniques should be developed?
5. In considering the factors above, what basic physical constraints can be placed on the nature
and origins of UAP?
6. What civilian airspace data related to UAPs have been collected by government agencies
and are available for analysis to a) inform efforts to better understand the nature and origins
of UAPs, and b) determine the risk of UAPs to the National Air Space (NAS)?
7. What current reporting protocols and air traffic management (ATM) data acquisition systems
can be modified to acquire additional data on past and future UAPs?
8. What potential enhancements to future ATM development efforts can be recommended to
acquire data concerning future reported UAPs to assist in the effort to better understand the
nature and origin of the UAPs?
Membership
NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, in consultation with NASA’s Aeronautics Research Mission
Directorate, will appoint the Chair and members of the UAPIST for terms of up to one year.
Diversity of thought shall be a factor in determining the composition of the UAPIST. The UAPIST
will have approximately eight to twelve members chosen with an appropriately broad range of
expertise; experience; employer types and sizes; and individual demographics. The membership
will consist of experts drawn from U.S. academic, independent, and commercial institutions.
Members of the UAPIST who are not Regular Government Employees (RGE) will be designated
Special Government Employees (SGE) or Representatives. A NASA civil servant will be appointed
as the Designated Federal Officer and Executive Secretary of the UAPIST.

2

#### Page 3

Meetings and Reporting
The UAPIST will hold up to three meetings during the year. The first two meetings will be
preparatory while the third meeting will be deliberative. The UAPIST will deliver to the ESAC a
full, complete, and open report containing its recommendations, findings, and work products. A
full copy of the report will be made publicly available. After public deliberation, the ESAC will
deliver a final report to NASA reflecting their findings and recommendations.
Administrative Provisions
Organizational support for the UAPIST will be provided by the Science Mission Directorate. The
support will include meeting and logistical support, and any communication requisites, as
appropriate.
Duration
These Terms of Reference are terminated at the discretion of the Director, Earth Sciences Division,
following consultation with the Associate Administrator, Science Mission Directorate, or in one
year, whichever comes first.
Digitally signed by KAREN St

KAREN St Germain Germain
Date: 2022.05.21 21:04:54 -04'00'

_____________________________________________
Dr. Karen St. Germain
Director, Earth Science Division
Science Mission Directorate

DANIEL EVANS

Digitally signed by DANIEL
EVANS
Date: 2022.05.23 08:57:09 -04'00'

_____________________________________________
Dr. Daniel Evans
Asst. Dep. Associate Administrator for Research
Science Mission Directorate
Digitally signed by Thomas
Thomas
Zurbuchen
Date: 2022.05.24 08:57:48 -04'00'
Zurbuchen
_____________________________________________

Dr. Thomas Zurbuchen
Associate Administrator
Science Mission Directorate

3

## NASA-frn-uapist-public-meeting-tagged — Federal Register Notice — UAP Public Meeting

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-frn-uapist-public-meeting-tagged
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-frn-uapist-public-meeting-tagged
- Agency: NASA
- Released: May 2023
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

They scheduled the UAP meeting right after spring cleaning—nothing to hide, just dust.

- NASA Federal Register PDF, issued May 2023, announcing public meeting; virtual May 31, 2023.
- Reports agenda, live stream details, and public participation for UAP Independent Study Team.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Official Federal Register notice announcing the NASA UAP Independent Study Team public meeting and inviting public participation.

### AI summary

This document is a Federal Register notice announcing a public meeting related to unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP). It was issued by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on May 15, 2023. The meeting, scheduled for May 31, 2023, involves the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Independent Study Team and aims to gather scientific and technical information. The event will be held virtually, with live streaming and public participation options. The notice includes details about the agenda, contact information, and access procedures.

### Full text

#### Page 1

31038

Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 93 / Monday, May 15, 2023 / Notices

(Authority: 5 U.S.C. 552b).

scheduling priorities of the key
participants.

Dated: May 10, 2023.
Stefanie Davis,
Senior Associate General Counsel for
Regulations, Legal Services Corporation.
[FR Doc. 2023–10365 Filed 5–11–23; 11:15 am]

Patricia Rausch,
Advisory Committee Management Officer,
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.

BILLING CODE 7050–01–P

[FR Doc. 2023–10219 Filed 5–12–23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 7510–13–P

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND
SPACE ADMINISTRATION

NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS
ADMINISTRATION

[Notice: 23–050]

[NARA–2023–027]

Earth Science Advisory Committee;
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena
Independent Study Team; Meeting

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
Advisory Committee Meeting

AGENCY: National Aeronautics and

AGENCY: Office of Government

Space Administration.
ACTION: Notice of meeting.

ddrumheller on DSK120RN23PROD with NOTICES1

SUMMARY: In accordance with the

Federal Advisory Committee Act, the
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) announces a
meeting of the Unidentified Aerial
Phenomena Independent Study Team
(UAPIST) Subcommittee of the Earth
Science Advisory Committee. The
meeting will be held for the purpose of
soliciting, from the scientific
community and other persons, scientific
and technical information relevant to
program planning.
DATES: Wednesday, May 31, 2023, 10:30
a.m.–2:30 p.m. eastern time.
ADDRESSES: Public attendance will be
virtual only, broadcast at https://
www.nasa.gov/live/.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr.
Daniel Evans, Designated Federal
Officer, Science Mission Directorate,
NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC
20546, via email at daniel.a.evans@
nasa.gov, (202) 358–3882.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This
meeting will be broadcast live at https://
www.nasa.gov/live/, and public
participation is available by submitting
and upvoting questions at https://
nasa.cnf.io/sessions/hh4r/ starting
approximately two weeks before the
date of the meeting. Further information
on the UAPIST may be found at https://
science.nasa.gov/uap.
The agenda for the meeting includes
the following topics:
—NASA Senior Leadership perspective
—Department of Defense and
Intelligence community perspective
—Pathways for scientific analysis of
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena
—Preliminary findings of the
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena
Independent Study Team
It is imperative that this meeting be
held on this day to accommodate the

VerDate Sep<11>2014

19:07 May 12, 2023

Jkt 259001

Information Services (OGIS), National
Archives and Records Administration
(NARA).
ACTION: Notice of Federal advisory
committee meeting.
SUMMARY: We are announcing an

upcoming Freedom of Information Act
(FOIA) Advisory Committee meeting in
accordance with the Federal Advisory
Committee Act and the second United
States Open Government National
Action Plan.
DATES: The meeting will be on June 8,
2023, from 10 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. EDT.
You must register by 11:59 p.m. EDT
June 6, 2023, to attend.
ADDRESSES: This meeting will be a
virtual meeting. We will send access
instructions for the meeting to those
who register according to the
instructions below.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Kirsten Mitchell, Designated Federal
Officer for this committee, by email at
foia-advisory-committee@nara.gov, or
by telephone at 202.741.5770.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Agendas and meeting materials: We
will post all meeting materials,
including the agenda, at https://
www.archives.gov/ogis/foia-advisorycommittee/2022-2024-term.
This meeting will be the fifth of the
2022–2024 committee term. The
purpose of the meeting will be to hear
about a new FOIA Reference Model, a
specification that business and technical
stakeholders can use to analyze FOIA
programs and technology, and to hear
reports from each of the three
subcommittees: Implementation,
Modernization, and Resources.
Procedures: This virtual meeting is
open to the public in accordance with
the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5
U.S.C. app. 2). If you wish to offer oral
public comments during the public
comments periods of the meetings, you

PO 00000

Frm 00096

Fmt 4703

Sfmt 9990

must register in advance through
Eventbrite https://foia-advisorycommittee-mtg-june-8.eventbrite.com.
You must provide an email address so
that we can provide you with
information to access the meeting
online. Public comments will be limited
to three minutes per individual. We will
also live-stream the meeting on the
National Archives YouTube channel,
https://www.youtube.com/user/
usnationalarchives, and include a
captioning option. To request additional
accommodations (e.g., a transcript),
email foia-advisory-committee@
nara.gov or call 202.741.5770. Members
of the media who wish to register, those
who are unable to register online, and
those who require special
accommodations, should contact
Kirsten Mitchell (contact information
listed above).
Tasha Ford,
Committee Management Officer.
[FR Doc. 2023–10233 Filed 5–12–23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 7515–01–P

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
Sunshine Act Meetings
The National Science Board’s (NSB)
Committee on Science and Engineering
Policy (SEP) hereby gives notice of the
scheduling of a videoconference for the
transaction of National Science Board
business pursuant to the National
Science Foundation Act and the
Government in the Sunshine Act.
TIME AND DATE: Friday, May 19, 2023,
from 12 p.m.–1:30 p.m. EDT.
PLACE: The meeting will be held by
videoconference through the National
Science Foundation.
STATUS: Open.
MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED: Chair’s
opening remarks; Detailed Narrative
Outline for Indicators report: The State
of U.S. Science and Engineering;
Detailed Narrative Outline for Indicators
report: R&D: U.S. and International
Comparisons.
CONTACT PERSON FOR MORE INFORMATION:
Point of contact for this meeting is Chris
Blair, cblair@nsf.gov, 703/292–7000.
Members of the public can observe this
meeting through a YouTube livestream.
The YouTube link will be available from
the NSB meetings webpage—https://
www.nsf.gov/nsb/meetings/index.jsp.
Christopher Blair,
Executive Assistant to the National Science
Board Office.
[FR Doc. 2023–10415 Filed 5–11–23; 4:15 pm]
BILLING CODE 7555–01–P

E:\FR\FM\15MYN1.SGM

15MYN1

## Public Meeting Agenda — May 31, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-public-meeting-agenda-tagged
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-public-meeting-agenda-tagged
- Agency: NASA
- Released: May 2023
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

May 31 agenda: enough slots to outlast most UFO sightings.

- NASA Public Meeting Agenda PDF, May 31 2023, NASA UAP Independent Study Team
- Lists presentation times, topics, and public comment periods for the May 2023 meeting
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

Agenda for the NASA UAP Independent Study Team public meeting held May 31 2023. Lists every team member presentation and topic.

### AI summary

This document is a public meeting agenda for the NASA Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Independent Study Team. It was created by NASA and outlines the schedule for a meeting held on May 31, 2023. The agenda includes time slots for presentations and discussions on UAP from various experts and officials, as well as public comment periods. The meeting was broadcast online and allowed for public participation through an online platform.

### Full text

#### Page 1

NASA UNIDENTIFIED ANOMALOUS PHENOMENA
INDEPENDENT STUDY TEAM PUBLIC MEETING
Date:

May 31, 2023

Time:

10:30am – 2:30pm Eastern Time

Broadcast:

https://www.nasa.gov/live/

Time

Subject

Speaker(s)

10:30am - 10:40am

Call to Order, Panelist Introductions, and Dr. Daniel Evans
Overview Remarks
Designated Federal Official

10:40am - 10:50am

NASA Science Perspective

Dr. Nicky Fox
Associate Administrator, SMD

10:50am – 11:00am

Chair's Perspective

Dr. David Spergel
Chair, UAPIST

11:00am – 11:30am

All-Domain Anomaly Resolution (AARO)
Office Presentation

Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick
Director, AARO

11:30am – 12:00pm

FAA Presentation

Mr. Mike Freie
FAA Air Traffic Surveillance Services Office

12:00pm – 12:45pm

Adjourn for Lunch

12:45pm – 1:45pm

UAPIST Panelist Presentations and
Discussions
Framing the Issue of UAP

Dr. Nadia Drake, UAPIST

NASA's Role in UAP Studies

Dr. Paula Bontempi, UAPIST

Data and Crowdsourcing

Dr. Federica Bianco, UAPIST

Relevant Observations Beyond Earth’s
Dr. David Grinspoon, UAPIST
Atmosphere
Reporting Challenges

Dr. Karlin Toner / Dr. Josh Semeter, UAPIST

Initial Responses to Charge Elements

Dr. Jennifer Buss, UAPIST

1:45pm – 2:00pm

Summary of Discussions

All Panelists – Chaired by Dr. David Spergel

2:00pm – 2:20pm

Public Comment: Panel Responds to
Questions Submitted Online

All Panelists

2:20pm – 2:30pm

Summary and Next Steps

Dr. David Spergel, UAPIST

Additional information
•
•

Public participation is available by submitting and upvoting questions at
https://nasa.cnf.io/sessions/hh4r/
A media teleconference will take place at 3:00pm ET and will be broadcast at
https://www.nasa.gov/live

## NASA UAP Independent Study Team — Final Report

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NASA-uap-independent-study-team-final-report
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NASA-uap-independent-study-team-final-report
- Agency: NASA
- Released: Sep 2023
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

September 2023: when NASA decided UAP meant “Unerasing Analysis Project.

- NASA UAP Independent Study Team Final Report, NASA, September 2023, published as PDF.
- Recommends unified data collection, expanded Earth‑observing assets, and AI/ML anomaly detection.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The 36-page final report of the NASA UAP Independent Study Team (Sep 2023). Recommends a unified data-collection strategy, expanded use of NASA Earth-observing assets, and AI/ML for anomaly detection. Led by astrophysicist David Spergel.

### Full text

#### Page 2

Members of the NASA Unidentified Anomalous
Phenomena Independent Study Team
Chair
Dr. David Spergel
Simons Foundation

Designated Federal Official
Dr. Daniel Evans
NASA Headquarters

Panelists
Dr. Anamaria Berea
George Mason University

Capt. Scott Kelly, USN, Ret.
NASA Astronaut, Ret.

Dr. Federica Bianco
University of Delaware
Dr. Reggie Brothers
AE Industrial Partners
Dr. Paula Bontempi
University of Rhode Island
Dr. Jennifer Buss
Potomac Institute of Policy Studies
Dr. Nadia Drake
Science Journalist
Mr. Mike Gold
Redwire Space
Dr. David Grinspoon
Planetary Science Institute

Dr. Matt Mountain
Association of Universities
for Research and Astronomy
Mr. Warren Randolph
Federal Aviation Administration
Dr. Walter Scott
Maxar Technologies
Dr. Joshua Semeter
Boston University
Dr. Karlin Toner
Federal Aviation Administration
Dr. Shelley Wright
University of California, San Diego

Front and back cover photos: views of the earth as photographed
from the Earth-orbital Apollo 4 unmanned space mission.
All photos are from NASA unless otherwise indicated.

#### Page 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

7

FOREWORD

9

INTRODUCTION

11

RESPONSES TO STATEMENT OF TASK

21

OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

23

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

24

WORK PRODUCTS: DISCUSSION

Group Photo: Members of the NASA Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Independent Study Team.

#### Page 5

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

NASA is in an excellent position
to contribute to UAP studies
within the broader whole-ofgovernment framework.

The study of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) presents a unique
scientific opportunity that demands a rigorous, evidence-based approach.
Addressing this challenge will require new and robust data acquisition methods,
advanced analysis techniques, a systematic reporting framework and reducing
reporting stigma. NASA – with its extensive expertise in these domains and
global reputation for scientific openness – is in an excellent position to contribute
to UAP studies within the broader whole-of-government framework led by the
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO).
NASA has a variety of existing and planned Earth- and space-observing assets,
together with an extensive archive of historic and current data sets, which
should be directly leveraged to understand UAP. Although NASA’s fleet of
Earth-observing satellites typically lack the spatial resolution to detect relatively
small objects such as UAP, their state-of-the-art sensors can be directly utilized
to probe the state of the local earth, oceanic, and atmospheric conditions that
are spatially and temporally coincident with UAPs initially detected via other
methods. Thus, NASA’s assets can play a vital role by directly determining
whether specific environmental factors are associated with certain reported UAP
behaviors or occurrences.
Next, the U.S. commercial remote-sensing industry offers a potent mix of
Earth-observing satellites that offer imagery at sub- to several-meter spatial
resolution, which is well-matched to the typical spatial scales of known UAP.
Although every point on Earth does not have constant high-resolution coverage,
the panel finds nonetheless that such commercial constellations could offer
a powerful complement to the detection and study of UAP when coincident
collection occurs.
At present, analysis of UAP data is hampered by poor sensor calibration, the
lack of multiple measurements, the lack of sensor metadata, and the lack of
baseline data. Making a concerted effort to improve all aspects is vital, and
NASA’s expertise should be comprehensively leveraged as part of a robust and
systematic data acquisition strategy within the whole-of-government framework.
Moving forward, NASA should contribute to a comprehensive, government-wide
approach to collecting future data. The importance of detecting UAP with multiple,
well-calibrated sensors is paramount, and NASA could potentially leverage its
considerable expertise in this domain to utilize multispectral or hyperspectral
data as part of a rigorous data acquisition campaign.
The panel finds that artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are
essential tools for identifying rare occurrences, potentially including UAP,
within vast datasets. However, these powerful techniques will only work on
well-characterized data gathered with respect to strong standards. NASA’s
extensive experience in the application of state-of-the-art computational and

3

#### Page 6

data-analysis techniques should therefore be leveraged to provide critical
assistance. Once again, appropriate data collection, curation, and distribution
are paramount; NASA, with its world-leading experience in these aspects is
well-positioned to play a leading role.
Engaging the public is also a critical aspect of understanding UAP. The panel
sees several advantages to augmenting data collection efforts using modern
crowdsourcing techniques, including open-source smartphone-based apps that
simultaneously gather imaging data and other smartphone sensor metadata
from multiple citizen observers worldwide. NASA should therefore explore the
viability of developing or acquiring such a crowdsourcing system as part of its
strategy. In turn, the panel finds that there is currently no standardized system
for making civilian UAP reports, resulting in sparse and incomplete data devoid
of curation or vetting protocols. NASA should play a vital role by assisting
AARO in its development of this Federal system.
The negative perception surrounding the reporting of UAP poses an obstacle to
collecting data on these phenomena. NASA’s very involvement in UAP will play
a vital role in reducing stigma associated with UAP reporting, which almost
certainly leads to data attrition at present. NASA’s long-standing public trust,
which is essential for communicating findings about these phenomena to
citizens, is crucial for destigmatizing UAP reporting. The scientific processes
used by NASA encourage critical thinking; NASA can model for the public how
to best approach the study of UAP, by utilizing transparent reporting, rigorous
analysis, and public engagement.
Finally, the threat to U.S. airspace safety posed by UAP is self-evident. The
panel finds that a particularly promising avenue for deeper integration within
a systematic, evidenced-based framework for UAP is the Aviation Safety
Reporting System (ASRS), which NASA administers for the FAA. This confidential and voluntary reporting system for pilots, air traffic controllers, and
other professional aviation staff, receives approximately 100,000 reports per
year. Although not initially designed for UAP collection, better harnessing it for
commercial pilot UAP reporting would provide a critical database that would be
valuable for the whole-of-government effort to understand UAP. In turn, NASA’s
long history of partnership with the FAA should be leveraged to investigate how
advanced, real-time analysis techniques could be applied to future generations
of air traffic management (ATM) systems.

4

#### Page 7

FRAMEWORK OF RECOMMENDATIONS
Although AARO leads the whole-of-government response to UAP, the
panel recommends that NASA play an essential role within that framework.
NASA should leverage its core capabilities and expertise to determine
whether it should take a leading or supporting role in implementing a
given recommendation.

ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT
This report is organized as follows. We present a systematic response
to the eight charge elements that formed the Terms of Reference that
NASA provided to the Independent Study Team, followed by a detailed
set of conclusions and recommendations. These responses stemmed
from a series of sub-panel reports that the entire team deliberated in full
at the public meeting held on May 31, 2023, all of which are included
as work products toward the end of this report for full public transparency.

An orbital sunrise photographed by an Expedition 40 crew member on the International Space Station.

5

#### Page 9

FOREWORD
Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) are one of our planet’s greatest
mysteries. Observations of objects in our skies that cannot be identified as
balloons, aircraft, or natural known phenomena have been spotted worldwide,
yet there are limited high-quality observations. The nature of science is to
explore the unknown, and data is the language scientists use to discover our
universe’s secrets. Despite numerous accounts and visuals, the absence of
consistent, detailed, and curated observations means we do not presently have
the body of data needed to make definitive, scientific conclusions about UAP.
At NASA, we use data and the tools of science to explore the unknown in the
atmosphere and space. In June 2022, NASA established an external independent
study team to find a way we can use our open-source data and resources to
help shed light on the nature of future UAP. Much like a team of peer reviewers,
NASA commissions independent study teams as a formal part of NASA’s
scientific process, and such teams provide the agency external counsel and
an increased network of perspectives from esteemed scientific experts.
NASA’s UAP Independent Study Team is made up of 16 experts from diverse
backgrounds in science, technology, data, artificial intelligence, space exploration, aerospace safety, media and commercial innovation. They were assigned
to pinpoint the data available around UAP and produce a report that outlines
a roadmap for how NASA can use its tools of science to obtain usable data
to evaluate and categorize the nature of UAP going forward. This is not a review
of previous UAP incidents.
We thank the UAP Independent Study Team members for their service on the
study and for their contributions towards the advancement of our nation’s
understanding of UAP. While we are still evaluating the report and assessing
the team’s findings and recommendations, NASA’s Science Mission Directorate
and the Agency are committed to keeping a clear and open pipeline for
communication and resources with the Department of Defense’s AllDomain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) to support its whole-of-government
approach towards understanding and resolving UAP cases. NASA is appointing
a Director of UAP Research to centralize communications and leverage
NASA’s extensive resources and expertise to actively engage in the whole-ofgovernment UAP initiative. This individual will also ensure that the agency’s vast
analytical capabilities, including its proficiency in data management, machine
learning and artificial intelligence, are contributed to the government’s unified
UAP effort.
At NASA, we are committed to openness, transparency, and scientific integrity
and they are a central part of our operations. By setting up this independent
study team, NASA gained important external perspectives from leading experts
in our nation for how we can use our resources to advance the study of UAP
data and explore the unknown in air and space for the benefit of all.

Dr. Nicola Fox, Associate Administrator, Science Mission Directorate
7

#### Page 11

INTRODUCTION
Recently, many credible witnesses, often military aviators, have reported seeing
objects they did not recognize over U.S. airspace. Most of these events have
since been explained, but a small handful cannot be immediately identified as
known human-made or natural phenomena. These events are now collectively
referred to as Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena, or UAP1.
A vital part of NASA’s mission is exploring the unknown using the rigorous
process of the scientific method. This means scrutinizing our assumptions
and intuition; transparently and diligently collecting data; reproducing results;
seeking independent evaluation; and finally, reaching a scientific consensus
about the nature of an occurrence. The scientific method challenges us to solve
problems by impartially evaluating our own ideas, by being willing to be wrong,
and by following the data.
It is increasingly clear that the majority of UAP observations can be attributed to
known phenomena or occurences. When it comes to studying such phenomena,
our overarching challenge is that the data needed to explain these anomalous
sightings often do not exist; this includes eyewitness reports, which on their
own can be interesting and compelling, but are not reproducible and usually
lack the information needed to make any definitive conclusions about a UAP’s
provenance. Thus, to understand UAP, a rigorous, evidence-based, data-driven
scientific framework is essential.
This report offers a vision of how NASA could contribute to understanding
the phenomena and how the agency’s approach will complement the whole-ofgovernment effort to understand UAP.

1 At the time that this study was initiated, Congress
defined UAP as Unidentified Aerial Phenomena.
After this study began, the term UAP was redefined
as Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena.

9

#### Page 13

RESPONSES TO STATEMENT
OF TASK
1

FINDING
NASA'S fleet of earth-observing satellites
should play a powerful supporting role
to determine the environmental conditions
that coincide with UAP.

FINDING
It is essential to note the pivotal role that
structured data curation plays in a rigorous
and evidence-based framework to better
understand UAP.

What types of scientific data currently collected and archived by NASA or
other civilian government entities should be synthesized and analyzed to
potentially shed light on the nature and origins of Unidentified Anomalous
Phenomena (UAP)?
NASA has a variety of existing and planned Earth- and space-observing assets,
together with an extensive archive of historic and current data sets, which
should be used to address the challenges of detecting and/or understanding
UAP. NASA’s fleet of Earth-observing satellites collect the most data within the
Earth system, yet they typically lack the spatial resolution to detect relatively
small objects such as UAP. However, they still should play a powerful supporting
role to determine the environmental conditions that coincide with UAP. For
example, the advanced sensors on the Terra and Aqua missions should be
directly utilized to retroactively probe the state of the local earth, ocean, and
atmospheric conditions that are spatially and temporally coincident with UAP
initially detected via other methods. Thus, NASA can help determine whether
specific environmental factors are associated with reported UAP properties
or occurrences.
There are other promising civilian capabilities that can be employed to scrutinize
UAP. Assets such as the NEXRAD Doppler radar network (160 weather radars
jointly operated by the FAA, U.S. Air Force, and National Weather Service) or
the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites will be essential for
distinguishing interesting objects from airborne clutter. Furthermore, forthcoming
large-sky surveys enabled by ground-based telescopes such as the Vera C.
Rubin Observatory will offer powerful complements in the search for anomalous
objects beyond the Earth’s atmosphere.
NASA also has substantial experience in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR),
which can provide much higher angular resolution images of Earth, as well as
confirm surface motion and change. The panel sees particular promise in future
SAR-based Earth-observing satellites such as NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic
Aperture Radar) mission, a partnership with the Indian Space Research Organization. The excellent resolution of NISAR will provide valuable radar data that
will potentially be critical for examining UAP directly, in addition to their environmental context. SAR systems will also provide critical validation of any truly
anomalous properties, such as rapid acceleration or high-G maneuvers through
the Doppler signatures they produce.
Irrespective of the source of the observation, it is essential to note the pivotal
role that structured data curation plays in a rigorous and evidence-based
framework to better understand UAP. To date, UAP data often consist of
observations initially acquired for other purposes, which often lack adequate

11

#### Page 14

metadata and are not optimized for systematic scientific analysis. Here, NASA
– with its world-leading expertise in curation, archiving, and distribution of large
volumes of data – can play a key role. NASA’s adherence to FAIR (Findability,
Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability) data principles when generating
curated data repositories enables both scientists and citizen scientists to
conduct data-mining and meaningful analysis. In addition, due to the absence
of a comprehensive system for gathering civilian UAP reports, there are inconsistencies in how data is collected, processed, and curated. The application
of NASA’s rigor to UAP data protocols will ultimately be essential for a detailed
understanding of these phenomena.

South Asian Object (Image 1)
Footage taken by an MQ-9 of an unidentified object in South Asia with an apparent
atmospheric wake or cavitation, later assessed as a likely commercial aircraft by the
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office. The cavitation is likely a sensor artifact resulting
from video compression.
The appearance of U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) visual information does not imply or constitute DoD endorsement.

2

FINDING
The U.S. commercial remote-sensing
industry offers a potent mix of Earthobserving sensors that have the collective
potential to directly resolve UAP events.

What types of scientific data currently collected and held by non-profits and
companies should be synthesized and analyzed to potentially shed light on
the nature and origins of UAP?
The U.S. commercial remote-sensing industry offers a potent mix of Earthobserving sensors that have the collective potential to directly resolve UAP
events. For instance, commercial satellite constellations provide imagery at
sub- to several-meter spatial resolution, which is well-matched to the typical
spatial scales of known UAP. In addition, the high temporal cadence offered by
commercial remote-sensing networks can substantially increase the likelihood
of providing retroactive coverage of UAP events that are initially observed via
other means. The limitation on this data is that at any given time most of the
Earth’s surface is not covered by commercial satellites at high resolution — for
a particular UAP event, we will need to be fortunate to obtain high-resolution
observations from space.
Beyond this, the panel applauds the efforts undertaken in the private sector and
U.S. academic community to employ one or more inexpensive ground-based
sensors that are capable of surveying large areas of the sky. Such sensors,
which could potentially be rapidly deployed to areas of known UAP activity may
play a key role in establishing so-called “pattern-of-activity” trends, as well as
potentially the physical characteristics of UAP themselves.

12

#### Page 15

Once more, however, robust data calibration is vital, and here NASA again can
play an important advisory role. The calibration process ensures that information gathered from sensors and instruments is precise, dependable and devoid
of any systematic errors or biases. In the case of UAP studies, where data
often originates from instruments not specifically designed for detecting such
objects, proper calibration becomes even more crucial. In turn, metadata, which
provides contextual information such as sensor type, manufacturer details,
noise characteristics and time of acquisition, must simultaneously be present
for an accurate characterization of both a potential UAP as well as the sensor
itself. Indeed, several apparent UAP have been demonstrated to be sensor
artifacts once appropriate calibration and metadata scrutiny were applied.
Although a substantial investment, the standardization of collected information
via well-crafted calibration will make it possible to carry out a rigorous scientific
investigation into UAP. NASA’s experience in this area will be essential.

FINDING
The standardization of collected
information via well-crafted calibration
will make it possible to carry out a rigorous
scientific investigation into UAP. NASA's
experience in this area will be vital.

3

FINDING
NASA should leverage its considerable
expertise in this domain to potentially utilize
multispectral or hyperspectral data as part
of a rigorous campaign.

What other types of scientific data should be collected by NASA to enhance
the potential for developing an understanding of the nature and origins
of UAP?
To improve our understanding of UAP, NASA should contribute to a comprehensive approach to collecting data within the broader whole-of-government
framework to understand UAP. The importance of detecting UAP with multiple,
well-calibrated sensors is paramount, and NASA should leverage its considerable expertise in this domain to potentially utilize multispectral or hyperspectral
data as part of a rigorous campaign to acquire additional data on future UAP.
In addition, forthcoming large-sky surveys enabled by Federal ground-based
assets including the Vera C. Rubin Observatory will collect vast quantities of
data, which can be directly used to search for anomalous objects beyond the
Earth’s atmosphere.
Data signatures are vast, and theories that predict novel signatures help guide
our searches. It is imperative to set clear evidence thresholds to avoid errors,
especially with automated methods. Furthermore, purpose-built future sensors
for UAP detection should be designed to adjust on millisecond timescales to aid
better detection. In lockstep, alert systems should detect and share transient
information quickly and uniformly.
The panel notes that, at present, gathering data on UAP is hampered by sensor
calibration challenges and a lack of sensor metadata. In short, calibration
ensures that future data gathered are reliable and accurate, while gathering
metadata – such as the time, location, and sensor observing modes – ensures
that the contextual and environmental factors of a recorded UAP event are well

13

#### Page 16

known. Both, in turn, allow for systematic analyses of UAP events, and critically
will enable the elimination of false positives due to sensor artifacts. Making a
concerted effort to improve both aspects will be vital when gathering future data,
and here NASA’s expertise should be comprehensively leveraged as part of a
robust and systematic data strategy within the whole-of-government framework.

FINDING
NASA’s expertise should be
comprehensively leveraged
as part of a robust and systematic
data strategy within the whole-ofgovernment framework.

The panel also sees several advantages to augmenting potential data collection efforts using modern crowdsourcing techniques, including open-source
smartphone-based apps that simultaneously gather imaging data and other
smartphone sensor data from multiple citizen observers. NASA should therefore
explore the viability of developing or acquiring such a crowdsourcing system
as part of a future data strategy.
As stated above, NASA’s fleet of Earth-observing satellites must also play a
key role in collecting future data on environmental conditions coinciding with
UAP sightings. Despite the mismatch in spatial resolution between the present
generation of satellites and typical UAP events, by gathering and analyzing
future satellite data, we will undoubtedly gain insights into the typical environmental factors associated with UAP. Future missions, such as the NOAA/NASA
Geostationary Extended Observations (GeoXO) satellite system, will provide
even more robust data that will prove important in UAP analysis. NASA should
also leverage sensors that expand its observational reach, such as penetrating
deeper into the ocean or at the air/sea interfaces.
Next, collection efforts from radio and optical astronomy that are designed for
technosignature searches should be expanded from the Earth's atmosphere to
the whole solar system. Additionally, near-Earth objects (NEO) programs also
have significant data collections about phenomena close to Earth’s atmosphere,
which constitutes an untapped repository of data both for characterizing natural
phenomena and anomalies. NASA should consider integrating these elements
as part of a robust future-data strategy.
Finally, NASA’s very involvement in gathering future data will play an important
role in reducing stigma associated with UAP reporting, which very likely leads
to data attrition at present. NASA’s long-standing public trust, which is essential
for communicating findings about these phenomena to citizens, is crucial for
destigmatizing UAP reporting and scientific research. The scientific processes
used by NASA encourage critical thinking; NASA can model for the public how
to approach a topic, such as UAP, by applying transparent reporting and
rigorous analyses when acquiring future data.

14

#### Page 17

Middle East Object
Footage taken by an MQ-9 of an
apparent silver, orb-like object in
the Middle East. Due to limited data,
the object remains unidentified.
The appearance of U.S. Department of Defense
(DoD) visual information does not imply or constitute
DoD endorsement.

4

FINDING
AI and ML, combined with NASA's
extensive expertise, should be utilized
to investigate the nature and origins
of UAP.

Which scientific analysis techniques currently in production could be
employed to assess the nature and origins of UAP? Which types of
analysis techniques should be developed?
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have proven to be essential
tools for identifying rare occurrences within vast datasets. These methodologies, combined with NASA’s extensive experience and expertise, should
be utilized to investigate the nature and origins of UAP by examining data from
sources such as satellites and radar systems. However, the effectiveness of
AI and ML in studying UAP depends critically upon the quality of the data used
to train the AI and in subsequent analysis. At present, UAP analysis is more
limited by the quality of data than by the availability of techniques. As a
consequence, it is a higher priority to obtain better quality data than it is to
develop new analysis techniques.
Once AARO and other agencies, including NASA, accumulate an extensive
and well-curated catalog of baseline data, these can be used to train neural
networks so that they can characterize deviations from normal. The panel finds
that standard techniques that are routinely applied in astronomy, particle
physics, and other areas of science can be adapted for these analyses.
When it comes to detecting anomalies – such as UAP – within datasets, there
are two approaches. The first approach involves constructing a model that
represents the expected signal characteristics then searching for any matches
against this model. The second approach involves using a model of the background properties and searching for anything that deviates from that model.
The panel notes that the first approach is difficult as we do not possess a
consistent description of the physical characteristics of UAP. The second

15

#### Page 18

approach, on the other hand, requires an understanding of what is considered
normal and known in a given search area, which can then be distinguished from
what is unusual and unknown. AARO has already begun this task by studying
what “normal” phenomena such as solar glint or balloons look like to military
sensors. The program of systematically calibrating observations of “normal” is
an essential step before starting to search for the abnormal.
A third potential avenue for scientific analysis is to cross-correlate NASA’s
extensive databases with the locations and times of reported UAP events.
Once an extensive list of UAP reports is made available, the panel regards this
as a promising method for future analysis. Again, NASA's expertise in AI and
ML will allow it to make a prominent contribution.

FINDING
NASA, with its expertise in data calibration,
management, and advanced analysis is
well-positioned to take a central role in
these efforts.

For any scientific analysis purposes, including UAP analysis, it is essential that
the data used for AI and ML are collected according to rigorous standards. The
data must be collected using calibrated instruments tailored to their respective
use cases accompanied by metadata to facilitate calibration and contextual
comprehension. Proper curation and integration of data are also critical for
enabling scientific analysis. To establish a baseline understanding, an examination of known events with precisely calibrated instruments is also necessary. NASA, with its expertise in data calibration, management, and advanced
analysis is well-positioned to take a central role in these efforts within the
whole-of-government framework to assess UAP.

5

In considering the factors above, what basic physical constraints
can be placed on the nature and origins of UAP?
Observations of UAP to date are inconsistent and do not adhere to similar
characteristics. As a consequence, it is difficult to put physical constraints on
them at present, which provides a strong motivation for the rigorous, evidencebased framework articulated in this report. The strongest physical constraints
are not on the anomalous events but on the conventional events: we know the
range of velocities and accelerations that can be achieved by state-of-the art
platforms, drones, balloons and planes. Deviations from this behavior, such as
any well-characterized observation of velocities and accelerations outside of
that range, are scientifically interesting for UAP assessment and analysis. The
panel emphasizes that clearly determining distances is key to understanding
and corroborating any claimed anomalous high-velocity and high-acceleration
events, a fact borne out by AARO’s findings that the vast majority of UAP have
prosaic explanations.

16

#### Page 19

If the whole-of-government framework to understanding UAP – with NASA
playing a crucial role – were to implement the preponderance of steps
prescribed above, then the panel regards placing physical constraints on UAP,

(Text continues in the original file: 36 pages.)

## NZ-AIR-1080-6-897-Volume-1-1978-1981 — AIR 1080/6/897 Volume 1: RNZAF investigations of unidentified and radar sightings, east coast South Island, December 1978 (Kaikoura)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/NZ-AIR-1080-6-897-Volume-1-1978-1981
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/NZ-AIR-1080-6-897-Volume-1-1978-1981
- Agency: Royal New Zealand Air Force
- Incident date: Dec 1978
- Location: Kaikoura, New Zealand
- Released: 1978-1981
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

They released it in 2010, but you’ll have to wait until 2051 to read it.

- RNZAF file AIR 1080/6/897, released 2010, covering Dec 1978 Kaikoura sightings.
- Reports returns and lights seen by Wellington ATC Safe Air Argosy crews on 20-21 & 30-31 Dec 1978.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The New Zealand Defence Force file AIR 1080/6/897 Volume 1 (1978–1981) on the December 1978 Kaikoura sightings: radar returns and lights reported by Wellington air traffic control and Safe Air Argosy crews on 20/21 and 30/31 December 1978, correspondence, and the RNZAF's Report on Unidentified Visual and Radar Sightings East Coast South Island December 1978 (11 January 1979, from p.191). 206 pages. Released by the New Zealand Defence Force in 2010 under the Official Information Act. © Crown copyright, New Zealand; reproduced for non-commercial reference. Catalogue record: National Library of New Zealand.

### AI summary

This document is a public release of files from the New Zealand Defence Force regarding unidentified flying objects. It was created by the New Zealand Defence Force and released in December 2010. The file details investigations into unidentified and radar sightings along the east coast of the South Island in December 1978. It includes interviews with individuals involved in the sightings, technical reports from the DSIR and other experts, and an independent report by the New Zealand UFO Studies Centre. The file was opened in December 1978 and closed in July 1981. The original file is held at Headquarters NZDF and access is restricted until 2051.

### Full text

#### Page 1

Copy 14 of 36
NEW ZEALAND DEFENCE FORCE
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS (UFO) FILES
COPIES FOR RELEASE TO THE PUBLIC
File Number: AIR 1080 / 6 / 897 Volume 1
File Title: Investigations of Unidentified & Radar Sightings
East Coast South Island - December 1978
File Timespan: Opened: 1978 - Closed 1981
File Declassified: December 2010
Location of Original File: Held at Headquarters NZDF
Access to Original File: Restricted until 2051
File Contains: Interviews with people involved in the 1978
Kaikoura sightings conducted by the RNZAF preparatory to
the preparation of a formal report into these sightings. File
also contains technical reports from DsiR and other scientific
experts and an independent report of the Kaikoura sightings
by the NZ UFO Studies Centre.

#### Page 2

NEW ZEALAND DEFENCE FORCE
PUBLIC RELEASE OF UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
(UFO) FILES
These copied and redacted files of correspondence on Unidentified Flying
Objects dating from 1952 to 2009 have been Declassified and released to the
public by the New Zealand Defence Force under the Official Information Act.
Access to the original files held by Archives New Zealand is restricted up until
the year 2080 for Personal Privacy reasons. These copied files have had the
personal details of members of the public making UFO reports removed to
preserve their privacy. Personal details of service personnel and civilians
employed by the New Zealand Defence Force and other Government
Departments and Agencies have not been removed. No other information
has been removed or omitted from these files.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF FILES
Correspondence on Flying Saucers began in New Zealand Defence Force
files in 1952 and continued under different names, Unidentified Flying Objects
(UFO) and Unidentified Aerial Sightings (UAS) until the present. The files
contain reports of sightings by private individuals and military personnel,
investigations by Defence and other Government Departments and agencies
into these reports, newspaper clippings on UFOs and letters from individuals
who claim to be in touch with alien beings and craft.
While the files are in general date order from 1952 until the present some file
periods overlap with one another and the documents within each file are not
necessarily in strict date order. There can be duplicate documents within
each file and copies of the same documents (particularly media releases and
reports) can appear in different files.
ACCESS TO UFO FILES
These redacted files are available in hard copy from the Defence Library c/o
Headquarters New Zealand Defence Force Aitken St Wellington. They are
not available in electronic format.

#### Page 3

NZ DEFENCE FORCE AIR
AIR 1080/6/897 VOL. 1 DEPARTMENT:
File No.
SERIES: . GENERAL ADMINISTRATION,
ORGANISATION & MANAGEMENT -
CU_-9-8b10 BOARDS OF INQUIRY & SUMMARY
SUB SERIES: INVESTIGATIONS TE SIHLOL SSHOOV OE
SUBJECT: INVESTIGATIONS OF UNIDENTIFIED
VISUAL & RADAR SIGHTINGS EAST COAST
SOUTH ISLAND - DECEMBER 1978
File Opened: DEC 78 File Closed: JuL 81
Previous File: Subsequent File: :
CANDIS • • ••
OTHER RELEVANT FILES
Subject: File No.
WAS. 17/4/897 01
.preiously 39/3/3
CLOSED 0.
01 swaswhs
( DISPOSAL CATEGORY:

#### Page 4

STAFF IN CONFIDENCE
File No. AIR 17/4/897
Volume No. ONE 2
SUBJECT (Or NAME): COURTS OF ENQUIRY : INVESTIGATION OF
UNIBENTIFIED- VISUAL AND RADAR SIGHTINGS
EAST COAST SOUTH ISLAND DECEMBER 1978.
File Opened Dec 78 File Closed:. JUL 81
Previous File: Subsequent File:
OTHER RELEVANT FILES
Subject: File No.
..REPORTS...OF.U.F.O.'S. AIR 39/3/3
Copy of CaDmot tape held i Dops sate
Cleared, Date Cleared,
Folio Referred to Date Folio Referred to Initials
Initials
FICE D8S 9JuL81 a
PLANSI 11 MAR 08
Sup Reg (F) 11/3/09
25/6/59 a1m25/0

#### Page 5

VETTING RECORD SHEET
PLEASE COMPLETE ONLY ONE PAGE PER RECORD
NZDF STORAGE NO 8354
*HQ NZDE/ARMY/NAVX/AIR FORCE/JSO- FILE *Delete as appropriate
FILE NO 1080/4/897 LOCATION Z FRB
PART NO TYPE F NFM
(File or Non File Material)
Series BENBRAL AMUMLSIRATON AND MANALEMENT
SUb-SeriES BOARSOF INGURL AN SUMARY INNESMBATIONS
Date of first document 22/12/ 27 EAS LOAST SXUTH ISDANEEMBER 1978 Date of last document 121711981
Please Tick the Appropriate Boxes:
No NZ Documents on File No Foreign Source Classified Documents on File
No Classified Documents on File Some Foreign or Special-Source Documents
placed on restricted Parallel File
Some NZ (Non-NZDF) Documents placed on
NZ Documents Cleared for Access Restricted Parallel File
Some All Classified Foreign Source
No Classified NZ Documents on File or Documents Cleared for Access
OR
Release on 1 AN in the Year 2051
Review again before the Year 20
VETTING COMMENTS IF NECESSARY
Rile cains copy of the taikas Sglligs De78!
Tivephiggli, aid sxidod poper fud coneyondee
Felilinl to sthar sisbligs
Filratety DSIR.
PUBLIC ACCESS TO THIS FILE
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRIVACY
Ra-Vetting Commenced 2 /12/10 PROVISIONS OF SECTION 9 OF THE
OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT 1982.
Re-Vetting Completed_2 /12/10 Dabia
SIGNED
STAMP (place relevant NZDF decision STAMP7here, zign and date) DATED. 2/12/10

#### Page 6

File Number 1080/689.7..Vol N...
FILE RELEASE STATEMENT
VETTING COMPLETED AND:
L No classified documents on file.
NZDF documents have been declassified
Other NZ Govt Dept classified documents have been eleared for access ~
Foreign Source classified documents have been eleared for access
Some foreign or special source documents have been placed on-a~
restricted parallel file (see separation sheets herewith recording transfer).
Other comments:
and.prciahed pper, aa kenepandens. relabed bother Sghings.
Signed.. Dah Date..12/..
For Headquarters New Zealand Defence Force
NB: Classified documents of other New Zealand
Departments where there is some concern about
declassifying them should be referred to the relevant
department.

#### Page 7

AUIIUN DIIDUI
ON COMPLETE ON RECORDS BELOW THIS *
PAPER
Personnel other than Registry staff are
NOT
to place documents below this paper.
Documents may be placed above this paper for action/filing.
Enclosure numbers are not to be issued.
NOTE:
1. The position of this sheet in file MUST NOT be
4 changed except by Registry staff.
2. File maintenance remains a Registry responsibility and
users are reminded that papers are to be filed/removed by
Registry staff only.

#### Page 9

174 1897
44/854
2 J0ly 1941
Mr Quantin,Fogerty
11 Metung St
Victopia 3103
AUSTRALIA
Dear quentin,
Thank you for your letter seeking a copy of the
report of Captain Randle concerning the light sightings off
the Kaikoura coast in 197i.
I have this day dispatched bwo copies of the report
to Captain Randle, along with a copy of this letter. Presumably,
as he has indicated his willingness to let you have a copy of
his report, he will forward a copy to you in due course.
Kind regards,
Yours faithfully,
.….…
GTCLARKE)
Wing Commander
lfy to beft Saulk Director of Public Relations
2ugestin be miy 7
lie to fod to fog
3/2/1 fo litis Atoff)
1.4
:.
i

#### Page 10

MINUTE SHEET Department:
Subject: File No...
KANKOURA UFO QNTNES Date:....
1. Ioith t eops of Vn msten
To ppand by Cipstain Randde. Lgis lend
We shodd setai te creginal
Gostoni Bandl stoudd pass On to
. Gnentin Jogartey tihatern tn trites bent
w shond snat dedien amgthnig to Iegardey.
2 Pleon sede Copin 8f the Joquty
leten snd yon Jrespore to bin ceand
Wo, Co
18Jmn87 Dafs
GYLES!
Item 504

#### Page 11

MINUTE SHEET Department:D/R
SUBJECT:STATEMENNT : LIFO SIGNTINIGI FileN. 4/3//
Date: -6
To Me se hthe bh gshing the
SASOY atutend gin t she Rnzte hy buft fukn
farsthk duing the omilution of the fort
Do we have this by the thin D ope.
report! 430 2 Y sufy of buft Rughh slukmend
e shenld ietenn in atil huld / /ul usttue te pue it
it to lunallk td to hi th wy r Fopy
alengrith thee
lotter. f. Note bay Dsps
We aon toduin otigrd and copy to ly bith
Randle. t cn pss o. t. Fagy 1DPR
-m 504 56519680

#### Page 12

11 Metung St
Balwyn
Victoria 3103
. Australia
June 10, 1981
Dear Geoff,
I hope this letter reaches you, as I have no way of
knowing whether or not you are still with the Ministry of Defence.
If you have moved on, and this letter is opened by someone in the
public relations section, then I hope they can act on my request.
I have written a book on the UFo sightings off the
Kaikoura Coast in December 1978 and it it has been accepted for
publication. My publisher is keen for me to expand the section
dealing with the December 21 incidents and I have written to a
number of the witnesses for additional information. One of those I
contacted was Captain John Randle who told me he had no desire to
go over the .whole thing again, so much later. However, he did tell
me that he supplied the RNZAF with a written summary of the incidents
and he said that if I was able to obtain that summary, or a copy, then
I could use the information. ' He told me that the RNZAF had indicated they would return
the summary, but apparently that has not been done. I would appreciate
a copy of the summary , or the summary itself. If you would like to
verify Capt. Randle's approval for me to use the summary, may I sugges
you contact him at I am working to a deadline and whatever your decision, I
would appreciate being informed as soon as possible.
Xindregards
Quentin Togarty Koufis

#### Page 13

NEW ZEALAND UFO STUDIES CENTRE (NUSC)
Dr.J.F.deBock
5 Ngahue Crescent,
ELSDON.
5 June, 1979 39/313
Ministry of Defence, REFERRED TO
Private Bag,
WELLINGTON. 1 2 JUN 1979
REGISTRY HEOTRS
Dear Sir,
Please find enclosed a copy of the provisional report made
by Dr.Bruce Maccabee on the Kaikoura UFO case. Through
our contacts with CuFOs (Centre for UFo studies) and MuFON
(Mutual UFo Network)in the USA, the report was forwarded to
us. In a personal letter, Dr.Maccabee requested us to send
copies to those who have been involved in the investigation.
Copies are being sent to DSIR, Met.Office, Civil Aviation,
Ministry of Defence, Carter Observatory and Wellington Air
Traffic Control.
Although Dr.Maccabee has released the copyright for some parts
of the report, we still have to emphasise its confidential
character. MuFON will publish the complete report, while the
magazine "Nature" will issue a more technical article on the
New Zealand case.
I would like to take the opportunity to inform you of the frequent
sightings reported to us. Most of which can easily be explained
after an initial investigation with the limited aids in our hands.
However, some sightings have to remain unexplained since we are
unable to obtain sufficient background information from such
institutions as yours. With this problem in view we would be
very grateful if you could advise us in future on those limited
unexplained cases. In several overseas countries this assistance
has led to the setting up of an advisory committee, with speciaiists
in various fields. The aim of the committee, which only meets
when necessary (perhaps twice a year) is to come to a natural
explanation of the more complicated sightings, to avoid the pubiic
phoning your institutions, and to reduce speculation that reported
sightings are Flying Saucers, space-ships and other types of so
called extraterrestrial manifestations.
We already have the promise of a representative from a few
institutions, and we would be grateful if you could consider your
participation as well in the advisory committee.

#### Page 14

- 2 -
3
if you wish to have additional information on similar set ups
in overseas countries, please do not hesitate to contact us.
I thank you in advance, and hope the report enclosed shows the
serious approach into this field of unidentified aerial phenomena.
Yours sincerely,
LF.De Bock.

#### Page 16

CONTENTS
1
Introduction
The Investigation m
Sources of Information
Sunmary of Events 9
Event Descriptions and Map Legend 15
Analysis of Events
Technical Details for the Flight South 30
Technical Details for the Flight North 33
:
Natural and Artificial Sources of Light 34
Analysis of the Wellington Radar Sightings 35
*
Analysis of Radar-Visual Sightings 46
∞www∞∞∞ww∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞wz∞∞∞ Analysis of the Film Obtained :nea Christchurch -patil anclya I
Analysis of the Film Obtained :last sequence-none dou yet
Appendices (where available)
A. Transcript of the Wellington Control Tower Tape
B.. Transcript of Quentin Fogarty's Tape
4.
—ww/

#### Page 17

7
.•
Sources of Information
The primary sources of information are the memories of
the eight witnesses who were involved. These memories contain
a wealth of information which, nevertheless, is "soft information".
However ., this case is unique for the amount of hard information
which was available after the events were over. The hard
information includes a. tape recording of the conversations
between the Wellington ATc Center and the aircraft. This recording
establishes an irrefutable time Iine for the events. Then
there is the tape made on the aircraft by Quentin Fogarty
(how many UFo sightings have information recorded in situ ?).
Although this tape cannot be exactly synchronized with the
Wellington tape, the approximate times of Fogarty's statements
can be determined from the content (he occasionally repeated
what Wellington had told the plane). Then there are scribbled
pencil notes by Dennis Grant, the Christchurch N.Z. reporter.
(He took the place of the cameraman's wife, Ngaire Crockett,
on the trip northd He was apparently the only one who actually
wrote anything down during the sightings. And finally, there
is the film, which is a veritable tour de force of UFo images.
The film contains pictures of airport lights (landings and
takeoffs), pictures of the airplane cockpit, pictures of
Quentin Fogarty at Christchurch Airport, and pictures of......
UFOs. The landing light sequences and the cockpit sequences
serve to establish that the film was taken from inside the
aircraft. A study of the edge numbers of the original film
(edge numbers are put on by the manufacturer) shows that they
are continuous, except for a change in film at Christchurch
(they needed a new roll for the journey north). Thus the film
is not a hoax. The landing light sequences provide color and
brightness information which can be used to calibrate the
film and the optical quality of the airplane window. All of
this hard information (acoustic and optical) is supplemented
by the memories of five witnesses on the aircraft at any time.
and one or two witnesses at the Wellington ATc( two witnesses
for part of the trip south, one witness at all other times).
As the interviews proceeded I found that the statements of the
various witnesses tended to complement rather than contradict
one another. There were some variations in descriptions of
events, etc., as might be expected from different observers
after a time lapse of over a month, but I found no outright -4.
contradictions. To my surprise (and delight) almost every new
*bit " of information I learned supported rather than contradicted

#### Page 18

·8
the previous "bits". From this wealth of information I have
abstracted a summary of the events which, when read in
conjunction with the "Event Descriptions and Map Legend"
will give the reader an overview of the N.Z. Radar-Visual
UFO case. The associated maps, Figures I and 2, show the
overall path of the aircraft as a dashed line. The T shaped
symbols represent the aircraft at various points along the
path and the numbers refer to events in the "Event" sheet.
The events are primarily those associated with radar
targets referred to by Wellington Arc. Specifically, the
location of the airplane each time Wellington referred to J
a target(or targets)is shown on the map. The locations
are believed to be accurate to within I or 2 miles. The
specific radar target.(s) associated with a specific position
of the airplane is (are) connected to the airplane symbol
by a line(s). The events that occurred as the plane flew
away from Christchurch(#2l-27) are reconstructed from the
witness statements about what they saw and what the airplane
radar screen showed. The path of the plane from Event # 25
to Event #27 is approximate and is subject to further
revision. The path of the object was estimated from witness
statements, airplane radar data, and from the image sizes
on the film. The film image sizes (except when defocussed)
are never larger then several milliradians in angular size.
Assuming that the object was of a fixed size , this means that
it never was closer than some minimum distance, probably about
1o miles, during the time it was being filmed . On the other
hand Fogarty remembers looking almost straight down on the object
out the right window (his last view of it) , and the captain is
quite certain that the plane passed over it. At these times the
cameraman was not able to film it because it was moving rapidly
with respect to the plane and because the film magazine and the
overall size of his camera made it difficult to shoot at large
downward angles (for example, the top of the film magazine could
have bumped some of the overhead switches in the cockpit).
The remainder of the airplane path (everything except 25-27)
is reconstructed from the standard flight plans and from the
memory of the Wellington Air Traffic Controller, Geoffrey Causer.
To obtain a good impression of the bewildering number of
unusual occurrances during those early morning flights I
suggest that the reader read the sunumary first and then read
.the "Event" sheet, paying rather careful attention to the details 4
of the events.

#### Page 19

9 Copyright, B.S.Maccabee
1979
Summary :of Events
(NOTE: all miles are nautical and times are local D.s.T.)
, ·· FLIGHT SOUTH
At 11:46 pm on December 30, 1978, a four-engine turbo prop Argosy
freighter left Wellington, N.Z., on a standard Saturday evening-Sunday
morning newspaper delivery run, from Blenheim, N.Z., to Wellington to
Christchurch, and then back to Blenheim. Aboard the aircraft were the
pilot, Captain Bill Startup, the co-pilot, Robert Guard, the
Australian news reporter, Quentin Fogarty, and a film crew which
consisted of the cameraman, David Crockett, and his wife, Ngaire,
wbo: Operated the tape recorder.
the reporter and film crew had been commissioned by a Melbourne Tv station vi'-
-to fly to Christchurch to obtain film footage for use in a news story about
a previous UFo sighting that had been made by pilots on a similar aircraft
flight. During the flight south the pilot and co-pilot observed lights
that were first seen in the direction of Kaikoura, from a point just
and.Event.Sheet Coincidentally, Wellington radar
picked up and reported targets which were in the vicinity of the plane.
It appears that at least two, and perhaps several, of these anomalous
radar targets were observed by the passengers on the plane.
color film,
-The cameraman obtained 16mm footage of the inside of the plane, the
lights of Kaikoura, and of anomalous bright objects that were seen occasion-
ally in the 12:00 to 3:00 (front to rightside) quadrant with respect to
the direction of travel. The reporter recorded on-the-spot comments and
descriptions and occasionally referred to statements made by Wellington Air Traffi
Control (Arc).The anomalous lights seen on the trip south were observed
to be mainly in the direction of Kaikoura or ahead of the plane, except
for one, which was seen off the right wing after the plane was south of
Kaikoura.
Radar targets that were reported to the plane by the Wellington
: ATc i"within about 20 miles of the plane as it travelled from a point just 4.
south of Cape Campbell to a point about 57 miles northeast of Christchurch.
The airplane radar was not used on the flight south.
One particularly interesting sequence of events involving

#### Page 20

10
Wellington ATc occurred just after the plane had turned toward
christchurch at a non-geographic reporting point called "Kaikoura
East" (see map). The plane had shifted to the Christchurch
communication frequency when Wellington saw a target appear
behind the plane about one or two miles (Event Sheet # 12 )
Wellington told the Christchurch controller, who asked the plane
to shift_back to the Wellington frequency. Wellington then told that
the plane\the target was about four miles behind them. About half
a minute later Wellington said there was a further target about
four miles to the right of the plane. About 45 seconds after that
Wellington told the plane that something was flying in formation
with it. . The plane and the unidentified target flew side by
side for at least half a minute, after which the radar target reduced
'to that of the plane alone (Event Sheet #l5 and 16). About a
minute later the plane contacted Wellington and reported
a"target", which was a flashing light, at the right of and
falling.behind the airplane.(Event Sheet # I7). Wellington
agreed that there was a target at the right of the plane that
was drifting behind as the plane moved forward.
The plane landed at Christchurch, N.Z., at 1:Ol AM,December 3]. While
newspapers were being unloaded the crew discussed the sightings with the
Christchurch radar operator, who described to the crew an anomalous target
that was not particularly impressive to him. In order to obtain more film
footage, Crockett and Fogarty.: decided to fly back to Blenheim. One of
the passengers, the wife of the cameraman, decided not to make the return
flight and her place was taken by a reporter from Christchurch,Dennis Grant, a
personal friend of the Australian reporter (the only person involved that the
Australian reporter had known before the flight).
FLIGHT NORTH
. The plane left Christchurch on its flight north to Blenheim at 2:l6 am.
About 3 minutes later, as the plane climbed through a low cloud cover, the
pilot, co-pilot, and cameraman, who were all in the cockpit at the time,
observed a bright yellow/white/orange light apparently at about their level,
which would appear and disappear through the tops of the clouds. It was 4.
between l0 and 30 degrees to the right of the aircraft, which was flying
northeast. This light was pointed out to the two reporters who arrived in

#### Page 21

11
the cockpit several minutes after the takeoff. The captain obtained a
strong return from his radar which was operated in its "mapping mode."
The size of the radar "blip" was estimated by the flight crew to have been
3 to 5 times larger thanthe blip from a large fishing boat. The flight crew
and the Christchurch reporter, who had a good view of the radar display and of
the object, repeatedly compared the direction of the bright light with that
of the target as indicated by the azimuth markers on the radar screen. They
assured themselves that the radar target and the bright light were in the
same direction. The radar distance was initially l8-20 miles. As the plane
proceeded along a straight northeasterly path and climbed to its cruising
altitude, the distance to the bright light gradually decreased, as indicated
by the radar, and the sighting line tended to move around to the right. By
the time the plane was about 1) minutes (32 miles) out of Christchurch at^of an altitude
1l,500 ft the bright light was about 70 to 90 degrees to the right of the
aircraft (southeast of the aircraft) and about 12 miles away and no longer
on the plane radar. All observers agreed that the object appeared to be at
a lower altitude than the aircraft, with depression angles below horizontal
estimated to be between 5 degrees and 30 degrees. The radarin the map mode
could only pick up targets with depression angles between about 3 and 15
below the centerline of the aircraft.
The cameraman obtained several minutes of film out the far right-hand
cockpit window during this period. Images on the film range from yellowish
white elliptical shapes with reddish fringes to overexposed, nearly triangular
and circular shapes. Typical angular sizes were on the order of l-2 milli-
radians. He also obtained several feet of film showing a cockpit meter just
below the image of the bright light. At about 12-13 minutes (35-38 miles)
out of Christchurch the plane reached 13 thousand feet and a speed of 2l5 knots.
At this time the flight crew decided to turn to the right toward the bright
light. As the plane turned, the sighting line to the object moved toward the
front-of the aircraft, but even after a turn of about 90 degrees, the object
*-Divide the distance to the object by looo and multiply by the
number of milliradians to find the size. For example, an angular 4.
size of l milliradian corresponds to an object size of l foot at
l000 feet: ( 1000 feet/l00o)x(1 millirad.) = 1 ft.

#### Page 22

12
was not directly ahead of the aircraft, as if the object had moved to the right.
The captain proceeded in a straight line along a southeast heading and again
the sighting line to the object moved from nearly directly ahead toward 90
degrees to the right as the plane flew. The depression angle below horizontal
was apparently very noticable at this time. The object was not picked up on
radar after the turn, even though the object was nearly ahead of the aircraft
immediately after the turn, which suggests that the depression angle was
greater than 15 degrees. After travelling on this new heading for 1 or A min-
utes, the captain began a turn to the left back toward his original flight
path, at which time the light was observed to move quickly to the left-front and
above the aircraft and then to the left and down and apparently below the air-
craft. The object was not seen again after the plane .completed its left turn.
During the time that this object was seen by the plane passengers, it was
not seen on the Christchurch or Wellingtqn radars. This may have been because radar
it was too low to be picked up by either,and/or because it was a weak target
for 50cm radar.
After the aircraft gained its original course and approached a point south-
east of Kaikoura, Wellington control tower again began to call the attention of
the flight crew to anomalous targets which were within 20 miles of the
plane as it travelled toward Cape Campbell. Occasionally, unusual bright lights at least
were visible in the directions indicated by the Wellington control, and in,one
instance the plane radar picked up a target that appeared to the captain to be
in the same position as that indicated by Wellington control. There were also
apparently temporal coincidences between appearances and disappearances of visual
and radar objects.
One particularly bright object that was seen as the plane
approached Cape Campbell was photographed by the cameraman. The
film shows a bright light which alternates in a regular,cyclic
manner from bright white to dim red and orange. It apparently
travelled in a series of loops, described as "rolling and tumbling"
by.the reporter ( see Event #33 ).
The plane landed at Blenheim airfield at about 3:lo A.M. 4.

#### Page 23

13
174
2
NELSON WELLINGTON
PICTON
COOK
BLENHEIM. € STRAIT
Approximate
24 hour
FIGURE 1 clock times
FLIGHT SOUTH CAPE
CAMPBELL 0010
3 0012
④ 0015
0016
173 0016:30
0017:30
CLARENCE 0019
RIVER 9
0022
KAIKOURA 10 0024
KAIKOURA
PENINSULA EAST 0028
0029
0029:30
0030
430
0030: 45
0031:30
150
0032:30
0035
0036:30
0101
CHRISTCHURCH
BANKS
PENINSULA.
(copyright,
B.S.Maccabee, 19
wwwwwmwww

#### Page 24

14
WELLINGTON
PICTON
NELSON
COOK
BLENHEIM STRAIT
'FIGURE 2 40 0259
FLIGHT NORTH 0257
0256
CAPE 08098
CAMPBELL 0255
0254
0253
34 0252
0251
0248:30
CLARENCE 668 0247
RIVER 0246
KAIKOURA ②9 0245
PENINSULA 28 0241
KAIKOURA
EAST
"MOTO ,
②7 0233
-Approximate path of plane
26 0231
(Estimated path of object 0229
)based on plane radar data
Cand witness statements. ②4 .0227
0221:30
CHRISTCHURCH 0218:40
0216
BANKS
PENINSULA 50 N.M.
(copyright,
B.S.Maccabee, 1979)
wwxr.o.ww

#### Page 25

15
Event Descriptions and Map Legend
Times are in local Daylight Savings Time and are accurate to
within one minute. Distances are in nautical miles (6o76 ft
or l.852 km). At the cruising altitude the plane travelled
at an air speed of about 3.6 miles/minute.
*
During the trip south the people aboard the plane were Captain
william Startup (s), First Officer Robert Guard (G), cameraman
David Crockett (Dc) , sound recordist Ngaire Crockett (Nc) and
reporter Quentin Fogarty (F). The Wilington Air Traffic Controller
was Geoffrey Causer (Gc). For part of the time the radar
technician, Bryan Chalmers (Bc) was also present. GC used a
radar scope which presented an MrI (moving target indicator)
processed radar picture; Bc operated a non-MTI display for part
of the time. The plane (P) is treated as an "entity" when com-
municating with Wellington radar (w). Christchurch is noted as CH.
During the trip north Nc was replaced by a Christchurch reporter,
Dennis Grant (DG).
This event listing is to be used with the especially marked maps
.(Figures 3 and 4).
TRIP SOUTH
EVENT DESCRIPTION
NUMBER
1 about 2354 (11:54 P.M.), Dec. 30, 1978 : the plane has
taken off and circled to head southand was at this time passing
over Wellington.
2 about 001o ( 10 min. after midnight), Dec. 31, 1978 (all
succeeding times are on this date) : the plane was passing or
had passed Cape Campbell. F,Dc, and NC were in the loading
bay working on a "standup" for the news story on the previous
UFO sightings when S and G first spotted lights in the direction
of Kaikoura. The plane had passed Io,ooo feet in. altitude and
was travelling at about I7o knots air speed (the ground speed
might have been about l8o knots since there was a slight wind).
4.
3 about Ool2 : the plane (P) contacted Wellington(w) and
asked "Do you have any targets in the direction of the Kaikoura
peninsula on your radar at about that range?" (approximately
w-wwvwww……w

#### Page 26

16
correct; the radio communications from the plane are difficult
to understand). W replied " There are targets in your one
o'clock (1:00) position (i.e., about 20-4o° to the right of
straight ahead) at, uh, 13 miles.....appearing and disappearing.
......At the present moment they're not showing......but were
showing about a minute ago." Gc had been noticing "weird"
targets east of the Clarence River area and the Kaikoura Coast
for as long as half an hour before the plane reported anything.
s and G reported seeing lights that would appear and then
disappear in an apparently random manner, which is consistent
with the appearance and disappearance of targets on the W
radar.

(Text continues in the original file: 206 pages.)

## ODNI-UAP-D001 — USPER Narrative, Senior USIC Official

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/ODNI-UAP-D001
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/ODNI-UAP-D001
- Agency: Office of the Director of National Intelligence
- Incident date: 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-22
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The only split we saw was the typo fixed on May 26 2026.

- ODNI-UAP-D001, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2025, Western United States.
- Senior intel officer in helicopter observed glowing orbs, high‑speed split object, infrared imagery captured.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a first-hand account written by a currently serving (May 2026) senior U.S. intelligence official. The official was part of a team investigating reports of unusual noises and sightings of unidentified anomalous phenomena in and near a sensitive U.S. military facility in late 2025. From the official’s vantage point as a helicopter passenger, the official recounts encountering unidentified “glowing orbs” both at close range and at a distance. The account describes an apparent high-speed object moving low to the ground, which appeared to split in two and accelerate away in two different directions. It also describes numerous higher-altitude “orbs,” some of which the official assessed to be in close proximity to the helicopter. This account is accompanied by infrared imagery taken during the same exercise by other federal officials from the ground, originally released on war.gov/UFO on May 8, 2026.

May 26, 2026, correction: The document originally posted to the PURSUE collection of UAP-related records on May 22, 2026, under the name “ODNI-UAP-D001, USPER Narrative, Senior USIC Official,” contained a typographic error in the second paragraph, describing a helicopter flight profile as “map-of-the-earth.” The correct military aviation term for this profile is “nap-of-the-earth.” This document has been updated to reflect this correction.

### AI summary

This is a narrative report from a senior U.S. intelligence officer, dated in late 2025, describing an investigation into UAP sightings. The officer, along with a colleague and two pilots, flew a helicopter to search for debris in a mountain range. During the mission, they encountered multiple UAPs, including orange orbs that flared, split, and moved in formations. The objects were observed using night vision and infrared equipment. The encounter lasted over an hour, with the UAPs appearing near the helicopter and following fighter jets. The report concludes with the team returning to base, shocked by the events.

### Full text

#### Page 1

In late 2025, during early evening daylight hours, I – a senior U.S. intelligence officer – along
with a colleague and two pilots, departed our Joint Operations Center (JOC) in a helicopter.
Our mission was to investigate loud thuds heard in the mountains on the test range, which
coincided with Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) sightings reported over the previous
several nights. We aimed to search remote mountain areas for possible debris or objects
that might explain the orb-like sightings.
After leaving the JOC, we flew a low-altitude “map of the earth” route through the mountain
range for several hours. Multiple times, we spotted debris on the ground and descended
for closer inspection. Each time, we determined it was remnants from rockets and other
projectiles that had crashed during years of weapons testing on the range. As we
continued searching near areas of reported orb activity, we discovered a large cave
entrance with no visible end in sight. The terrain around the entrance offered no safe
landing spot, so I instructed the pilot to orbit it several times for observation. We noted the
location and then pressed on.
Running low on fuel, we headed to a prearranged rendezvous point to meet a ground team
and let my colleague disembark. The two pilots and I then proceeded to a prepositioned
tanker on the range for refueling. Our plan was to return to base afterward, but the JOC
radioed with a request to search a nearby mountain for debris spotted by one of the ground
teams. By this time, the sun had set, and the pilots switched to Forward Looking Infrared
(FLIR) and Night Vision Goggles (NVG), while I continued using the unaided naked eye.
After a brief search of the mountain yielded no findings, the pilots began navigating back to
the JOC to end the mission. I then received a message from the JOC: radar had detected
hits several miles up range from our position – the same area where UAP activity had been
observed on prior nights. I relayed this to the pilots, and we altered course to intercept.
What followed was a series of close UAP encounters lasting over an hour.
En route, ground teams reported spotting a UAP on FLIR, describing it as “super-hot,” low to
the ground, and moving east then south at high speed. The object then split into two and
changed direction. Upon arrival, we scanned the area using NVG, FLIR, and the naked eye.
The ground team suddenly radioed that the object had risen from the ground, approached
within ten feet of the helicopter, dropped below us, and then sped away. The pilots
observed it through NVGs and saw it split into two as a smaller object emerged before it
accelerated out of sight. We briefly pursued but broke off, unable to match its speed. At
one point, the JOC informed us that several fighter jets had launched on a training mission
in our operating area and requested their assistance in identifying the UAP.

#### Page 2

Minutes later, the JOC directed us to nearby radar detections. We took up a hovering
position at approximately 700 feet above ground level (AGL). In the distance, we saw
countless orange orbs swarming in all directions against the backdrop of the mountain.
The display lasted several minutes before fading. The JOC then redirected us to our
previous position based on fresh radar hits. I provided coordinates to the pilots, and we
moved to intercept, hovering again at 700 feet AGL. Through NVGx, the pilots and I (using
the naked eye) observed two large orbs flare up side by side, close to the helicopter –
stationary and just above the rotor disk to our right. They were oval-shaped, orange with a
white or yellow center, and emitted light in all directions.
After a few seconds, a third orb flared up below the pair, followed by a fourth below that,
forming a total of four or five in a “T” formation under the original two. Moments later, they
dimmed in reverse order, remaining stationary until they vanished from view. The entire
event lasted 10-15 seconds. I didn’t take photos, as I was focused on assessing what it was
and whether it posed a threat.
After this encounter, the pilots briefly considered landing due to the objects’ proximity but
opted to remain hovering at 700 feet AGL for further observation. We then spotted the
fighter jets entering visual range at about 23,00 feet AGL, identifiable by their blinking
navigation lights. As watched from afar, the same type of orbs appeared directly above the
fighters. They flared up one at a time in a horizontal formation, matching the jets’ speed
and flight path. After 10-15 seconds, they dimmed sequentially and disappeared. This
repeated several times as the jets transited the airspace and eventually landed. I remarked
to the pilots that it seemed the same orbs we had encountered were now “chasing” the
fighters. We also observed orange orbs flaring up and down around us for several minutes,
forming a distinct triangle before vanishing.
Low on fuel, the pilots decided to return to the JOC. After landing, I briefly spoke with them
– mostly to express thanks. We were virtually speechless after these observations. I then
entered the JOC for a quick debrief before driving home.

## SPAIN-BVD-38287-Manises-791111-1979 — Avistamiento de fenómenos extraños en Valencia, Motril y Madrid: 11, 17 y 28 de noviembre de 1979 (Spanish Air Force file, incl. the Manises incident)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/SPAIN-BVD-38287-Manises-791111-1979
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/SPAIN-BVD-38287-Manises-791111-1979
- Agency: Spanish Air Force (Mando Operativo Aéreo)
- Incident date: 11 Nov 1979
- Location: Manises, Valencia, Spain
- Released: 1979-1980
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Lights logged, but no night-club named.

- Spanish Air Force file, Mando Operativo Aéreo, 11 Nov 1979, Manises, Valencia.
- Two intense red lights near Ibiza; fighter scrambled, no radar contact; also 17/28 Nov alerts.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

The Spanish Air Force file on expedientes 791111 / 791117 / 791128 from the Air Operations Command's Intelligence Section. Its summary (pp.2-3) records that on 11 November 1979 TAE flight JK 297 (Palma-Tenerife) reported two intense red lights near Ibiza and diverted to Valencia (Manises), landing at 22:45Z, that the crew never saw an object, and that a fighter scrambled from Albacete made no radar contact; it also covers the 17 November chase near Motril and the 28 November Madrid alert. A document index follows (p.5), then the investigating officer's report and witness statements. 150 pages. Declassified (JEMA 3216) on 11 August 1994. Fuente: Biblioteca Central del Ejército del Aire y del Espacio / Biblioteca Virtual de Defensa. Licensed CC BY 4.0.

### AI summary

This document is a report from the Spanish Air Force detailing three UAP sightings in Valencia, Motril, and Madrid on November 11, 17, and 28, 1979. It was prepared by the Central Library of the Air Force and includes information from various sources, such as air traffic control, pilots, and radar. The report describes instances of unexplained signals, lights, and radar contacts, with no confirmed identification of the objects. It was classified and dated September 1, 1994. The document includes multiple supporting records and testimonies from witnesses and military personnel.

### Full text

#### Page 1

AVI STAM I EN TO D E FEN ÓM EN OS EXTRAÑ OS
( EXPED I EN TES OVN I )

EXPED I EN TE N ÚM ERO: 7 9 1 1 1 1 / 7 9 1 1 1 7 / 7 9 1 1 2 8
LUGAR: VALEN CI A / M OTRI L / M AD RI D
FECH A: 1 1 , 1 7 y 2 8 de N ovie m br e de 1 9 7 9

BI BLI OTECA CEN TRAL D EL EJÉRCI TO D EL AI RE ( BCEA)
CUARTEL GENERAL DEL EJÉRCI TO DEL AI RE
ROMERO ROBLEDO 8
PLANTA PRI MERA PTA. 155
28071 – MADRI D
Se cr e t a r ía :
TEL.: 91 5032456

FAX.: 91.5032248

CORREO ELECTRÓNI CO: bce a @e a .m d e .e s

#### Page 2

&r
MANDO OPERATIVO AÉREO ESTADO MAYOR
SECCIÓN DE INTELIGENCIA
AVISTAMIENTO DE FENÓMENOS EXTRANOS
EMA/DOP3216 SESPA 11-8-94
EXPEDIENTES: - 791111/791117/791128 S
EUK
LUGAR: - VALENCIA/MOTRIL/MADRID
0 1 SET. 1994
FECHA: - 1979 / días 11, 17 y 28 de Noviembre. /81
ENTRADA N.
EP 79111- 7911/7- 791128 C.3
RESUMEN:
El día 11 de Noviembre a las 20:27z la Torre de Valencia recibe
una llamada del SAR Madrid comunicando que se han recibido informes
sobre una estación de radio que emite, en i2l.5, una señal. La Torre
no recibe señal alguna, asi como los aviones IB 558, IB 231 y un LAKER que despegaba de Alicante. Sin embargo, el piloto del IB 23l manifestó
que anteriormente, realizando la linea IB 608, Madrid-Ibiza, si que
habia detectado la señal y asi lo comunicó al Control que le pidió la
información. Según el SAR, la señal se detectaba a unas 40 NM al NE
de Valencia, por lo que ante la posibilidad de que perteneciera a
alguna avioneta del Aeroclub de Castellón, se contacta con el guarda
del mismo, que confirma estar todo normal.
A las 22:02z Barcelona Control contacta con el JK 297 de la Cia.
TAE, de Palma para Tenerife, requiriéndole si escucha en 12l.5 alguna
señal de emergencia, confirmando éste que la oyen pero que no la
pueden identificar.
La tripulación del JK 297 comunica al Control, a las 22:05z, que
tiene a la vista, a sus diez y a nivel, dos luces rojas intensas que
suponen pertenece a un tráfico convergente con ellos y a una distancia
de unas tres a cinco millas, aunque no le observan luz anticolisión.
En ese momento la posición del TAE es 15 NM al S de Ibiza y en ascenso
de FL 230 para FL 330. La tripulación no vio en ningún momento objeto
alguno pero debido a la proximidad de las luces y ante el peligro de
colisión con lo que suponian un objeto de gran tamaño, deciden desviar
su ruta y tomar tierra en Valencia.
A las 22:24z y autorizados a proceder a VLC a 4.000 fts.,
comunican que han dejado de observar las luces rojas y simultáneamente
dejaron de oir la señal de 12l.5. El TAE toma tierra a las 22:45z.
Enterados de la llegada del TAE, el personal de Servicio del
Aeropuerto sale al exterior de las instalaciones y observa en el de
firmamento tres luces que destacan anormalmente por su brillo;
entre ellas una especialmente, situada en dirección E/SE sobre el
CONFIDENC

#### Page 3

IDENCIAL
puerto de Valencia (radial aproximado de 120o de VLC) y a unos 200
sobre el horizonte; esta luz aparentemente estática producia destellos
de color verde, rojo y blanco; posteriormente se pudo constatar que
seguía con bastante fidelidad el movimiento del firmamento.
Desde la B.A. de Albacete despega un Scramble que contacta con
Pegaso a las 23:42z. Según se desprende de la conversación mantenida
por el piloto y Pegaso, la progresión hacia las luces observadas por
aquel no era en absoluto apreciable por lo que se recupera en su base,
despidiéndose de Pegaso a las O0:57z. No hubo contacto radar con
objeto alguno ni por parte del avión ni por parte de Pegaso aunque si
hubo interferencias radio y algunos blocajes en el sistema de alerta
del avión.
Dos controladores del Aeropuerto aseguran haber visto con unos
prismáticos, entre El Saler Y La Albufera, luces de navegación
similares a las de un reactor, alejándose hacia el Sur con una
velocidad un poco superior a la de uno de ellos Y a una altura
calculada entre 2.500 y 3.000 pies; debido a que en ese momento el
interceptador se encontraba al Norte de Calles, dichas luces,
evidentemente, no pertenecian al mismo.
El dia 17 de Noviembre a las l6:20z le sale a Pegaso una traza
UNK (desconocida), que permanece fuera de la linea de identificación
durante 15 minutos, penetrando a continuación hacia el EVA 9.
A las 16:45z se da Scramble al avión de Albacete que, mientras
vuela hacia la zona, es informado de que el contacto es intermitente,
perdiéndose definitivamente a las 17:l2z. Después de realizar varias
órbitas sobre la zona sin resultado positivo, el interceptador inicia
su recuperación hacia Albacete. Establecido en rumbo O25o y a 35.000
pies, el piloto observa a sus 3, a nivel y a unas 1o Nm, tres luces
fuertes del mismo color e intensidad, formando un triángulo isósceles.
Autorizado por Pegaso, el caza puso rumbo hacia el centro del
triángulo de luces, no consiguiendo ningún tipo de blocaje radar y
notando que la distancia relativa no disminuia en ningún momento.
Después de 10 minutos de vuelo a O.95 de mach en esa dirección
Y no pudiéndose acercar a las luces, el piloto decide regresar para
su recuperación. Al pasar por rumbo 360o escucha en el canal de radio
unas voces infantiles que reian y decian: "HOLA iCOMo ESTAS?...HOLA,
HOLA..." La interferencia duró unos 30 segundos. El avión tomó tierra
sin novedad a las 18:05Z.
El dia 28 de Noviembre a las O2:30z, Madrid Control comunica al
Soc de Pegaso que, según información recibida del Observatorio
Astronómico de Moncloa, se observan en la vertical de Madrid dos
objetos extraños, que también están siendo observados por numerosas
personas en la calle Velázquez y de lo cual se está dando noticia en
Radio Nacional.
A las O2:45z el Controlador del SOC interroga al EVA 2 si tiene
algún eco extraño en pantalla; éste confirma a Pegaso que el discrimi-
nador de altura da tres ecos estáticos a 58.o0o pies, observación que
se viene haciendo desde las 23:0oz del dia anterior Y que persiste
hasta las 10:00z; las señales se sitúan en el radial 002o 40 NM y a
una altura aproximada de 80.ooo pies. El EVA 1, por su parte, observa
enEsusTpaDtalAasE res objetos a la misma altura y en el radial 260o
BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL C. G.
2 DESCLASIFICAL
0 1 SET. 1994 CONFIDENCIAL
NM
ENTRADA N. i61 ExP 79/111-79117-791128
i3

#### Page 4

Por otra parte el Coronel Gobernador del citado campo
de San Gregorio minifiesta que en sus conversaciones con
los habitantes de pueblos circundantes estan alarmados,
pues consideran como "Zona de OvnIs" ese lugar.
Todo lo cual pongo en conocimiento de V.E.
Dios guarde a V.E. muchos años.
Zaragoza, O2/de Abril de 1.980.
EL GENERAKJEFE,
EJERCITO DEI ARE
Tte. Generai Jefe
(
i
EXCMO DEL ESTADO MAYOR DEL AIRE (DOP

#### Page 5

80 Nm, lo que determina una diferencia de posición con la anterior de
40 NM.
A las O3:30z el Soc da Scramble al interceptador de alerta de
Torrejón para el reconocimiento de la zona. Pegaso lo dirige a la
milla 34 del radial 002 del EVA 2, donde siguen viendo en pantalla a
los objetos, ahora a unos 80.o0o pies. Durante la subida el caza nota
blocajes en su sistema de alertas.
Al llegar al punto indicado por Pegaso, el caza vira sobre la
zona a nivel 340 pasando por debajo de los supuestos ecos sin tener
contacto visual. Sin embargo obtuvo cuatro contactos radar coincidien-.
do con la zona que indicaba Pegaso; en una ocasión al apretar media
acción se observó un eco como de un avión y al blocarlo apareció la
presentación de ataque, rompiéndose el Lock-on instantáneamente.
En otra ocasión Pegaso advirtió que el objeto se encontraba a
41.o0o pies Y a 2 NM en el morro de un comercial que pasaba por la
vertical de Madrid; el interceptador vio perfectamente al comercial,
sin poder ver ningún objeto sobre él o en sus proximidades.Al final
de la misión el piloto comunica a Pegaso que ha visto una luz fuga lz
a baja altitud, sobre la carretera de La Coruña BIBLIOTE
0 1SET. 1994
INDICE DE DOCUMENTOS: ENTRADA N. 181
C.3
- Documento 0001: TTY. de Ref. No 23l2 de 12/0810z NOV79, del Jefe
del Sector de Valencia al GJ. de la Región y del MATRA informando de
la toma de tierra en Valencia, en la noche del 11 de Noviembre, de un
avión de la Cia. TAE, con plan de vuelos Palma-Tenerife, por motivo
de la presencia peligrosamente cercana de un objeto no identificado.
- Documento 0002: TTY. de Ref. No 7959-TR de 12/1200z/NOV79, en el
que el GJMATRA ordena al Coronel Jefe del Sector Aéreo de Valencia
inicie expediente de información sobre el incidente del dia 11,
Documento 0003: TTY de Ref. No 7960-TR, del GJ de la 3a R.A.
dirigido al GJEMA, comunicando el incidente Y notificando la orden
dada al Jefe del Sector de abrir expediente de información.
- Documentos O004 al O010: Escrito de Ref. -C- No 74, de fecha 13 de
Noviembre por el que el General Jefe del Sector Aéreo de Cataluña
comunica al GJMATRA el incidente acaecido la noche del 11 de Noviem-
bre, remitiendo el parte diario de la Sección de Control Y la
transcripción de la cinta magnetofónica del Control de Barcelona
(ambos documentos aparecen posteriormente en el informe emitido por
el Juez Informador).
- Documentos 0011 al 0015: Escrito de Ref. -INL- No 406, de 12 de
Noviembre, del GJ del MACOM y 1a R.A., en el que remite al GJEMA el
informe recibido del Director Principal del Soc sobre objetos
desconocidos en la zona de Valencia, la noche del 11 de Noviembre.
- Documentos 0016 y O017: Escrito de Ref. -INL- No 413 de fecha 19
de Noviembre, del GJMACom remitiendo al GJEMA la carta del Major
General de la USAF, por la que comunica que ningún avión de la Sexta
DESCLASIFICAL DENCIA
Exp 791111. 791117- 791128

#### Page 6

Flota estaba en vuelo durante el incidente de Valencia (este documento
también se incluye en el informe del Sr. Juez).
- Documentos Oo18 y Oo19: Nota Informativa redactada por el Jefe de
Servicio del E.M. del Aire relatando cronológicamente lo sucedido la
noche de los incidentes.
- Documentos O020 al o103: Informe redactado por el Juez Informador
referente al suceso del 1l de Noviembre.
- Documentos O020 y O021: Portada e Índice.
- Documentos 0022 al 0024: Antecedentes.
- Documento Oo25: Comunicación del nombramiento de Juez Informador
al Capitán del Ala 1l designado.
- Documentos O026 al 0028: Métodos de redacción.
- Documentos 0029 al 0053: Información de tráfico en la que está
incluida la carta del Maj. Gen. de la USAF (documento Ool7), el parte
diario de la Sección de Control (documentos Oo06 al Ool0), transcrip-
ción de las cintas del Centro de Control de Barcelona, del Centro de
Control de Valencia y del Soc con el Scramble despegado de Albacete.
- Documentos O054 y 0055: Información meteorológica.
- Documentos 0056 al 0094: Declaraciones de los 12 testigos a los que
se tomó declaración con motivo de los acaecimientos.
- Documentos 0095 al O103: Declaraciones del Sr. Juez, con el que se
finaliza el informe.
Documentos 0104 al 0107: : Carta enviada por el Subsecretario de
Aviación Civil al Gral. Jefe del EMA adjuntando una carta remitida
desde Roca del Vallés (Barcelona), en la que un señor que firma como
J.C., comenta un avistamiento presenciado la noche del 1l de Noviem-
bre, adjuntando un dibujo para dar idea del tamaño del objeto de su
observación.
- Documentos O108 al O115: Escrito del Coronel Jefe del Ala 1l de
Ref. 3l.3/43.1 No 293-e por el que se remite al Gral. Jefe del MATRA
lo especificado en la última hoja del informe del Juez Informador
(documento O103) que es: Tráfico del 801 Escuadrón en la tarde-noche
del 1l de Noviembre, informe del Ala de Alerta Y Control sobre
posibles contactos radar habidos en las proximidades del avión de la
TAE y posteriormente en la zona en que actuó el interceptador y la
declaración, asi como las fotocopias de las fotos tomadas aquella
noche por el testigo calificado como No 13.
- Documentos 0116y 0117: Escrito No 12-C, de fecha 25 de Enero de
198o, del Gral. Jefe del MATRA dirigido al Gral. Jefe del EMA
remitiendo la interpretación personal sobre el incidente sucedido en
la noche del 11 de Noviembre.
- Documentos O118 al 0121: Carta del Agregado Aéreo Francés en Madrid
de fecha 20 de diciembre de 1979, solicitando las-@one de la
investigación llevada a cabo sobre el incidente EeriTlaeNovfembre
BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL C.
4 0 1 SET. 1994
DESCLASIFICAE
CC CONFIDENCIAL ENTRADAN./8
Exp 791111-791117-791128 C 3

#### Page 8

oficios de remisión de la carta a la Sección de Espacio Aéreo e
Inteligencia y contestación de SESPA a Inteligencia en el que se
desaconseja la solicitud del Agregado por ser Materia Reservada toda
la fenomenologia relacionada con los OvNI's.
- Documentos 0122y 0123: Recortes de prensa aparecidos en Palma de
Mallorca el 30 de Noviembre de l979 y en el diario Pueblo el 3 de
Diciembre.
Documentos 0124 al 0134: Escrito de Ref. -INL- No 420/b, de fecha
30 de Noviembre, del Gral. Jefe del MACoM remitiendo al Gral. Jefe del
EMA los Informes sobre los incidentes acaecidos los días 11, 17 y 28
del mes de Noviembre, en las zonas de Valencia, Motril y Madrid
respectivamente, en los que intervinieron Unidades del MAcoM.
Documentos 0125 al 0128: Informe sobre el incidente del 1l de
Noviembre en la zona de Valencia.
Documentos 0129 al 0131: Informe sobre el incidente del 17 de
Noviembre en el Espacio Aéreo de Motril.
- Documentos O132 al 0134: Informe sobre el incidente del 28 de
Noviembre en el Espacio Aéreo de Madrid.
- Documentos 0135 al 0142: A raiz de una interpelación hecha por el
Diputado Sr. Múgica Herzog, del Grupo Parlamentario Socialista de
Euskadi, sobre el suceso que provocó el desvio de un avión de la Cia.
TAE, se remitió un escrito del Ministerio de Defensa, con Ref. O2-7.1
No i332-SMA de fecha 08 de Octubre, al EMA, para informe Y devolución.
Dicho informe fue redactado por SEsPA de la División de Operaciones
Y enviado a la Secretaria del Aire mediante escrito de DoP No 13937
de fecha 10 de Octubre de 198o. Los dos últimos documentos son las
referencias que se hicieron en la prensa respecto a la citada
interpelación.
CONSIDERACIONES:
Los tres expedientes han sido incluidos en la misma Propuesta de
Desclasificación debido a la proximidad de las fechas y a la partici-
pación, en todos ellos, de Unidades del MACOM.
No se aprecian aspectos que hagan aconsejable mantener la condición
de "MATERIA CLASIFICADA".
PROPUESTA DE CLASIFICACIÓN: DESCLASIFICADO
DESCLASIFICAR EL OFICIAL DE INTELIGENCIA DEL MOA
ESCRITO NUM. BEEERENETA
EMA/DOP32S6 SESPA 11-8-94 EJERCHODEL
CESERVACIONES: BIBUO
EXP 791111-791117. 791128 1994
5 ENTRADA N. /61
CONFIDENCIAL

#### Page 9

MENSAJE A549
96
xce
EICRE
NTA
i4 1 2 NOV.1979
- 20321
DE TSVC 9612/08127
R 12/08102 N0V. 79 3 W7FE9
DE JEFEF. SECTPR
PARA GJREGIN/ MATRA
B\ra}$ .r
2
SINCLAS
TEXTO:
COMO CONTINUACION DE LO COMUNICADO A LAS I'I=
HORAS DE HOY POR MW AL OFICIAL DE SERVICIO FCA JFATIDA
ECUN ME COMUNICA DIRECTOR AEROPUERTO VALENCIA Y COMAN
DANCIA GJARDIA CIVIL A LAS?O'S HORAS DE AYER TOMO
TIERRA EN DICHO AEROPUERTO AVION MATRICILA FC-CIM COM_
PANIA TAE LINEA JKPD7 PALVA-TENERIFE QUE SEGUN A-
FORIA COMANDANTE AERONAVESR POR WOTIVO
DE LA PRESINCIA PELIGROSAMENTE CERCANA DE UN OBJETO
D IDENTIFICADQ DE ELLO SE INFOQMO A LA BASE AFDEA DF VANICEC
COMANDANTE DEL AVION CANCELOJ VUELO A LA TDFDA
ULTERIOR INFORMACION.
DI
.38157
i N EJERCITODELAIRE
BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL C. G.
0 1 SET. 1994
ENTRADA N.. 1.8 1
C.3
Ex 797111-791117.-791128
Copias A:
Medio Cireulto Operadon Recibi

#### Page 10

0002
HoTEs 45
SINCLAS
$P_{$ 12/1200Z/NOV79 7959-TR
GJMATRA
, CORONEL JEFE SECTOR AEREO / VALENCIA
RELACION SU TELETIPO NUM. 2312 FECHA HOY PROCEDA A INICIAR EXPEDIEN-
TE DE INFORMACION CITADO INCIDENTE.
Exp 791111 - 791117- 791128
EJERCITODELAIRE
BIBLIOTECA C NIVAI C. G.
0 1 SET. 1994
ENTRADAN. 181
C3

#### Page 11

SERVICIC TRANOMISIONES
Cepocilado a las 11 Horas 0
N.°de Croon_ 438 dijicate
APFEAOOR 0003
SINCLAS
7 796C-TR
R 12/1000ZN0V.79
GJ 38 ReAe
GJEMA
El Boronel Jefe del Sector Aéreo de Valencia en teletipo
referencia 2312 de fecha 12 del actual dice lo siguientes ..v me
comunica Director Aeropuerto Valencia y Comandancia Guardta:Civil
a las 22'50 horas de ayer tomg tierra en dicho aeropuero avión ma
tricula EC-CUM compafiia TAE linea JK-297 Palma-Tenerife, que se- 5
gin informa Comandante aeronave Sr. por motivo de
la presencia peligrosan-nte cercana de un objeto no identificado."
Se ha solicitado a Jefe Sector Aéreo de Valcncia proceda urgente-
mente a iniciar expediente de informacibn citado incidente.
ExP 791111- 791117- 791128
EJERCITODELAIRE
BIBLIOTECA CINTPAL C. G.
0 1 SET. 1994
ENTRACAN.18/
C.3
LEREO DE
t
Sección.
AYO

#### Page 12

2
MHISTERIO DE DEFENSA SECTOR AEREO DE CATALUNA
EJERCITO DEL AIRE - JEFATURA -
CONFIDENCIAL NRf.
AsunIo: Informando vuelo objeto desconocido.
SECRETARIA Excmo. Sr.:
ENTRADA
Fca4-117 Informo a V.E. que el pasado dia 11 a
tom. 1006 las 22h.04m.Z, el avión JK-297, LEPA/
Gcxo, de la Trans Europa, en vuelo Pal-
ma-Tenerife, comunicó al Centro de Con-
trol de Vuelo de Barcelona, que un obje
to descqnocido, con luces rojas, se le
aproximó de frente, se le coloco a su
lado y luego detras,' a menos de media
milla, siguiéndole constantemente, por
lo que el piloto decidió desviarse a -
Valencia, hasta donde le siguió, perma-
neciendo aun después de la toma de tie-
rra sobre él. Este último extremo no se ha confirmado.
mo al JK-297. Pegaso informó que veian algo, próxi-
Se adjunta transcripción de la cinta
magnetofónica del Control de Barcelona,
del indicado avión. donde se registrgn las comunicaciones
Dios guarde a V.E. muchos años.
Barcelona, 13 de Noviembre de 1979.
Excmo. Sr.:
ELOGENERAL JEFE DEL SECTOR AEREO=
ExP 791111- 791117-791128
.EXCMO. SR. TENIENTE GENERAL JEFE DE LA TERCERA REGION
AEREAY MATRA.
ZARAGOZA
EJERCITODELAIRE BIBLOTECA
INTRAL C.G
0.1 SET 1994
ENTRADAN. /81
C.3

#### Page 13

MINISTERIO DE TRANSPORTES
CENTRO DE CONTROL E IGFORMACION DE YUELO DE BARCELONA
YCOMUNICACIONES CONTROL
SECCION
PARTE DIARIO
FECHA: 10-11 Noviembre 1.979
M M. V s D
PERSONAL EJERCITOEFY
DIA 10- S./N. BIBLIOTECA
DIA 11.- S./N. 0 1 SET. 1994
ENTRADAN. /8/
AVERIAS C.3
DIA 100-
Line DAAG; SIGUE O/S. SOLO SE RECIBEN LLAMADAS DE DAAG
VASIS RWY 02/20 SIGUE 0/8.
135OZ, COMUNICAN AVIONES SBD NO FUNCIONA, SE AVISA TECNICO
1412z, SE COMPRUEBA POR RADIO,, Y SBD YA FUNCIONA.
2155z, 133.65 DE SAN JAVIER U/S. A LAS 2200 Ok.
DIAi1.-
VASIS PISTA 02/20, SIGUE 0/S.
LINEA TELEFONICA CON DAAG A LAS 1115z Ok CONFIDENCIAL
DE 1312/1327z, FREOUENCIA 121.5 0/S.
1715Z9 DE NUEVO DAAG O/S.
LINEA DAAG OK.(TECNICO PREGUNTARA A LA HORA QUE ESTA OK.
Exρ. 7911/: 791117- 791128
INCIDENCIAS
DIA 10.- S./N.
DIA 11.- NB 1312 "C" LEPA/ESSA notifica haber oido una 1lamada de Emergenc
en 12t.5. No puede concretarse si se trata de un barco. A nosotros no nos
falta ningun avión.
Sobre señal emergencia. 121.5 nos requiere SAMAR, pedimos informacibn a
aviones en vuelo. Segun informan varios aviones a distinias horas unos
no oyen nada, en cambio otros oyen con intermitencia.
2204Z, JK 297 LEPA/GCXO informa (entre LEPA/LEVC) un tráfico que se aproxi
de frente, se coloca a su laäo y luego detras, a menos de media milla y as
le sigue constántemente, hasta que el piloto dccide desviarse a VLc, hasta
donde le sigue el tréfico u objeto desconocido, dejando de seguirle a las
2222z. Todo en contacto con PEGASo, quienes tambien veian algo muy proximo
al JK.297.
225Oz. TWR LEBL, informa objeto luminoso verde/rojo al E.
2300z. 11 LEVc, informa objetos luminosos proximidades. También se inform
a PEGASO y SAMAR via MW.
Barcelona, 12 Noviembre 1.979
EL JEFE OPERACIONES

#### Page 14

&
TRANSCRIPCION CINTA 34 - DIA 11/XI/79 - Canal 3 -
HORA EMITE MENSAJE
2202 JK297 - Barcelona, buenas noches. JK297
Oeste - 297, buenas noches. Responda A3036. Según
autorizado llame Alicante.
JK297 - A.3036. Libre ahora 2i0 para 330. LLamare
mos Alicante.
Oeste - JK.297, Barcelona, iMe puede confirmar a
ver si hay alguna señal de emergencia en
frecuencia 21,5?
JK297 - Fuede repetir? Es que no hemos recibido
Oeste - Si me confirma a ver si oye en frecuencia
21,5 alguna señal de emergencia.
JK297 - Afirmativo. Ponemos 21,5 y estamos a la es-
cucha. Y le avisaremos si recibimos algo.
Oeste - 297, gracias.
2203 JK.297 - (En 121,5). Una estación 1lamando en 121,5?
Oeste - Afirmativo. Alguna estación emitiendo en
121,5, al parecer en emergencia. Me pue-
CONFIDENGIAL de confirmar si la recibe?
JK297 llamando en 21.5 y no recibo.
TAE. (Continua 1lamando en 121,5.)
BX.836 - (Comunicación rutinaria.)
Oeste - JK.297, Barcelona.
JK.297 - Recibido, para JK.297. Afirmativo. Reci-
bimos una señal en 121,5; pero no se pue-
de identificar.
Oeste - 297, recibido. Gracias; PErEeTONODELAIRE
2204 BY.709B - (Comunicación rutinaria. BIBUOIFCA CINTRAL C. G.
BX836 - (Comunicación rutinaria. 0 1 SET. 1994
2205 JK297 - Barcelona, JK.297.
Oeste - JK.297, digane. ENTRADAN. 181
JK297 C.3
- Confirma Vd. tenemos algun
mo a nosotros a nuestra izquierda, aproxi
madamente a cuatro o cinco millas?
Oeste - 297, negativo. No hay tráfico notificado.
JK297 - Tenemos dos seiiales, luces rojas, como aho-
ra a unas tres millas a las diez de nucstra
posición. Aproximadamente a la misma altura
Oeste -iA las diez de la posición, a unas tres milla
JK297 a la izquierda de su posición ahora?
- Afirmativo.
Ex 791111- 791117- 791128

#### Page 15

HORA EMITE MENSAJE
Oeste - JK.297, recibido. Gracias.
JK.297 - Si, cuando pueda me iniorma Vd.sobre
ese tráfico.
Oeste - 297, no tenemos informaci6n de nin-
gún tráfico procediendo en esa ruta.
Alicante. Es Vd. el único que procede Ibiza-
2206 JK297 Muchas gracias. Es posible ese tráfi-
co. Si.
Oeste - JK.297, ,me confirma las luces están
en el mar o están en el aire?
JK297 -Repite por favor?
Oeste -(No contesta.)
JK297 - El avión es un tráfico y está aproxima
damente a nuestra altura. Y ahora esta
mos nosotros librando 250. Este tráfi-
co andará entre 23 y 26.
Oeste - JK.297, recibido. Gracias.
2208 JK297 - iMe confirma el tipo de avión que pue-
de ser ese tráfico?
Oeste - JK.297, ime confirma si va en su mis-
ma dirección?
JK297 CONFIDENCIAL Afirmativo lo tenemos cada vez más cer
Barcelona,JK.297. Solamente pue
shin dos luces rojad fijas, sin "fla
Oeste JK.297. No tenemos ningún tráfico noti
ficndo en los altededores. También hemos
llamado a Palma, para ver si fuera a
nivel 240 o inferior, y nos ha dicho que
no tenia ningún tráfico notificado.
JK297 Barcelona, JK.297. He incrementado el
"rate" de ascenso a través de 28o, y el
tráfico cste sube mucho más rápido que
nosotros y se acerca cada vez más.
Oeste - 297, recibido.
BY709B - (Mensaje rutinario.)
2209 JK297 - Barcelona, JK.a97. Pongo mumbo a Valen-
cia.
Oeste - JK.297. Recibido.
BY709B - (mensaje rutinario.)
Oeste - JK.297, pase a frecuencia 133,65
ExP 791111. 791117 EJERCHTODELAIRE
791128 BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL C. G.
0 1 SET. 1994
ENTRADA N. 181

#### Page 16

HORA EMITE MENSAJE 0008
CANAL 2
Levante - JK.297, Barcelona (1lama.dos. yeces)
JK297 - Adelante, para JK.297.
Levante - iDeséa que comuniquemos con algún in
terceptor de la Defensa?
JK297 Ahora mismo estoy a 290. Mantengo
290. Me voy para Valencia, rumbo a
Valencia. (El piloto ha elevado mu-
choel tono de voz, y se le nota cier
ta agitación.)
2210 Levante - De acuerdo. iDesea que llamemos a al
gún interceptor de la Defensa?
JK297 - Si es posible, si. Información; por-
que el tráfico está a menos de media
CONFIDENCIAL milla y ahora mismo ha bajado un mon
tón. Ha bajado ahora... debe estar a
unos 3 Ooo ft por debajo de nosotros.
vante - De acuerdo. Vamos a comunicar con De-
fensa, por si saben algo.
JK.297 - De acuerdo. Ahora mantengo 290. Me
voy al VOR de Valencia.
Levante - Recibido. Nosotros hemos puesto prima-
rio, a ger si localizábamos algún trá-
fico, y no nos sale nada. Notifique,
mientras le sea posible, la posicion
del tráfico.
JK297 - De acuerdo. Manteniendo de momento 290
y el tráfico se establece otra vez a
nuestra altura casi, a unos 28o de
nivel. Está subiendo otra vez y lo te-
nemos a una media milla, aproximada-
mente.
Levante - De acuerdo. EJERCITODELAIRE
2211 JH297 BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL C. G.
- Rumbo a Valencia, ahora JK.297
Levante - Recibido. 0 1 SET. 1994
JK297 - Barcelona, JK.297 181
Levante ENTRADA N.
- Adelante. C.3
JK297 - Quiero tomar tierra en Valencia. No
me gusta continuar con ese tráfico,
que me está siguiendo.
Levante - Recibido. Inicialmente, descienda a
nivel 250
JK297 - Okay. Librando 290 a 250, con el trá-
fico a le vista, lo e:toy dejando...
Ex 791111- 791117- 791128

#### Page 17

HORA EMITE MENSAJE 0009
lo estoy rebasando ahora. Está a
menos de media milla.
Levante - Recibido.
? - Oye, TAE, ia qué distancia estás de
Valencia?
JK297 - 65 Millas.
? - 35?
JK297 - 65, seis cuatro ahora.
? - Ah, vale. Muchas gracias. Nosotros
estamos ahora a 20, de Spantax, y,
claro, no vemos nada.
2211 JK297 - Si. Ahora lo tenemos de nuevo a nues
tros once. Dos luces rojas, y nos
sigue... Ahora ha bajado. Lo llevába
mos antes a nuestra izquierda, hacia
unos cinco o seis millas, y luego nos
va siguiendo, vamos. Dos luces rojas.
que ahora tengo debajo y nos sigue.
2212 ? - Vale, vale.
Levante - JK.297, estamos en contacto con De-
fensa, y ahora nos informarán de
cualquier anomalía que puedan tener
en sus pantallas.
JK297 Recibido. Muchas gracias. ;Estamos
autorizados, confirme, a 250 inicial
Levante Correcto. Le aviso para más descen-
so. gCuánto quiere inicalmente?
JK297 - (No contesta,)
Levante - 297, pucde continuar a 150, a su dis
creción.
JK.297 - 150, a nuestra discreción. Ahora es-
tamos librando 270.
2213 Levante - Recibido.
BX836 - JK.a97, pica.
JK297 - No podemos picar, porque tenemos 21,
a la escucha y con Barcelona estamos
en otra.
2214 BX836 - Gracias, gracias.
JK.297 - Spantax, pico.
JK297 - Spantax de JK (lo llama varias veces
Levante - Ha picado. Estará en frecuencia de
compatliía, 123,45.
JK297 - Vale, vale.
Levante - JK.297, Barcelona
EJERCITODELAIRE
ExP 791111-791117- 791128 CENTRAL C. G.
0 1 SET 1994
ANo 181
C 3

#### Page 18

0010
HORA EMITE MENSAJE
JK297 - Adelante, Bercelona, para 2o7.
2215 Levante - Sigue viendo al tráfico?
JK297 Es afirmativo. Está bajando ahora más y lo
da. tenemos detrás nuestro, a nuestra izquier-
Levante - Gracias.
BY709B - (Mensaje rutinario.)
2216 JK297 - Barcelona, libre ahora 165 para 150. Pode-
mos bajar más?
Levante - Pase con Valencia, 120.1.
JK297 - Para 120, JK.297.
Levante - No, negativo. Llame a Valencia 120.1.
JK297 - Valencia 120.1. Hasta luego. Buehas noches
y muchas gracias.
NOTA: Habiendo sido transferido el JK.297 a
Valencia Control, se da por concluida
la transcripción.
Barcelona, 12 de Noviembre de 1979
OFICINA OPERACIONES
INCIDENTES ATS.
Exp 79111. 791117- 791128
EJERCITODELAIRE
0 1 SET. 1994
SRADAN 1Y1
C: 3

#### Page 19

001
MINISTERIO DF DEFENSA MANDO AEREO DE COMBATE Y 18 R.A.
EJERCITO DEL AIRE ESTADO MAYOR
S/R2 Mim. Fecha N/R19 Num.
INL. 406.
Asunio: Informe sobre objetos desconocidos Zona de Valencia.
EJERCHOCELAIRE
ESTAN. SNYOR DEL AIRS BIBUCIC
SE . 0 1 SET 1994
ENTRADA Excmo. Señor:
Ni. 1386 ENTRADA N. 18/
12-11-19 C 3
Adjunto, tengo el honor de remitir a V.E.,
informe recibido del Director Principal del SOC
sobre objetos desconocidos en la Zona de Valen-
cia. ExP 791111- 799117-791128
Se ha iniciado investigación ampliatoria,
de la que se informará oportunamente.
Dios guarde a V.E. muchos años.
Madrid, 2,de Noviembre de 1.979.
1.300-RDOP EL GENERAL JEFE DEL MACOM Y 1a R.A.
E. A. --
EXCMO. SR. GENERAL JEFE DEL ESTADO MAYOR DEL EJERCITO DEL AIRE. Madrid.-
4

#### Page 20

CONTIDENCIAL Y06
0012
INFORME QUE EMITE EL COMANDANTE DEL ARMA DE AVIACION
(ETS) D. , DIRECTOR PRINCIPAL EN EL S.O.C
SOBRE OBJETOS DESCONOCIDOS EN LA ZONA DE VALENCIA.
A las 22.16 z del dfa 11 de Noviembre, Barcelona-
Control comunica a PEGASo que el avi6n con indicativo JK-297
, un Caravelle españiol de la Compañifa T.A.E., de Palma a Te-
nerife, tiene a un costado un objeto con luces verdes y rojas
que se le aproxima y separa con cambios bruscos de velocidad
y nivel, comunicando el Comandante de la aeronave que en esas
condiciones no continúa la ruta y que se dirije a tomar tie-
rra en VALENCIA.
PEGAso Tiene contacto radar con dicho avi6n, grabar
dose su traza, sin poderse apreciar en el radar de vigilancia
algun otro dato distinto al del Caravelle, no obstante lo -
cual, solicitado al EVA no 5 (BENIDoRM) datos de altura y -
número de objetos nos informa que en el DISCRIMINADOR de OB-
JETos logr6 distinguir hasta CINco y unas alturas de 9.ooo a
11.000 ft. (nivel del Caravelle en esos momentos, 15.000 ft.)
perdiendo contacto al llegar a la línea de costa por Clútter.
A las 22.50 z comunica la Torre de Valencia que el
- 3 Caravelle de T.A.E. toma tierra sin novedad y que desde la Tc
rre se está viendo un objeto en el radial 130e - 20 NM. con
luces verdes y rojas, aparentemente inmóvil a unos 4.ooo ft.
del sue10. Exp 791111- 79/117- 79/28
Posteriormente, el Comandante que emite el presente
informe, habl6 con el Sr. , Jefe del Aeropuerto de Va-
lencia y con el Sr. , Comandante del Ceravelle
El primero confirma la presencia sobre el ciclo de
Valencia de tres objetos desconocidos:
- Uno sobre el propio Aeropuerto con destellos rojc
y verdes.
- Otro sobre el Puerto de Valencia, con lestellos
blancos y a unos 4.ooo ft. de nivel.
- Y un tercero hacia Sagunto, con destellos fuer-
tes rojos y verdes. EJERCITO DELAIRE
BIBLIOTECA CENTPAL C. G.
CONFIDENCIAL
ENTRADA N./8
C

#### Page 21

SUNTDCINOIAL
../... 0013
Esta iniormaci6n del Sr. fué ratificada por
el Capitán de Cuartel de Manises, Oficiales de Alerta y Con-
troladores Civiles.
El Sr. confirma la información re-
cibida de Barcelona-Control y dice que a unas 2o NM. al Oeste
de Ibiza vi6 al costado de su avión y a un mismo nivel (29.000.
ft.), dos luces, roja y verde, que seguian su misma ruta y
que decidiento tomar tierra en Valencia y no en Tenerife, que
era su punto de destino, dichas luces le siguieron a todo lo
largo de su ruta hasta Valencia, con cambios bruscos de velo-
cidad y nivel.
Toda la anterior información se puso en conocimien-
to del Jefe de Servicio del MACoM (Comandante ),de-
cidiéndose dar SCRAMBLE al EO-O1, para reconocimiento.
A las 23.26 z SCRAMBLE al E0-01.
A las 23.40 z E0-01 en el aire.
. A las 23.42 z contacto radio-radar con E0-01, -
comunicandose c esta misma hora a VALliJIA-CC,TkOL y 3RCs-
W LONa-ConTkOL, que dados los diferentes niveles a los que iba
a operar el E0-O1, lo tuvieran en cuenta para la conducción
del tráfico propio.

(Text continues in the original file: 150 pages.)

## SPAIN-BVD-38290-Valencia-Motril-Madrid-1979 — Información complementaria sobre el expediente 791128: scramble over Madrid, 28 November 1979 (Spanish Air Force, declassified 1996)

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/SPAIN-BVD-38290-Valencia-Motril-Madrid-1979
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/SPAIN-BVD-38290-Valencia-Motril-Madrid-1979
- Agency: Spanish Air Force (Mando Operativo Aéreo)
- Incident date: 28 Nov 1979
- Location: Madrid, Spain
- Released: 1994-1996
- Type: PDF

### Official summary

A Spanish Air Force supplementary file (the "Bis" volume of expedientes 791111 / 791117 / 791128) from the Air Operations Command's Intelligence Section. Its 1996 summary adds material on the already-declassified expediente 791128: after a July 1994 search request, photocopies of the interceptor scramble in the early hours of 28 November 1979 over Madrid, with the Pegaso duty controller's report and the alert crew's report, plus 1994 Air Force messages. 12 pages; it does not contain the Manises (11 November) narrative, which is in the main file. Declassified (JEMA 6092) on 20 November 1996. Fuente: Biblioteca Central del Ejército del Aire y del Espacio / Biblioteca Virtual de Defensa. Licensed CC BY 4.0.

### AI summary

This document is a report from the Spanish Air Force, declassified in 1996, detailing a scramble over Madrid on 28 November 1979. It includes information from the Control Center at Pegaso and the alarm crew's report. According to the control center, at 02:30z, two unidentified objects were reported over Madrid, leading to a scramble of an aircraft from Torrejón at 03:30z. The aircraft reached 35,000 feet but saw nothing. The pilot reported brief radar contact and felt a radar pulse block. The crew's report noted radar contacts four times, with echoes that appeared and disappeared. Visibility was good, and there were no radio interferences. The document was part of a file requesting additional information on unidentified objects and was classified as unclassified.

### Full text

#### Page 1

AVI STAM I EN TO D E FEN ÓM EN OS EXTRAÑ OS
( EXPED I EN TES OVN I )

EXPEDIENTE NÚMERO: 7 9 1 1 1 1 / 7 9 1 1 1 7 / 7 9 1 1 2 8 (bis)
LUGAR: VALENCI A / MOTRI L / MADRI D
FECHA: 1 1 , 1 7 y 2 8 de Noviem bre de 1 9 7 9

BI BLI OTECA CEN TRAL D EL EJÉRCI TO D EL AI RE ( BCEA)
CUARTEL GENERAL DEL EJÉRCI TO DEL AI RE
ROMERO ROBLEDO 8
PLANTA PRI MERA PTA. 155
28071 – MADRI D
Se cr e t a r ía :
TEL.: 91 5032456

FAX.: 91.5032248

CORREO ELECTRÓNI CO: bce a @e a .m d e .e s

#### Page 2

MANDO OPERATIVO AÉREO ESTADO MAYOR
SECCIÓN DE INTELIGENCIA
BIBLIGTECA CENTRAL CGEA
AVISTAMIENTO DE FENOMENOS EXTRANOS CENTRO DOCUMENTACION
0 4 DIC 1996
EXPEDIENTE: 791111/791117/791128(Bis) ENTRADA N. 30/
LUGAR: VALENCIA/MOTRIL/MADRID ExP 791111
FECHA: 1979/ dias 11, 17 y 28 de Noviembre. 791117
791128 BiS
RESUMEN:
Información complementaria sobre el expediente YA DEsCLASIFICADO
79ll28, procedente de los archivos de correspondencia del Ejército del
Aire.
A requerimiento de CJMOA el 1l de julio de 1994 de la búsqueda
de información referente a objetos no identificados dirigida a los
Mandos, GJMAcEN remite fotocopias de un scramble efectuado en la
madrugada del dia 28 de noviembre de 1979.
La información enviada corresponde al informe emitido por el
Controlador de Servicio en el S.O.C. de PEGAso y al informe de la
tripulación de alarma que efectuó la salida.
Según el informe del Controlador, a las 02:30z del dia 28 se
recibió en Pegaso la comunicación de que en la vertical de Madrid
habia dos ovNI,s que estaban siendo observados por multitud de
personas. A las 03:3o se da scramble al avión de alarma de Torrejón
que asciende a 35.ooo pies orbitando sobre el punto donde Villatobas
comunicó que se hallaba el contacto, que en ese momento se encontraba
a 8o.ooo pies, sin ver absolutamente nada. El interceptador comunicó
haber tenido algún contacto radar muy fugaz y que en dos ocasiones
sintió el blocaje de un radar de impulsos. Las condiciones
meteorológicas eran excelentes.
Según el informe de la tripulación de alarma, al encender el
alertador de amenazas apareció un strobe a'sus 07:30 en la banda I
aprentemente muy cercano, se hicieron los virajes oportunos sin tener
contacto visual con la amenaza; no obstante se tuvo contacto radar
cuatro veces que coincidia con la información de Pegaso. El eco, que
en un primer barrido era único Y que desaparecia al siguiente barrido,
se convirtió posteriormente en tres muy alargados y difusos, separados
entre si 1,5 a 1 NM, desapareciendo también al siguiente barrido. Se
sobrevoló en repetidas ocasiones el punto de localización dado por
Pegaso que coincidia con la vertical de Barajas, sin tener ningún
contacto visual. En ningún momento hubo interferencias radio y la
visibilidad era muy buena.

#### Page 3

INDICE DE DOCUMENTOS
Documentos 0001 MSGID. 705-C de 11 de julio de 1994 de CJMOA al
al 0003: GJMACEN requiriendo comprobación de archivos en
búsqueda de nuevos datos sobre avistamientos.
Documento 0004: Escrito número 22-C-INF (168-C) del Gral. Jefe
Acctal. del MACEN, dirigido a CJMOA contestando
a la anterior solicitud.
Documentos 0005
al 0007: Informe redactado por el Controlador de Servicio.
Documentos 0008
Y 0009: Informe redactado por la tripulación de alarma.
BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL CGEA
CENTRO DOCUMENTACION
0.4 DIC 1396
ENTRADA N. 301
CONSIDERACIONES:
No se aprecian aspectos que hagan aconsejable mantener la condición
de "MATERIA CLASIFICADA" ExP791111
791117
7911 28 BIS
PROPUESTA DE CLASIFICACIÓN: DESCLASIFICADO
Torrejón,de noviembre de 1996
EL OFICIAL DE INTELIGENCIA DEL M.O.A.
DESCLASIFICADO
ESCRITO NUM. REFERENCIA FECHA
20-11-96
2 OBSERVACIONES: Expt
79:3/7937/493128Bs

#### Page 4

ONFIDENCIAL 0001
IMPRESO DE MENSAJE NUMERO
PARA EMPLEO EN CECOM,s MANDO
PRECEDENCIA-ACCION PRECEDENCIA-INFO GRUPO-FECHA-HORA INSTRUCCIONESPARASE MensaJ E
PRECEDENCE-ACTION PRECEDENCE - INFO DATE-TIME-GROUP MESSAGEINSTRUCTTONS
P P 110800Z JUL94 EN CLARO
DE/FROM ExP 791111 PREFIJO
79/117
CJMOA 79M28 BIS CLASIFICACIONDESEGURIDAD
SECURITY CLASS
AYOR DEL M.O.A. CONFIDENCIAL
PARA/TO: GJMACEN NUMERO DE ORIGEN
ORIGINATORS NUMBE
IFO: COMTEALA 12 705
JEGRU-45 C
JEVA-2 SIC: UAA
JESPAIR (LEÓN)
ASUNTO: AVISTAMIENTO DE FENÓMENOS EXTRANOS EN EL ESPACIO AÉREO NACIONAL
A PESAR CENTRALIZACIÓN DOCUMENTACIÓN OVNI EN EMAIRE JUL91 Y ANTERIOR
SOLICITUD A LOS MANDOS NOV-92, QUEDA POR RECUPERAR INFORMACIÓN GENERA-
DA EN MEDIOS DEL E.A., EXHIBIDA PUBLICAMENTE POR PERIODISTAS EN MEDIOS
DE COMUNICACIÓN, REFORZANDO CONVICCIÓN QUE E.A. OCULTA INFORMACIÓN
OVNI.
CON ÁNIMO COMPROBAR SI EXISTE ALGUNA INFORMACIÓN PARA AMPLIAR ARCHIVO
MOA Y REBATIR ADEMÁS ARGUMENTO INFUNDADO OCULTISMO Y RECOPILADOS DATOS
CONCRETOS SUCESOS OCURRIDOS EN UNIDADES DE SU MANDO, A CONTINUACIÓN
SE RELACIONAN LOS MISMOS CON OBJETO REMISIÓN A UNIDADES BAJO SU MANDO
RELACIONADAS:
EVA-2 DESCLASIFICADO
1979 - 27 de Noviembre. 23:00
Madrid. Luces en el cielo son observadas por muchas personas. EvA-2
detecta ecos desconocidos. Scramble de F-4 Phantom desde Torrejón.
401 ESCUADRON /45_GRUPO BARAJAS, TORREJON (MADRID)
1980 - 25 de Febrero. Anochecer.
Desde avión del 40l Escuadrón en vuelo Alemania-Madrid, con el
presidente Suárez a bordo, observada luz extraña por los pilotos Y
pasajeros.
PAGINA DE PAGINA REFERENCIA AL MENSAJE NOMBRE DEL REDACTOR OFICINA TEL.NO.
PAGE OF PAGE BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL CHEA
1 de 3 CLASIFICADO SI NO
IMENTACION
ara uso ¤ Fecha Hora Sistema Operador Fecha Hora Sistema Operadur
Je las
operado 4 DIC 1996
es
CONFIDENCIAL 30

#### Page 5

MBRESQ DE MENSAE NUMERO
PARa EmPlEO En CECOm, s -
PRECEDENC I A-ACCION PRECEDENCIA- INFO GRUPO - FÉCHA-HORA INSTRUCCIONES PARA EL MENSAJE
PRECEDENCE-ACTION PRECEDENCE- INFO DATE -TIME -GROUP MESSAGE INSTRUCTIONS
BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL COEA
DE/FROM CENTRO DOCUMENTACION PREFIJO
0 4 DIC 1996 CLASIFICACION DE SEGURIDAD
SECURITY CLASS
ENTRADA N. 301
ExP791111 NUMERO DE ORIGEN
7911 17 ORIGINATORS NUMBER
791128B1S
1988 - 2 de Febrero. 19:09.
Objeto luminoso observado por la tripulación de un avión del 45
Grupo en vuelo de Barcelona a Madrid.
BASE AÉREA DE TORREJON (MADRID)
1968 - 1 de Junio. Mañana.
Objeto cerca de un F-86 en Navarra. Scramble de F-104 Starfighter.
1968 - 6 de Septiembre. 11:45.
Eco desconocido sobre Navarra/La Rioja. Scramble de F-l04. Fotos.
1971 - 15:00
Objeto luminoso siguiendo a un T-33 en ruta Talavera-Getafe. Scram-
ble de varios F-l04.
1974 - 24 de Septiembre. 20:30. DESCLASIFICADO
Luz móvil sobre Madrid. Scramble. FECHD
AITIAA
1977 - 18 de Marzo. 23:30.
Luces sobre Madrid. Scramble.
198o - 17 de Septiembre. Mañana.
Detección de eco desconocido. Scramble de F-4 Phantom.
PAGINA DE PAGINA REFERENCIA AL MENSAJE NOMBRE DEL REDACTOR OFICINA TEL.NO.
PAGE OF PAGE
CLASIFICADO SI NO
Para uso ve de
de los Fecna Hora Sistema Operador r Fecha Hora Sistema Operador Firma del Oficial autorizado
operade
res
CONFIDENCIAL

#### Page 6

CONDLINCIAL
IMPRESO DE MENSAJE NUMERO
PARA EMPLEO EN CECOM, s - - - - -
PRECEDENC I A- ACCION PRECEDENCIA- INFO GRUPO-FECHA-HORA INSTRUCCIONES PARA EL MENSAJE
PRECEDENCE-ACTION PRECEDENCE- INFO DATE-TIME-GROUP MESSAGE INSTRUCTIONS
DE/FROM BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL CGEA PREFIJO
CENTRO DOCUMENTACION
CLASIFICACION DE SEGURIDAD
04 DIC-1996 SECURITY CLASS
ENTRADA N. 301 NUMERO DE ORIGEN
ORIGINATORSNUMBER
Exp 7911
1981 - 4 de Enero. 12:45. 7911!7
Objeto desconocido sobre Cáceres. Scramble. 791128 BIS
1985 - 22 de Mayo. Mañana.
Detección de eco desconocido. Scramble de F-4 Phantom.
AERODROMO_DE LEÓN
1984 - Noche.
Objeto luminoso estático cerca de la cabecera de pista, observado
desde la torre por numerosos militares.
1992 - 25 de Mayo. 22:00.
Objeto en vuelo observado por civiles del Aeroclub y militares.
RENCIA ,
All IM
PAGINA DE PAGINA REFERENCIA AL MENSAJE NOMBRE DEL REDACTOR OFICINA TEL. NO
PAGE OF PAGE
3 de 3 CLASIFICADO 51 NO TCOL. 2aSECC. 7129
ara uso te los ¤ Fecha Hora 5istema Operador Fecha Hora Sistema pFCOMANDANTNM.A.
perada
es -
Feniente Geheral.
CONFIDENCIAL

#### Page 7

MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA
EJERCITO DEL AIRE
ESTADO MAYOR
MANDO AEREO DEL CENTRO INFORMACION
CONFIDENCIAL IMIRESO EN EL GECAR
BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL CGEA
S/Rf. Num. Fecha CENTRO DOCUMENTACION N/RI. Num.
MSG. 705-C 11-JUL-94 04 D1C 5203/267 22-C-INF
ENTRADA N. 301
ASUNAQISTAMIENTO DE FENOMENOS EXTRANOS EN EL ESPACIO AEREO.
791111
79/117
791128 BIS
En contestación a su mensaje de referencia, comunico
a V.E. que en este Mando no existe documentación relativa
al Asunto.
No obstante se remiten fotocopias de un "scramble"
efectuado en la madrugada del dia 28 de noviembre_de l.979
que pudiera tener relación con el caso reseñado en su
mensaje bajo el epigrafe EvA-2, el dia 27 de noviembre de
1..979 a 1as 23:00 horas.
Como posible aclaración a la falta de más datos en los
EVA,s, hay que tener en cuenta que según el P.0. 30-5 de
fecha 12-02-79, firmado por el Coronel Jefe del Ala de
Alerta y Control, en su punto 5, "Destrucción", decia que
los documentos:
Libro de Vigilancia y Rutina.
- Libro de Estado de Equipos.
Libro de Actividades de la Sala S.A.S.
" Podrán destruirse seis meses después de finalizar el
afio en que se hizo la última anotación".
Madrid, 12 de agosto de 1994
EL GENERAL JEFE_ACCTAL. DELAMACEN Y P.R.A.
ENTR
EXCMO. SR. COMANDANTE JEFE DEL MANDO OPERATIVO AEREO. B.A. TORREJON.
CONFIDENCIAL

#### Page 8

2 CONFIDENCIAL
0005
INFCRE JUS EIES EL O.PIIAN DED ASM FPON
OBJETCS DESOCNCOISCS ET BA ZCNA DE IEDRID.
ExP 791111 04 DIC 1996
79//17 ENTRADA N. 30/
791/28 B1S
A lrs C2.3C 3. del dia 23 de Hoviembro de 1.979, comni-
ca a Pegeso el Sr, de Control :adrid (Parcouellos), -
que segn informucién recibida del c3iiw.i lIo .tikciclIoc
DE icljlcr, hny doc cV.I3 en lu vorbionl Lo ladrid, los ous-
loo octdi siendo obacrvedos por multioud de porconns en le
calle Veldsquez (Gndrid); comunioa icualiunso que Radio Ne-
cicnal de: noticics continuemente del suceso.
a l.o O3i2c Z. se llome e VIL paro progintr oi biore
DESCLASIFICADO slgun eco extrullo on pentalls, v cenfiruim tenar Th solal
aue al Dio)ur miaoch D3 c3Jirce ilege . iesinguir hnote trec
sisuados estiticomente a 58.cc0 pios v cobre :d 1E 302c v
loo oucles estfn obcorvando dssde les 23.co 3. dol di: onto-
rior.
A lus C3.3c Z. so de Scromble da LrC ol p.s- re-
conocimielso de la sono.
A les 03.45 Z. contaoto rader con el , IJ KI 201C;
ascionde a 35.ccc pies y se le dirige a le milla 34 del rc-
dicl OO2 de VIL, IJ I 3C2c), puite io:de VIL comunion Tue
tiene ln selol a cltitules que en oate momonto ncs inlono,
son e Bo.ccc piec.
31 estuvo orbitondo continuc ense sobro el purico:
a nivel de 34c sin var absolusamente nota.
En les áltimas pascdas cel caza, VIL infor.é iuo los
CONFIDENCIAL

#### Page 9

DIBLIOTECA CENTRAL CGEA
GONFI _ CENTRO DOCUMENTACION
ExP 791111 04 DIC 1996 006
791117 ENTRADA N. 30/
791128 BIS .
objetos habian descendido a 4c.ccc pies.
E1 . comunic6 haber tenido algunos JClllisl muy fu-
gaces, siendo de reseicr que en el último de ellos midi6
el éngulo de elevación de :ntena y gostericrmante en tie-
rra con este dato ; la distancia el blenco, cbtuve la cl-
tura, la cuel segun el ere de 8c.cco pies,'date "o coin-
cide exectamente con la altura que dnbe VII en eno moronto.
lunbien es de resefiar que en dos occsiones el piloto
se sinti6 blocado gor un rader e impulscs Lo 6ltima vez
dosde cus siete y media, comunioando postaricrmante el pi-
loto quo el blccaje era extrcordinariamente potente y que
pas ndo el radar a SlaNDBy permaneci6 la seiel de blocaje.
Decpues de estas pasadns se dirige cl fijo lo'clc, co-
DESCLASIFICADO nuicando el piloto que en el viraje hacia el fijo, ha vis-
to una luz fugaz a baja cltitud y aproxinadelenie gobre la
carretera le la La Coruña.
A les O4.11 Z. abandona frecuencia de 7 puse. con
Macr-d Control sobre MJ ML 3040 a las C4.13 Z. V ccn 8.5C0
libras de co. bustible.
A las 04.33 Z. tom6 tierra en Forrejón sin toveded, hu-
bicudo llevado el control de la misi6n , en la con-
sola 7, efectuéntiose las comunicacionas en canal 1c.
Es de resefar que las condiciones metereolégiccs eral
excelontes, que el piloto tuvo contacto visual con codas
las ceroncves que circulaban en el area de I.drid, y quo la
áltima pesada VIL comunicaba que veic al objeto dos millas
en el morro de in comcrcial sobre el que tenia contacto vi-
sul el . , sinl cue éste distinguiera otro objeto

#### Page 10

BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL CGEA 0007
CENTRO DOCUMENTACION
04 DIC 1996
mas que el comaroial. .301
ENTRADA N...
Durante toda le misién, el contas:o radio con el
fué portecto, sin que en ningun momento existieran inter-
feron:ics redio.
Bese lran .o lorrejon a 23 de Hoviembu'e de 1.979
36 JPIAAN,
ExP 791111
791117
791128 B1S
DESCLASIFICADO

#### Page 11

AVO 09 INDICATIVO: INDICATIVO COITROLADOR:
SCRAMBLE.- 03:30Z TRIPULACION: BIBLIOTECA CENTRALGEM
ExP 79111) CENTRO DOCUMENTACION
DESPECUE.- 03:35Z CA. CAPITAN D. 04 DIC 1996
791117 POA. CAPITAN D.
ATERRIZAJE.- 04:32Z 791128 B1S
ENTRADA N... 301
A las O2:45z el controlador de servicio del coc llamó por teléfono al Barracón de
Alerta comunicándonos que estuviera preparada la tripulación por un posible Scramble,-
debido a un objeto no identificado que le habia comunicado Villatobas; situado por la -
vertical de Madrid a gran altura.
A las O3:3oz se dió el Scramble y la tripulación citada puso en'marcha y despegó a
las 03:35Z.
En cabecera de pista, la TwR de Torrejón autorizó para pasar con control Madrid en
225.4. Después del despegue, en contacto con Madrid se sobrevoló la senda de 3arajas y
autorizados se viró a la derecha a 28o y se ascendió a 35.00o' con postquemador, pasan-
do con Pegaso en canal 10.
Tras identificarnos, nos dirigió al punto situado en el radial oo2 34 NM
del asentamiento radar de Villatobas. En la subida se encenció el RHAW de contramedidas,
iluminándose la luz de AcTIvITy POwER y apareciendo un strobe a nuestras 7:30 de la ban-
da I y aparentemente muy cercano, lo que se comunicó a Se hicieron virajes a los
rumbos indicados por el controlador sin tener nunca contacto visual con objetos que,
según la información que Villatobas daba a , estaban primero de 8o a 88 angeles
y más tarde de 38 a 41 angeles.
Sin embargo, se tuvo contacto radar cuatro veces, siempre que nos dirijiamos con rum
bo 27oe hacia Madrid, coincidiendo dichos contactos con.la información de Inicia
mente, dichos contactos fueron uno, desapareciendo siempre al siguiente barrido del ra-
dar y mas tarde, fueron tres ecos localizados a 14 NM a las 12 y una elevación de antena
aproximada de 32® arriba, equivalente a una diferencia de altura de 45.o0o' aproximada-
mente respecto a nuestro avión.
Los ecos eran muy alargados y difusos, separados entre si 1,5 NM a 1 NM, desapare-
ciendo en los siguientes barridos y cambiándose inmediatamente la elevación de antena
en ± 10 no volvieron a aparecer.

#### Page 12

seguia dando información, de tal manera que pasamos debajo de los supucstos
ecos sin tener ningún contacto visual; esto se repitió dos veces y el punto de cruce
coincidia aproximadamente con la vertical de Barajas. 0009
El strobe principal del RHAw se mantenia a las 7:3o de nuestra posición, teniendo -
durante un momento mucha potencia. Además, se encendió a cada lado de este strobe otros
dos de menos potencia; se encendió durante unos segundos la luz de AI - DAY (corresponde
al blocaje de un radar de un avión interceptador diurno de banda I). A veces, se encen-
dió otro strobe distinto de los anteriores, posicionado en las 4:3o y correspondia a la
banda G.
En una ocasión, al apretar media acción, por la zona de la pantalla donde desapare-
ció el contacto, se observó un eco como el de un avión, y al blocarlo, apareció la pre-
sentación de ataque y la Vc marcó 450 KTs (equivalente a nuestra propia velocidad), rom-
piéndose el lock-on instantaneamente.
En otra ocasión, con rumbo 180 y a 36.000', nos dió información de un comer-
cial que con rumbo 36o pasaba aproximadamente por la vertical de Madrid, llegándose a
un momento en el que , informó que el objeto estaba en la vertical del comercial a
41.0oo'. El comercial, que iba a 35.00o', se vió perfectamente, sin emnbargo, no se obser
vó ningún objeto sobre él o en sus proximidades.
Acto seguido, nos mandó virar a la derecha hacia dicho punto, apareciendo por
segunda vez los tres ecos en nuestra pantalla, según la explicación dada anteriormente.
En ningin momento hubo interferencias radio. La visibilidad era muy buena.
Virando hacia el fijo y pasando por 36o*, aparecieron de nuevo los ecos en el radar,
lo que se comunicó a y este decidió que continuasemos hacia el fijo.
Se hizo una aproximación TACAN con Madrid control, y se pasó luego a TWR Torrejón y
se tomó tierra sin novedad.
El combustible final fue de 7.ooo lbs y se estuvo sobrevolando Madrid durante 5o mi-
ExC 7911 11
nutos a 35.000 7911/7
Torrejón, 28 de Novierbre de 1.979
EL CAPITAN 7911 28 B15
BIBLIBTECA CENTRAL CGEA
CENORD-DIOCUMENIACION
04 DIC 1996
ENTRADA N. 30/

## USG-UAP-D001 — Congressional, White House, UFO-related Constituent Correspondence, 1998

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/USG-UAP-D001
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/USG-UAP-D001
- Agency: U.S. Government
- Incident date: 1998
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Closed June 24 1998, just before anyone could schedule a UFO‑watching committee.

- USG-UAP-D001: White House & Congress correspondence, 1998, United States
- Answers to constituent UFO queries; NASA has no UFO program, sightings mostly debris
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This collection of documents, primarily from 1998, contains draft and final correspondence from the White House and the offices of members of Congress responding to constituent inquiries about Unidentified Flying Objects, or “UFOs.” These inquiries cover a diverse range of topics, including alleged UFO sightings by NASA astronauts, questions regarding the authenticity of photos collected during U.S. missions to Mars, alleged improper withholding of information by the U.S. Government, questions regarding the appropriateness of “UFO-related” governmental spending, and calls for congressional hearings regarding the nature and existence of “UFOs.” The official responses consistently state that, circa 1998, the U.S. Government is not aware of evidence supporting the existence of extraterrestrial technology, and that NASA does not actively investigate “UFOs.” The collection includes references to materials of both confirmed and unconfirmed authenticity, as provided by constituents, as well as references to historical, scientific literature addressing specific “UFO” sighting claims.

### Full text

#### Page 2

Headquarters Action Tracking System (HATS)
INCOMING CORRESPONDENCE ACTION
ID Number: L11998-00407
.

Title: WARD/Sen Snowe fwds ltr from
U.F.O. and the recent Mars photo
Recipient:

UHeffernan

Author:
Organization:

SNOWE
SENATE

(b) (6)

who's interested in

Date Written :
Date Received:
Date Concurred:
Date Submitted:
Date Signed:
Date Closed:
>>Current Due Date:
Original Due Date:

Action Office:

UWard:S

Status:

Closed

Signature Office:

UHeffernan

Info offices:

UHeffernan, UHeninger, L/Kerwin

05/18/1998
05/26/1998

06/24/1998
06/24/1998
06/18/1998<<

Abstract:
OF STOCKINGTON, MAINE, WHO'S
SEN SNOWE FWDS LTR FROM (b) (6)
INTE:RESTED IN U.FO.'S AND THE RECENT PHOTOS OF MARS WHICH WERE RECENTLY RELEASED.
Comments:

Enclosures:

NO

Related Records:

Keywords: (b) (5)
File Plan: 1320.4

06/24/1998

MAINE U.F.O. MARS
Analyst: BMoore
Page 1 of 1

#### Page 3

Headquarters Action T racking System (HATS)
INCOMING CORRESPONDENCE ACTION
ID Number: L/1998-00729

Title: Rothman/UFO_Sightings by Astronauts
Recipient:

UHeffernan

Author:
Organization:

Grassley
Senate

Action Office:

LD/Rothman:P

Status:

Closed

Signature Office:

UHeffernan

Info Offices:

UHeffernan, UHeninger, UKerwin

Date Written:
Date Received:
Date Concurred:
Date Submitted:
Date Signed:
Date Closed:
>> Current Due Date:
Original Due Date:

08/03/1998
08/31/1998

09/04/1998
09/10/1998
08/22/1998<<
08/22/1998

Abstract:
Senator Grassley forwards letter from (ts) (S)
who is requesting information on UFO sightings by
Astronauts.
-Comments:

Enclosures:

letter

Related Records:

Keywords: (6J (o) UFO,astronauts,sightings
File Plan: 1320.4
09/10/1998

Analyst: JMassey
Page 1 of 1

#### Page 4

yeA toGU
SEP - 4 1998

L:HR:mtg:L/1998-729f

The Honorable Charles E. Grassley
United States Senate
Washington, DC 2051 0

Dear Senator Grassley:
who
Thank you for your letter of August 3, 1998, on behalf of(b <5)
is requesting informat ion about the possible sightings of Unidentified Flying
Objects (U FOs) by NASA astronauts.
Over the years there have been many objects sighted by the astronauts during
space missions. Most of these items were later identified by photographs or
NORAD records as material from launch vehicles or spacecraft or were such
items as water droplets. No unidentified materials were seen on missions to the
moon. The Air Force, in the interest of national security, received and
investigated all reports for many years but has discontinued this activity. NASA
has no program for investigating UFOs and has not withheld information on
sightings.
In 1976, James Oberg thoroughly researched the UFO/astronaut allegations and
published an article about it in SEARCH magazine. We are enclosing that
article for (b) (6 )
)nformation. In addition, enclosed is a NASA Fact Sheet
which summarizes the current status of NASA's involvement in UFO
investigations.
We trust this information wi ll aid you in responding to(b) 6 )
Sincere ly,

Edward Heffernan
Associate Administrator
for Legislative Affairs
Enclosures

---

inquiry.

#### Page 6

S,ncc tho ··auron.iut UFO" genre

is one of rhe m13in pillolrs o f VFO

Story!

ovidcr1ce. thi5 study c lafml n g ! hat
the enti re set of C .)Scs i1 inv.,..l id
W 1if

0U 1110U 5iy

15eeptic. ism

and

CC

fCCl.?1"18<J

cr i tic ism

t..Vlth

from

UFO buffs. Aation~I objections
and arguments wiH bo printed and
answered in a subseQuent is'5ue of
this magazina. Critics are urged to
raise specific points not address°'d
in tho study. or to cite and
docum.ant facts which might
modify or invalidate conclusions
in the study.

SGM{ q ~ f'\~9 ~\?-j ,1{
James E. Oberg
Associate Editor
" Space World" magazine

WiN T~R 1<;46 ( 1H~~ ij,J?_'lJ

P/\LM~ fvBL\CA'11ou s
f\l''\1-\~ f\<;T.) l-Ji ~c... S~Y OG
Su\1\e C.1.1f7 pr:c~ ._f 1,25'

Space flight has opened many mysteries. True, scie11tists prefer to list tlie
puzzles solved and u11knoums discovered, but as men venture beyond the
earth it is inevitable that new mysteries will be encountered.
Somewhere out there, many obsen:ers believe, are intelligent species with
technological civilizations · far more advanced tha,z that of Earth. Perhaps
they are sending us radio signals we have not recognized. Perhaps they have
left artifacts of past visits for us to find. Perhaps they are even_ now keeping
the earth under surveillance.
If they are out there, someday we will meet them. As illustrated in science
fiction, this meeting will probably occur in space.
Have such meetings already occurred? Have astronauts and cosmonauts
already seen alien spacecraft? The UFO lite!ature is full of tales of "space
UFOs". Are any ofthem valid? What can a careful study reveal?

H

ardly a UFO book or movie is
complete without the standard
assertion that "astronauts have seen
UFOs too". While critics may attack
the character or intelligence of many
UFO witnesses, they cannot use these
tactics on American and Russian space
pilots. Where UFO photographs can be
accused of distortion and forgery,
photographs taken by astronauts and
processed by NASA must be of the
highest trustworthiness. Hence, most
UFO scholars consider the family of
astronaut UFO sightings to be one of
the strongest bodi~s of evidence in the
past thirty years.
The best of these cases include
astronaut James McOivitt's sighting of
o( an "unidentified spacecraft" near
his Gemini-4 space capsule in 1965, a
curious photo of a pair of UFOs with
glowing propulsion fields taken by the
Gemini-7 astronauts. reports of nearby
objects from X-15 and Mercury
spacecraft. tales of how ~he 1968-1969
Apollo moon shots were followed by
U.FOs on their way to the moon, and
reports and pbutographs of objects
seen by crewmen on the Skylab space
station. Last year, the National Inves-

tigations
Committee
on A erial
Phenomena (NICAP) selected the
"McDivitt UFO" photo as one of the
four best photographs ever taken.
The "astronaut UFO" sightings
must
appeal to many seriou:i
researchers for a number of reasons.
The witnesses and the photographs are
unimpeachable as to honesty and
authenticity. The conditions of the
space missions can be calculated and
recorded, and every object near the
spacecraft can be determined by con­
sulting the giant space radars of the
North
American
Air
Defense
Command (NORAD), headquartered
inside Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado.
Extensive
crew
debriefings and
on-board tape recorder transcripts may
be available to obtain direct eye­
witness testimony.
With all these facts and assumptions
in mind, and mindful of the nume rous
'unsolved' cases which might tell much
about the lJFO phenomenon, I began
a special research program into this
particular body of evidence. As an
aerospace writer. historian, and re­
searcher, I felt that my experience
with astronautics, computers, Air

38

Force operations, and space miss:ons
might give me new insights into this
most puzzling series of cases. I was not
disappointed, and my results were
startling.
The basic truths behind these
sightings seems lately to have gathered
an
accretion
of
exaggeration,
confusion, and outright fiction. The
1968 "Condon Report" on UFOs
(conducted by the University of
Colorado for the U.S. Air Force)
found itself unable to penetrate three
specific cases, which the analyst felt
were •a "challenge" to any serious
investigator. Stories later began
circulating about sightings of lunar
surface lights and structures, and the
discovery of artifacts on the moon,
about near approaches of structured
objects, and about attempts at radio
contact between Apollo capsules and
UFOs. Recent books on UFOs give
lists of astronaut sightings which are
out of numeric sequence, misdated,
mispeUed, and otherwise distorted.
My research has revealed a few
examples of deliberate photo forgeries
by UFO buffs or opportunistic authors.
My investigations in the NASA

#### Page 7

arch,n•s has fl'\"l•aled ca..~es whcrl' UFO
rt•~c:i rchrr; withheld Cl•rtain informa­
tion frl'cly gi,·1•n them by N:\SA
officials. infori:tation which would
have clearly explained m;my cases
which the authors wantt•d to appear
mysterious. So the time has come to
take a ne\\' look at this whote
phenomenon. What is the truth about
"astronaut li rOs "?
The first step in any research might
be with the Condon report. t:-iought
by many to have been commissioned
as a "whitewash" of the UFO
phenomenon. UFO enthusiasts are
accustomed to hearing harsh criticism
of almost all aspects of this study. but
my own objections to the "astronaut
UFO" section is from a novel angle.
My own research suggests that the
Condon investigator, far from being
the best man for the job, was clearly
unqualified to evaluate the difficult
cases. He was not familiar with the
terminology of space flight or the
basics of orbital flight trajectories, as I
am. As
result , he ignored possible
explanations
while
incorrecUy
eliminating other possible answers.
In other words, far from being a
coverup, this chapter of the Condon
report is superficial. It is entirely
worthless as an endorsement of the
unexplained and unexplainable nature
of several astronaut sightings which I
will discuss. I can prove this remark­
able assertion to any investigator
serious enough to consider all the
evidence, much of which has never
before been published.
The Condon report does give some
details about the environment of
astronaut sightings, but even here does
not go far enough. More stress needs
to be put on the visual and photo­
graphic limitations of space flight: the
windows are far smaller than popularly
realized (about half the size of this
open magazine at arm's length), and
for many years were subject to
obscuration and smudging by seepage
o( sealant and by contamination by
rocket fuel. At various p_oints in the
fligh t, the spacecraft was surrounded
by cl ouds of d~bris (leaking fuel,
dum ped water, chipping paint, fraying
insulation, ejected equipment. and
more). while the inside of the weight•
less cabin was usually plagued with
fl oating particles of dust and debris
which often passed in front of camt!ras
pointing out windows. Other satellites
sho uld have been visible, since few
people realize that on any clear night

a

~

-

-+s

_ _ ,.,

-

,e-- ....... ,., ,+- ............ ,., _,., • .., ....

...... -«•

Dc:sµitc the pt!r.~istl'11t rumo rs of '.,;ccrct space p ict'"rcs •. all
pho /nJ!rupl1s tahl'll by .V,\S.-\ i11 space arc i11 tlie public domui11. That is.
any p ict ure tuhc:,: by 1.111 astro11a111 or 011 earth resource, satellite is
ai:ailablr. to anyo11c who wants to pay fur i t.
There are foi: r tiers of plwto,;:-:iph Ji·cilcbility. but two a:-e rescri:ed
for 11ewsme11 only The ~/ructurc is us f olluws:
A . The most p o pular space photographs /alien arc lithographed for
general free di.,;tributiCJ11 to anyone who asr.s for them. Seueral dozen
new pho tographs are added to this list eucry year. Cost to .VAS,\ is a
few ce11ts per print.
8 . The N.-lS.-l Public Information Offices at uarious centers and at
headquarters prints gfossy photographs of t imely news stories for
distribution tu the news media. Hundreds of these photographs are
released euery year. but only crrtified newsmen can receiue them for
~~

.

C. .\!any thousands of other photographs and drawi11gs may be of
interest to the news media and arc therefore fifad at public i11formatio11
offices. but stock copies are not kept. Each request must be filled by
actual photo lab orders. which co:;ts NASA abo ut one dollar per
photograph.
D. A,1y citizen who wants copies of any photograph listed in 'B' or
'C' aboue con get it, but it is entirely reasonable for NASA to expect
him t o pay for it. News bureau photographs. along with all other (light
photography-stills and mouies-can be ordered from Bara Studios, P.O.
Box 486, Bladensburg, MD 20710. The cost of any photograph ordered
by st ock number is seueral dollars apiece. A ny cross-referencing or
researching will also cost money.
.
•
Some ground photographs of astronaut accidents, au topsies, and
medical examinations are not releasable for publication. On seueral
Gemini {lights, special photographic experiments were undertaken for
the DoD, but these inuolued special cameras and exclusiuely ear th
surface targe{s. In neither case would it be possible to withhold any
hypothetical UFO photographs from the public.
Astronaut photographs are indexed by a code which specifies year
taken and frame number. S66- 12387, for example, would be a NASA
photo (not necessarily a space photo) taken in 1966. Beginning w i th
Apollo, space photos were also indexed w ith a mission code, r oll
number and frame num ber (neither of which were repeated on later
{lights). For example, ASJ 6·108-13005 u•as taken on the Apollo-16
{light, with the 108th roll of the Apollo project (liglit film. Mouie film
is indexed per magazine with similar numbers.
Euery photograph euer taken by American astronauts for N ASA is
on file w ith Bara Studios and can be obtained by anyone wifling to pay
for them. Writers who produce 'secret NASA UFO photographs' which
they claim are being hidden from the American public are doing a gross
disseruice to one of the most open and cooperatiue public informat ion
offices of any federal agency.

an o bserver on Earth can see a number
of orbiting objects with only half an
effort. Out or this "backg?ound noise",
can we separate the "signal" which
will indicate the existence of UFOs?
These problems all are of interest to
space officials, and numerous studies
have been made. Fragments might
imply a structural failure (a rescue ship
was almost sent to Skylab-3 because of
the crew's observation of leaking fuel
droplets). Debris inside t!1e cabin can
irritate eyes and damage the electronic
gear behind the instrument panels.
Other satellites might be dangerous
due to the potential of coll ision o r
they might be of intelligence interest if
they are frcm somt! other nation.
Therefore, any mysterious space
sighting might as easily be vital for

39

NASA to know about as it might be a
true UFO: Careful investigations are
called for.
What are some of the most famous
cases, and what are the facts? Interpre­
tations may differ, but productive
thinking can only be done when all the
information is at hand. Some o( It is
hard to find or understand; other
information,
available
to some
researchers, may have been deliberate­
ly withheld. ·some classical cases may
consist of made-up fantasies. You can
soon judge for yourself.
Has there been any attempt to
"cover up" space sightings (a common
plea when no t!Vidence is available,
even in this age of sieve-like
government secrecy)? Are astronauts
"muzzled" about UFOs? Has fifteen

#### Page 8

, , ..~ 1.~~-· ••·---.'",....:"-r-•':·""'" t 1 - ~ f ' . ~

,.

•

~ .....:

•

· ~'{~,;t't( ✓"~•'·-:..,........,:-.,:-,::,"?\~-."':,~~""t".:~..- ~~,.-,r-•r·,r• . . , - ~ ~ •· ,~-•l"""'-..,.,,

'

f
I

i

!

.: ;,_<..-:::~~ -'

.

~~

The "McOivitt UFO", pr ize-winning astronaut photograph taken on Gemini-4. Actually, McOivitt_axplained later after tho flight that
the sun was coming across the window as the_spacecraft rolled, the sun rays struck a metal bolt, causing the'Ci lares in the camera lens''.
NASA photo 65-H-1013.

years of manned spaceflight uncovered
any evidence at all which even
remotely suggests that Earth is being
visited and observed by advanced
spacesliips from another world? Let's
look at the evidence.
On June 3, 1965, rookie astronauts
Jim McDivitt and Ed White blasted
of( from Cape Kennedy (now again
Cape Canaveral), squeezed into their
Gemini-4 capsule. The two youngest•
ever . American spacemen were to
spend four days in orbit, tripling the
previous US record. They would be
the first American space crewmen to
have time to sightsee in space, once
major experiments like a booster
rendezvous and a walk in space were
completed.
Approximately thirty hours into
the flight ( while White was asleep) ,
McDivitt reported that he had seen an
object in space near his space capsule.
It appeared to be cylindrical with ·'an
arm sticking out", possibly on a
collision course. Interested NAS.-\
officials in Ho uston asked NORAD
which other space satellites were near
Cemini--1 at the time of the sigh ting,
and NORAD came up with a list of
about a dozen objects. All of them
were pieces of tiny debris or small
scicntit"ic satellites except one: the
giant, " winged" meteor satC'llitc,
Pegasus-2. It seemed to iit the descrip­
tion radioed down by McDivitt, so

NASA announced that the object had
been identified.
But Pegasus had been more than a
thousand miles away, and McDivitt
clearly saw an object much closer,
much more detailed, and in an orbit
very close to his own ("Collision
course" to a pilot means that the
relative angle of sight is unchanging,
which would not be the case for any
satellite crossing McDivitt's orbit). The
object became a UFO when nobody
could identify it. It has remained a
UFO up until today, but not any
longer.
McDivitt's hasty attempt to take a
photograph of the object thrqugh his
smeared window was apparently fruit•
less, since the object's motion
combined with the slow stabilization
spin of the spaceship carried it into the
glare of the sun after about 30 seconds.
The astronaut later recounted how he
went through all the films of the flight
(every roll of film is accounted for on
a flight manifest, so they do not
disappear) and found many over­
exposed or blank. This mission had
been the first night in which space
photography was a major experiment,
and the glaring sunlight of space had
invalidated many pre-flight exposure
settings. :\lcDivitt did not find any• thing which looked like ""his UFO".
What was it he ,aw? Why has it
become such a prominl•nt UFO case?

40

And if the pictures did not turn out,
where did NICAP get its "top four"
photograph (which shows, not a
winged cylinder, but a smeared blob)?
We can answer these questions at last.
The first hint as to the true identity
of this space UFO can be found in
McDivitt's own words, given at a press
conference a week after the flight
when his memory was fresh: "It
looked a lot like an upper staie of a
booster". Gemini does have a booster
just like it, and McDivitt had been
carrying out maneuvers near it early in
the flight. Why didn't the -list from
NORAD include the Gemini-4 boost er
rocket?
NORAD had been tracking the
objects, but NASA had not asked
about Gemini-4 and its own associated
debris- it had asked about Gemini--!
and any other earlier satellites.
Anyone familiar with computerized
information systems (one of my
professional specialities) can guess
what happened : the computer was
given a "query" which told it to
compare Gemini--t with the other
satellites. The computer never knew
where the Gemini booster was relati\•e
to the spacecraft, since it had not been
asked. :\lcDivitt had been visually
tracking the thirty foot long cylind1r
at a range of only 75 miles a few hours
earlier, but this large satellite never
made the "NORAD list" because

#### Page 9

Artist's rendition of the astronauts'
view of the rendezvous evaluation
pod after it has been jettisoned from
the Gemini adaptor section. Gernini
radar locked on to evaluation pod.
Scott Carpenter took this photo of a
subsatellite balloon jettisoned by his
Mercury-7 capsule in 1963. Balloon
did not inflate and looked like a limp
sleeve. Compare with photo S65-45672.
UFO rejearcher George Fawcett has
convinced many that this actually shows
a "classical domed UFO" accompanied
by smaller scout craft; fictional state-
ments by astronaut Carpenter have 321
been quoted.
see plate 21
for full photo blowup A999
Actual Gemini-5 photo (blowup of
S65-45672) of the pod at a range of
several hundred feet. The glare and
the graininess of the enlarged image
give the subsatellite a "blob" appear-
ance and even make it look like two
objects. The potato-shaped grey blob
is the pod's insulation blanket.
Space engineers at Cape Kennedy prepare the
rendezvous evaluation pod"' sub-satellite for a
This sequence of pictures illustrates the problem of joint flight with the Gemini-5 spacecraft in 1965.
identifying photographs of objects in the glare of space.
41

#### Page 10

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nobody thought to ask about it! The
list was incomplete!
What we do know from the
complete
Gemini-4
transcripts
(including the on-board tape recorder
as well as space-to-ground links), is
that the UFO appeared at the same
point in the Gemini orbit where the
booster had been rept-3tedly spotted
earlier in the flight. '.\fcDi\•itt had once
described seeing his booster with
straps h~nglng from it. Furthermore,
on at least one occasion on the first
day, McDivitt had at first been unable
to recognize the booster when he ·saw
il because it was close to the glare of·
the sun! Thi5 had been :it a range of
less than ten miles.
Yet another iniport:int factor
unknown to t!1e Cr1nciL•11 report w:i,
that '.\leDivin •.•::t.; C\J1:1p!:iini:1i;: ro thl-'·
ni ~ht surgt:on abou 1. his t'Yl'$ight
duri1\g this pho~c of th:) tli~ht. Hi:; eyes

were red and teary due to a reaction
with the cabin atmosphere and an
accidental massive urine spill. "I didn't
think I was going to be able t~ hack
it", McDivitt later had radioed to
Earth.
This famous UFO case now
becomes that of a pilot with watering
eves catching sight of an object in
p~rallel orbft, an object which he had
already misidentified a few hours
earlier. As to the photograph, an inves•
tigator must go through all the film of
the night to realize how common such
. blobsof
light
(o\·ere.'<posures,
r~tlcct i0m. glare. etc. ) ll'erc. Both
NAS.-l. and ;\lc:Di\·itt han• agrel.'d that
tl-ie sc,qucnCI.' ot' mo\·ie irames are a
,iew out t!u: winc.uw. showit\~ sunlii::ht
r~tl ~·cti11~ off a br\t. a~ain:;~ the dirty
window
~la~s.
'.~ !C..\F'
thinks
dii'forently b,:c:tu~e <)t t!ll' b:!tk of its
cop,· of th<! ph,Ho is a handwritten

42

note (nobody known by whom)
stating that McDivitt {nobody• knows
when) had communicated .{nobody
knows how) the fact that the picture
showed "his UFO". (This was made
clear by a telephone conversation
between the author and Jack Acuff of
NICAP on March 5, 1976).
Why has this case achie\'ed such
notoriety'? It probably resulted from
the enthusiasm of UFO believers. the
naive openness of NASA public
relations officials, and the publicity­
seeking opportunism of some of the
principals.
\lcDivitt himself did little to clear
the case up. instead using it as a ticket
onto natil•nal TV talk shows and news
interviews
(especially
after
his
rr.tirement in 19~. To add to the
mystPry. th~ former spaceman assl'rts.
"I have never bcrn ablt- to it.:entify it,
and I don't think anyone ever will."

#### Page 11

•• • • ••• •• g ,Cla:: t ,an

·--:a:.::-.;

On a recen t "U FO rncorcli:ig''
rrll-asrd by Columbia, calt.:d "UFOs:
The Credibility Facto r", :VlcDi\·itt
clrarly shows h ow h is mcmorirs have
ch:u1ged o r bc,m cl1a11g(•d to enhance
the mystery ot' hi3 C'Xpcricnce: "They
(NAS.-\) chcck,'d :'iOR..\D... to sec
what they had up on radar ancf there
w:isn 't anything within very close
range of us." Readers can measure the
credibility of this statcm~nt against .
the facts.
If McOivitt was fooled by his own
booster ten years ago, is it too much
to expect him to admit it now? What
would that do to all of his public
assertions of mystery? There is an
easier way out, and i'vlcOivitt took it
when I sent him an advance copy of
my manuscript. After keeping it two
months, he wrote back, "[ was not
able to read it very thoroughly and I
cannot offer any ext~nsive comments.
I do not foresee the opportunity for
me to provide any further re~w."
There weren't any errors in my
analysis, he implied, but it woulc! be
better kept quiet.
NASA never had any real doubts.
"We believe it to be a rocket tank or
spent second stage of a rocket," wrote
a high space official on July 1, 1965.
NORAD officials, confronted with my
scenario,
endorsed
it:
"Your
comments on the NORAD role related
to the case appear to pe logical,"
wrote NORAD Public Information
Officer D.W. Kindschi on Feo. 23,
1976.
So the "~lcDivitt case" is closed.
The best space UFO case has now been
identified. Do not expect to see any
change in the UFO press, however.
Such results are simply ignored.
Photographs made in space show
negative effects, such as the "McDivitt
UFO" aura, often. Spacecraft ·and
astronauts may be engulfed in a
strange aura caused by overexposure
to sunlight brighter than ever seen on
Earth. Blowups of photographs of
known space objects show them
appearing as "blobs" due to the
enlargement process and to the·
courseness of the grain. Ordinary space
pictures are full o f clouds o f debris,
constellations of man-made starlike
points fluttering through space.
The Condon report was fascinated
with the ~lcOi\·itt cas<', and fe\\· UFO
enthusiasts have not heard of it. But
n,:itlwr the Condon r£>st)archers nor the
average reader had ever had all the
facts. Now people can m:ike up thei r

I havl' ''" d ,iub~ th;,t
~lcl)i\"itl w:i~ ~<!l'i:1g his ow11 Til.::n
tJCJostrr stage.
Or. Roach wa~ also fasd n:•l •~cl wi t!t
another :,.1coi, itt si~foiti'.11}, that uf a
point of light ::rc:,i:::·::; the ; k·: . The
object
soundr.,j
j•.1.,l
Iii-:<>
th•!
appearance of an artifici.!l earth
satellite, and that is e~:actly wh:it
\kDivitt thought it \•:.:s. There is no
information to suggest it w.:_s anything
else.
Another Condon favorite is a
Gemini -7 case. The report of sightings
of a cloud of debris right at the
moment of boostt•r separation (these
particles included frozen fuel droplets,
the booster itself. assorted insulation
and structural fragments from where
the explosive bolts were fired, and
other smaller objects never identified
and never cared about) is not very
impressive. The crew, on their first
space mission, saw a few pieces they
had nol expected (the pilot guessed­
wrongly-that they "were in polar
orbit"). Only a partisan digging for
evidence, and desperate to find such
evidence, would make much of this
common event.
But a sign of desperation is indeed
own minds.

. ....·.
.·.;~~.: ~~
.\1":,:;:

'f~~v·~•.~~-...,:..

-

~·. - · • ·• ,) : :.:

····-. . ... ... ... . - ...... . ... .

43

,.. ,,,

h /V◄ i

,

round in 1'1)1111: •ction l'.'isli Lill! t, ;~mi!! i·

I GFO ca~t'. It is not th~ clc::1w ra•.i1a ~
0f gtn·criun•_
•nl oflici, I:; t~y i11!{ to c:ur••r
up t.he truth ahoul GfU:;. R;,hrr, it :s
thr dl'spernlion of some outsider

tryi:1~

t rJ

m:t~:;f:-,.-:- tu:c1

co u ni .~rf,.i,

"astrnnaut L:FO" <?videnc~. Jn acli·. ;r. \·
which should not be nc>ce:s;a,y if th~
" rt'al"
L: FO evidence w~rC' as
persuasive as many thint.
It involves :i photograph showing
two very strange glowing ocjects. Each
is he:,agonal in shape, ~·:ew!c'd at an
angle, ~nd supported by ;;. dazzling
"force field" below it. A cloud­
covered earth is se.?n in the
background. s~~ p\cd~ ~1 ~ :l.8
This photograph h as appeared in
books, magazines, newspapers, and
pamphlets. It is part of the travellina
slide show of UFO lectur~rs from th;
Mutual UFO Network (i\!VFON) and
elsewhere. I have heard it described
as •\showing a typical UFO force field
propulsion system", and "similar to
other UFO photograph taken on
Earth the same year".
The photograph is a forgery. It is a
hoax. What the anonymous counter­
feiter did (I have reason to suspect a

#### Page 12

·--·:®

l
J

The outhor .>nd NASA photo an.:ilvn R ichard
Undorwood show "•p~ce UFO" photos to Or.
J. Allun Hynok, dirolctor o f the center for UFO

n udios. July . 1976. t l vn4k -subsuquPn';'fy ,.,.,_

dorscd Ob0rLJ'S conclusions.

Saturn booner S-IV-b and f our open "SL.A"
panels. On moon flights tho four "petals.'.'
fly free and, together with the empty boo:<t­
•r. tum.ble through spaca a faw miles from
the Apollo capsule. They were often seon as
·bright flashing lighn as they reflected th o
powerful sunligh t . On Apollo-1 2 , astronau t
desc r iptions of theH fra;imonts wore m i s­
Interpreted by UFO buffs and metamorphized Into alien spacecraft.

"Mysterious" bulls aye object
wen and photographed by Gam­
lnl-6 astronauts I n December, 1965.
Unfortunately for flyi ng 1aucer
buff~, It Is not• UFO; it Is an out of
focus photo of the approaching
Gemlnl-7 spacesh ip, noH on.
NASA photo S 65-65296.
0

. . ·,·-··· ....
~

... - :~­
,,,_.
''--:·

..

44

®

#### Page 13

~
: ~......1 n ~ , ~r. c.• ~1:-~-~t~ t-.\~ :-·.-..:-~~l::;...~~"-·•·...
.· •~ •..;.Jl'ti.,....,.. ~., ';.••t••.;. •,'\:·~··•.-·........•-.,'.:.+'
.. •1
. ... : . : .. ' . ·. . . .... .. ~ .. :~ . ..•. . '• ·. ' ..
.; . .
' . .·.
. , -:• • . ••'

:.

:

_

.

r

.~

l
·•(,

.. , ..

}il

Photo of Gemlnl-7 from G..,mini-6, December 1965. The brlghtnus aura is a common space photo effect and often makes
point 1ourcH appear to be surrounded by a "force field" or an " e xhaust i:rail". NASA photo S-65-65304.

Japanese UFO organization) was take
an ordinary photograph oC Earth made
Crom the Gemini-7 spaceship on
December 4, 1965. The nose of the
spacecraft fills the lower part of the
frame, and on the nose, catching the
glare of the sun, is a pair of roll
·c ontrol rocket thrusters used to acijus t
the attitude and spin rate of the
Gemini. The original photo (NASA
S65-63722, which I have personally

examined) was then retouched by the
unscrupulous hoaxter to eliminate the
edge of the nose from view. so the
dark surface of the sp!lct-ship merged
into the dark Earth beneath. This left
the two now mysterious lights
seemingly suspendt:d in space, as it
were. A no rmal space touri., t photo
was turned into conrincing UFO
evidence, and thousands of people
were fool ed.

45

American spacemen are not the
only ones reporting UFOs, according
to the popular press. Stories tha t
allegedly come from Moscow tell
about UFOs followin g Soviet man ned
spacecraft in the Vostok and Voskhod
series ten years ago. But such secrecy
surrounds the entire Soviet space
effort that these stories cannot be
checked out.
That very secrecy.

(Text continues in the original file: 86 pages.)

## FBI-UAP-D014 (image) — Digital Rendering, Narrative Statement 1-1, Western United States Event, 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-FBI-UAP-D014_Digital-Rendering_Incident-1-1_Western-US-Ev
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-FBI-UAP-D014_Digital-Rendering_Incident-1-1_Western-US-Ev
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: October, 2023
- Location: Westen United States
- Released: 2026-06-12
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

They waited three years to paint the UFO, not the witness.

- FBI digital rendering, created 2026, depicts October 2023 western U.S. incident.
- Illustrates two‑day UAP sighting near a sensitive site, based on special agent report.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western United States involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023. This image is based upon a first-hand description provided by a federal law enforcement special agent, as described in DOW-UAP-D079. The Federal Bureau of Investigation prepared this digital rendering at the request of the Department of War in 2026.

### AI visual description

This is a digital rendering of a nighttime landscape. A straight road stretches from the bottom center of the frame into the distance, flanked by dark rocky hills on either side and sparse vegetation. The sky is dark with a hint of light on the horizon. An orange-red circular object is visible in the top right, accompanied by three smaller red dots in a line to its left. The image has a realistic style, with subtle shading and texture.

## DOW-UAP-PR019 (video) — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, May 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-VID-111688723
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-VID-111688723
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Five seconds of infrared—just long enough to keep the thermostat guessing.

- DOW-UAP-PR019 video report, DoW, May 2022, Middle East
- Five‑second infrared clip shows moving contrast, labeled possible missile; four other objects noted as possible birds
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of five seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D10, described the observation as a “possible missile” moving across the field-of-view. The report also described four other objects not depicted in the video as “possible birds.”

Video Description: At the two second mark, the video depicts an area of contrast moving from left to right across the bottom third of the sensor field-of-view.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR021 (video) — Unresolved UAP Report, Iraq, May 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-VID-111688762
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-VID-111688762
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The footage changes color faster than a desert sunrise schedule.

- DOW-UAP-PR021 video, DoW, Iraq, May 2022, 0:10 length.
- Ten‑second infrared clip shows two contrast areas moving together; labeled probable SU‑27/35.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of ten seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D14, described the UAP as a “probable SU-27/35." 

Video Description: The video depicts two areas of contrast moving together near the center of the field-of-view throughout the runtime.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

AARO Comment: SU-27 and SU-35 are designations for military aircraft operated by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

## DOW-UAP-PR022 (video) — Unresolved UAP Report, Syria, July 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-VID-111688775
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-VID-111688775
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The footage is so short, even the UAP blinked and missed it.

- DOW-UAP-PR022 video, DoW, July 2022, Syria, 0:14 length
- Shows 14‑second infrared/electro‑optical clip of object moving north‑to‑south
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 14 seconds of video footage from an infrared (left) and electro-optical (right) sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D16, described the UAP as “moving from north to south.”

Video Description: At the five second mark, the video depicts an object moving from right to left across the top right quarter of the sensor field-of-view.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR023 (video) — Unresolved UAP Report, Iraq, December 2022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-VID-111688809
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-VID-111688809
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Iraq
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Ten seconds of footage, just enough time to blink.

- Unresolved UAP Report video, DoW, December 2022, Iraq
- Shows infrared contrast moving bottom‑left to top‑right, exiting frame at six seconds
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of ten seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2022. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D18, described the UAP as "flying west to east."

Video Description: The video depicts an area of contrast moving from the bottom left to the top right of the sensor field-of-view. At approximately six seconds, the area of contrast leaves the sensor field-of-view near the top right corner of the frame.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR026 (video) — Unresolved UAP Report, United Arab Emirates, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-VID-111688816
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-VID-111688816
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: United Arab Emirates
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The clip outlasts most UAE traffic light cycles.

- DOW-UAP-PR026, DoD video, United Arab Emirates, October 2023, 0:43 length.
- Shows infrared sensor footage of a moving contrast area and small light sources.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 43 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D23, mentions a UAP was observed during the mission.

Video Description:
00:00-00:17: An area of contrast remains generally within the top left quarter of the display.
00:17-00:18: The sensor pans from right to left, causing the area of contrast to pass through the center of the display. The sensor then pans from left to right, causing the area of contrast to return to its approximate initial position within the sensor field-of-view.
00:29: The sensor stops tracking the area of contrast, causing it to leave the sensor field-of-view on the left side of the screen.
00:30-00:43: The sensor resumes its motion relative to the background but does not reacquire the area of contrast.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR027 (video) — Unresolved UAP Report, United Arab Emirates, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-VID-111688825
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-VID-111688825
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: United Arab Emirates
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The footage lasts 4 minutes 57 seconds—just long enough to miss the ending credits.

- DOW-UAP-PR027 video, DoW, October 2023, United Arab Emirates
- Shows an infrared sensor tracking a contrasting area that moves erratically across the display
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of four minutes and 57 seconds of video footage from an infrared (IR) sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D23, mentions a UAP was observed during the mission.

Video Description:
00:00-01:55: No content.
01:56: An area of contrast becomes distinguishable against the background in the center of the right side of the display.
02:04: The IR sensor pans to center on the area of contrast.
02:14: The sensor field-of-view narrows to zoom in on the area of contrast.
02:15-03:26: The area of contrast remains generally in the center of the sensor field-of-view. 
03:27-04:57: The sensor motion causes the area of contrast to move erratically across the display. Due to this motion, the sensor system repeatedly loses and reacquires the area of contrast within the center area of the display.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR031 (video) — Unresolved UAP Report, Syria, October 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-VID-111688970
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-VID-111688970
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Five seconds of footage, enough time to miss the whole mystery.

- DOW-UAP-PR031 video, DoW, October 2024, Syria, 0:05 length.
- Shows misshapen white‑light ball, halo effect, moving multi‑colored area across sensor top.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of five seconds of video footage from a full-motion video (FMV) camera aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D32, described the UAP as consisting of a “misshapen and uneven ball of white light,” and reported that a “light/glare halo effect” occurred at the top of the FMV feed.

Video Description:
00:00-00:01: An indistinctly shaped multi-colored area moves from right to left across the top edge of the sensor display within the first second of the video.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR032 (video) — Unresolved UAP Report, Syria, October 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-VID-111688997
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-VID-111688997
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Six seconds of footage—just enough time to miss the ending.

- DOW-UAP-PR032 video, DoW, October 2024, Syria, six‑second FMV capture
- Reports misshapen white‑light ball with halo, half‑oval shape covering one‑third width
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of six seconds of video footage from a full-motion video (FMV) camera aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D32, described the UAP as consisting of a “misshapen and uneven ball of white light,” and reported that a “light/glare halo effect” occurred at the top of the FMV feed.

Video Description:
00:02-00:04: An area of irregular color and brightness, mainly consisting of white and red highlights, appears near the center of the top edge of the sensor display. The area extends to a width of approximately one-third of the horizontal frame, with a vertical area comprising approximately one-sixth of the viewing area. Overall, its shape is best described as a horizontally-oriented half-oval bisected along its major axis.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR033 (video) — Unresolved UAP Report, Syria, October 2024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-VID-111689005
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-VID-111689005
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Syria
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

Five seconds of footage—just enough time to miss the plot.

- DOW-UAP-PR033 video, DoW, October 2024, recorded in Syria
- Shows misshapen white‑light ball with two brief orange translucent overlays
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of five seconds of video footage from a full-motion video (FMV) camera aboard a U.S. military platform in 2024. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D32, described the UAP as consisting of a “misshapen and uneven ball of white light,” and reported that a “light/glare halo effect” occurred at the top of the FMV feed.

Video Description:
00:01-00:03: Two semi-transparent, irregularly shaped orange areas overlay the background imagery, persisting for less than two seconds each.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR034 (video) — Unresolved UAP Report, Greece, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-VID-111689011
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-VID-111689011
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Greece
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 2‑minute‑57‑second clip—that's almost three minutes of mystery footage.

- DOW-UAP-PR034 video, DoW, October 2023, Greece, 2:57 length
- Reports infrared sensor tracking contrast area near ocean, 90° turns ~80 mph
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of two minutes and 57 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D33, described the UAP as flying near the surface of the ocean and making multiple “90-degree turns” at approximately 80 miles per hour.

Video Description:
00:04: An area of contrast enters the sensor field-of-view from the bottom left quarter of the screen.
00:07-00:19: The area of contrast moves back and forth horizontally across the field-of-view as the sensor pans to track it.
00:20-01:00: The area of contrast remains generally centered within the sensor field-of-view.
01:00-02:01: The sensor designates the area of contrast with a blue reticle, synchronizing its motion with the area of contrast’s relative position.
02:02-02:21: The sensor engages a contrast filter to better differentiate the area of contrast from the background.
02:22: The area of contrast becomes indistinguishable against the background, and the reticle drops its lock.
02:27-02:57: After losing lock, the sensor rapidly cycles zoom levels and contrast thresholds.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR035 (video) — Unresolved UAP Report, Greece, October 2023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-VID-111689022
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-VID-111689022
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Greece
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

The video’s 24 seconds are longer than most UFO sightings get to stay on camera.

- DOW-UAP-PR035 video from DoW, Greece, October 2023, 0:24 length.
- Shows a small circular UAP moving near ocean surface toward land.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of 24 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2023. An accompanying mission report, DoW-UAP-D35, described the UAP as small and circular, flying near the surface of the ocean toward land.

Video Description:
00:02: The sensor narrows its field-of-view to zoom in on an area of contrast near the center of the screen.
00:03-00:19: The sensor tracks the area of contrast as it moves against the ocean background.
00:20: As the background scene transitions from being predominantly water to land, the area of contrast becomes indistinguishable.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## DOW-UAP-PR036 (video) — Unresolved UAP Report, Middle East, May 2020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-VID-111689030
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-VID-111689030
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: N/A
- Location: Middle East
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: VIDEO

### TL;DR

That 2 min 17 sec clip proves even UFOs respect the 2‑minute rule.

- DOW-UAP-PR036 video, DoW, May 2020, Middle East location.
- Infrared sensor recorded solid white object erratically moving above water.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The United States Central Command submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of two minutes and 17 seconds of video footage from an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform in 2020. An accompanying Range Fouler report, DoW-UAP-D38, described the UAP as a solid white object making erratic movements above the water.

Video Description:
00:05: An area of contrast briefly enters the sensor field-of-view from the left side of the screen.
00:06-00:18: The sensor pans away from the scene’s initial subject matter while cycling contrast settings and zoom levels.
00:19: The area of contrast re-enters the sensor field-of-view from near the center of the top edge of the screen.
00:20-01:15: The area of contrast remains generally within the sensor field-of-view.
01:16: The sensor narrows its field-of-view to zoom in on the area of contrast.
01:56: The sensor further narrows its field-of-view to zoom in on the area of contrast.
02:10: A blue reticle briefly appears on screen but does not acquire a lock on the area of contrast.
02:15-02:17: The sensor switches to a different modality and loses track of the area of contrast.

This video description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo A001

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a1
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Late 2025, the only thing clearer than the redactions was the photographer’s aim.

- FBI Photo A001 image submitted by FBI, incident late 2025, location unspecified
- Monochrome grainy photo shows central crosshair reticle and a small dark irregular object below right
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. government system. The date and location of the event have not been provided.  The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a uniform, grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. A small, dark, and slightly irregular object is visible just below and to the right of the center of the reticle. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI visual description

The image is a monochrome, grainy photo with a central crosshair reticle. A small, dark, irregularly shaped object is visible below and to the right of the reticle's center. The image has a series of black rectangles along its top and middle sections, and a white dotted line running vertically and horizontally through the crosshair. No text, markings, timestamps, or sensor overlays are visible apart from the reticle.

## FBI Photo A002

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a2
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a2
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

The photo’s black border is thicker than the UAP’s mystery.

- FBI Photo A002, an FBI image file, incident dated late 2025, location unspecified.
- Shows monochrome scene with crosshair reticle, dark circular object, and six black redaction rectangles.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. government system. The date and location of the event have not been provided.  The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a mottled background with a central crosshair reticle. A dark, circular object is located at the center of the reticle. The background has a textured, uneven appearance suggesting a varied landscape or surface. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI visual description

The image is a monochrome photo or sensor frame with a textured, uneven background suggesting a varied landscape or surface. A white crosshair reticle is superimposed over the center, consisting of a horizontal and vertical line with dashes and dots. A dark, circular object is visible at the center of the reticle, slightly off-center to the right. The image has a thick black border on the left and top, with six black rectangles obscuring parts of the image, three on either side of the reticle.

## FBI Photo A003

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a3
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a3
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

That ‘5’ on the crosshair must be the object’s target‑practice score.

- FBI Photo A003, FBI image, incident late 2025, location unspecified
- Monochrome sensor frame shows dark circular object centered in crosshair reticle
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. government system. The date and location of the event have not been provided.  The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a mottled background with a central crosshair reticle. A dark, circular object is positioned exactly at the center of the reticle. The background shows a textured pattern, possibly depicting ground terrain. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI visual description

The image is a monochrome photo with a textured, mottled background that appears to show ground terrain. A white crosshair reticle is superimposed over the center, with a dark circular object positioned exactly at the center of the reticle. The image has several black rectangular redactions scattered across it, and there are white tick marks and a number '5' along the right side of the crosshair. The image appears to be a sensor or infrared frame, possibly from a U.S. government system.

## FBI Photo A004

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a4
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a4
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Late 2025 image so secret, even the pixels wore camouflage.

- FBI Photo A004, FBI, image, incident late 2025, location unspecified.
- Shows monochrome sensor frame with crosshair, dark circular object; black rectangular redactions present.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. government system. The date and location of the event have not been provided.  The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a mottled background with a central crosshair reticle. A dark, circular object is visible just below and to the right of the center of the reticle. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI visual description

The image is a monochrome photo with a central crosshair reticle. The background is a mottled grey, resembling terrain. A dark, circular object is visible just below and to the right of the center of the reticle. The image has several black rectangular redactions, positioned at the top and along the sides. Small white tick marks are visible along the crosshair lines. The image appears to be a sensor or infrared frame, possibly from a U.S. government system.

## FBI Photo A005

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a5
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a5
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

The crosshair's sharp, but the FBI's redactions are even sharper.

- FBI image file A005, submitted late 2025; location unspecified.
- Monochrome photo shows speckled background, crosshair reticle, dark circle; many black redactions present.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. government system. The date and location of the event have not been provided.  The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a background with a dense, speckled pattern and a central crosshair reticle. A dark, circular object is located at the bottom quadrant and right of center of the reticle. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI visual description

The image is a monochrome photo with a dense, speckled pattern in the background. A white crosshair reticle is superimposed over the center of the image, consisting of a vertical and horizontal line with dashes and a solid center point. A small, dark circular object is visible at the bottom right quadrant of the reticle. The image has several black rectangular redactions, including one large rectangle in the top left corner and several smaller ones along the bottom and sides.

## FBI Photo A006

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a6
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a6
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

The only thing clearer than the object is the mysterious '5' on the reticle.

- FBI Photo A006, FBI still image, incident Late 2025, location unspecified.
- Shows dark circular object centered in crosshair reticle; operator could not identify it.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. government system. The date and location of the event have not been provided.  The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a lightly textured background with a central crosshair reticle. A dark, circular object is positioned at the center of the reticle. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI visual description

The image is a monochrome photo with a central crosshair reticle. A lightly textured background fills the frame, with a dark circular object positioned at the center of the reticle where the crosshairs intersect. The crosshair has a thicker vertical line with tick marks and a number '5' on the right side, and a thinner horizontal line. Several black rectangular redactions are scattered across the image, with large ones in the top-left and smaller ones along the bottom and sides.

## FBI Photo A007

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a7
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a7
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Late 2025 picture so secret even the borders got blackout curtains.

- FBI Photo A007 image, submitted by FBI, incident late 2025, no location given.
- Shows monochrome grainy background, crosshair reticle, light circular object with bright highlight; redacted edges.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. government system. The date and location of the event have not been provided.  The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a smooth, grainy background with a central crosshair reticle. A light-colored, circular object with a bright specular highlight is visible just below the center of the reticle. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI visual description

The image is a monochrome photo with a grainy texture, showing a central crosshair reticle and a circular object below its center. The object is light-colored with a bright highlight. The image has a series of black rectangles along its edges, likely from redaction. The crosshair and reticle lines are white. Small white dashes are visible along the vertical and horizontal axes of the crosshair. The background fades to gray towards the edges.

## FBI Photo A008

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a8
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/WARGOV-fbi-photo-a8
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: IMAGE

### TL;DR

Late 2025 picture so classified even the borders got blackout curtains.

- FBI Photo A008, FBI image, late 2025, location not provided
- Monochrome picture shows crosshair reticle, swirling background, small dark irregular object, surrounding redactions
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. government system. The date and location of the event have not been provided.  The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a background with faint, swirling patterns and a central crosshair reticle. A small, dark, irregular object is visible just below and to the right of the center of the reticle. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

### AI visual description

The image is a monochrome photo with a central crosshair reticle. The background has faint, swirling patterns. There are black rectangular redactions at the top and along the left and right sides. A small, dark, irregular object is visible just below and to the right of the center of the reticle. Short white tick marks are visible along the crosshairs. The image has a grayscale tone with no visible color or text, aside from the reticle markings.

## State Department UAP Cable 001, Papua New Guinea, January 28, 1985

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/dos-uap-d1-cable-1-papua-new-guinea-january-1985
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/dos-uap-d1-cable-1-papua-new-guinea-january-1985
- Agency: Department of State
- Incident date: 1/24/85
- Location: Papua New Guinea
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Apparently January 28 1985 was too sketchy for PNG’s radar to draw a conclusion.

- State Department diplomatic cable, U.S. Embassy Port Moresby to INDOPAC, January 28 1985, Papua New Guinea.
- PNG intelligence queried high‑altitude, high‑speed lights, contrails, noise; radar‑contact pilot corroborated.
- Cable calls info very sketchy, finds no U.S. aircraft, seeks INDOPAC confirmation.

### Official summary

This document is a U.S. Department of State diplomatic cable from the U.S. Embassy in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea to USCINCPAC (United States Indo-Pacific Command) at Honolulu, HI on January 28, 1985. 
The cable reports that the U.S. Embassy to Papua New Guinea received an inquiry from the host nation’s intelligence services regarding reports of high-altitude, high-speed aircraft in Papua New Guinean airspace on the evening of January 24, 1985. The cable refers to a representative of the local intelligence services as “NIO,” or National Intelligence Officer, throughout. The NIO relayed to U.S. diplomatic personnel that residents had been “frightened by overflights, which led to the provincial premier’s calling of a public meeting on the subject.” The NIO also stated there had been “various reports of unidentified aerial phenomena the night of January 24, including fast-moving objects with lights, contrails, and noise.” The NIO assessed these reports as credible based upon the testimony of an Air Niugini pilot who said that their radar had “picked up aircraft flying south to north at high altitude and high speed.”
The cable concludes by characterizing the information provided by the NIO as “very sketchy.” It also sought clarification from U.S. INDOPACOM on the presence or absence of U.S. military aircraft within Papua New Guinean airspace on the night in question.

## State Department UAP Cable 002, Kazakhstan, January 31, 1994

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/dos-uap-d2-cable-2-kazakhstan-january-1994
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/dos-uap-d2-cable-2-kazakhstan-january-1994
- Agency: Department of State
- Incident date: 1/27/94
- Location: Kazakhstan
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Looks like the UFO filed a 747 flight plan, but forgot the clearance.

- State Department UAP Cable 002, Department of State, Jan 31 1994, Dushanbe to Washington about Kazakhstan.
- Tajik pilot and three Americans saw a bright 747‑like light at 41,000 ft, doing corkscrews, 100,000‑ft contrails.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a U.S. Department of State diplomatic cable from the U.S. Embassy in Dushanbe, Tajikistan to the Secretary of State in Washington, D.C. on January 31, 1994.
On January 27, 1994 one Tajik pilot and three American citizens encountered an UAP flying a 747 jet at 41,000 feet over Kazakhstan.  Object was a bright light of enormous intensity and approached over the horizon to the east at great speed and a much higher altitude.  Several pictures were taken of the craft making 90 degree turns, doing corkscrews and maneuvering in circles a great rates of speed.  Object was reported as resembling a bullet in flight.  Visual estimation of the contrails were at 100,000 feet, which was too high to leave contrails by ordinary aircraft.

### Full text

#### Page 1

UNCLASSIFIED
CSP-2025-00040

B-00002707028

"UNCLASSIFIED"

3/2/2026

UNCLASSIFIED

94 DUSHANBE 259
Jan 31, 1994 / 310000Z Jan 94
AMEMBASSY DUSHANBE

MRN:
Date/DTG:
From:
Action:

WASHDC, SECSTATE ROUTINE; MOSCOW, AMEMBASSY ROUTINE
Unknown
TSPA, EAIR, KZ, Tl, TAJIK AIR, (RHODES, ED)
n/a
TAJIK AIR PILOTS REPORT UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECT

E.O.:
TAGS:
Reference:
Subject:

UNCLASSIFIED
PAGE 01
DUSHAN 00259 310310Z
ACTION OES-09
INFO LOG-00 AID-01 AMAD-01 OASY-00 DOTE-00 EAP-01 EB-01
EUR-01 FAAE-00 TEDE-00 INR-00 ADS-00 NSAE-00 SSO-00
SNIS-00 NISC-02 /016W
------------------1 FA298 31031 OZ /38
R 310258Z JAN 94
FM AMEMBASSY DUSHANBE
TO SECSTATE WASHDC 2150
INFO AMEMBASSY MOSCOW
AMEMBASSY TASHKENT
AMEMBASSY ASHGABAT
AMEMBASSY ALMATY
AMEMBASSY BEIJING
AMEMBASSY BISHKEK
CIA WASHDC 0224
DIA WASHDC 0232
UNCLAS DUSHANBE 00259

DEPARTMENTFOROESIB
E.O. 12356: N/A
TAGS: TSAP, EAIR, Tl
SUBJECT: TAJIK AIR PILOTS REPORT UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECT
1. TAJIK AIR CHIEF PILOT, AMCIT ED RHODES, AND HIS TWO AMERICAN
PILOT COLLEAGUES REPORTED JANUARY 29 THAT, ON JANUARY 27, THEY
HAD ENCOUNTERED A UFO WHILE FLYING AT 41,000 FEET IN THEIR BOEING
UNCLASSIFIED

Released in Full
John Powers, Acting-Director
US Department of State
2/25/2026
UNCLASSIFIED

Pagel of 3

#### Page 2

UNCLASSIFIED
CSP-2025-00040

B-00002707028

"UNCLASSIFIED"

3/2/20 26

UNCLASSIFIED
PAGE 02
DUSHAN 00259 310310Z
747SP AT LAT 45 NORTH AND LONG 55 EAST, OVER KAZAKHSTAN . THEY
FIRST ENCOUNTERED THE OBJECT AS A BRIGHT LIGHT OF ENORMOUS
INTENSITY, APPROACHING THEM FROM OVER THE HORIZON TO THE EAST AT
A GREAT RATE OF SPEED AND AT A MUCH HIGHER ALTITUDE THAN THEIR
OWN . THEY WATCHED THE OBJECT FOR SOME FORTY MINUTES AS IT
MANEUVERED IN CIRCLES, CORKSCREWS AND MADE 90-DEGREE TURNS AT
RAPID RATES OF SPEED AND UNDER VERY HIGH G'S. CAPTAIN RHODES
TOOK SEVERAL PHOTOS WITH A POCKET OLYMPUS CAMERA AND WILL SEND
COPIES TO THE EMBASSY AND THE TAJIKISTAN DESK (LOWRY TAYLOR) IN
THE DEPARTMENT, IF THEY COME OUT. AFTER SOME TIME, THE OBJECT
ADOPTED A HORIZONTAL HIGH-SPEED COURSE AND DISAPPEARED OVER THE
HORIZON.
2. AS IT WAS DARK WHEN THE OBJECT WAS OBSERVED, THE CREW WERE
UNABLE TO DISCERN ITS SHAPE. THEY DESCRIBED THE LIGHT IT EMITTED
AS HAVING A "BOW WAVE" AND AS RESEMBLING A HIGH-SPEED PHOTO OF A
BULLET IN FLIGHT, IN WHICH A VERY SMALL OBJECT GIVES OFF A MUCH
LARGER TRAILING WAVE OF HEAT/LIGHT. SOME FORTY-FIVE MINUTES
AFTER THE INITIAL SIGHTING, AS THE SUN WAS RISING, THE AIRCRAFT
FLEW UNDER THE CONTRAILS WHICH THE OBJECT HAD LEFT BEHIND. THE
PLANE WAS MAKING OVER 500 KNOTS. RHODES ESTIMATED THE ALTITUDE
OF THE CONTRAILS AT APPROXIMATELY 100,000 FEET, NOTING THAT THERE
IS TOO LITTLE AIR/MOISTURE AT THAT EXTREME ALTITUDE TO ENABLE THE
CREATION OF CONTRAILS BY THE PROPULSION MECHANISMS OF ORDINARY
AIRCRAFT WHICH MIGHT BE ABLE TO REACH THAT HEIGHT. THE PATHS OF
THE CONTRAILS REFLECTED THE MANEUVERS OF THE OBJECT, I.E.,
CIRCLES, CORKSCREWS, ETC.
3. TO OUR SUGGESTION THAT THE OBJECT MIGHT HAVE BEEN A METEOR
ENTERING AND SKIPPING OFF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE, RHODES AND HIS
CREW WERE ADAMANT THAT THEY HAD SEEN THOUSANDS OF "FALLING STARS"
UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED
PAGE 03
DUSHAN 00259 310310Z
AND OTHER SPACE JUNK ENTERING THE ATMOSPHERE IN THEIR YEARS OF
FLYING PASSENGER AIRCRAFT FOR PANAM. THIS, THEY INSISTED, WAS
NOTHING LIKE A METEOR. ON THE BASIS OF ITS SPEED AND
MANEUVERABILITY, RHODES EXPRESSED THE OPINION, WHICH HIS CREW
SEEMED TO SUPPORT, THAT THE OBJECT WAS EXTRATERRESTRIAL AND UNDER
INTELLIGENT CONTROL.
4. COMMENT: WE HAVE NO OPINION AND REPORT THE ABOVE FOR WHAT IT
MAY BE WORTH.
ESCUDERO

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

Page 2 of 3

## FBI Photo B001

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b1
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b1
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The image's date is wrong, but at least the crosshair stayed on schedule.

- FBI Photo B001, FBI, Late 2025, Western United States
- Shows a grainy, redacted military still of an unidentified object; operator could not identify
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set. 

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. A small, dark, circular object is visible in the upper right quadrant, near the center of the frame. The background appears to show an indistinct mountain range or cloud formation.This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B010

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b10
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b10
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The photo’s timestamp is as reliable as a watch that never got set.

- FBI Photo B010, an FBI PDF, dated late 2025, taken in Western United States.
- Grainy monochrome image from a military system shows crosshair reticle and a small dark circle in top‑right quadrant.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. A small, dark, circular object is visible just to the top right quadrant of the center of the reticle. The background shows an indistinct mountain range.This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B011

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b11
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b11
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The image’s timestamp is as reliable as a watch that never got a battery.

- FBI Photo B011, a PDF from FBI, late 2025, Western United States.
- Contains a redacted, grainy monochrome image of a small dark circular object with crosshair reticle.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. A small, dark, circular object is visible in the upper right quadrant of the frame. The background appears to show an indistinct mountain range. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B012

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b12
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b12
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Late 2025 image has the wrong date, because even the camera missed the deadline.

- FBI Photo B012, an FBI PDF from late 2025, depicting Western United States.
- Shows a grainy monochrome image with a small dark circular object; operator could not identify it.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. A small, dark, circular object is visible in the upper right quadrant of the frame. The background shows an indistinct mountain range.This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B013

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b13
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b13
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The photo’s date is wrong, so the UFO’s birthday is still a mystery.

- FBI Photo B013, FBI, late 2025, Western United States
- Report shows a grainy image with two dark elongated objects; operator could not identify the UAP
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a simplified central crosshair. Two small, dark, elongated objects are visible near the center of the frame in the bottom right quadrant. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B014

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b14
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b14
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the redaction’s glitch looked more organized than the photo’s date.

- FBI Photo B014, an FBI pdf from late 2025, depicting a Western United States incident.
- It submits a grainy, redacted military still image; operator could not positively identify the UAP, date mislabeled.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a simplified central crosshair. Two small, dark, circular objects are visible near the center of the frame. A digital artifact or distortion is visible along the edge of the redaction box in the lower right quadrant. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B015

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b15
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b15
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Late‑2025 image’s timestamp is off, so even the photo can’t meet deadlines.

- FBI Photo B015, a PDF submitted by FBI, incident late 2025, western United States.
- Contains a redacted monochrome still image from a U.S. military system, operator unable to identify.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a simplified central crosshair. Two small, dark, circular objects are visible near the center of the frame in the upper right quadrant. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B016

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b16
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b16
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The camera’s calendar rebooted, so the UFO got a 2025 birthday party.

- FBI Photo B016, FBI, late 2025, Western United States
- Image shows two dark irregular objects; operator could not positively identify the UAP
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a simplified central crosshair. Two dark, irregular-shaped objects are visible just right of the center in the upper right quadrant. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B017

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b17
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b17
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The camera’s calendar was on vacation, so the UFO got a fresh timestamp.

- FBI Photo B017, FBI, Late 2025, Western United States
- Shows redacted military system still image; operator could not identify the phenomenon
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a simplified central crosshair. Two small, dark, circular objects are visible near the center of the frame. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B018

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b18
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b18
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The photo's timestamp is off, but the mystery’s still on schedule.

- FBI Photo B018, FBI pdf, late 2025, Western United States.
- Image from military system, redacted, operator unable to ID UAP; system date incorrect.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a simplified central crosshair. Two small, dark, elongated objects are visible near the center of the frame in the lower left quadrant. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B019

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b19
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b19
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The image's timestamp is as lost as the object's identity.

- FBI Photo B019 PDF, submitted by FBI, late 2025, Western United States.
- Shows grainy monochrome image with crosshair reticle and central dark‑pixel cluster, unidentified.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. A small cluster of dark pixels, forming an object, is visible at the exact center of the reticle. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B002

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b2
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b2
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The image's calendar is as confused as the UFO.

- FBI Photo B002, FBI, late 2025, Western United States
- Shows a redacted military still image; operator could not positively identify the object
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. A small, dark, circular object is visible in the upper right quadrant. The background shows an indistinct mountain range or cloud formation. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B020

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b20
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b20
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The picture’s date is off—its camera missed the 2025 deadline, too.

- FBI Photo B020, FBI, late 2025, Western United States.
- Report describes grainy monochrome image with crosshair and one‑two dark objects from military system.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. One to two small, dark, objects are visible just above and to the right of the center of the reticle. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B021

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b21
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b21
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The image’s timestamp is as lost as the operator’s identification.

- FBI Photo B021 pdf, submitted by FBI, late 2025, Western United States.
- Contains a redacted military still image; operator could not positively identify the UAP.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. One to two small, dark, objects are visible just above and to the right of the center of the reticle. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B022

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b22
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b22
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The photo’s timestamp is as reliable as a watch that never got a battery.

- FBI Photo B022 report by FBI, late 2025, Western United States
- Grainy monochrome image from military system shows two dark elongated objects; operator unable to identify
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a simplified central crosshair. Two small, dark, elongated objects are visible near the center of the frame in the upper right quadrant.This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B023

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b23
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b23
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The photo’s timestamp is wrong, because the camera was still on vacation.

- FBI Photo B023 PDF, FBI, late 2025, Western United States incident
- Contains a redacted military still image; operator could not positively identify the UAP
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a simplified central crosshair. A single dark, elongated object is visible near the edge of the reticle to the right of center. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B024

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b24
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b24
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Even the camera's calendar was confused in late 2025.

- FBI Photo B024, FBI, late 2025, Western United States
- Report includes a redacted military still image; operator unable to positively identify the object
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a simplified central crosshair. A single dark, irregular-shaped object is visible just above the center of the reticle. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B003

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b3
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b3
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The photo’s timestamp is wrong—apparently the camera’s calendar got the day off.

- FBI Photo B003 PDF, FBI, late 2025, Western United States.
- Image from military system shows grainy monochrome, crosshair, dark circular object; operator could not identify.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP.  The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. A small, dark, circular object is visible just to the right of the center of the reticle. The background appears to show an indistinct mountain range or cloud formation. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B004

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b4
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b4
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The system’s clock was wrong, but the photo still arrived fashionably late.

- FBI Photo B004, FBI, late 2025, Western United States.
- Image shows grainy monochrome UAP with crosshair and dark circular object; operator unable to identify.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP.  The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. A small, dark, circular object is visible in the center right quadrant, close to the center of the frame. An indistinct, possibly natural, landscape is visible in the background. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B005

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b5
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b5
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The photo’s date is wrong—apparently the camera’s calendar took a vacation.

- FBI Photo B005, FBI, late 2025, Western United States
- Shows grainy monochrome image with crosshair; operator couldn’t positively identify the UAP
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP.  The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. No distinct objects are clearly visible within the central area of the frame. The background shows an indistinct formation, possibly a mountain range. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B006

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b6
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b6
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The system’s calendar was on vacation, so the photo’s date missed the meeting.

- FBI Photo B006, FBI PDF, late 2025, Western United States.
- Monochrome grainy image shows dark object with left appendage and smaller circular object near crosshair reticle.
- No official conclusion in the file.

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP.  The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. A dark, structured object with an appendage on its left side is visible just at the top of the reticle. A second, smaller, dark circular object is visible below the reticle in the bottom right quadrant. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B007

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b7
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b7
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The image’s timestamp is off, but the mystery’s still on schedule.

- FBI Photo B007 PDF, FBI, late 2025, western United States
- Shows grainy monochrome still image of unidentified aerial object; operator could not identify it
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. A dark object, consistent in appearance with a helicopter, is visible in the upper right quadrant. A second, smaller, dark circular object is visible below the reticle. The background is indistinct. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B008

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b8
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b8
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The photo's timestamp is wrong, but the mountain range stayed punctual.

- FBI Photo B008, FBI, late 2025, Western United States
- Image from military system, redacted; operator could not positively identify UAP
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. A small, dark, circular object is visible just right of the center of the reticle in the top right quadrant. The background shows an indistinct mountain range. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## FBI Photo B009

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/fbi-photo-b9
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/fbi-photo-b9
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The picture’s date is later than the actual sighting—talk about a timeless mystery.

- FBI Photo B009, FBI PDF, late 2025, Western United States.
- Grainy monochrome military image shows dark circular object near crosshair, operator unable to identify.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted a report of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) consisting of a still image derived from a U.S. military system in 2025. The original imagery was altered with redactions before being submitted to AARO. An accompanying mission report was not provided. The operator reported that they were unable to positively identify the UAP. The date in the image is incorrect due to system date/time not being set.

Narrative Description: The monochrome image displays a grainy texture with a central crosshair reticle. A small, dark, circular object is visible just below and to the left of the center of the reticle. The background appears to show an indistinct mountain range. This narrative description is provided for informational purposes only. Readers should not interpret any part of this description as reflecting an analytical judgment, investigative conclusion, or factual determination regarding the described event’s validity, nature, or significance.

## serial-3-redacted — FBI September 2023 Sighting - Serial 004

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/serial-3-redacted
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/serial-3-redacted
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 9/1/23
- Location: United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Serial 004: the object out‑stretched helicopters, but not the interview length.

- FBI FD‑302 interview, September 2023, United States, serial 004, US citizen witness.
- Witness described a cigar‑shaped metallic/gray object with bright white light, hovering silently for five‑to‑ten seconds.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This is an FBI 302 interview conducted with a US citizen regarding their first-hand account of a UAP encounter at a US test site. USPER described an object "metallic/gray in color."

### AI summary

The document is an FBI FD-302 form from September 2023, reporting a sighting of an unidentified aerial phenomenon. It was written by an FBI Special Agent who interviewed a woman working with contractors at a restricted site. On September 2023, she saw a cigar-shaped object with a bright white light, hovering silently and moving slowly. The object was metallic bronze in color, longer than two or three helicopters, and disappeared after five to ten seconds. She did not notice any interference with her vehicle and stated she had never seen anything like it during her fifteen years of work with the military.

### Full text

#### Page 1

_.._
- 1 of 2 -

FD-302 (Rev. 5-8-10)

OFFICIAL 8.J;�ORD
Do:.V•t!ll I 0,:,'I t0,11•1!5 11ll�t' C,�lll!l"t �,-,.,�
Al

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FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

Date of entiy

(■�
■( ----■■
■■-■ -■■ ■■---■■ ■■-

On September - 2023, - - - - - and and FBI Special Agent - - interviewed - office and ------ cell), in Building - -

thee
and
supervisor sat in on the interview. After being advised of the identity of
the interviewing agents and the nature of the interview, - provided the following information:

(■� ■■ ■■ (■�
■■ ■■

had been the - - - /
for - years.

at

■■

On - September - 2023, - was with
contractors
working on a special project with - She had restricted the air spacee
for the upcoming tests. At 7:02 am, the contractors receivede
ine
the bases' standard
brief, got into threee
- (
vehicles, and began driving to the site they were going to use for testing.

■■

(■� - ■■ ■■
(■�

contractors - third vehicles.

drove the first vehicle with - as the front passenger. - - and - - were in the second ande

Between 7:15 and 7:30 am, - drove down - - to ae
gate that restricted access to part of the - - attempted to opene
the gate remotely using a fob. The gate opened just a little and then closede
on three separate tries. On the fourth attempt the gate opened completelye
and stayed open. There were no prior operational problems with thate
particular gate and there were no operating issues with the gate aftere
September -

(■�

----- _.._

Investigation on

As - was driving through the gate she looked up and saw ae

O9

JII/ 2 0 2 3 at

United States (In Person)

File# �--------------------------- Date drafted

10

JII/ 202 3

by ---....•------------------------------This document contains neither recommendations noc conclusions of the FBI. It is the pcoperty of the FBI and is loaned to yow- agency; it and its contents ace not
to be distributed outside yow- agency.

#### Page 2

FD-302a (Rev. 5-8-10)

1111-11-Continuation ofFD-302 of

-----

11111111

2023
UAP
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . On

09 t l /2 023

. Page

2 of 2

cigar s haped ob j ect wi th an ext reme l y bri g h t li ght southwest of them
approximately 500 to 3000 f eet above the nearest tree line (agent note : t he
t ree l i ne was appr ox i mate l y one mile sout h wes t o f
posit ion) . The
ob j ect was already ther e when she l ooked up . The ob j ect was a l mos t hovering,
slowl y mov ing f rom east to wes t . The l i ght was an i ntense d i amond wh ite
l ight with what appeared t o be a r i ng around t he light and was located o n
t he east ern end of the ob j ect . The li ght was point i ng south east and l ooking
at i t (the light ) was l i ke look ing i nto t he sun . The ob j ect was "metalli c
b r onze in colorll and was t he l ength of two or three Blackh awk h e li copters
l ined up nose to tail . The wi d t h o f the object was approximat ely the wi dth
of one and a hal f Bl ackhawks but was hard to determine due the l i ght on t he
obj ect' s eastern end whi ch may have been obscuring par t of the body . The
object was compl etel y s ilent .
(■ JIii

-

was initi a ll y annoyed when she saw t he object becau se s h e
had restri cted the ranges f or t he tests t hey wer e going t o conduc t t h a t
mor n i ng but then she reali zed t he ob j ect was not an aircraft o r drone .
inched h er vehi c l e f orward while she a nd
watched the
obj ect_ They wat c hed the ob j ect for f ive t o ten seconds and t hen t he ob j ect
j ust disappeared . The sky was c l ear with no c l o uds a nd t he ob j ect did l eave
any contrai ls .
a nd searched the sky b ut did not see the
obj ect aga in. d i d not noti ce any i n t e rference with h er vehi c l e ' s
engi ne while the object was v i s i b l e . She onl y observed t he one ob j ect a nd
f elt it l e f t when i t saw t hem .

-

(■ Jill
drove to the t est site where ■■■■ who was a passenger
i n the second veh icl e sai d he saw the ob j ect too .

-

(■ JIii
woul d not have repor ted the obj ect i f s he had seen it by
he r se l f . Several o f he r co- worke r s subsequent l y made fu n of he r due to her
report.
(■ Jill No p hotos or video o f t he ob j ect were t aken by -

or the
con tractors . had seen mos t o f t he a i rcraf t and d r ones used by t he
US military during her fift een years work i ng a t ■■■■
and h ad
never seen a nything li ke t he ob j ect she observed .

-

-----

## serial-4-redacted-redacted — FBI September 2023 Sighting - Serial 005

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/serial-4-redacted-redacted
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/serial-4-redacted-redacted
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 9/1/23
- Location: United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Serial 005: even mysterious lights get a paperwork number.

- FBI FD‑302 interview, September 2023, US test site, United States, serial 005.
- Observer described bright, stationary light over horizon, no vehicle interference, reported sleep disturbances.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This is an FBI 302 interview conducted with a US citizen regarding their first-hand account of a UAP encounter at a US test site. USPER described a "bright light over the horizon."

### Full text

#### Page 1

-1 of 2- OFFicial ReCord
FD-302 (Rev. 5-8-10) Document participants have digitally signed.
All sigratures have been verified by a
certified FBI information system.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
Date of entry 10 /2023
On September 2023, and
and FBI Special Agent interviewed
. via Facetime video. a
with sat in on the interview and
were in at the time of the interview). After being
advised of the identity of the interviewing agents and the nature of the
interview, provided the following information:
was a in the
of He'd been an
since and had ten to fifteen hours as a drone pilot.
On September 2023 was at with three
other contractors and for LiDAR tests with After
receiving a the five of them got into three vehicles with
driving the first vehicle and as her passenger.
The three vehicles began driving south around 7:30 am. The sun was
in the east with good visibility.
The three vehicles came to a gate that was giving trouble.
At about three quarters of the windshield up, saw a linear object
with a super bright light on the east side of the object. The light was
bright white and bright enough to see bands within the light. The object was
metallic / gray in color. It did not have any wings or exhaust. The object
was smaller than a 737, one to two Blackhawk helicopters in length and was
definitely bigger than a drone. The object was approximately 500o feet above
ground level, and moved east to west parallel to the ground. The object was
visible for five to ten seconds and then the light went out and the object
vanished. The sky was clear and couldn't find the object again.
Investigation on 09//2023 at United States (Other (Facetime Video))
File # Date drafted 10/ /2023
by
This document contains neither recommendations nor conclusions of the FBI. It is the property of the FBI and is loaned to your agency, it and its contents are not
to be distributed outside your agency.

#### Page 2

FD-302a (Rev. 5-8-10)

/
-

(

/

September

2023

UAP

Continuation of FD-302 of

, On

09/

/2023

, Page

2 of 2

( /
The object stayed the same size and kept the same light intensity
during the time
observed it. He did not see the object as they
were coming over the small bridge at the gate until they were going through
the gate.
did not notice any interference with their vehicles .
( /
was annoyed when she first saw the object because the air
space had been restricted for the drone tests they were going to conduct.
in the second vehicle tried to get
to see the object
but was unsuccessful.
(

/

That night a storm came through and the TV went out in
hotel room. He was still freaked out and went downstairs to
make sure all the TVs were out in the hotel and not just his.
had
weird dreams and had trouble sleeping for the first two nights after he saw
the object.

/

## serial-5-redacted-redacted — FBI September 2023 Sighting - Serial 003

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/serial-5-redacted-redacted
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/serial-5-redacted-redacted
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: 9/1/23
- Location: United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

The object was bronze, but the filing date was even older than my grandma’s heirloom.

- FBI pdf, September 2023 Sighting Serial 003, incident 9/1/23, United States.
- Interview recounts metallic bronze object at US test site.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This is an FBI 302 interview conducted with a US citizen regarding their first-hand account of a UAP encounter at a US test site.  USPER described an object "metallic bronze in color."

## usper-statement-redacted — USPER Statement about UAP Sighting

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/usper-statement-redacted
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/usper-statement-redacted
- Agency: FBI
- Incident date: Late 2025
- Location: United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Late 2025? More like the orb needed a thermostat.

- FBI PDF, USPER statement, late 2025, United States military facility.
- Describes helicopter search, “super‑hot” orb traveling 20 miles, plus four‑five flaring orbs and swarm lights.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This is an FBI 302 interview conducted with a senior US intelligence official regarding his first-hand account of a UAP encounter at a US military facility. USPER relayed to FBI agents that he and other federal and state personnel conducted searches to where orbs had been previously seen. After searching the area with a helicopter, they found a “super-hot” orb hovering over the ground. The orb is reported to have travelled for 20 miles at a speed too fast for the helicopter in pursuit. An additional “swarm” of lights were seen moving in all directions. A total of four or five additional orbs were seen shortly thereafter for a short time, flaring up and then down. This pattern of four or five orbs flaring up, then down continued over the next thirty minutes across the area.

The photos linked in the "Related Media" section are connected to a set of UAP encounters on a sensitive government testing installation in the Western US in 2025. These orb-like UAP were observed at various ranges by multiple, and in some cases simultaneous, government personnel and sensors. The linked narrative is an FBI-collected account from a senior U.S. intelligence community official who witnessed the UAP with the naked eye, while accompanied by two pilots under NVGs. Other pilots in separate aircraft, and ground-based observers with night vision, also witnessed UAP during the exercise. The photos of UAP underneath the helicopter are from this same set of observations, taken through night vision devices by ground-based personnel.

### AI summary

A classified UAP report from 2025 details a military helicopter mission near a site where personnel reported unusual lights and sounds. The document, authored by U.S. intelligence officials, describes the helicopter's search for debris and encounters with multiple orbs. Witnesses and pilots observed glowing objects moving in various patterns, some flaring up and down in formation. The report notes that the objects were not identified and that military aircraft were in the area. The text includes coordinates, call signs, and locations but does not conclude what the objects were.

### Full text

#### Page 1

SECRET//NOFORN
On
2025, at approximately 1700 hoursllll [WITNESS 1 (a senior US
inte Igence o Ic1al)], [FEDERAL PARTNER 1] and [ F ~ L PARTNER 2],
accompanied by [WITNESS 2 (a senior US intelligence official
ilots from
[STATE PARTNER ORGANIZATION], departed th
[OPERATIONS CENTER] ([COORDINATES]),
e Icop er (call sign
main
area via a [STATE PARTNE
[CALL SIGN 11) to conduct a daytime ariel search of the [MOUNTAIN RANGE NAME]
west of [SITE CODE NAME] on [FACIU~yewitness reports from
personnel who observed orbs/lights IV~[COORDINATES]) cited hearing
thuds as if someth-i
n has fallen and hit the ground. (Note: Earlier that day the
ffice
completed a successful test of the
at [SITE CODE NAME] ([COORDINATES]) on [FACILITY].
At 1751 hours
[CALL SIGN 1] spotte d e- l
cavern
ar
entrance ([COORDINATES])
and conducted a short orbit of the location
roximately 2050 hours-[CALL SIGN 1] landed west of th~
mountains and dropped off [WITNESS 2) with [FEDERAL PARTNER 3]
personnel. At 2052 hours
[CALL SIGN 1] headed toward [SITE CODE NAME] to
refuel. A second helicopter ([STATE PARTNER ORGANIZATION] - [CALL SIGN 21)
brieflY. landed at [SITE CODE NAME] to await refueling but then lifted off and returned
to the
At a

At 2141 hours-[CALL SIGN 1) lifted off from [SITE CODE NAME] and headed
toward debris spotted by the Listening Post/Observation Post (LP/OP - [FEDERAL
PARTNER 4] personnel using Forward Looking Infrared (FUR) and Night Vision
Goggles (NVG)- position ([COORDINATES]) located approximately four miles east of
[SITE CODE NAME] in the mountains location ([COORDINATES])). [CALL SIGN
1] orbited the location while searching with NVGs (pilots) and the naked eye ([WITNESS
11) with the aid of the helicopter's spotlight in near fu ll darkness for several minutes with
negative results.
At approximately 2149 hours, [CALL SIGN 1] departed the search location to retu rn to
base and received notification from LP/OP that - h a d - h i t s bearing 4
miles out from their location. The JOC then provided coord ([COORDINATES]). [CALL
SIGN 1] moved to intercept.
At 2202 hours-[CALL SIGN 1] arrived at the aforementioned coordinates and
spotted a possible aircraft on the horizon moving away to the west. LP/OP confirmed
the sighting then relayed they spotted an orb under FUR and described as "super-hot"
hovering at ground level before heading bearing-from LP/OP. LP/OP reported the
orb was heading east and then south at a high rate of speed and then broke into two
objects. LP/OP directed [CALL SIGN 1] to head south to [COORDINATES] to intercept.
SECRET?/ NOFORN

#### Page 2

SECRET//NOFORN
At 2207 hoursilllll JOC reported five [MILITARY AIRCRAFT] from
were in the air space conducting a training mission.
Once on station, [CALL SIGN 1] searched the location with FLIR, NVG, and the naked
eye but did not locate the orb. LP/OP reported the orb ained elevation, came within ten
feet of (CALL SIGN 1] and then headed east to
[CALL SIGN 1] moved to intercept but LP/OP reported the orb continued
southeast and estimated it to be past [ROAD NAME], some 20 miles from the current
position at[CALL SIGN 1], unable to match speed, broke off pursuit, however
the co-pilot reported seeing under NVG something emerge from the two objects and
then travel in a different direction and a high rate of speed.
At 2218 hours .
(CALL SIGN 1] remained at (COORDINATES] awaiting instructions
when the pilots (NVG) and (WITNESS 1] (naked eye) spotting a swarm of Ii hts too
and
many to count) moving in all directions but generally located west of
headed south. JOC relayed they contacted the [MILITARY AIRCRAFT] who were
enroute to assist, eta two minutes. At 2227 hours.
, (CALL SIGN 1] lost visual of the
swarm.
(possible out of order), in proximity of (SITE CODE
At approximately 2227 hoursNAME] headed south, [WITNESS 1] (naked eye) and the pilots (NVG) spotted two large
orbs appear in close proximity to [CALL SIGN 1] to the west and above the rotor disk.
From the naked eye perspective, the two orbs appeared to flare up and remain
stationary side by side. They appeared to be oval shaped, orange in color with a white
or yellow center and emitting light in all directions. After a few seconds, a third orb flared
up below the two, and then another one below that one until there were four or five in
total below the original two. After a few seconds the orbs began to flare down in reverse
order while appearing to be stationary until visual was lost.
At approximately 2228 hours(CALL SIGN 1] - [WITNESS 1] (naked eye) and the
pilots (NVG) spotted four or five orbs (similar to the orbs that were in close proximity to
the helicopter) appear to the west over the mountains above the (MILITARY
AIRCRAFT]. The orbs flared up one at a time in a horizontal formation and after
approximately ten - fifteen seconds, flared down in the opposite order.
(CALL SIGN 1] - (WITNESS 1] (naked eye) and the
At approximately 2233 hours pilots (NVG) spotted a similar orb formation to the east in the direction of (NEARBY
TOWN NAME]. The orbs flared up one at a time in a horizontal formation and after
approximately ten - fifteen seconds, flared down in the opposite order and lost visual.
At approximately 2241 hours(CALL SIGN 1] - (WITNESS 1] (naked eye) and the
pilots (NVG) spotted a similar orb flare up west of [SITE CODE NAME] over the
mountain. After several seconds the orb flared down and lost visual.

SECRET7/ NOFORN

#### Page 3

SECRET//NOFORN
At 2249 hourswhile positioned IVO [SITE CODE NAME], [CALL SIGN 1] [WITNESS 1] ( n a ~ i l o t s (NVG) spotted a swarm of lights moving in all
directions west ofwith three distinct orbs in a triangle formation. After
several seconds the orbs flared down and lost visual.
At 2252 hours while positioned approximately ten miles north of [SITE CODE
NAME], [CALL SIGN 1] - [WITNESS 1] (naked eye) and the pilots (NVG) spotted five to
six orbs flare up IVO [LOCAL TOWN] (east of [SITE CODE NAME]). The orbs flared up
one at a time in a horizontal formation and after approximately ten seconds, flared down
,in the opposite order and lost visual.
At 2257 hourswhile positioned approximately ten miles north of [SITE CODE
NAME], [CALL SIGN 1] - [WITNESS 1] (naked eye) and the pilots (NVG) spotted four
orbs flare up over the [MILITARY AIRCRAFT] as they descended to land a­
•
The orbs flared up one at a time in a horizontal formation and after approximately
ten seconds, flared down in the opposite order and lost visual.
~ e l y 2306 hours
At 2316 hour
[OPERATIONS CENTER].

[CALL SIGN 1]
low on fuel, [CALL SIGN 1] returned to the

At approximately 2320 hourslllll [CALL SIGN 1] headed southbound for the
[OPERATIONS CENTER] and already in air-to air contact with [FEDERAL PARTER
AIRCRAFT], passed each other as [FEDERAL PARTER AIRCRAFT] headed north
toward [SITE CODE NAME].

[WITNESS 1] Comments:
many sIg Ings were a ove
camera angle.

- Pilots indicated they were recording however
e e ,cop er which was outside of the helicopters FLIR

Some things I could not see with the naked eye, but I recall the pilots calling out
sightings.
The orbs appeared to break off from [CALL SIGN 1] and pursue the [MILITARY
AIRCRAFT].

SECRET7/ NOFORN

## Western US Event

- Page: https://realufo.org/doc/western-us-event-slides-5-08-2026
- Original file: https://realufo.org/api/file/western-us-event-slides-5-08-2026
- Agency: Department of War
- Incident date: 2023
- Location: Western United States
- Released: 2026-05-08
- Type: PDF

### TL;DR

Seven 2023 Western U.S. agents saw orbs; the file still says ‘no conclusion’.

- PDF summary by Department of War, 2023, Western United States.
- Seven agents reported multiple orbs, a glowing orb, and a kite‑shaped phenomenon over two days.
- No official conclusion in the file

### Official summary

This document is a summary of statements by seven US PERSONs employed by the federal government who separately reported observing several unidentified anomalous phenomena in the western United States over the course of two days in 2023.  The summary notes the US PERSONS reported four distinct categories of experiences, including observing “orbs launching other orbs” at a distance, observing a large stationary glowing orb at close estimated range, pursuing a large phenomenon near the ground, and observing a large, seemingly transparent phenomenon, reported to being akin to a “translucent kite.” Although there is no technical data directly associated with this report, contextual factors — such as these events sharing features with others reported to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), the reporters’ credibility, and the potentially anomalous nature of the events themselves — combine to make this report among the most compelling within AARO’s current holdings.

### AI summary

This document is a report from federal law enforcement special agents detailing multiple sightings of unidentified aerial phenomena in the Western U.S. during dusk and pre-dawn hours over two days. It was written by agents USPER1 through USPER7 and describes orange and red orbs, a large glowing orb, and kite-shaped objects. The events were witnessed by multiple teams from different locations. The report notes the appearance, movement, and descriptions of the objects but does not conclude their nature. The document was compiled based on witness accounts and includes some later measurements from AARO.

### Full text

#### Page 1

“Orbs Launching Orbs”
•
•

Location: Western U.S.
Time of Day: Dusk (on two separate days)

•

Three teams of two federal law enforcement special agents each (USPER1 through USPER6) independently
describe seeing orange “orbs” in the sky emit/launch smaller red “orbs” in groups of two to four, with three
being the general consensus. This is stated to have occurred at least five times. Each time, the orange orb
would appear, launch red orbs, then disappear. The orange orb was only visible for one or two seconds. The
red orbs would generally move away from the orange “mother” orb in a horizontal path, but in a couple of
instances, one red orb was stated to move “heading up at an angle,” while another witness stated sometimes
the red orbs would “swoop down” after being launched from the larger orange orb. These events were
witnessed by multiple teams from varying locations and vantage points over a two-day period. Due to the
sequential nature of the events, it is not known whether there was a single orange “mother” orb that released
the groups of red orbs or whether there were multiple orange orbs at play.

#### Page 2

“Large, Fiery Orb”
•
•

Location: Western U.S.
Time of Day: Dusk

•

Two federal law enforcement special agents (USPER5 and USPER6) witness a glowing orange orb at a distance of
“approximately 500-600 meters,”* where it was perched close to a rock pinnacle. Size was difficult to determine,
but it appeared to be similar in size to a “small helicopter cockpit.”** Witnesses were unable to clearly see any
structure other than the glowing orb, though USPER6 noted that the object “did almost appear it might have had a
small spindle or something connecting it from underneath to the rock formation.” Witnesses stated that the object
did not emit any noticeable sound. The object was described as being “similar to the Eye or [sic] Sauron from Lord
of the Rings, except without the pupil, or maybe an orange Storm Electrify bowling ball.”
USPER6 stated the object “seemed to be hovering with zero resistance or movement, or to be suspended…” The
sighting lasted “about a minute.”

•

Artist Rendering

* Measurements later gathered by AARO assess the object to have been ~1050 meters away from the observers.
** Measurements later gathered by AARO assess the object to have been between 12-18 meters in diameter.

#### Page 3

“Dark Kite”

Red light

White light

•
•

Location: Western U.S.
Time of Day: Pre-dawn hours

•

Two federal law enforcement special agents (USPER5 and USPER6) observed what is initially thought to be a car traveling
along a road in a restricted zone. The “car” had two lights (one red and one white) that are about 2 to 3 feet off the
ground. Agents pursued the “car” and as they got to within a few hundred feet of it, the object suddenly moved off the
road over the desert without changing its orientation with respect to the observers, i.e., it appeared to move laterally, at
an estimated speed of 15-20mph. The object didn’t change height and appeared to move with “zero resistance.” The
object stopped about 100 meters off the side of the road and turned off its lights. USPER6 described the object as a “thin
line,” from the back whereas the other agent (USPER5) stated that “it almost looked like an ill defined, dark kite shape
that had some rounded width to the sides.”*

•

USPER6 used night vision goggles (NVGs) to view the object once it had stopped off the road. The agent stated that they
observed the object for “a split second in the NVGs before the light turned off” and that once the lights were off, a “very
thin line” remained. The object was estimated to be about 4 feet wide and positioned horizontally to the ground (see
Image 1). The object then began moving at about the speed of 15-20mph and appeared to “move up in height…, but
[remain] a flat line.” The agent lost sight of the object after a few seconds.

Image 1: Recreation of drawing provided by USPER6 of
object seen in night vision goggles.

* In later discussions with AARO, the object is described as being triangular.

#### Page 4

“Transparent Kite”
•
•

Location: Western U.S.
Time of Day: Pre-dawn hours

•

About 30 minutes after the “Dark Kite” sighting, federal law enforcement special agents
(USPER5 and USPER6) returned to the same general area with another colleague
(USPER7) in response to a report of another unauthorized object in the area. Within a few
hundred meters of the “Dark Kite” sighting, two of the team members (USPER5 and
USPER6) observed a kite-shaped object with a lighting pattern similar to the object seen
previously. This object is about 6 meters off the ground, is canted at an angle from lower
right to upper left (see Image 2), and appeared to be floating slowly with the wind.
USPER5 was using NVGs when viewing the object and USPER6 used the bare eye.
USPER7 did not see the object. USPER5 stated that in the night vision goggles, they could
“vaguely see a bright star or two in the distance through the object, though somewhat
more faint,” leading them to believe the object was somewhat transparent. After losing
sight of the object, USPER5 tried using a spotlight to find it again. The witness noted that
when shining the light around, “at one point my beam went from shining far into the
distance to stopping about 50 yards away on nothing in particular, it just was not
projecting into the distance and then it was.” When the witness pointed the light at the
spot where the light had appeared to be blocked by something, this time the light was
“projecting into the distance again.” The team was unable to reacquire sight of the object.

Note: Outline was not
definitive, but location
of lights stayed in exact
formation.

Image 2: Recreation of drawing
provided by USPER6 of object
seen with the bare eye.